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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_universes.jpg\">\u003cem>The history of the universe in a nutshell\u003cstrong>*\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>On to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/30/out-of-the-office\">next question\u003c/a>: \"Yes, I have many burning universal questions. This one is a two-parter. Is there evidence that the universe's rate of expansion is slowing down? And if so, does it allow us to infer what would happen if expansion stopped, i.e. would it put the universe in stasis or would it contract? This keeps me up at night, so I would appreciate any insights.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein had the same question, and it kept him up at night also. In fact, he got this one wrong. Einstein had mistakenly assumed that the universe had to be static, looking exactly today as it will look tomorrow. When he formulated his improved version of the theory of gravity, known as \u003ca href=\"http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/GenRelativity.html\">general relativity\u003c/a>, he found that his equations predicted otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The theory of general relativity not only describes how gravity effects planets and stars, but also how matter and energy affect space-time itself. The universe can actually expand or contract, depending on its composition. Einstein became very concerned when he saw this prediction from his own equations, and added a fudge factor known as the cosmological constant to \"fix\" the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1929, \u003ca href=\"http://www.edwinhubble.com/\">Edwin Hubble\u003c/a>, namesake of what may be the astronomy's greatest instrument, the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>, observed that almost all of the nearby galaxies were moving away from us. This observation was the first evidence that the universe is expanding AND the first evidence that Einstein made mistakes. Here is a \u003ca href=\"http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/Cosmos/ExpandUni.html\">site with further explanation\u003c/a> and a less than exciting animation of the expanding universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's gonna happen next? Well, if there is enough matter out there, the universe may slow down, begin to contract, and eventually collapse on itself in a Big Crunch. Is there enough matter out there? We don't think so, we think that there is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/23/why-does-it-matter-part-ii/\">too much dark energy\u003c/a> in the universe. This dark energy counteracts the affects of matter and pushes space apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the dark energy scenario, the universe doesn't ever slow down to the point where it stops expanding. Instead, it actually begins to accelerate. Observations indicate that this acceleration began a few billion years ago and will continue for the rest of time. If this interpretation is correct, than we will experience not a Big Crunch, but just the opposite: \u003ca href=\"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/03/05/1078464631459.html\">A Big Chill\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If dark energy causes the universe to accelerate forever, then all of those receding galaxies we observe will eventually speed out of sight. In this future universe, astronomers will look out with their fancy telescopes, and instead of observing a universe rich with galaxies, they'll see only empty space. It's a bleak future for our breed; if we thought research funding was difficult now, imagine how bad it will be then. Fortunately we should have plenty of time over the next 50 billion or so years to figure it out. I'll just have to remind everyone to take notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>*\u003c/strong>\u003cem>The composition of the universe determines its ultimate fate. If we live in a universe with an excess of matter, as shown in the lowest dotted curve, the universe will eventually collapse on itself in a \"Big Crunch\". However, it appears that we may live in a universe dominated by a so-called \"dark energy.\" This universe will not only continue to expand, but will actually accelerate in its growth as demonstrated by the top dashed curve.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the dark energy scenario, the universe doesn't ever slow down to the point where it stops expanding. Instead, it actually begins to accelerate. Observations indicate that this acceleration began a few billion years ago and will continue for the rest of time. If this interpretation is correct, than we will experience not a Big Crunch, but just the opposite: \u003ca href=\"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/03/05/1078464631459.html\">A Big Chill\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If dark energy causes the universe to accelerate forever, then all of those receding galaxies we observe will eventually speed out of sight. In this future universe, astronomers will look out with their fancy telescopes, and instead of observing a universe rich with galaxies, they'll see only empty space. It's a bleak future for our breed; if we thought research funding was difficult now, imagine how bad it will be then. Fortunately we should have plenty of time over the next 50 billion or so years to figure it out. I'll just have to remind everyone to take notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>*\u003c/strong>\u003cem>The composition of the universe determines its ultimate fate. If we live in a universe with an excess of matter, as shown in the lowest dotted curve, the universe will eventually collapse on itself in a \"Big Crunch\". However, it appears that we may live in a universe dominated by a so-called \"dark energy.\" This universe will not only continue to expand, but will actually accelerate in its growth as demonstrated by the top dashed curve.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_voyager.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of NASA's Voyager 1, now\u003cbr>\nthe most distant spacecraft from Earth.\u003cbr> Credit: NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>One of the hardest things to explain to people is of the astronomical sizes and distances involved in our Universe. It's hard to explain because it’s hard for us--any of us--to really get our heads around the numbers, and what they really mean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the road to understanding all things big and far away, I'll start small: \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Earth&Display=Facts\">the Earth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big as our world is, it's really only relative-- but relative to what? It's just shy of 8000 miles in diameter. As a volume of space, that's about 268 billion cubic miles. In other words, were Earth a giant fish-bowl (an empty sphere), we could divvy up that volume between every human on Earth today, and each of us would get a cube of space about three and a half miles on a side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How about that walk to the Moon? Do you remember from elementary school how long it would take you to walk to the Moon--IF you could walk to the Moon? The Moon is about 240,000 miles away, and while it \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light\">takes light only 1.3 seconds to cross that distance\u003c/a>, walking at a speed of 3 miles per hour it would take you about nine years to get there. That's equivalent to walking around the Earth's equator ten times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\">Next step out might be Mars\u003c/a>. At least, NASA's talking about sending people to Mars next--after a return to our Moon in 2019 (note that in this plan, it will take us longer to get back to the Moon that it would to walk there...). Walking the distance to Mars, even when it's at its closest (35 million miles) would take well over a thousand years--so the walking tour is out. At NASA-speed, it takes about 7 months to get a spacecraft to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the quintessential distances when talking about the scales of space is that old favorite: \"Pluto distance.\" About forty times farther from the Sun than the Earth, a walk to Pluto would take an appalling 170,000+ years. At the speed of \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">NASA's New Horizons spacecraft\u003c/a>, which is currently past Jupiter and heading toward the distant dwarf planet at 50,000 miles per hour, it's about a ten-year journey. And New Horizons is the fastest spacecraft ever hurtled off into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To top off this blog (because there isn't nearly enough space in here to go much farther up), I'll leave you with space exploration's greatest up, up, and out story: \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>. After 30 years in space, Voyager 1 is now a hundred times farther from the Sun than the Earth--that's two-and-a-half times farther out than Pluto! About nine billion miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, now for the big finale. So, Voyager 1 is nine billion miles out, and it's taken it 30 years to get there. Hypothetically, if Voyager 1 were bound for the nearest star in space to our Sun--the Alpha Centauri system--then the portion of that journey it has now completed is equivalent to someone on a road trip from Oakland to New York City who has gone a single mile!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coming up in a future blog: \u003cem>Mile Two\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the quintessential distances when talking about the scales of space is that old favorite: \"Pluto distance.\" About forty times farther from the Sun than the Earth, a walk to Pluto would take an appalling 170,000+ years. At the speed of \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">NASA's New Horizons spacecraft\u003c/a>, which is currently past Jupiter and heading toward the distant dwarf planet at 50,000 miles per hour, it's about a ten-year journey. And New Horizons is the fastest spacecraft ever hurtled off into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To top off this blog (because there isn't nearly enough space in here to go much farther up), I'll leave you with space exploration's greatest up, up, and out story: \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>. After 30 years in space, Voyager 1 is now a hundred times farther from the Sun than the Earth--that's two-and-a-half times farther out than Pluto! About nine billion miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, now for the big finale. So, Voyager 1 is nine billion miles out, and it's taken it 30 years to get there. Hypothetically, if Voyager 1 were bound for the nearest star in space to our Sun--the Alpha Centauri system--then the portion of that journey it has now completed is equivalent to someone on a road trip from Oakland to New York City who has gone a single mile!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coming up in a future blog: \u003cem>Mile Two\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_galaxy.jpg\">\u003cem>The Hubble Deep Field: The galaxies in this image\u003cbr>\nare really far away, but not as far away as the edge of\u003cbr>\nthe universe.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am going to spend the next couple of months addressing the questions asked by readers at the end of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/30/out-of-the-office/\" target=\"_blank\">my late-July post\u003c/a>. I'll start with the question that prompted the solicitation to begin with. Two months ago, my friend Taron emailed me to ask \"How large is the universe?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with most questions about science research, this seemingly simple question actually has quite a complicated answer. 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Because it happened so fast, we can't measure how much space grew during inflation, leading us to points #2 and #3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Points #2 and #3 are impossible to answer because we rely on light to carry information to us from the far reaches of space, and light can only travel at the snail's pace of 186,000 miles in a second. This is all fine and dandy when making a call on your cell phone, but observing the far reaches of the universe can become a real test of one's patience. If I were to chat with an alien from the nearest star, I'd have to endure a pause of several years for a response after every question. If I want to know what's happening in some of the most distant galaxies, I have to wait BILLIONS of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research has shown that the universe is about 14 billion years old. Going back nearly this far, we see the oldest photons in the universe, from the \u003ca href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bbtest3.html\" target=\"_blank\">cosmic microwave background\u003c/a>. If I were to half-heartedly attempt to answer Tarons question, I would simply say that this background is the edge of the OBSERVABLE universe and call it a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This over-simplification misses the mark in several ways. First, the info we get from the cosmic microwave background is a bit outdated, to say the least. It tells us about the universe as it was 14 billion years ago, and things have changed quite a bit in that time. The spots in the cosmic microwave background have since receded from us even further and have evolved into stars and galaxies in that time. If we were able to measure the distance to those stars and galaxies now, without the inconvenience of the speed of light, we'd measure a distance of 46.5 billion light years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second way in which this over-simplification is unsatisfactory is that it ignores all that lies beyond the observable universe. We know from inflation that the universe is much larger than what can be observed, but we have no idea of how much larger. In fact, it is probably impossible to ever know what lies beyond the observable universe since we cannot retrieve any information from those far reaches of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, using the distance from Earth to the cosmic microwave background almost implies that we are at the center of the universe. In reality, the cosmic microwave background will appear equally distant when observed from all points in space, and everyone will appear to be at the center of a universe 14 billion years old. Each point in space is just a different reference frame, each having its own visible region of the cosmic microwave background and its own visible population of galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be honest, because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/Dltt_is_Dumb.html\" target=\"_blank\">these complications\u003c/a>, I don't even bother thinking about the size of the universe. Instead, I think in an easily measured quantity called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift\" target=\"_blank\">redshift\u003c/a>. The way I see it, the fact that we are limited to a single reference frame and the finite speed of light is part of a game. To ask what lies beyond this set of rules is to open the whole philosophical can of worms that is \u003ca href=\"http://www.websyte.com/alan/metamul.htm\" target=\"_blank\">metaphysics\u003c/a>, and I'm not the one to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the main building blocks of our understanding of the history of the universe is \u003ca href=\"http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/John_Gribbin/cosmo.htm\" target=\"_blank\">a theory called inflation\u003c/a>. In inflation, the very young universe experienced a sort of explosion, causing it to grow so fast that light itself couldn't keep up. Because it happened so fast, we can't measure how much space grew during inflation, leading us to points #2 and #3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Points #2 and #3 are impossible to answer because we rely on light to carry information to us from the far reaches of space, and light can only travel at the snail's pace of 186,000 miles in a second. This is all fine and dandy when making a call on your cell phone, but observing the far reaches of the universe can become a real test of one's patience. If I were to chat with an alien from the nearest star, I'd have to endure a pause of several years for a response after every question. If I want to know what's happening in some of the most distant galaxies, I have to wait BILLIONS of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research has shown that the universe is about 14 billion years old. Going back nearly this far, we see the oldest photons in the universe, from the \u003ca href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bbtest3.html\" target=\"_blank\">cosmic microwave background\u003c/a>. If I were to half-heartedly attempt to answer Tarons question, I would simply say that this background is the edge of the OBSERVABLE universe and call it a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This over-simplification misses the mark in several ways. First, the info we get from the cosmic microwave background is a bit outdated, to say the least. It tells us about the universe as it was 14 billion years ago, and things have changed quite a bit in that time. The spots in the cosmic microwave background have since receded from us even further and have evolved into stars and galaxies in that time. If we were able to measure the distance to those stars and galaxies now, without the inconvenience of the speed of light, we'd measure a distance of 46.5 billion light years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second way in which this over-simplification is unsatisfactory is that it ignores all that lies beyond the observable universe. We know from inflation that the universe is much larger than what can be observed, but we have no idea of how much larger. In fact, it is probably impossible to ever know what lies beyond the observable universe since we cannot retrieve any information from those far reaches of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, using the distance from Earth to the cosmic microwave background almost implies that we are at the center of the universe. In reality, the cosmic microwave background will appear equally distant when observed from all points in space, and everyone will appear to be at the center of a universe 14 billion years old. Each point in space is just a different reference frame, each having its own visible region of the cosmic microwave background and its own visible population of galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be honest, because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/Dltt_is_Dumb.html\" target=\"_blank\">these complications\u003c/a>, I don't even bother thinking about the size of the universe. Instead, I think in an easily measured quantity called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift\" target=\"_blank\">redshift\u003c/a>. The way I see it, the fact that we are limited to a single reference frame and the finite speed of light is part of a game. To ask what lies beyond this set of rules is to open the whole philosophical can of worms that is \u003ca href=\"http://www.websyte.com/alan/metamul.htm\" target=\"_blank\">metaphysics\u003c/a>, and I'm not the one to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/Eclipse.jpg\">\u003cem>A lunar eclipse in 2000. Credit: Conrad Jung\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/span>If you haven't heard yet, there's a total lunar eclipse on the way: the event when the Moon, at the peak of its Full phase, passes through the Earth's long shadow and performs an almost complete vanishing act. Now you see it, now ... or, an hour or so later ... you don't ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When? Tuesday morning, August 28th, beginning shortly after 12:52 AM PDT, and reaching its apex of darkness at about 3:37 AM. Where? Wherever you can see the Moon from, clear of trees if you can help it, and free of clouds (though you can't help that one). If you want company, check out what's going on at \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/visit/calendar/?date=8/27/2007#calendar\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It won't happen all at once. It will begin just past 12:52 AM as the Earth's shadow just begins to touch the edge of the Moon's bright disk. This preliminary shadow, called the \"penumbra,\" is only half-shadow; in the penumbra sunlight is only partially blocked. Still, it's very unusual to see that first little \"bite\" taken out of the Moon. It won't be until past 1:50 AM, when much of the Moon is in penumbral grayness, that the Earth's full shadow--the umbra--cuts into the dance. Over the next hour, the Moon will slowly become engulfed in this much higher-achieving shadow, becoming so dark that you will easily overlook the Moon's presence in the sky if you aren't looking for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, the truly beautiful feature of this celestial event is revealed: the Moon, so low-key and subdued at what seems its darkest hour, will change color. You may notice the shading begin to change prior to deepest, darkest eclipse, but eventually the Moon will turn orange or coppery red. Here is the reward for being up at almost four in the morning!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why red? While the Earth's solid sphere is blocking all of the sunlight that hits it, our planet's thin skin of an atmosphere lets some of the sunlight slip through--the redder colors in sunlight in particular. You've seen this effect at sunrise or sunset, when the Sun becomes orange or even red. In fact, it is the red light from all of the sunrises and sunsets going on all around the rim of the Earth that turns the Moon these hues. Were you actually on the Moon looking back at Earth during this event, you would see a large dark disk (the Earth) surrounded by a pale halo of sunlight, and lined all around the rim by a ring or orange or red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might ask, why don't we have a total lunar eclipse every month, when the Moon, in its Full phase, counterpoints the Sun with Earth between? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/planetarium/eclipses/default.asp\">answer \u003c/a>is in the Moon's orbit around Earth, which is not nicely lined up with Earth's own orbit around the Sun, but tilted by about 5 degrees. In most cases when the Moon swings around behind the Earth from the Sun, it \"misses\" Earth's shadow, passing above or below it completely, escaping the dark side. For the same reason, we don't have a total solar eclipse every New Moon (although, because of the geometry involved, lunar and solar eclipses usually come in pairs; there will be a solar eclipse two weeks after this lunar eclipse--but, alas, it won't be visible from where we live).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a beautiful, dramatic, and rare celestial event, the likes of which has inspired stories, myths, art, awe, and even fear in people since before history began--well worth getting up early for a peak at ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/Eclipse.jpg\">\u003cem>A lunar eclipse in 2000. Credit: Conrad Jung\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/span>If you haven't heard yet, there's a total lunar eclipse on the way: the event when the Moon, at the peak of its Full phase, passes through the Earth's long shadow and performs an almost complete vanishing act. Now you see it, now ... or, an hour or so later ... you don't ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When? Tuesday morning, August 28th, beginning shortly after 12:52 AM PDT, and reaching its apex of darkness at about 3:37 AM. Where? Wherever you can see the Moon from, clear of trees if you can help it, and free of clouds (though you can't help that one). If you want company, check out what's going on at \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/visit/calendar/?date=8/27/2007#calendar\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It won't happen all at once. It will begin just past 12:52 AM as the Earth's shadow just begins to touch the edge of the Moon's bright disk. This preliminary shadow, called the \"penumbra,\" is only half-shadow; in the penumbra sunlight is only partially blocked. Still, it's very unusual to see that first little \"bite\" taken out of the Moon. It won't be until past 1:50 AM, when much of the Moon is in penumbral grayness, that the Earth's full shadow--the umbra--cuts into the dance. Over the next hour, the Moon will slowly become engulfed in this much higher-achieving shadow, becoming so dark that you will easily overlook the Moon's presence in the sky if you aren't looking for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, the truly beautiful feature of this celestial event is revealed: the Moon, so low-key and subdued at what seems its darkest hour, will change color. You may notice the shading begin to change prior to deepest, darkest eclipse, but eventually the Moon will turn orange or coppery red. Here is the reward for being up at almost four in the morning!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why red? While the Earth's solid sphere is blocking all of the sunlight that hits it, our planet's thin skin of an atmosphere lets some of the sunlight slip through--the redder colors in sunlight in particular. You've seen this effect at sunrise or sunset, when the Sun becomes orange or even red. In fact, it is the red light from all of the sunrises and sunsets going on all around the rim of the Earth that turns the Moon these hues. Were you actually on the Moon looking back at Earth during this event, you would see a large dark disk (the Earth) surrounded by a pale halo of sunlight, and lined all around the rim by a ring or orange or red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might ask, why don't we have a total lunar eclipse every month, when the Moon, in its Full phase, counterpoints the Sun with Earth between? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/planetarium/eclipses/default.asp\">answer \u003c/a>is in the Moon's orbit around Earth, which is not nicely lined up with Earth's own orbit around the Sun, but tilted by about 5 degrees. In most cases when the Moon swings around behind the Earth from the Sun, it \"misses\" Earth's shadow, passing above or below it completely, escaping the dark side. For the same reason, we don't have a total solar eclipse every New Moon (although, because of the geometry involved, lunar and solar eclipses usually come in pairs; there will be a solar eclipse two weeks after this lunar eclipse--but, alas, it won't be visible from where we live).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a beautiful, dramatic, and rare celestial event, the likes of which has inspired stories, myths, art, awe, and even fear in people since before history began--well worth getting up early for a peak at ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_radio.jpg\">\u003cem>Image from radio observations\u003cbr>\nof the very brightradio galaxy 3C31.\u003cbr>\nThis is an extreme example of the\u003cbr>\ntype of source that could\u003cbr>\ninterfere with a radio survey\u003cbr>\nfor galaxy clusters.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, my Canadian adventure has come to an end, and it was quite the experience. Unfortunately there were more insects than there were large mammals to watch, but we did have a 10 foot beluga whale circle the canoe on the last day. That is now one of my favorite wildlife sightings, ranking 3rd behind a mountain lion just outside San Jose and a pack of wolves in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/dena\" target=\"_blank\">Denali park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 17 days of paddling through the bush, we finally arrived in \u003ca href=\"http://ca.epodunk.com/profiles/quebec/kuujjuaq/2001141.html\" target=\"_blank\">Kuujjuac\u003c/a> with a couple hours of tourist time before our flight. After picking up a T-shirt, mug, and a pair of walrus ivory earrings that my girlfriend will probably never wear, I flew out for a 5 day layover in Montreal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I took advantage of my layover to do some work with a friend who is now an assistant professor at \u003ca href=\"http://www.mcgill.ca/\" target=\"_blank\">McGill\u003c/a>. We used to work in the same research group, and decided to take advantage of this stop in Montreal to run some computer simulations of the astronomy observations my old group is conducting in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owens_Valley\" target=\"_blank\">Owens Valley\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have already discussed similar observations in one of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/03/26/a-summer-at-the-south-pole/\" target=\"_blank\">my earlier posts\u003c/a>. The observations in Owens Valley are also part of a search for galaxy clusters, using a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/radiotel.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">radio wave telescope\u003c/a> known as the \u003ca href=\"http://astro.uchicago.edu/sza/\" target=\"_blank\">Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Array (SZA)\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To briefly summarize, the \u003ca href=\"http://astro.uchicago.edu/sza/primer.html\" target=\"_blank\">Sunyaev-Zel'dovich\u003c/a> effect is basically a way of observing galaxy clusters in the radio regime of the \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html\" target=\"_blank\">electromagnetic spectrum\u003c/a>. A large sample of such clusters would provide deep insights into the way matter and energy interact in the Universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the main difficulties in this type of observation is interference from black holes that are found at the center of galaxies. Some of these super-massive black holes power \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_galaxy\" target=\"_blank\">active galactic nuclei (AGN)\u003c/a>, which are among the most luminous sources in the universe. When an AGN, or other similar source shows significant radio emission, it is known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_galaxy\" target=\"_blank\">a radio galaxy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is these radio galaxies that make radio observations of clusters much more difficult. The clusters appear dark and the radio sources appear bright, and it requires a lot of effort to separate the two. In Montreal, we started running computer simulations to model this effort, and to help determine the best technique for extracting the cluster signal in the presence of radio galaxies. I imagine that we will have an answer by the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have to run now, I'm off for another 10 days of adventure, this time on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcta.org/about_trail/muir/over.asp\" target=\"_blank\">John Muir Trail\u003c/a>. When I get back, I'll start attacking some of those fantastic questions you all dropped on me in my last post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_radio.jpg\">\u003cem>Image from radio observations\u003cbr>\nof the very brightradio galaxy 3C31.\u003cbr>\nThis is an extreme example of the\u003cbr>\ntype of source that could\u003cbr>\ninterfere with a radio survey\u003cbr>\nfor galaxy clusters.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, my Canadian adventure has come to an end, and it was quite the experience. Unfortunately there were more insects than there were large mammals to watch, but we did have a 10 foot beluga whale circle the canoe on the last day. That is now one of my favorite wildlife sightings, ranking 3rd behind a mountain lion just outside San Jose and a pack of wolves in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/dena\" target=\"_blank\">Denali park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 17 days of paddling through the bush, we finally arrived in \u003ca href=\"http://ca.epodunk.com/profiles/quebec/kuujjuaq/2001141.html\" target=\"_blank\">Kuujjuac\u003c/a> with a couple hours of tourist time before our flight. After picking up a T-shirt, mug, and a pair of walrus ivory earrings that my girlfriend will probably never wear, I flew out for a 5 day layover in Montreal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I took advantage of my layover to do some work with a friend who is now an assistant professor at \u003ca href=\"http://www.mcgill.ca/\" target=\"_blank\">McGill\u003c/a>. We used to work in the same research group, and decided to take advantage of this stop in Montreal to run some computer simulations of the astronomy observations my old group is conducting in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owens_Valley\" target=\"_blank\">Owens Valley\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have already discussed similar observations in one of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/03/26/a-summer-at-the-south-pole/\" target=\"_blank\">my earlier posts\u003c/a>. The observations in Owens Valley are also part of a search for galaxy clusters, using a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/radiotel.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">radio wave telescope\u003c/a> known as the \u003ca href=\"http://astro.uchicago.edu/sza/\" target=\"_blank\">Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Array (SZA)\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To briefly summarize, the \u003ca href=\"http://astro.uchicago.edu/sza/primer.html\" target=\"_blank\">Sunyaev-Zel'dovich\u003c/a> effect is basically a way of observing galaxy clusters in the radio regime of the \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html\" target=\"_blank\">electromagnetic spectrum\u003c/a>. A large sample of such clusters would provide deep insights into the way matter and energy interact in the Universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the main difficulties in this type of observation is interference from black holes that are found at the center of galaxies. Some of these super-massive black holes power \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_galaxy\" target=\"_blank\">active galactic nuclei (AGN)\u003c/a>, which are among the most luminous sources in the universe. When an AGN, or other similar source shows significant radio emission, it is known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_galaxy\" target=\"_blank\">a radio galaxy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is these radio galaxies that make radio observations of clusters much more difficult. The clusters appear dark and the radio sources appear bright, and it requires a lot of effort to separate the two. In Montreal, we started running computer simulations to model this effort, and to help determine the best technique for extracting the cluster signal in the presence of radio galaxies. I imagine that we will have an answer by the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have to run now, I'm off for another 10 days of adventure, this time on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcta.org/about_trail/muir/over.asp\" target=\"_blank\">John Muir Trail\u003c/a>. When I get back, I'll start attacking some of those fantastic questions you all dropped on me in my last post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/Shootingstar.jpg\">\u003cem>A pair of glowing trails left by meteors.\u003cbr>\nPicture courtesy of Carter Roberts.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>They're called \"shooting stars\"--and I'm not referring to John Wayne or Clint Eastwood. I mean meteors, and they'll be spicing up the skies near you in less than two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First the news flash: The Perseid Meteor Shower, August 12, by the dark of the Moon! Be there. This year's Perseid shower coincides with the night of New Moon, so there will be no moonlight brightening the night, and it will be much easier to spot the fainter meteors and achieve a high sighting count for the night. How many meteors you count is the measuring stick of your success….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \"Perseid\" is a \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050812.html\">meteor\u003c/a>--shooting star, falling star, what have you--belonging to the Perseid Meteor Shower, an annual flurry of these brilliant atmospheric streakers that takes place on and around August 12. Their name comes from the fact that these meteors appear to come from the direction of the constellation Perseus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Perseid shower is notable in that it boasts one of the highest meteor rates of any of the annual showers. I've read different figures, but under good viewing conditions (no clouds, dark sky), one might expect to see as many as 50 or 60 meteors per hour. The ones you miss when you blink don't count, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/vsc/planetarium/thesky/basicastronomydata/meteorshowers.asp\">meteor showers\u003c/a> actually take place over a spread of days surrounding the expected shower peak date, sometimes spanning a couple of weeks or more. But these showers tend to start off slow, rise toward a peak activity night, and then taper off--so generally the best time to view a shower is within a day or so of the peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the Perseids are expected to peak sometime on August 12, so you can expect a good show in the wee morning hours of Sunday the 12, Sunday night, and again in the wee morning hours of Monday the 13. For best viewing results, find a nice comfortable spot where you can see a broad swath of the sky--preferably in a location free from as much urban light pollution as possible (a \"dark sky\" sight). Look toward the northwest…and stare. Stare for hours. And don't blink. You will be rewarded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A meteor is a small bit or rock or metal from space that burns up in Earth's atmosphere and leaves a glowing streak of hot vapor in its path. Meteors burn up completely in the atmosphere, and do not reach the ground. If a rock from space actually reaches the Earth's surface, it is called a meteorite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteor showers occur when the Earth flies through a trail of dust left behind by a comet. Earth, moving along in its orbit at 18 miles per second, runs into these dust clouds much as a car speeding along the highway might run through a cloud of insects. Earth's \"windshield\" is our atmosphere--and instead of seeing streaks and blotches of bug guts all over the glass, we see streaks of light and flash across the sky. I have referred to meteors in a shower as the \"dandruff of comets.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, get ready, make a pot of coffee, break out a chaise lounge, sit back and relax. Let the streaking begin….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the Perseids are expected to peak sometime on August 12, so you can expect a good show in the wee morning hours of Sunday the 12, Sunday night, and again in the wee morning hours of Monday the 13. For best viewing results, find a nice comfortable spot where you can see a broad swath of the sky--preferably in a location free from as much urban light pollution as possible (a \"dark sky\" sight). Look toward the northwest…and stare. Stare for hours. And don't blink. You will be rewarded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A meteor is a small bit or rock or metal from space that burns up in Earth's atmosphere and leaves a glowing streak of hot vapor in its path. Meteors burn up completely in the atmosphere, and do not reach the ground. If a rock from space actually reaches the Earth's surface, it is called a meteorite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteor showers occur when the Earth flies through a trail of dust left behind by a comet. Earth, moving along in its orbit at 18 miles per second, runs into these dust clouds much as a car speeding along the highway might run through a cloud of insects. Earth's \"windshield\" is our atmosphere--and instead of seeing streaks and blotches of bug guts all over the glass, we see streaks of light and flash across the sky. I have referred to meteors in a shower as the \"dandruff of comets.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, get ready, make a pot of coffee, break out a chaise lounge, sit back and relax. Let the streaking begin….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_sunset.jpg\">\u003cem>2:00 AM on the Kuuvik River in the Nunavik region of\u003cbr> northern Quebec. Photo courtesy of my friend,\u003cbr> Drew MacDonald.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being the token astrophysicist in my social circles, I get a lot of questions from friends and family about what’s going on in the Universe these days. I try to use these questions as an outline to the posts I write for the QUEST web site. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one example, I have written quite a few posts about dark matter because that is one of the most confusing topics to people, myself included. I also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/05/07/gamma-rays-and-monsters\">wrote a post\u003c/a> on the dangers of gamma ray bursts from nearby supernova explosions after years of questions from my Incredible Hulk obsessed friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently I was asked \"how large is the universe?\" and \"does a planet orbiting a black hole feel the increased gravity as that black hole grows?\" Both of these are very complicated questions, and require quite a bit of explanation, making them the perfect fodder for future posts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm away on vacation right now, paddling down the Kuuvik River, previously known in English and the Larch River and in French as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_aux_M%C3%A9l%C3%A8zes\">the Rivière aux Mélèzes\u003c/a>. A group of four, we are traveling this river in a wooden canvas canoe in the style of 19th century fur trappers and also of my old employer, Keewaydin Canoe Camp. This is one of the most remote rivers in the world, making internet access rather difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that I’m so far off the grid right now, I'd like to take this opportunity to dig for some more cosmology fodder and ask the QUEST readers what questions they may have. \u003cem>Post your suggestion below\u003c/em> and I'll use it as material when I rejoin society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that I’m so far off the grid right now, I'd like to take this opportunity to dig for some more cosmology fodder and ask the QUEST readers what questions they may have. \u003cem>Post your suggestion below\u003c/em> and I'll use it as material when I rejoin society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"planet-money": {
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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},
"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
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