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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/galileo.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Depiction of Galileo demonstrating his astronomical telescope.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>2009 has been designated the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy2009.org/globalprojects/cornerstones/portaltotheuniverse/\">International Year of Astronomy (IYA)\u003c/a>, in celebration of the 400th anniversary of Galileo first pointing the new invention of the telescope at the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Almost as famous as this act of opening our eyes to wonders we'd never witnessed, Galileo was tried by the Inquisition for pointing out that there were more things in heaven than were imagined by Church doctrine--but that's another story altogether…)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an intriguing fact that, beyond the Sun merely being a bright disk, the Moon a not-so-bright and slightly mottled disk, the stars pinpoints of light and the planets pinpoints of light that move, everything we have learned about the universe and the objects in it we have learned in the last four centuries, since the invention of the telescope and Galileo's putting it to it's most famous use: astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galileo saw on the Moon craters, mountains, and valleys, and likened the \"uneven, rough… depressions and bulges\" to Earth's geographical features. Venus was revealed to undergo lunar-like phases, which provided controversial insight into the layout of the Solar System. Jupiter had four small \"star-like\" moons that moved around it--which defied Church doctrine holding that everything in the universe goes around the Earth. And Saturn possessed jug-handle-like protrusions, whatever those were!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be difficult to imagine what \u003ca href=\"http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/galileo.html\">Galileo\u003c/a> was feeling when he made these discoveries of things we take for granted. How exciting to peer through that celestial peephole and discover that the Moon is another world, and that there are worlds out there that had never been seen or imagined before. Sure, new discoveries about Mars keep rolling in, and we're finding a new extrasolar planet about every month--but the excitement about these discoveries is tempered by the fact that we already suspected things like these as possibilities. For Galileo, the magnified astronomical sky was practically a blank canvass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to IYA 2009--what's going on? Who's promoting this, and what is being done to celebrate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA is promoting it, and many different organizations (including \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/exhibits/iya2009.asp\">Chabot\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayastro.org/\">Eastbay Astronomical Society\u003c/a>) are participating in a number of ways: star parties, special programs, special events, and good old fashioned put-your-eye-to-this-telescope-and-gawk public observing activities.\u003cbr>\nHonestly, there's nothing like looking through a \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/visit/observatories.aspx\">telescope\u003c/a>--and it doesn't have to be a large one. I don't doubt that I first became inspired into astronomy when, as a child, my family would take me to Chabot Observatory to look through the telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the new Chabot Space & Science Center reopened the telescopes after the move to our present site, I found all of the childhood wonder flooded back when I put my eye to the eyepiece to regard Saturn. There's an excitement that simply can't be achieved by looking at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/astrophotos.asp\">photographs\u003c/a>. You just have to experience it for yourself, as Galileo did four centuries ago…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to IYA 2009--what's going on? Who's promoting this, and what is being done to celebrate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA is promoting it, and many different organizations (including \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/exhibits/iya2009.asp\">Chabot\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayastro.org/\">Eastbay Astronomical Society\u003c/a>) are participating in a number of ways: star parties, special programs, special events, and good old fashioned put-your-eye-to-this-telescope-and-gawk public observing activities.\u003cbr>\nHonestly, there's nothing like looking through a \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/visit/observatories.aspx\">telescope\u003c/a>--and it doesn't have to be a large one. I don't doubt that I first became inspired into astronomy when, as a child, my family would take me to Chabot Observatory to look through the telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the new Chabot Space & Science Center reopened the telescopes after the move to our present site, I found all of the childhood wonder flooded back when I put my eye to the eyepiece to regard Saturn. There's an excitement that simply can't be achieved by looking at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/astrophotos.asp\">photographs\u003c/a>. You just have to experience it for yourself, as Galileo did four centuries ago…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/sand_and_stars.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Are there more actually more stars in the sky, than there are\u003cbr>\ngrains of sand on all the world's beaches?\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>I think most of us have heard that perennial estimate of the number of stars in the Universe being greater than all of the grains of sand in all of Earth’s beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting on Limantour Beach at Point Reyes awhile back, watching the waves slosh in and out, listening to gulls and feeling very lazy, I found myself looking about me at all that sand, and wondering how it could possibly be true. Reaching out, scooping up a mere handful of grains and letting--what?--a few hundred thousand of the would-be star proxies fall through my fingers, the notion seemed even more absurd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raising my eyes from the bit of the cosmos cupped in my hand and taking in the comparatively vast reaches of sand about me--a hundred or so feet between me and the waves, at least a mile or two of beach visible to the north, another stretch to the south, and who knows how many feet of depth beneath the surface? I simply couldn’t believe it. So, I pulled out my journal and started to write down some figures, working out the problem rationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, is it true? Well, here's what I came up with:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stars: Astronomers have estimated that there are about 200 billion stars in the Milky Way Galaxy. Galaxies come in many sizes, both much larger and considerably smaller than our home galaxy. I don't know what the average number of stars in each galaxy is, but for the sake of this calculation I chose a conservative 10 billion stars per galaxy. Astronomers have also estimated that there are between 50 billion and 100 billion galaxies in the Universe, based on observations made by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stsci.edu/ftp/science/hdf/hdf.html\">Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/a> Again being conservative, I chose the lower figure of 50 billion. So, with those numbers, I calculate a number of stars in the Universe at 10 billion times 50 billion, or 500 billion billion---or in exponential notation, 5 X 10\u003csup>20\u003c/sup>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does the number of sand grains in the entire world's beaches stack up against that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get to that number, I had to do some estimation. First, pulling some numbers out of the air, I decided that an average sandy beach is 30 meters wide (about 100 feet), and 10 meters deep (about 33 feet). Some beaches are wider, some much less so. I don't imagine that the sand on the average beach is as deep as 10 meters---but I've never taken a shovel and found out, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, I assume that the average sand grain is a millimeter across, giving it a volume of about a cubic millimeter. With that number, I figure the sand grain density to be 1000\u003csup>3\u003c/sup>, or one billion, sand grains per cubic meter of beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final piece of the equation--after density, width, and depth--is length: the total length of beach shorelines in the entire world. Here's where I made some serious assumptions. Starting with the total length of shorelines of all continents and islands in the world, I got a figure of 356,000 kilometers from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook\">CIA World Factbook.\u003c/a> That's 356 million meters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now here's where my estimate becomes truly conservative. In my final calculation, I assumed that all 356 million meters of world coastline consisted of sandy beaches-- which is not the case, of course; there are plenty of coastlines that are rocky, pebbly, gravely, ice-covered, or sheer cliffs, all without much, if any, sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what were my results? Well, doing the math, 1 billion grains per cubic meter times a 30 meter beach width times a 10 meter beach depth times a 356 million meter beach length and assuming 100% of the coastlines consist of my hypothetical average beach, I get:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1 billion x 30 x 10 x 356 million x 100% = 1.068 x 10\u003csup>20\u003c/sup> grains of sand\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to the estimate of stars in the Universe, that's about 5 times as many stars in the Universe as grains of sand in all the beaches in the world! I guess the old adage was not only right, but somewhat of an understatement... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's all a thing of scale. I also calculated that there are about 3000 times as many water molecules in a glass of water than there are stars in the Universe...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/sand_and_stars.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Are there more actually more stars in the sky, than there are\u003cbr>\ngrains of sand on all the world's beaches?\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>I think most of us have heard that perennial estimate of the number of stars in the Universe being greater than all of the grains of sand in all of Earth’s beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting on Limantour Beach at Point Reyes awhile back, watching the waves slosh in and out, listening to gulls and feeling very lazy, I found myself looking about me at all that sand, and wondering how it could possibly be true. Reaching out, scooping up a mere handful of grains and letting--what?--a few hundred thousand of the would-be star proxies fall through my fingers, the notion seemed even more absurd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raising my eyes from the bit of the cosmos cupped in my hand and taking in the comparatively vast reaches of sand about me--a hundred or so feet between me and the waves, at least a mile or two of beach visible to the north, another stretch to the south, and who knows how many feet of depth beneath the surface? I simply couldn’t believe it. So, I pulled out my journal and started to write down some figures, working out the problem rationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, is it true? Well, here's what I came up with:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stars: Astronomers have estimated that there are about 200 billion stars in the Milky Way Galaxy. Galaxies come in many sizes, both much larger and considerably smaller than our home galaxy. I don't know what the average number of stars in each galaxy is, but for the sake of this calculation I chose a conservative 10 billion stars per galaxy. Astronomers have also estimated that there are between 50 billion and 100 billion galaxies in the Universe, based on observations made by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stsci.edu/ftp/science/hdf/hdf.html\">Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/a> Again being conservative, I chose the lower figure of 50 billion. So, with those numbers, I calculate a number of stars in the Universe at 10 billion times 50 billion, or 500 billion billion---or in exponential notation, 5 X 10\u003csup>20\u003c/sup>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does the number of sand grains in the entire world's beaches stack up against that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get to that number, I had to do some estimation. First, pulling some numbers out of the air, I decided that an average sandy beach is 30 meters wide (about 100 feet), and 10 meters deep (about 33 feet). Some beaches are wider, some much less so. I don't imagine that the sand on the average beach is as deep as 10 meters---but I've never taken a shovel and found out, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, I assume that the average sand grain is a millimeter across, giving it a volume of about a cubic millimeter. With that number, I figure the sand grain density to be 1000\u003csup>3\u003c/sup>, or one billion, sand grains per cubic meter of beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final piece of the equation--after density, width, and depth--is length: the total length of beach shorelines in the entire world. Here's where I made some serious assumptions. Starting with the total length of shorelines of all continents and islands in the world, I got a figure of 356,000 kilometers from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook\">CIA World Factbook.\u003c/a> That's 356 million meters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now here's where my estimate becomes truly conservative. In my final calculation, I assumed that all 356 million meters of world coastline consisted of sandy beaches-- which is not the case, of course; there are plenty of coastlines that are rocky, pebbly, gravely, ice-covered, or sheer cliffs, all without much, if any, sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what were my results? Well, doing the math, 1 billion grains per cubic meter times a 30 meter beach width times a 10 meter beach depth times a 356 million meter beach length and assuming 100% of the coastlines consist of my hypothetical average beach, I get:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1 billion x 30 x 10 x 356 million x 100% = 1.068 x 10\u003csup>20\u003c/sup> grains of sand\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to the estimate of stars in the Universe, that's about 5 times as many stars in the Universe as grains of sand in all the beaches in the world! I guess the old adage was not only right, but somewhat of an understatement... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's all a thing of scale. I also calculated that there are about 3000 times as many water molecules in a glass of water than there are stars in the Universe...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio//looking-for-mars-life-on-planet-earth-\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/mslrover1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Mars Science Laboratory. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I hear about the search for alien life, it's hard not to think about all the science fiction movies with little green men and Earth-destroying spacecraft. But it's an idea that's far from science fiction for scientists at NASA Ames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA is preparing to send their next rover to the surface of Mars, known as the \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>. It follows the legacy of the twin \u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/overview/\" target=\"_blank\">rovers Spirit and Opportunity\u003c/a>, who have survived far longer than NASA scientists expected. After four years, they're still sending data from the Martian surface. (For an update, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/08/29/opportunity-is-still-rockin/\" target=\"_blank\">check out this post\u003c/a> from QUEST blogger Ben Burress).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mars Science Lab rover will have a few upgrades, though. It's much larger than Spirit and Opportunity and will be nuclear-powered -- meaning no solar cells that are vulnerable to dust storms. It will also be carrying the \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/technology/si_is_instrumentation.html\" target=\"_blank\">most advanced lab equipment yet\u003c/a>, some of which will look for organic matter on the surface. The goal to discover how habitable the surface could have been for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to what kind of life, it's microbial life that many scientists believe is the best case scenario. There have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/04/science/space/04mars.html\" target=\"_blank\">a number of recent discoveries\u003c/a> that are promising evidence that liquid water once existed on the surface. But if even the conditions were right for life then, they're certainly not right today. Thanks to a thin atmosphere, Mars is bombarded by solar radiation and conditions are dry and cold. Still, many scientists think there's a possibility that life could survive in the subsurface, where it's warmer and more sheltered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question most of us would ask, though, is: even if we found extraterrestrial life someday, how would we recognize it? NASA scientist Chris McKay explained his take to me. It turns out there are some basic things scientists believe they could look for. You can hear what he has to say in this audio clip:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2008/11/2008-11-17-quest_blogextra1.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McKay brought up another interesting point -- we've already sent earthlings to Mars. The NASA rovers were built in clean rooms, but they're not completely sterile. Chances are there are microbes from Earth on Mars now, protected inside machinery we built. McKay believes this contamination is reversible, and there's already a policy in place to protect both Earth and Mars known as planetary protection. You can hear McKay explain why it's so important in this clip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2008/11/2008-11-17-quest_blogextra2.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter what the outcome of the Mars Science Lab mission, there's a lot more to discover about what Mars is like today and about its past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio//looking-for-mars-life-on-planet-earth-\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Watch the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio//looking-for-mars-life-on-planet-earth-\">Looking for Mars Life on Planet Earth\u003c/a> report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.881080 -122.448728\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/mercury-in-color1.jpg\">\u003cem>MESSENGER's color filter imaging capability reveals variations\u003cbr>\nin color on Mercury too subtle for the human eye.\u003cbr>\nPhoto credit: NASA/MESSENGER\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Like a snow-bird relative vacationing in warmer climate localities and sending back picture postcards of their trip, NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft has made yet another swing past our Solar System's innermost planet, \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/07oct_firstresults.htm?list212670\">Mercury\u003c/a>. But, like the traveler who just can't seem to get enough sightseeing in, this was another whirlwind flyby set to the furious tempo of a camera snapping pics--about 1200 in all…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did MESSENGER find anything new, since its first flyby back in January? Here are a few highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\tProminent \u003ca href=\"http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/image.php?page=1&gallery_id=2&image_id=250\">\"ejecta\" rays\u003c/a> streaking out from several large craters--previously revealed only by radar imaging from Earth, now photographed for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\t30% more of Mercury's largely unexplored surface than had been revealed by the Mariner 10 flybys in the 70's and MESSEGNER's own first flyby last January (spacecraft--namely Mariner 10 and MESSENGER--have now imaged 95% of Mercury's surface).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\t\"Hyper-color\" (my own word) imaging of surface features that reveal variations in color too subtle for the human eye to notice, providing information on soil and rock composition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm a planet junkie--and Mercury has always had a special place in my imagination. One might think of Mercury as the least interesting planet, in our Solar System as well as among dozens of \"exoplanet\" systems yet discovered. After all, it's a small, dry, cratered, and airless lump of rock and dust, resembling for the most part Earth's Moon. Consider, however, the point of view of someone who's favorite place on Earth is dry, dusty Death Valley, and my enamorment might not come as such a surprise. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my imagination I see towering cliffs, enormous, deep crevasses, wide, flat dusty plains, bright brights in sunlit patches and dark darks in shadow…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's really its differences from Earth that make Mercury such an appealing exotic vision. Being where it is, 36 million miles from the Sun (about a third the Earth-Sun distance), the sunlight striking the Mercurian landscape is six times brighter--imagine that! And not just the visible light spectrum, but all the wavelengths of light the Sun puts out are free to impact Mercury's surface, unimpeded by an atmosphere: infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and potent burst of gamma rays rain down intensely on the planet's plains, mountains, and craters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking of the Sun, its behavior in Mercury's skies is, to say the least, zany. Mercury orbits the Sun in about 88 days (Earth days), but rotates so slowly that a single Mercurian day (the time from one high noon to the next) is about 115 Earth days. Not only does that mean sun-up to sun-down lasts roughly a couple of months, but that Mercury's orbital motion has a greater effect than its rotation on the Sun's apparent motion through its sky. The complicated relationship between Mercury's year and its day also causes the Sun to go \"retrograde\" at times--that is, periodically halt its progress from one horizon to the other and temporarily go in the opposite direction. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, our prodigal vacationer MESSENGER has its itinerary straight: a climate with the brightest, warmest sunlight, pristine landscapes, long sunny days, and big skies that perform tricks for its amusement. Now, if only there was a beach…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft has made yet another swing past our Solar System's innermost planet, Mercury. But, like the traveler who just can't seem to get enough sightseeing in, this was another whirlwind flyby set to the furious tempo of a camera snapping pics--about 1200 in all…",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm a planet junkie--and Mercury has always had a special place in my imagination. One might think of Mercury as the least interesting planet, in our Solar System as well as among dozens of \"exoplanet\" systems yet discovered. After all, it's a small, dry, cratered, and airless lump of rock and dust, resembling for the most part Earth's Moon. Consider, however, the point of view of someone who's favorite place on Earth is dry, dusty Death Valley, and my enamorment might not come as such a surprise. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my imagination I see towering cliffs, enormous, deep crevasses, wide, flat dusty plains, bright brights in sunlit patches and dark darks in shadow…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's really its differences from Earth that make Mercury such an appealing exotic vision. Being where it is, 36 million miles from the Sun (about a third the Earth-Sun distance), the sunlight striking the Mercurian landscape is six times brighter--imagine that! And not just the visible light spectrum, but all the wavelengths of light the Sun puts out are free to impact Mercury's surface, unimpeded by an atmosphere: infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and potent burst of gamma rays rain down intensely on the planet's plains, mountains, and craters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking of the Sun, its behavior in Mercury's skies is, to say the least, zany. Mercury orbits the Sun in about 88 days (Earth days), but rotates so slowly that a single Mercurian day (the time from one high noon to the next) is about 115 Earth days. Not only does that mean sun-up to sun-down lasts roughly a couple of months, but that Mercury's orbital motion has a greater effect than its rotation on the Sun's apparent motion through its sky. The complicated relationship between Mercury's year and its day also causes the Sun to go \"retrograde\" at times--that is, periodically halt its progress from one horizon to the other and temporarily go in the opposite direction. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, our prodigal vacationer MESSENGER has its itinerary straight: a climate with the brightest, warmest sunlight, pristine landscapes, long sunny days, and big skies that perform tricks for its amusement. Now, if only there was a beach…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/hoba11.jpg\">\u003cem>The Hoba meteorite in Namibia, Africa, the largest known\u003cbr>meteorite found; approximately the size of 2008 TC3 before\u003cbr> it burned up in our atmosphere.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>News Flash! Asteroid 2008 TC3, on a collision trajectory with Earth, made a \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEMXqN3Zze8\">meteoric atmospheric entry\u003c/a> into the skies above Sudan, Central Africa Tuesday morning, October 7\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> (local time-about 7:46 PM PDT). Entering the atmosphere at a speed of 12.8 kilometers per second, it exploded with the force of a low-level nuclear bomb...\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait a moment... an asteroid you say? Hitting the Earth? Isn't that supposed to spell some kind of disaster, such as Dino-slaughter? Isn't that something we send people like Bruce Willis and Clint Eastwood to deal with before it becomes a problem down here on Earth?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so Asteroid 2008 TC3 wasn't an Earth-killer, but rather a crowd-thriller. It wasn't miles across-not even tens of meters across. It was, perhaps, a few meters in size, similar in volume to mid-size car. In fact, it didn't even hit the Earth's surface, but vaporized in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds a bit anticlimactic-and that's not the half of it. It's not even a rare event! Objects of this size are believed (and sometimes observed) to enter Earth's atmosphere a few times each year. So what's the blog deal?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blog deal is this: this is the first time that an object this size has been detected approaching the Earth a significant period of time before actually impacting-in this case, about a day. 2008 TC3 was detected by the Mount Lemmon telescope in Arizona on Monday. The detection was reported to the \u003ca href=\"http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/mpc.html\">Minor Planet Center\u003c/a>, which collects such observations from observatories large and small (including \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/research/asteroidsearch/default.asp\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a>) in order to track and predict possible Earth impactors. In turn, the \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/\">MPC alerted NASA\u003c/a> of the impending impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observers on the ground reported the fireball lit up the skies with the intensity of the Full Moon. A nearby airliner (not in danger, as the fireball exploded tens of kilometers above the ground, well above the airliner's flight path) reported seeing a bright flash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a sense, this event was kind of a dress rehearsal for the international system of predicting, and possibly defending against, impacts on Earth by much larger asteroids and comets. We already know of thousands of Near Earth Objects (\u003cem>NEO\u003c/em>s-asteroids and comets that cross Earth's orbit and are large enough to cause a catastrophe should they strike the Earth). It is also expected that there are many thousands more that we haven't yet detected, being small enough to \"fly under the radar\" of our NEO detecting network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early detection and sustained tracking of NEOs is key to the protection plan against impact disaster. If we can accurately predict an impact far enough in advance, we could potentially send a spacecraft to it and gently \"nudge\" it off course and deflect the eventual impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So ends the existence of another chunk of rock that had, up to that point, been serenely orbiting the Sun for billions of years...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "News Flash! Asteroid 2008 TC3, on a collision trajectory with Earth, made a meteoric atmospheric entry into the skies above Sudan, Central Africa Tuesday morning, October 7th (local time-about 7:46 PM PDT). Entering the atmosphere at a speed of 12.8 kilometers per second, it exploded with the force of a low-level nuclear bomb...",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/hoba11.jpg\">\u003cem>The Hoba meteorite in Namibia, Africa, the largest known\u003cbr>meteorite found; approximately the size of 2008 TC3 before\u003cbr> it burned up in our atmosphere.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>News Flash! Asteroid 2008 TC3, on a collision trajectory with Earth, made a \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEMXqN3Zze8\">meteoric atmospheric entry\u003c/a> into the skies above Sudan, Central Africa Tuesday morning, October 7\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> (local time-about 7:46 PM PDT). Entering the atmosphere at a speed of 12.8 kilometers per second, it exploded with the force of a low-level nuclear bomb...\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait a moment... an asteroid you say? Hitting the Earth? Isn't that supposed to spell some kind of disaster, such as Dino-slaughter? Isn't that something we send people like Bruce Willis and Clint Eastwood to deal with before it becomes a problem down here on Earth?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so Asteroid 2008 TC3 wasn't an Earth-killer, but rather a crowd-thriller. It wasn't miles across-not even tens of meters across. It was, perhaps, a few meters in size, similar in volume to mid-size car. In fact, it didn't even hit the Earth's surface, but vaporized in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds a bit anticlimactic-and that's not the half of it. It's not even a rare event! Objects of this size are believed (and sometimes observed) to enter Earth's atmosphere a few times each year. So what's the blog deal?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blog deal is this: this is the first time that an object this size has been detected approaching the Earth a significant period of time before actually impacting-in this case, about a day. 2008 TC3 was detected by the Mount Lemmon telescope in Arizona on Monday. The detection was reported to the \u003ca href=\"http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/mpc.html\">Minor Planet Center\u003c/a>, which collects such observations from observatories large and small (including \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/research/asteroidsearch/default.asp\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a>) in order to track and predict possible Earth impactors. In turn, the \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/\">MPC alerted NASA\u003c/a> of the impending impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observers on the ground reported the fireball lit up the skies with the intensity of the Full Moon. A nearby airliner (not in danger, as the fireball exploded tens of kilometers above the ground, well above the airliner's flight path) reported seeing a bright flash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a sense, this event was kind of a dress rehearsal for the international system of predicting, and possibly defending against, impacts on Earth by much larger asteroids and comets. We already know of thousands of Near Earth Objects (\u003cem>NEO\u003c/em>s-asteroids and comets that cross Earth's orbit and are large enough to cause a catastrophe should they strike the Earth). It is also expected that there are many thousands more that we haven't yet detected, being small enough to \"fly under the radar\" of our NEO detecting network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early detection and sustained tracking of NEOs is key to the protection plan against impact disaster. If we can accurately predict an impact far enough in advance, we could potentially send a spacecraft to it and gently \"nudge\" it off course and deflect the eventual impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So ends the existence of another chunk of rock that had, up to that point, been serenely orbiting the Sun for billions of years...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Expressly Venus",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/lightening.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of lightning on Venus. Credit: NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4335628.stm\">Venus\u003c/a> has reentered our sky in its part-time job as the Evening Star, appearing as a uniquely brilliant white beacon over the western horizon after sunset. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the attention that the exploration of certain other planets has received lately, I feel that Venus exploration has fallen off our radar a bit, and that it is high time for an update. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no lack of exploration of Venus today: NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/multimedia/venus_flyby.html\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> spacecraft, bound for Mercury, flew by Venus twice (2006, 2007), making observations on the fly; Japan is currently planning to send a climate orbiter mission (\u003ca href=\"http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/planet_c/index_e.html\">\"Planet C\"\u003c/a>) there in 2010; and the European \u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=30\">BepiColombo\u003c/a> will perform a couple of Venus flybys of its own, in 2013, on its way to Mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most notably, the European \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Venus_Express/\">Venus Express\u003c/a> orbiter is in the middle of a two-year mission of exploration, and has revealed new and fascinating things about Venus--a planet whose cloud-shrouded surface kept us mostly ignorant about it until recent decades. (Before the 1960's it was even speculated that Venus might be a steamy swamp or rain forest world!) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a quick recap of some of the highlights of Venus Express's findings: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Hurricanes\" at the poles: Venus Express's VIRTIS instrument, which is able to probe several different layers of the atmosphere, has put together a detailed picture of wind behavior at different latitudes and different altitudes. What was discovered from these observations is that Venus has giant, hurricane-like vortexes capping its poles. Winds within these systems all flow in generally the same direction, as you'd expect with hurricanes, circling mostly windless \"eyes\" at their centers at the poles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighting: Evidence of lightning on Venus was detected by earlier orbiter and lander missions, and Venus Express has confirmed it--maybe more lightning activity than on Earth. What makes Venus's lightning unique among the planets with lightning (Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn, as far as we know) is that it's the only case where lightning is formed by something other than clouds of water droplets--in Venus's case, sulfuric acid droplets do the trick. Lightning can be an important factor in that it breaks up atmospheric molecules and allows them to recombine in different forms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Active volcano search: It has long been suggested that there may be active volcanoes on Venus today, though no direct evidence (like images of erupting volcanoes, for example) have yet been obtained. Venus Express has measured large variations over time in the concentrations of sulfur dioxide in Venus's atmosphere--a compound that on Earth comes from volcanic eruptions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a lot more to say about Venus, as it is a world as varied and fascinating as the Earth (minus the life forms, as far as we know). Though it may not be the hottest vacation spot in the solar system, with its pressure cooker of a toxic, acid-laced atmosphere, it is one of those great mysteries that we actually get to watch unfold before us as exploration of it moves forward. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/lightening.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of lightning on Venus. Credit: NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4335628.stm\">Venus\u003c/a> has reentered our sky in its part-time job as the Evening Star, appearing as a uniquely brilliant white beacon over the western horizon after sunset. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the attention that the exploration of certain other planets has received lately, I feel that Venus exploration has fallen off our radar a bit, and that it is high time for an update. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no lack of exploration of Venus today: NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/multimedia/venus_flyby.html\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> spacecraft, bound for Mercury, flew by Venus twice (2006, 2007), making observations on the fly; Japan is currently planning to send a climate orbiter mission (\u003ca href=\"http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/planet_c/index_e.html\">\"Planet C\"\u003c/a>) there in 2010; and the European \u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=30\">BepiColombo\u003c/a> will perform a couple of Venus flybys of its own, in 2013, on its way to Mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most notably, the European \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Venus_Express/\">Venus Express\u003c/a> orbiter is in the middle of a two-year mission of exploration, and has revealed new and fascinating things about Venus--a planet whose cloud-shrouded surface kept us mostly ignorant about it until recent decades. (Before the 1960's it was even speculated that Venus might be a steamy swamp or rain forest world!) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a quick recap of some of the highlights of Venus Express's findings: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Hurricanes\" at the poles: Venus Express's VIRTIS instrument, which is able to probe several different layers of the atmosphere, has put together a detailed picture of wind behavior at different latitudes and different altitudes. What was discovered from these observations is that Venus has giant, hurricane-like vortexes capping its poles. Winds within these systems all flow in generally the same direction, as you'd expect with hurricanes, circling mostly windless \"eyes\" at their centers at the poles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighting: Evidence of lightning on Venus was detected by earlier orbiter and lander missions, and Venus Express has confirmed it--maybe more lightning activity than on Earth. What makes Venus's lightning unique among the planets with lightning (Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn, as far as we know) is that it's the only case where lightning is formed by something other than clouds of water droplets--in Venus's case, sulfuric acid droplets do the trick. Lightning can be an important factor in that it breaks up atmospheric molecules and allows them to recombine in different forms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Active volcano search: It has long been suggested that there may be active volcanoes on Venus today, though no direct evidence (like images of erupting volcanoes, for example) have yet been obtained. Venus Express has measured large variations over time in the concentrations of sulfur dioxide in Venus's atmosphere--a compound that on Earth comes from volcanic eruptions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a lot more to say about Venus, as it is a world as varied and fascinating as the Earth (minus the life forms, as far as we know). Though it may not be the hottest vacation spot in the solar system, with its pressure cooker of a toxic, acid-laced atmosphere, it is one of those great mysteries that we actually get to watch unfold before us as exploration of it moves forward. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/peekskill_thomas1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The 1992 'Peekskill' meteorite and its point of\u003cbr>\nimpact in Peekskill, New York. Credit: \"Pierre Thomas\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Why is it that meteorites are brought to me for identification in clusters? I don't mean that people bring clusters of meteorites-but it seems I get calls and visits from possessors of unknown rock samples, hopeful that they are of extraterrestrial origin, in bursts. This time I got two inquiries in two days!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing I tell people is that I'm not a \u003ca href=\"http://www.meteorflash.com/\">meteorite expert\u003c/a>, but that I have a contact who is. This rarely discourages them from wanting to bring their rocks in for a look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first sample was brought in by a family who said they collected the chunk of iron from Lake Tahoe. This one actually looked promising to my mostly untrained eye: a fist-sized chuck of magnetic metal, with pits and holes and an overall melted look. I took some pictures to send off to our regional expert and told the family I'd call them to let them know what he said. The response to the pictures was pretty certain: it wasn't a meteorite, but a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag\">chunk of metallic slag\u003c/a>. I was told that this is a common mistake; that often bits of slag from old foundries or other sources are taken for meteorites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second sample brought to me didn't really strike me as a meteorite, by appearance. It was metallic, but not magnetic; it was pretty heavy for its size; it didn't have any obvious signs of melting, and no real pits or holes-other than one, deep, tunnel-like hole the width of a finger. It didn't appear jagged or shrapnel-like, as fragments from an exploding metallic meteorite often do. Finally, it had wide, flat facets that looked much more like the result of natural rock cleaving as pieces of Earth's crust break apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went ahead and performed a density measurement on the sample. It was pretty heavy, so our sensitive balance scales wouldn't handle the load. Instead, I resorted to our \"learn your weight on other planets\" scale-the one that tells you how much you would weigh on the Moon, Mars, and other planets, in addition to your Earth weight. (I found this scale useful when I had a package to mail and needed to know the weight; by selecting the Moon weight of the package, I would pay only one-sixth the normal Earth rate!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The double-fist-sized sample was 11.3 pounds, which converted to 5126 grams. Then, I selected a graduated beaker from our lab, filled it with water and submerged the sample. Reading the difference in water level with and without the sample, I measured a volume displacement of 750 cc. So, the density-mass divided by volume-turned out to be about 6.83 grams/cc. That's twice the typical density of silicate-type rocks (stone), and fairly close to that of pure iron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I sent the owner off with my appraisal that the rock didn't present the appearance of a meteorite, and though the density was in neighborhood of that of iron, the appearance (black, inside and out) and non-magnetic nature suggested some other metal or metal-stone mixture. As always, I encouraged him to seek an \u003ca href=\"http://meteorite-identification.com/\">expert appraisal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's face it, all rocks found on Earth are ultimately of extraterrestrial origin-though what we regard as Earth rock has been on Earth for many billions of years, and shaped, reshaped, and metamorphosed by eons of weathering and geological activity. Meteorites, then, are only the newcomers....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Why is it that meteorites are brought to me for identification in clusters? I don't mean that people bring clusters of meteorites-but it seems I get calls and visits from possessors of unknown rock samples, hopeful that they are of extraterrestrial origin, in bursts. This time I got two inquiries in two days!",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/peekskill_thomas1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The 1992 'Peekskill' meteorite and its point of\u003cbr>\nimpact in Peekskill, New York. Credit: \"Pierre Thomas\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Why is it that meteorites are brought to me for identification in clusters? I don't mean that people bring clusters of meteorites-but it seems I get calls and visits from possessors of unknown rock samples, hopeful that they are of extraterrestrial origin, in bursts. This time I got two inquiries in two days!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing I tell people is that I'm not a \u003ca href=\"http://www.meteorflash.com/\">meteorite expert\u003c/a>, but that I have a contact who is. This rarely discourages them from wanting to bring their rocks in for a look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first sample was brought in by a family who said they collected the chunk of iron from Lake Tahoe. This one actually looked promising to my mostly untrained eye: a fist-sized chuck of magnetic metal, with pits and holes and an overall melted look. I took some pictures to send off to our regional expert and told the family I'd call them to let them know what he said. The response to the pictures was pretty certain: it wasn't a meteorite, but a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag\">chunk of metallic slag\u003c/a>. I was told that this is a common mistake; that often bits of slag from old foundries or other sources are taken for meteorites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second sample brought to me didn't really strike me as a meteorite, by appearance. It was metallic, but not magnetic; it was pretty heavy for its size; it didn't have any obvious signs of melting, and no real pits or holes-other than one, deep, tunnel-like hole the width of a finger. It didn't appear jagged or shrapnel-like, as fragments from an exploding metallic meteorite often do. Finally, it had wide, flat facets that looked much more like the result of natural rock cleaving as pieces of Earth's crust break apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went ahead and performed a density measurement on the sample. It was pretty heavy, so our sensitive balance scales wouldn't handle the load. Instead, I resorted to our \"learn your weight on other planets\" scale-the one that tells you how much you would weigh on the Moon, Mars, and other planets, in addition to your Earth weight. (I found this scale useful when I had a package to mail and needed to know the weight; by selecting the Moon weight of the package, I would pay only one-sixth the normal Earth rate!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The double-fist-sized sample was 11.3 pounds, which converted to 5126 grams. Then, I selected a graduated beaker from our lab, filled it with water and submerged the sample. Reading the difference in water level with and without the sample, I measured a volume displacement of 750 cc. So, the density-mass divided by volume-turned out to be about 6.83 grams/cc. That's twice the typical density of silicate-type rocks (stone), and fairly close to that of pure iron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I sent the owner off with my appraisal that the rock didn't present the appearance of a meteorite, and though the density was in neighborhood of that of iron, the appearance (black, inside and out) and non-magnetic nature suggested some other metal or metal-stone mixture. As always, I encouraged him to seek an \u003ca href=\"http://meteorite-identification.com/\">expert appraisal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's face it, all rocks found on Earth are ultimately of extraterrestrial origin-though what we regard as Earth rock has been on Earth for many billions of years, and shaped, reshaped, and metamorphosed by eons of weathering and geological activity. Meteorites, then, are only the newcomers....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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