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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"jwplayer\">[jwvideo id=\"303a_asteroids\"]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Everyone knows that eight planets orbit the sun. But thousands of other objects, including icy comets and football field-sized asteroids, are also zooming around our solar system. And some of them could be on a collision course with Earth. QUEST explores how these Near Earth Objects are being tracked and what scientists are saying should be done to prevent a deadly impact. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: A 150-foot asteroid hurtled through Earth's backyard Friday, coming within an incredible 17,150 miles and making the closest known flyby for a rock of its size. Get more info at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/15/watch-asteroid-flyby-live/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED News\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/asteroid-hunters\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/03/blog_200dd45.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A few weeks ago, this asteroid came really close to hitting Earth.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>On March 3rd, 2009 at 1:40PM GMT, just a mere month after we'd finished the Asteroid Hunters segment, an asteroid of up to 165 feet in diameter \u003ca href=\"http://www.smh.com.au/world/science/asteroid-plays-chicken-with-earth-20090303-8nge.html\">snuck up on us\u003c/a>, coming within approximately 37,000 miles from a direct impact with Earth. That's almost seven times closer than the distance to the Moon and about twice the distance of some communications satellites that orbit the earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called “2009 DD45”, the asteroid was estimated to be around the same size as the one that exploded in the atmosphere near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in remote Siberia on \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/30jun_tunguska.htm\">June 30th, 1908\u003c/a>, flattening 80 million trees across eight hundred square miles of remote forest. Of course, if an asteroid of this size were to hit a city or in an ocean offshore from a populated area, tens of thousands of people would likely die. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, just as the last of the night sky observers were completing their collective sighs of relief, on March 17th, 2009 another Tunguska-class asteroid, 2009 FH, passed by about 53,000 miles from Earth. Thankfully, neither of these asteroids actually hit us. But astronomers didn’t even observe 2009 DD45 until 4 days before its closest approach. It's orbit was calculated and it was determined that it would miss the Earth. But it's likely that asteroids of this size are fairly frequently buzzing by the Earth. And until recently, most of them have been undetected. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1998, NASA started the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceguard\">Spaceguard Survey\u003c/a> which set out to discover 90% of those Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs) 1 km in diameter and larger. An impact by an asteroid this size would likely cause global destruction and an end to much of life as we know it so it’s definitely reassuring that 10 years after its inception, the Spaceguard Survey had found about 80% (CK) of them. But unfortunately, once we’ve found them, there’s still no international concensus or infrastructure in place in how to deflect or destroy them. But the Survey is limited by its mandate to find those mass extinction-sized asteroids as well as by the size and sophistication of the telescopes that are dedicated to searching the skies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As former Apollo 9 astronaut, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/schweickart-rl.html\">Rusty Schweickart\u003c/a> said in a recent phone conversation, \"in the process of finding the big ones, you also find a bunch of small ones, and the smaller ones are obviously far more numerous than the large ones.\" But it will take many more resources and new telescopes to continue searching for and tracking the smaller ones. And unfortunately, once we’ve found them, there's still no international consensus or infrastructure in place in how to deflect or destroy them. Raising awareness and building alliances amongst governments and space agencies is Schweikart's current \"mission\". He founded the\u003ca href=\"http://www.b612foundation.org/\"> B612 Foundation\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.space-explorers.org/\">Association of Space Explorers\u003c/a> to tackle these goals on different fronts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The message that I hope is conveyed with the Asteroid Hunters TV segment is that we are not immune from asteroid impacts here on Earth. Rusty Schweikart puts it best in a portion of his interview that didn’t make it into the final program: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Well, asteroids and comets are good news and bad news, you know? But for them we wouldn’t be here, and on the other hand, if we don't actually take some action now, at some point we won’t be here anymore, because there's no question that we will be hit by asteroids, and we’ll probably be hit by, we would be hit by comets as well. Unless, we use the technology that we have and the brains that we have in order to protect the Earth from asteroid impacts, and we can do that. We can basically now, with current technology, assure that no asteroid ever hits the Earth again. That can do any serious damage.\"\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n-Rusty Schweikart\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a little exercise from Rusty that you can do to get a sense of what we know today about exactly what's out there:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>Go to: \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk\">neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk\u003c/a>\n\u003c/li>\u003cli>See two tables, the first table says \"Recently Observed Objects\" and the table below says \"Objects not recently observed.\" You’ll notice in the bottom table that Apophis is the 4th one listed.\n\u003c/li>\u003cli>Click on \"Apophis\". At the top you see a bunch of boxes, like the diameter at .27 km, or 270 meters.\n\u003c/li>\u003cli>Down below that you see 3 lines, those are the 3 potential impacts. The first one is April 13, 2036. Go over to the right on that line you'll see the column \"Impact Probability\" is 2.3 x 10-5 – click on that. So there is the probability, 1 in 43,000 of that particular impact.\n\u003c/li>\u003cli>Now if you go back to the main table you can do the same thing with every single one of those lines.\n\u003c/li>\u003cli>Now go to the very top of the page and hit \"Discovery Statistics.\" Scroll down to a blue and red graph \"Known Near-Earth Asteroids\". This shows the discovery rate beginning back in 1980 going up to almost current time. Notice the knee in that curve in 1998 – that’s when the Spaceguard Survey began.\n\u003c/li>\u003cli>Scroll down to table just below the graph and look across that table to the far right side, to see that a a total of 6166 NEOs (of ALL sizes) have been discovered.\n\u003c/li>\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Rusty concludes that, \u003cem>\"...what we really care about is not only the things that large, we care about things that can hurt us. Things that can hurt us go down to 40 to 45 meters or so. Instead of there being 940 of them, there are more like 600,000 of them. So the new charge for NASA, which they have so far ignored, is to find 90% of the objects 140 meters and larger by 2020. You can't reasonably set a goal to find everything down to 40 meters because it's just beyond the capability of telescopes and the money available. So NASA, working with Congress, set the goal at 140 meters. Now nevertheless, when you are looking for 140 meter objects, it’s going to take bigger telescopes than the ones to find a kilometer. Therefore we are going to find many many smaller objects as well. So 10 to 15 years from now, instead of that number on the far right hand column being 6000, it will be 1 million.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/asteroid-hunters\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/tv_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Watch the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/asteroid-hunters\">Asteroid Hunters\u003c/a> television story online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.819208 -122.181393\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/asteroid-hunters\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/03/blog_200dd45.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A few weeks ago, this asteroid came really close to hitting Earth.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>On March 3rd, 2009 at 1:40PM GMT, just a mere month after we'd finished the Asteroid Hunters segment, an asteroid of up to 165 feet in diameter \u003ca href=\"http://www.smh.com.au/world/science/asteroid-plays-chicken-with-earth-20090303-8nge.html\">snuck up on us\u003c/a>, coming within approximately 37,000 miles from a direct impact with Earth. That's almost seven times closer than the distance to the Moon and about twice the distance of some communications satellites that orbit the earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called “2009 DD45”, the asteroid was estimated to be around the same size as the one that exploded in the atmosphere near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in remote Siberia on \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/30jun_tunguska.htm\">June 30th, 1908\u003c/a>, flattening 80 million trees across eight hundred square miles of remote forest. Of course, if an asteroid of this size were to hit a city or in an ocean offshore from a populated area, tens of thousands of people would likely die. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, just as the last of the night sky observers were completing their collective sighs of relief, on March 17th, 2009 another Tunguska-class asteroid, 2009 FH, passed by about 53,000 miles from Earth. Thankfully, neither of these asteroids actually hit us. But astronomers didn’t even observe 2009 DD45 until 4 days before its closest approach. It's orbit was calculated and it was determined that it would miss the Earth. But it's likely that asteroids of this size are fairly frequently buzzing by the Earth. And until recently, most of them have been undetected. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1998, NASA started the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceguard\">Spaceguard Survey\u003c/a> which set out to discover 90% of those Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs) 1 km in diameter and larger. An impact by an asteroid this size would likely cause global destruction and an end to much of life as we know it so it’s definitely reassuring that 10 years after its inception, the Spaceguard Survey had found about 80% (CK) of them. But unfortunately, once we’ve found them, there’s still no international concensus or infrastructure in place in how to deflect or destroy them. But the Survey is limited by its mandate to find those mass extinction-sized asteroids as well as by the size and sophistication of the telescopes that are dedicated to searching the skies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As former Apollo 9 astronaut, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/schweickart-rl.html\">Rusty Schweickart\u003c/a> said in a recent phone conversation, \"in the process of finding the big ones, you also find a bunch of small ones, and the smaller ones are obviously far more numerous than the large ones.\" But it will take many more resources and new telescopes to continue searching for and tracking the smaller ones. And unfortunately, once we’ve found them, there's still no international consensus or infrastructure in place in how to deflect or destroy them. Raising awareness and building alliances amongst governments and space agencies is Schweikart's current \"mission\". He founded the\u003ca href=\"http://www.b612foundation.org/\"> B612 Foundation\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.space-explorers.org/\">Association of Space Explorers\u003c/a> to tackle these goals on different fronts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The message that I hope is conveyed with the Asteroid Hunters TV segment is that we are not immune from asteroid impacts here on Earth. Rusty Schweikart puts it best in a portion of his interview that didn’t make it into the final program: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Well, asteroids and comets are good news and bad news, you know? But for them we wouldn’t be here, and on the other hand, if we don't actually take some action now, at some point we won’t be here anymore, because there's no question that we will be hit by asteroids, and we’ll probably be hit by, we would be hit by comets as well. Unless, we use the technology that we have and the brains that we have in order to protect the Earth from asteroid impacts, and we can do that. We can basically now, with current technology, assure that no asteroid ever hits the Earth again. That can do any serious damage.\"\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n-Rusty Schweikart\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a little exercise from Rusty that you can do to get a sense of what we know today about exactly what's out there:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>Go to: \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk\">neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk\u003c/a>\n\u003c/li>\u003cli>See two tables, the first table says \"Recently Observed Objects\" and the table below says \"Objects not recently observed.\" You’ll notice in the bottom table that Apophis is the 4th one listed.\n\u003c/li>\u003cli>Click on \"Apophis\". At the top you see a bunch of boxes, like the diameter at .27 km, or 270 meters.\n\u003c/li>\u003cli>Down below that you see 3 lines, those are the 3 potential impacts. The first one is April 13, 2036. Go over to the right on that line you'll see the column \"Impact Probability\" is 2.3 x 10-5 – click on that. So there is the probability, 1 in 43,000 of that particular impact.\n\u003c/li>\u003cli>Now if you go back to the main table you can do the same thing with every single one of those lines.\n\u003c/li>\u003cli>Now go to the very top of the page and hit \"Discovery Statistics.\" Scroll down to a blue and red graph \"Known Near-Earth Asteroids\". This shows the discovery rate beginning back in 1980 going up to almost current time. Notice the knee in that curve in 1998 – that’s when the Spaceguard Survey began.\n\u003c/li>\u003cli>Scroll down to table just below the graph and look across that table to the far right side, to see that a a total of 6166 NEOs (of ALL sizes) have been discovered.\n\u003c/li>\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Rusty concludes that, \u003cem>\"...what we really care about is not only the things that large, we care about things that can hurt us. Things that can hurt us go down to 40 to 45 meters or so. Instead of there being 940 of them, there are more like 600,000 of them. So the new charge for NASA, which they have so far ignored, is to find 90% of the objects 140 meters and larger by 2020. You can't reasonably set a goal to find everything down to 40 meters because it's just beyond the capability of telescopes and the money available. So NASA, working with Congress, set the goal at 140 meters. Now nevertheless, when you are looking for 140 meter objects, it’s going to take bigger telescopes than the ones to find a kilometer. Therefore we are going to find many many smaller objects as well. So 10 to 15 years from now, instead of that number on the far right hand column being 6000, it will be 1 million.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/asteroid-hunters\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/tv_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Watch the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/asteroid-hunters\">Asteroid Hunters\u003c/a> television story online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/03/tycho-brahe.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Tycho Brahe observing the 1572 supernova, with astonished\u003cbr>\nspectators.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nWhat's that up in the sky? A... uh... an... uh.... Golly, never seen that before...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever seen one of those? I won't say \u003ca href=\"http://people.tribe.net/hero-dotus/photos/c62c83e4-fdbe-49fa-95e5-000f5861e862\">UFO\u003c/a>, because that immediately conjures images of flying saucers and big-eyed space aliens, and that's not what I’m going for here. What I mean is, have you ever seen something in the night sky that you have \"never seen before,\" but that you later learned was actually a natural and recurring apparition, like the appearance of \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/venus.htm\">Venus as the Evening Star\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time of year usually stirs up a phone call or email or two involving \"first time\" sightings of the bright star \u003ca href=\"http://www.crystalinks.com/sirius.html\">Sirius\u003c/a>, whose brilliant, multi-colored twinkling catches some people's attention at least once in their lives, causing them to gawk and either wonder why they'd never noticed it before, or assume it's a new thing in the sky, some rare and unusual occurrence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sirius did the same thing to me when I was in Junior High. I walked outside one night, looked up, and saw this glittering spectral jewel, brighter than I could remember any star I'd seen. This hook, or teaser, inevitably led me into the adventure of star gazing, because I had to find out what that thing was. But this kind of \"revelation\" can happen to people much later in life-- and in hind sight I'm amazed I hadn't noticed it when I was even younger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past few months, Venus has been in the western sky as the Evening Star-- so naturally I’ve been getting more calls than usual. A man who I would guess (by his voice) was past middle age called to report the brilliant white light in the western evening sky, and was stunned to find out it was Venus. I could hear the amazement in his voice that he had never before noticed Venus in his life, after I told him that Venus comes and goes, alternately from the evening and morning skies, but comes back regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally I've reached the \"point\" of this blog: how we can go through sometimes decades of our lives without noticing, or fully registering, something of unusual beauty that has more or less been \"in plain sight\" all along (or periodically, at least).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My feeling is that is must have a little to do with timing, a little to do with prevailing conditions in our lives, and a lot to do with how we focus our attention on the world around us, or above us. One day we might look to the evening sky and see brilliant Venus flashing over the horizon and not see anything unusual; twenty years later we might look at essentially the same scene and all of our attention and wonder is suddenly drawn to that inexplicably bright light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See what you think. Go outside one evening in March, look to the south and see if you can spot Sirius-- it'll be to the left of Orion's Belt, if you can find that. And, if you're reading this anytime before, say, March 20th, look to the west after sunset and look for Venus. Maybe you've seen these objects before, and know exactly what I'm talking about. Or, maybe, you'll experience something for the first time in your life. Worth a try, isn't it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/03/tycho-brahe.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Tycho Brahe observing the 1572 supernova, with astonished\u003cbr>\nspectators.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nWhat's that up in the sky? A... uh... an... uh.... Golly, never seen that before...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever seen one of those? I won't say \u003ca href=\"http://people.tribe.net/hero-dotus/photos/c62c83e4-fdbe-49fa-95e5-000f5861e862\">UFO\u003c/a>, because that immediately conjures images of flying saucers and big-eyed space aliens, and that's not what I’m going for here. What I mean is, have you ever seen something in the night sky that you have \"never seen before,\" but that you later learned was actually a natural and recurring apparition, like the appearance of \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/venus.htm\">Venus as the Evening Star\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time of year usually stirs up a phone call or email or two involving \"first time\" sightings of the bright star \u003ca href=\"http://www.crystalinks.com/sirius.html\">Sirius\u003c/a>, whose brilliant, multi-colored twinkling catches some people's attention at least once in their lives, causing them to gawk and either wonder why they'd never noticed it before, or assume it's a new thing in the sky, some rare and unusual occurrence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sirius did the same thing to me when I was in Junior High. I walked outside one night, looked up, and saw this glittering spectral jewel, brighter than I could remember any star I'd seen. This hook, or teaser, inevitably led me into the adventure of star gazing, because I had to find out what that thing was. But this kind of \"revelation\" can happen to people much later in life-- and in hind sight I'm amazed I hadn't noticed it when I was even younger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past few months, Venus has been in the western sky as the Evening Star-- so naturally I’ve been getting more calls than usual. A man who I would guess (by his voice) was past middle age called to report the brilliant white light in the western evening sky, and was stunned to find out it was Venus. I could hear the amazement in his voice that he had never before noticed Venus in his life, after I told him that Venus comes and goes, alternately from the evening and morning skies, but comes back regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally I've reached the \"point\" of this blog: how we can go through sometimes decades of our lives without noticing, or fully registering, something of unusual beauty that has more or less been \"in plain sight\" all along (or periodically, at least).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My feeling is that is must have a little to do with timing, a little to do with prevailing conditions in our lives, and a lot to do with how we focus our attention on the world around us, or above us. One day we might look to the evening sky and see brilliant Venus flashing over the horizon and not see anything unusual; twenty years later we might look at essentially the same scene and all of our attention and wonder is suddenly drawn to that inexplicably bright light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See what you think. Go outside one evening in March, look to the south and see if you can spot Sirius-- it'll be to the left of Orion's Belt, if you can find that. And, if you're reading this anytime before, say, March 20th, look to the west after sunset and look for Venus. Maybe you've seen these objects before, and know exactly what I'm talking about. Or, maybe, you'll experience something for the first time in your life. Worth a try, isn't it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/02/kelper.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>For several years there has been a lot of buzz about the detection of extra-solar planets, or \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">exoplanets\u003c/a>: planets orbiting stars other than our Sun. However, due to the limits in technology and observational capabilities, to date only large, gas giant planets orbiting close to the stars (so called \"\u003ca href=\"http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/01/hot-planet.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hot Jupiters\u003c/a>\") have been found, with a possible exception or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main method for detecting exoplanets is by spectroscopically observing a tiny \"wobble\" in a star caused by the gravitational tug of a massive planet in orbit. Only Jupiter-sized planets have enough pull to produce a wobble in their star that we can detect—and the closer they are to their star, the shorter their orbital period and the more wobbles we can measure in a given period of time. The gravity of an Earth-sized planet is too feeble for this and planets at Earth-like distance orbit only once in many months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But NASA is about to launch a new spacecraft, \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Kepler\u003c/a>, whose mission is to detect Earth-sized planets at Earth-like distances from their stars. Kepler will launch on March 5th, and will eventually move into an orbit around the Sun. In essence, Kepler is a giant space camera designed to \"stare\" at a chosen patch of the sky continuously for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what exactly is Kepler looking for in its unblinking stare contest with the stars in its vision? Kepler won’t be looking for microwobbles in those stars. Kepler will detect planets through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ursa.fi/sirius/HD209458/HD209458_eng.html\" target=\"_blank\">transit method\u003c/a>. A transit is when a planet crosses in front of its star, blocking off a tiny amount of the star's light for a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of the hot Jupiters have been detected by their transits across their stars: a large planet can block a measurable amount of their star's light. But the drop in a star's brightness caused by an Earth-sized planet is far smaller—and if that planet only orbits its star every year or so, with its infrequent transit lasting only a few hours, an observer would have to stare long and hard to notice it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler will be based in space, and will be able to observe its target patch of sky continuously, uninterrupted by the cycles of day and night on Earth. Also by virtue of being in space, Kepler won't be hampered by Earth's turbulent and obscuring atmosphere—so there will be far less \"noise\" in the starlight, noise that can hide a minute drop in brightness. Finally, Kepler's sensitive \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/sci/design/spacecraft.html\" target=\"_blank\">digital camera system\u003c/a> is an array of 42 CCD chips positioned at the focus of a 0.95 meter telescope, which will image an area of the sky about 12 degrees in diameter—equivalent to the area of sky you can cover with your open hand at arm's length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler will stare at a patch of sky \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/sci/basis/fov.html\" target=\"_blank\">near the constellation Cygnus,\u003c/a> constantly monitoring about 150,000 stars for the next few years, looking for minute drops in brightness that may be the passage of Earth-sized planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler won't reveal the composition or atmospheres of Earth-sized planets, or any telltale signs of life. Perhaps more importantly at this stage of our exploration of space, Kepler should give us an idea of how numerous Earth-sized planets are out there—whether or not they are as commonplace as depicted on Star Trek...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Good luck, Kepler, and stare on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/02/kelper.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>For several years there has been a lot of buzz about the detection of extra-solar planets, or \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">exoplanets\u003c/a>: planets orbiting stars other than our Sun. However, due to the limits in technology and observational capabilities, to date only large, gas giant planets orbiting close to the stars (so called \"\u003ca href=\"http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/01/hot-planet.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hot Jupiters\u003c/a>\") have been found, with a possible exception or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main method for detecting exoplanets is by spectroscopically observing a tiny \"wobble\" in a star caused by the gravitational tug of a massive planet in orbit. Only Jupiter-sized planets have enough pull to produce a wobble in their star that we can detect—and the closer they are to their star, the shorter their orbital period and the more wobbles we can measure in a given period of time. The gravity of an Earth-sized planet is too feeble for this and planets at Earth-like distance orbit only once in many months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But NASA is about to launch a new spacecraft, \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Kepler\u003c/a>, whose mission is to detect Earth-sized planets at Earth-like distances from their stars. Kepler will launch on March 5th, and will eventually move into an orbit around the Sun. In essence, Kepler is a giant space camera designed to \"stare\" at a chosen patch of the sky continuously for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what exactly is Kepler looking for in its unblinking stare contest with the stars in its vision? Kepler won’t be looking for microwobbles in those stars. Kepler will detect planets through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ursa.fi/sirius/HD209458/HD209458_eng.html\" target=\"_blank\">transit method\u003c/a>. A transit is when a planet crosses in front of its star, blocking off a tiny amount of the star's light for a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of the hot Jupiters have been detected by their transits across their stars: a large planet can block a measurable amount of their star's light. But the drop in a star's brightness caused by an Earth-sized planet is far smaller—and if that planet only orbits its star every year or so, with its infrequent transit lasting only a few hours, an observer would have to stare long and hard to notice it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler will be based in space, and will be able to observe its target patch of sky continuously, uninterrupted by the cycles of day and night on Earth. Also by virtue of being in space, Kepler won't be hampered by Earth's turbulent and obscuring atmosphere—so there will be far less \"noise\" in the starlight, noise that can hide a minute drop in brightness. Finally, Kepler's sensitive \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/sci/design/spacecraft.html\" target=\"_blank\">digital camera system\u003c/a> is an array of 42 CCD chips positioned at the focus of a 0.95 meter telescope, which will image an area of the sky about 12 degrees in diameter—equivalent to the area of sky you can cover with your open hand at arm's length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler will stare at a patch of sky \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/sci/basis/fov.html\" target=\"_blank\">near the constellation Cygnus,\u003c/a> constantly monitoring about 150,000 stars for the next few years, looking for minute drops in brightness that may be the passage of Earth-sized planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler won't reveal the composition or atmospheres of Earth-sized planets, or any telltale signs of life. Perhaps more importantly at this stage of our exploration of space, Kepler should give us an idea of how numerous Earth-sized planets are out there—whether or not they are as commonplace as depicted on Star Trek...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Good luck, Kepler, and stare on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/02/vernal-equinox-starry-night.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Vernal Equinox, where the Sun crosses the Celestial\u003cbr>\nEquator (red line) on the first day of Spring (March 20/21).\u003cbr>\nCredit: Space.com/Starry Night\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Can you tell me about the upcoming beginning of the Age of Aquarius?\" said the voice on the phone. \"I heard that it starts this Saturday...\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, I get a lot of phone calls and emails from people with astronomy and sky related questions. Very often it's something like, \"What was that thing that tried to land in my front yard yesterday evening?!\" or, \"Is it true that Mars will be closer to the Earth this weekend than it has been in a gazillion years?\" I've even had one or two asking if it's true that the world is ending in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I'm embellishing a bit. Those are all very good questions, and I do my best to provide a science-based answer -- like, \"Venus tried to land in your yard,\" or \"The Mars extra-close encounter happened in 2003... and it had only been less than a century since the previous time,\" or, \"We'll just have to wait for 2012 to roll around to find out...\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Age of Aquarius question, that got me to wondering. I've always regarded this issue as astrology-related more than astronomy, but I also realized there are physical underpinnings to the definition. So I fired up Google and clarified some of the details for myself. The first thing I learned is that, among astrologers at least, there is little agreement on precisely when the\u003ca href=\"http://www.rosicrucian.com/zineen/magen119.htm\" target=\"_blank\"> Age of Aquarius\u003c/a> is supposed to begin (or if it's already begun). Different astrologers at different times and from different parts of the world have tried to define this, resulting in multiple schools of thought on the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from a purely astronomical standpoint, the delineation of these Ages is based on a natural physical cycle, just as a year is defined by Earth's motion around the Sun and a day is defined by Earth's rotation on its axis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An astrological Age (aka \"Great Year\") is determined by the position of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/vernal-equinox.html\" target=\"_blank\">Vernal Equinox\u003c/a> -- at least by one of the schools of thought... The Vernal Equinox is that point in the sky occupied by the Sun when it crosses the Celestial Equator heading into the Northern Hemisphere. So, you can think of the Vernal Equinox as a distinct point on the sky (and it's easy to locate on the first day of Spring: Just look at the Sun -- I take that back: DON'T look at the Sun!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the position of the Vernal Equinox shifts over time due to a cycle of change in the orientation of the Earth's rotation. The Earth spins like a top, but also like a top it undergoes a gyrating motion, called \u003ca href=\"http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Sprecess.htm\" target=\"_blank\">precession\u003c/a>. One complete gyration takes about 26,000 years -- so all of the points in the sky defined by Earth's spinning (the celestial poles and equator, and, yes, the Vernal Equinox) move around the sky over 26,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this moment, the Vernal Equinox is in the constellation Pisces -- at least, within the region of the sky defined by modern astronomers as encompassing all the stars of Pisces. So, if one were to acknowledge the constellation boundaries according to modern astronomers, then one would say that we are in the Age of Pisces still (and, by the same definition of constellation boundaries, the Vernal Equinox will remain in Pisces until about the year 2600, when it will cross the border into Aquarius.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there is little agreement among different groups of astrologers on where one constellation ends and another begins--and to my knowledge none of them have adopted the modern astronomical boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, when does the Age of Aquarius begin? Depends on who you talk to….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/02/vernal-equinox-starry-night.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Vernal Equinox, where the Sun crosses the Celestial\u003cbr>\nEquator (red line) on the first day of Spring (March 20/21).\u003cbr>\nCredit: Space.com/Starry Night\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Can you tell me about the upcoming beginning of the Age of Aquarius?\" said the voice on the phone. \"I heard that it starts this Saturday...\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, I get a lot of phone calls and emails from people with astronomy and sky related questions. Very often it's something like, \"What was that thing that tried to land in my front yard yesterday evening?!\" or, \"Is it true that Mars will be closer to the Earth this weekend than it has been in a gazillion years?\" I've even had one or two asking if it's true that the world is ending in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I'm embellishing a bit. Those are all very good questions, and I do my best to provide a science-based answer -- like, \"Venus tried to land in your yard,\" or \"The Mars extra-close encounter happened in 2003... and it had only been less than a century since the previous time,\" or, \"We'll just have to wait for 2012 to roll around to find out...\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Age of Aquarius question, that got me to wondering. I've always regarded this issue as astrology-related more than astronomy, but I also realized there are physical underpinnings to the definition. So I fired up Google and clarified some of the details for myself. The first thing I learned is that, among astrologers at least, there is little agreement on precisely when the\u003ca href=\"http://www.rosicrucian.com/zineen/magen119.htm\" target=\"_blank\"> Age of Aquarius\u003c/a> is supposed to begin (or if it's already begun). Different astrologers at different times and from different parts of the world have tried to define this, resulting in multiple schools of thought on the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from a purely astronomical standpoint, the delineation of these Ages is based on a natural physical cycle, just as a year is defined by Earth's motion around the Sun and a day is defined by Earth's rotation on its axis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An astrological Age (aka \"Great Year\") is determined by the position of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/vernal-equinox.html\" target=\"_blank\">Vernal Equinox\u003c/a> -- at least by one of the schools of thought... The Vernal Equinox is that point in the sky occupied by the Sun when it crosses the Celestial Equator heading into the Northern Hemisphere. So, you can think of the Vernal Equinox as a distinct point on the sky (and it's easy to locate on the first day of Spring: Just look at the Sun -- I take that back: DON'T look at the Sun!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the position of the Vernal Equinox shifts over time due to a cycle of change in the orientation of the Earth's rotation. The Earth spins like a top, but also like a top it undergoes a gyrating motion, called \u003ca href=\"http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Sprecess.htm\" target=\"_blank\">precession\u003c/a>. One complete gyration takes about 26,000 years -- so all of the points in the sky defined by Earth's spinning (the celestial poles and equator, and, yes, the Vernal Equinox) move around the sky over 26,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this moment, the Vernal Equinox is in the constellation Pisces -- at least, within the region of the sky defined by modern astronomers as encompassing all the stars of Pisces. So, if one were to acknowledge the constellation boundaries according to modern astronomers, then one would say that we are in the Age of Pisces still (and, by the same definition of constellation boundaries, the Vernal Equinox will remain in Pisces until about the year 2600, when it will cross the border into Aquarius.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there is little agreement among different groups of astrologers on where one constellation ends and another begins--and to my knowledge none of them have adopted the modern astronomical boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, when does the Age of Aquarius begin? Depends on who you talk to….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/02/bacterialdna.jpg\">\u003cem>There is an awful lot of DNA stuffed into every cell.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/21/stars-and-sand-grains/\">Ben's blog\u003c/a> on stars and grains of sand got me to thinking about DNA. How long would the DNA from every living thing on Earth stretch? Could we make it to the next star? The next galaxy? The end of the Universe?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's start out with people. Each human cell has around 6 feet of DNA. Let's say each human has around 10 trillion cells (this is actually a low ball estimate). This would mean that each person has around 60 trillion feet or around 10 billion miles of DNA inside of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Earth is about 93 million miles away from the sun. So your DNA could stretch to the sun and back 61 times. That is one person’s DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best estimate I could find of the world’s population of people is around 6.7 billion. When we multiply 10 billion miles of DNA by 6.7 billion, we end up with, well, a really big number. Something like 6.7 X 10\u003csup>19\u003c/sup> or 67 quintillion miles. That is too big a number so let’s convert this to light years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A light year is around 6 X 10\u003csup>12\u003c/sup> miles. So all human DNA would stretch 11.2 million light years. The closest star to Earth (besides the sun) is around 4.2 light years. So we shoot way past that! The Andromeda galaxy is about 2.5 million light years away from us so human DNA could stretch there and back two or three times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What if we add the rest of the DNA on the planet? It would obviously be much farther but it is hard to calculate because we don’t know how many plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, etc. there are on the planet. We also don’t have detailed information about every species on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's add bacteria to the mix. I decided on this because we know how many cells are in a bacterium—one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Largest-Bacteria-in-the-World-62520.shtml\">One number I saw\u003c/a> was that there are 5 X 10\u003csup>30\u003c/sup> bacteria on Earth. Bacterial DNA tends to be a lot smaller than human DNA so there will be less of it per cell. Let's say on average there is \u003ca href=\"http://genomicron.blogspot.com/2007/11/bacterial-genomes-and-evolution.html\">4 million base pairs of DNA/bacterium\u003c/a> (this number could be off by a very lot). This translates to around .05 inch of DNA per bacterium which means you need to scrape together around 1.3 million bacteria to get a mile of DNA. So all the bacteria in the world have about 3.5 X 10\u003csup>24\u003c/sup> miles of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How far is 3.5 X 10\u003csup>24\u003c/sup> miles of DNA? Well, it is about 640 billion light years of DNA. The end of the observable Universe is about 14 billion light years away. So if we stretched out bacterial DNA it would go to the end of the Universe and back around 23 times. Of course it would be incredibly thin and so actually doesn't take up much space in the Universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So that's just human and bacterial DNA. (Well, mostly bacterial since human is so piddly in comparison.) I haven't added all of the rest of the DNA out there. I'll leave that to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/02/bacterialdna.jpg\">\u003cem>There is an awful lot of DNA stuffed into every cell.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/21/stars-and-sand-grains/\">Ben's blog\u003c/a> on stars and grains of sand got me to thinking about DNA. How long would the DNA from every living thing on Earth stretch? Could we make it to the next star? The next galaxy? The end of the Universe?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's start out with people. Each human cell has around 6 feet of DNA. Let's say each human has around 10 trillion cells (this is actually a low ball estimate). This would mean that each person has around 60 trillion feet or around 10 billion miles of DNA inside of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Earth is about 93 million miles away from the sun. So your DNA could stretch to the sun and back 61 times. That is one person’s DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best estimate I could find of the world’s population of people is around 6.7 billion. When we multiply 10 billion miles of DNA by 6.7 billion, we end up with, well, a really big number. Something like 6.7 X 10\u003csup>19\u003c/sup> or 67 quintillion miles. That is too big a number so let’s convert this to light years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A light year is around 6 X 10\u003csup>12\u003c/sup> miles. So all human DNA would stretch 11.2 million light years. The closest star to Earth (besides the sun) is around 4.2 light years. So we shoot way past that! The Andromeda galaxy is about 2.5 million light years away from us so human DNA could stretch there and back two or three times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What if we add the rest of the DNA on the planet? It would obviously be much farther but it is hard to calculate because we don’t know how many plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, etc. there are on the planet. We also don’t have detailed information about every species on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's add bacteria to the mix. I decided on this because we know how many cells are in a bacterium—one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Largest-Bacteria-in-the-World-62520.shtml\">One number I saw\u003c/a> was that there are 5 X 10\u003csup>30\u003c/sup> bacteria on Earth. Bacterial DNA tends to be a lot smaller than human DNA so there will be less of it per cell. Let's say on average there is \u003ca href=\"http://genomicron.blogspot.com/2007/11/bacterial-genomes-and-evolution.html\">4 million base pairs of DNA/bacterium\u003c/a> (this number could be off by a very lot). This translates to around .05 inch of DNA per bacterium which means you need to scrape together around 1.3 million bacteria to get a mile of DNA. So all the bacteria in the world have about 3.5 X 10\u003csup>24\u003c/sup> miles of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How far is 3.5 X 10\u003csup>24\u003c/sup> miles of DNA? Well, it is about 640 billion light years of DNA. The end of the observable Universe is about 14 billion light years away. So if we stretched out bacterial DNA it would go to the end of the Universe and back around 23 times. Of course it would be incredibly thin and so actually doesn't take up much space in the Universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So that's just human and bacterial DNA. (Well, mostly bacterial since human is so piddly in comparison.) I haven't added all of the rest of the DNA out there. I'll leave that to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/marsmethane.jpg\">\u003cem>Methane concentrations revealing a plume in Mars' northern\u003cbr> hemisphere during its summer season. Credit: NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Methane on Mars? Really? \u003ca href=\"http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/editorial/6228553.html\">What does that mean?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/2008/11/03/mars-methane-mystery-still-beckons/\">existence of methane gas on Mars\u003c/a> for several years now, from independent observations. Further observations have led to the detection of \"plumes\" or clouds of methane gas apparently emanating from specific locations on Mars. One plume is estimated to contain 19,000 metric tons of the stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is this exciting news? If you know anything about the source of most of Earth's atmospheric methane gas, you already know the answer: possible life. Not, I should say, \u003cem>necessarily\u003c/em> life on Mars, but maybe a strong piece of evidence in that direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, methane (CH\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>) is produced by living organisms---mostly by the activity of microbes, but some by the digestive processes in larger organisms (yes, like humans, and cows). Methane is the major constituent of natural gas, which fuels gas powered ovens and heaters in homes, as well as natural gas power plants. Methane is also produced by decaying organic matter---that's where \"swamp gas\" comes from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mars, methane gas cannot exist for long in the atmosphere; it is relatively quickly broken down by solar radiation. So, the methane detected in Mars' atmosphere must be replenished by something, continually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the big question right now is, where is the methane coming from? Under the surface of Mars, almost certainly. By biological processes---life---underground? Could be. By non-biological means? Could be, too; methane can be produced through inorganic chemical processes. We don't know yet. The next step in finding out more will be the \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, a large rover scheduled to be launched to Mars sometime in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one form or another, humans have been trying to see, or find, life on Mars for a long time. Percival Lowell squinted at Mars' small, blurry disk through his 24-inch telescope in Flagstaff, and perceived markings he saw to be vast canal complexes, ostensibly built by a desert Martian civilization thirsty for water harvested from their planet's polar ice caps. This led to much of the science fiction relating to life on Mars in the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth-bound telescopes noted seasonal changes in Mars' color and brightness, and some attributed this to possible seasonal growth of Martian vegetation---though it was later found that these variations were the effects of seasonal planet-wide dust storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/past/viking.html\">Viking landers'\u003c/a> primary mission in the 1970's was to search for life. They didn't find any by scratching around Mars' surface and testing the soils there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1990's saw the controversy over microscopic structures in meteorites found on Earth but determined to have originated on Mars. Some argued that these structures were fossils of Martian microbes that lived on Mars long ago. Whether these findings were in fact fossils and not just geologic structures was never conclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The determination that liquid water once flowed on the surface of Mars, and still exists under its surface at least as ice, is pretty much scientific fact today. Evidence of past liquid flows have been imaged and mapped from space, and the \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/\">Phoenix lander\u003c/a> found water ice in the north polar regions last year. And there's the \u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">rover Opportunity\u003c/a> that has confirmed gray hematite, a mineral that forms in the presence of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's almost certain that there are no Martian cows grazing the rusty desert plains out there. But there seems to be a lot of evidence for the possibility that something is going on below Mars' surface---perhaps the presence of liquid water, perhaps the presence of some form of life. We don't know yet, but it sure feels like we're onto something here....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/marsmethane.jpg\">\u003cem>Methane concentrations revealing a plume in Mars' northern\u003cbr> hemisphere during its summer season. Credit: NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Methane on Mars? Really? \u003ca href=\"http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/editorial/6228553.html\">What does that mean?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/2008/11/03/mars-methane-mystery-still-beckons/\">existence of methane gas on Mars\u003c/a> for several years now, from independent observations. Further observations have led to the detection of \"plumes\" or clouds of methane gas apparently emanating from specific locations on Mars. One plume is estimated to contain 19,000 metric tons of the stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is this exciting news? If you know anything about the source of most of Earth's atmospheric methane gas, you already know the answer: possible life. Not, I should say, \u003cem>necessarily\u003c/em> life on Mars, but maybe a strong piece of evidence in that direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, methane (CH\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>) is produced by living organisms---mostly by the activity of microbes, but some by the digestive processes in larger organisms (yes, like humans, and cows). Methane is the major constituent of natural gas, which fuels gas powered ovens and heaters in homes, as well as natural gas power plants. Methane is also produced by decaying organic matter---that's where \"swamp gas\" comes from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mars, methane gas cannot exist for long in the atmosphere; it is relatively quickly broken down by solar radiation. So, the methane detected in Mars' atmosphere must be replenished by something, continually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the big question right now is, where is the methane coming from? Under the surface of Mars, almost certainly. By biological processes---life---underground? Could be. By non-biological means? Could be, too; methane can be produced through inorganic chemical processes. We don't know yet. The next step in finding out more will be the \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, a large rover scheduled to be launched to Mars sometime in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one form or another, humans have been trying to see, or find, life on Mars for a long time. Percival Lowell squinted at Mars' small, blurry disk through his 24-inch telescope in Flagstaff, and perceived markings he saw to be vast canal complexes, ostensibly built by a desert Martian civilization thirsty for water harvested from their planet's polar ice caps. This led to much of the science fiction relating to life on Mars in the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth-bound telescopes noted seasonal changes in Mars' color and brightness, and some attributed this to possible seasonal growth of Martian vegetation---though it was later found that these variations were the effects of seasonal planet-wide dust storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/past/viking.html\">Viking landers'\u003c/a> primary mission in the 1970's was to search for life. They didn't find any by scratching around Mars' surface and testing the soils there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1990's saw the controversy over microscopic structures in meteorites found on Earth but determined to have originated on Mars. Some argued that these structures were fossils of Martian microbes that lived on Mars long ago. Whether these findings were in fact fossils and not just geologic structures was never conclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The determination that liquid water once flowed on the surface of Mars, and still exists under its surface at least as ice, is pretty much scientific fact today. Evidence of past liquid flows have been imaged and mapped from space, and the \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/\">Phoenix lander\u003c/a> found water ice in the north polar regions last year. And there's the \u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">rover Opportunity\u003c/a> that has confirmed gray hematite, a mineral that forms in the presence of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's almost certain that there are no Martian cows grazing the rusty desert plains out there. But there seems to be a lot of evidence for the possibility that something is going on below Mars' surface---perhaps the presence of liquid water, perhaps the presence of some form of life. We don't know yet, but it sure feels like we're onto something here....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mark your calendars for March 16 through 28. Don't ask why, yet. Now, read on....\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/earthnight5.jpg\">\u003cem>Composite image showing centers of urban light emission\u003cbr>Credit: NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Want a chance to do some \"citizen\" science, contribute to an international investigation, and have some fun to boot? An opportunity is coming up in March: \u003cem>Globe At Night. \u003c/em>All you need is your eyes....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is summed up in two words: light pollution. A good deal of light produced by human civilization--streetlights, porch lights, shopping malls, security lighting, night time work lights, store fronts, parking lot lights, billboards, neon signs, the list is lengthy--shines or reflects upward into the atmosphere, there scattering off of suspended particles, like dust grains, water droplets, ice crystals and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scattered light shines back down from the sky, and we see it as a dull nocturnal glow, sometime faint, and sometimes quite pronounced. The amount of scattering particles in the air has an effect on the brightness of the night sky, but the root of the matter is the amount of light sources whose light escapes upward. The closer you are to the heart of an urban area, the more light pollution you will be subjected to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what? What's so harmful about that sky glow? Sometimes it can even look kind of pretty....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, the fact is, if you've never seen a clear night sky far from sources of major light pollution, you may not appreciate what you're missing: the sight of a clear and dark night sky in which you can literally see thousands of stars. And if you \u003cem>have\u003c/em> seen a pristinely dark night sky before, think about the fact that, in 2008, half the population of the Earth was living in cities, many of whom may never have been out of their urban worlds, and for whom the night sky is naturally a dull version of day with a handful of washed out stars above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also \u003ca href=\"http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2009/117-1/focus-abs.html\">effects of light pollution on wildlife\u003c/a> that include disturbance of day/night sleep cycles, less cover of darkness from predators, and even effects on plant life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Globe At Night\u003c/em> is a program that's been going on for a few years now whose aim is to measure and monitor the varying levels of light pollution around the world by using individual people as the instruments of measurement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's pretty simple to participate in. The idea is that the brighter the light pollution is in any given location, the few stars you can see. The faintest stars quickly become drowned out in the sky glow, leaving only the brighter ones for your eyes to pick out. All you have to do is go outside on one or more nights in the last half of March, find the constellation Orion (which is pretty easy to find, even in a city), and count the number of stars you see there. Then, report your count through the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.globe.gov/GaN/\">Globe At Night\u003c/a>\u003c/em> website, where you'll also be able to see the observations of everyone else around the world, as well as find full instructions for participating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, calendars marked? Know where Orion is? Have a sweater handy? You're all set....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mark your calendars for March 16 through 28. Don't ask why, yet. Now, read on....\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/earthnight5.jpg\">\u003cem>Composite image showing centers of urban light emission\u003cbr>Credit: NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Want a chance to do some \"citizen\" science, contribute to an international investigation, and have some fun to boot? An opportunity is coming up in March: \u003cem>Globe At Night. \u003c/em>All you need is your eyes....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is summed up in two words: light pollution. A good deal of light produced by human civilization--streetlights, porch lights, shopping malls, security lighting, night time work lights, store fronts, parking lot lights, billboards, neon signs, the list is lengthy--shines or reflects upward into the atmosphere, there scattering off of suspended particles, like dust grains, water droplets, ice crystals and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scattered light shines back down from the sky, and we see it as a dull nocturnal glow, sometime faint, and sometimes quite pronounced. The amount of scattering particles in the air has an effect on the brightness of the night sky, but the root of the matter is the amount of light sources whose light escapes upward. The closer you are to the heart of an urban area, the more light pollution you will be subjected to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what? What's so harmful about that sky glow? Sometimes it can even look kind of pretty....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, the fact is, if you've never seen a clear night sky far from sources of major light pollution, you may not appreciate what you're missing: the sight of a clear and dark night sky in which you can literally see thousands of stars. And if you \u003cem>have\u003c/em> seen a pristinely dark night sky before, think about the fact that, in 2008, half the population of the Earth was living in cities, many of whom may never have been out of their urban worlds, and for whom the night sky is naturally a dull version of day with a handful of washed out stars above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also \u003ca href=\"http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2009/117-1/focus-abs.html\">effects of light pollution on wildlife\u003c/a> that include disturbance of day/night sleep cycles, less cover of darkness from predators, and even effects on plant life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Globe At Night\u003c/em> is a program that's been going on for a few years now whose aim is to measure and monitor the varying levels of light pollution around the world by using individual people as the instruments of measurement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's pretty simple to participate in. The idea is that the brighter the light pollution is in any given location, the few stars you can see. The faintest stars quickly become drowned out in the sky glow, leaving only the brighter ones for your eyes to pick out. All you have to do is go outside on one or more nights in the last half of March, find the constellation Orion (which is pretty easy to find, even in a city), and count the number of stars you see there. Then, report your count through the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.globe.gov/GaN/\">Globe At Night\u003c/a>\u003c/em> website, where you'll also be able to see the observations of everyone else around the world, as well as find full instructions for participating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, calendars marked? Know where Orion is? Have a sweater handy? You're all set....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "O Say Can You Cesium-133? The Leap Second of 2008",
"title": "O Say Can You Cesium-133? The Leap Second of 2008",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/5071a-leapsecond-1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>23 hours 59 minutes 60 seconds---this is what a leap second\u003cbr>looks like\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Did you make good use of the extra second you received in 2008? A little extra sleep perhaps? Did you \u003cem>notice\u003c/em> the extra time? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probably not, but there it was: a leap second was added to the end of 2008, such that the world's precision timekeeping system held its breath for a second at 11:59:60 PM, December 31st before declaring 12:00:00 AM January 1st, 2009.... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why all the fuss about adjusting clocks by a second? As accurate as I try to keep my own clocks, they're never better than plus or minus a minute or so anyway. For most of us, this level of nit-pickery is unnecessary-- but there are many functions in our modern digital, computerized society that rely on extremely accurate timekeeping and coordination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever used a Global Positioning System (GPS) device to locate your dog or stolen car or help guide you to a desired destination? The GPS satellite system requires hyper-accurate timekeeping to do its job. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computer networks are coordinated with precise standard time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cutting-edge scientific research depends on accurate time, sometimes to millisecond. The observatory I worked at in Flagstaff, Arizona-- \u003ca href=\"http://www.nofs.navy.mil/projects/npoi/\">the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer\u003c/a>-- was so dependent on accurate time that one night our interferometric observations could not be made because there had been a leap second no one had taken into account! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why do we have \u003ca href=\"http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html\">leap seconds\u003c/a>? When it is explained that leap seconds have something to do with the fact that the Earth's rotation slowly changes over time, people often make the assumption that the Earth's rotation has slowed down by a second since the last leap second (and leap seconds occur roughly every 20 months). But if this were so, then in a mere 144,000 years the Earth's spinning would grind to a complete stop! In reality, at present, the Earth's rotation slows by about 1.7 milliseconds per \u003cem>century\u003c/em> (a millisecond is one thousandth of a second). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With leap seconds, it's important to understand that the adjustment doesn't reflect how much the Earth's rotation has changed since the last leap second, but rather the difference in the length of a day between two different time systems that have gradually drifted apart over a century or so: mean solar time and \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacearchive.info/utc.htm\">coordinated universal time (UTC)\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a long time, the second was defined as 1/86,400th of a mean solar day. But around the middle of the 20th Century it was realized that a mean solar day, based on Earth's rotation, slows over time through tidal friction, and also varies due to mass shifts, such as \u003cem>glacial rebound\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1956, the second was redefined to be based on the Earth's revolution around the Sun: one second was set to be 1/31,556,925.9747th of the mean solar year of 1900. But even this was decided to be too variable over time to be the basis for a uniform time system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in 1967, another, far more uniform natural rhythm was used to again redefine the second: oscillations of the atom Cesium-133, which can be measured with an atomic clock. One second in the new time system (UTC) was equal to 9,192,631,770 oscillations of a particular ground state of Cesium-133. As it was contrived, the length of one second of mean solar time and UTC time were exactly equal in 1820... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>...but since 1820, the Earth's rotation has slowed so that now, the mean solar day is about 86,400.002 seconds long as measured by the UTC system---2 milliseconds longer than in 1820. So every 500 days that difference grows to 500 x 0.002 = 1 second. A leap second is born. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes 2008 an exceptionally long year, since it was also a leap year: 366 days, 1 second. I hope you enjoyed it!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cutting-edge scientific research depends on accurate time, sometimes to millisecond. The observatory I worked at in Flagstaff, Arizona-- \u003ca href=\"http://www.nofs.navy.mil/projects/npoi/\">the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer\u003c/a>-- was so dependent on accurate time that one night our interferometric observations could not be made because there had been a leap second no one had taken into account! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why do we have \u003ca href=\"http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html\">leap seconds\u003c/a>? When it is explained that leap seconds have something to do with the fact that the Earth's rotation slowly changes over time, people often make the assumption that the Earth's rotation has slowed down by a second since the last leap second (and leap seconds occur roughly every 20 months). But if this were so, then in a mere 144,000 years the Earth's spinning would grind to a complete stop! In reality, at present, the Earth's rotation slows by about 1.7 milliseconds per \u003cem>century\u003c/em> (a millisecond is one thousandth of a second). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With leap seconds, it's important to understand that the adjustment doesn't reflect how much the Earth's rotation has changed since the last leap second, but rather the difference in the length of a day between two different time systems that have gradually drifted apart over a century or so: mean solar time and \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacearchive.info/utc.htm\">coordinated universal time (UTC)\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a long time, the second was defined as 1/86,400th of a mean solar day. But around the middle of the 20th Century it was realized that a mean solar day, based on Earth's rotation, slows over time through tidal friction, and also varies due to mass shifts, such as \u003cem>glacial rebound\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1956, the second was redefined to be based on the Earth's revolution around the Sun: one second was set to be 1/31,556,925.9747th of the mean solar year of 1900. But even this was decided to be too variable over time to be the basis for a uniform time system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in 1967, another, far more uniform natural rhythm was used to again redefine the second: oscillations of the atom Cesium-133, which can be measured with an atomic clock. One second in the new time system (UTC) was equal to 9,192,631,770 oscillations of a particular ground state of Cesium-133. As it was contrived, the length of one second of mean solar time and UTC time were exactly equal in 1820... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>...but since 1820, the Earth's rotation has slowed so that now, the mean solar day is about 86,400.002 seconds long as measured by the UTC system---2 milliseconds longer than in 1820. So every 500 days that difference grows to 500 x 0.002 = 1 second. A leap second is born. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes 2008 an exceptionally long year, since it was also a leap year: 366 days, 1 second. I hope you enjoyed it!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad for the Lab, Good for the Country\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/solars.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cem>Staff at Building Solutions, a home performance\u003cbr>\ncompany, install PV on a roof in Oakland. Next year, the renewable\u003cbr>\nand energy efficiency business will be even better.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Kate Kenke\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Publications/Director\">Dr. Steven Chu\u003c/a>, Noble-prize-winning physicist, and director of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, was named as President-elect Barack Obama’s nominee for Secretary of Energy. Home Energy is a nonprofit magazine, but our offices are at Lawrence Berkeley Lab and the magazine was founded by Alan Meier, a lab scientist. People around here are saddened by the loss of Dr. Chu as director of the lab, but extremely excited about his nomination as Secretary of Energy. Dr. Chu believes in science and the important place of technology in helping us meet our energy goals and fight global warming—think cellulosic bio-fuels, nanotechnology, and yet undreamed of solutions to the present energy and environmental crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weatherization Works!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Word in energy efficiency circles is that the funding for \u003ca href=\"http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/weatherization\">Department of Energy (DOE’s) Weatherization Program\u003c/a> will increase several-fold with President Obama’s proposed economic stimulus package. The Weatherization Program is managed state by state from money provided by DOE, and the funds pay to retrofit the homes of low-income families. Homes become healthier to live in, more energy efficient, and more comfortable for the occupants. For every one dollar the Weatherization Program spends, almost two dollars in energy savings results. Hundreds of thousands of homes have been retrofit so far, leaving about 99.5% of existing homes. Talk about green jobs potential! Many nonprofit and for profit organizations do weatherization work, and, basically, you retrofit the home of a low-income family the same way you retrofit a mansion. Lots more skilled people will be needed to do the work, and the jobs will provide a good income, benefits, and the possibility of future advancement. Community colleges, unions, professional training organizations, online trainers, and other players are gearing up to train the new green workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Many Btu Do You Do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I promised in my last blog entry to explain the concept of heating-degree day and cooling-degree day. Sometimes you will hear that a home uses so many Btu or kWh per heating- or cooling-degree day, per square foot, per year. The degree days indicate the heating or cooling load on a building’s HVAC systems. A degree day is the rise or fall of one degree Fahrenheit for 24 hours. The rise or fall in temperature is measured from a baseline of 65F°. For example, if the average temperature tomorrow is 45F°, than the heating load on your heating system is 20 heating-degree days. If on a hot summer day the average temperature over a 24-hour period is 85F°, than the load on your air conditioner is 20 cooling-degree days. The number of heating-degree days for a winter in New York is around 5,000. Barrow, Alaska has about 20,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can figure out how much energy you use to heat or cool your home by subtracting the baseline energy use. During a month when you are using neither your air conditioner or heater, such as in October or March (called the “shoulder” months), your gas and electric use represent your baseline. The baseline covers energy for lighting, appliances, hot water, and plug loads. Subtract out the baseline from your winter or summer energy use and you have the amount of energy to heat or cool your house. If you know the square footage of your home, and you have weather data for your area (go to \u003ca href=\"http://www.degreeday.net\">www.degreeday.net\u003c/a> to find out heating-degree days and cooling-degree days for your area), you are in a position to brag to your neighbors (or not) about your energy use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At our house we used about 90 therms of natural gas from September 7 through December 7, 2008. There were about 480 heating-degree days (HDD) in our area during that time. Our baseline use of natural gas is about 10 therms per month, for heating water and cooking, leaving 60 therms for heating over the three-month period. Our house is about 1,200 square feet (ft\u003csup>2\u003c/sup>). Therefore, we used 60 therms/(480 HDD x 1,200 ft\u003csup>2\u003c/sup>), or about 0.0001 therms/HDD·ft\u003csup>2\u003c/sup>. Since one therm of natural gas contains about 100,000 Btu of energy, that equals about 10 Btu/HDD·ft\u003csup>2\u003c/sup>. That’s not bad, but not great either. How about you?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad for the Lab, Good for the Country\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/solars.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cem>Staff at Building Solutions, a home performance\u003cbr>\ncompany, install PV on a roof in Oakland. Next year, the renewable\u003cbr>\nand energy efficiency business will be even better.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Kate Kenke\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Publications/Director\">Dr. Steven Chu\u003c/a>, Noble-prize-winning physicist, and director of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, was named as President-elect Barack Obama’s nominee for Secretary of Energy. Home Energy is a nonprofit magazine, but our offices are at Lawrence Berkeley Lab and the magazine was founded by Alan Meier, a lab scientist. People around here are saddened by the loss of Dr. Chu as director of the lab, but extremely excited about his nomination as Secretary of Energy. Dr. Chu believes in science and the important place of technology in helping us meet our energy goals and fight global warming—think cellulosic bio-fuels, nanotechnology, and yet undreamed of solutions to the present energy and environmental crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weatherization Works!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Word in energy efficiency circles is that the funding for \u003ca href=\"http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/weatherization\">Department of Energy (DOE’s) Weatherization Program\u003c/a> will increase several-fold with President Obama’s proposed economic stimulus package. The Weatherization Program is managed state by state from money provided by DOE, and the funds pay to retrofit the homes of low-income families. Homes become healthier to live in, more energy efficient, and more comfortable for the occupants. For every one dollar the Weatherization Program spends, almost two dollars in energy savings results. Hundreds of thousands of homes have been retrofit so far, leaving about 99.5% of existing homes. Talk about green jobs potential! Many nonprofit and for profit organizations do weatherization work, and, basically, you retrofit the home of a low-income family the same way you retrofit a mansion. Lots more skilled people will be needed to do the work, and the jobs will provide a good income, benefits, and the possibility of future advancement. Community colleges, unions, professional training organizations, online trainers, and other players are gearing up to train the new green workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Many Btu Do You Do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I promised in my last blog entry to explain the concept of heating-degree day and cooling-degree day. Sometimes you will hear that a home uses so many Btu or kWh per heating- or cooling-degree day, per square foot, per year. The degree days indicate the heating or cooling load on a building’s HVAC systems. A degree day is the rise or fall of one degree Fahrenheit for 24 hours. The rise or fall in temperature is measured from a baseline of 65F°. For example, if the average temperature tomorrow is 45F°, than the heating load on your heating system is 20 heating-degree days. If on a hot summer day the average temperature over a 24-hour period is 85F°, than the load on your air conditioner is 20 cooling-degree days. The number of heating-degree days for a winter in New York is around 5,000. Barrow, Alaska has about 20,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can figure out how much energy you use to heat or cool your home by subtracting the baseline energy use. During a month when you are using neither your air conditioner or heater, such as in October or March (called the “shoulder” months), your gas and electric use represent your baseline. The baseline covers energy for lighting, appliances, hot water, and plug loads. Subtract out the baseline from your winter or summer energy use and you have the amount of energy to heat or cool your house. If you know the square footage of your home, and you have weather data for your area (go to \u003ca href=\"http://www.degreeday.net\">www.degreeday.net\u003c/a> to find out heating-degree days and cooling-degree days for your area), you are in a position to brag to your neighbors (or not) about your energy use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At our house we used about 90 therms of natural gas from September 7 through December 7, 2008. There were about 480 heating-degree days (HDD) in our area during that time. Our baseline use of natural gas is about 10 therms per month, for heating water and cooking, leaving 60 therms for heating over the three-month period. Our house is about 1,200 square feet (ft\u003csup>2\u003c/sup>). Therefore, we used 60 therms/(480 HDD x 1,200 ft\u003csup>2\u003c/sup>), or about 0.0001 therms/HDD·ft\u003csup>2\u003c/sup>. Since one therm of natural gas contains about 100,000 Btu of energy, that equals about 10 Btu/HDD·ft\u003csup>2\u003c/sup>. That’s not bad, but not great either. How about you?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/snow_domes.jpg\">\u003cem>Terrestrial snow at Chabot on December 16, 2008\u003cbr>\nPhoto by Craig Coryell\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Driving to work today, I was amused to notice that the raindrops falling on my windshield were a bit grainy--and getting more so the higher up the hill I drove. I starting to think, is it starting to sleet? By the time I reached Chabot--at 1500 feet elevation--the precipitation had turned to bona fide snow!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is quite unusual for the Oakland Hills, of course. In the ten years I've worked here, this is the second, maybe third, dusting I've witnessed. I recall the great freeze of '74, when it actually snowed in Oakland close to sea level---that's the year all the eucalyptus in the hills froze and died. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My mind wandered---pretty far out in space (an occupational hazard at Chabot). I started thinking about all the recent news and discoveries from around the Solar System, my thoughts guided by the fat white flakes drifting down all around the observatory domes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last September, NASA's Mars Phoenix Lander detected \u003ca href=\"http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=080930172328.49u1qw9x&show_article=1\">snow falling high in the atmosphere\u003c/a>--about 4 kilometers high. This Martian snow, however, quickly evaporated in Mars' thin, dry air, never reaching the ground. Phoenix used a laser probe to make the detection--so we don't actually have picture to look at!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snows of the Solar System may also fall out of the plumes of \u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cryovolcano.htm\">\"cryovolcanoes\"\u003c/a>--the frigid outer Solar System's version of volcanism (may it live long and prosper). On moons such as Saturn's Enceladus and Neptune's Triton, plumes of material have been detected spouting from fissures and cracks--probably fueled by heat generated by tidal forces from their parent planets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/12/15/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, the geyser plumes contain water vapor and ice crystals, and are believed to come from subsurface lakes of \"warm\" water (32 degrees Fahrenheit--in other words, ice water… but that's a veritable hot spring, or magma chamber, on a cold moon like Enceladus!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice crystals in the geysers' plumes mostly fall back to Enceladus--maybe in a diffuse fall of \"snow\" across the globe? I'm waiting for those pictures…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn's large moon Titan is speculated to possibly have a form of \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050610.html\">cryvolcanism\u003c/a>, though no direct detection has yet been made. Still, any water vapor that might erupt from a Titanian cryovolcano might be expected to fall in a form of snow….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/triton.htm\">Triton\u003c/a>, much farther from the Sun than Saturn, is even colder than Enceladus. In fact, it's been called the coldest measured surface in the Solar System, at -391 degrees Fahrenheit. Here, nitrogen freezes solid. Triton cryovolcanoes, or geysers, may be partially solar-heated, but tidal heating within Triton is probably dominant. Triton's geysers spout nitrogen gas and dark material, which falls across the landscape in dark streaks and lighter deposits of frozen nitrogen--a form of extreme cryo-snow, to my imagination! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, are you as cold as I am just thinking about it? Time for a cup of cocoa…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/12/15/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, the geyser plumes contain water vapor and ice crystals, and are believed to come from subsurface lakes of \"warm\" water (32 degrees Fahrenheit--in other words, ice water… but that's a veritable hot spring, or magma chamber, on a cold moon like Enceladus!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice crystals in the geysers' plumes mostly fall back to Enceladus--maybe in a diffuse fall of \"snow\" across the globe? I'm waiting for those pictures…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn's large moon Titan is speculated to possibly have a form of \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050610.html\">cryvolcanism\u003c/a>, though no direct detection has yet been made. Still, any water vapor that might erupt from a Titanian cryovolcano might be expected to fall in a form of snow….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/triton.htm\">Triton\u003c/a>, much farther from the Sun than Saturn, is even colder than Enceladus. In fact, it's been called the coldest measured surface in the Solar System, at -391 degrees Fahrenheit. Here, nitrogen freezes solid. Triton cryovolcanoes, or geysers, may be partially solar-heated, but tidal heating within Triton is probably dominant. Triton's geysers spout nitrogen gas and dark material, which falls across the landscape in dark streaks and lighter deposits of frozen nitrogen--a form of extreme cryo-snow, to my imagination! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, are you as cold as I am just thinking about it? Time for a cup of cocoa…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
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