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"content": "\u003cp>A diver in California has stumbled on an unexpected source of plastic waste in the ocean: golf balls. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the balls degrade, they can emit toxic chemicals. And there appear to be lots of them in certain places underwater — right next to coastal golf courses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, a 16-year old diver named Alex Weber was swimming off Pebble Beach along the Pacific near Carmel, Calif. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My dad raised me underwater,” says Weber, and she means it. She’s a free diver: no scuba tanks; she just holds her breath. She was diving in a small cove and looked down and saw something weird. “You couldn’t see the sand,” she recalls, still sounding incredulous. “It was completely white.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White with golf balls. “You looked down and you’re like, ‘What are you doing here?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were thousands of them. “It felt like a shot to the heart,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was offended. Right then, she decided to haul them up. Thus began a Sisyphean task that went on for months: She and her father would haul hundreds of pounds of them up, and then of course more golfers would hit more into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She took what she and her father collected back home. “I had all of these golf balls in the garage,” she says. “And they stank.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then she heard about a Stanford University scientist, \u003ca href=\"https://matthewsavocaecology.weebly.com/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Matt Savoca\u003c/a>, who studied plastic waste in the ocean. She emailed him, and he came to look at her collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fifty thousand golf balls, just sitting in the garage,” she says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Savoca was impressed. Weber recalls that he turned to her and said, ” ‘You should write a paper about this,’ and I was like, ‘Matt, I’m 16 years old. I don’t know how to write a scientific paper!’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he would help, which meant diving with her. Not easy. “The oceans off California are actually quite cold, so you suit up in a pretty thick wetsuit,” he says. “It’s incredibly physically demanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They took kayaks out to ferry the golf balls back. “Once you recover many, many golf balls, you put them on the kayak,” he explains. Adds Weber: “We’ll have the kayaks so filled with plastic that we’ll end up just having to tow the kayaks — we’ll have to swim (them) to shore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are sharks in the water there, but Savoca says that wasn’t the real threat. “When we were out there,” he says, “We’d hear, ‘plink, plink,’ and we’d look up on the hill and there’d be golf balls flying in off the course right into the ocean where we were doing collections.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the aerial barrage, they kept at it, says Weber. “Whenever we had good conditions, we were able to pull out between, like, 500 to 5,000 golf balls,” she says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over two years, they found more than 50,000 golf balls. The source: five golf courses. Two along the coastline, and three up the Carmel River — those golf balls rolled underwater down the river to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the journal \u003cem>Marine Pollution Bulletin,\u003c/em> the team notes that golf balls are coated with a thin polyurethane shell that degrades over time. They also contain zinc compounds that are toxic. Savoca points out that the surf and currents act like a rock grinder and break down the golf balls. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While chemicals from 50,000 or so golf balls will have only a small effect on the ocean, Savoca says they do degrade into \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/08/20/636845604/beer-drinking-water-and-fish-tiny-plastic-is-everywhere\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">microplastic pieces\u003c/a> that marine animals could eat. The team also notes that there are lots of coastal golf courses around the world, so this may go beyond California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex Weber, now 18 and a published author in a scientific journal, plans to apply to university to study marine science. In the meantime, she is still collecting, and keeping up her\u003ca href=\"https://www.theplasticpick-up.org\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"> website\u003c/a>. She says it is too bad the golf balls sink. If they floated, people would be shocked and outraged. “If a person could see what we see underwater,” she says, “it would not be acceptable.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were thousands of them. “It felt like a shot to the heart,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was offended. Right then, she decided to haul them up. Thus began a Sisyphean task that went on for months: She and her father would haul hundreds of pounds of them up, and then of course more golfers would hit more into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She took what she and her father collected back home. “I had all of these golf balls in the garage,” she says. “And they stank.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then she heard about a Stanford University scientist, \u003ca href=\"https://matthewsavocaecology.weebly.com/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Matt Savoca\u003c/a>, who studied plastic waste in the ocean. She emailed him, and he came to look at her collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fifty thousand golf balls, just sitting in the garage,” she says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Savoca was impressed. Weber recalls that he turned to her and said, ” ‘You should write a paper about this,’ and I was like, ‘Matt, I’m 16 years old. I don’t know how to write a scientific paper!’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he would help, which meant diving with her. Not easy. “The oceans off California are actually quite cold, so you suit up in a pretty thick wetsuit,” he says. “It’s incredibly physically demanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They took kayaks out to ferry the golf balls back. “Once you recover many, many golf balls, you put them on the kayak,” he explains. Adds Weber: “We’ll have the kayaks so filled with plastic that we’ll end up just having to tow the kayaks — we’ll have to swim (them) to shore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are sharks in the water there, but Savoca says that wasn’t the real threat. “When we were out there,” he says, “We’d hear, ‘plink, plink,’ and we’d look up on the hill and there’d be golf balls flying in off the course right into the ocean where we were doing collections.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the aerial barrage, they kept at it, says Weber. “Whenever we had good conditions, we were able to pull out between, like, 500 to 5,000 golf balls,” she says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over two years, they found more than 50,000 golf balls. The source: five golf courses. Two along the coastline, and three up the Carmel River — those golf balls rolled underwater down the river to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the journal \u003cem>Marine Pollution Bulletin,\u003c/em> the team notes that golf balls are coated with a thin polyurethane shell that degrades over time. They also contain zinc compounds that are toxic. Savoca points out that the surf and currents act like a rock grinder and break down the golf balls. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While chemicals from 50,000 or so golf balls will have only a small effect on the ocean, Savoca says they do degrade into \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/08/20/636845604/beer-drinking-water-and-fish-tiny-plastic-is-everywhere\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">microplastic pieces\u003c/a> that marine animals could eat. The team also notes that there are lots of coastal golf courses around the world, so this may go beyond California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex Weber, now 18 and a published author in a scientific journal, plans to apply to university to study marine science. In the meantime, she is still collecting, and keeping up her\u003ca href=\"https://www.theplasticpick-up.org\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"> website\u003c/a>. She says it is too bad the golf balls sink. If they floated, people would be shocked and outraged. “If a person could see what we see underwater,” she says, “it would not be acceptable.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Elkhorn Slough — an estuary on the eastern shore of Monterey Bay next to Moss Landing, about halfway between Monterey and Santa Cruz — has been home to Olympia oysters for the last 8,000 years or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olympia oysters are the only native oyster species on the West Coast, and their population is suffering. They’ve already gone extinct in parts of California, including Big Lagoon, Bolinas Lagoon and Morro Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Elkhorn Slough, their population has been steadily declining since the 1920s. Back then, oystermen harvested them by the thousands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with the slough’s oyster population at risk of disappearing, scientists are trying to save them using a novel technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wearing camouflage waders, \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Lands/Places-to-Visit/Elkhorn-Slough-ER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elkhorn Slough Reserve\u003c/a> research biologist Susanne Fork trudges through the soft mud of the slough’s shore, counting the number of oysters living on rocks along the muddy bank. She holds a clicker in her hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of having to keep the number in your head, you can just click once each time you see or feel a living oyster,” says Fork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She counts about 200 at one spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really low. You can see many, many more that are gaping and open. So they’re dead,” Fork says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elkhorn Slough Reserve research coordinator Kerstin Wasson has been working to save the slough’s Olympia oysters for over a decade. She says there are several factors why the population is so small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard for any population, once it drops below a few thousand, to find mates and reproduce successfully,” Wasson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oysters are also threatened by pollution and crabs, and can get buried in the mud and suffocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2012, Wasson and her team tried protecting baby oysters by deploying man-made habitats for them to settle on. But it only worked that year. It was the last time Wasson saw baby oysters in the slough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at \u003ca href=\"https://www.mlml.calstate.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moss Landing Marine Laboratories\u003c/a> are trying something new. They’re attempting to restore the population through aquaculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713707\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11713707\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-800x616.jpg\" alt=\"Baby oysters grow on clamshells tied to wooden stakes. Researchers planted 20,000 new baby oysters at Elkhorn Slough.\" width=\"800\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-800x616.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-1020x785.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-1200x924.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-1180x908.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-960x739.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-375x289.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-520x400.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Baby oysters grow on clamshells tied to wooden stakes. Researchers planted 20,000 new baby oysters at Elkhorn Slough. \u003ccite>(Erika Mahoney/KAZU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Essentially farming in water, aquaculture is often used to grow seafood, including oysters. But now — for the first time in California — it’s being used to restore native oysters to a wild habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Gossard, a graduate student at Moss Landing Marine Labs, spent the summer raising baby Olympia oysters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many species that we normally wouldn’t think play an important role in our environment actually do. Oysters, for example, they play an important role in cleaning up water and increasing water quality,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oysters help keep the water clean by filtering it through their gills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, researchers took 50 adult oysters from the slough and helped them reproduce in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These oysters are smaller than what you would think of as the oyster that you eat. The oyster is rigid, it’s very bumpy. It’s a little bit of a coppery-green color,” Gossard says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713705\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11713705\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-800x601.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Daniel Gossard holds an adult Olympia oyster in his hand. Researchers took 50 adults out of Elkhorn Slough and brought them to a lab to reproduce. The adult stock will stay at the lab to reproduce again in the future.\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-1020x767.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-1200x902.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster.jpg 1863w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researcher Daniel Gossard holds an adult Olympia oyster in his hand. Researchers took 50 adults out of Elkhorn Slough and brought them to a lab to reproduce. The adult stock will stay at the lab to reproduce again in the future. \u003ccite>(Erika Mahoney/KAZU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These adults created thousands of babies who got a pampered start to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers fed them an ideal diet. They ate micro-algae that researchers grew in the lab. They also gave them habitats made out of clamshells to settle on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in late October, volunteers transferred the young oysters to Elkhorn Slough. Wasson has been monitoring them closely. The hope is that this new generation of native Olympia oysters survives and reproduces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope everyone out there has a chance to see an Olympia oyster one day because they’re a native species really special to our coast that people have been interacting with for thousands of years,” Wasson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this project works, she says it could become a model for restoring Olympia oyster populations along the California Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some good news? Wasson and Fork checked on the oysters again in early December. Wasson says although the smaller ones are struggling to survive, the bigger baby oysters are doing very well, and that they had about a 90 percent survival rate so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Elkhorn Slough — an estuary on the eastern shore of Monterey Bay next to Moss Landing, about halfway between Monterey and Santa Cruz — has been home to Olympia oysters for the last 8,000 years or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olympia oysters are the only native oyster species on the West Coast, and their population is suffering. They’ve already gone extinct in parts of California, including Big Lagoon, Bolinas Lagoon and Morro Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Elkhorn Slough, their population has been steadily declining since the 1920s. Back then, oystermen harvested them by the thousands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with the slough’s oyster population at risk of disappearing, scientists are trying to save them using a novel technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wearing camouflage waders, \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Lands/Places-to-Visit/Elkhorn-Slough-ER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elkhorn Slough Reserve\u003c/a> research biologist Susanne Fork trudges through the soft mud of the slough’s shore, counting the number of oysters living on rocks along the muddy bank. She holds a clicker in her hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of having to keep the number in your head, you can just click once each time you see or feel a living oyster,” says Fork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She counts about 200 at one spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really low. You can see many, many more that are gaping and open. So they’re dead,” Fork says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elkhorn Slough Reserve research coordinator Kerstin Wasson has been working to save the slough’s Olympia oysters for over a decade. She says there are several factors why the population is so small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard for any population, once it drops below a few thousand, to find mates and reproduce successfully,” Wasson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oysters are also threatened by pollution and crabs, and can get buried in the mud and suffocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2012, Wasson and her team tried protecting baby oysters by deploying man-made habitats for them to settle on. But it only worked that year. It was the last time Wasson saw baby oysters in the slough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at \u003ca href=\"https://www.mlml.calstate.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moss Landing Marine Laboratories\u003c/a> are trying something new. They’re attempting to restore the population through aquaculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713707\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11713707\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-800x616.jpg\" alt=\"Baby oysters grow on clamshells tied to wooden stakes. Researchers planted 20,000 new baby oysters at Elkhorn Slough.\" width=\"800\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-800x616.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-1020x785.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-1200x924.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-1180x908.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-960x739.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-375x289.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-520x400.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Baby oysters grow on clamshells tied to wooden stakes. Researchers planted 20,000 new baby oysters at Elkhorn Slough. \u003ccite>(Erika Mahoney/KAZU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Essentially farming in water, aquaculture is often used to grow seafood, including oysters. But now — for the first time in California — it’s being used to restore native oysters to a wild habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Gossard, a graduate student at Moss Landing Marine Labs, spent the summer raising baby Olympia oysters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many species that we normally wouldn’t think play an important role in our environment actually do. Oysters, for example, they play an important role in cleaning up water and increasing water quality,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oysters help keep the water clean by filtering it through their gills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, researchers took 50 adult oysters from the slough and helped them reproduce in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These oysters are smaller than what you would think of as the oyster that you eat. The oyster is rigid, it’s very bumpy. It’s a little bit of a coppery-green color,” Gossard says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713705\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11713705\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-800x601.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Daniel Gossard holds an adult Olympia oyster in his hand. Researchers took 50 adults out of Elkhorn Slough and brought them to a lab to reproduce. The adult stock will stay at the lab to reproduce again in the future.\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-1020x767.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-1200x902.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster.jpg 1863w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researcher Daniel Gossard holds an adult Olympia oyster in his hand. Researchers took 50 adults out of Elkhorn Slough and brought them to a lab to reproduce. The adult stock will stay at the lab to reproduce again in the future. \u003ccite>(Erika Mahoney/KAZU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These adults created thousands of babies who got a pampered start to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers fed them an ideal diet. They ate micro-algae that researchers grew in the lab. They also gave them habitats made out of clamshells to settle on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in late October, volunteers transferred the young oysters to Elkhorn Slough. Wasson has been monitoring them closely. The hope is that this new generation of native Olympia oysters survives and reproduces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope everyone out there has a chance to see an Olympia oyster one day because they’re a native species really special to our coast that people have been interacting with for thousands of years,” Wasson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this project works, she says it could become a model for restoring Olympia oyster populations along the California Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some good news? Wasson and Fork checked on the oysters again in early December. Wasson says although the smaller ones are struggling to survive, the bigger baby oysters are doing very well, and that they had about a 90 percent survival rate so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A thirteen-year-old, Bay Area girl credits her long-time interest in how the world works with her recent success in Broadcom MASTERS nationwide science, technology, engineering and math competition for middle school students. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Georgia Hutchinson, a student at Woodside Elementary School, won the top prize and $25,000 for a project that allows solar panels to gather more sunlight by tracking the sun and adjusting the panels during the day. She calls the device a data-driven, dual-axis solar tracker. Despite the fancy name, the idea was born out of impatience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I heard about the 2018 solar eclipse, I knew I had to go,” said Hutchinson. “And so my dad and I drove up to Oregon and on the way my uncle called to say he had just put in solar panels on his roof and in 20 years he’d have free electricity. I thought 20 years was far too long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there, in the car, she started thinking about how she could make solar panels more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hutchinson told KQED that if scientists could pinpoint the location of the sun so precisely for the eclipse, information must be available to determine optimal solar panel adjustments. With that, Hutchinson was off and running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/T_6f-d7GNzw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked how she even knew where to start, her answer was automatic,”Google, of course.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hutchinson’s device and computer program use publicly available data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration instead of expensive sensors to track the sun and tilt solar panels for optimal power production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young scientist is now working on getting a patent for her invention and plans to use the competition’s $25,000 prize money for her education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, The Society for Science & the Public and the Broadcom Foundation, which supported the competition, also gave $1,000 to the STEM program at Hutchinson’s school, which is now a two-time winner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the school’s third winner was sitting there in the bleachers as the school celebrated Hutchinson’s success with cheers and chants at a Monday morning assembly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the smallest of elementary school students up to Hutchinson’s 8th-grade peers, students applauded her as she told them to give the fair a try next year, after all, she said, “Science isn’t just for Einstein, it’s for everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A thirteen-year-old, Bay Area girl credits her long-time interest in how the world works with her recent success in Broadcom MASTERS nationwide science, technology, engineering and math competition for middle school students. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Georgia Hutchinson, a student at Woodside Elementary School, won the top prize and $25,000 for a project that allows solar panels to gather more sunlight by tracking the sun and adjusting the panels during the day. She calls the device a data-driven, dual-axis solar tracker. Despite the fancy name, the idea was born out of impatience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I heard about the 2018 solar eclipse, I knew I had to go,” said Hutchinson. “And so my dad and I drove up to Oregon and on the way my uncle called to say he had just put in solar panels on his roof and in 20 years he’d have free electricity. I thought 20 years was far too long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there, in the car, she started thinking about how she could make solar panels more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hutchinson told KQED that if scientists could pinpoint the location of the sun so precisely for the eclipse, information must be available to determine optimal solar panel adjustments. With that, Hutchinson was off and running.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/T_6f-d7GNzw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/T_6f-d7GNzw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>When asked how she even knew where to start, her answer was automatic,”Google, of course.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hutchinson’s device and computer program use publicly available data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration instead of expensive sensors to track the sun and tilt solar panels for optimal power production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young scientist is now working on getting a patent for her invention and plans to use the competition’s $25,000 prize money for her education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, The Society for Science & the Public and the Broadcom Foundation, which supported the competition, also gave $1,000 to the STEM program at Hutchinson’s school, which is now a two-time winner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the school’s third winner was sitting there in the bleachers as the school celebrated Hutchinson’s success with cheers and chants at a Monday morning assembly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the smallest of elementary school students up to Hutchinson’s 8th-grade peers, students applauded her as she told them to give the fair a try next year, after all, she said, “Science isn’t just for Einstein, it’s for everybody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A floating device sent to corral a swirling island of trash between California and Hawaii has not swept up any plastic waste, but the young innovator behind the project said Monday that a fix was in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boyan Slat, 24, who launched the Pacific Ocean cleanup project, said the speed of the solar-powered barrier isn’t allowing it to hold onto the plastic it catches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes the system actually moves slightly slower than the plastic, which of course you don’t want because then you have a chance of losing the plastic again,” Slat said in an interview with The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A crew of engineers is expected to reach the U-shaped boom Tuesday and will work for the next few weeks to widen its span so that it catches more wind and waves to help it go faster, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A ship towed the 2,000-foot-long barrier \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11691328/massive-barrier-sets-out-from-san-francisco-to-collect-the-pacific-oceans-plastic-trash\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in September from San Francisco\u003c/a> to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch — an island of trash twice the size of Texas. It has been in place since the end of October, Slat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plastic barrier with a tapered 10-foot-deep screen is intended to act like a coastline, trapping some of the 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic that scientists estimate are swirling in the patch while allowing marine life to safely swim beneath it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slat said he is not deterred by the setback because engineers expected to make tweaks to the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do has never been done before. So, of course we were expecting to still need to fix a few things before it becomes fully operational,” he said of the system created by the Ocean Cleanup, an organization he founded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fitted with solar-powered lights, cameras, sensors and satellite antennas, the device intends to communicate its position at all times, allowing a support vessel to fish out the collected plastic every few months and transport it to dry land for recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slat said he expects shipping containers filled with fishing nets, plastic bottles, laundry baskets and other plastic trash scooped up by the system to be back on land within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve given ourselves a year after launch to get this thing working,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those skeptical of the project is George Leonard, chief scientist of the Ocean Conservancy, a nonprofit environmental advocacy group. Leonard says that even if plastic trash can be taken out of the ocean, a lot more is pouring in each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leonard said a solution must include a multipronged approach, including stopping plastic from reaching the ocean and educating people to reduce consumption of single-use plastic containers and bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slat agreed that preventing more plastic from entering the ocean is part of the solution but said something needs to be done about what’s already there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This plastic doesn’t go away by itself, and to just let hundreds of thousands of tons of plastic be out there to be fragmented into these small and dangerous microplastics to me seems like an unacceptable scenario,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A floating device sent to corral a swirling island of trash between California and Hawaii has not swept up any plastic waste, but the young innovator behind the project said Monday that a fix was in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boyan Slat, 24, who launched the Pacific Ocean cleanup project, said the speed of the solar-powered barrier isn’t allowing it to hold onto the plastic it catches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes the system actually moves slightly slower than the plastic, which of course you don’t want because then you have a chance of losing the plastic again,” Slat said in an interview with The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A crew of engineers is expected to reach the U-shaped boom Tuesday and will work for the next few weeks to widen its span so that it catches more wind and waves to help it go faster, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A ship towed the 2,000-foot-long barrier \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11691328/massive-barrier-sets-out-from-san-francisco-to-collect-the-pacific-oceans-plastic-trash\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in September from San Francisco\u003c/a> to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch — an island of trash twice the size of Texas. It has been in place since the end of October, Slat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plastic barrier with a tapered 10-foot-deep screen is intended to act like a coastline, trapping some of the 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic that scientists estimate are swirling in the patch while allowing marine life to safely swim beneath it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slat said he is not deterred by the setback because engineers expected to make tweaks to the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do has never been done before. So, of course we were expecting to still need to fix a few things before it becomes fully operational,” he said of the system created by the Ocean Cleanup, an organization he founded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fitted with solar-powered lights, cameras, sensors and satellite antennas, the device intends to communicate its position at all times, allowing a support vessel to fish out the collected plastic every few months and transport it to dry land for recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slat said he expects shipping containers filled with fishing nets, plastic bottles, laundry baskets and other plastic trash scooped up by the system to be back on land within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve given ourselves a year after launch to get this thing working,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those skeptical of the project is George Leonard, chief scientist of the Ocean Conservancy, a nonprofit environmental advocacy group. Leonard says that even if plastic trash can be taken out of the ocean, a lot more is pouring in each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leonard said a solution must include a multipronged approach, including stopping plastic from reaching the ocean and educating people to reduce consumption of single-use plastic containers and bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slat agreed that preventing more plastic from entering the ocean is part of the solution but said something needs to be done about what’s already there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This plastic doesn’t go away by itself, and to just let hundreds of thousands of tons of plastic be out there to be fragmented into these small and dangerous microplastics to me seems like an unacceptable scenario,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "PHOTOS: Robots To Go 12,000 Feet Under the Ocean to Study Underwater Mountain",
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"headTitle": "PHOTOS: Robots To Go 12,000 Feet Under the Ocean to Study Underwater Mountain | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Marine scientists are embarking on a 10-day research expedition on Sunday to a previously unexplored part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary with the help of two remote-controlled robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nautilus, a 211-foot research boat, will carry a 31-person science team from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the non-profit Ocean Exploration Trust to study sea life on the Davidson Seamount, an underwater mountain 80 miles southwest of Monterey. The mountain is 7,480 ft. tall, and its peak is 4,101 ft. below the surface, meaning the sea life the scientists are hoping to study are nearly 12,000 feet down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where Argus and Hercules come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two remote-controlled robots will be launched from the Nautilus—Argus will be attached to the boat by a cable, and Hercules will float below it, recording video and collecting samples of coral and small animals with its robotic arms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists aboard the ship will monitor and control the robots from a room above the deck of the Nautilus. The feed from the robots will be livestreamed online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans have been able to go this deep for quite some time,” says lead scientist Chad King, “but today it doesn’t make sense to send humans down. Why risk it when we have the technology to send these robots that people can command and control virtually from a control room while essentially we just sip our coffee in the safety of a dark room?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are hoping to capture images of colorful coral and exotic-looking animals. Last month, the Nautilus was on another mission and recorded images of a \u003ca href=\"https://earther.gizmodo.com/this-deep-sea-eel-is-the-raddest-thing-youll-see-all-we-1829222166\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">purple Gulper eel\u003c/a> that went viral online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we’re hoping to run into that kind of charismatic fauna,” King said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700208\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11700208\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-1200x674.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Nautilus docked at San Francisco’s Embarcadero. The 211-foot research boat will carry scientists and two robots on a 10-day expedition to a previously unexplored part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700209\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11700209\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Expedition leader Dwight Coleman (R) stands behind Hercules, a remote-controlled robot, which will be lowered 12,000 feet below the ocean by a cable to record video and collect samples of coral and small animals.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Expedition leader Dwight Coleman (R) stands behind Hercules, a remote-controlled robot, which will be lowered 12,000 feet below the ocean by a cable to record video and collect samples of coral and small animals. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700207\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11700207 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Samples of coral and small animals will be stored in these canisters on Hercules over the course of its 10-day mission. The robot will be exploring parts of Davidson Seamount, an underwater mountain 80 miles southwest of Monterey, which have never been explored before.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Samples of coral and small animals will be stored in these canisters on Hercules over the course of its 10-day mission. The robot will be exploring parts of Davidson Seamount, an underwater mountain 80 miles southwest of Monterey, which have never been explored before. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11700203 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Gauges and a large light are part of the inner workings of the Hercules robot.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gauges and a large light are part of the inner workings of the Hercules robot. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700217\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11700217\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The robots, Argus and Hercules, will be monitored and controlled from this room aboard the Nautilus. The room is intentionally kept dark to mimic the darkness of the deep sea, so scientists’ eyes can properly adjust to the images on the screen. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700204\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11700204 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The Hercules robot is propelled by a turbine (upper left).\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hercules robot is propelled by a turbine (upper left). \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Marine scientists are embarking on a 10-day research expedition to a previously unexplored part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary with the help of two remote-controlled robots.",
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"title": "PHOTOS: Robots To Go 12,000 Feet Under the Ocean to Study Underwater Mountain | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Marine scientists are embarking on a 10-day research expedition on Sunday to a previously unexplored part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary with the help of two remote-controlled robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nautilus, a 211-foot research boat, will carry a 31-person science team from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the non-profit Ocean Exploration Trust to study sea life on the Davidson Seamount, an underwater mountain 80 miles southwest of Monterey. The mountain is 7,480 ft. tall, and its peak is 4,101 ft. below the surface, meaning the sea life the scientists are hoping to study are nearly 12,000 feet down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where Argus and Hercules come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two remote-controlled robots will be launched from the Nautilus—Argus will be attached to the boat by a cable, and Hercules will float below it, recording video and collecting samples of coral and small animals with its robotic arms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists aboard the ship will monitor and control the robots from a room above the deck of the Nautilus. The feed from the robots will be livestreamed online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans have been able to go this deep for quite some time,” says lead scientist Chad King, “but today it doesn’t make sense to send humans down. Why risk it when we have the technology to send these robots that people can command and control virtually from a control room while essentially we just sip our coffee in the safety of a dark room?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are hoping to capture images of colorful coral and exotic-looking animals. Last month, the Nautilus was on another mission and recorded images of a \u003ca href=\"https://earther.gizmodo.com/this-deep-sea-eel-is-the-raddest-thing-youll-see-all-we-1829222166\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">purple Gulper eel\u003c/a> that went viral online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we’re hoping to run into that kind of charismatic fauna,” King said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700208\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11700208\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-1200x674.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33323_Nautilus-qut-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Nautilus docked at San Francisco’s Embarcadero. The 211-foot research boat will carry scientists and two robots on a 10-day expedition to a previously unexplored part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700209\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11700209\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Expedition leader Dwight Coleman (R) stands behind Hercules, a remote-controlled robot, which will be lowered 12,000 feet below the ocean by a cable to record video and collect samples of coral and small animals.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33334_IMG_6739-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Expedition leader Dwight Coleman (R) stands behind Hercules, a remote-controlled robot, which will be lowered 12,000 feet below the ocean by a cable to record video and collect samples of coral and small animals. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700207\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11700207 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Samples of coral and small animals will be stored in these canisters on Hercules over the course of its 10-day mission. The robot will be exploring parts of Davidson Seamount, an underwater mountain 80 miles southwest of Monterey, which have never been explored before.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33335_IMG_6737-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Samples of coral and small animals will be stored in these canisters on Hercules over the course of its 10-day mission. The robot will be exploring parts of Davidson Seamount, an underwater mountain 80 miles southwest of Monterey, which have never been explored before. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11700203 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Gauges and a large light are part of the inner workings of the Hercules robot.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33336_IMG_6735-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gauges and a large light are part of the inner workings of the Hercules robot. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700217\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11700217\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33329_IMG_6745-qut-1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The robots, Argus and Hercules, will be monitored and controlled from this room aboard the Nautilus. The room is intentionally kept dark to mimic the darkness of the deep sea, so scientists’ eyes can properly adjust to the images on the screen. \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11700204\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11700204 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The Hercules robot is propelled by a turbine (upper left).\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/RS33327_IMG_6728-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hercules robot is propelled by a turbine (upper left). \u003ccite>(Sonja Hutson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Massive Barrier Sets Out from San Francisco to Collect the Pacific Ocean's Plastic Trash",
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"content": "\u003cp>Engineers set to sea Saturday to deploy a trash collection device to corral plastic litter floating between California and Hawaii in an attempt to clean up the world’s largest garbage patch in the heart of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2,000-foot long floating boom is being towed from San Francisco to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch — an island of trash twice the size of Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system was created by The Ocean Cleanup, an organization founded by Boyan Slat, a 24-year-old innovator from the Netherlands who first became passionate about cleaning the oceans when he went scuba diving at age 16 in the Mediterranean Sea and saw more plastic bags than fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plastic is really persistent and it doesn’t go away by itself and the time to act is now,” Slat said, adding that researchers with his organization found plastic going back to the 1960s and 1970s bobbing in the patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The buoyant, U-shaped barrier made of plastic and with a tapered 10-foot deep screen, is intended to act like a coastline, trapping some of the 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic that scientists estimate are swirling in that gyre but allowing marine life to safely swim beneath it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fitted with solar power lights, cameras, sensors and satellite antennas, the cleanup system will communicate its position at all times, allowing a support vessel to fish out the collected plastic every few months and transport it to dry land where it will be recycled, said Slat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shipping containers filled with the fishing nets, plastic bottles, laundry baskets and other plastic refuse scooped up by the system being deployed Saturday are expected to be back on land within a year, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slat said he and his team will pay close attention to whether the system works efficiently and withstands harsh ocean conditions, including huge waves. He said he’s most looking forward to a ship loaded with plastic coming back to port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have to prove the technology… which will then allow us to scale up a fleet of systems,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ocean Cleanup, which has raised $35 million in donations to fund the project including from Salesforce.com chief executive Marc Benioff and PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel, will deploy 60 free-floating barriers in the Pacific Ocean by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our goals is to remove 50 percent of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in five years,” Slat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The free-floating barriers are made to withstand harsh weather conditions and constant wear and tear. They will stay in the water for two decades and in that time collect 90 percent of the trash in the patch, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Leonard, chief scientist of the Ocean Conservancy, a nonprofit environmental advocacy group, said he’s skeptical Slat can achieve that goal because even if plastic trash can be taken out of the ocean, a lot more is pouring in each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We at the Ocean Conservancy are highly skeptical but we hope it works,” he said. “The ocean needs all the help it can get.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leonard said 9 million tons of plastic waste enter the ocean annually and that a solution must include a multi-pronged approach, including stopping plastic from reaching the ocean and more education so people reduce consumption of single use plastic containers and bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t stop plastics from flowing into the ocean, it will be a Sisyphean task,” Leonard said, citing the Greek myth of a task never completed. He added that on September 15 about 1 million volunteers around the world will collect trash from beaches and waterways as part of the Ocean Conservancy’s annual International Coastal Cleanup. Volunteers last year collected about 10,000 tons of plastics worldwide over two hours, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leonard also raised concerns that marine and wildlife could be entangled by the net that will hang below the surface. He said he hopes Slat’s group is transparent with its data and shares information with the public about what happens with the first deployment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He has set a very large and lofty goal and we certainly hope it works but we really are not going to know until it is deployed,” Leonard said. “We have to wait and see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system will act as a “big boat that stands still in the water” and will have a screen and not a net so that there is nothing for marine life to get entangled with. As an extra precautionary measure, a boat carrying experienced marine biologists will be deployed to make sure the device is not harming wildlife, Slat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m the first to acknowledge this has never done before and that it is important to collect plastic on land and close the taps on plastic entering into the ocean, but I also think humanity can do more than one thing at a time to tackle this problem,” Slat said.\u003cbr>\n___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freelance photographer Lorin Eleni Gill in San Francisco contributed to this story.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A large plastic barrier is being hauled from the San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. Its goal? To gather plastic debris. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Engineers set to sea Saturday to deploy a trash collection device to corral plastic litter floating between California and Hawaii in an attempt to clean up the world’s largest garbage patch in the heart of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2,000-foot long floating boom is being towed from San Francisco to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch — an island of trash twice the size of Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system was created by The Ocean Cleanup, an organization founded by Boyan Slat, a 24-year-old innovator from the Netherlands who first became passionate about cleaning the oceans when he went scuba diving at age 16 in the Mediterranean Sea and saw more plastic bags than fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plastic is really persistent and it doesn’t go away by itself and the time to act is now,” Slat said, adding that researchers with his organization found plastic going back to the 1960s and 1970s bobbing in the patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The buoyant, U-shaped barrier made of plastic and with a tapered 10-foot deep screen, is intended to act like a coastline, trapping some of the 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic that scientists estimate are swirling in that gyre but allowing marine life to safely swim beneath it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fitted with solar power lights, cameras, sensors and satellite antennas, the cleanup system will communicate its position at all times, allowing a support vessel to fish out the collected plastic every few months and transport it to dry land where it will be recycled, said Slat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shipping containers filled with the fishing nets, plastic bottles, laundry baskets and other plastic refuse scooped up by the system being deployed Saturday are expected to be back on land within a year, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slat said he and his team will pay close attention to whether the system works efficiently and withstands harsh ocean conditions, including huge waves. He said he’s most looking forward to a ship loaded with plastic coming back to port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have to prove the technology… which will then allow us to scale up a fleet of systems,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ocean Cleanup, which has raised $35 million in donations to fund the project including from Salesforce.com chief executive Marc Benioff and PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel, will deploy 60 free-floating barriers in the Pacific Ocean by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of our goals is to remove 50 percent of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in five years,” Slat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The free-floating barriers are made to withstand harsh weather conditions and constant wear and tear. They will stay in the water for two decades and in that time collect 90 percent of the trash in the patch, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Leonard, chief scientist of the Ocean Conservancy, a nonprofit environmental advocacy group, said he’s skeptical Slat can achieve that goal because even if plastic trash can be taken out of the ocean, a lot more is pouring in each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We at the Ocean Conservancy are highly skeptical but we hope it works,” he said. “The ocean needs all the help it can get.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leonard said 9 million tons of plastic waste enter the ocean annually and that a solution must include a multi-pronged approach, including stopping plastic from reaching the ocean and more education so people reduce consumption of single use plastic containers and bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t stop plastics from flowing into the ocean, it will be a Sisyphean task,” Leonard said, citing the Greek myth of a task never completed. He added that on September 15 about 1 million volunteers around the world will collect trash from beaches and waterways as part of the Ocean Conservancy’s annual International Coastal Cleanup. Volunteers last year collected about 10,000 tons of plastics worldwide over two hours, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leonard also raised concerns that marine and wildlife could be entangled by the net that will hang below the surface. He said he hopes Slat’s group is transparent with its data and shares information with the public about what happens with the first deployment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He has set a very large and lofty goal and we certainly hope it works but we really are not going to know until it is deployed,” Leonard said. “We have to wait and see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system will act as a “big boat that stands still in the water” and will have a screen and not a net so that there is nothing for marine life to get entangled with. As an extra precautionary measure, a boat carrying experienced marine biologists will be deployed to make sure the device is not harming wildlife, Slat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m the first to acknowledge this has never done before and that it is important to collect plastic on land and close the taps on plastic entering into the ocean, but I also think humanity can do more than one thing at a time to tackle this problem,” Slat said.\u003cbr>\n___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freelance photographer Lorin Eleni Gill in San Francisco contributed to this story.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It took four attempts for Stephen Bay to see the neon-blue waves crashing against the rocks at Torrey Pines State Beach, but when he did, just one thought went through his mind: \"Holy cow, the waves are glowing!\" he told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were just lit up in this incredible light that no photo can really do it justice,\" Bay, a \u003ca href=\"https://sandiegobeautiful.com\">professional photographer\u003c/a>, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/Scripps_Ocean/status/994290458753810432\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/redtide.html\">red tide\u003c/a> off the San Diego coast is behind the brilliant display of bioluminescence that is lighting up the water and drawing huge crowds to marvel at the rare phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Scripps Institute of Oceanography at the University of San Diego, the red tide is due to a cluster of dinoflagellates -- microscopic organisms -- that live in phytoplankton and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Scripps_Ocean/status/993993722713989121\">light up\u003c/a> when there is movement or they are disrupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/Scripps_Ocean/status/993993722713989121\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water-and-light show started on Monday and remained visible Tuesday night, \"still beautiful,\" according to Bay, \"but much less vibrant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bioluminescence expert Michael Latz said that local red tides like the one visible this week from Encinitas to La Jolla -- about a 20-mile stretch -- \"have been known since the early 1900s due to observations by Scripps scientists.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11667376\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11667376\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/bioluminescence-6334fcabb709151e600bfcc34ca0e070e0912f14-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Bioluminescent waves crash against rocks at Torrey Pines State Beach in San Diego on Monday night.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bioluminescent waves crash against rocks at Torrey Pines State Beach in San Diego on Monday night. \u003ccite>(Stephen Bay)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Several Scripps scientists are collecting samples of the current red tide for future research on \"the genetic and metabolic characteristics of the organisms.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not clear how long the current red tide will last; in some instances they've lasted from a week to a month or more. The last red tide in San Diego took place in September 2013 and lasted a full week. A similar event in October 2011 lasted a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay's advice: \"Hurry up and get out there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Holy+Cow%2C+The+Waves+Are+Glowing%21%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The water-and-light show started on Monday and remained visible Tuesday night, \"still beautiful,\" according to Bay, \"but much less vibrant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bioluminescence expert Michael Latz said that local red tides like the one visible this week from Encinitas to La Jolla -- about a 20-mile stretch -- \"have been known since the early 1900s due to observations by Scripps scientists.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11667376\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11667376\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/bioluminescence-6334fcabb709151e600bfcc34ca0e070e0912f14-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Bioluminescent waves crash against rocks at Torrey Pines State Beach in San Diego on Monday night.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bioluminescent waves crash against rocks at Torrey Pines State Beach in San Diego on Monday night. \u003ccite>(Stephen Bay)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Several Scripps scientists are collecting samples of the current red tide for future research on \"the genetic and metabolic characteristics of the organisms.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not clear how long the current red tide will last; in some instances they've lasted from a week to a month or more. The last red tide in San Diego took place in September 2013 and lasted a full week. A similar event in October 2011 lasted a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay's advice: \"Hurry up and get out there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Holy+Cow%2C+The+Waves+Are+Glowing%21%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Jon Holcomb is an old-time urchin diver with the leathery skin of a man who spends a lot of time on his boat. On a sunny morning in August, he motors out to a cove by the town of Mendocino, and squints across the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was solid kelp,” says Holcomb. “When we first came here in the mid-’80s, this was a complete mat, you couldn’t swim through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, it’s devoid of kelp,” he says. “It’s like a lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 42 years, Holcomb has made his living diving for red urchins. Their buttery insides are a delicacy in Japanese restaurants where they show up on menus as uni.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202020\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202020\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Holcomb shows the insides of an empty purple urchin, surviving without much kelp to eat.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Holcomb shows the insides of an empty purple urchin, surviving without much kelp to eat. \u003ccite>(Carrie Boyle/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Urchins live off kelp, and in the last three years the kelp forests on the Northern California coast have collapsed. Income for local red urchin divers has plummeted by 90 percent in three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without kelp you lose all your shellfishery. You lose the abalone fishery, you lose the urchin fishery,” says Holcomb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kelp here has been devoured by a different kind of urchin: purple urchins. They’re smaller, less meaty and not worth fishing for. And they’re voracious eaters of kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The kelp forest has just gotten it from all sides.’\u003ccite>Cynthia Catton, marine biologist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Nothing can survive their appetite,” says Holcomb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, many parts of Northern California’s coast have turned into what scientists call an urchin barren. There’s not much life besides a mass of spiny purple creatures carpeting the seafloor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are starving animals that don’t die from starvation,” says Holcomb. “They just keep breeding and there’s more and more of them every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A ‘Perfect Storm’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp beds play a key role in marine ecology. The fast-growing seaweed is a food source for many undersea animals. It also forms a habitat for young fish that hide in its stalks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The size of kelp forests normally varies from year to year. But Cynthia Catton, a marine biologist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, says that in decades of observation, such low levels are unprecedented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a new phase,” says Catton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catton says that the kelp forests were hit by a “perfect storm” of factors. “The kelp forest has just gotten it from all sides.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first blow began in 2013, with a wasting disease that devastated sea star population along the entire Pacific Coast of North America. They are the urchins’ main predator. With sea stars in decline, purple urchins went on a kelp-eating rampage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a friend who calls them the goats of the sea,” says Catton. “They form these feeding fronts and they just munch through everywhere they’re walking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next problem: Kelp need cold water. In 2014, oceanographers noticed an unusual warming in the Northern Pacific — even more than could be explained by climate science. For lack of a better term, they called it the “warm blob.” Then, last year’s El Niño made the water even warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catton’s team saw the kelp forests between the Bay Area and the Oregon border shrink by 93 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202032\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202032\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Marine biologist Cynthia Catton meets divers Carson Bell and Jon Holcomb on a seafood processing dock in Fort Bragg.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine biologist Cynthia Catton meets divers Carson Bell and Jon Holcomb on a seafood processing dock in Fort Bragg. \u003ccite>(Carrie Boyle/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Restoring the Kelp Forest\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellfish divers are not always the closest allies with the agencies that monitor their fishing. As Jon Holcomb puts it, “we’re resource users, and they’re resource protectors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now they share the same goal: restoring the kelp forest ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb and a few other divers have volunteered to help biologist Catton with a restoration effort. They’ve been diving underwater to remove masses of purple urchins from a few test sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re hoping that in those sites, their effort to remove urchins will allow kelp to grow back in the spring. The challenge is collecting thousands of urchins at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back out on his boat near Mendocino, Holcomb assembles the device he’s developed for just this purpose. He slaps together 10-foot-long pieces of fiberglass tubing to make a sort of underwater vacuum cleaner.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s much like trying to scratch the paint off a house with a pin. It’s not gonna be easy.’\u003ccite>Jon Holcomb, urchin diver\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Not real pretty,” he says, adjusting the tube. “I didn’t get carried away here on the aesthetics of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a modified version of a tool called an airlift, which is used to clear sand and silt from the seafloor. This one is built for purple urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb puts on his scuba gear, and connects the pipes to an air compressor on deck. Then he dives down with the equipment to depths of about 30 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaXExXw4R0A\">videos\u003c/a> he’s made of his process, the seafloor looks like a minefield of spiky purple creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb uses a little metal rake to scrape the urchins off the rocks, and into his fiberglass tube. The device sucks the urchins up, and deposits them into a large net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This day, it takes him almost two hours to clear off an area smaller than a tennis court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he finally comes up, his net is packed with thousands of purple urchins with wiggly spines. They’re much lighter than the same number of urchins would be in a healthy kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb smashes one open to show that there’s no flesh inside. “They’re all empty,” says Holcomb. “There’s no food value in them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202000\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202000\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Jon Holcomb, a veteran diver with his urchin airlift.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jon Holcomb, a veteran diver with his urchin airlift. \u003ccite>(Carrie Boyle/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We head back to a dock in Fort Bragg, where Catton has brought a group of local volunteers to count and measure the urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to be able to say, ‘How much effort does this take?’ ” says Catton. “‘How effective is this on a small scale? How can we expand this effectively? And if not, what do we need to do differently?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few months, her team will return to the test sites to find out if the divers’ efforts have allowed kelp to grow back. But even if their experiment succeeds, the problem of restoring the coastline is vast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s much like trying to scratch the paint off a house with a pin,” says Holcomb. “It’s not gonna be easy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently though, a few changes in the ocean may point towards a recovery for the kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warm blob in the Pacific has abated. The storms of the last few months have cooled off the ocean, and water temperatures are closer to normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, many sea star populations along the coast appear to be recovering. If they survive to adulthood without dying of the wasting disease, they could help bring back the balance of the ecosystem — eating the urchins that have been eating the kelp.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In the last three years, the kelp forests on the Northern California coast have collapsed. ",
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"title": "Divers and Scientists Try to Save Northern California's Kelp Forests | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Jon Holcomb is an old-time urchin diver with the leathery skin of a man who spends a lot of time on his boat. On a sunny morning in August, he motors out to a cove by the town of Mendocino, and squints across the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was solid kelp,” says Holcomb. “When we first came here in the mid-’80s, this was a complete mat, you couldn’t swim through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, it’s devoid of kelp,” he says. “It’s like a lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 42 years, Holcomb has made his living diving for red urchins. Their buttery insides are a delicacy in Japanese restaurants where they show up on menus as uni.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202020\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202020\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Holcomb shows the insides of an empty purple urchin, surviving without much kelp to eat.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Holcomb shows the insides of an empty purple urchin, surviving without much kelp to eat. \u003ccite>(Carrie Boyle/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Urchins live off kelp, and in the last three years the kelp forests on the Northern California coast have collapsed. Income for local red urchin divers has plummeted by 90 percent in three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without kelp you lose all your shellfishery. You lose the abalone fishery, you lose the urchin fishery,” says Holcomb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kelp here has been devoured by a different kind of urchin: purple urchins. They’re smaller, less meaty and not worth fishing for. And they’re voracious eaters of kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The kelp forest has just gotten it from all sides.’\u003ccite>Cynthia Catton, marine biologist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Nothing can survive their appetite,” says Holcomb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, many parts of Northern California’s coast have turned into what scientists call an urchin barren. There’s not much life besides a mass of spiny purple creatures carpeting the seafloor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are starving animals that don’t die from starvation,” says Holcomb. “They just keep breeding and there’s more and more of them every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A ‘Perfect Storm’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp beds play a key role in marine ecology. The fast-growing seaweed is a food source for many undersea animals. It also forms a habitat for young fish that hide in its stalks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The size of kelp forests normally varies from year to year. But Cynthia Catton, a marine biologist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, says that in decades of observation, such low levels are unprecedented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a new phase,” says Catton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catton says that the kelp forests were hit by a “perfect storm” of factors. “The kelp forest has just gotten it from all sides.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first blow began in 2013, with a wasting disease that devastated sea star population along the entire Pacific Coast of North America. They are the urchins’ main predator. With sea stars in decline, purple urchins went on a kelp-eating rampage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a friend who calls them the goats of the sea,” says Catton. “They form these feeding fronts and they just munch through everywhere they’re walking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next problem: Kelp need cold water. In 2014, oceanographers noticed an unusual warming in the Northern Pacific — even more than could be explained by climate science. For lack of a better term, they called it the “warm blob.” Then, last year’s El Niño made the water even warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catton’s team saw the kelp forests between the Bay Area and the Oregon border shrink by 93 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202032\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202032\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Marine biologist Cynthia Catton meets divers Carson Bell and Jon Holcomb on a seafood processing dock in Fort Bragg.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine biologist Cynthia Catton meets divers Carson Bell and Jon Holcomb on a seafood processing dock in Fort Bragg. \u003ccite>(Carrie Boyle/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Restoring the Kelp Forest\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shellfish divers are not always the closest allies with the agencies that monitor their fishing. As Jon Holcomb puts it, “we’re resource users, and they’re resource protectors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now they share the same goal: restoring the kelp forest ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb and a few other divers have volunteered to help biologist Catton with a restoration effort. They’ve been diving underwater to remove masses of purple urchins from a few test sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re hoping that in those sites, their effort to remove urchins will allow kelp to grow back in the spring. The challenge is collecting thousands of urchins at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back out on his boat near Mendocino, Holcomb assembles the device he’s developed for just this purpose. He slaps together 10-foot-long pieces of fiberglass tubing to make a sort of underwater vacuum cleaner.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s much like trying to scratch the paint off a house with a pin. It’s not gonna be easy.’\u003ccite>Jon Holcomb, urchin diver\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Not real pretty,” he says, adjusting the tube. “I didn’t get carried away here on the aesthetics of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a modified version of a tool called an airlift, which is used to clear sand and silt from the seafloor. This one is built for purple urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb puts on his scuba gear, and connects the pipes to an air compressor on deck. Then he dives down with the equipment to depths of about 30 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaXExXw4R0A\">videos\u003c/a> he’s made of his process, the seafloor looks like a minefield of spiky purple creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb uses a little metal rake to scrape the urchins off the rocks, and into his fiberglass tube. The device sucks the urchins up, and deposits them into a large net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This day, it takes him almost two hours to clear off an area smaller than a tennis court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he finally comes up, his net is packed with thousands of purple urchins with wiggly spines. They’re much lighter than the same number of urchins would be in a healthy kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb smashes one open to show that there’s no flesh inside. “They’re all empty,” says Holcomb. “There’s no food value in them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202000\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202000\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Jon Holcomb, a veteran diver with his urchin airlift.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jon Holcomb, a veteran diver with his urchin airlift. \u003ccite>(Carrie Boyle/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We head back to a dock in Fort Bragg, where Catton has brought a group of local volunteers to count and measure the urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to be able to say, ‘How much effort does this take?’ ” says Catton. “‘How effective is this on a small scale? How can we expand this effectively? And if not, what do we need to do differently?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few months, her team will return to the test sites to find out if the divers’ efforts have allowed kelp to grow back. But even if their experiment succeeds, the problem of restoring the coastline is vast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s much like trying to scratch the paint off a house with a pin,” says Holcomb. “It’s not gonna be easy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently though, a few changes in the ocean may point towards a recovery for the kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warm blob in the Pacific has abated. The storms of the last few months have cooled off the ocean, and water temperatures are closer to normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, many sea star populations along the coast appear to be recovering. If they survive to adulthood without dying of the wasting disease, they could help bring back the balance of the ecosystem — eating the urchins that have been eating the kelp.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A few decades ago, dozens of species in Monterey Bay were on the verge of extinction. Today, many of those species are now thriving. This success story is the subject of “Big Blue Live,” a three-night television special that begins on Monday. PBS and the BBC are producing the show, which airs from 8 to 9 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the successes in Monterey Bay, oceans throughout the world are facing a new threat: acidification. KQED’s Scott Shafer explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED NEWSROOM\u003c/a> is a weekly news magazine program that airs on television, radio and online. Watch Fridays at 8 p.m. on KQED Public Television 9, listen on Sundays at 6 p.m. on KQED Public Radio 88.5 FM, or watch online \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A few decades ago, dozens of species in Monterey Bay were on the verge of extinction. Today, many of those species are now thriving. This success story is the subject of “Big Blue Live,” a three-night television special that begins on Monday. PBS and the BBC are producing the show, which airs from 8 to 9 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the successes in Monterey Bay, oceans throughout the world are facing a new threat: acidification. KQED’s Scott Shafer explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED NEWSROOM\u003c/a> is a weekly news magazine program that airs on television, radio and online. Watch Fridays at 8 p.m. on KQED Public Television 9, listen on Sundays at 6 p.m. on KQED Public Radio 88.5 FM, or watch online \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A groundbreaking network of marine reserves off the California coast are showing promising results, according to scientists meeting in Monterey this week. The results come five years after the state set up the first group of “marine protected areas”—zones where fishing is either limited or banned all together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_90401\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/28/california-ocean-reserves-show-promising-results-for-marine-life/lingcod/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-90401\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-90401\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/02/lingcod-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Lingcod are one of the fish species showing improvement in California's marine protected areas. (Steve Lonhart / Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary)\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lingcod are one of the fish species showing improvement in California’s marine protected areas. (Photo: Steve Lonhart / Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Several fish species seem to be rebounding in the 29 marine protected areas that stretch from Santa Cruz to Santa Barbara, including black rockfish, grass rockfish, perch and lingcod. Threatened black abalone are also appearing in higher numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protected areas mark a new conservation approach for the state, moving away from traditional species-by-species fishing limits. The areas were designed to protect the ecosystem as a whole, allowing fish and marine life to reproduce and recover. Scientists believe as populations increase inside the zones, they’ll spread into surrounding areas, acting as “marine savings accounts” for the entire coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the largest network of ecologically-based protected areas across the globe,” says Mark Carr, professor of marine biology at the University of California, Santa Cruz.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The areas, now covering 16 percent of state waters along the entire coast, inspired a heated battle between conservationists and fishing groups. The law that set them up, the 1999 Marine Life Protection Act, was passed just as \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Sea-of-anxiety-over-rockfish-ban-Fishermen-2806005.php\">rockfish populations crashed\u003c/a> and the fishery was in economic crisis. Scientists made the case that the effort could eventually improve fishing outside the marine reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_90402\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/28/california-ocean-reserves-show-promising-results-for-marine-life/mpa-monitoring/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-90402\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-90402\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/02/MPA-monitoring-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers catalog marine life in the kelp forest off Monterey in 2008. (Photo: KQED QUEST)\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers catalog marine life in a kelp forest off Monterey in 2008. (Photo: KQED QUEST)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The results released this week are the first step in proving that case. In a multi-year monitoring effort, researchers have catalogued marine life both inside and outside the marine reserves using scuba drivers, recreational fishermen, citizen scientists, and even \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/one-fish-two-fish-monitoring-marine-protected-areas/\">deep-sea remotely operated vehicles\u003c/a>. The surveys went from the rocky shoreline to 1,200 feet below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did not anticipate seeing such rapid changes for some of these species and it’s been remarkable,” says Carr. Many rockfish species live for decades and reproduce slowly, so scientists expected a larger delay. Some fish species didn’t show improvement, though and the results varied greatly between marine protected areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carr says it’s still early to tease why they’re seeing the improvements. “You see the patterns in the fished species and in species that aren’t being fished,” he says. “It will take a while to get more information and see those trends and then use that information to understand the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enforcing hundreds of miles of no-fishing zones has been a challenge for wardens with California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife. Agency director Chuck Bonham says the improving state budget situation has helped. The agency issued 47 violations in the marine protected areas in the last five years, including one poacher who took 60 black abalone in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got our warden force as high as it’s been since 2000, which means good dialogue with our communities, good sharing of information and better compliance,” Bonham says. “We can always use more, but we’re doing as good as we can with what we have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/28/california-ocean-reserves-show-promising-results-for-marine-life/merc-mpa/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-90409\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-90409\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/02/Merc-MPA.jpg\" alt=\"Merc-MPA\" width=\"400\" height=\"739\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say the conservation network could be an example worldwide. “You can’t have a solid fishing industry without it being sustainable,” says John Laird, California’s Secretary of Natural Resources. “So if we’re successful here, then I think there’s a reason to think that other states will say ‘well, how can we be sustainable and use this as a model.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commercial fishing industry has mixed feelings about the reserves. According to one survey, 83 percent of commercial fishermen reported being directly impacted by them. Spot prawn fisherman largely disappeared at the Moss Landing harbor because their main fishing grounds were closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fishing revenue has been on the rise in the last five years, but state economist Terry Tillman says a relatively small group saw those gains. Overall, the number of fishermen is on the decline, which could be caused by a number of things, including the collapse of the salmon fishery in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists are encouraged by the results and how they could help the fishing industry, there are concerns about how future scientific monitoring efforts will be funded. After two years of state funding, much of the investment has come from private foundations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientist Mark Carr says the data they’re collecting could inform a broad range of future policy decisions. “By monitoring, you’re collecting information that addresses a large number of environmental issues like global climate change, fisheries management, impacts caused by runoff,” he says. “California has become the global leader in the development of protected areas. Now, we have the responsibility to become a leader in evaluating how effective this tool really is.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A groundbreaking network of marine reserves off the California coast are showing promising results, according to scientists meeting in Monterey this week. The results come five years after the state set up the first group of “marine protected areas”—zones where fishing is either limited or banned all together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_90401\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/28/california-ocean-reserves-show-promising-results-for-marine-life/lingcod/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-90401\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-90401\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/02/lingcod-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Lingcod are one of the fish species showing improvement in California's marine protected areas. (Steve Lonhart / Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary)\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lingcod are one of the fish species showing improvement in California’s marine protected areas. (Photo: Steve Lonhart / Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Several fish species seem to be rebounding in the 29 marine protected areas that stretch from Santa Cruz to Santa Barbara, including black rockfish, grass rockfish, perch and lingcod. Threatened black abalone are also appearing in higher numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protected areas mark a new conservation approach for the state, moving away from traditional species-by-species fishing limits. The areas were designed to protect the ecosystem as a whole, allowing fish and marine life to reproduce and recover. Scientists believe as populations increase inside the zones, they’ll spread into surrounding areas, acting as “marine savings accounts” for the entire coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the largest network of ecologically-based protected areas across the globe,” says Mark Carr, professor of marine biology at the University of California, Santa Cruz.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The areas, now covering 16 percent of state waters along the entire coast, inspired a heated battle between conservationists and fishing groups. The law that set them up, the 1999 Marine Life Protection Act, was passed just as \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Sea-of-anxiety-over-rockfish-ban-Fishermen-2806005.php\">rockfish populations crashed\u003c/a> and the fishery was in economic crisis. Scientists made the case that the effort could eventually improve fishing outside the marine reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_90402\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/28/california-ocean-reserves-show-promising-results-for-marine-life/mpa-monitoring/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-90402\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-90402\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/02/MPA-monitoring-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers catalog marine life in the kelp forest off Monterey in 2008. (Photo: KQED QUEST)\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers catalog marine life in a kelp forest off Monterey in 2008. (Photo: KQED QUEST)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The results released this week are the first step in proving that case. In a multi-year monitoring effort, researchers have catalogued marine life both inside and outside the marine reserves using scuba drivers, recreational fishermen, citizen scientists, and even \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/one-fish-two-fish-monitoring-marine-protected-areas/\">deep-sea remotely operated vehicles\u003c/a>. The surveys went from the rocky shoreline to 1,200 feet below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did not anticipate seeing such rapid changes for some of these species and it’s been remarkable,” says Carr. Many rockfish species live for decades and reproduce slowly, so scientists expected a larger delay. Some fish species didn’t show improvement, though and the results varied greatly between marine protected areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carr says it’s still early to tease why they’re seeing the improvements. “You see the patterns in the fished species and in species that aren’t being fished,” he says. “It will take a while to get more information and see those trends and then use that information to understand the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enforcing hundreds of miles of no-fishing zones has been a challenge for wardens with California’s Department of Fish and Wildlife. Agency director Chuck Bonham says the improving state budget situation has helped. The agency issued 47 violations in the marine protected areas in the last five years, including one poacher who took 60 black abalone in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got our warden force as high as it’s been since 2000, which means good dialogue with our communities, good sharing of information and better compliance,” Bonham says. “We can always use more, but we’re doing as good as we can with what we have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/28/california-ocean-reserves-show-promising-results-for-marine-life/merc-mpa/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-90409\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-90409\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/02/Merc-MPA.jpg\" alt=\"Merc-MPA\" width=\"400\" height=\"739\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say the conservation network could be an example worldwide. “You can’t have a solid fishing industry without it being sustainable,” says John Laird, California’s Secretary of Natural Resources. “So if we’re successful here, then I think there’s a reason to think that other states will say ‘well, how can we be sustainable and use this as a model.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commercial fishing industry has mixed feelings about the reserves. According to one survey, 83 percent of commercial fishermen reported being directly impacted by them. Spot prawn fisherman largely disappeared at the Moss Landing harbor because their main fishing grounds were closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fishing revenue has been on the rise in the last five years, but state economist Terry Tillman says a relatively small group saw those gains. Overall, the number of fishermen is on the decline, which could be caused by a number of things, including the collapse of the salmon fishery in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists are encouraged by the results and how they could help the fishing industry, there are concerns about how future scientific monitoring efforts will be funded. After two years of state funding, much of the investment has come from private foundations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientist Mark Carr says the data they’re collecting could inform a broad range of future policy decisions. “By monitoring, you’re collecting information that addresses a large number of environmental issues like global climate change, fisheries management, impacts caused by runoff,” he says. “California has become the global leader in the development of protected areas. Now, we have the responsibility to become a leader in evaluating how effective this tool really is.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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