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"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]Q[/dropcap]uick: What’s the one bird you see and hear most every day, day in and day out, without fail?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re willing to bet that for most of us in the Bay Area, there’s one avian species that predominates in our daily bird experience: Corvus brachyrhynchos, better known to most of us as “the crow.”[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I see ’em in the morning, I see ’em in the afternoon, I see ’em up in trees, I see ’em on top of buildings,” said San Mateo native Kevin Branch. “They’re everywhere. I kind of feel like the crow has taken over — big time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Branch has a lot of questions for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> about crows in the Bay Area: Why are there so many? Are crows replacing other familiar birds, such as mockingbirds, blue jays and red-winged blackbirds? Is there a plan to reduce crow populations?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Yes, There Are More Crows\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]T[/dropcap]he most persuasive evidence comes from the Audubon Society and its \u003ca href=\"https://www.audubon.org/conservation/join-christmas-bird-count\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christmas Bird Count\u003c/a>. The count is conducted by more than 2,500 local chapters across the Americas, the Caribbean and Hawaii, each with volunteer observers tallying birds in a predefined 15-mile-diameter circle over a 24-hour period.[aside tag='bay-curious' label='Looking for More Bay Curious?']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Audubon Society’s Golden Gate chapter conducts two counts each December: one in a circle centered in Oakland, covering a big slice of the East Bay Hills and the bay shore from El Cerrito to San Leandro, and the second in a circle centered on San Francisco’s Oceanview neighborhood, which covers the entire city and most of the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of crows in the Oakland circle has grown from 167 in 2000 to nearly 2,500 in 2018 — an increase of nearly 15 times in fewer than 20 years. The numbers for San Francisco are impressive, if not as dramatic. The 2000 count recorded 122 crows, with more recent counts in the 700 to 900 range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s behind the increase? People who watch the birds point to an equation with two major parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crows Not Welcome\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One argument, which may be true, is that crows are smart birds, and crows have historically inhabited the countryside,” says Bob Lewis, a Berkeley birder and one or the organizers for the Oakland Christmas Bird Count. “Farmers put up scarecrows and crows eat corn. We have that kind of feeling about them. But in the country, crows get shot, too, and crows have perhaps discovered in the cities and towns that it’s a much safer place to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crows have been on the receiving end of our hostility for a long time — a creature viewed by many as a voracious destroyer of crops and inveterate opportunist preying on the young of smaller, more valuable, and let’s face it, better-liked birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The attitude of the individual farmer toward the crow should be one of toleration when no serious losses are suffered, rather than one of uncompromising antagonism resulting in the unwarranted destruction of these birds.\u003ccite>E.R. Kalmbach,\u003cbr>\nU.S. Department of Agriculture, 1918\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Some, including E.R. Kalmbach, the author of \u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/crowitsrelationt621kalm/page/n1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a U.S. Department of Agriculture bulletin\u003c/a> published in 1918, acknowledged that crows sometimes did have a negative impact on crops. But based on an intensive study of what crows actually ate — the stomachs of 2,118 crows were examined for evidence — Kalmbach argued the birds played an essential role in controlling harmful insects, a service that “can ill be spared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The attitude of the individual farmer toward the crow should be one of toleration when no serious losses are suffered, rather than one of uncompromising antagonism resulting in the unwarranted destruction of these birds which at times are most valuable aids to man,” Kalmbach concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That appeal for reason apparently didn’t resonate too widely. The very next year, 1919, the DuPont chemical company launched a National Crow Shoot. DuPont declared “it is certain that some concerted action on the part of farmers and sportsmen” was needed to ensure a bountiful grain harvest. The company promoted another benefit to hardware retailers, who at the time sold firearms — it would help them sell more ammunition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11752434\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11752434\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-800x597.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"597\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-800x597.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-1020x761.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-1200x895.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875.jpg 1290w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An ad for DuPont’s 1919 National Crow Shoot, a yearlong event the company promoted as a way to help farmers and sell ammunition. \u003ccite>(Internet Archive)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Attempts to eliminate crows weren’t, and aren’t, limited to the countryside. In the early 20th century, San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park employed a hunter — usually a city cop — to shoot crows and other unwanted animals, like jays and coyotes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it may come as news to city dwellers, but California has a hunting season for crows from Dec. 1 through the beginning of April every year in most of the state’s rural areas. State law allows landowners to kill crows out of season, too, if they “are committing or about to commit depredations upon ornamental or shade trees, agricultural crops, livestock, or wildlife, or when concentrated in such numbers and manner as to constitute a health hazard or other nuisance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the most recent year for which the Department of Fish and Wildlife has numbers, hunters here reported killing about 35,000 crows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Food Means More Crows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unfriendly humans are just one major factor that has led to more crows joining us in our cities and suburbs. The other?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s kind of simple myself,” said University of Washington wildlife biologist John Marzluff, who has studied crows and other corvids for decades. “Basically, we’ve provided more food for them. Now, the reasons for that may be more complex because it includes things like garbage, like fast-food restaurant waste, like roadkill. So there are a lot of ways we provide them food. But that’s the bottom line. That’s why they’re more abundant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a sort of common-sense objection to that idea: City dwellers have always been pretty messy. Look at the giant open garbage dumps that used to be on the edge of every big city. If garbage is attracting crows, where were they before?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marzluff says it actually works better for crows to spread out their food sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t have to have a dump,” he says. “I think actually in terms of territoriality and increasing the breeding population, it’s better to have food more uniformly distributed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11752516\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11752516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-800x653.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"653\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-1020x833.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-1200x980.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-1920x1567.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ready availability of food in cities — in this case, meant for some backyard chickens — is a major factor driving crows’ urban population increase, biologists say. \u003ccite>(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Marzluff also says crows have no problem crowding in among us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They only defend enough space that’s necessary to get enough food to raise their young and survive,” he says. “So as more food is available, they can live in tighter and tighter quarters and you can fit more of them into the place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adrian Cotter, a web developer for the Sierra Club who is also a citizen scientist and corvid enthusiast, points out that some of the very things we do to make cities more livable for us are also attractive to crows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re sort of ‘crow-forming’ our cities — terraforming, but for crows,” Cotter says. “We plant trees they like to nest in. We plant trees that other birds nest in, and that becomes a source of food. So we’re presenting this sort of lovely banquet for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Are Crows Replacing or Killing Off Other Species of Birds?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Kaeli Swift, another University of Washington biologist who has spent years studying crows and their ways, says research has found that the crow’s reputation for reducing the population of other songbirds is largely undeserved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people that contact me feeling like crows wiped away all of the birds in their neighborhood just have this perception that if you see a flock of crows, it means none of your songbirds are going to reproduce, that everything is doomed,” Swift says. “The science just does not back that up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research \u003ca href=\"https://corvidresearch.blog/2014/06/20/do-crows-reduce-other-songbirds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">she’s pointing to\u003c/a> is \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ibi.12223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a 2014 compilation\u003c/a> of 42 studies that looked at the impact of corvids on dozens of songbirds that were their potential prey. In four out of five cases, the analysis found, corvids had no negative impact on either the reproduction — nesting success and rearing of young — or the abundance of other birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11752506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11752506\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crow battles with a white-tailed kite at Cesar Chavez Park on the Berkeley waterfront. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Bob Lewis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Crows did have a larger impact than some other corvids on how successful other birds were in reproducing, the study found, but not on their overall numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swift says the explanation for this finding — in essence, that even though crows and other corvids do prey upon other birds, the overall impact is small — is “compensatory mortality.” In plain English: It’s a hard world for little things. There are lots of things out there that kill birds and reduce their populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Most people that contact me feeling like crows wiped away all of the birds in their neighborhood and just have this perception that if you see a flock of crows, it means none of your songbirds are going to reproduce, that everything is doomed. The science just does not back that up.’\u003ccite>Kaeli Swift\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It can be easy for us to think, ‘If this predator was gone, then all of the babies they would have eaten will survive,'” Swift says. “That’s really not how it generally works. … The other predators in the system will just come in and take their place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What kinds of other predators? Hawks. Owls. Jays. Snakes. Foxes. Raccoons. Cats. And, Swift, notes, some animals we might not think of as a menace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people don’t realize squirrels and chipmunks are huge nest predators, much more impactful than crows,” Swift says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Is There a Plan to Reduce the Crow Population?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Well, no. Crow hunts continue in California and across the United States, and there’s lots of video evidence of that on YouTube. But scientists like Swift and Marzluff argue that the best way to deal with crows is to try to understand who they are and what they’re doing here — an echo of biologist E.R. Kalmbach’s long-ago call for crow tolerance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of qualities that I don’t think you can help but find really attractive in crows — like their ability to learn our faces and be pretty excited to see us when you’ve built up a positive relationship with them by feeding them,” Swift says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch4>A Beakful of Crow Resources\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B005FLOEQK/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gifts of the Crow\u003c/a>,” by John Marzluff and Tony Angell\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002GJRYWU/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Crow Planet\u003c/a>,” by Lyanda Lynn Haupt\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/are-there-more-crows-and-ravens-in-the-bay-area-these-days/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Are There More Crows and Ravens in the Bay Area These Days?\u003c/a>” by Adrian Cotter in Bay Nature magazine\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/crowitsrelationt621kalm/page/n1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Crow and Its Relation to Man\u003c/a>,” by E.R. Kalmbach, U.S. Department of Agriculture\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://corvidresearch.blog/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Corvid Research\u003c/a>, Kaeli Swift’s blog on her own and others’ corvid studies. To get the flavor of her work (and entertaining writing), check out “\u003ca href=\"https://corvidresearch.blog/2018/07/16/putting-the-crow-in-necrophilia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Putting the ‘Crow’ in Necrophilia\u003c/a>.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Bird-Black-As-Sun-California/dp/0615536328\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Bird Black as the Sun: California Poets on Crows and Ravens\u003c/a>“\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Video: \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/i_ta33bMB70\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Crows playing on a snowy car\u003c/a>. Really.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They play, so you can watch them play games, particularly the young birds. And they’re just kind of charismatic and goofy in the way that a dog with a really strong personality is. For me, crows have the same sort of quality where, if you watch them, you just see them do all these things that are so interesting that you just kind of can’t help falling in love with them if you just open yourself up to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swift says many of our problems with crows may stem from how much we share in common with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re clever, so they’re able to outsmart some of the ways we try to keep them out of our garbage or out of our property,” she says. “They are social, so they are really noisy. They are protective parents, so they can be aggressive around their babies when they feel like they’re being a threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marzluff says it’s important to remember crows are “sentient beings” like us and that we ought to learn to use our big human brains to discover and address the problems we have with a growing crow population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do end every one of my talks about crows with a slide that’s like, ‘OK, these things can get under our skin. Why? And what should we do?’ ” he says. “And my take-home is that we should celebrate them for being successful, and if we need to control them in places, we need to think hard about it. Like they think about how to live with us, we need to think about how to live with them and come up with strategies that will have meaningful effects on their populations — not just kill a bunch of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">Q\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>uick: What’s the one bird you see and hear most every day, day in and day out, without fail?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re willing to bet that for most of us in the Bay Area, there’s one avian species that predominates in our daily bird experience: Corvus brachyrhynchos, better known to most of us as “the crow.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I see ’em in the morning, I see ’em in the afternoon, I see ’em up in trees, I see ’em on top of buildings,” said San Mateo native Kevin Branch. “They’re everywhere. I kind of feel like the crow has taken over — big time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Branch has a lot of questions for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> about crows in the Bay Area: Why are there so many? Are crows replacing other familiar birds, such as mockingbirds, blue jays and red-winged blackbirds? Is there a plan to reduce crow populations?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Yes, There Are More Crows\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>he most persuasive evidence comes from the Audubon Society and its \u003ca href=\"https://www.audubon.org/conservation/join-christmas-bird-count\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christmas Bird Count\u003c/a>. The count is conducted by more than 2,500 local chapters across the Americas, the Caribbean and Hawaii, each with volunteer observers tallying birds in a predefined 15-mile-diameter circle over a 24-hour period.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Audubon Society’s Golden Gate chapter conducts two counts each December: one in a circle centered in Oakland, covering a big slice of the East Bay Hills and the bay shore from El Cerrito to San Leandro, and the second in a circle centered on San Francisco’s Oceanview neighborhood, which covers the entire city and most of the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of crows in the Oakland circle has grown from 167 in 2000 to nearly 2,500 in 2018 — an increase of nearly 15 times in fewer than 20 years. The numbers for San Francisco are impressive, if not as dramatic. The 2000 count recorded 122 crows, with more recent counts in the 700 to 900 range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s behind the increase? People who watch the birds point to an equation with two major parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crows Not Welcome\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One argument, which may be true, is that crows are smart birds, and crows have historically inhabited the countryside,” says Bob Lewis, a Berkeley birder and one or the organizers for the Oakland Christmas Bird Count. “Farmers put up scarecrows and crows eat corn. We have that kind of feeling about them. But in the country, crows get shot, too, and crows have perhaps discovered in the cities and towns that it’s a much safer place to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crows have been on the receiving end of our hostility for a long time — a creature viewed by many as a voracious destroyer of crops and inveterate opportunist preying on the young of smaller, more valuable, and let’s face it, better-liked birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The attitude of the individual farmer toward the crow should be one of toleration when no serious losses are suffered, rather than one of uncompromising antagonism resulting in the unwarranted destruction of these birds.\u003ccite>E.R. Kalmbach,\u003cbr>\nU.S. Department of Agriculture, 1918\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Some, including E.R. Kalmbach, the author of \u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/crowitsrelationt621kalm/page/n1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a U.S. Department of Agriculture bulletin\u003c/a> published in 1918, acknowledged that crows sometimes did have a negative impact on crops. But based on an intensive study of what crows actually ate — the stomachs of 2,118 crows were examined for evidence — Kalmbach argued the birds played an essential role in controlling harmful insects, a service that “can ill be spared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The attitude of the individual farmer toward the crow should be one of toleration when no serious losses are suffered, rather than one of uncompromising antagonism resulting in the unwarranted destruction of these birds which at times are most valuable aids to man,” Kalmbach concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That appeal for reason apparently didn’t resonate too widely. The very next year, 1919, the DuPont chemical company launched a National Crow Shoot. DuPont declared “it is certain that some concerted action on the part of farmers and sportsmen” was needed to ensure a bountiful grain harvest. The company promoted another benefit to hardware retailers, who at the time sold firearms — it would help them sell more ammunition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11752434\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11752434\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-800x597.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"597\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-800x597.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-1020x761.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-1200x895.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875.jpg 1290w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An ad for DuPont’s 1919 National Crow Shoot, a yearlong event the company promoted as a way to help farmers and sell ammunition. \u003ccite>(Internet Archive)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Attempts to eliminate crows weren’t, and aren’t, limited to the countryside. In the early 20th century, San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park employed a hunter — usually a city cop — to shoot crows and other unwanted animals, like jays and coyotes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it may come as news to city dwellers, but California has a hunting season for crows from Dec. 1 through the beginning of April every year in most of the state’s rural areas. State law allows landowners to kill crows out of season, too, if they “are committing or about to commit depredations upon ornamental or shade trees, agricultural crops, livestock, or wildlife, or when concentrated in such numbers and manner as to constitute a health hazard or other nuisance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the most recent year for which the Department of Fish and Wildlife has numbers, hunters here reported killing about 35,000 crows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Food Means More Crows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unfriendly humans are just one major factor that has led to more crows joining us in our cities and suburbs. The other?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s kind of simple myself,” said University of Washington wildlife biologist John Marzluff, who has studied crows and other corvids for decades. “Basically, we’ve provided more food for them. Now, the reasons for that may be more complex because it includes things like garbage, like fast-food restaurant waste, like roadkill. So there are a lot of ways we provide them food. But that’s the bottom line. That’s why they’re more abundant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a sort of common-sense objection to that idea: City dwellers have always been pretty messy. Look at the giant open garbage dumps that used to be on the edge of every big city. If garbage is attracting crows, where were they before?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marzluff says it actually works better for crows to spread out their food sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t have to have a dump,” he says. “I think actually in terms of territoriality and increasing the breeding population, it’s better to have food more uniformly distributed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11752516\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11752516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-800x653.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"653\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-1020x833.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-1200x980.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-1920x1567.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ready availability of food in cities — in this case, meant for some backyard chickens — is a major factor driving crows’ urban population increase, biologists say. \u003ccite>(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Marzluff also says crows have no problem crowding in among us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They only defend enough space that’s necessary to get enough food to raise their young and survive,” he says. “So as more food is available, they can live in tighter and tighter quarters and you can fit more of them into the place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adrian Cotter, a web developer for the Sierra Club who is also a citizen scientist and corvid enthusiast, points out that some of the very things we do to make cities more livable for us are also attractive to crows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re sort of ‘crow-forming’ our cities — terraforming, but for crows,” Cotter says. “We plant trees they like to nest in. We plant trees that other birds nest in, and that becomes a source of food. So we’re presenting this sort of lovely banquet for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Are Crows Replacing or Killing Off Other Species of Birds?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Kaeli Swift, another University of Washington biologist who has spent years studying crows and their ways, says research has found that the crow’s reputation for reducing the population of other songbirds is largely undeserved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people that contact me feeling like crows wiped away all of the birds in their neighborhood just have this perception that if you see a flock of crows, it means none of your songbirds are going to reproduce, that everything is doomed,” Swift says. “The science just does not back that up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research \u003ca href=\"https://corvidresearch.blog/2014/06/20/do-crows-reduce-other-songbirds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">she’s pointing to\u003c/a> is \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ibi.12223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a 2014 compilation\u003c/a> of 42 studies that looked at the impact of corvids on dozens of songbirds that were their potential prey. In four out of five cases, the analysis found, corvids had no negative impact on either the reproduction — nesting success and rearing of young — or the abundance of other birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11752506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11752506\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crow battles with a white-tailed kite at Cesar Chavez Park on the Berkeley waterfront. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Bob Lewis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Crows did have a larger impact than some other corvids on how successful other birds were in reproducing, the study found, but not on their overall numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swift says the explanation for this finding — in essence, that even though crows and other corvids do prey upon other birds, the overall impact is small — is “compensatory mortality.” In plain English: It’s a hard world for little things. There are lots of things out there that kill birds and reduce their populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Most people that contact me feeling like crows wiped away all of the birds in their neighborhood and just have this perception that if you see a flock of crows, it means none of your songbirds are going to reproduce, that everything is doomed. The science just does not back that up.’\u003ccite>Kaeli Swift\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It can be easy for us to think, ‘If this predator was gone, then all of the babies they would have eaten will survive,'” Swift says. “That’s really not how it generally works. … The other predators in the system will just come in and take their place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What kinds of other predators? Hawks. Owls. Jays. Snakes. Foxes. Raccoons. Cats. And, Swift, notes, some animals we might not think of as a menace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people don’t realize squirrels and chipmunks are huge nest predators, much more impactful than crows,” Swift says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Is There a Plan to Reduce the Crow Population?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Well, no. Crow hunts continue in California and across the United States, and there’s lots of video evidence of that on YouTube. But scientists like Swift and Marzluff argue that the best way to deal with crows is to try to understand who they are and what they’re doing here — an echo of biologist E.R. Kalmbach’s long-ago call for crow tolerance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of qualities that I don’t think you can help but find really attractive in crows — like their ability to learn our faces and be pretty excited to see us when you’ve built up a positive relationship with them by feeding them,” Swift says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch4>A Beakful of Crow Resources\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B005FLOEQK/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gifts of the Crow\u003c/a>,” by John Marzluff and Tony Angell\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002GJRYWU/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Crow Planet\u003c/a>,” by Lyanda Lynn Haupt\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/are-there-more-crows-and-ravens-in-the-bay-area-these-days/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Are There More Crows and Ravens in the Bay Area These Days?\u003c/a>” by Adrian Cotter in Bay Nature magazine\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/crowitsrelationt621kalm/page/n1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Crow and Its Relation to Man\u003c/a>,” by E.R. Kalmbach, U.S. Department of Agriculture\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://corvidresearch.blog/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Corvid Research\u003c/a>, Kaeli Swift’s blog on her own and others’ corvid studies. To get the flavor of her work (and entertaining writing), check out “\u003ca href=\"https://corvidresearch.blog/2018/07/16/putting-the-crow-in-necrophilia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Putting the ‘Crow’ in Necrophilia\u003c/a>.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Bird-Black-As-Sun-California/dp/0615536328\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Bird Black as the Sun: California Poets on Crows and Ravens\u003c/a>“\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Video: \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/i_ta33bMB70\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Crows playing on a snowy car\u003c/a>. Really.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They play, so you can watch them play games, particularly the young birds. And they’re just kind of charismatic and goofy in the way that a dog with a really strong personality is. For me, crows have the same sort of quality where, if you watch them, you just see them do all these things that are so interesting that you just kind of can’t help falling in love with them if you just open yourself up to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swift says many of our problems with crows may stem from how much we share in common with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re clever, so they’re able to outsmart some of the ways we try to keep them out of our garbage or out of our property,” she says. “They are social, so they are really noisy. They are protective parents, so they can be aggressive around their babies when they feel like they’re being a threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marzluff says it’s important to remember crows are “sentient beings” like us and that we ought to learn to use our big human brains to discover and address the problems we have with a growing crow population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do end every one of my talks about crows with a slide that’s like, ‘OK, these things can get under our skin. Why? And what should we do?’ ” he says. “And my take-home is that we should celebrate them for being successful, and if we need to control them in places, we need to think hard about it. Like they think about how to live with us, we need to think about how to live with them and come up with strategies that will have meaningful effects on their populations — not just kill a bunch of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]Q[/dropcap]uick: What’s the one bird you see and hear most every day, day in and day out, without fail?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re willing to bet that for most of us in the Bay Area, there’s one avian species that predominates in our daily bird experience: Corvus brachyrhynchos, better known to most of us as “the crow.”[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I see ’em in the morning, I see ’em in the afternoon, I see ’em up in trees, I see ’em on top of buildings,” said San Mateo native Kevin Branch. “They’re everywhere. I kind of feel like the crow has taken over — big time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Branch has a lot of questions for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> about crows in the Bay Area: Why are there so many? Are crows replacing other familiar birds, such as mockingbirds, blue jays and red-winged blackbirds? Is there a plan to reduce crow populations?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Yes, There Are More Crows\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]T[/dropcap]he most persuasive evidence comes from the Audubon Society and its \u003ca href=\"https://www.audubon.org/conservation/join-christmas-bird-count\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christmas Bird Count\u003c/a>. The count is conducted by more than 2,500 local chapters across the Americas, the Caribbean and Hawaii, each with volunteer observers tallying birds in a predefined 15-mile-diameter circle over a 24-hour period.[aside tag='bay-curious' label='Looking for More Bay Curious?']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Audubon Society’s Golden Gate chapter conducts two counts each December: one in a circle centered in Oakland, covering a big slice of the East Bay Hills and the bay shore from El Cerrito to San Leandro, and the second in a circle centered on San Francisco’s Oceanview neighborhood, which covers the entire city and most of the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of crows in the Oakland circle has grown from 167 in 2000 to nearly 2,500 in 2018 — an increase of nearly 15 times in fewer than 20 years. The numbers for San Francisco are impressive, if not as dramatic. The 2000 count recorded 122 crows, with more recent counts in the 700 to 900 range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s behind the increase? People who watch the birds point to an equation with two major parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crows Not Welcome\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One argument, which may be true, is that crows are smart birds, and crows have historically inhabited the countryside,” Lewis said. “Farmers put up scarecrows and crows eat corn. We have that kind of feeling about them. But in the country, crows get shot, too, and crows have perhaps discovered in the cities and towns that it’s a much safer place to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crows have been on the receiving end of our hostility for a long time — a creature viewed by many as a voracious destroyer of crops and inveterate opportunist preying on the young of smaller, more valuable, and let’s face it, better-liked birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The attitude of the individual farmer toward the crow should be one of toleration when no serious losses are suffered, rather than one of uncompromising antagonism resulting in the unwarranted destruction of these birds.\u003ccite>E.R. Kalmbach,\u003cbr>\nU.S. Department of Agriculture, 1918\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Some, including E.R. Kalmbach, the author of \u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/crowitsrelationt621kalm/page/n1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a U.S. Department of Agriculture bulletin\u003c/a> published in 1918, acknowledged that crows sometimes did have a negative impact on crops. But based on an intensive study of what crows actually ate — the stomachs of 2,118 crows were examined for evidence — Kalmbach argued the birds played an essential role in controlling harmful insects, a service that “can ill be spared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The attitude of the individual farmer toward the crow should be one of toleration when no serious losses are suffered, rather than one of uncompromising antagonism resulting in the unwarranted destruction of these birds which at times are most valuable aids to man,” Kalmbach concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That appeal for reason apparently didn’t resonate too widely. The very next year, 1919, the DuPont chemical company launched a National Crow Shoot. DuPont declared “it is certain that some concerted action on the part of farmers and sportsmen” was needed to ensure a bountiful grain harvest. The company promoted another benefit to hardware retailers, who at the time sold firearms — it would help them sell more ammunition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11752434\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11752434\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-800x597.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"597\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-800x597.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-1020x761.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-1200x895.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875.jpg 1290w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An ad for DuPont’s 1919 National Crow Shoot, a yearlong event the company promoted as a way to help farmers and sell ammunition. \u003ccite>(Internet Archive)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Attempts to eliminate crows weren’t, and aren’t, limited to the countryside. In the early 20th century, San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park employed a hunter — usually a city cop — to shoot crows and other unwanted animals, like jays and coyotes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it may come as news to city dwellers, but California has a hunting season for crows from Dec. 1 through the beginning of April every year in most of the state’s rural areas. State law allows landowners to kill crows out of season, too, if they “are committing or about to commit depredations upon ornamental or shade trees, agricultural crops, livestock, or wildlife, or when concentrated in such numbers and manner as to constitute a health hazard or other nuisance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the most recent year for which the Department of Fish and Wildlife has numbers, hunters here reported killing about 35,000 crows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Food Means More Crows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unfriendly humans are just one major factor that has led to more crows joining us in our cities and suburbs. The other?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s kind of simple myself,” said University of Washington wildlife biologist John Marzluff, who has studied crows and other corvids for decades. “Basically, we’ve provided more food for them. Now, the reasons for that may be more complex because it includes things like garbage, like fast-food restaurant waste, like roadkill. So there are a lot of ways we provide them food. But that’s the bottom line. That’s why they’re more abundant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a sort of common-sense objection to that idea: City dwellers have always been pretty messy. Look at the giant open garbage dumps that used to be on the edge of every big city. If garbage is attracting crows, where were they before?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marzluff says it actually works better for crows to spread out their food sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t have to have a dump,” he says. “I think actually in terms of territoriality and increasing the breeding population, it’s better to have food more uniformly distributed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11752516\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11752516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-800x653.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"653\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-1020x833.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-1200x980.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-1920x1567.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ready availability of food in cities — in this case, meant for some backyard chickens — is a major factor driving crows’ urban population increase, biologists say. \u003ccite>(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Marzluff also says crows have no problem crowding in among us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They only defend enough space that’s necessary to get enough food to raise their young and survive,” he says. “So as more food is available, they can live in tighter and tighter quarters and you can fit more of them into the place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adrian Cotter, a web developer for the Sierra Club who is also a citizen scientist and corvid enthusiast, points out that some of the very things we do to make cities more livable for us are also attractive to crows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re sort of ‘crow-forming’ our cities — terraforming, but for crows,” Cotter says. “We plant trees they like to nest in. We plant trees that other birds nest in, and that becomes a source of food. So we’re presenting this sort of lovely banquet for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Are Crows Replacing or Killing Off Other Species of Birds?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Kaeli Swift, another University of Washington biologist who has spent years studying crows and their ways, says research has found that the crow’s reputation for reducing the population of other songbirds is largely undeserved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people that contact me feeling like crows wiped away all of the birds in their neighborhood just have this perception that if you see a flock of crows, it means none of your songbirds are going to reproduce, that everything is doomed,” Swift says. “The science just does not back that up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research \u003ca href=\"https://corvidresearch.blog/2014/06/20/do-crows-reduce-other-songbirds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">she’s pointing to\u003c/a> is \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ibi.12223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a 2014 compilation\u003c/a> of 42 studies that looked at the impact of corvids on dozens of songbirds that were their potential prey. In four out of five cases, the analysis found, corvids had no negative impact on either the reproduction — nesting success and rearing of young — or the abundance of other birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11752506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11752506\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crow battles with a white-tailed kite at Cesar Chavez Park on the Berkeley waterfront. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Bob Lewis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Crows did have a larger impact than some other corvids on how successful other birds were in reproducing, the study found, but not on their overall numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swift says the explanation for this finding — in essence, that even though crows and other corvids do prey upon other birds, the overall impact is small — is “compensatory mortality.” In plain English: It’s a hard world for little things. There are lots of things out there that kill birds and reduce their populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Most people that contact me feeling like crows wiped away all of the birds in their neighborhood and just have this perception that if you see a flock of crows, it means none of your songbirds are going to reproduce, that everything is doomed. The science just does not back that up.’\u003ccite>Kaeli Swift\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It can be easy for us to think, ‘If this predator was gone, then all of the babies they would have eaten will survive,'” Swift says. “That’s really not how it generally works. … The other predators in the system will just come in and take their place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What kinds of other predators? Hawks. Owls. Jays. Snakes. Foxes. Raccoons. Cats. And, Swift, notes, some animals we might not think of as a menace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people don’t realize squirrels and chipmunks are huge nest predators, much more impactful than crows,” Swift says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Is There a Plan to Reduce the Crow Population?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Well, no. Crow hunts continue in California and across the United States, and there’s lots of video evidence of that on YouTube. But scientists like Swift and Marzluff argue that the best way to deal with crows is to try to understand who they are and what they’re doing here — an echo of biologist E.R. Kalmbach’s long-ago call for crow tolerance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of qualities that I don’t think you can help but find really attractive in crows — like their ability to learn our faces and be pretty excited to see us when you’ve built up a positive relationship with them by feeding them,” Swift says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch4>A Beakful of Crow Resources\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B005FLOEQK/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gifts of the Crow\u003c/a>,” by John Marzluff and Tony Angell\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002GJRYWU/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Crow Planet\u003c/a>,” by Lyanda Lynn Haupt\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/are-there-more-crows-and-ravens-in-the-bay-area-these-days/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Are There More Crows and Ravens in the Bay Area These Days?\u003c/a>” by Adrian Cotter in Bay Nature magazine\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/crowitsrelationt621kalm/page/n1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Crow and Its Relation to Man\u003c/a>,” by E.R. Kalmbach, U.S. Department of Agriculture\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://corvidresearch.blog/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Corvid Research\u003c/a>, Kaeli Swift’s blog on her own and others’ corvid studies. To get the flavor of her work (and entertaining writing), check out “\u003ca href=\"https://corvidresearch.blog/2018/07/16/putting-the-crow-in-necrophilia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Putting the ‘Crow’ in Necrophilia\u003c/a>.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Bird-Black-As-Sun-California/dp/0615536328\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Bird Black as the Sun: California Poets on Crows and Ravens\u003c/a>“\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Video: \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/i_ta33bMB70\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Crows playing on a snowy car\u003c/a>. Really.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They play, so you can watch them play games, particularly the young birds. And they’re just kind of charismatic and goofy in the way that a dog with a really strong personality is. For me, crows have the same sort of quality where, if you watch them, you just see them do all these things that are so interesting that you just kind of can’t help falling in love with them if you just open yourself up to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swift says many of our problems with crows may stem from how much we share in common with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re clever, so they’re able to outsmart some of the ways we try to keep them out of our garbage or out of our property,” she says. “They are social, so they are really noisy. They are protective parents, so they can be aggressive around their babies when they feel like they’re being a threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marzluff says it’s important to remember crows are “sentient beings” like us and that we ought to learn to use our big human brains to discover and address the problems we have with a growing crow population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do end every one of my talks about crows with a slide that’s like, ‘OK, these things can get under our skin. Why? And what should we do?’ ” he says. “And my take-home is that we should celebrate them for being successful, and if we need to control them in places, we need to think hard about it. Like they think about how to live with us, we need to think about how to live with them and come up with strategies that will have meaningful effects on their populations — not just kill a bunch of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">Q\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>uick: What’s the one bird you see and hear most every day, day in and day out, without fail?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re willing to bet that for most of us in the Bay Area, there’s one avian species that predominates in our daily bird experience: Corvus brachyrhynchos, better known to most of us as “the crow.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I see ’em in the morning, I see ’em in the afternoon, I see ’em up in trees, I see ’em on top of buildings,” said San Mateo native Kevin Branch. “They’re everywhere. I kind of feel like the crow has taken over — big time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Branch has a lot of questions for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> about crows in the Bay Area: Why are there so many? Are crows replacing other familiar birds, such as mockingbirds, blue jays and red-winged blackbirds? Is there a plan to reduce crow populations?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Yes, There Are More Crows\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>he most persuasive evidence comes from the Audubon Society and its \u003ca href=\"https://www.audubon.org/conservation/join-christmas-bird-count\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christmas Bird Count\u003c/a>. The count is conducted by more than 2,500 local chapters across the Americas, the Caribbean and Hawaii, each with volunteer observers tallying birds in a predefined 15-mile-diameter circle over a 24-hour period.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Audubon Society’s Golden Gate chapter conducts two counts each December: one in a circle centered in Oakland, covering a big slice of the East Bay Hills and the bay shore from El Cerrito to San Leandro, and the second in a circle centered on San Francisco’s Oceanview neighborhood, which covers the entire city and most of the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of crows in the Oakland circle has grown from 167 in 2000 to nearly 2,500 in 2018 — an increase of nearly 15 times in fewer than 20 years. The numbers for San Francisco are impressive, if not as dramatic. The 2000 count recorded 122 crows, with more recent counts in the 700 to 900 range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s behind the increase? People who watch the birds point to an equation with two major parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crows Not Welcome\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One argument, which may be true, is that crows are smart birds, and crows have historically inhabited the countryside,” Lewis said. “Farmers put up scarecrows and crows eat corn. We have that kind of feeling about them. But in the country, crows get shot, too, and crows have perhaps discovered in the cities and towns that it’s a much safer place to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crows have been on the receiving end of our hostility for a long time — a creature viewed by many as a voracious destroyer of crops and inveterate opportunist preying on the young of smaller, more valuable, and let’s face it, better-liked birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The attitude of the individual farmer toward the crow should be one of toleration when no serious losses are suffered, rather than one of uncompromising antagonism resulting in the unwarranted destruction of these birds.\u003ccite>E.R. Kalmbach,\u003cbr>\nU.S. Department of Agriculture, 1918\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Some, including E.R. Kalmbach, the author of \u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/crowitsrelationt621kalm/page/n1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a U.S. Department of Agriculture bulletin\u003c/a> published in 1918, acknowledged that crows sometimes did have a negative impact on crops. But based on an intensive study of what crows actually ate — the stomachs of 2,118 crows were examined for evidence — Kalmbach argued the birds played an essential role in controlling harmful insects, a service that “can ill be spared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The attitude of the individual farmer toward the crow should be one of toleration when no serious losses are suffered, rather than one of uncompromising antagonism resulting in the unwarranted destruction of these birds which at times are most valuable aids to man,” Kalmbach concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That appeal for reason apparently didn’t resonate too widely. The very next year, 1919, the DuPont chemical company launched a National Crow Shoot. DuPont declared “it is certain that some concerted action on the part of farmers and sportsmen” was needed to ensure a bountiful grain harvest. The company promoted another benefit to hardware retailers, who at the time sold firearms — it would help them sell more ammunition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11752434\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11752434\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-800x597.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"597\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-800x597.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-160x119.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-1020x761.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875-1200x895.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/bresports7072unse_0974-e1559711865875.jpg 1290w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An ad for DuPont’s 1919 National Crow Shoot, a yearlong event the company promoted as a way to help farmers and sell ammunition. \u003ccite>(Internet Archive)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Attempts to eliminate crows weren’t, and aren’t, limited to the countryside. In the early 20th century, San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park employed a hunter — usually a city cop — to shoot crows and other unwanted animals, like jays and coyotes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it may come as news to city dwellers, but California has a hunting season for crows from Dec. 1 through the beginning of April every year in most of the state’s rural areas. State law allows landowners to kill crows out of season, too, if they “are committing or about to commit depredations upon ornamental or shade trees, agricultural crops, livestock, or wildlife, or when concentrated in such numbers and manner as to constitute a health hazard or other nuisance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the most recent year for which the Department of Fish and Wildlife has numbers, hunters here reported killing about 35,000 crows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Food Means More Crows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unfriendly humans are just one major factor that has led to more crows joining us in our cities and suburbs. The other?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s kind of simple myself,” said University of Washington wildlife biologist John Marzluff, who has studied crows and other corvids for decades. “Basically, we’ve provided more food for them. Now, the reasons for that may be more complex because it includes things like garbage, like fast-food restaurant waste, like roadkill. So there are a lot of ways we provide them food. But that’s the bottom line. That’s why they’re more abundant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a sort of common-sense objection to that idea: City dwellers have always been pretty messy. Look at the giant open garbage dumps that used to be on the edge of every big city. If garbage is attracting crows, where were they before?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marzluff says it actually works better for crows to spread out their food sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t have to have a dump,” he says. “I think actually in terms of territoriality and increasing the breeding population, it’s better to have food more uniformly distributed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11752516\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11752516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-800x653.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"653\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-1020x833.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-1200x980.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o-1920x1567.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/47940703622_077e88602a_o.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ready availability of food in cities — in this case, meant for some backyard chickens — is a major factor driving crows’ urban population increase, biologists say. \u003ccite>(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Marzluff also says crows have no problem crowding in among us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They only defend enough space that’s necessary to get enough food to raise their young and survive,” he says. “So as more food is available, they can live in tighter and tighter quarters and you can fit more of them into the place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adrian Cotter, a web developer for the Sierra Club who is also a citizen scientist and corvid enthusiast, points out that some of the very things we do to make cities more livable for us are also attractive to crows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re sort of ‘crow-forming’ our cities — terraforming, but for crows,” Cotter says. “We plant trees they like to nest in. We plant trees that other birds nest in, and that becomes a source of food. So we’re presenting this sort of lovely banquet for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Are Crows Replacing or Killing Off Other Species of Birds?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Kaeli Swift, another University of Washington biologist who has spent years studying crows and their ways, says research has found that the crow’s reputation for reducing the population of other songbirds is largely undeserved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people that contact me feeling like crows wiped away all of the birds in their neighborhood just have this perception that if you see a flock of crows, it means none of your songbirds are going to reproduce, that everything is doomed,” Swift says. “The science just does not back that up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research \u003ca href=\"https://corvidresearch.blog/2014/06/20/do-crows-reduce-other-songbirds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">she’s pointing to\u003c/a> is \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ibi.12223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a 2014 compilation\u003c/a> of 42 studies that looked at the impact of corvids on dozens of songbirds that were their potential prey. In four out of five cases, the analysis found, corvids had no negative impact on either the reproduction — nesting success and rearing of young — or the abundance of other birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11752506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11752506\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/06/Crow-and-Kite-6817.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crow battles with a white-tailed kite at Cesar Chavez Park on the Berkeley waterfront. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Bob Lewis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Crows did have a larger impact than some other corvids on how successful other birds were in reproducing, the study found, but not on their overall numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swift says the explanation for this finding — in essence, that even though crows and other corvids do prey upon other birds, the overall impact is small — is “compensatory mortality.” In plain English: It’s a hard world for little things. There are lots of things out there that kill birds and reduce their populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Most people that contact me feeling like crows wiped away all of the birds in their neighborhood and just have this perception that if you see a flock of crows, it means none of your songbirds are going to reproduce, that everything is doomed. The science just does not back that up.’\u003ccite>Kaeli Swift\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It can be easy for us to think, ‘If this predator was gone, then all of the babies they would have eaten will survive,'” Swift says. “That’s really not how it generally works. … The other predators in the system will just come in and take their place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What kinds of other predators? Hawks. Owls. Jays. Snakes. Foxes. Raccoons. Cats. And, Swift, notes, some animals we might not think of as a menace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people don’t realize squirrels and chipmunks are huge nest predators, much more impactful than crows,” Swift says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Is There a Plan to Reduce the Crow Population?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Well, no. Crow hunts continue in California and across the United States, and there’s lots of video evidence of that on YouTube. But scientists like Swift and Marzluff argue that the best way to deal with crows is to try to understand who they are and what they’re doing here — an echo of biologist E.R. Kalmbach’s long-ago call for crow tolerance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of qualities that I don’t think you can help but find really attractive in crows — like their ability to learn our faces and be pretty excited to see us when you’ve built up a positive relationship with them by feeding them,” Swift says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch4>A Beakful of Crow Resources\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B005FLOEQK/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gifts of the Crow\u003c/a>,” by John Marzluff and Tony Angell\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002GJRYWU/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Crow Planet\u003c/a>,” by Lyanda Lynn Haupt\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/are-there-more-crows-and-ravens-in-the-bay-area-these-days/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Are There More Crows and Ravens in the Bay Area These Days?\u003c/a>” by Adrian Cotter in Bay Nature magazine\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/details/crowitsrelationt621kalm/page/n1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Crow and Its Relation to Man\u003c/a>,” by E.R. Kalmbach, U.S. Department of Agriculture\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://corvidresearch.blog/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Corvid Research\u003c/a>, Kaeli Swift’s blog on her own and others’ corvid studies. To get the flavor of her work (and entertaining writing), check out “\u003ca href=\"https://corvidresearch.blog/2018/07/16/putting-the-crow-in-necrophilia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Putting the ‘Crow’ in Necrophilia\u003c/a>.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Bird-Black-As-Sun-California/dp/0615536328\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Bird Black as the Sun: California Poets on Crows and Ravens\u003c/a>“\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Video: \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/i_ta33bMB70\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Crows playing on a snowy car\u003c/a>. Really.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“They play, so you can watch them play games, particularly the young birds. And they’re just kind of charismatic and goofy in the way that a dog with a really strong personality is. For me, crows have the same sort of quality where, if you watch them, you just see them do all these things that are so interesting that you just kind of can’t help falling in love with them if you just open yourself up to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swift says many of our problems with crows may stem from how much we share in common with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re clever, so they’re able to outsmart some of the ways we try to keep them out of our garbage or out of our property,” she says. “They are social, so they are really noisy. They are protective parents, so they can be aggressive around their babies when they feel like they’re being a threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marzluff says it’s important to remember crows are “sentient beings” like us and that we ought to learn to use our big human brains to discover and address the problems we have with a growing crow population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do end every one of my talks about crows with a slide that’s like, ‘OK, these things can get under our skin. Why? And what should we do?’ ” he says. “And my take-home is that we should celebrate them for being successful, and if we need to control them in places, we need to think hard about it. Like they think about how to live with us, we need to think about how to live with them and come up with strategies that will have meaningful effects on their populations — not just kill a bunch of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>We're re-airing one of our earliest Bay Curious episodes, which long-time listeners still list as a favorite today!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read the web story: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10649552/the-origins-of-hella\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">The Origins of 'Hella'\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>==\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reported by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Adizah_E\">Adizah Eghan. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious is made by Olivia Allen-Price, Jessica Placzek, Robert Speight, Katie McMurran, Paul Lancour and Ryan Levi. Additional support from Julie Caine, Suzie Racho, Ethan Lindsey, Pat Yollin and David Weir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theme music by Pat Mesiti-Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"%E2%80%9Chttps://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious%E2%80%9D\">Ask us a question\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"%E2%80%9Chttp://baycurious.org/newsletter%E2%80%9D\">sign up for our newsletter\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"%E2%80%9Chttps://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious%E2%80%9D\">BayCurious.org\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow Olivia Allen-Price on Twitter \u003ca href=\"%E2%80%9Chttps://twitter.com/oallenprice%E2%80%9D\">@oallenprice.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We're re-airing one of our earliest Bay Curious episodes, which long-time listeners still list as a favorite today!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read the web story: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10649552/the-origins-of-hella\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">The Origins of 'Hella'\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>==\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reported by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Adizah_E\">Adizah Eghan. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious is made by Olivia Allen-Price, Jessica Placzek, Robert Speight, Katie McMurran, Paul Lancour and Ryan Levi. Additional support from Julie Caine, Suzie Racho, Ethan Lindsey, Pat Yollin and David Weir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theme music by Pat Mesiti-Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"%E2%80%9Chttps://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious%E2%80%9D\">Ask us a question\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"%E2%80%9Chttp://baycurious.org/newsletter%E2%80%9D\">sign up for our newsletter\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"%E2%80%9Chttps://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious%E2%80%9D\">BayCurious.org\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow Olivia Allen-Price on Twitter \u003ca href=\"%E2%80%9Chttps://twitter.com/oallenprice%E2%80%9D\">@oallenprice.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wild Turkeys: Strutting Around Your Suburbs, But Why?",
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"content": "\u003cp>To some, it seems like wild turkeys are invading the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why are there so many wild turkeys everywhere? I see them on hikes in the Briones area. I see them at the gas station in Albany. I see them jumping on houses in lots of different areas. They just almost seem like a nuisance,” asks Bay Curious listener Amanda Upchurch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turkeys have a long history in California. A native species, \u003cem>Meleagris californica\u003c/em>, once lived around the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles. But that species went extinct thousands of years ago, and the turkeys we see today are not native to California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The turkeys in your yard — or in Amanda’s case at the gas station — were introduced by the \u003ca href=\"https://fgc.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Fish and Game Commission\u003c/a> (now the Department of Fish and Wildlife) between 1959 and 1999 to encourage recreational hunting that would generate revenue through licenses and such.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were attempts in the late ’30s and ’40s to raise turkeys on game farms. They would then be released throughout the state,” says Scott Gardner, supervisor for upland game at the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. “But the problem with game farm birds is they don’t know how to survive in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish and Game began live-trapping wild turkeys in places like Texas and Nevada, and releasing them in the California wilderness. These live-trapped turkeys thrived, successfully reproducing and growing their population in the state to the hundreds of thousands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11745651\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11745651 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-1020x1360.jpg\" alt=\"Wild Turkeys in front of the campanile at the University of California at Berkeley campus.\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-800x1066.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-1122x1496.jpg 1122w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-840x1120.jpg 840w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-687x916.jpg 687w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-414x552.jpg 414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-354x472.jpg 354w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wild turkeys in front of the Campanile on the UC Berkeley campus. \u003ccite>(Melinda Young/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t controversial until they started popping up in backyards and vineyards,” says Gardner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gardner says turkeys prefer low- to mid-elevation forested-type habitats, like our coastal foothills. Yet many turkeys have developed a taste for the suburbs of Sacramento and the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Turkeys are largely ground-dwelling birds and like open areas and grasslands, like lawns. They also need trees, and most of our residential areas have trees,” says Gardner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the food. Some people feed the turkeys, which can turn a few stray birds into a large flock of regulars (with no fear of humans) in short order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turkeys know how to defend themselves and intimidate, and can become more aggressive in the spring during breeding season, but Gardner says turkeys are more likely to be a pest than a danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ll poop on your roof and your sidewalk. They’ll scrape up your lawn. They’ll get in the middle of the street and cause traffic jams, or they’ll scratch your car up. That’s the kind of nuisance you can expect,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re looking for a turkey dinner and have met \u003ca href=\"https://fgc.ca.gov/Regulations/Current/Upland-Game-Birds#300a1g\">the legal requirements\u003c/a> — these wild turkeys are still fair game twice a year. Additionally, if the birds are damaging property, residents can apply for a depredation permit to kill birds on their property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In this week’s Bay Curious episode, we heard about a turkey that broke into prison. To hear a longer version of that story and other stories from Uncuffed, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.kalw.org/term/uncuffed#stream/0\">KALW.org/Uncuffed\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The turkeys we see today are not native. They are descendants of turkeys captured near the Rio Grande in Texas that were brought to California for hunting.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>To some, it seems like wild turkeys are invading the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why are there so many wild turkeys everywhere? I see them on hikes in the Briones area. I see them at the gas station in Albany. I see them jumping on houses in lots of different areas. They just almost seem like a nuisance,” asks Bay Curious listener Amanda Upchurch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turkeys have a long history in California. A native species, \u003cem>Meleagris californica\u003c/em>, once lived around the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles. But that species went extinct thousands of years ago, and the turkeys we see today are not native to California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The turkeys in your yard — or in Amanda’s case at the gas station — were introduced by the \u003ca href=\"https://fgc.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Fish and Game Commission\u003c/a> (now the Department of Fish and Wildlife) between 1959 and 1999 to encourage recreational hunting that would generate revenue through licenses and such.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were attempts in the late ’30s and ’40s to raise turkeys on game farms. They would then be released throughout the state,” says Scott Gardner, supervisor for upland game at the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. “But the problem with game farm birds is they don’t know how to survive in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish and Game began live-trapping wild turkeys in places like Texas and Nevada, and releasing them in the California wilderness. These live-trapped turkeys thrived, successfully reproducing and growing their population in the state to the hundreds of thousands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11745651\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11745651 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-1020x1360.jpg\" alt=\"Wild Turkeys in front of the campanile at the University of California at Berkeley campus.\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-800x1066.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-1122x1496.jpg 1122w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-840x1120.jpg 840w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-687x916.jpg 687w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-414x552.jpg 414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o-354x472.jpg 354w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/43774900460_c366d7e76d_o.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wild turkeys in front of the Campanile on the UC Berkeley campus. \u003ccite>(Melinda Young/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t controversial until they started popping up in backyards and vineyards,” says Gardner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gardner says turkeys prefer low- to mid-elevation forested-type habitats, like our coastal foothills. Yet many turkeys have developed a taste for the suburbs of Sacramento and the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Turkeys are largely ground-dwelling birds and like open areas and grasslands, like lawns. They also need trees, and most of our residential areas have trees,” says Gardner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the food. Some people feed the turkeys, which can turn a few stray birds into a large flock of regulars (with no fear of humans) in short order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turkeys know how to defend themselves and intimidate, and can become more aggressive in the spring during breeding season, but Gardner says turkeys are more likely to be a pest than a danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ll poop on your roof and your sidewalk. They’ll scrape up your lawn. They’ll get in the middle of the street and cause traffic jams, or they’ll scratch your car up. That’s the kind of nuisance you can expect,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re looking for a turkey dinner and have met \u003ca href=\"https://fgc.ca.gov/Regulations/Current/Upland-Game-Birds#300a1g\">the legal requirements\u003c/a> — these wild turkeys are still fair game twice a year. Additionally, if the birds are damaging property, residents can apply for a depredation permit to kill birds on their property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In this week’s Bay Curious episode, we heard about a turkey that broke into prison. To hear a longer version of that story and other stories from Uncuffed, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.kalw.org/term/uncuffed#stream/0\">KALW.org/Uncuffed\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "the-not-so-crystal-clean-history-of-san-franciscos-drinking-water-2",
"title": "The Not-So-Crystal Clean History of San Francisco's Drinking Water",
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"content": "\u003cp>To the west of Interstate 280 along the Peninsula south of San Francisco, there’s a long stretch of beautiful greenery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hills are carpeted with trees, a thick bank of coastal fog hugs the ridge line, and nestled in the middle sit two crystal clear lakes. It all looks so pristine, untouched even.[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s entirely man made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Jackie Nuñez moved to San Mateo from Santa Barbara, she couldn’t help but notice the Crystal Springs reservoirs. Jackie studied environmental science in college, and she asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>: “What’s the story behind Crystal Springs? There’s not that much information about it online, other than that it’s a man-made reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s actually two reservoirs: The Upper and Lower Crystal Springs Reservoirs are two of four reservoirs in the Crystal Springs watershed that once belonged to a private monopoly built to serve San Francisco after the Gold Rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may recall from history class that, after gold was found at Sutter’s Mill in early 1848, it took only a couple of years for San Francisco to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgenealogy.org/sf/history/hgpop.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">transform\u003c/a> from a sleepy dock town of a few hundred people into a city with more than 20,000 residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this unlikely boomtown sat on a tiny spit of land surrounded by salt water on three sides, and the new denizens of San Francisco couldn’t survive on whiskey alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were quite a few freshwater creeks amid the sand dunes of early San Francisco, but nowhere near enough to satisfy the needs of 21,000 people. Clever businessmen made personal fortunes bringing water in from Marin County by barge and then sending horses and donkeys around the city dragging water barrels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11747170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11747170\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37099_Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-2.54.09-PM-qut-800x447.jpg\" alt=\"The San Francisquito Creek on the Stanford campus. Creeks like this were tempting to San Franciscans thirsty for San Mateo County's fresh water in the years after the Gold Rush.\" width=\"800\" height=\"447\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37099_Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-2.54.09-PM-qut-800x447.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37099_Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-2.54.09-PM-qut-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37099_Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-2.54.09-PM-qut-1020x570.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37099_Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-2.54.09-PM-qut-1200x671.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37099_Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-2.54.09-PM-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Francisquito Creek on the Stanford campus. Creeks like this were tempting to San Franciscans thirsty for San Mateo County’s fresh water in the years after the Gold Rush. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That Marin water was expensive. During dry times, a mere bucket could cost you a gold dollar, which would be worth about $300 today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was a big entrepreneurial opportunity,” said Mitch Postel, president of the \u003ca href=\"https://historysmc.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Mateo County Historical Association\u003c/a>. He said it wasn’t long before a handful of speculators started looking to make money by bringing water in from south of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the Peninsula was sparsely populated with a series of farms and a stagecoach road running through the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really, the only outstanding thing that you would have found was the stagecoach stop, which became a pretty elaborate hotel for its day: the Crystal Springs Hotel,” Postel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11747158\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11747158\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37105_1971-156B-001_2019mar03_010_P-qut-800x647.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"647\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37105_1971-156B-001_2019mar03_010_P-qut-800x647.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37105_1971-156B-001_2019mar03_010_P-qut-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37105_1971-156B-001_2019mar03_010_P-qut-1020x825.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37105_1971-156B-001_2019mar03_010_P-qut-1200x971.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37105_1971-156B-001_2019mar03_010_P-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The only known drawing of the Crystal Springs Hotel, from which historians believe the area around it was named. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the San Mateo County Historical Association)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A man by the name of George Ensign took in this picture postcard of a scene and realized it could become a vast watershed for San Francisco. Thus began a masterful plan to divert the region’s freshwater creeks and put much of this acreage under water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1858, Ensign joined a group of like-minded investors who pushed for a change in state law that allowed for the formation of corporations to supply cities, counties and towns with water. These \u003cem>water\u003c/em> companies were empowered to acquire lands and waters by eminent domain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years later, Ensign incorporated the Spring Valley Water Works (later changed to Company), which proceeded to buy up those farms and the hotel in San Mateo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11747167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11747167\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/The_Wasp_1881-06-25_The_modern_alchemists-_turning_water_into_gold-800x1125.jpg\" alt='From the June 25, 1881 edition of \"The Wasp,\" a political cartoon with the caption \"The modern alchemists turning water into gold.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"1125\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/The_Wasp_1881-06-25_The_modern_alchemists-_turning_water_into_gold-800x1125.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/The_Wasp_1881-06-25_The_modern_alchemists-_turning_water_into_gold-160x225.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/The_Wasp_1881-06-25_The_modern_alchemists-_turning_water_into_gold-1020x1434.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/The_Wasp_1881-06-25_The_modern_alchemists-_turning_water_into_gold-853x1200.jpg 853w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/The_Wasp_1881-06-25_The_modern_alchemists-_turning_water_into_gold-1920x2700.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/The_Wasp_1881-06-25_The_modern_alchemists-_turning_water_into_gold.jpg 1456w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From the June 25, 1881, edition of ‘The Wasp,’ a political cartoon skewering the fortunes being made by a select few in selling water to San Francisco.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the times they would enlist the aid of the courts when people got wise to what they were doing, and might have the land condemned at 10 cents on a dollar,” Postel said. “They weren’t above any method in order to get the land that they needed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the watershed has grown to 23,000 acres, a massive protected natural space in an age when much of the San Francisco Bay Area has been paved over for housing, office spaces and freeways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the enormity of the service provided to San Francisco, the company was hated by its customers. For one thing, there was the ever-present, fetid stench of political corruption and dubious land deals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a monopoly. It probably had even more latitude in what it could do than PG&E,” Postel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, the water quality and service in San Francisco were said to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=WATER!_WATER!\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">awful, and expensive\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As time went on, the greater Bay Area’s appetite for water continued to grow with the population, and the reservoirs of the Crystal Springs watershed were not enough. So the Spring Valley Water Company expanded into the Alameda Creek watershed on the other side of the bay, making farmers there angry, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Politicians in San Francisco schemed for decades to take the company out of private hands, and they finally succeeded in 1930. That’s when the city started bringing \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11674188/hetch-hetchy-waters-epic-journey-from-mountains-to-tap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">water from Yosemite\u003c/a> to the Bay Area, through what is known today as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=554\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hetch Hetchy Regional Water System.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the Crystal Springs reservoirs are part of this water system, but only a small percentage of the drinking water consumed by the Bay Area today comes from San Mateo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11747163\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11747163\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37102_springvalley-lg2-800x577.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37102_springvalley-lg2-800x577.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37102_springvalley-lg2-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37102_springvalley-lg2-1020x736.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37102_springvalley-lg2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map from “San Francisco Water” Vol. II No. 1 published in January, 1923. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the San Mateo County Historical Association)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>More Crystal Springs Questions Answered\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jackie Nuñez isn’t the only person who’s asked Bay Curious about Crystal Springs:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“There is a group of private homes on Upper Crystal Springs Reservoir. How was that allowed?”\u003c/strong> — Rupi Singh\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These homes could easily be considered the greatest municipal perk in the Bay Area: residences for the families of \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/the-keeper-of-the-waters/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">watershed keepers and supervisors\u003c/a>. The rent is reportedly not market rate, but they’ll tell you somebody’s got to live on the land to watch and protect it from trespassers and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11747688\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11747688\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/CrystalSprings2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/CrystalSprings2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/CrystalSprings2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/CrystalSprings2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/CrystalSprings2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/CrystalSprings2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lower Crystal Springs Reservoir Dam keeps the water from flowing to the city of San Mateo. \u003ccite>(Sruti Mamidanna/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“With all the beautiful open space and hills around the west side of Crystal Springs Reservoir, why isn’t the area open to hiking and biking?”\u003c/strong> — Raoul Wertz\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public can enjoy the \u003ca href=\"https://parks.smcgov.org/crystal-springs-regional-trail\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Crystal Springs Regional Trail\u003c/a>, a 15.3-mile trail, which will eventually run 17.5 miles from San Bruno to Woodside when it’s finished. Currently, the trail serves more than 325,000 visitors annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, most of the watershed is not open to the public, especially that stretch on the western side of the water. A local group called \u003ca href=\"https://openthewatershed.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Open the SF Watershed\u003c/a> has been lobbying for years to expand public access, but they haven’t been able to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10472738/hikers-bikers-press-for-more-public-trails-in-peninsula-watershed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">crack the resistance\u003c/a>, which includes not just the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which runs the watershed, but also a number of local environmental groups who would rather keep human interference on the land to a bare minimum.\u003cbr>\n[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As San Francisco's population exploded in the 1850s, speculators looked to cash in by delivering fresh drinking water to the new boomtown.",
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"title": "The Not-So-Crystal Clean History of San Francisco's Drinking Water | KQED",
"description": "As San Francisco's population exploded in the 1850s, speculators looked to cash in by delivering fresh drinking water to the new boomtown.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>To the west of Interstate 280 along the Peninsula south of San Francisco, there’s a long stretch of beautiful greenery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hills are carpeted with trees, a thick bank of coastal fog hugs the ridge line, and nestled in the middle sit two crystal clear lakes. It all looks so pristine, untouched even.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s entirely man made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Jackie Nuñez moved to San Mateo from Santa Barbara, she couldn’t help but notice the Crystal Springs reservoirs. Jackie studied environmental science in college, and she asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>: “What’s the story behind Crystal Springs? There’s not that much information about it online, other than that it’s a man-made reservoir.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s actually two reservoirs: The Upper and Lower Crystal Springs Reservoirs are two of four reservoirs in the Crystal Springs watershed that once belonged to a private monopoly built to serve San Francisco after the Gold Rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may recall from history class that, after gold was found at Sutter’s Mill in early 1848, it took only a couple of years for San Francisco to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgenealogy.org/sf/history/hgpop.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">transform\u003c/a> from a sleepy dock town of a few hundred people into a city with more than 20,000 residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this unlikely boomtown sat on a tiny spit of land surrounded by salt water on three sides, and the new denizens of San Francisco couldn’t survive on whiskey alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were quite a few freshwater creeks amid the sand dunes of early San Francisco, but nowhere near enough to satisfy the needs of 21,000 people. Clever businessmen made personal fortunes bringing water in from Marin County by barge and then sending horses and donkeys around the city dragging water barrels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11747170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11747170\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37099_Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-2.54.09-PM-qut-800x447.jpg\" alt=\"The San Francisquito Creek on the Stanford campus. Creeks like this were tempting to San Franciscans thirsty for San Mateo County's fresh water in the years after the Gold Rush.\" width=\"800\" height=\"447\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37099_Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-2.54.09-PM-qut-800x447.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37099_Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-2.54.09-PM-qut-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37099_Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-2.54.09-PM-qut-1020x570.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37099_Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-2.54.09-PM-qut-1200x671.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37099_Screen-Shot-2019-05-14-at-2.54.09-PM-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Francisquito Creek on the Stanford campus. Creeks like this were tempting to San Franciscans thirsty for San Mateo County’s fresh water in the years after the Gold Rush. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That Marin water was expensive. During dry times, a mere bucket could cost you a gold dollar, which would be worth about $300 today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was a big entrepreneurial opportunity,” said Mitch Postel, president of the \u003ca href=\"https://historysmc.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Mateo County Historical Association\u003c/a>. He said it wasn’t long before a handful of speculators started looking to make money by bringing water in from south of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the Peninsula was sparsely populated with a series of farms and a stagecoach road running through the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really, the only outstanding thing that you would have found was the stagecoach stop, which became a pretty elaborate hotel for its day: the Crystal Springs Hotel,” Postel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11747158\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11747158\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37105_1971-156B-001_2019mar03_010_P-qut-800x647.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"647\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37105_1971-156B-001_2019mar03_010_P-qut-800x647.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37105_1971-156B-001_2019mar03_010_P-qut-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37105_1971-156B-001_2019mar03_010_P-qut-1020x825.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37105_1971-156B-001_2019mar03_010_P-qut-1200x971.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37105_1971-156B-001_2019mar03_010_P-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The only known drawing of the Crystal Springs Hotel, from which historians believe the area around it was named. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the San Mateo County Historical Association)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A man by the name of George Ensign took in this picture postcard of a scene and realized it could become a vast watershed for San Francisco. Thus began a masterful plan to divert the region’s freshwater creeks and put much of this acreage under water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1858, Ensign joined a group of like-minded investors who pushed for a change in state law that allowed for the formation of corporations to supply cities, counties and towns with water. These \u003cem>water\u003c/em> companies were empowered to acquire lands and waters by eminent domain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years later, Ensign incorporated the Spring Valley Water Works (later changed to Company), which proceeded to buy up those farms and the hotel in San Mateo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11747167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11747167\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/The_Wasp_1881-06-25_The_modern_alchemists-_turning_water_into_gold-800x1125.jpg\" alt='From the June 25, 1881 edition of \"The Wasp,\" a political cartoon with the caption \"The modern alchemists turning water into gold.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"1125\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/The_Wasp_1881-06-25_The_modern_alchemists-_turning_water_into_gold-800x1125.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/The_Wasp_1881-06-25_The_modern_alchemists-_turning_water_into_gold-160x225.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/The_Wasp_1881-06-25_The_modern_alchemists-_turning_water_into_gold-1020x1434.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/The_Wasp_1881-06-25_The_modern_alchemists-_turning_water_into_gold-853x1200.jpg 853w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/The_Wasp_1881-06-25_The_modern_alchemists-_turning_water_into_gold-1920x2700.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/The_Wasp_1881-06-25_The_modern_alchemists-_turning_water_into_gold.jpg 1456w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From the June 25, 1881, edition of ‘The Wasp,’ a political cartoon skewering the fortunes being made by a select few in selling water to San Francisco.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the times they would enlist the aid of the courts when people got wise to what they were doing, and might have the land condemned at 10 cents on a dollar,” Postel said. “They weren’t above any method in order to get the land that they needed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the watershed has grown to 23,000 acres, a massive protected natural space in an age when much of the San Francisco Bay Area has been paved over for housing, office spaces and freeways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the enormity of the service provided to San Francisco, the company was hated by its customers. For one thing, there was the ever-present, fetid stench of political corruption and dubious land deals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a monopoly. It probably had even more latitude in what it could do than PG&E,” Postel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, the water quality and service in San Francisco were said to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=WATER!_WATER!\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">awful, and expensive\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As time went on, the greater Bay Area’s appetite for water continued to grow with the population, and the reservoirs of the Crystal Springs watershed were not enough. So the Spring Valley Water Company expanded into the Alameda Creek watershed on the other side of the bay, making farmers there angry, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Politicians in San Francisco schemed for decades to take the company out of private hands, and they finally succeeded in 1930. That’s when the city started bringing \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11674188/hetch-hetchy-waters-epic-journey-from-mountains-to-tap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">water from Yosemite\u003c/a> to the Bay Area, through what is known today as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=554\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hetch Hetchy Regional Water System.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the Crystal Springs reservoirs are part of this water system, but only a small percentage of the drinking water consumed by the Bay Area today comes from San Mateo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11747163\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11747163\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37102_springvalley-lg2-800x577.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37102_springvalley-lg2-800x577.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37102_springvalley-lg2-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37102_springvalley-lg2-1020x736.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37102_springvalley-lg2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map from “San Francisco Water” Vol. II No. 1 published in January, 1923. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the San Mateo County Historical Association)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>More Crystal Springs Questions Answered\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jackie Nuñez isn’t the only person who’s asked Bay Curious about Crystal Springs:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“There is a group of private homes on Upper Crystal Springs Reservoir. How was that allowed?”\u003c/strong> — Rupi Singh\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These homes could easily be considered the greatest municipal perk in the Bay Area: residences for the families of \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/the-keeper-of-the-waters/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">watershed keepers and supervisors\u003c/a>. The rent is reportedly not market rate, but they’ll tell you somebody’s got to live on the land to watch and protect it from trespassers and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11747688\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11747688\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/CrystalSprings2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/CrystalSprings2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/CrystalSprings2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/CrystalSprings2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/CrystalSprings2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/CrystalSprings2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lower Crystal Springs Reservoir Dam keeps the water from flowing to the city of San Mateo. \u003ccite>(Sruti Mamidanna/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“With all the beautiful open space and hills around the west side of Crystal Springs Reservoir, why isn’t the area open to hiking and biking?”\u003c/strong> — Raoul Wertz\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public can enjoy the \u003ca href=\"https://parks.smcgov.org/crystal-springs-regional-trail\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Crystal Springs Regional Trail\u003c/a>, a 15.3-mile trail, which will eventually run 17.5 miles from San Bruno to Woodside when it’s finished. Currently, the trail serves more than 325,000 visitors annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, most of the watershed is not open to the public, especially that stretch on the western side of the water. A local group called \u003ca href=\"https://openthewatershed.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Open the SF Watershed\u003c/a> has been lobbying for years to expand public access, but they haven’t been able to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10472738/hikers-bikers-press-for-more-public-trails-in-peninsula-watershed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">crack the resistance\u003c/a>, which includes not just the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which runs the watershed, but also a number of local environmental groups who would rather keep human interference on the land to a bare minimum.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "how-have-a-bunch-of-19th-century-victorians-survived-in-downtown-oakland",
"title": "How Old Oakland’s Historic Buildings Survived Decay (and Demolition)",
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"content": "\u003cp>Walking along Broadway or Washington Street between Eighth and 10th Streets in downtown Oakland can feel a little like walking back in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]Just a stone’s throw from the business and government hub of City Center, across the street from a vibrant Chinatown and bordered by two major interstates, the neighborhood of Old Oakland has brick-lined sidewalks leading into grand Victorians that date back to the late 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of odd that you’ve got older buildings and what appear to be older businesses that still exist in an area that I would have thought would have been bulldozed and turned into skyscrapers,” said Spencer Barton, who lives around the corner from Old Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barton asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>: “What the heck is Old Oakland doing here?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Railroad Comes to Oakland\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11745515\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11745515\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36995_Oakland_Long_Wharf_1878-qut-800x562.jpg\" alt=\"The Oakland Long Wharf in 1878. In 1869, the wharf became the western terminus of the First Transcontinental Railroad.\" width=\"800\" height=\"562\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36995_Oakland_Long_Wharf_1878-qut-800x562.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36995_Oakland_Long_Wharf_1878-qut-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36995_Oakland_Long_Wharf_1878-qut-1020x716.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36995_Oakland_Long_Wharf_1878-qut.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Oakland Long Wharf in 1878. In 1869, the wharf became the western terminus of the First Transcontinental Railroad. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today’s Old Oakland was the heart of downtown Oakland in the 1870s. Before then, Oakland was a small town, dwarfed by booming San Francisco across the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 1869, Oakland became the western terminus of the First Transcontinental Railroad, bringing a flood of new residents to the East Bay. The city’s population more than tripled from 1870 to 1880, including a large number of African Americans who had recently been freed from slavery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the weekends, if you wanted to stroll around and enjoy the fresh air and open space in an urban setting, you could do that in Oakland,” said Annalee Allen, an Oakland historian who coordinates the Oakland Tours Program through the city’s Cultural Affairs Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To support its growing population, a thriving downtown built up along Washington Street and Broadway, in what is now Old Oakland. Department stores, bakeries, tailors, offices, liquor stores, markets and more filled the street-level storefronts, with residential hotels occupying the upper stories of the neighborhood’s grand Victorians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11745517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11745517 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36998_Illustrated-Directory-qut-800x584.jpg\" alt=\"An illustrated directory of Oakland from 1896 featuring the east side of Washington Street between 8th and 9th Streets shows some of the businesses that made up Oakland's original downtown.\" width=\"800\" height=\"584\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36998_Illustrated-Directory-qut-800x584.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36998_Illustrated-Directory-qut-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36998_Illustrated-Directory-qut-1020x744.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36998_Illustrated-Directory-qut-1200x876.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36998_Illustrated-Directory-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustrated directory of Oakland from 1896 featuring the east side of Washington Street between Eighth and Ninth Streets shows some of the businesses that made up Oakland’s original downtown. \u003ccite>(David Ramsey Map Collection)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 1906 earthquake and fires that devastated San Francisco brought even more residents to Oakland, and as the city expanded its footprint, the center of town started moving farther uptown along Broadway.\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Old Oakland Gets Left Behind\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The neighborhood continued to be a bustling commercial district in the first few decades of the 20th century, filled with smaller business and a few anchor tenants, like \u003ca href=\"http://rattos.com/\">Ratto’s International Market and Deli\u003c/a> on Washington Street between Eighth and Ninth Streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11745516\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11745516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Elena Durante holds up an engraved plate from the early days of Ratto's International Market and Deli. Durante's great-grandfather opened the store in 1897.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elena Durante holds up an engraved plate from the early days of Ratto’s International Market and Deli. Durante’s great-grandfather opened the store in 1897. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Then after World War II people started moving out to the suburbs,” said Elena Durante, owner of Ratto’s, which was founded in Old Oakland by Durante’s great-grandfather in 1897. “Things started to go downhill a little bit in the ’50s. And then by the ’60s this area was largely considered Skid Row, and there weren’t very many retail businesses on this street.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the neighborhood was struggling, many of Old Oakland’s original buildings from the 19th century still remained. One writer in the 1970s described them as “the most distinguished composition of late Victorian architecture west of the Mississippi.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Old Oakland Rediscovered\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>These were the buildings that caught the eye of Glenn Storek, a young architecture student from UC Berkeley, when he first visited Oakland’s old downtown in the early 1960s for one of his classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was astounding to me to see those buildings,” Storek said of his first time seeing what was then known as Victorian Row. “It just burned an image into my brain.”[aside tag='bay-curious' label='Looking for More Bay Curious?']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the early 1970s, many of the Victorians that had so enthralled Storek had been condemned and padlocked. Storek by then was a practicing architect specializing in historical rehabilitation, and a friend called him to tell him that one of the buildings was for sale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We looked at it pretty skeptically and thought, ‘Maybe this is something that could be saved, and maybe we ought to just figure out a way to do it,’ ” Storek said. “So that’s how it started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Storek and his friend bought that building and another across the street a few months later. But they knew that even if they restored them, it would be hard to find commercial tenants who’d want to move into a neighborhood filled with condemned and decaying buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They went through the neighborhood asking the other building owners if they’d be interested in being part of a restoration project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They laughed at us,” Storek said. “They just said, ‘Are you crazy?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, it was a lot easier to destroy a neighborhood than to preserve one. It was the era of redevelopment and urban renewal projects, and cities and developers regularly leveled entire neighborhoods, which were often home to communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Storek feared the same thing would happen to the historic business district in Old Oakland. In fact, while Storek was trying to find a way to get his restoration plans off the ground, three buildings at Eighth and Washington Streets were torn down.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>New Life for Old Oakland\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1970s, Storek worked with city leaders, including \u003ca href=\"https://localwiki.org/oakland/John_B._Williams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Williams\u003c/a>, the head of the \u003ca href=\"https://localwiki.org/oakland/Oakland_Redevelopment_Agency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oakland Redevelopment Agency\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/31/us/lionel-wilson-82-a-mayor-of-oakland-for-three-terms.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lionel Wilson\u003c/a>, Oakland’s first black mayor, to get the city to designate the proposed restoration as an official redevelopment project. Under the agreement, the city would use eminent domain to purchase all of the buildings in the neighborhood and sell them to Storek for the restoration. It also allowed the city to sell bonds, backed by Storek, that could be used to pay for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several of the businesses that were being bought out — including pawn shops, restaurants and an arts organization — pushed back against the project, and it wasn’t until the mid-1980s that all the original tenants had left and the restoration was able to begin in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Storeks (Glenn’s brother Richard eventually joined him in the project) had already restored the first two buildings they had bought more than a decade earlier. As they restored more buildings over the second half of the 1980s, they brought in more tenants, including a bookstore, art gallery, Ethiopian restaurant and travel agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11745526\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11745526\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Architect and developer Glenn Storek at his home with a redwood gargoyle, one of many that were stolen off some of the Victorians in Old Oakland during the neighborhood's restoration and eventually recovered.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Architect and developer Glenn Storek at his home with a redwood gargoyle, one of many that were stolen off some of the Victorians in Old Oakland during the neighborhood’s restoration and eventually recovered. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the Loma Prieta earthquake rocked the Bay Area on Oct. 17, 1989, none of the Old Oakland buildings restored and retrofitted by the Storeks fell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not a broken window,” Storek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But funding the ongoing restorations was proving to be a challenge. A few months before the earthquake, the Storeks took out an $8.9 million loan from Citicorp, and just over a year later, in December 1990, the bank \u003ca href=\"https://caselaw.findlaw.com/ca-court-of-appeal/1075914.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">foreclosed on the project\u003c/a>, saying the Storeks had defaulted on their loan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We couldn’t survive that, and so the Oakland project fell into bankruptcy,” Storek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Old Oakland Today\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>With the Storeks out of the picture, the bank took over and eventually sold the project to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2002/04/08/focus16.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new developer\u003c/a> in 2001 (who sold it to \u003ca href=\"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/real-estate/2015/10/old-oakland-sold-11west-peter-sullivan.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another developer\u003c/a> in 2015).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Progress was slow, but things have picked up over the past few years. Old Oakland is \u003ca href=\"https://www.old-oakland.com/visit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">thriving\u003c/a> now with trendy stores, hip restaurants and bars, a popular Friday farmers market and even a Steph Curry \u003ca href=\"https://warriorswire.usatoday.com/2019/01/03/video-the-line-for-steph-currys-pop-up-shop-is-insane/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pop-up shop\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11745525\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11745525\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37005_New-Old-Oakland-2-qut-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Today, Old Oakland is home to trendy spots like Blue Bottle Coffee and a Stephen Curry pop-up store.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37005_New-Old-Oakland-2-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37005_New-Old-Oakland-2-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37005_New-Old-Oakland-2-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37005_New-Old-Oakland-2-qut-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37005_New-Old-Oakland-2-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today, Old Oakland is home to trendy spots like Blue Bottle Coffee and a Steph Curry pop-up store. \u003ccite>(Stephanie Lister/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But none of that might exist if Glenn Storek hadn’t stumbled upon those forgotten Victorians more than 50 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m absolutely convinced that in probably a year or two, you would have seen [Old Oakland as] bare land and vacant lots,” Storek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Walking along Broadway or Washington Street between Eighth and 10th Streets in downtown Oakland can feel a little like walking back in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Just a stone’s throw from the business and government hub of City Center, across the street from a vibrant Chinatown and bordered by two major interstates, the neighborhood of Old Oakland has brick-lined sidewalks leading into grand Victorians that date back to the late 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of odd that you’ve got older buildings and what appear to be older businesses that still exist in an area that I would have thought would have been bulldozed and turned into skyscrapers,” said Spencer Barton, who lives around the corner from Old Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barton asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>: “What the heck is Old Oakland doing here?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Railroad Comes to Oakland\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11745515\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11745515\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36995_Oakland_Long_Wharf_1878-qut-800x562.jpg\" alt=\"The Oakland Long Wharf in 1878. In 1869, the wharf became the western terminus of the First Transcontinental Railroad.\" width=\"800\" height=\"562\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36995_Oakland_Long_Wharf_1878-qut-800x562.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36995_Oakland_Long_Wharf_1878-qut-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36995_Oakland_Long_Wharf_1878-qut-1020x716.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36995_Oakland_Long_Wharf_1878-qut.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Oakland Long Wharf in 1878. In 1869, the wharf became the western terminus of the First Transcontinental Railroad. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today’s Old Oakland was the heart of downtown Oakland in the 1870s. Before then, Oakland was a small town, dwarfed by booming San Francisco across the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 1869, Oakland became the western terminus of the First Transcontinental Railroad, bringing a flood of new residents to the East Bay. The city’s population more than tripled from 1870 to 1880, including a large number of African Americans who had recently been freed from slavery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the weekends, if you wanted to stroll around and enjoy the fresh air and open space in an urban setting, you could do that in Oakland,” said Annalee Allen, an Oakland historian who coordinates the Oakland Tours Program through the city’s Cultural Affairs Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To support its growing population, a thriving downtown built up along Washington Street and Broadway, in what is now Old Oakland. Department stores, bakeries, tailors, offices, liquor stores, markets and more filled the street-level storefronts, with residential hotels occupying the upper stories of the neighborhood’s grand Victorians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11745517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11745517 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36998_Illustrated-Directory-qut-800x584.jpg\" alt=\"An illustrated directory of Oakland from 1896 featuring the east side of Washington Street between 8th and 9th Streets shows some of the businesses that made up Oakland's original downtown.\" width=\"800\" height=\"584\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36998_Illustrated-Directory-qut-800x584.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36998_Illustrated-Directory-qut-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36998_Illustrated-Directory-qut-1020x744.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36998_Illustrated-Directory-qut-1200x876.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36998_Illustrated-Directory-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustrated directory of Oakland from 1896 featuring the east side of Washington Street between Eighth and Ninth Streets shows some of the businesses that made up Oakland’s original downtown. \u003ccite>(David Ramsey Map Collection)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 1906 earthquake and fires that devastated San Francisco brought even more residents to Oakland, and as the city expanded its footprint, the center of town started moving farther uptown along Broadway.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Old Oakland Gets Left Behind\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The neighborhood continued to be a bustling commercial district in the first few decades of the 20th century, filled with smaller business and a few anchor tenants, like \u003ca href=\"http://rattos.com/\">Ratto’s International Market and Deli\u003c/a> on Washington Street between Eighth and Ninth Streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11745516\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11745516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Elena Durante holds up an engraved plate from the early days of Ratto's International Market and Deli. Durante's great-grandfather opened the store in 1897.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36996_IMG_0255-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elena Durante holds up an engraved plate from the early days of Ratto’s International Market and Deli. Durante’s great-grandfather opened the store in 1897. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Then after World War II people started moving out to the suburbs,” said Elena Durante, owner of Ratto’s, which was founded in Old Oakland by Durante’s great-grandfather in 1897. “Things started to go downhill a little bit in the ’50s. And then by the ’60s this area was largely considered Skid Row, and there weren’t very many retail businesses on this street.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the neighborhood was struggling, many of Old Oakland’s original buildings from the 19th century still remained. One writer in the 1970s described them as “the most distinguished composition of late Victorian architecture west of the Mississippi.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Old Oakland Rediscovered\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>These were the buildings that caught the eye of Glenn Storek, a young architecture student from UC Berkeley, when he first visited Oakland’s old downtown in the early 1960s for one of his classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was astounding to me to see those buildings,” Storek said of his first time seeing what was then known as Victorian Row. “It just burned an image into my brain.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the early 1970s, many of the Victorians that had so enthralled Storek had been condemned and padlocked. Storek by then was a practicing architect specializing in historical rehabilitation, and a friend called him to tell him that one of the buildings was for sale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We looked at it pretty skeptically and thought, ‘Maybe this is something that could be saved, and maybe we ought to just figure out a way to do it,’ ” Storek said. “So that’s how it started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Storek and his friend bought that building and another across the street a few months later. But they knew that even if they restored them, it would be hard to find commercial tenants who’d want to move into a neighborhood filled with condemned and decaying buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They went through the neighborhood asking the other building owners if they’d be interested in being part of a restoration project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They laughed at us,” Storek said. “They just said, ‘Are you crazy?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, it was a lot easier to destroy a neighborhood than to preserve one. It was the era of redevelopment and urban renewal projects, and cities and developers regularly leveled entire neighborhoods, which were often home to communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Storek feared the same thing would happen to the historic business district in Old Oakland. In fact, while Storek was trying to find a way to get his restoration plans off the ground, three buildings at Eighth and Washington Streets were torn down.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>New Life for Old Oakland\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1970s, Storek worked with city leaders, including \u003ca href=\"https://localwiki.org/oakland/John_B._Williams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John Williams\u003c/a>, the head of the \u003ca href=\"https://localwiki.org/oakland/Oakland_Redevelopment_Agency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oakland Redevelopment Agency\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/31/us/lionel-wilson-82-a-mayor-of-oakland-for-three-terms.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lionel Wilson\u003c/a>, Oakland’s first black mayor, to get the city to designate the proposed restoration as an official redevelopment project. Under the agreement, the city would use eminent domain to purchase all of the buildings in the neighborhood and sell them to Storek for the restoration. It also allowed the city to sell bonds, backed by Storek, that could be used to pay for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several of the businesses that were being bought out — including pawn shops, restaurants and an arts organization — pushed back against the project, and it wasn’t until the mid-1980s that all the original tenants had left and the restoration was able to begin in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Storeks (Glenn’s brother Richard eventually joined him in the project) had already restored the first two buildings they had bought more than a decade earlier. As they restored more buildings over the second half of the 1980s, they brought in more tenants, including a bookstore, art gallery, Ethiopian restaurant and travel agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11745526\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11745526\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Architect and developer Glenn Storek at his home with a redwood gargoyle, one of many that were stolen off some of the Victorians in Old Oakland during the neighborhood's restoration and eventually recovered.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS36999_IMG_0606-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Architect and developer Glenn Storek at his home with a redwood gargoyle, one of many that were stolen off some of the Victorians in Old Oakland during the neighborhood’s restoration and eventually recovered. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the Loma Prieta earthquake rocked the Bay Area on Oct. 17, 1989, none of the Old Oakland buildings restored and retrofitted by the Storeks fell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not a broken window,” Storek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But funding the ongoing restorations was proving to be a challenge. A few months before the earthquake, the Storeks took out an $8.9 million loan from Citicorp, and just over a year later, in December 1990, the bank \u003ca href=\"https://caselaw.findlaw.com/ca-court-of-appeal/1075914.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">foreclosed on the project\u003c/a>, saying the Storeks had defaulted on their loan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We couldn’t survive that, and so the Oakland project fell into bankruptcy,” Storek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Old Oakland Today\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>With the Storeks out of the picture, the bank took over and eventually sold the project to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2002/04/08/focus16.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new developer\u003c/a> in 2001 (who sold it to \u003ca href=\"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/real-estate/2015/10/old-oakland-sold-11west-peter-sullivan.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another developer\u003c/a> in 2015).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Progress was slow, but things have picked up over the past few years. Old Oakland is \u003ca href=\"https://www.old-oakland.com/visit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">thriving\u003c/a> now with trendy stores, hip restaurants and bars, a popular Friday farmers market and even a Steph Curry \u003ca href=\"https://warriorswire.usatoday.com/2019/01/03/video-the-line-for-steph-currys-pop-up-shop-is-insane/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pop-up shop\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11745525\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11745525\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37005_New-Old-Oakland-2-qut-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Today, Old Oakland is home to trendy spots like Blue Bottle Coffee and a Stephen Curry pop-up store.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37005_New-Old-Oakland-2-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37005_New-Old-Oakland-2-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37005_New-Old-Oakland-2-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37005_New-Old-Oakland-2-qut-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37005_New-Old-Oakland-2-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today, Old Oakland is home to trendy spots like Blue Bottle Coffee and a Steph Curry pop-up store. \u003ccite>(Stephanie Lister/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But none of that might exist if Glenn Storek hadn’t stumbled upon those forgotten Victorians more than 50 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m absolutely convinced that in probably a year or two, you would have seen [Old Oakland as] bare land and vacant lots,” Storek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Unwrapping the Bay Area Origins of the Fortune Cookie",
"title": "Unwrapping the Bay Area Origins of the Fortune Cookie",
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"content": "\u003cp>What comes with the check at almost every Chinese restaurant? Fortune cookies. Like orange slices after a blood draw or \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11731290/how-bill-grahams-nazi-escape-might-explain-his-fillmore-apples\">apples at San Francisco's Fillmore\u003c/a>, they're a given. But how did they come to be? Are they really Chinese? And if so, why do they serve them at the Japanese Tea Garden in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read our full web story \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11742748/unwrapping-the-california-origins-of-the-fortune-cookie\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">on the origins of the fortune cookie\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jhmz2Al_pjA&list=PLCxtKFQXBuRjOPTukRtFp3iVhvUAQJfKE\">check out the video.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reported by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SRacho\">Suzie Racho. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This episode is part of the series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/golden-state-plate/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Golden State Plate\u003c/a>, produced in partnership with \u003ca href=\"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">The California Report Magazine.\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious is made by Olivia Allen-Price, Jessica Placzek, Robert Speight, Paul Lancour and Ryan Levi. Additional support from Julie Caine, Suzie Racho, Ethan Lindsey, Pat Yollin and David Weir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theme music by Pat Mesiti-Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious%E2%80%9D\">Ask us a question\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"//baycurious.org/newsletter%E2%80%9D\">sign up for our newsletter\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"//www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious%E2%80%9D\">BayCurious.org\u003c/a>. We’d also love your questions about Lake Tahoe at \u003ca href=\"//baycurious.org/tahoe%E2%80%9D\">baycurious.org/tahoe.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow Olivia Allen-Price on Twitter \u003ca href=\"//twitter.com/oallenprice%E2%80%9D\">@oallenprice.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2019/05/02/unwrapping-the-bay-area-origins-of-the-fortune-cookie/",
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"excerpt": "There are Bay Area and Japanese connections to the fortune cookie going back more than a century. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What comes with the check at almost every Chinese restaurant? Fortune cookies. Like orange slices after a blood draw or \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11731290/how-bill-grahams-nazi-escape-might-explain-his-fillmore-apples\">apples at San Francisco's Fillmore\u003c/a>, they're a given. But how did they come to be? Are they really Chinese? And if so, why do they serve them at the Japanese Tea Garden in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read our full web story \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11742748/unwrapping-the-california-origins-of-the-fortune-cookie\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">on the origins of the fortune cookie\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jhmz2Al_pjA&list=PLCxtKFQXBuRjOPTukRtFp3iVhvUAQJfKE\">check out the video.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reported by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SRacho\">Suzie Racho. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This episode is part of the series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/golden-state-plate/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Golden State Plate\u003c/a>, produced in partnership with \u003ca href=\"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">The California Report Magazine.\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious is made by Olivia Allen-Price, Jessica Placzek, Robert Speight, Paul Lancour and Ryan Levi. Additional support from Julie Caine, Suzie Racho, Ethan Lindsey, Pat Yollin and David Weir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theme music by Pat Mesiti-Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious%E2%80%9D\">Ask us a question\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"//baycurious.org/newsletter%E2%80%9D\">sign up for our newsletter\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"//www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious%E2%80%9D\">BayCurious.org\u003c/a>. We’d also love your questions about Lake Tahoe at \u003ca href=\"//baycurious.org/tahoe%E2%80%9D\">baycurious.org/tahoe.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow Olivia Allen-Price on Twitter \u003ca href=\"//twitter.com/oallenprice%E2%80%9D\">@oallenprice.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>During the Gold Rush, there were few in the West as notorious and formidable as the stagecoach driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These men would drive gold and other valuables from the far-flung mining outposts in the Sierra to the big-city banks of San Francisco. It was a treacherous journey that required expert navigation across rough terrain — but the biggest challenge became thieves. They lay in wait, eager to rob drivers and passengers of their valuable cargo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stage drivers had to be good with a gun to keep their cargo safe and their passengers alive. For their skill and fearlessness, stage drivers were paid very well, and the best ones were known by name across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the best drivers in the entire state was Charley Parkhurst. In a profession where hypermasculinity was rewarded, Parkhurst stands out, because he was gender nonconforming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Charley Parkhurst: The Famous California Driver\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Parkhurst was described as a man of slight build, who chewed tobacco, drank whiskey and swore often. He wore beaded riding gloves and used a whip on his horses — and to stay out of brawls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was tough, and he looked even tougher after he was half-blinded when a horse kicked him in the face (it was probably scared by a snake), which earned him the nickname “One-Eyed Charley.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some knew the story of his crossing a crumbling bridge during a storm. Others cared only about his ability to keep the bandits away from their goods. None of his peers knew that Charley was \u003ca href=\"https://www.glaad.org/reference/covering-trans-community\">assigned female at birth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Early Years\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The accounts of Parkhurst’s early years sometimes contradict one another. As far as we know, Parkhurst was born around 1812 in \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/50297431/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">New Hampshire\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say Parkhurst spent his early years in an orphanage, then ran away to find work in stables. Others say Parkhurst worked on an \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/35077156/\">uncle’s farm\u003c/a> until they had a falling out, after which Parkhurst ran away to Rhode Island. Either way, around this time, young Parkhurst started wearing boys clothes, living as a male and learning how to ride horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11742538\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11742538\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Tallyho-Coaching-Sioux-City-party-Coaching-at-the-Great-Hot-Springs-of-Dakota.jpg\" alt=\"Tallyho Coaching, Sioux City party Coaching at the Great Hot Springs of Dakota\" width=\"640\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Tallyho-Coaching-Sioux-City-party-Coaching-at-the-Great-Hot-Springs-of-Dakota.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Tallyho-Coaching-Sioux-City-party-Coaching-at-the-Great-Hot-Springs-of-Dakota-160x133.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A stagecoach back in the 1800s. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Parkhurst started working as a stage driver on the East Coast, until the Gold Rush brought him out West around 1850.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Gender Terms in History\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One could use him or they as a pronoun for Parkhurst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because ‘they’ is a wonderful nonbinary pronoun that can be used today to mark people who are sort of refusing or renouncing the gender binary,” says Don Romesburg, a historian and chair of women’s and gender studies at Sonoma State University. “But I think they can also be used for people in the past as a kind of marker of undecidability. I think that if you’re going to pick one wrong gender pronoun for Charley, it would be she. Because for as much of Charley’s life that Charley was an active agent in asserting a gendered self … he was he.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to say if Parkhurst was trans because we don’t know why Parkhurst decided to live as a man. There could have been many motivations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Women were given very few economic opportunities in the mid-19th century California. They could be seamstresses or laundresses or teachers or sex workers essentially,” says Romesburg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, people who had romantic ties to someone of the same sex would have been marginalized at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s all sorts of reasons beyond perhaps a true expression of one’s gendered self that someone like Parkhurst might choose to live as a man for many years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Romesburg says, Parkhurst’s life is clearly part of trans history.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Gold Rush\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Parkhurst ran stretches of road all around California — between Mariposa and Stockton, Oakland and San Jose, and San Juan and Santa Cruz. Parkhurst was highly sought after, working for many wealthy families, and even drove a large cargo of gold for Wells Fargo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11742554\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11742554\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v-1020x638.jpg\" alt=\"Gold miners, El Dorado, California. Photo, between circa 1848 and 1853.\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gold miners, El Dorado, California. Photo, between 1848 and 1853. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With a money box full of gold and a coach full of passengers, Parkhurst would drive six horses across rough terrain where bandits lay in wait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once Parkhurst was stopped by a gang of highway robbers whose faces were disguised with masks made out of long underwear. They brought a gun to Parkhurst’s head and threatened the passengers. Parkhurst’s gun was out of reach, and he was forced to give the bandits the money box. However Parkhurst defiantly told the bandits that if it happened again, it would be unpleasant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, Parkhurst was always prepared. The next time he was stopped by a famous desperado called “Sugarfoot,” Parkhurst shot him dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t long before Parkhurst developed a reputation as one of the safest California “whips,” and became known as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/283388836/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">the ‘boss’ driver of the road.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11742544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11742544\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office-1020x911.jpg\" alt=\"Wells, Fargo & Co.'s Express Office\" width=\"640\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office-1020x911.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office-160x143.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office-800x715.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wells, Fargo & Co.’s Express Office \u003ccite>(Library of Congress/Lawrence & Houseworth)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But was living out on the road lonely?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there were passengers floating in and out of Parkhurst’s life, it was said he often worked alone, serving as both driver and lookout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for love, it’s hard to say. There is a story about a poor widow who was about to lose her house. Parkhurst bought the house to give back to her. Some speculated Parkhurst did it for the widow’s daughter, who was pretty, but Parkhurst left that town soon after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parkhurst retired from stagecoach driving after trains started crisscrossing the Golden State. He worked as a farmer and lumberman, where he “\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20424854/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">always commanded the highest wages\u003c/a>” and had saved “\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20424854/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">several thousands of dollars\u003c/a>” by that point. Parkhurst was also considered generous and social.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parkhurst was also registered to vote in 1867, about 50 years before women got suffrage. Some say Parkhurst could have been the first person assigned female at birth to cast a ballot in California for a presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charley continued to work until he developed severe rheumatism in his 60s, which eventually shriveled his limbs. Then in 1879, Parkhurst developed cancer of the tongue and died at the age of 67 near Watsonville, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was when the public found out that Parkhurst was assigned female at birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What followed was a national sensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">Often when talking about trans people, publications disclose birth names, usually with the implication that it is the person’s “real name.” \u003ca href=\"https://www.glaad.org/reference/covering-trans-community\">Guidelines for covering the trans community\u003c/a> instruct media outlets to treat chosen names as real names.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Across the country, papers printed stories that might be seen as insensitive today. A number of headlines erase Parkhurst’s experience living as a man: \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20424854/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">Thirty Years in Disguise\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/457374668/?terms=charley%2Bparkhurst\">The Female Stage Driver\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/194684511/?terms=charley%2Bparkhurst\">A Queer Woman\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most national coverage of Parkhurst still conveyed a sense of awe in everything he accomplished. In Emily Skidmore’s book, \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/True-Sex-Lives-Twentieth-Century-ebook/dp/B0757458G3\">“True Sex: the Lives of Trans Men at the Turn of the Century,”\u003c/a> she found that when gender histories of trans men are revealed, local communities tend to be quite sympathetic to that person. When national newspapers picked those stories up, the narratives shift to degeneracy, masquerading, fooling, disguising and pathology.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Parkhurst Today\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Since his death, Charley’s story has been told in more obscure historical texts, but now it seems Charley will take a more permanent place in California history books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FAIR Education Act passed in 2011 ensures the roles and contributions of LGBT Americans and people with disabilities be included in K–12 history education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romesburg fought to include Charley in lesson plans and says, “It’s important that we see LGBT lives in the past so that we understand that queerness and transness is not something that simply appears after Stonewall, for example. But it’s something that’s been around in some form everywhere for always.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Great Stories From Trans History\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Charley highlights just one of many trans stories. To learn a little more, we’ve compiled a list of a few people in trans history to read about: \u003ca href=\"https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-incredible-chevalier-deon-who-left-france-as-a-male-spy-and-returned-as-a-christian-woman\">Chevalier D’Eon\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/obituaries/overlooked-marsha-p-johnson.html\">Marsha P. Johnson\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.masstpc.org/wewha/\">We’wha\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/22/donald-trump-transgender-military-ban-albert-cashier\">Albert D. J. Cashier\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HObtUIElQZY\">Sir Lady Java\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/its-easier-to-change-a-body-than-to-change-a-mind-the-extraordinary-life-and-lonely-death-of-roberta-8899823.html\">Roberta Cowell\u003c/a>,\u003ca href=\"http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/tgi-bios/alan-l-hart\"> Dr. Alan L. Hart\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2005/aug/19/2\">Nong Toom\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://srlp.org/about/who-was-sylvia-rivera/\">Sylvia Rivera\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.historyisgaypodcast.com/notes/2019/1/20/episode-21-the-real-housewife-of-rome\">Emperor Elagabalus\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.queerportraits.com/bio/anderson\">Lucy Hicks Anderson,\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/18/style/paris-has-burned.html\">Angie Xtravaganza\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2018/03/30/tennissrenee-richards-first-transgender-woman-play-professional/\">Renee Richards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>During the Gold Rush, there were few in the West as notorious and formidable as the stagecoach driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These men would drive gold and other valuables from the far-flung mining outposts in the Sierra to the big-city banks of San Francisco. It was a treacherous journey that required expert navigation across rough terrain — but the biggest challenge became thieves. They lay in wait, eager to rob drivers and passengers of their valuable cargo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stage drivers had to be good with a gun to keep their cargo safe and their passengers alive. For their skill and fearlessness, stage drivers were paid very well, and the best ones were known by name across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the best drivers in the entire state was Charley Parkhurst. In a profession where hypermasculinity was rewarded, Parkhurst stands out, because he was gender nonconforming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Charley Parkhurst: The Famous California Driver\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Parkhurst was described as a man of slight build, who chewed tobacco, drank whiskey and swore often. He wore beaded riding gloves and used a whip on his horses — and to stay out of brawls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was tough, and he looked even tougher after he was half-blinded when a horse kicked him in the face (it was probably scared by a snake), which earned him the nickname “One-Eyed Charley.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some knew the story of his crossing a crumbling bridge during a storm. Others cared only about his ability to keep the bandits away from their goods. None of his peers knew that Charley was \u003ca href=\"https://www.glaad.org/reference/covering-trans-community\">assigned female at birth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Early Years\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The accounts of Parkhurst’s early years sometimes contradict one another. As far as we know, Parkhurst was born around 1812 in \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/50297431/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">New Hampshire\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say Parkhurst spent his early years in an orphanage, then ran away to find work in stables. Others say Parkhurst worked on an \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/35077156/\">uncle’s farm\u003c/a> until they had a falling out, after which Parkhurst ran away to Rhode Island. Either way, around this time, young Parkhurst started wearing boys clothes, living as a male and learning how to ride horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11742538\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11742538\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Tallyho-Coaching-Sioux-City-party-Coaching-at-the-Great-Hot-Springs-of-Dakota.jpg\" alt=\"Tallyho Coaching, Sioux City party Coaching at the Great Hot Springs of Dakota\" width=\"640\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Tallyho-Coaching-Sioux-City-party-Coaching-at-the-Great-Hot-Springs-of-Dakota.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Tallyho-Coaching-Sioux-City-party-Coaching-at-the-Great-Hot-Springs-of-Dakota-160x133.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A stagecoach back in the 1800s. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Parkhurst started working as a stage driver on the East Coast, until the Gold Rush brought him out West around 1850.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Gender Terms in History\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One could use him or they as a pronoun for Parkhurst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because ‘they’ is a wonderful nonbinary pronoun that can be used today to mark people who are sort of refusing or renouncing the gender binary,” says Don Romesburg, a historian and chair of women’s and gender studies at Sonoma State University. “But I think they can also be used for people in the past as a kind of marker of undecidability. I think that if you’re going to pick one wrong gender pronoun for Charley, it would be she. Because for as much of Charley’s life that Charley was an active agent in asserting a gendered self … he was he.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to say if Parkhurst was trans because we don’t know why Parkhurst decided to live as a man. There could have been many motivations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Women were given very few economic opportunities in the mid-19th century California. They could be seamstresses or laundresses or teachers or sex workers essentially,” says Romesburg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, people who had romantic ties to someone of the same sex would have been marginalized at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s all sorts of reasons beyond perhaps a true expression of one’s gendered self that someone like Parkhurst might choose to live as a man for many years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Romesburg says, Parkhurst’s life is clearly part of trans history.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Gold Rush\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Parkhurst ran stretches of road all around California — between Mariposa and Stockton, Oakland and San Jose, and San Juan and Santa Cruz. Parkhurst was highly sought after, working for many wealthy families, and even drove a large cargo of gold for Wells Fargo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11742554\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11742554\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v-1020x638.jpg\" alt=\"Gold miners, El Dorado, California. Photo, between circa 1848 and 1853.\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gold miners, El Dorado, California. Photo, between 1848 and 1853. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With a money box full of gold and a coach full of passengers, Parkhurst would drive six horses across rough terrain where bandits lay in wait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once Parkhurst was stopped by a gang of highway robbers whose faces were disguised with masks made out of long underwear. They brought a gun to Parkhurst’s head and threatened the passengers. Parkhurst’s gun was out of reach, and he was forced to give the bandits the money box. However Parkhurst defiantly told the bandits that if it happened again, it would be unpleasant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, Parkhurst was always prepared. The next time he was stopped by a famous desperado called “Sugarfoot,” Parkhurst shot him dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t long before Parkhurst developed a reputation as one of the safest California “whips,” and became known as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/283388836/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">the ‘boss’ driver of the road.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11742544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11742544\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office-1020x911.jpg\" alt=\"Wells, Fargo & Co.'s Express Office\" width=\"640\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office-1020x911.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office-160x143.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office-800x715.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wells, Fargo & Co.’s Express Office \u003ccite>(Library of Congress/Lawrence & Houseworth)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But was living out on the road lonely?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there were passengers floating in and out of Parkhurst’s life, it was said he often worked alone, serving as both driver and lookout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for love, it’s hard to say. There is a story about a poor widow who was about to lose her house. Parkhurst bought the house to give back to her. Some speculated Parkhurst did it for the widow’s daughter, who was pretty, but Parkhurst left that town soon after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parkhurst retired from stagecoach driving after trains started crisscrossing the Golden State. He worked as a farmer and lumberman, where he “\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20424854/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">always commanded the highest wages\u003c/a>” and had saved “\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20424854/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">several thousands of dollars\u003c/a>” by that point. Parkhurst was also considered generous and social.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parkhurst was also registered to vote in 1867, about 50 years before women got suffrage. Some say Parkhurst could have been the first person assigned female at birth to cast a ballot in California for a presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charley continued to work until he developed severe rheumatism in his 60s, which eventually shriveled his limbs. Then in 1879, Parkhurst developed cancer of the tongue and died at the age of 67 near Watsonville, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was when the public found out that Parkhurst was assigned female at birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What followed was a national sensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">Often when talking about trans people, publications disclose birth names, usually with the implication that it is the person’s “real name.” \u003ca href=\"https://www.glaad.org/reference/covering-trans-community\">Guidelines for covering the trans community\u003c/a> instruct media outlets to treat chosen names as real names.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Across the country, papers printed stories that might be seen as insensitive today. A number of headlines erase Parkhurst’s experience living as a man: \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20424854/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">Thirty Years in Disguise\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/457374668/?terms=charley%2Bparkhurst\">The Female Stage Driver\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/194684511/?terms=charley%2Bparkhurst\">A Queer Woman\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most national coverage of Parkhurst still conveyed a sense of awe in everything he accomplished. In Emily Skidmore’s book, \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/True-Sex-Lives-Twentieth-Century-ebook/dp/B0757458G3\">“True Sex: the Lives of Trans Men at the Turn of the Century,”\u003c/a> she found that when gender histories of trans men are revealed, local communities tend to be quite sympathetic to that person. When national newspapers picked those stories up, the narratives shift to degeneracy, masquerading, fooling, disguising and pathology.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Parkhurst Today\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Since his death, Charley’s story has been told in more obscure historical texts, but now it seems Charley will take a more permanent place in California history books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FAIR Education Act passed in 2011 ensures the roles and contributions of LGBT Americans and people with disabilities be included in K–12 history education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romesburg fought to include Charley in lesson plans and says, “It’s important that we see LGBT lives in the past so that we understand that queerness and transness is not something that simply appears after Stonewall, for example. But it’s something that’s been around in some form everywhere for always.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Great Stories From Trans History\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Charley highlights just one of many trans stories. To learn a little more, we’ve compiled a list of a few people in trans history to read about: \u003ca href=\"https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-incredible-chevalier-deon-who-left-france-as-a-male-spy-and-returned-as-a-christian-woman\">Chevalier D’Eon\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/obituaries/overlooked-marsha-p-johnson.html\">Marsha P. Johnson\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.masstpc.org/wewha/\">We’wha\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/22/donald-trump-transgender-military-ban-albert-cashier\">Albert D. J. Cashier\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HObtUIElQZY\">Sir Lady Java\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/its-easier-to-change-a-body-than-to-change-a-mind-the-extraordinary-life-and-lonely-death-of-roberta-8899823.html\">Roberta Cowell\u003c/a>,\u003ca href=\"http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/tgi-bios/alan-l-hart\"> Dr. Alan L. Hart\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2005/aug/19/2\">Nong Toom\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://srlp.org/about/who-was-sylvia-rivera/\">Sylvia Rivera\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.historyisgaypodcast.com/notes/2019/1/20/episode-21-the-real-housewife-of-rome\">Emperor Elagabalus\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.queerportraits.com/bio/anderson\">Lucy Hicks Anderson,\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/18/style/paris-has-burned.html\">Angie Xtravaganza\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2018/03/30/tennissrenee-richards-first-transgender-woman-play-professional/\">Renee Richards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "from-arks-to-anchor-outs-the-history-of-waterfront-living-on-richardson-bay",
"title": "From Arks to Anchor-Outs: The History of Waterfront Living on Richardson Bay",
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"content": "\u003cp>In a region dealing with an immense housing crisis, it’s not surprising that some people have turned to the water to find an affordable place to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anchor-outs,” people who live mostly rent-free on boats anchored offshore, can be found in several parts of San Francisco Bay. The most well-known are in Richardson Bay, a shallow estuary that borders the Marin County towns of Sausalito, Tiburon, Mill Valley and Belvedere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a hot topic,” said Polly Chandler, who can see the boats from her home in Tiburon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The anchor-outs have been a point of tension for decades. Dropping anchor and living on a boat in the bay is technically against state law, but enforcement — which is left to local governments and agencies — has always been spotty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chandler asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>, “How did we end up with so many boats getting anchored out there?”\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>All Aboard the Arks\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11740018\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11740018\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-800x1084.jpg\" alt=\"A full-page spread in the Sept. 17, 1899, edition of the San Francisco Call highlights a celebration on the waters of Belvedere, one of the homes of the late-19th century ark scene.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1084\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-800x1084.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-160x217.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-1020x1382.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-885x1200.jpg 885w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-1920x2602.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1.jpg 1511w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A full-page spread in the Sept. 17, 1899, edition of the San Francisco Call highlights a celebration on the waters of Belvedere, one of the homes of the late-19th century ark scene. \u003ccite>(Newspapers.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Starting in the 1880s, rich San Franciscans built houseboats on the waters around Belvedere and Tiburon to use as weekend retreats and summer homes. They referred to their boats as “arks,” which featured arched roofs, decks at either end and French doors at the bow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A thriving social scene grew up around these Victorian arks. There was swimming, boating and parties — and boardwalks were built to connect the boats to land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earthquake and fires of 1906 turned some of these pleasure arks into full-time homes after their owners’ homes in San Francisco were destroyed. Over the next 30 years, most of the arks moved in from the open waters. They were either moored to shore or transported onto land to become traditional homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>World War II Sparks a New Era of Waterfront Living\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>During World War II, the Sausalito waterfront was transformed into a shipyard known as Marinship. At its peak, Marinship employed 20,000 workers pumping out vessels for the war effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And when the war was over, the Bechtel Corporation, which had been running the shipyard, just abandoned it,” said Larry Clinton, former president of the Sausalito Historical Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A former shipyard worker, Don Arques, acquired much of the land and excess Marinship materials, and began offering them to returning soldiers and free-spirited artists who were looking for cheap housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11740575\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11740575\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/1976.268.Marinship.jpg\" alt=\"The Marinship shipyard along the Sausalito waterfront in 1943. After the war, a local shipyard worker acquired much of the land and excess materials and gave them to returning soldiers and free spirits to live on.\" width=\"628\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/1976.268.Marinship.jpg 628w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/1976.268.Marinship-160x122.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marinship shipyard along the Sausalito waterfront in 1943. After the war, a local shipyard worker acquired much of the land and excess materials, and gave them to returning soldiers and free spirits to live on. \u003ccite>(Sausalito Historical Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“(Arques) allowed them to grab a leftover lifeboat, build a little superstructure on it, pull it onshore and live aboard it for free,” Clinton said. “So that became the genesis of this community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next several decades, the community would flourish, growing into an anarchistic and passionate collective that helped shape Sausalito’s image as an artist’s paradise. Beatniks and bohemians like Allen Ginsberg and Shel Silverstein found refuge on the water, which was filled with eclectic vessels ranging from the barely buoyant to floating works of art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were many, many very weird boats, sloppy homemade things, piles of junk,” said Jeff Costello, who moved to the water from the East Coast as a musician in the 1970s. “There was a little thing called the Donald Duck boat, which was a 22-foot metal lifeboat with a cabin on it and two front windows, and made to look like Donald Duck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the boats at this time were tied up along shore — and like Haight-Ashbury across the bridge in San Francisco, drugs, sex and rock ‘n’ roll fueled a raucous party scene on the water. But also like the hippies in the Haight, the party wasn’t allowed to go on uninterrupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11739994\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11739994 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"Many of the houseboats in Sausalito in the 1960s and 1970s were works of art, like this one, known as 'The Owl,' that is still docked there. Others were barely buoyant scrap heaps. \" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-1020x676.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-1200x795.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many of the houseboats in Sausalito in the 1960s and 1970s were works of art, like this one, known as ‘The Owl,’ which is still docked there. Others were barely buoyant scrap heaps. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The Houseboat Wars\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As early as the 1950s, officials tried to curtail and clean up the water dwellers, focusing on the houseboats’ lack of sewage hookups and an old Sausalito plan to build a canal system to try and get rid of the boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decades of legal battles, heated committee hearings and physical skirmishes between police and boaters followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things got really serious on June 7, 1971, when Marin County sheriff’s deputies pulled their guns on one resident who refused to give up his boat, which they had a court order to remove. For the next decade, officials and boat owners continued to spar in what has come to be known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.theava.com/archives/23500\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Houseboat Wars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late ’70s, a detente of sorts was reached, after the building of five permanent marinas where “floating homes” could permanently dock and get linked to utilities and sewage. Yet some saw this as gentrification of the waterfront, and some of the boats made the move to open water to become anchor-outs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Anchor-Outs\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DBlUnKzdEME\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Houseboat Wars raged along shore, Greg Baker and the other early anchor-outs mostly avoided the drama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The government didn’t know we existed,” he said. “Nobody had the slightest idea we were living on our boats out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Baker first dropped anchor in Richardson Bay in 1963, he said there were around 20 boats anchored out. “I think I lived on an old metal lifeboat with a canvas over it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after the building of the marinas in the late ’70s, which drove more people out to the open waters, Baker said there were still fewer than 100 anchor-outs. That changed about a decade ago, when numbers started to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around this time, other anchorages in the Bay Area closed or clamped down on live-aboards, leaving Richardson Bay as one of the few places where people could live freely on the water. It was also the height of the Great Recession — as it became harder to afford a place to live in the Bay Area, a rent-free life on the water became an even more attractive option.[aside postID='news_11535091' label='A Cartoonists Look at Life as an Anchor-Out']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2016, there were 235 anchor-outs in Richardson Bay, according to the Richardson’s Bay Regional Agency (RBRA), a cooperative agency serving Belvedere, Tiburon, Mill Valley, Marin County and, until 2017, Sausalito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baker said many of the newcomers didn’t come with a lot of marine knowledge, leading to more calls to police about domestic violence, drug use and drownings. There were also environmental concerns about the boats’ impact on the bay’s \u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/news/tangled-web-issues-complicates-effort-protect-richardson-bays-eelgrass\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eelgrass population\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, Sausalito passed a law saying the city could impound any vessel left in its waters for more than 72 hours. But city leaders say the top priority of the new law is getting rid of the many boats anchored \u003cem>without\u003c/em> anyone living on them, boats that are either abandoned or being used as storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not our intention to ever force folks who are living on their boats to leave our waters,” said Sausalito City Councilwoman Joan Cox. “But as people do leave, we intend not to have them replaced by other people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Future of Anchor-Outs\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11739993\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11739993\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"Greg Baker has had several boats since he first became an anchor-out on Richardson Bay in 1963. His current boat is anchored behind him.\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-1020x676.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-1200x795.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greg Baker has had several boats since he first became an anchor-out on Richardson Bay in 1963. His current boat is anchored behind him. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cox says Sausalito has reduced the number of boats in its waters from more than 70 a few years ago to just 27 at last count. Earlier this week, the City Council agreed to move forward with a pilot program that would pay for eight anchor-outs to dock at one of the city’s marinas for six months and get connected to social services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are anchor-outs who, if simply given the opportunity to bring their boat from the water to a slip, will not have to spend all of their time surviving on the water,” Cox said. “They’ll be able to go out and seek job opportunities, get on their feet again and move their lives forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The RBRA is looking at the feasibility of setting up a permanent mooring field that would allow permitted anchor-outs to stay in the bay while being as ecologically friendly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baker said he understands why some people are upset about the current state of the anchor-outs. He’s part of a \u003ca href=\"http://anchoredout.org/AnchoredOut/RBSAA.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">group of live-aboards\u003c/a> who have committed to having their anchors inspected to make sure the boats don’t get blown away, registering their boats with the U.S. Coast Guard, having a reliable way to dispose of sewage and keeping their decks clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are trying to keep people safe,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he also makes it clear that he doesn’t plan on leaving the water anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s home, and I wouldn’t want to live anywhere else,” he said. “They’ll have to take me away in handcuffs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Anchor-outs have made headlines in recent years, but people have been living on the water in Marin County since the state's early days.",
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"title": "From Arks to Anchor-Outs: The History of Waterfront Living on Richardson Bay | KQED",
"description": "Anchor-outs have made headlines in recent years, but people have been living on the water in Marin County since the state's early days.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a region dealing with an immense housing crisis, it’s not surprising that some people have turned to the water to find an affordable place to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anchor-outs,” people who live mostly rent-free on boats anchored offshore, can be found in several parts of San Francisco Bay. The most well-known are in Richardson Bay, a shallow estuary that borders the Marin County towns of Sausalito, Tiburon, Mill Valley and Belvedere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a hot topic,” said Polly Chandler, who can see the boats from her home in Tiburon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The anchor-outs have been a point of tension for decades. Dropping anchor and living on a boat in the bay is technically against state law, but enforcement — which is left to local governments and agencies — has always been spotty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chandler asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>, “How did we end up with so many boats getting anchored out there?”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>All Aboard the Arks\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11740018\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11740018\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-800x1084.jpg\" alt=\"A full-page spread in the Sept. 17, 1899, edition of the San Francisco Call highlights a celebration on the waters of Belvedere, one of the homes of the late-19th century ark scene.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1084\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-800x1084.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-160x217.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-1020x1382.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-885x1200.jpg 885w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-1920x2602.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1.jpg 1511w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A full-page spread in the Sept. 17, 1899, edition of the San Francisco Call highlights a celebration on the waters of Belvedere, one of the homes of the late-19th century ark scene. \u003ccite>(Newspapers.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Starting in the 1880s, rich San Franciscans built houseboats on the waters around Belvedere and Tiburon to use as weekend retreats and summer homes. They referred to their boats as “arks,” which featured arched roofs, decks at either end and French doors at the bow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A thriving social scene grew up around these Victorian arks. There was swimming, boating and parties — and boardwalks were built to connect the boats to land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earthquake and fires of 1906 turned some of these pleasure arks into full-time homes after their owners’ homes in San Francisco were destroyed. Over the next 30 years, most of the arks moved in from the open waters. They were either moored to shore or transported onto land to become traditional homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>World War II Sparks a New Era of Waterfront Living\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>During World War II, the Sausalito waterfront was transformed into a shipyard known as Marinship. At its peak, Marinship employed 20,000 workers pumping out vessels for the war effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And when the war was over, the Bechtel Corporation, which had been running the shipyard, just abandoned it,” said Larry Clinton, former president of the Sausalito Historical Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A former shipyard worker, Don Arques, acquired much of the land and excess Marinship materials, and began offering them to returning soldiers and free-spirited artists who were looking for cheap housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11740575\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11740575\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/1976.268.Marinship.jpg\" alt=\"The Marinship shipyard along the Sausalito waterfront in 1943. After the war, a local shipyard worker acquired much of the land and excess materials and gave them to returning soldiers and free spirits to live on.\" width=\"628\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/1976.268.Marinship.jpg 628w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/1976.268.Marinship-160x122.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marinship shipyard along the Sausalito waterfront in 1943. After the war, a local shipyard worker acquired much of the land and excess materials, and gave them to returning soldiers and free spirits to live on. \u003ccite>(Sausalito Historical Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“(Arques) allowed them to grab a leftover lifeboat, build a little superstructure on it, pull it onshore and live aboard it for free,” Clinton said. “So that became the genesis of this community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next several decades, the community would flourish, growing into an anarchistic and passionate collective that helped shape Sausalito’s image as an artist’s paradise. Beatniks and bohemians like Allen Ginsberg and Shel Silverstein found refuge on the water, which was filled with eclectic vessels ranging from the barely buoyant to floating works of art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were many, many very weird boats, sloppy homemade things, piles of junk,” said Jeff Costello, who moved to the water from the East Coast as a musician in the 1970s. “There was a little thing called the Donald Duck boat, which was a 22-foot metal lifeboat with a cabin on it and two front windows, and made to look like Donald Duck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the boats at this time were tied up along shore — and like Haight-Ashbury across the bridge in San Francisco, drugs, sex and rock ‘n’ roll fueled a raucous party scene on the water. But also like the hippies in the Haight, the party wasn’t allowed to go on uninterrupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11739994\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11739994 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"Many of the houseboats in Sausalito in the 1960s and 1970s were works of art, like this one, known as 'The Owl,' that is still docked there. Others were barely buoyant scrap heaps. \" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-1020x676.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-1200x795.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many of the houseboats in Sausalito in the 1960s and 1970s were works of art, like this one, known as ‘The Owl,’ which is still docked there. Others were barely buoyant scrap heaps. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The Houseboat Wars\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As early as the 1950s, officials tried to curtail and clean up the water dwellers, focusing on the houseboats’ lack of sewage hookups and an old Sausalito plan to build a canal system to try and get rid of the boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decades of legal battles, heated committee hearings and physical skirmishes between police and boaters followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things got really serious on June 7, 1971, when Marin County sheriff’s deputies pulled their guns on one resident who refused to give up his boat, which they had a court order to remove. For the next decade, officials and boat owners continued to spar in what has come to be known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.theava.com/archives/23500\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Houseboat Wars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late ’70s, a detente of sorts was reached, after the building of five permanent marinas where “floating homes” could permanently dock and get linked to utilities and sewage. Yet some saw this as gentrification of the waterfront, and some of the boats made the move to open water to become anchor-outs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Anchor-Outs\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/DBlUnKzdEME'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/DBlUnKzdEME'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>While the Houseboat Wars raged along shore, Greg Baker and the other early anchor-outs mostly avoided the drama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The government didn’t know we existed,” he said. “Nobody had the slightest idea we were living on our boats out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Baker first dropped anchor in Richardson Bay in 1963, he said there were around 20 boats anchored out. “I think I lived on an old metal lifeboat with a canvas over it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after the building of the marinas in the late ’70s, which drove more people out to the open waters, Baker said there were still fewer than 100 anchor-outs. That changed about a decade ago, when numbers started to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around this time, other anchorages in the Bay Area closed or clamped down on live-aboards, leaving Richardson Bay as one of the few places where people could live freely on the water. It was also the height of the Great Recession — as it became harder to afford a place to live in the Bay Area, a rent-free life on the water became an even more attractive option.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2016, there were 235 anchor-outs in Richardson Bay, according to the Richardson’s Bay Regional Agency (RBRA), a cooperative agency serving Belvedere, Tiburon, Mill Valley, Marin County and, until 2017, Sausalito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baker said many of the newcomers didn’t come with a lot of marine knowledge, leading to more calls to police about domestic violence, drug use and drownings. There were also environmental concerns about the boats’ impact on the bay’s \u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/news/tangled-web-issues-complicates-effort-protect-richardson-bays-eelgrass\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eelgrass population\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, Sausalito passed a law saying the city could impound any vessel left in its waters for more than 72 hours. But city leaders say the top priority of the new law is getting rid of the many boats anchored \u003cem>without\u003c/em> anyone living on them, boats that are either abandoned or being used as storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not our intention to ever force folks who are living on their boats to leave our waters,” said Sausalito City Councilwoman Joan Cox. “But as people do leave, we intend not to have them replaced by other people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Future of Anchor-Outs\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11739993\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11739993\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"Greg Baker has had several boats since he first became an anchor-out on Richardson Bay in 1963. His current boat is anchored behind him.\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-1020x676.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-1200x795.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greg Baker has had several boats since he first became an anchor-out on Richardson Bay in 1963. His current boat is anchored behind him. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cox says Sausalito has reduced the number of boats in its waters from more than 70 a few years ago to just 27 at last count. Earlier this week, the City Council agreed to move forward with a pilot program that would pay for eight anchor-outs to dock at one of the city’s marinas for six months and get connected to social services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are anchor-outs who, if simply given the opportunity to bring their boat from the water to a slip, will not have to spend all of their time surviving on the water,” Cox said. “They’ll be able to go out and seek job opportunities, get on their feet again and move their lives forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The RBRA is looking at the feasibility of setting up a permanent mooring field that would allow permitted anchor-outs to stay in the bay while being as ecologically friendly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baker said he understands why some people are upset about the current state of the anchor-outs. He’s part of a \u003ca href=\"http://anchoredout.org/AnchoredOut/RBSAA.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">group of live-aboards\u003c/a> who have committed to having their anchors inspected to make sure the boats don’t get blown away, registering their boats with the U.S. Coast Guard, having a reliable way to dispose of sewage and keeping their decks clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are trying to keep people safe,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he also makes it clear that he doesn’t plan on leaving the water anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s home, and I wouldn’t want to live anywhere else,” he said. “They’ll have to take me away in handcuffs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you've driven north on 101 through Mountain View, you really can't miss Moffett Field. Seeing the giant open airfield is one thing — but what really grabs the eye is the larger-than-life birdcage-looking structure known as Hangar One. This week on the show, we learn why the airfield was built, what majestic airship that was once house there, and what's going on at Moffett Field now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read the web story: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11738379\">That Giant Structure Off 101 Once Housed a Flying Aircraft Carrier\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reported by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/rachaelmyrow\">Rachael Myrow. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious is made by Olivia Allen-Price, Jessica Placzek, Robert Speight, Paul Lancour and Ryan Levi. Additional support from Julie Caine, Suzie Racho, Ethan Lindsey, Pat Yollin and David Weir. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theme music by Pat Mesiti-Miller. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Ask us a question\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://baycurious.org/newsletter\">sign up for our newsletter\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">BayCurious.org\u003c/a>. We'd also love your questions about Lake Tahoe at \u003ca href=\"http://baycurious.org/tahoe\">baycurious.org/tahoe.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow Olivia Allen-Price on Twitter \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/oallenprice\">@oallenprice.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you've driven north on 101 through Mountain View, you really can't miss Moffett Field. Seeing the giant open airfield is one thing — but what really grabs the eye is the larger-than-life birdcage-looking structure known as Hangar One. This week on the show, we learn why the airfield was built, what majestic airship that was once house there, and what's going on at Moffett Field now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read the web story: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11738379\">That Giant Structure Off 101 Once Housed a Flying Aircraft Carrier\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reported by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/rachaelmyrow\">Rachael Myrow. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious is made by Olivia Allen-Price, Jessica Placzek, Robert Speight, Paul Lancour and Ryan Levi. Additional support from Julie Caine, Suzie Racho, Ethan Lindsey, Pat Yollin and David Weir. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theme music by Pat Mesiti-Miller. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you’ve driven north on 101 through Mountain View, you really can’t miss Moffett Field. Seeing the giant open airfield is one thing — but what really grabs the eye is the larger-than-life birdcage-looking structure known as Hangar One.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> listener Laura Sneddon of Los Gatos has heard some stories about this spot over the years, and wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> to ask, “What is Moffett Field used for? Is it a NASA research center, a military base, or an airfield for private use by tech companies like Google?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is: Yes! Moffett Federal Airfield is part NASA research center, part military base and part airfield for private use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the long answer is much more interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Moffett Field Gets Its Start with the Navy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Back in 1930, the good citizens of Santa Clara County bought 1,000 acres of waterfront property in Mountain View and Sunnyvale, and then sold the land to the U.S. Navy for $1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land was considered ideal to house the \u003cem>USS Macon\u003c/em>, part of the U.S. Navy’s rigid dirigible fleet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738471\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738471\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-800x781.jpg\" alt=\"A view of Moffett Field from way up high.\" width=\"800\" height=\"781\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-800x781.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-160x156.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-1020x996.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-1200x1172.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut.jpg 1452w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of Moffett Field from way up high. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A dirigible is steerable, inflatable aircraft, first developed in the mid-19th century in France and Germany. This category includes everything from balloons to blimps to the rigid dirigible, a massive wonder of design developed in the 1870s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you travel northbound on 101 in Mountain View, you’ll see to the east what looks like a giant empty birdcage on an airfield. That was the garage, if you will, where Naval Air Station Sunnyvale parked the USS Macon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-800x621.jpg\" alt=\"The USS Macon flying over New York in 1933.\" width=\"800\" height=\"621\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-800x621.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-1020x792.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-1200x931.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The USS Macon flying over New York in 1933. \u003ccite>(U.S. Naval Historical Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.moffettfieldmuseum.org/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, \u003c/a>explains: “After World War I, the U.S. Navy was extremely concerned about Japanese expansion in the Pacific, and they wanted a way to scout. Well, there was no radar. There was no satellites, and if you wanted to know where the enemy fleet was, somebody had to go out and look for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to get your mind around how big the USS Macon and its like were, even though they show up in a number of movies, including Pixar’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.pixar.com/feature-films/up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Up.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaTKDdn939M]A rigid dirigible has an internal metal frame and inflatable bags of gas that can carry the giant way up into the atmosphere and help you see far over the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were used in World War I for scouting and even bombing attacks in Europe. The Navy commissioned six in the 1920s and ’30s, including the USS Macon, once called the “Queen of the Skies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“785 feet long. It was a flying aircraft carrier,” Stubkjaer says. “It had what was called a trapeze, which was basically an arm that could swing down, that would hold the aircraft until it was ready to fly off. And off it would go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it wanted to land, the frame would come down, the airplane would fly up, hook on and swing up into it. So it could hold four airplanes (Sparrowhawk biplanes, to be specific). And the idea was that the airship would take it out to the area they wanted to investigate and then send the airplanes in a search pattern to cover a great deal of distance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWoEQRl8dCs]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>But Rigid Dirigibles Had a Tendency to Die Young\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The USS Macon went down off the coast of Big Sur in 1935, when it ran into some bad weather. Two of its 83 crewmen died. “That basically ends the rigid airship program,” Stubkjaer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see what the team of \u003ca href=\"https://nautiluslive.org/ev-nautilus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exploration Vehicle Nautilus\u003c/a> saw when they \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/Y1xi_3_wnlU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">explored the wreck\u003c/a> of the USS Macon on the ocean floor in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worth noting the end of the Navy’s rigid dirigible program predates the horrific \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgWHbpMVQ1U\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hindenberg Disaster\u003c/a> in 1937, when the hydrogen-inflated German passenger airship LZ 129 Hindenburg caught fire and went up in flames while trying to dock in New Jersey. Thirty-six people died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. military’s rigid dirigible fleet flew using helium, not hydrogen, but the giant airships were delicate creatures. For a variety of reasons, nearly all of them crashed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738473\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11738473 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, stands in front of a Vultee BT-13 Valiant and Hangar One. That hangar used to have a skin, but it was peeled off due to its toxicity. "From a visual perspective, it's more interesting without the skin, because you can see the intricacies of the internal structure," Stubkjaer says.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, stands in front of a Vultee BT-13 Valiant and Hangar One. That hangar used to have a skin, but it was peeled off due to its toxicity. “From a visual perspective, it’s more interesting without the skin, because you can see the intricacies of the internal structure,” Stubkjaer says. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moffett saw a lot of military use in the decades that followed, including blimp patrols in WWII, but let’s fast forward to today, when this former naval air station is now owned and operated by the \u003ca href=\"https://history.arc.nasa.gov/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ames Research Center\u003c/a>, also known as NASA Ames. Scientists and engineers are working on a wide variety of projects related to manned and unmanned space travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also rents out space to the California Air National Guard and other military units, as well as private outfits like \u003ca href=\"https://su.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Singularity University\u003c/a> and Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So is Google Building a Modern Dirigible at Moffett?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>That was the \u003ca href=\"https://gizmodo.com/googles-spending-1-billion-on-an-old-nasa-hangar-no-o-1657058955\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">buzz\u003c/a> a few years ago, and you could see why, given that a) NASA Ames \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/november/nasa-signs-lease-with-planetary-ventures-llc-for-use-of-moffett-airfield-and/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leased Hangar One\u003c/a> and part of Moffett Field to Google subsidiary Planetary Ventures in 2014; and b) Hangar One is so big. Right? Why else would you want to lease that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not a far-fetched idea. Dirigible development continues today \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OapLIy46zvs&app=desktop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by the U.S. military, \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/c-0aYicv26M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">for the U.S. military\u003c/a> and for \u003ca href=\"https://www.rdrnews.com/2017/08/23/venture-works-on-new-airship-technology-launching-of-structure-is-planned-before-the-end-of-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">private outfits\u003c/a>, too. There’s a lot of interest in what can be accomplished for science, business and national security at the edge of the earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, Google spokespeople I spoke with insist they are not working on dirigibles at Moffett. They are working on \u003cem>balloons\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738454\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Project Loon sends networks of stratospheric balloons up into the air: 60 to 70,000 feet up, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit. Those balloons were developed at Moffett Field.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Project Loon sends networks of stratospheric balloons into the air: 60,000 to 70,000 feet up, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit. Those balloons were developed at Moffett Field. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Project Loon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Alphabet, Google’s parent company, owns a number of subsidiaries, including \u003ca href=\"https://loon.co\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Project Loon\u003c/a>, which employs a network of stratospheric balloons to deliver internet connectivity to far-flung places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do that with stratospheric balloons,” says operations program manager Nick Kohli, who also likes to call himself Loon’s “global balloon concierge.” Basically, he organizes balloon launches, keeping them up in the air, and then collecting them when they come down to earth, often more than 100 days after they first launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up in “near space,” he explains, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit, the atmosphere is thin. There, the helium inside Loon’s polyethylene balloons expands, and the balloons, which look like jellyfish at ground level, expand to the size of “two tennis courts, laid end to end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moffett’s Hangar Two, one of three giant hangars on the property, was a handy place to conduct early tests. “It’s a nice, big space that you can shield from the wind and so that you can inflate these balloons to full size, to be able to see how they take shape, just as if we were in the stratosphere,” Kohli says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The airfield is pretty handy, too. “Moffett’s one of the longest open runways that’s around. It was designed for huge aircraft. You really have to struggle to find places where you can see line of sight for that long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Giant airships that served as flying aircraft carriers were once housed at Moffett Field's Hangar One. These days, it's a hub for research and development.",
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"title": "That Giant Structure Off 101 Once Housed a Flying Aircraft Carrier | KQED",
"description": "Giant airships that served as flying aircraft carriers were once housed at Moffett Field's Hangar One. These days, it's a hub for research and development.",
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"headline": "That Giant Structure Off 101 Once Housed a Flying Aircraft Carrier",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’ve driven north on 101 through Mountain View, you really can’t miss Moffett Field. Seeing the giant open airfield is one thing — but what really grabs the eye is the larger-than-life birdcage-looking structure known as Hangar One.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> listener Laura Sneddon of Los Gatos has heard some stories about this spot over the years, and wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> to ask, “What is Moffett Field used for? Is it a NASA research center, a military base, or an airfield for private use by tech companies like Google?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is: Yes! Moffett Federal Airfield is part NASA research center, part military base and part airfield for private use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the long answer is much more interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Moffett Field Gets Its Start with the Navy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Back in 1930, the good citizens of Santa Clara County bought 1,000 acres of waterfront property in Mountain View and Sunnyvale, and then sold the land to the U.S. Navy for $1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land was considered ideal to house the \u003cem>USS Macon\u003c/em>, part of the U.S. Navy’s rigid dirigible fleet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738471\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738471\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-800x781.jpg\" alt=\"A view of Moffett Field from way up high.\" width=\"800\" height=\"781\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-800x781.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-160x156.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-1020x996.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-1200x1172.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut.jpg 1452w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of Moffett Field from way up high. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A dirigible is steerable, inflatable aircraft, first developed in the mid-19th century in France and Germany. This category includes everything from balloons to blimps to the rigid dirigible, a massive wonder of design developed in the 1870s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you travel northbound on 101 in Mountain View, you’ll see to the east what looks like a giant empty birdcage on an airfield. That was the garage, if you will, where Naval Air Station Sunnyvale parked the USS Macon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-800x621.jpg\" alt=\"The USS Macon flying over New York in 1933.\" width=\"800\" height=\"621\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-800x621.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-1020x792.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-1200x931.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The USS Macon flying over New York in 1933. \u003ccite>(U.S. Naval Historical Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.moffettfieldmuseum.org/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, \u003c/a>explains: “After World War I, the U.S. Navy was extremely concerned about Japanese expansion in the Pacific, and they wanted a way to scout. Well, there was no radar. There was no satellites, and if you wanted to know where the enemy fleet was, somebody had to go out and look for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to get your mind around how big the USS Macon and its like were, even though they show up in a number of movies, including Pixar’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.pixar.com/feature-films/up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Up.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/DaTKDdn939M'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/DaTKDdn939M'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>A rigid dirigible has an internal metal frame and inflatable bags of gas that can carry the giant way up into the atmosphere and help you see far over the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were used in World War I for scouting and even bombing attacks in Europe. The Navy commissioned six in the 1920s and ’30s, including the USS Macon, once called the “Queen of the Skies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“785 feet long. It was a flying aircraft carrier,” Stubkjaer says. “It had what was called a trapeze, which was basically an arm that could swing down, that would hold the aircraft until it was ready to fly off. And off it would go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it wanted to land, the frame would come down, the airplane would fly up, hook on and swing up into it. So it could hold four airplanes (Sparrowhawk biplanes, to be specific). And the idea was that the airship would take it out to the area they wanted to investigate and then send the airplanes in a search pattern to cover a great deal of distance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/IWoEQRl8dCs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/IWoEQRl8dCs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>But Rigid Dirigibles Had a Tendency to Die Young\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The USS Macon went down off the coast of Big Sur in 1935, when it ran into some bad weather. Two of its 83 crewmen died. “That basically ends the rigid airship program,” Stubkjaer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see what the team of \u003ca href=\"https://nautiluslive.org/ev-nautilus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exploration Vehicle Nautilus\u003c/a> saw when they \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/Y1xi_3_wnlU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">explored the wreck\u003c/a> of the USS Macon on the ocean floor in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worth noting the end of the Navy’s rigid dirigible program predates the horrific \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgWHbpMVQ1U\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hindenberg Disaster\u003c/a> in 1937, when the hydrogen-inflated German passenger airship LZ 129 Hindenburg caught fire and went up in flames while trying to dock in New Jersey. Thirty-six people died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. military’s rigid dirigible fleet flew using helium, not hydrogen, but the giant airships were delicate creatures. For a variety of reasons, nearly all of them crashed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738473\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11738473 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, stands in front of a Vultee BT-13 Valiant and Hangar One. That hangar used to have a skin, but it was peeled off due to its toxicity. "From a visual perspective, it's more interesting without the skin, because you can see the intricacies of the internal structure," Stubkjaer says.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, stands in front of a Vultee BT-13 Valiant and Hangar One. That hangar used to have a skin, but it was peeled off due to its toxicity. “From a visual perspective, it’s more interesting without the skin, because you can see the intricacies of the internal structure,” Stubkjaer says. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moffett saw a lot of military use in the decades that followed, including blimp patrols in WWII, but let’s fast forward to today, when this former naval air station is now owned and operated by the \u003ca href=\"https://history.arc.nasa.gov/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ames Research Center\u003c/a>, also known as NASA Ames. Scientists and engineers are working on a wide variety of projects related to manned and unmanned space travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also rents out space to the California Air National Guard and other military units, as well as private outfits like \u003ca href=\"https://su.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Singularity University\u003c/a> and Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So is Google Building a Modern Dirigible at Moffett?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>That was the \u003ca href=\"https://gizmodo.com/googles-spending-1-billion-on-an-old-nasa-hangar-no-o-1657058955\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">buzz\u003c/a> a few years ago, and you could see why, given that a) NASA Ames \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/november/nasa-signs-lease-with-planetary-ventures-llc-for-use-of-moffett-airfield-and/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leased Hangar One\u003c/a> and part of Moffett Field to Google subsidiary Planetary Ventures in 2014; and b) Hangar One is so big. Right? Why else would you want to lease that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not a far-fetched idea. Dirigible development continues today \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OapLIy46zvs&app=desktop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by the U.S. military, \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/c-0aYicv26M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">for the U.S. military\u003c/a> and for \u003ca href=\"https://www.rdrnews.com/2017/08/23/venture-works-on-new-airship-technology-launching-of-structure-is-planned-before-the-end-of-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">private outfits\u003c/a>, too. There’s a lot of interest in what can be accomplished for science, business and national security at the edge of the earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, Google spokespeople I spoke with insist they are not working on dirigibles at Moffett. They are working on \u003cem>balloons\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738454\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Project Loon sends networks of stratospheric balloons up into the air: 60 to 70,000 feet up, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit. Those balloons were developed at Moffett Field.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Project Loon sends networks of stratospheric balloons into the air: 60,000 to 70,000 feet up, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit. Those balloons were developed at Moffett Field. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Project Loon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Alphabet, Google’s parent company, owns a number of subsidiaries, including \u003ca href=\"https://loon.co\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Project Loon\u003c/a>, which employs a network of stratospheric balloons to deliver internet connectivity to far-flung places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do that with stratospheric balloons,” says operations program manager Nick Kohli, who also likes to call himself Loon’s “global balloon concierge.” Basically, he organizes balloon launches, keeping them up in the air, and then collecting them when they come down to earth, often more than 100 days after they first launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up in “near space,” he explains, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit, the atmosphere is thin. There, the helium inside Loon’s polyethylene balloons expands, and the balloons, which look like jellyfish at ground level, expand to the size of “two tennis courts, laid end to end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moffett’s Hangar Two, one of three giant hangars on the property, was a handy place to conduct early tests. “It’s a nice, big space that you can shield from the wind and so that you can inflate these balloons to full size, to be able to see how they take shape, just as if we were in the stratosphere,” Kohli says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The airfield is pretty handy, too. “Moffett’s one of the longest open runways that’s around. It was designed for huge aircraft. You really have to struggle to find places where you can see line of sight for that long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
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"reveal": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
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