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The novel was so popular that when Spanish explorers arrived, they named their discovery after the mythical island of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious listener Shridhar Ramachandran was wondering about how other California places got their names — specifically those in the Bay Area. He turned to the Bay Curious team for help, and so we got to work researching more than 70 Bay Area place names. 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The town became Albany because the first mayor, Frank J. Roberts, was born in Albany, New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Alcatraz\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It is Spanish for “pelican.” The name Isla de Los Alcatraces was first given to what is now Yerba Buena Island because there were so many pelicans there. Later the name was transferred to the Alcatraz Island of today.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Angel Island\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Juan Manuel de Ayala named it Isla de los Ángeles in 1775.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Antioch\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In 1849 the place was called Smith’s Landing because it had been settled by twin brothers with the surname Smith. One of the brothers was a minister and invited a group of New Englanders to settle on his property. On July 4, 1851, the new citizens had a picnic and decided to rename the land Antioch, after a Biblical city in Syria.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Atherton\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The town was named after the businessman Faxon D. Atherton, who first visited California in 1836. Years later he acquired 500 acres where the town now sits.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Benicia\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The land was to be named Francisca, after the wife of Gen. Mariano Vallejo. But when the chief magistrate of Yerba Buena registered the name for the town, he decided to call his growing settlement San Francisco. Francisca became too similar to San Francisco, and thus the name was changed to another one of Señora Vallejo’s names, Benicia.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Berkeley\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On May 24, 1866, the trustees of the College of California chose the name Berkeley. Frederick Billings proposed the name, inspired by a poem from George Berkeley, bishop of Cloyne. Berkeley had written the poem in 1728 while sailing to Rhode Island with the ultimate goal of founding a school in Bermuda: “Westward the course of Empire takes its way / The four first acts already past, / A fifth shall close the drama with the day / Time’s noblest offspring is the last.” Less known is that Berkeley bought slaves to work on his plantation during his stay in Rhode Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Bolinas\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In 1834, Ignacio Martinez mentioned a valley that people call “Baulenes.” The name probably comes from a Coast Miwok word. The name was misspelled as Ballenas from 1852 to 1910 on Coast Survey charts, an accidental analogy to the Spanish word for whale. Then in 1896, George Davidson falsely assumed the bay had been named for Francisco de Bolaños from Sebastián Vizcaíno’s expedition. This caused the spelling to change to Bolanos and Boliñas. By 1873, the USGS adopted the spelling Bolinas.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Burlingame\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named in 1868 by William Ralston. He named it after his friend, Anson Burlingame, a lawyer and politician. Notably, Burlingame had been President Abraham Lincoln’s U.S. minister to the Qing Empire in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Castro Valley\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named after Guillermo Castro, a rancher.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Concord\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Salvio Pacheco, owner of the Monte del Diablo rancho, selected the site for a town in 1862. He named the settlement Todos Santos, but many of the new residents were from New England with Anglo sensibilities. By 1869, the town was known as Concord, probably referring to the Concord in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Cupertino\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The town took the name from Cupertino Creek, which had been named for St. Joseph of Cupertino.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Daly City\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>John Daly arrived in California when he was 13 in the 1850s. His mother had died on the Panama Canal crossing. The boy found work on a dairy farm and rose quickly. By 1868 he owned 250 acres. After the 1906 earthquake, many San Franciscans took refuge on Daly’s dairy farm. When the land was incorporated in 1911, the town was named in his honor.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Danville\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named in the 1860s, possibly after Danville, Kentucky.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Dublin\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>James Witt Dougherty bought a large parcel of land in the area. By the 1870s many Irish immigrants had moved nearby. It is rumored that Dougherty said “There are so many Irish here, you might as well call it Dublin.”\u003cbr>\n[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>El Cerrito\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It means “little hill” in Spanish. The hill it refers to is actually in Albany and is now called Albany Hill. The first record of the name was when the area was referred to as Cerrito de San Antonio in 1820, possibly to honor Anthony of Padua, a patron saint of the Franciscans.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Emeryville\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named for Joseph Emery, who came to California in 1850 and bought 185 acres in 1859. He is known for overseeing the dredging of the Oakland estuary. He was also the president of the Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Fairfield\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In the 1850s, a famous clipper ship captain, Robert H. Waterman, moved to the area, where he lived in a house modeled after the prow of a ship. When he gave the land up in order to found a new city, he named it after his hometown of Fairfield, Connecticut.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Foster City\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named after T. Jack Foster, who gave land to the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Fremont\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>John C. Fremont was a soldier, explorer and politician. He was also the first Republican candidate to run for president in 1856.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Gilroy\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named after the Scottish sailor, John Gilroy who was not actually named John Gilroy. His name was John Cameron. He went by Gilroy, his mothers maiden name, because he’d been a minor when he left home and was in danger of being sent back. In 1814 he was left ashore in Monterey. He became one of the first non-Spanish non-native permanent settlers in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Half Moon Bay\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named for the shape of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Hayward\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The city is named after William Hayward, who opened a hotel there in 1852.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Hercules\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It’s actually named after explosives. In 1881, the California Powder Works company began producing dynamite out of the area. It made a product called Hercules Powder. When the town became incorporated, community leaders decided to name it Hercules.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Hillsborough\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The former owner of the area was W. D. M. Howard, who was from Hillsborough, New Hampshire.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Lafayette\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette, a French general who fought in the U.S. War of Independence.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Larkspur\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The area was subdivided by Charles W. Wright in 1887, and his wife, Georgina, named the town. She allegedly saw flowers blooming on a hill and thought the lupine was larkspur.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Livermore\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named after the English sailor, Robert Livermore, who came to California in the 1820s, became a Mexican citizen and got a huge land grant.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Los Altos\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It is Spanish for “the heights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Los Gatos\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It is Spanish for “cats.” The Santa Cruz Mountains were once called Cuesta de los Gatos. When the railroad created a station nearby in 1878, it was named Los Gatos Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Martinez\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named after the landowner Ignacio Martínez, who had been comandante at the Presidio of San Francisco from 1822-1827.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Menlo Park\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There were two brothers-in-law, Dennis J. Oliver and D. C. McGlynn. They came from the village of Menlough in County Galway, Ireland. Between their two ranches they built an arched gate with the inscription “Menlo Park.” When the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad reached the place in 1863, they adopted the name for the station.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Mill Valley\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In 1834 a sawmill was built in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Milpitas\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In Mexican Spanish milpas means “cornfields.” The family of Máximo Martínez, as well as local Native Americans, had once worked in nearby cornfields.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003ca id=\"moraga\">\u003c/a>Moraga\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named after Joaquín Moraga, a soldier in the San Francisco Company. His father was the explorer Gabriel Moraga.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Morgan Hill\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named after Morgan Hill, a ranch owner.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Mountain View\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named for a stage station that had views of the Santa Cruz Mountains, Mount Diablo and Mount Hamilton.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Napa\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There are many theories for what Napa could mean. According to some, Napa is Southern Patwin for “grizzly bear.” Others think it comes from the Eastern and Central Pomo, who have the word naphó, which means “people family.” A third theory is that it comes from the Suisun Patwin and could mean “near mother,” “near home” or “motherland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Newark\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In 1876, the South Pacific Coast Railroad Co. named the railroad station after the New Jersey home of A.E. Davis and his brother.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Nicasio\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It’s believed that Nicasio was a Native American who was baptized with the name of one of several saints named Nicasius.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Novato\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The name is probably from a chief of the Hookooeko or Miwok. Historians believe the chief had probably been baptized with the name of St. Novatus.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Oakland\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In Spanish times, part of the area had been called Encinal del Temescal or “Oak Grove by the Sweathouse” because of a beautiful oak grove. When the area was incorporated as a town, the name was spontaneously chosen.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Orinda\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The sheriff and landowner William Camron was married to Alice M. Camron. Mrs. Camron chose to name their home in honor of her favorite poet, Katherine Fowler Philips, who was known as “The Matchless Orinda.”*\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Pacifica\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Because the city is next to the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Palo Alto\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Palo means stick in Spanish, but in Spanish California it meant tree. It may refer to a specific redwood tree seen by the Anza expedition, that “appears from a distance like a tower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Pescadero\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In Spanish it means “fishing place” because people caught salmon there.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Petaluma\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In Coast Miwok, péta lúuma means “hillside back” or “hillside ridge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Piedmont\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was inspired either by the French word piedmont or the Italian word piemonte, both meaning “foot (of the) mountain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Pleasanton\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The name has nothing to do with “pleasant town.” It’s named after Gen. Alfred Pleasonton. The name was misspelled by a U.S. Postal Service worker.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Pittsburg\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named after the Pittsburg Coal Co., which was named after the city in Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Point Reyes\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>An expedition led by Sebastian Vizcaíno passed the point on Jan 6, 1603, the Day of the Three Holy Kings. The expedition members found shelter in present-day Drakes Bay and named it Puerto de los Reyes. That name did not stick, but on maps Punta de los Reyes continued to be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Redwood City\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There had been a forest and lumber industry nearby. The site has also been called Red Woods City, Red Woods Embarcadero and the Redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Richmond\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named Richmond in 1852. It’s a popular place name in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>San Bruno\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named for St. Bruno of Cologne, founder of the Carthusian Order.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>San Francisco\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The area was originally called Yerba Buena in the 1700s by Spanish-speaking explorers. It was officially changed to San Francisco in 1847. The namesake was Mission San Francisco de Asís a la Laguna de los Dolores or “The mission of our seraphic father Saint Francis of Assisi at the Lake of the Sorrows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>San Jose\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On November 29, 1777, \u003cem>Pueblo de San Jose\u003c/em> was founded as California’s first civilian settlement. This Pueblo, and eventually the city, were both named after Saint Joseph, husband of the Virgin Mary.*\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>San Leandro\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The city got its name from Arroyo de San Leandro. The name probably honors Saint Leander, archbishop of Seville.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>San Mateo\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It honors St. Matthew, the evangelist and apostle.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>San Pablo\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It honors Paul the Apostle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>San Rafael\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The name honors the archangel Raphael, the guardian angel of humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>San Ramon\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The name doesn’t honor a saint. It actually honors a sheep herder named Ramón. A creek was named after Ramón and then the city took that name. The “San” was added to make it conform to surrounding name conventions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Saratoga\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named because the waters of nearby Pacific Congress Spring look similar to Congress Spring in Saratoga, New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Santa Clara\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In 1769 the area was named in honor of Saint Clare of Assisi, co-founder of the Franciscan Order of Poor Clares.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Santa Rosa\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named for either the Dominican St. Rose of Lima or for the Italian Franciscan St. Rose of Viterbo.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Sausalito\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In Spanish sauzalito means “little willow grove.” Earlier the area had been called Horseshoe Bay. It was first called Sausalito on land grants in 1826.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Sonoma\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In baptismal records from 1815, the name of the local Native American tribe was the “Chucuines o Sonomas.” In 1816, a botanist called them the “Sonomi.” According to the book, “California Place Names” by Erwin Gudde, it comes from a Patwin word for “nose.” Gudde writes there was either an Native American chief with a prominent nose, or a nose-shaped mountain. While the “valley of the moon” is poetic, Gudde finds it less credible.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Sunnyvale\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named by W. E. Crossman around 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Tiburon\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It means “shark” in Spanish. Punta de Tiburón, or “shark’s point,” was first mentioned in the diary of José Sánchez on July 6, 1823.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Treasure Island\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The name was chosen in 1936 because it “perfectly expressed a glamorous, beautiful, almost fabulous island that would present the treasures of the world during the 1939 World’s Fair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Union City\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Union City got its name from a steamboat called “The Union” owned by settlers John and William Horner. They established the settlement following the Gold Rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Vacaville\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The area was named after Juan Manuel Vaca, who sold the land in the 1840s.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Vallejo\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named after a Monterey-born general, Mariano Vallejo. He laid out the city in 1850 and established the state capital there from 1851 to 1852.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Walnut Creek\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In 1810 it was called Arroyo de los Nogales or “creek of the walnut trees” by Padre Viader. In 1834 land grants called the stream Arroyo de las Nueces.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Yerba Buena\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It means “good herb” in Spanish and refers to the sweet-scented creeper Micromeria chamissonis. The plant was found near Mountain Lake in San Francisco in 1776. By 1792 it became a place name. Before the island was called Yerba Buena Island, it was known as Isla de Alcatraces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post heavily references the book “California Place Names” by Erwin G. Gudde.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Thanks to Werner Weiss, the creator of \u003ca href=\"http://www.yesterland.com/\">Yesterland.com,\u003c/a> for his 2007 photo of Queen Calafia as portrayed by Disney outside the discontinued cinematic ride, Golden Dreams.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*An earlier version of this post incorrectly gave credit to the U.S. surveyor general of California for choosing the name “Orinda” and attributed the naming of San Jose to the establishment of Mission San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California was named after a fictional island for black Amazon-like warrior women, ruled by Queen Calafia. What about Bay Area names?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every name has a story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take “California” for example. The name comes from a best-selling romance novel written in 1510 called “Las Sergas de Esplandián” or “The Deeds of Esplandián.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the book, the author describes California as a remote island full of gold and precious stones. The island was protected by beautiful black warrior women who lived like the Amazons and served their ruler, Queen Calafia. The novel was so popular that when Spanish explorers arrived, they named their discovery after the mythical island of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious listener Shridhar Ramachandran was wondering about how other California places got their names — specifically those in the Bay Area. He turned to the Bay Curious team for help, and so we got to work researching more than 70 Bay Area place names. Below is an interactive map and list to explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How Bay Area cities got their names \" aria-label=\"Locator map\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-fCyHX\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/fCyHX/4/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"800\" height=\"700\" data-external=\"1\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Alameda\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It is Spanish for “grove of poplar (or cottonwood) trees” or “tree-lined avenue.” By 1795, the southern part of the region was already referred to as la Alameda.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Albany\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>When the town was incorporated in 1908, it took the name Ocean View, though it was jokingly known as O’Shean’s View. The name was changed the following year because a nearby section of Berkeley was also called Ocean View. The town became Albany because the first mayor, Frank J. Roberts, was born in Albany, New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Alcatraz\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It is Spanish for “pelican.” The name Isla de Los Alcatraces was first given to what is now Yerba Buena Island because there were so many pelicans there. Later the name was transferred to the Alcatraz Island of today.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Angel Island\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Juan Manuel de Ayala named it Isla de los Ángeles in 1775.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Antioch\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In 1849 the place was called Smith’s Landing because it had been settled by twin brothers with the surname Smith. One of the brothers was a minister and invited a group of New Englanders to settle on his property. On July 4, 1851, the new citizens had a picnic and decided to rename the land Antioch, after a Biblical city in Syria.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Atherton\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The town was named after the businessman Faxon D. Atherton, who first visited California in 1836. Years later he acquired 500 acres where the town now sits.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Benicia\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The land was to be named Francisca, after the wife of Gen. Mariano Vallejo. But when the chief magistrate of Yerba Buena registered the name for the town, he decided to call his growing settlement San Francisco. Francisca became too similar to San Francisco, and thus the name was changed to another one of Señora Vallejo’s names, Benicia.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Berkeley\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On May 24, 1866, the trustees of the College of California chose the name Berkeley. Frederick Billings proposed the name, inspired by a poem from George Berkeley, bishop of Cloyne. Berkeley had written the poem in 1728 while sailing to Rhode Island with the ultimate goal of founding a school in Bermuda: “Westward the course of Empire takes its way / The four first acts already past, / A fifth shall close the drama with the day / Time’s noblest offspring is the last.” Less known is that Berkeley bought slaves to work on his plantation during his stay in Rhode Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Bolinas\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In 1834, Ignacio Martinez mentioned a valley that people call “Baulenes.” The name probably comes from a Coast Miwok word. The name was misspelled as Ballenas from 1852 to 1910 on Coast Survey charts, an accidental analogy to the Spanish word for whale. Then in 1896, George Davidson falsely assumed the bay had been named for Francisco de Bolaños from Sebastián Vizcaíno’s expedition. This caused the spelling to change to Bolanos and Boliñas. By 1873, the USGS adopted the spelling Bolinas.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Burlingame\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named in 1868 by William Ralston. He named it after his friend, Anson Burlingame, a lawyer and politician. Notably, Burlingame had been President Abraham Lincoln’s U.S. minister to the Qing Empire in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Castro Valley\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named after Guillermo Castro, a rancher.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Concord\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Salvio Pacheco, owner of the Monte del Diablo rancho, selected the site for a town in 1862. He named the settlement Todos Santos, but many of the new residents were from New England with Anglo sensibilities. By 1869, the town was known as Concord, probably referring to the Concord in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Cupertino\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The town took the name from Cupertino Creek, which had been named for St. Joseph of Cupertino.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Daly City\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>John Daly arrived in California when he was 13 in the 1850s. His mother had died on the Panama Canal crossing. The boy found work on a dairy farm and rose quickly. By 1868 he owned 250 acres. After the 1906 earthquake, many San Franciscans took refuge on Daly’s dairy farm. When the land was incorporated in 1911, the town was named in his honor.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Danville\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named in the 1860s, possibly after Danville, Kentucky.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Dublin\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>James Witt Dougherty bought a large parcel of land in the area. By the 1870s many Irish immigrants had moved nearby. It is rumored that Dougherty said “There are so many Irish here, you might as well call it Dublin.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>El Cerrito\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It means “little hill” in Spanish. The hill it refers to is actually in Albany and is now called Albany Hill. The first record of the name was when the area was referred to as Cerrito de San Antonio in 1820, possibly to honor Anthony of Padua, a patron saint of the Franciscans.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Emeryville\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named for Joseph Emery, who came to California in 1850 and bought 185 acres in 1859. He is known for overseeing the dredging of the Oakland estuary. He was also the president of the Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Fairfield\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In the 1850s, a famous clipper ship captain, Robert H. Waterman, moved to the area, where he lived in a house modeled after the prow of a ship. When he gave the land up in order to found a new city, he named it after his hometown of Fairfield, Connecticut.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Foster City\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named after T. Jack Foster, who gave land to the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Fremont\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>John C. Fremont was a soldier, explorer and politician. He was also the first Republican candidate to run for president in 1856.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Gilroy\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named after the Scottish sailor, John Gilroy who was not actually named John Gilroy. His name was John Cameron. He went by Gilroy, his mothers maiden name, because he’d been a minor when he left home and was in danger of being sent back. In 1814 he was left ashore in Monterey. He became one of the first non-Spanish non-native permanent settlers in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Half Moon Bay\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named for the shape of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Hayward\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The city is named after William Hayward, who opened a hotel there in 1852.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Hercules\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It’s actually named after explosives. In 1881, the California Powder Works company began producing dynamite out of the area. It made a product called Hercules Powder. When the town became incorporated, community leaders decided to name it Hercules.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Hillsborough\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The former owner of the area was W. D. M. Howard, who was from Hillsborough, New Hampshire.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Lafayette\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette, a French general who fought in the U.S. War of Independence.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Larkspur\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The area was subdivided by Charles W. Wright in 1887, and his wife, Georgina, named the town. She allegedly saw flowers blooming on a hill and thought the lupine was larkspur.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Livermore\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named after the English sailor, Robert Livermore, who came to California in the 1820s, became a Mexican citizen and got a huge land grant.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Los Altos\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It is Spanish for “the heights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Los Gatos\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It is Spanish for “cats.” The Santa Cruz Mountains were once called Cuesta de los Gatos. When the railroad created a station nearby in 1878, it was named Los Gatos Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Martinez\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named after the landowner Ignacio Martínez, who had been comandante at the Presidio of San Francisco from 1822-1827.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Menlo Park\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There were two brothers-in-law, Dennis J. Oliver and D. C. McGlynn. They came from the village of Menlough in County Galway, Ireland. Between their two ranches they built an arched gate with the inscription “Menlo Park.” When the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad reached the place in 1863, they adopted the name for the station.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Mill Valley\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In 1834 a sawmill was built in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Milpitas\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In Mexican Spanish milpas means “cornfields.” The family of Máximo Martínez, as well as local Native Americans, had once worked in nearby cornfields.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003ca id=\"moraga\">\u003c/a>Moraga\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named after Joaquín Moraga, a soldier in the San Francisco Company. His father was the explorer Gabriel Moraga.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Morgan Hill\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named after Morgan Hill, a ranch owner.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Mountain View\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named for a stage station that had views of the Santa Cruz Mountains, Mount Diablo and Mount Hamilton.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Napa\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There are many theories for what Napa could mean. According to some, Napa is Southern Patwin for “grizzly bear.” Others think it comes from the Eastern and Central Pomo, who have the word naphó, which means “people family.” A third theory is that it comes from the Suisun Patwin and could mean “near mother,” “near home” or “motherland.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Newark\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In 1876, the South Pacific Coast Railroad Co. named the railroad station after the New Jersey home of A.E. Davis and his brother.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Nicasio\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It’s believed that Nicasio was a Native American who was baptized with the name of one of several saints named Nicasius.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Novato\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The name is probably from a chief of the Hookooeko or Miwok. Historians believe the chief had probably been baptized with the name of St. Novatus.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Oakland\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In Spanish times, part of the area had been called Encinal del Temescal or “Oak Grove by the Sweathouse” because of a beautiful oak grove. When the area was incorporated as a town, the name was spontaneously chosen.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Orinda\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The sheriff and landowner William Camron was married to Alice M. Camron. Mrs. Camron chose to name their home in honor of her favorite poet, Katherine Fowler Philips, who was known as “The Matchless Orinda.”*\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Pacifica\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Because the city is next to the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Palo Alto\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Palo means stick in Spanish, but in Spanish California it meant tree. It may refer to a specific redwood tree seen by the Anza expedition, that “appears from a distance like a tower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Pescadero\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In Spanish it means “fishing place” because people caught salmon there.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Petaluma\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In Coast Miwok, péta lúuma means “hillside back” or “hillside ridge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Piedmont\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was inspired either by the French word piedmont or the Italian word piemonte, both meaning “foot (of the) mountain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Pleasanton\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The name has nothing to do with “pleasant town.” It’s named after Gen. Alfred Pleasonton. The name was misspelled by a U.S. Postal Service worker.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Pittsburg\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named after the Pittsburg Coal Co., which was named after the city in Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Point Reyes\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>An expedition led by Sebastian Vizcaíno passed the point on Jan 6, 1603, the Day of the Three Holy Kings. The expedition members found shelter in present-day Drakes Bay and named it Puerto de los Reyes. That name did not stick, but on maps Punta de los Reyes continued to be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Redwood City\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There had been a forest and lumber industry nearby. The site has also been called Red Woods City, Red Woods Embarcadero and the Redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Richmond\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named Richmond in 1852. It’s a popular place name in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>San Bruno\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named for St. Bruno of Cologne, founder of the Carthusian Order.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>San Francisco\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The area was originally called Yerba Buena in the 1700s by Spanish-speaking explorers. It was officially changed to San Francisco in 1847. The namesake was Mission San Francisco de Asís a la Laguna de los Dolores or “The mission of our seraphic father Saint Francis of Assisi at the Lake of the Sorrows.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>San Jose\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On November 29, 1777, \u003cem>Pueblo de San Jose\u003c/em> was founded as California’s first civilian settlement. This Pueblo, and eventually the city, were both named after Saint Joseph, husband of the Virgin Mary.*\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>San Leandro\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The city got its name from Arroyo de San Leandro. The name probably honors Saint Leander, archbishop of Seville.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>San Mateo\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It honors St. Matthew, the evangelist and apostle.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>San Pablo\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It honors Paul the Apostle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>San Rafael\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The name honors the archangel Raphael, the guardian angel of humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>San Ramon\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The name doesn’t honor a saint. It actually honors a sheep herder named Ramón. A creek was named after Ramón and then the city took that name. The “San” was added to make it conform to surrounding name conventions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Saratoga\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named because the waters of nearby Pacific Congress Spring look similar to Congress Spring in Saratoga, New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Santa Clara\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In 1769 the area was named in honor of Saint Clare of Assisi, co-founder of the Franciscan Order of Poor Clares.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Santa Rosa\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Named for either the Dominican St. Rose of Lima or for the Italian Franciscan St. Rose of Viterbo.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Sausalito\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In Spanish sauzalito means “little willow grove.” Earlier the area had been called Horseshoe Bay. It was first called Sausalito on land grants in 1826.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Sonoma\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In baptismal records from 1815, the name of the local Native American tribe was the “Chucuines o Sonomas.” In 1816, a botanist called them the “Sonomi.” According to the book, “California Place Names” by Erwin Gudde, it comes from a Patwin word for “nose.” Gudde writes there was either an Native American chief with a prominent nose, or a nose-shaped mountain. While the “valley of the moon” is poetic, Gudde finds it less credible.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Sunnyvale\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named by W. E. Crossman around 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Tiburon\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It means “shark” in Spanish. Punta de Tiburón, or “shark’s point,” was first mentioned in the diary of José Sánchez on July 6, 1823.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Treasure Island\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The name was chosen in 1936 because it “perfectly expressed a glamorous, beautiful, almost fabulous island that would present the treasures of the world during the 1939 World’s Fair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Union City\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Union City got its name from a steamboat called “The Union” owned by settlers John and William Horner. They established the settlement following the Gold Rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Vacaville\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The area was named after Juan Manuel Vaca, who sold the land in the 1840s.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Vallejo\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It was named after a Monterey-born general, Mariano Vallejo. He laid out the city in 1850 and established the state capital there from 1851 to 1852.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Walnut Creek\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In 1810 it was called Arroyo de los Nogales or “creek of the walnut trees” by Padre Viader. In 1834 land grants called the stream Arroyo de las Nueces.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Yerba Buena\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It means “good herb” in Spanish and refers to the sweet-scented creeper Micromeria chamissonis. The plant was found near Mountain Lake in San Francisco in 1776. By 1792 it became a place name. Before the island was called Yerba Buena Island, it was known as Isla de Alcatraces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post heavily references the book “California Place Names” by Erwin G. Gudde.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Thanks to Werner Weiss, the creator of \u003ca href=\"http://www.yesterland.com/\">Yesterland.com,\u003c/a> for his 2007 photo of Queen Calafia as portrayed by Disney outside the discontinued cinematic ride, Golden Dreams.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*An earlier version of this post incorrectly gave credit to the U.S. surveyor general of California for choosing the name “Orinda” and attributed the naming of San Jose to the establishment of Mission San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "what-would-really-happen-if-a-tsunami-hit-san-francisco",
"title": "What Would Really Happen if a Tsunami Hit the Bay Area?",
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"content": "\u003cp>In 2015, Steven Horowitz was watching one of the summer’s big blockbuster action flicks, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/05/23/us/ap-us-film-san-andreas-the-facts.html?_r=0\">\u003cem>San Andreas\u003c/em>.\u003c/a> In the movie, the San Andreas fault shifts, triggering a magnitude 9.6 earthquake in San Francisco. Disaster ensues — and for the rest of the movie we watch as all of the West Coast’s greatest landmarks are destroyed one by one in an epic, computer-generated spectacle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-full wp-image-10628783\">“I was sitting there watching the giant tsunami course through the Golden Gate and into the bay,” he says. “I looked at that and thought: Wouldn’t there be some kind of dissipation coming through the Golden Gate?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He asked Bay Curious:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If a tsunami were to hit the Golden Gate, what would be its real effect on communities facing the San Francisco Bay?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>It’s all about our faults\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Despite the terrifying image of a 250-foot wave about to wash over the Golden Gate Bridge, tsunamis do not actually pose a considerable threat to the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It all has to do with the kinds of geologic faults that we have (and don’t have).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tsunamis are caused when one tectonic plate slides underneath another — a process called \u003ca href=\"http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/eoc/teachers/t_tectonics/p_subduction.html\">subduction\u003c/a>. This slow movement is happening all the time, but sometimes a plate will get stuck and pressure starts to build. When it finally lets go, there’s an underwater earthquake that can move the seafloor up and down, sending a wave to the surface of the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the San Andreas Fault is different. It’s called a slip-strike fault because the two plates slide past each other horizontally. Of course, whenever plates move, the ground shakes. But here, there is no subduction and little displaced ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meaning no killer tsunamis. Even San Francisco’s infamous 1906 earthquake generated only a 4-inch wave at the Presidio gauge station.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Small waves still pack a punch\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Although they aren’t generated here, tsunamis do occasionally hit our shores. Since 1854, more than 71 tsunamis have been recorded in San Francisco Bay. Most were generated by earthquakes in subduction zones near Russia, Japan or Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Geist, a geophysicist at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, says that size is the most important factor in evaluating risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can look at anything, from huge waves to micro-tsunamis, that you’d never see with your eyes but our instruments can detect,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst tsunami to hit the Bay Area was triggered in 1964 by a magnitude 9.2 earthquake in Alaska, Geist says, that killed 11 people in \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2005/11/17/5007860/california-town-still-scarred-by-1964-tsunami\">Crescent City.\u003c/a> That wave rolled in at just under 4 feet and damaged marinas and private boats in Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The infamous 2011 tsunami that devastated parts of Japan also \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/17/the-san-francisco-impact-of-the-japan-tsunami/\">arrived in the East Bay\u003c/a> 10 hours later at just over a foot in height, and caused millions of dollars of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Tsunami-causes-millions-in-damage-in-California-2389661.php\">damage in Crescent City\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10628784\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10628784\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/5517993750_0ece81abd3_b.jpg\" alt=\"The 2011 Japanese tsunami, photographed as it arrived in Emeryville\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/5517993750_0ece81abd3_b.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/5517993750_0ece81abd3_b-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/5517993750_0ece81abd3_b-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/5517993750_0ece81abd3_b-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2011 Japanese tsunami, photographed as it arrived in Emeryville. See \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdMDCLwblkY\">video of the tsunami\u003c/a>. \u003ccite>(Steven Winter/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Cascadia subduction zone, which runs roughly from Mendocino County to Vancouver Island, could also produce a massive earthquake and tsunami. But Geist says it’s unclear how a tsunami from “\u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/07/20/the-really-big-one\">The Really Big One\u003c/a>” would affect the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oregon, Washington and California north of Eureka would really bear the brunt of that tsunami,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>But what if a big one arrived?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Although it’s unlikely, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmc.ucsc.edu/~seisweb/steve_ward/\">Steven Ward\u003c/a>, a professor of earth and planetary sciences at UC Santa Cruz, has created \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/ingomar200\">a series of animations\u003c/a> to show how a big tsunami might spread through San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ward’s simulations, the incoming wave stands just over 16 feet tall. This is much larger than historical tsunamis, but Geist agrees that a wave this size is theoretically possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/bP_AIWgknfI\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Approaching the Golden Gate at 55 mph, the wave would first hit the outlying areas of Point Reyes National Seashore and Montara. It would then start to flood low-lying areas like Half Moon Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like splash and dash,” explains Ward. “When the water comes in, it’s going to flood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would feel like a 12-hour tidal cycle was packed into an hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it will do as much damage when it goes back out and drags along cars and debris,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10630229\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS2674_goldengatebridge_20070115.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10630229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS2674_goldengatebridge_20070115-400x300.jpg\" alt=\"A 30-foot-high Tsunami would barely reach the top of the pylon on the Golden Gate Bridge.\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS2674_goldengatebridge_20070115-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS2674_goldengatebridge_20070115-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS2674_goldengatebridge_20070115-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS2674_goldengatebridge_20070115.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 30-foot-high tsunami would barely reach the top of the pylon on the Golden Gate Bridge. \u003ccite>(Salim Virji/\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/salim/402618628\" target=\"_blank\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The original wave and splashbacks from shore would then start to pile up as they squeeze through the 1-mile-wide Golden Gate. In Ward’s simulations, the wave reaches a maximum height of about 30 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s barely to the top the pylon,” says Ward, who is confident that the bridge would have no trouble withstanding the wave energy. “It probably wouldn’t even touch the steel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the wave would fan out into San Francisco Bay. Parts of Crissy Field, Mission Bay and the Marina could see significant flooding, but by the time it reached Treasure Island or the East Bay, the wave would be less than 3 feet tall. It would probably not even make it to the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/Tsunami/Inundation_Maps#County\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Inundation maps for coastal counties\u003c/a> are a great resource for understanding how high ocean waters could rise near you. Here’s San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10628785\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10628785 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/sf-cropped.jpg\" alt=\"Red regions of San Francisco may be vulnerable to inundation by a tsunami.\" width=\"850\" height=\"813\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/sf-cropped.jpg 850w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/sf-cropped-400x383.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/sf-cropped-800x765.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/sf-cropped-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Red regions may be vulnerable to inundation by a tsunami. \u003ccite>(Cal EMA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Verdict: The Bay Area is relatively safe\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Steven Horowitz, who asked \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> the question, was glad to hear that the tsunami would be nothing like the movie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the time it gets to Berkeley, which is where I’m sitting right now, I think I’m pretty safe,” he says. “Sounds like it’s not going to come rushing up University Avenue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area residents can also rest assured that there have been no recorded deaths from tsunami-related events in San Francisco. And even a worst-case-scenario Cascadia tsunami would take several hours to reach the city, providing ample time to mobilize a response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just in case, the City and County of San Francisco has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfdem.org/ftp/uploadedfiles/DEM/PlansReports/TsunamiAnnex-2008.pdf\">tsunami plan (PDF)\u003c/a> in place. It includes a strategy for evacuating people from \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/Tsunami/Inundation_Maps/SanFrancisco/Documents/Tsunami_Inundation_SF_Overview_SanFrancisco.pdf\">vulnerable areas (PDF)\u003c/a> like Ocean Beach, coordinating basic services (like shelter, water, food, and medical attention) and performing search and rescue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, “if you get a warning and are in a tsunami zone, follow the evacuation instructions,” says Ward. “What do you have to lose, a couple hours of your time?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2015, Steven Horowitz was watching one of the summer’s big blockbuster action flicks, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/05/23/us/ap-us-film-san-andreas-the-facts.html?_r=0\">\u003cem>San Andreas\u003c/em>.\u003c/a> In the movie, the San Andreas fault shifts, triggering a magnitude 9.6 earthquake in San Francisco. Disaster ensues — and for the rest of the movie we watch as all of the West Coast’s greatest landmarks are destroyed one by one in an epic, computer-generated spectacle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-full wp-image-10628783\">“I was sitting there watching the giant tsunami course through the Golden Gate and into the bay,” he says. “I looked at that and thought: Wouldn’t there be some kind of dissipation coming through the Golden Gate?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He asked Bay Curious:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If a tsunami were to hit the Golden Gate, what would be its real effect on communities facing the San Francisco Bay?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>It’s all about our faults\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Despite the terrifying image of a 250-foot wave about to wash over the Golden Gate Bridge, tsunamis do not actually pose a considerable threat to the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It all has to do with the kinds of geologic faults that we have (and don’t have).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tsunamis are caused when one tectonic plate slides underneath another — a process called \u003ca href=\"http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/eoc/teachers/t_tectonics/p_subduction.html\">subduction\u003c/a>. This slow movement is happening all the time, but sometimes a plate will get stuck and pressure starts to build. When it finally lets go, there’s an underwater earthquake that can move the seafloor up and down, sending a wave to the surface of the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the San Andreas Fault is different. It’s called a slip-strike fault because the two plates slide past each other horizontally. Of course, whenever plates move, the ground shakes. But here, there is no subduction and little displaced ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meaning no killer tsunamis. Even San Francisco’s infamous 1906 earthquake generated only a 4-inch wave at the Presidio gauge station.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Small waves still pack a punch\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Although they aren’t generated here, tsunamis do occasionally hit our shores. Since 1854, more than 71 tsunamis have been recorded in San Francisco Bay. Most were generated by earthquakes in subduction zones near Russia, Japan or Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Geist, a geophysicist at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, says that size is the most important factor in evaluating risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can look at anything, from huge waves to micro-tsunamis, that you’d never see with your eyes but our instruments can detect,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst tsunami to hit the Bay Area was triggered in 1964 by a magnitude 9.2 earthquake in Alaska, Geist says, that killed 11 people in \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2005/11/17/5007860/california-town-still-scarred-by-1964-tsunami\">Crescent City.\u003c/a> That wave rolled in at just under 4 feet and damaged marinas and private boats in Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The infamous 2011 tsunami that devastated parts of Japan also \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/17/the-san-francisco-impact-of-the-japan-tsunami/\">arrived in the East Bay\u003c/a> 10 hours later at just over a foot in height, and caused millions of dollars of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Tsunami-causes-millions-in-damage-in-California-2389661.php\">damage in Crescent City\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10628784\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10628784\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/5517993750_0ece81abd3_b.jpg\" alt=\"The 2011 Japanese tsunami, photographed as it arrived in Emeryville\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/5517993750_0ece81abd3_b.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/5517993750_0ece81abd3_b-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/5517993750_0ece81abd3_b-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/5517993750_0ece81abd3_b-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2011 Japanese tsunami, photographed as it arrived in Emeryville. See \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdMDCLwblkY\">video of the tsunami\u003c/a>. \u003ccite>(Steven Winter/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Cascadia subduction zone, which runs roughly from Mendocino County to Vancouver Island, could also produce a massive earthquake and tsunami. But Geist says it’s unclear how a tsunami from “\u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/07/20/the-really-big-one\">The Really Big One\u003c/a>” would affect the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oregon, Washington and California north of Eureka would really bear the brunt of that tsunami,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>But what if a big one arrived?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Although it’s unlikely, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmc.ucsc.edu/~seisweb/steve_ward/\">Steven Ward\u003c/a>, a professor of earth and planetary sciences at UC Santa Cruz, has created \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/ingomar200\">a series of animations\u003c/a> to show how a big tsunami might spread through San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ward’s simulations, the incoming wave stands just over 16 feet tall. This is much larger than historical tsunamis, but Geist agrees that a wave this size is theoretically possible.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/bP_AIWgknfI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/bP_AIWgknfI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Approaching the Golden Gate at 55 mph, the wave would first hit the outlying areas of Point Reyes National Seashore and Montara. It would then start to flood low-lying areas like Half Moon Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like splash and dash,” explains Ward. “When the water comes in, it’s going to flood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would feel like a 12-hour tidal cycle was packed into an hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it will do as much damage when it goes back out and drags along cars and debris,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10630229\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS2674_goldengatebridge_20070115.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10630229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS2674_goldengatebridge_20070115-400x300.jpg\" alt=\"A 30-foot-high Tsunami would barely reach the top of the pylon on the Golden Gate Bridge.\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS2674_goldengatebridge_20070115-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS2674_goldengatebridge_20070115-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS2674_goldengatebridge_20070115-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS2674_goldengatebridge_20070115.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 30-foot-high tsunami would barely reach the top of the pylon on the Golden Gate Bridge. \u003ccite>(Salim Virji/\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/salim/402618628\" target=\"_blank\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The original wave and splashbacks from shore would then start to pile up as they squeeze through the 1-mile-wide Golden Gate. In Ward’s simulations, the wave reaches a maximum height of about 30 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s barely to the top the pylon,” says Ward, who is confident that the bridge would have no trouble withstanding the wave energy. “It probably wouldn’t even touch the steel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the wave would fan out into San Francisco Bay. Parts of Crissy Field, Mission Bay and the Marina could see significant flooding, but by the time it reached Treasure Island or the East Bay, the wave would be less than 3 feet tall. It would probably not even make it to the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/Tsunami/Inundation_Maps#County\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Inundation maps for coastal counties\u003c/a> are a great resource for understanding how high ocean waters could rise near you. Here’s San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10628785\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10628785 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/sf-cropped.jpg\" alt=\"Red regions of San Francisco may be vulnerable to inundation by a tsunami.\" width=\"850\" height=\"813\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/sf-cropped.jpg 850w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/sf-cropped-400x383.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/sf-cropped-800x765.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/sf-cropped-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Red regions may be vulnerable to inundation by a tsunami. \u003ccite>(Cal EMA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Verdict: The Bay Area is relatively safe\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Steven Horowitz, who asked \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> the question, was glad to hear that the tsunami would be nothing like the movie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the time it gets to Berkeley, which is where I’m sitting right now, I think I’m pretty safe,” he says. “Sounds like it’s not going to come rushing up University Avenue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area residents can also rest assured that there have been no recorded deaths from tsunami-related events in San Francisco. And even a worst-case-scenario Cascadia tsunami would take several hours to reach the city, providing ample time to mobilize a response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just in case, the City and County of San Francisco has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfdem.org/ftp/uploadedfiles/DEM/PlansReports/TsunamiAnnex-2008.pdf\">tsunami plan (PDF)\u003c/a> in place. It includes a strategy for evacuating people from \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/Tsunami/Inundation_Maps/SanFrancisco/Documents/Tsunami_Inundation_SF_Overview_SanFrancisco.pdf\">vulnerable areas (PDF)\u003c/a> like Ocean Beach, coordinating basic services (like shelter, water, food, and medical attention) and performing search and rescue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, “if you get a warning and are in a tsunami zone, follow the evacuation instructions,” says Ward. “What do you have to lose, a couple hours of your time?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>“Do you need a bag?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since November, when California became the first state to ban single-use plastic bags, it’s a question you have to answer almost every time you go to the store. And you have to ask yourself: Am I willing to pay 10 cents for a bag?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also a question that made 12-year-old Amar Farhat have a question of her own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Is banning plastic bags making a difference in the environment?”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amar doesn’t just want to know if fewer bags are being used now, but also if the law is doing what it was meant to do: help the environment. She’s a little skeptical. Amar and her family used to reuse the old plastic bags for trash or errands. Plus, she said, the new thicker bags you get at the store seem to be made of more plastic, not less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel like it might help a little bit, but overall, we have so many plastic things, this is a small percentage,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is the Plastic Bag Ban?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If plastic bags are banned, what are these thicker plastic bags Amar is getting from the grocery store?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s important to understand how the new statewide ban works. The law gets rid of single-use plastic bags — those thin, cheap plastic bags you used to get. It also requires grocery stores to charge 10 cents for paper bags or for new, thicker, reusable plastic bags. Those thicker plastic bags have to be made of partially recycled material and have to meet \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=PRC&division=30.&title=&part=3.&chapter=5.3.&article=2.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">specific requirements\u003c/a>. The state hopes that if these bags are heftier and bigger, you can use fewer of them at the checkout line and reuse them for longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is one of the old bags:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-11463433\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is one of the new bags:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-11463426\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also opt to bring your own bags or not take any bags at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the state law just went into effect, it’s too soon to know how it’s working, but there are hundreds of cities around California that already had their own plastic bag bans. If something different is happening at your grocery store, it might be because your local law varies slightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These cities can tell us how they’ve fared so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Are Fewer Bags Being Used Overall?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In 2013, Alameda County passed an ordinance very similar to the current state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen an 80 percent reduction in the number of bags — paper and plastic,” said Meri Soll, senior program manager at \u003ca href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">StopWaste\u003c/a>. The agency oversees waste management in Alameda County\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of ways Soll and her colleague, Jeff Becerra, measured the impact of the ordinance — but one of the most effective methods was surprisingly low-tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We stood in a parking lot,” said Soll. “We just watched the consumers go out, how many bags did they have, what types of bags? Did they not have bags?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a year after the ordinance, they went back to those same stores at the same time and counted again. What they found was that twice as many people are bringing their own bags and almost three times as many simply don’t take a bag at all. The big differences have been that people are no longer taking bags when they buy one or two items, double-bagging items or taking extra free bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a chart StopWaste made:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11462981\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1332\" height=\"841\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags.png 1332w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags-160x101.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags-800x505.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags-1020x644.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags-1180x745.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags-960x606.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags-240x152.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags-375x237.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags-520x328.png 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1332px) 100vw, 1332px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soll and Becerra didn’t just stand in parking lots, though. They also got the purchasing data from 69 chain stores in the county. Those stores went from using 50 million bags each year to using just 10 million total — paper and plastic. The number of paper bags used went from 13 million to 8 million, and the number of plastic bags went from 37 million to 2 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda is not the only county that has attempted to measure the impact of its bag ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are \u003ca href=\"http://www.cawrecycles.org/list-of-local-bag-bans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">multiple studies\u003c/a> and a few \u003ca href=\"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.849.5625&rep=rep1&type=pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in-depth analyses\u003c/a> of different local bans — nearly all of which show a decrease in the overall number of single-use bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In\u003ca href=\"http://www3.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/CommitteeAgenda/TE/20121203/TE20121203_d5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> its effectiveness study\u003c/a>, San Jose found twice as many people opted not to take a bag post-ban.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Jose also measured the number of plastic bags found in litter and creek cleanups, and saw decreases.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>California Waste Solutions, which does the majority of recycling for San Jose, reported fewer plastic bags getting caught in recycling machines and a 35-50 percent reduction in down time because of that.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ladpw.org/epd/aboutthebag/PDF/Bag%20Ban%20Status%20Nov%202012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Los Angeles County found\u003c/a> its large stores gave away 2 million plastic bags and 196,000 paper bags annually before its ban. A year later, those stores handed out only 125,000 paper bags.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>What cities have found is charging people for a bag makes a big difference. San Francisco’s original ordinance, which didn’t charge a fee, wasn’t nearly as effective as it is now. “People just take the free option then,” said Soll. “We found if you were giving one bag free and charging for the other, there would just be a switch” — not a decrease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 10-cent charge is why use of both paper and plastic decreased in places like Alameda County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The 10-cents charge actually really affects how the consumer behaves at point of sale,” said Soll. “A bag that used to be free and now you’re charging 10 cents actually gives the consumer pause. ‘Do I need this bag and next time I’m going to bring my own bag. I’m not going to pay that 10-cents charge.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The 10-cents charge actually really affects how the consumer behaves at point of sale.’\u003ccite>Meri Soll, Stop Waste\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We do know that these ordinances work,” said Becerra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all likelihood, we’ll see similar drops statewide in single-use bags, though we can’t know for sure yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Is It Better for the Environment?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Amar, our question asker, also wanted to know if all these plastic bag bans are actually doing any good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It comes down to two issues: How big a problem were plastic bags in the first place, and what are you using now instead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephen Joseph is a lawyer for the plastic bag industry, and fought the bans. He also used to run an anti-litter group in San Francisco. He said plastic bags have gotten an unfair bad rap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s media sensationalism,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Plastic bag litter was so tiny that even after they banned plastic bags, there was no appreciable effect.’\u003ccite>Lawyer Stephen Joseph\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Plastic bags, he said, account for a tiny portion of overall litter. He rarely saw them when picking up trash. City litter surveys and beach cleanups actually confirm this. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Bag-Ban-San-Jose-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">In San Jose’s pre-ban tally, plastic bags accounted for only about 2 percent of trash\u003c/a>. And Eben Schwartz, from the Coastal Commission, said plastic bags were about 9 percent of what they picked up on San Francisco beaches before the local bans went into effect — and are about 6 percent of trash they pick up now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastic bag litter was so tiny that even after they banned plastic bags, there was no appreciable effect, because there’d been so little of it in the first place,” said Joseph, of San Francisco’s ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bigger problem, said Joseph — what’s killing marine mammals and gathering in patches in the ocean — is “hard plastic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While researchers do find plastic bags in the stomachs of dead whales and turtles, what \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yom6zlm5VqE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">they find more often\u003c/a> are: toothbrushes, golf balls, plastic water bottle caps, fishing debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Schwartz said plastic bags are still a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They break down into smaller pieces of plastic. That doesn’t mean they’re less harmful. It just means there’s more plastic to be ingested,” he said. “You create little toxic pellets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]Plus, the main reason environmental groups have focused on plastic bags is because they’re easy to replace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it really just a product we’re using for 37 seconds, for one minute, and then we’re throwing it away, and what we’re learning here is there is no away,” said Dan Jacobson, the state director for Environment California, who worked to pass the measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What Do You Use Instead?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>When you think about how good or bad a bag is for the environment, you need to think about its whole life cycle— from how much energy it takes to produce to what happens after you throw it in the trash or the recycling bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11463425\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5312px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11463425\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5312\" height=\"2988\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327.jpg 5312w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 5312px) 100vw, 5312px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My kitchen cabinet stuffed full of plastic, paper and reusable bags. \u003ccite>(Kelly O'Mara/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Amar and her family used to reuse the old plastic bags to line trash cans and carry things to work. Lots of people used them for pet waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the replacement bags take more resources to make than the old, single-use plastic bags. Paper bags are heavier, so they take more gas to ship. Canvas bags need to be washed, which uses water and energy. All of these factors mean a reusable bag must be used multiple times to have a net positive effect on the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How many times you need to reuse a bag to compensate for the additional resources depends on what the bag’s made out of. This is called a life-cycle analysis. Alameda County conducted its own analysis as part of \u003ca href=\"http://reusablebagsac.org/resources/addendum-final-environmental-impact-report-2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">its environmental impact report\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291023/scho0711buan-e-e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The UK’s Environment Agency conducted its own\u003c/a>, too, and there have been others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are how many uses are needed to equal one use of one of the old thin plastic bags:\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable class=\"tableizer-table\">\n\u003cthead>\n\u003ctr class=\"tableizer-firstrow\">\n\u003cth>REUSABLE BAG TYPE\u003c/th>\n\u003cth># OF USES NEEDED\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/thead>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>New reusable plastic bags at the grocery store (LDPE)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>4.2\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>PET reusable plastic bags\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>10-11\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Non-woven polypropylene fabric bags\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>11-13\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Polyester bags\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>42\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Cotton bag\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>131\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.customearthpromos.com/custom-recycled-shopping-bags.html?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_content=recycled_bags&utm_campaign=shopping_CEP&gclid=CjwKEAjw6e_IBRDvorfv2Ku79jMSJAAuiv9YdgpOTV4o0Wr-uU1aKvaMnvbbnP2cZ5j5GqRFrrZNuRoCPzbw_wcB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A PET reusable plastic bag\u003c/a> is the plastic square kind you can buy at Whole Foods or Trader Joe’s. \u003ca href=\"https://www.customearthpromos.com/custom-reusable-non-woven-bags.html?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_content=non_woven_bags&utm_campaign=shopping_CEP&gclid=CjwKEAjw6e_IBRDvorfv2Ku79jMSJAAuiv9YjFsNnFSZPX7QE01DtcZBWcT2j2RliVafMI9yzeBezhoCgKTw_wcB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A polypropylene bag\u003c/a> is the semi-fabric boxlike kind often given out at expos or festivals. Cotton bags are the nice cotton totes you might buy for their cute design or charm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do know that once you have a reusable bag and you’re using it over and over, the environmental savings always outweigh something that can be used once,” said Soll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s especially true when those reusable bags are made from recycled materials. Even Joseph agreed with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fortunately, what they’re being replaced with today are to some extent recyclable polyethylene reusable bags,” said Joseph. “Then that’s good for the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can’t know for sure what people will do, but if what happened at the local level happens at the state level, then we’ll end up using fewer plastic \u003cem>and\u003c/em> fewer paper bags. And that should ultimately be enough fewer resources that the environment will come out ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The state plastic bag ban will likely lead to a decrease in single-use bags. But what do people use instead?",
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"title": "Are Plastic Bag Bans Actually Helping the Environment? | KQED",
"description": "The state plastic bag ban will likely lead to a decrease in single-use bags. But what do people use instead?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“Do you need a bag?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since November, when California became the first state to ban single-use plastic bags, it’s a question you have to answer almost every time you go to the store. And you have to ask yourself: Am I willing to pay 10 cents for a bag?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also a question that made 12-year-old Amar Farhat have a question of her own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Is banning plastic bags making a difference in the environment?”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amar doesn’t just want to know if fewer bags are being used now, but also if the law is doing what it was meant to do: help the environment. She’s a little skeptical. Amar and her family used to reuse the old plastic bags for trash or errands. Plus, she said, the new thicker bags you get at the store seem to be made of more plastic, not less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel like it might help a little bit, but overall, we have so many plastic things, this is a small percentage,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is the Plastic Bag Ban?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If plastic bags are banned, what are these thicker plastic bags Amar is getting from the grocery store?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s important to understand how the new statewide ban works. The law gets rid of single-use plastic bags — those thin, cheap plastic bags you used to get. It also requires grocery stores to charge 10 cents for paper bags or for new, thicker, reusable plastic bags. Those thicker plastic bags have to be made of partially recycled material and have to meet \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=PRC&division=30.&title=&part=3.&chapter=5.3.&article=2.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">specific requirements\u003c/a>. The state hopes that if these bags are heftier and bigger, you can use fewer of them at the checkout line and reuse them for longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is one of the old bags:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-11463433\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194321-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is one of the new bags:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-11463426\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170516_194250-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also opt to bring your own bags or not take any bags at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the state law just went into effect, it’s too soon to know how it’s working, but there are hundreds of cities around California that already had their own plastic bag bans. If something different is happening at your grocery store, it might be because your local law varies slightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These cities can tell us how they’ve fared so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Are Fewer Bags Being Used Overall?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In 2013, Alameda County passed an ordinance very similar to the current state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen an 80 percent reduction in the number of bags — paper and plastic,” said Meri Soll, senior program manager at \u003ca href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">StopWaste\u003c/a>. The agency oversees waste management in Alameda County\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of ways Soll and her colleague, Jeff Becerra, measured the impact of the ordinance — but one of the most effective methods was surprisingly low-tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We stood in a parking lot,” said Soll. “We just watched the consumers go out, how many bags did they have, what types of bags? Did they not have bags?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a year after the ordinance, they went back to those same stores at the same time and counted again. What they found was that twice as many people are bringing their own bags and almost three times as many simply don’t take a bag at all. The big differences have been that people are no longer taking bags when they buy one or two items, double-bagging items or taking extra free bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a chart StopWaste made:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11462981\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1332\" height=\"841\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags.png 1332w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags-160x101.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags-800x505.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags-1020x644.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags-1180x745.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags-960x606.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags-240x152.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags-375x237.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/bags-520x328.png 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1332px) 100vw, 1332px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soll and Becerra didn’t just stand in parking lots, though. They also got the purchasing data from 69 chain stores in the county. Those stores went from using 50 million bags each year to using just 10 million total — paper and plastic. The number of paper bags used went from 13 million to 8 million, and the number of plastic bags went from 37 million to 2 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda is not the only county that has attempted to measure the impact of its bag ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are \u003ca href=\"http://www.cawrecycles.org/list-of-local-bag-bans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">multiple studies\u003c/a> and a few \u003ca href=\"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.849.5625&rep=rep1&type=pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in-depth analyses\u003c/a> of different local bans — nearly all of which show a decrease in the overall number of single-use bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In\u003ca href=\"http://www3.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/CommitteeAgenda/TE/20121203/TE20121203_d5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> its effectiveness study\u003c/a>, San Jose found twice as many people opted not to take a bag post-ban.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Jose also measured the number of plastic bags found in litter and creek cleanups, and saw decreases.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>California Waste Solutions, which does the majority of recycling for San Jose, reported fewer plastic bags getting caught in recycling machines and a 35-50 percent reduction in down time because of that.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ladpw.org/epd/aboutthebag/PDF/Bag%20Ban%20Status%20Nov%202012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Los Angeles County found\u003c/a> its large stores gave away 2 million plastic bags and 196,000 paper bags annually before its ban. A year later, those stores handed out only 125,000 paper bags.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>What cities have found is charging people for a bag makes a big difference. San Francisco’s original ordinance, which didn’t charge a fee, wasn’t nearly as effective as it is now. “People just take the free option then,” said Soll. “We found if you were giving one bag free and charging for the other, there would just be a switch” — not a decrease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 10-cent charge is why use of both paper and plastic decreased in places like Alameda County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The 10-cents charge actually really affects how the consumer behaves at point of sale,” said Soll. “A bag that used to be free and now you’re charging 10 cents actually gives the consumer pause. ‘Do I need this bag and next time I’m going to bring my own bag. I’m not going to pay that 10-cents charge.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The 10-cents charge actually really affects how the consumer behaves at point of sale.’\u003ccite>Meri Soll, Stop Waste\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We do know that these ordinances work,” said Becerra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all likelihood, we’ll see similar drops statewide in single-use bags, though we can’t know for sure yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Is It Better for the Environment?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Amar, our question asker, also wanted to know if all these plastic bag bans are actually doing any good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It comes down to two issues: How big a problem were plastic bags in the first place, and what are you using now instead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephen Joseph is a lawyer for the plastic bag industry, and fought the bans. He also used to run an anti-litter group in San Francisco. He said plastic bags have gotten an unfair bad rap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s media sensationalism,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Plastic bag litter was so tiny that even after they banned plastic bags, there was no appreciable effect.’\u003ccite>Lawyer Stephen Joseph\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Plastic bags, he said, account for a tiny portion of overall litter. He rarely saw them when picking up trash. City litter surveys and beach cleanups actually confirm this. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/Bag-Ban-San-Jose-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">In San Jose’s pre-ban tally, plastic bags accounted for only about 2 percent of trash\u003c/a>. And Eben Schwartz, from the Coastal Commission, said plastic bags were about 9 percent of what they picked up on San Francisco beaches before the local bans went into effect — and are about 6 percent of trash they pick up now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastic bag litter was so tiny that even after they banned plastic bags, there was no appreciable effect, because there’d been so little of it in the first place,” said Joseph, of San Francisco’s ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bigger problem, said Joseph — what’s killing marine mammals and gathering in patches in the ocean — is “hard plastic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While researchers do find plastic bags in the stomachs of dead whales and turtles, what \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yom6zlm5VqE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">they find more often\u003c/a> are: toothbrushes, golf balls, plastic water bottle caps, fishing debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Schwartz said plastic bags are still a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They break down into smaller pieces of plastic. That doesn’t mean they’re less harmful. It just means there’s more plastic to be ingested,” he said. “You create little toxic pellets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Plus, the main reason environmental groups have focused on plastic bags is because they’re easy to replace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it really just a product we’re using for 37 seconds, for one minute, and then we’re throwing it away, and what we’re learning here is there is no away,” said Dan Jacobson, the state director for Environment California, who worked to pass the measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What Do You Use Instead?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>When you think about how good or bad a bag is for the environment, you need to think about its whole life cycle— from how much energy it takes to produce to what happens after you throw it in the trash or the recycling bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11463425\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5312px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11463425\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5312\" height=\"2988\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327.jpg 5312w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170515_210327-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 5312px) 100vw, 5312px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My kitchen cabinet stuffed full of plastic, paper and reusable bags. \u003ccite>(Kelly O'Mara/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Amar and her family used to reuse the old plastic bags to line trash cans and carry things to work. Lots of people used them for pet waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the replacement bags take more resources to make than the old, single-use plastic bags. Paper bags are heavier, so they take more gas to ship. Canvas bags need to be washed, which uses water and energy. All of these factors mean a reusable bag must be used multiple times to have a net positive effect on the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How many times you need to reuse a bag to compensate for the additional resources depends on what the bag’s made out of. This is called a life-cycle analysis. Alameda County conducted its own analysis as part of \u003ca href=\"http://reusablebagsac.org/resources/addendum-final-environmental-impact-report-2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">its environmental impact report\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291023/scho0711buan-e-e.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The UK’s Environment Agency conducted its own\u003c/a>, too, and there have been others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are how many uses are needed to equal one use of one of the old thin plastic bags:\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable class=\"tableizer-table\">\n\u003cthead>\n\u003ctr class=\"tableizer-firstrow\">\n\u003cth>REUSABLE BAG TYPE\u003c/th>\n\u003cth># OF USES NEEDED\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/thead>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>New reusable plastic bags at the grocery store (LDPE)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>4.2\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>PET reusable plastic bags\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>10-11\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Non-woven polypropylene fabric bags\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>11-13\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Polyester bags\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>42\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Cotton bag\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>131\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.customearthpromos.com/custom-recycled-shopping-bags.html?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_content=recycled_bags&utm_campaign=shopping_CEP&gclid=CjwKEAjw6e_IBRDvorfv2Ku79jMSJAAuiv9YdgpOTV4o0Wr-uU1aKvaMnvbbnP2cZ5j5GqRFrrZNuRoCPzbw_wcB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A PET reusable plastic bag\u003c/a> is the plastic square kind you can buy at Whole Foods or Trader Joe’s. \u003ca href=\"https://www.customearthpromos.com/custom-reusable-non-woven-bags.html?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_content=non_woven_bags&utm_campaign=shopping_CEP&gclid=CjwKEAjw6e_IBRDvorfv2Ku79jMSJAAuiv9YjFsNnFSZPX7QE01DtcZBWcT2j2RliVafMI9yzeBezhoCgKTw_wcB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A polypropylene bag\u003c/a> is the semi-fabric boxlike kind often given out at expos or festivals. Cotton bags are the nice cotton totes you might buy for their cute design or charm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do know that once you have a reusable bag and you’re using it over and over, the environmental savings always outweigh something that can be used once,” said Soll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s especially true when those reusable bags are made from recycled materials. Even Joseph agreed with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fortunately, what they’re being replaced with today are to some extent recyclable polyethylene reusable bags,” said Joseph. “Then that’s good for the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can’t know for sure what people will do, but if what happened at the local level happens at the state level, then we’ll end up using fewer plastic \u003cem>and\u003c/em> fewer paper bags. And that should ultimately be enough fewer resources that the environment will come out ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>KQED listener Chris Thompson is an avid A’s fan who recently found himself at a Giants game with work colleagues. He noticed fans a few rows away trying to get the wave started, but saw they were quickly booed by other Giants fans. Eventually ushers came over and told the group trying to start the wave to simmer down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thompson wrote to Bay Curious asking:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why don’t they allow people to do the wave at Giants stadium?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First thing we have to get cleared up right away — there is no \u003cem>official\u003c/em> policy against the wave at Giants games. It’s a self-imposed ban that has been a part of Giants fan culture for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why? I mean, it’s\u003cem> the wave. \u003c/em>At many stadiums, it’s as much a part of baseball as hot dogs and beer.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Oakland Athletics Started It\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10608965\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/chris-and-george.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10608965 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/chris-and-george-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Krazy George Henderson tells KQED listener Christopher about the very first wave. (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/chris-and-george-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/chris-and-george-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/chris-and-george-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/chris-and-george-1400x787.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/chris-and-george-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/chris-and-george-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Krazy George Henderson tells KQED listener Chris Thompson about the very first wave. (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some Giants fans point back to the origins of the wave on Oct. 15, 1981, as the reason they developed a no-wave tradition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Athletics were battling the Yankees for the American League Championship, and things were not going well for Oakland. The A’s were down by two games in a best-of-five series, and were scoreless five innings into the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when a professional cheerleader called \u003ca href=\"http://www.krazygeorge.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Krazy George\u003c/a> decided to unveil a cheer he’d been developing at local high school pep rallies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch our video of Krazy George Henderson reliving the very first wave:\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/134024146?title=0&byline=0\" width=\"700\" height=\"393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_(audience)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some dispute\u003c/a> about whether or not Krazy George’s ’81 Oakland wave was in fact the first wave in history. Other claims point to the University of Washington or international soccer matches. But if you ask Krazy George, all of those other claims were either later than October 1981, or lack the proper supporting evidence of his nationally televised wave at the Oakland Coliseum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I say, ‘I don’t \u003cem>claim\u003c/em> to have invented the wave. I DID INVENT THE WAVE.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether that’s definitive or not, the wave’s early connection to Oakland and the A’s is enough to turn some San Francisco Giants fans against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bennett Dake came to a recent Giants game wearing a T-shirt he got in the ’80s. The back says: “Top 10 Reasons Real Fans Go to the ’Stick.” One reason? No wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s Oakland,” he says. “We’re San Francisco. It’s always been like that. We don’t do the wave here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10608966\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/t-shirt.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10608966 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/t-shirt-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Bennett Dake shows of his "Late Night at the 'Stick" shirt from the '80s. Number 9 reads: "No Wave." (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/t-shirt-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/t-shirt-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/t-shirt-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/t-shirt-1400x788.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/t-shirt-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/t-shirt-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bennett Dake shows off his ‘Late Night at the ‘Stick’ shirt from the ’80s. Number 9 reads: ‘No Wave.’ (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>The Wave Was Associated With Los Angeles (and Thus, the Dodgers)\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Though the wave might have started in Oakland, it was broadcast internationally for the first time during the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. Television sets across the world showed images of the crowd doing the wave at the soccer final — in many minds forever linking the cheer with that city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the wave is seen as something really Los Angeles, and it was San Francisco reacting to that,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.danfost.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dan Fost\u003c/a>, author of \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Dan-Fost/e/B0030CEFRE/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two books about the Giants.\u003c/a> “[The Dodgers fan] experience is all about beating the traffic, getting to the game late, leaving early and throwing beach balls around in the stands. And the wave is just such an L.A. part of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>It’s Too Mainstream\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One identity trait that came up repeatedly during interviews with Giants fans was their feeling of uniqueness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Giants fans sort of think that they’re a little different, so we would never stoop to something as pedestrian as doing the wave,” says Pat Gallagher, who worked as the team’s director of marketing for nearly 33 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And let’s be honest, this identity goes beyond the baseball diamond. The San Francisco Bay Area as a whole has a long history of reveling in the ways it stands apart from the rest of America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not doing the wave is a way of saying, ‘San Francisco is different and we don’t do that here,’ ” says Fost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Need another example? Look no further than the \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.giants.mlb.com/sf/history/sf_history_timeline_article.jsp?article=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Crazy Crab\u003c/a>. At a time when baseball teams around the country were eagerly bringing cheery mascots into the mix, the Giants introduced an anti-mascot. The crustacean was a walking mascot parody, and fans were encouraged to boo, hiss and sometimes throw things at the poor schmuck stuck inside the costume.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Real Serious Fans Are Real Serious\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Beyond tradition and perception, what is it about the wave that Giants fans dislike so much?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put it simply, some people think that “real baseball fans” don’t do it. It’s seen as yet another frivolous ballpark novelty that detracts from their beloved pastime. Right up there with the Kiss Cam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Giants fan we spoke with says, “It’s an obnoxious response to fan excitement. I don’t like it. I think it’s silly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Real fans chart every pitch and obsess over fundamentals. Everyone else does the wave and eats cotton candy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Giants fans don’t do the wave because they are serious about baseball,” Fost says. “They love the game, they’re paying attention to the game, and they don’t want to take themselves out of the game.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How the Tradition is Passed On\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Giants anti-wave philosophy is carried on as a sort of oral tradition. That is, via hearty “BOOOOOs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gallagher says that when the team played at Candlestick, you’d often hear hardcore fans boo when anyone tried to start the wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They weren’t booing the players, they were actually booing other fans,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It appears this tradition has made the trip from the ’Stick to AT&T Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giants fan Dalton Hurst had a rude awakening at one of his childhood games.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I was a kid, I tried to start [the wave] and someone yelled at me,” says Hurst. “I don’t know why they don’t do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>But New Fans Doing The Wave?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Despite the booing, long-standing tradition and ’80s T-shirts — sacrilege — the wave has been spotted circling AT&T park recently. It may be that the team’s success is attracting new fans who just don’t know the rules yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several die-hard fans blamed these bandwagon fans, (or “hipsters,” as one Giants fan called them) for bringing this abhorred tradition into their no-wave stadium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10608969\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Screen-Shot-2015-07-20-at-6.51.10-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10608969\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Screen-Shot-2015-07-20-at-6.51.10-PM.png\" alt=\"YouTube Comments on a video titled, "The Wae at AT&T Park (Giants vs. A's).\" width=\"337\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">YouTube Comments on a video titled, “The Wave at AT&T Park (Giants vs. A’s).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On one \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17NxEykL2c8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">YouTube video of an AT&T Park wave\u003c/a>, the comments section spells out this argument.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Sharing our Findings\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We took our findings back to Chris Thompson, the question-asker for this Bay Curious story. He couldn’t help but laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are they proud to be that bourgeois?” he says of Giants fans. “This is baseball. … It’s waves and hot dogs and beers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To wave or not to wave? Sound off in the comments below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want to see the Bay Curious team take on? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Submit it!\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>KQED listener Chris Thompson is an avid A’s fan who recently found himself at a Giants game with work colleagues. He noticed fans a few rows away trying to get the wave started, but saw they were quickly booed by other Giants fans. Eventually ushers came over and told the group trying to start the wave to simmer down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thompson wrote to Bay Curious asking:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why don’t they allow people to do the wave at Giants stadium?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First thing we have to get cleared up right away — there is no \u003cem>official\u003c/em> policy against the wave at Giants games. It’s a self-imposed ban that has been a part of Giants fan culture for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why? I mean, it’s\u003cem> the wave. \u003c/em>At many stadiums, it’s as much a part of baseball as hot dogs and beer.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Oakland Athletics Started It\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10608965\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/chris-and-george.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10608965 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/chris-and-george-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Krazy George Henderson tells KQED listener Christopher about the very first wave. (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/chris-and-george-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/chris-and-george-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/chris-and-george-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/chris-and-george-1400x787.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/chris-and-george-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/chris-and-george-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Krazy George Henderson tells KQED listener Chris Thompson about the very first wave. (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some Giants fans point back to the origins of the wave on Oct. 15, 1981, as the reason they developed a no-wave tradition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Athletics were battling the Yankees for the American League Championship, and things were not going well for Oakland. The A’s were down by two games in a best-of-five series, and were scoreless five innings into the game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when a professional cheerleader called \u003ca href=\"http://www.krazygeorge.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Krazy George\u003c/a> decided to unveil a cheer he’d been developing at local high school pep rallies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch our video of Krazy George Henderson reliving the very first wave:\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/134024146?title=0&byline=0\" width=\"700\" height=\"393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_(audience)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some dispute\u003c/a> about whether or not Krazy George’s ’81 Oakland wave was in fact the first wave in history. Other claims point to the University of Washington or international soccer matches. But if you ask Krazy George, all of those other claims were either later than October 1981, or lack the proper supporting evidence of his nationally televised wave at the Oakland Coliseum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I say, ‘I don’t \u003cem>claim\u003c/em> to have invented the wave. I DID INVENT THE WAVE.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether that’s definitive or not, the wave’s early connection to Oakland and the A’s is enough to turn some San Francisco Giants fans against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bennett Dake came to a recent Giants game wearing a T-shirt he got in the ’80s. The back says: “Top 10 Reasons Real Fans Go to the ’Stick.” One reason? No wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s Oakland,” he says. “We’re San Francisco. It’s always been like that. We don’t do the wave here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10608966\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/t-shirt.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10608966 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/t-shirt-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Bennett Dake shows of his "Late Night at the 'Stick" shirt from the '80s. Number 9 reads: "No Wave." (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/t-shirt-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/t-shirt-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/t-shirt-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/t-shirt-1400x788.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/t-shirt-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/t-shirt-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bennett Dake shows off his ‘Late Night at the ‘Stick’ shirt from the ’80s. Number 9 reads: ‘No Wave.’ (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>The Wave Was Associated With Los Angeles (and Thus, the Dodgers)\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Though the wave might have started in Oakland, it was broadcast internationally for the first time during the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. Television sets across the world showed images of the crowd doing the wave at the soccer final — in many minds forever linking the cheer with that city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the wave is seen as something really Los Angeles, and it was San Francisco reacting to that,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.danfost.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dan Fost\u003c/a>, author of \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Dan-Fost/e/B0030CEFRE/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">two books about the Giants.\u003c/a> “[The Dodgers fan] experience is all about beating the traffic, getting to the game late, leaving early and throwing beach balls around in the stands. And the wave is just such an L.A. part of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>It’s Too Mainstream\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One identity trait that came up repeatedly during interviews with Giants fans was their feeling of uniqueness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Giants fans sort of think that they’re a little different, so we would never stoop to something as pedestrian as doing the wave,” says Pat Gallagher, who worked as the team’s director of marketing for nearly 33 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And let’s be honest, this identity goes beyond the baseball diamond. The San Francisco Bay Area as a whole has a long history of reveling in the ways it stands apart from the rest of America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not doing the wave is a way of saying, ‘San Francisco is different and we don’t do that here,’ ” says Fost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Need another example? Look no further than the \u003ca href=\"http://sanfrancisco.giants.mlb.com/sf/history/sf_history_timeline_article.jsp?article=31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Crazy Crab\u003c/a>. At a time when baseball teams around the country were eagerly bringing cheery mascots into the mix, the Giants introduced an anti-mascot. The crustacean was a walking mascot parody, and fans were encouraged to boo, hiss and sometimes throw things at the poor schmuck stuck inside the costume.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Real Serious Fans Are Real Serious\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Beyond tradition and perception, what is it about the wave that Giants fans dislike so much?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put it simply, some people think that “real baseball fans” don’t do it. It’s seen as yet another frivolous ballpark novelty that detracts from their beloved pastime. Right up there with the Kiss Cam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Giants fan we spoke with says, “It’s an obnoxious response to fan excitement. I don’t like it. I think it’s silly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Real fans chart every pitch and obsess over fundamentals. Everyone else does the wave and eats cotton candy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Giants fans don’t do the wave because they are serious about baseball,” Fost says. “They love the game, they’re paying attention to the game, and they don’t want to take themselves out of the game.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How the Tradition is Passed On\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Giants anti-wave philosophy is carried on as a sort of oral tradition. That is, via hearty “BOOOOOs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gallagher says that when the team played at Candlestick, you’d often hear hardcore fans boo when anyone tried to start the wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They weren’t booing the players, they were actually booing other fans,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It appears this tradition has made the trip from the ’Stick to AT&T Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giants fan Dalton Hurst had a rude awakening at one of his childhood games.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I was a kid, I tried to start [the wave] and someone yelled at me,” says Hurst. “I don’t know why they don’t do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>But New Fans Doing The Wave?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Despite the booing, long-standing tradition and ’80s T-shirts — sacrilege — the wave has been spotted circling AT&T park recently. It may be that the team’s success is attracting new fans who just don’t know the rules yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several die-hard fans blamed these bandwagon fans, (or “hipsters,” as one Giants fan called them) for bringing this abhorred tradition into their no-wave stadium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10608969\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Screen-Shot-2015-07-20-at-6.51.10-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10608969\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Screen-Shot-2015-07-20-at-6.51.10-PM.png\" alt=\"YouTube Comments on a video titled, "The Wae at AT&T Park (Giants vs. A's).\" width=\"337\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">YouTube Comments on a video titled, “The Wave at AT&T Park (Giants vs. A’s).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On one \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17NxEykL2c8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">YouTube video of an AT&T Park wave\u003c/a>, the comments section spells out this argument.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Sharing our Findings\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>We took our findings back to Chris Thompson, the question-asker for this Bay Curious story. He couldn’t help but laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are they proud to be that bourgeois?” he says of Giants fans. “This is baseball. … It’s waves and hot dogs and beers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To wave or not to wave? Sound off in the comments below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want to see the Bay Curious team take on? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Submit it!\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "There's a Secret Message to Decode in San Jose",
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"headTitle": "There’s a Secret Message to Decode in San Jose | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]I[/dropcap]f you’ve walked past Adobe’s corporate headquarters in downtown San Jose, you may have spotted them: four big orange LED lights that look like flat-head screws, turning in apparently random patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week’s Bay Curious question comes from listener Geoff Morgan, who wanted to know:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do the turning wheels on the top of the Adobe building mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To start with, it helps to know Adobe makes computer software for people who work with words, pictures and sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the core of our DNA, really, is art and technology,” says Siri Lackovic, the company’s senior brand strategist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why you’ll find clever art installations all over their office towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbkhD0SDyI8]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siri is one of the two people on the planet who know the whole story behind the glowing orange orbs Geoff noticed. The other person, of course, is the guy who came up with the concept, New York artist \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/benrubin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ben Rubin.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope is that someone would look up and say: ‘What is that?’ ” Ben says. “What is that thing trying to say, you know? What is its message?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The name of this installation is San Jose Semaphore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Semaphore, by definition, is really a form of visual communication,” Siri explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Way back when, the only way to communicate surreptitiously over a short distance — say, from land to a ship — would be to rely on flag bearers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would hold up the flag, and depending on the position of the flag, would let them know if it was safe to come in, or better to stay put,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This resonates with Geoff, the KQED listener who asked the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I actually was in the Navy, and so I remember people communicating with flags, and it was always interesting to me because it looked very official, but a lot of times, they were talking about the latest baseball scores from ship to ship and things like that,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the short story on San Jose Semaphore is that it’s an art installation. The \u003cem>long\u003c/em> story stretches back to artist Ben Rubin’s childhood in Boston during the 1970s. Back then, he owned a Heathkit shortwave radio. Sometimes, when he turned it on, he’d hear the strangest things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These sort of clicks and beeps and mechanized announcements,” Ben says. “Who could not listen to an encrypted message and not wonder what it says, you know?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR reported in a 2000 feature for the “Lost and Found Sound” series, these were \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP5J9-D7_jw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">numbers stations\u003c/a>, shortwave radio broadcasts that historians believe transmitted messages to spies stationed around the world, starting in World War I.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the average listener, the letters, numbers and songs broadcast on the stations sound random. But if you have the key to decode the gobbledygook — it’s a message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnXPqUU6fI0]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben was fascinated by these numbers stations. So when it came time for college, he got a bachelor’s degree in computer science and semiotics, the study of signs and symbols. After graduation, he starting making art inspired by his studies. Now he makes media installations using technology, sound, images and physical structures — like the piece on the top of Adobe’s building in San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Silicon Valley Loves A Challenge\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Each of these orange discs can assume four positions: horizontal, left-leaning diagonal, vertical, right-leaning diagonal. Four positions, plus four discs, means there are 256 possible combinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every 7.2 seconds, those wheels turn to a new configuration of sort of positions. Then they rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they’re in that resting position, that actually is a word or a letter,” Siri says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those of us who think with our ears better than with our eyes, Ben made an audio version of the code that plays on \u003ca href=\"http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/transmission.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adobe\u003c/a>’s website. Here’s a sample …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/294475506″ params=”color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true” width=”100%” height=”20″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using just the audio alone, you could solve the code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somebody could,” Siri says. “I don’t know if I could have guessed that, but yes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t know about you, but this seems way too complicated for a person of average intelligence to crack. In fact, the technology Ben Rubin is using is a variation on state-of-the-art World War II cryptography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, it \u003cem>did\u003c/em> take a genius to figure out: Alan Turing, a pioneer of modern-day computing and the subject of that movie, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://theimitationgamemovie.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“The Imitation Game.”\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In World War II, the Germans developed something called “the enigma machine,” a diabolical typewriter with several rotating discs in the back. Every time you pressed, say, an “a,” a different letter popped up on the paper. Totally confusing. The messages are almost impossible to crack, unless you \u003cem>also\u003c/em> have an enigma machine, and directions so that your rotating discs are set up the exact same way they are at headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Because Some of You Are Seriously Curious\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcX7iO_XCFA]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with San Jose Semaphore, Ben isn’t using an enigma machine, and neither are you. So he has to include the key to decode the message in the transmission. Periodically, the discs will flash a line, which, when decoded, says something like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>START MESSAGE TRANSMISSION 2-4-1: ROTUNDA\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nor\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>START MESSAGE TRANSMISSION 2-2-6: FACTION\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It always begins with “Start message transmission.” And then three numbers. And then a word. This is followed by chunks of text that make no sense unless you realize that the “start message” line is actually a header — a key — with the information necessary to decode the paragraph that follows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just the way that the German enigma operators needed, at the beginning of each day, to establish certain settings in the machine,” Ben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, just for fun, Ben added another confusing element, inspired by the fact planes headed to and from San Jose International Airport fly incessantly over downtown. Every time an airplane passes close by Adobe’s office towers, the orange discs spin wildly for a bit, before returning to their regularly scheduled programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”mL8GtpojMBuTzckG7Fn18oAuKY06lOyE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as complicated as all of this sounds, the code was cracked within a month of installation by Bob Mayo and Mark Snesrud, two scientists who were in town for a conference. They spotted the semaphore and became obsessed. They wrote an entire \u003ca href=\"http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/pdf/decoding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scientific paper\u003c/a> explaining how they broke the code. The first sentence they decoded was …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The beginning of that performance was clear enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All they had to do then was plug that sentence in to Google, and presto: It’s a line from Thomas Pynchon’s \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crying_of_Lot_49\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“The Crying of Lot 49.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a novel that [Pynchon] wrote in the late ’60s that’s set in a kind of proto-Silicon Valley part of California,” Ben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The message was the entire book, from end to end, which took about three months to transmit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was both impressed and disappointed that it had fallen so quickly,” Ben laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he came up with a second code (a tougher code!) that hasn’t been cracked in four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get a lot of, ‘I think it says: Buy Adobe products,’ ” Siri says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think ‘Beam me up, Scotty,’ was probably the funniest one,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nope, it’s not that either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honestly, folks: If the first code was “The Crying of Lot 49,” the second code is not going to be so obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want to know who knows what the code is?” Siri teases. “Only two people in the world — the artist and then one other person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, she won’t give it up. But she does drop a hint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t need to be a book. It could just be a series of words put together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is our listener, Geoff, going to try to crack the code?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going to leave that to greater minds than me. But I can’t wait to see who cracks it. I think this will be great,” he laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a crack at decoding \u003ca href=\"http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/transmission.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Jose Semaphore’s new message\u003c/a>. And let us know if you solve it!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This podcast features music by Yusuke Tsutsumi (“Untitled 9”) and Eric & Ryan Kilkenny (“Bongo Avenger”).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want to see the Bay Curious team take on? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Submit it!\u003c/a> Be sure to subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">iTunes\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/Ipi2mc5aqfen4nr2daayiziiyuy\">Google Play\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\">NPR One\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">I\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>f you’ve walked past Adobe’s corporate headquarters in downtown San Jose, you may have spotted them: four big orange LED lights that look like flat-head screws, turning in apparently random patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week’s Bay Curious question comes from listener Geoff Morgan, who wanted to know:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do the turning wheels on the top of the Adobe building mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To start with, it helps to know Adobe makes computer software for people who work with words, pictures and sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the core of our DNA, really, is art and technology,” says Siri Lackovic, the company’s senior brand strategist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why you’ll find clever art installations all over their office towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/pbkhD0SDyI8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/pbkhD0SDyI8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siri is one of the two people on the planet who know the whole story behind the glowing orange orbs Geoff noticed. The other person, of course, is the guy who came up with the concept, New York artist \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/benrubin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ben Rubin.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope is that someone would look up and say: ‘What is that?’ ” Ben says. “What is that thing trying to say, you know? What is its message?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The name of this installation is San Jose Semaphore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Semaphore, by definition, is really a form of visual communication,” Siri explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Way back when, the only way to communicate surreptitiously over a short distance — say, from land to a ship — would be to rely on flag bearers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would hold up the flag, and depending on the position of the flag, would let them know if it was safe to come in, or better to stay put,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This resonates with Geoff, the KQED listener who asked the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I actually was in the Navy, and so I remember people communicating with flags, and it was always interesting to me because it looked very official, but a lot of times, they were talking about the latest baseball scores from ship to ship and things like that,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the short story on San Jose Semaphore is that it’s an art installation. The \u003cem>long\u003c/em> story stretches back to artist Ben Rubin’s childhood in Boston during the 1970s. Back then, he owned a Heathkit shortwave radio. Sometimes, when he turned it on, he’d hear the strangest things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These sort of clicks and beeps and mechanized announcements,” Ben says. “Who could not listen to an encrypted message and not wonder what it says, you know?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR reported in a 2000 feature for the “Lost and Found Sound” series, these were \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP5J9-D7_jw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">numbers stations\u003c/a>, shortwave radio broadcasts that historians believe transmitted messages to spies stationed around the world, starting in World War I.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the average listener, the letters, numbers and songs broadcast on the stations sound random. But if you have the key to decode the gobbledygook — it’s a message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/QnXPqUU6fI0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/QnXPqUU6fI0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben was fascinated by these numbers stations. So when it came time for college, he got a bachelor’s degree in computer science and semiotics, the study of signs and symbols. After graduation, he starting making art inspired by his studies. Now he makes media installations using technology, sound, images and physical structures — like the piece on the top of Adobe’s building in San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Silicon Valley Loves A Challenge\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Each of these orange discs can assume four positions: horizontal, left-leaning diagonal, vertical, right-leaning diagonal. Four positions, plus four discs, means there are 256 possible combinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every 7.2 seconds, those wheels turn to a new configuration of sort of positions. Then they rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they’re in that resting position, that actually is a word or a letter,” Siri says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those of us who think with our ears better than with our eyes, Ben made an audio version of the code that plays on \u003ca href=\"http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/transmission.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adobe\u003c/a>’s website. Here’s a sample …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”20″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/294475506″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/294475506″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using just the audio alone, you could solve the code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somebody could,” Siri says. “I don’t know if I could have guessed that, but yes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t know about you, but this seems way too complicated for a person of average intelligence to crack. In fact, the technology Ben Rubin is using is a variation on state-of-the-art World War II cryptography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, it \u003cem>did\u003c/em> take a genius to figure out: Alan Turing, a pioneer of modern-day computing and the subject of that movie, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://theimitationgamemovie.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“The Imitation Game.”\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In World War II, the Germans developed something called “the enigma machine,” a diabolical typewriter with several rotating discs in the back. Every time you pressed, say, an “a,” a different letter popped up on the paper. Totally confusing. The messages are almost impossible to crack, unless you \u003cem>also\u003c/em> have an enigma machine, and directions so that your rotating discs are set up the exact same way they are at headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Because Some of You Are Seriously Curious\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mcX7iO_XCFA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mcX7iO_XCFA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with San Jose Semaphore, Ben isn’t using an enigma machine, and neither are you. So he has to include the key to decode the message in the transmission. Periodically, the discs will flash a line, which, when decoded, says something like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>START MESSAGE TRANSMISSION 2-4-1: ROTUNDA\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nor\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>START MESSAGE TRANSMISSION 2-2-6: FACTION\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It always begins with “Start message transmission.” And then three numbers. And then a word. This is followed by chunks of text that make no sense unless you realize that the “start message” line is actually a header — a key — with the information necessary to decode the paragraph that follows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just the way that the German enigma operators needed, at the beginning of each day, to establish certain settings in the machine,” Ben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, just for fun, Ben added another confusing element, inspired by the fact planes headed to and from San Jose International Airport fly incessantly over downtown. Every time an airplane passes close by Adobe’s office towers, the orange discs spin wildly for a bit, before returning to their regularly scheduled programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as complicated as all of this sounds, the code was cracked within a month of installation by Bob Mayo and Mark Snesrud, two scientists who were in town for a conference. They spotted the semaphore and became obsessed. They wrote an entire \u003ca href=\"http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/pdf/decoding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scientific paper\u003c/a> explaining how they broke the code. The first sentence they decoded was …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The beginning of that performance was clear enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All they had to do then was plug that sentence in to Google, and presto: It’s a line from Thomas Pynchon’s \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crying_of_Lot_49\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“The Crying of Lot 49.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a novel that [Pynchon] wrote in the late ’60s that’s set in a kind of proto-Silicon Valley part of California,” Ben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The message was the entire book, from end to end, which took about three months to transmit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was both impressed and disappointed that it had fallen so quickly,” Ben laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he came up with a second code (a tougher code!) that hasn’t been cracked in four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get a lot of, ‘I think it says: Buy Adobe products,’ ” Siri says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think ‘Beam me up, Scotty,’ was probably the funniest one,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nope, it’s not that either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honestly, folks: If the first code was “The Crying of Lot 49,” the second code is not going to be so obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want to know who knows what the code is?” Siri teases. “Only two people in the world — the artist and then one other person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, she won’t give it up. But she does drop a hint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t need to be a book. It could just be a series of words put together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is our listener, Geoff, going to try to crack the code?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going to leave that to greater minds than me. But I can’t wait to see who cracks it. I think this will be great,” he laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a crack at decoding \u003ca href=\"http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/transmission.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Jose Semaphore’s new message\u003c/a>. And let us know if you solve it!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This podcast features music by Yusuke Tsutsumi (“Untitled 9”) and Eric & Ryan Kilkenny (“Bongo Avenger”).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"order": 10
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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