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"title": "Wolves, Bears and Jaguars: The Lost Animals of the Bay Area",
"headTitle": "Wolves, Bears and Jaguars: The Lost Animals of the Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Many animals that once roamed the Bay Area are gone, but wolves, grizzly bears, antelope and even jaguars once lived here. Over the past several centuries, humans have altered the landscape and influenced the environment in some big ways. Bay Curious listener Isabel Guajardo wondered what kinds of animals flourished in and around San Francisco Bay before Europeans arrived. Some are the same ones we see today — ducks, geese, salmon — but many of the biggest animals from that era are long gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Imagining California wildlife before the Spanish\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Artist Laura Cunningham spent decades researching California’s ecological history and says 300 years ago, there would have been “vast abundant herds and flocks, and the fisheries just would have been astounding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cunningham is the author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.lcunningham-art.com/book/2749/a-state-of-change-forgotten-landscapes-of-california-heyday-2010\">A State of Change: Forgotten Landscapes of California\u003c/a>,” a book that includes many of her paintings. She says there used to be pronghorn antelope, along with tule elk and grizzly bears. Such big predators are hard to imagine in our modern urban environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were very large grizzlies, and they were abundant. Wolf packs. There were apparently even jaguars inhabiting the coastal live oak woodlands as far north as San Francisco,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cunningham dug through old photographs and maps, consulted oil paintings by European colonists and sought Indigenous knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tried to gather as much scientific and cultural information as possible,” she said. She also worked many summers as a naturalist and kept her eye out for clues to the past, such as “a remnant native plant community that’s next to, or in, an urban environment that still has native plants,” or “a creek that might have been covered up, but sometimes it’s revealed and you can see, ‘Oh, wow, there used to be salmon runs here.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her research shows just how much people have changed the landscape of the Bay Area, using its resources and shaping the land in ways that hurt the animals that once thrived here. Through her work, she’s tried to help people imagine what this place looked like centuries ago. But not everyone understands why she does it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11923453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1075px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.californiaecologicalorigin.org\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11923453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2020-11-08-at-7.14.48-PM.png\" alt=\"Image of an oilpainting in golden and pink hues depicting a steep hillside dotted with elk, dark green bushes and golden grass.\" width=\"1075\" height=\"733\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2020-11-08-at-7.14.48-PM.png 1075w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2020-11-08-at-7.14.48-PM-800x545.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2020-11-08-at-7.14.48-PM-1020x695.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2020-11-08-at-7.14.48-PM-160x109.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1075px) 100vw, 1075px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Laura Cunningham’s paintings try to recreate what the natural environment might have looked like before European colonization of California. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Laura Cunningham, copyright 2022)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I was at an art show 10 years ago in San Francisco, and showing these paintings of San Francisco and salmon and elk and grizzlies,” she said. “And a man came up to me and he was very bothered by this. And he said, ‘What, you want to destroy our cities and civilization and go back to this?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, she said, of course not. But she wants others to know this aspect of our region’s history. That’s why she’s now turning her book, which is out of print, into \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiaecologicalorigin.org/home\">an online curriculum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Land stewardship and attitudes shape habitat\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, California land managers are recognizing that some long-established policies have been harmful. And they’re more open to learning land management practices from the native people who lived here before European colonization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/users/754001\">Peter Nelson\u003c/a>, a UC Berkeley professor of ethnic studies and environmental science, says the Coast Miwok, Pomo, Ohlone and other tribes of this region managed land and cared for animals for generations. Their lifestyles and land management practices actually improved the habitat for wildlife. They used fire to keep larger plants like trees and shrubs from overtaking the native grasslands. That preserved habitat and food sources for rodents and rabbits, birds and insects, and even bigger animals, like elk. Fire also kills pests that damage oak trees, helping to maintain acorns as a food supply for people and animals alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11923454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.californiaecologicalorigin.org\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11923454\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/SFNobHill-beforeSF.jpg\" alt=\"Oil painitng of rollin green hills, scrubby vegetation and a deep blue bay beyond.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"986\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/SFNobHill-beforeSF.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/SFNobHill-beforeSF-800x411.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/SFNobHill-beforeSF-1020x524.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/SFNobHill-beforeSF-160x82.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/SFNobHill-beforeSF-1536x789.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist and ecological historian Laura Cunningham imagines what San Francisco’s Nob Hill would have looked like before the metropolis existed. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Laura Cunningham, copyright 2022)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a century, the U.S. government disdained native burning practices, but last year California enacted a law that allows Native Americans to claim their place as “burn bosses.” The Forest Service is also reevaluating the role of prescribed burning and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11919474/as-big-basin-finally-reopens-indigenous-stewardship-key-among-plans-for-parks-rebirth\">how Indigenous knowledge can inform changes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans arrived in ever-growing numbers. They brought a very different philosophy that had \u003ca href=\"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.427.9018&rep=rep1&type=pdf\">devastating consequences for many people\u003c/a> and animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson points to old journals written by Father José Altimira, a Spanish missionary \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiafrontier.net/jose-altimira-san-francisco-solano/\">who founded the Solano Mission\u003c/a> and explored Napa and Sonoma counties. In entry after entry, the priest tabulates the bears his party killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This afternoon and following night nothing more occurred, if we except our men killing a she-bear with four cubs, who were discovered very close to us,” Altimira wrote. And, “This afternoon the men of our company put to death many bears, animals offensive to humanity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before European contact, scientists estimate there were around 10,000 grizzly bears in the state. They peacefully coexisted with the estimated 40,000 native people living between Napa County and Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see that narrative of Europeans imposing their views and values on the landscape,” Nelson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>European missionaries, traders and settlers also devastated animals through excessive hunting, fishing and trapping. Sea otters and fur seals were under siege for their warm and valuable pelts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beaver population was so devastated during the early period of European colonialism that early 20th-century naturalists assumed they’d never lived in the Bay Area. But a recent review of scientific records teased out evidence suggesting beavers were here. Sea otters nearly disappeared from the entire West Coast because of the fur trade. They remain endangered to this day, and \u003ca href=\"https://bayareamonitor.org/article/sea-otters-used-to-live-in-the-bay-should-we-bring-them-back/\">none currently live in San Francisco Bay\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the mid-19th century, European farmers had begun carving up the once open landscape with fences to protect their livestock from predators. That limited how far animals like wolves, bears and jaguars could range looking for food, water and safe places to raise their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11923457\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11923457\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/TolayLake.jpg\" alt=\"A parched looking vista with brown grasses stretching into the distance is broken up by a slash of green where a lake used to be.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/TolayLake.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/TolayLake-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/TolayLake-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/TolayLake-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/TolayLake-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the middle of a dry landscape, the remnants of Tolay Lake remains green. An early European colonizer drained the lake and planted crops on the fertile ground in the 1800s. \u003ccite>(Amy Mayer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tolay Lake, the namesake of \u003ca href=\"https://parks.sonomacounty.ca.gov/visit/find-a-park/tolay-lake-regional-park\">Tolay Lake Regional Park\u003c/a>, is all but dry. An early European colonizer drained it to farm the land. Now, a partnership between Sonoma County and the \u003ca href=\"https://gratonrancheria.com/\">Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria\u003c/a>, along with other state, federal and local partners, will keep this small area from being further developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an archaeologist, anthropologist and member of the Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria, Nelson looks at the lake bed — green and moist even on a hot summer day — and knows this land has more stories to tell about how his ancestors and others cared for it, and the impact their actions had on other creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson knows we’ll never go back to a time when grizzlies or jaguars roamed the area, but he’s hopeful we can continue to preserve the species that are still here, like the golden eagle. Over time, we may uncover more about how people lived alongside predators and other megafauna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Can you imagine bears and jaguars in the Bay Area? Before European colonizers settled in California, the native people stewarded the land in ways that preserved habitats for animals large and small. Now, many of the larger predators are gone or have been hunted to near extinction.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Many animals that once roamed the Bay Area are gone, but wolves, grizzly bears, antelope and even jaguars once lived here. Over the past several centuries, humans have altered the landscape and influenced the environment in some big ways. Bay Curious listener Isabel Guajardo wondered what kinds of animals flourished in and around San Francisco Bay before Europeans arrived. Some are the same ones we see today — ducks, geese, salmon — but many of the biggest animals from that era are long gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Imagining California wildlife before the Spanish\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Artist Laura Cunningham spent decades researching California’s ecological history and says 300 years ago, there would have been “vast abundant herds and flocks, and the fisheries just would have been astounding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cunningham is the author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.lcunningham-art.com/book/2749/a-state-of-change-forgotten-landscapes-of-california-heyday-2010\">A State of Change: Forgotten Landscapes of California\u003c/a>,” a book that includes many of her paintings. She says there used to be pronghorn antelope, along with tule elk and grizzly bears. Such big predators are hard to imagine in our modern urban environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were very large grizzlies, and they were abundant. Wolf packs. There were apparently even jaguars inhabiting the coastal live oak woodlands as far north as San Francisco,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cunningham dug through old photographs and maps, consulted oil paintings by European colonists and sought Indigenous knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tried to gather as much scientific and cultural information as possible,” she said. She also worked many summers as a naturalist and kept her eye out for clues to the past, such as “a remnant native plant community that’s next to, or in, an urban environment that still has native plants,” or “a creek that might have been covered up, but sometimes it’s revealed and you can see, ‘Oh, wow, there used to be salmon runs here.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her research shows just how much people have changed the landscape of the Bay Area, using its resources and shaping the land in ways that hurt the animals that once thrived here. Through her work, she’s tried to help people imagine what this place looked like centuries ago. But not everyone understands why she does it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11923453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1075px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.californiaecologicalorigin.org\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11923453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2020-11-08-at-7.14.48-PM.png\" alt=\"Image of an oilpainting in golden and pink hues depicting a steep hillside dotted with elk, dark green bushes and golden grass.\" width=\"1075\" height=\"733\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2020-11-08-at-7.14.48-PM.png 1075w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2020-11-08-at-7.14.48-PM-800x545.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2020-11-08-at-7.14.48-PM-1020x695.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Screen-Shot-2020-11-08-at-7.14.48-PM-160x109.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1075px) 100vw, 1075px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Laura Cunningham’s paintings try to recreate what the natural environment might have looked like before European colonization of California. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Laura Cunningham, copyright 2022)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I was at an art show 10 years ago in San Francisco, and showing these paintings of San Francisco and salmon and elk and grizzlies,” she said. “And a man came up to me and he was very bothered by this. And he said, ‘What, you want to destroy our cities and civilization and go back to this?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, she said, of course not. But she wants others to know this aspect of our region’s history. That’s why she’s now turning her book, which is out of print, into \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiaecologicalorigin.org/home\">an online curriculum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Land stewardship and attitudes shape habitat\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, California land managers are recognizing that some long-established policies have been harmful. And they’re more open to learning land management practices from the native people who lived here before European colonization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/users/754001\">Peter Nelson\u003c/a>, a UC Berkeley professor of ethnic studies and environmental science, says the Coast Miwok, Pomo, Ohlone and other tribes of this region managed land and cared for animals for generations. Their lifestyles and land management practices actually improved the habitat for wildlife. They used fire to keep larger plants like trees and shrubs from overtaking the native grasslands. That preserved habitat and food sources for rodents and rabbits, birds and insects, and even bigger animals, like elk. Fire also kills pests that damage oak trees, helping to maintain acorns as a food supply for people and animals alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11923454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.californiaecologicalorigin.org\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11923454\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/SFNobHill-beforeSF.jpg\" alt=\"Oil painitng of rollin green hills, scrubby vegetation and a deep blue bay beyond.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"986\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/SFNobHill-beforeSF.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/SFNobHill-beforeSF-800x411.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/SFNobHill-beforeSF-1020x524.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/SFNobHill-beforeSF-160x82.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/SFNobHill-beforeSF-1536x789.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist and ecological historian Laura Cunningham imagines what San Francisco’s Nob Hill would have looked like before the metropolis existed. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Laura Cunningham, copyright 2022)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a century, the U.S. government disdained native burning practices, but last year California enacted a law that allows Native Americans to claim their place as “burn bosses.” The Forest Service is also reevaluating the role of prescribed burning and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11919474/as-big-basin-finally-reopens-indigenous-stewardship-key-among-plans-for-parks-rebirth\">how Indigenous knowledge can inform changes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans arrived in ever-growing numbers. They brought a very different philosophy that had \u003ca href=\"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.427.9018&rep=rep1&type=pdf\">devastating consequences for many people\u003c/a> and animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson points to old journals written by Father José Altimira, a Spanish missionary \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiafrontier.net/jose-altimira-san-francisco-solano/\">who founded the Solano Mission\u003c/a> and explored Napa and Sonoma counties. In entry after entry, the priest tabulates the bears his party killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This afternoon and following night nothing more occurred, if we except our men killing a she-bear with four cubs, who were discovered very close to us,” Altimira wrote. And, “This afternoon the men of our company put to death many bears, animals offensive to humanity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before European contact, scientists estimate there were around 10,000 grizzly bears in the state. They peacefully coexisted with the estimated 40,000 native people living between Napa County and Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see that narrative of Europeans imposing their views and values on the landscape,” Nelson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>European missionaries, traders and settlers also devastated animals through excessive hunting, fishing and trapping. Sea otters and fur seals were under siege for their warm and valuable pelts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beaver population was so devastated during the early period of European colonialism that early 20th-century naturalists assumed they’d never lived in the Bay Area. But a recent review of scientific records teased out evidence suggesting beavers were here. Sea otters nearly disappeared from the entire West Coast because of the fur trade. They remain endangered to this day, and \u003ca href=\"https://bayareamonitor.org/article/sea-otters-used-to-live-in-the-bay-should-we-bring-them-back/\">none currently live in San Francisco Bay\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the mid-19th century, European farmers had begun carving up the once open landscape with fences to protect their livestock from predators. That limited how far animals like wolves, bears and jaguars could range looking for food, water and safe places to raise their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11923457\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11923457\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/TolayLake.jpg\" alt=\"A parched looking vista with brown grasses stretching into the distance is broken up by a slash of green where a lake used to be.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/TolayLake.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/TolayLake-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/TolayLake-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/TolayLake-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/TolayLake-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the middle of a dry landscape, the remnants of Tolay Lake remains green. An early European colonizer drained the lake and planted crops on the fertile ground in the 1800s. \u003ccite>(Amy Mayer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tolay Lake, the namesake of \u003ca href=\"https://parks.sonomacounty.ca.gov/visit/find-a-park/tolay-lake-regional-park\">Tolay Lake Regional Park\u003c/a>, is all but dry. An early European colonizer drained it to farm the land. Now, a partnership between Sonoma County and the \u003ca href=\"https://gratonrancheria.com/\">Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria\u003c/a>, along with other state, federal and local partners, will keep this small area from being further developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an archaeologist, anthropologist and member of the Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria, Nelson looks at the lake bed — green and moist even on a hot summer day — and knows this land has more stories to tell about how his ancestors and others cared for it, and the impact their actions had on other creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson knows we’ll never go back to a time when grizzlies or jaguars roamed the area, but he’s hopeful we can continue to preserve the species that are still here, like the golden eagle. Over time, we may uncover more about how people lived alongside predators and other megafauna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "remembering-russell-city-a-thriving-east-bay-town-razed-by-racist-government",
"title": "Remembering Russell City: A Thriving East Bay Town Razed by Racist Government",
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"content": "\u003cp>Just down from Hayward Regional Shoreline Park, is a power plant called “Calpine – Russell City Energy Center.” It’s the only thing still named for the town that was once here — a vibrant home to about 1,400 people. By all accounts it was the place to be on a Saturday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.hayward-ca.gov/discover/news/feb17/russell-city-and-blues\">Named for a Gold Rush era teacher named Joel Russell,\u003c/a> Russell City was founded in 1853, but it didn’t start booming until World War II when many people seeking work in nearby factories moved to town. Because Russell City was unincorporated, it became a haven for Black and Latino families who had difficulty buying property in other parts of the Bay Area due to racist real estate policies like racial covenants and redlining. In Russell City, there was room to build and people often tended a few animals and planted big gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was also home to several blues clubs and a thriving music scene. Famous musicians like Etta James, Ray Charles and John Lee Hooker played there, letting loose and enjoying the freedom of playing for Black audiences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8pZKYxmxlak\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Russell City people, they sang in church, they know harmonies,” explained Ronnie Stewart, Executive Director of West Coast Blues Society. Stewart didn’t grow up in Russell City, but he’s become obsessed with documenting its contribution to music history. “They know music. And (musicians would) go there because it’s a challenge. If you can get past Russell City, you can get past Carnegie Hall, you know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922190\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11922190\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RussellCity_RonnieStewart_02072022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A Black man stands in the middle of the railroad tracks wearing a stylish suit jacket with pink shirt and tie, fedora, and black and white shoes.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RussellCity_RonnieStewart_02072022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RussellCity_RonnieStewart_02072022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RussellCity_RonnieStewart_02072022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RussellCity_RonnieStewart_02072022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RussellCity_RonnieStewart_02072022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ronnie Stewart, Executive Director and founder of the West Coast Blues Society, stands on railroad tracks that cross Winton Avenue, dividing Hayward from Russell City, on Feb. 7, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Former Russell City residents remember it as a loving place, but also one with deplorable living conditions. Because it was unincorporated, the town didn’t have any city services — no sewage, plumbing or electricity. Residents petitioned Alameda county and Hayward to bring these services to their community, but were repeatedly denied. Instead, the county used the conditions to declare Russell City “a blight,” justifying the use of eminent domain to seize properties and pay the owners far less for their land and homes than they were worth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time someone would move from a home, it would immediately be burned down,” said former Russell City resident, Gloria Bratton Sanders Moore. “It was cheaper to burn everything, easier to just burn it down rather than wait for eminent domain. And in the end, they just came in and bulldozed everything anyway.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11897843/decades-after-cultural-genocide-residents-of-a-bulldozed-community-get-apology-from-hayward\">By 1966, Russell City residents had been forced out of their homes\u003c/a> and the close-knit community was scattered to the winds. Displaced families once again faced predatory lenders, racial steering and redlining as they tried to find homes and rebuild their lives elsewhere. Hayward annexed the land where Russell City once stood and opened a massive industrial park that’s still there today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Minneapolis police killed George Floyd, many cities started looking more critically at their own discriminatory pasts. A spate of official apologies soon followed — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/20/us/antioch-california-sundown-town-chinese-immigrants.html\">first Antioch\u003c/a> and San Jose for their treatment of Chinese Americans, then Hayward. On November 16, 2021 \u003ca href=\"https://www.hayward-ca.gov/discover/news/nov21/hayward-city-council-issues-formal-apology-city%E2%80%99s-role-racial-discrimination-0\">Hayward officially apologized for evicting and burning people out of their homes,\u003c/a> as well as for the long-term adverse impacts on their ability to own property and build wealth. Now the city is working on a proposal to make amends to former Russell City residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We spoke with several people who grew up in Russell City about what made the place so special. They told us stories of a place where people supported and loved each other. Many are angry about how their families were treated and would like to see Hayward do more than apologize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://haywardareahistory.pastperfectonline.com/photo/27113B70-E744-4C70-8442-236472418400\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11922180\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Aerial-Russell-City-sized.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white photo from above showing an airport runway next to a small town of about twelve blocks.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1571\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Aerial-Russell-City-sized.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Aerial-Russell-City-sized-800x655.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Aerial-Russell-City-sized-1020x835.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Aerial-Russell-City-sized-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Aerial-Russell-City-sized-1536x1257.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial view of Russell City tucked up against the Hayward airport circa 1948. \u003ccite>((Courtesy of the Hayward Area Historical Society))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“We had horrid living conditions, but we had beautiful people who lived there, people who loved you and looked out for one another. We planted our own gardens, we picked our own food. We had chickens, we had hogs. You know, there was always the stench because, you know, from the hog ranches and animals just being everywhere….All kinds of people lived in Russell City. And you know, it was a Blues mecca, and people who lived there loved it and they loved each other. And I only wish that we had been able to develop the land and live there forever.” – Gloria Moore\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://haywardareahistory.pastperfectonline.com/photo/A692B3F4-B7B3-407F-8070-243438430695\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11922182\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/houses-Russell-City-sized.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white photo of a small house with paper siding, a pile of tires out front, a dusty yard and a for sale sign.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1434\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/houses-Russell-City-sized.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/houses-Russell-City-sized-800x598.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/houses-Russell-City-sized-1020x762.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/houses-Russell-City-sized-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/houses-Russell-City-sized-1536x1147.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small home with paper siding as well as a plywood roof. On the outside of the home is a sign that reads ‘For Sale’. Circa 1953. \u003ccite>((Courtesy of the Hayward Area Historical Society))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“My father, his family is from Louisiana. And you know, it was really rough back then. My grandmother, his mother, had to leave Louisiana to save her son’s life. There was a mob kind of thing going on, you know. So she took all of her sons and moved to California, never went back. When she came to California, she moved to San Francisco into the Fillmore District. She was pushed out of there. Again, same kind of situation, and she landed in Russell City. My mom, she lived with her grandparents, who moved from Oklahoma. And they landed in West Oakland. And they too were pushed out from West Oakland because they put that freeway in there, the 980. And they landed in Russell City as well.” – Marian Johnson\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Additional Reading\" link1=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11897843/decades-after-cultural-genocide-residents-of-a-bulldozed-community-get-apology-from-hayward,A Deep Dive on Russell City\" link2=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations,KQED's Reparations Coverage\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Hayward did nothing about the streets, so the streets were always pitted. And in the summer it was hard to drive over. And in the winter it was hard to drive over! It was just mud. (My dad) kind of formed the improvement club. And he was the one that was leading the fight for the electricity for the streets. And they (fought for years over access to) water.” – Rudy Brooks\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11922181\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Halloween-Russell-City-sized.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white photo of about fifty children and several adults walking next to a road and a field. The children are dressed up as if for Halloween.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1311\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Halloween-Russell-City-sized.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Halloween-Russell-City-sized-800x546.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Halloween-Russell-City-sized-1020x696.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Halloween-Russell-City-sized-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Halloween-Russell-City-sized-1536x1049.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A large group of students lined up walking on the side of a paved road away from the Russell School building. The students are wearing various costumes for Halloween circa 1952. \u003ccite>((Courtesy of the Hayward Area Historical Society))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The music. You could you hear it, whether you were a fan of it or not. The pig farm(s) were no more than one block away. And sometimes they did escape on top of that. You know, they got their roaming around town.” – Sam Nava\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922191\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11922191\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RS53556_014_RussellCity_SamNava_02072022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"An older Latino couple sits on a couch laughing. The man has his arm around his wife.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RS53556_014_RussellCity_SamNava_02072022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RS53556_014_RussellCity_SamNava_02072022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RS53556_014_RussellCity_SamNava_02072022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RS53556_014_RussellCity_SamNava_02072022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RS53556_014_RussellCity_SamNava_02072022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sam Nava, 82, sits next to his wife Juanita at their home in Hayward on Feb. 7, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“My grandmother never threw anything away. In fact, I have a little black purse and I started looking in it. I’m like, ‘Oh my God, look at this. This is our history right here. This is a copy of a check that they sent my grandmother and grandfather that was like two thousand two hundred and fifty.’ So everybody got that amount. But my grandmother held out because she knew it was wrong. And there’s a letter that I have that they sent her threatening her, telling her, ‘If you don’t sign by Friday, then you won’t get anything at all.'” – Toni Wynn\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922192\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://haywardareahistory.pastperfectonline.com/photo/27ABD657-7F4A-4CED-8C60-050604742935\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11922192\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Property-Russell-City-sized.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white photograph of several wooden buildings including a home, a large shed or garage and several small structures.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1568\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Property-Russell-City-sized.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Property-Russell-City-sized-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Property-Russell-City-sized-1020x833.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Property-Russell-City-sized-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Property-Russell-City-sized-1536x1254.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Russell City home circa 1950. \u003ccite>((Courtesy of the Hayward Area Historical Society))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“I’m speaking for my grandparents who are no longer here, I’m speaking for my father, who is no longer here, and I would be doing them a disservice if I didn’t do as much as they did to get back what they purchased. Legally. And the more information I got, the more I saw the injustice, the more I saw that because of what you did. Our great grandparents weren’t able to do what other families outside of our culture were able to do. Build wealth and equity. From home ownership, from land ownership.” – Marian Johnson\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“We’re looking for, you know, some kind of restoration or restorative justice to reclaim our wealth that was taken away from us.” – Gloria Moore\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Former Russell City residents describe the joy and hardship of living in the unincorporated community in the 1950s before Alameda county and the city of Hayward used eminent domain to force them off their land.",
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"title": "Remembering Russell City: A Thriving East Bay Town Razed by Racist Government | KQED",
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"headline": "Remembering Russell City: A Thriving East Bay Town Razed by Racist Government",
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"subhead": "Former Residents Reminisce About A Loving Community Destroyed",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Just down from Hayward Regional Shoreline Park, is a power plant called “Calpine – Russell City Energy Center.” It’s the only thing still named for the town that was once here — a vibrant home to about 1,400 people. By all accounts it was the place to be on a Saturday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.hayward-ca.gov/discover/news/feb17/russell-city-and-blues\">Named for a Gold Rush era teacher named Joel Russell,\u003c/a> Russell City was founded in 1853, but it didn’t start booming until World War II when many people seeking work in nearby factories moved to town. Because Russell City was unincorporated, it became a haven for Black and Latino families who had difficulty buying property in other parts of the Bay Area due to racist real estate policies like racial covenants and redlining. In Russell City, there was room to build and people often tended a few animals and planted big gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was also home to several blues clubs and a thriving music scene. Famous musicians like Etta James, Ray Charles and John Lee Hooker played there, letting loose and enjoying the freedom of playing for Black audiences.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/8pZKYxmxlak'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/8pZKYxmxlak'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“Russell City people, they sang in church, they know harmonies,” explained Ronnie Stewart, Executive Director of West Coast Blues Society. Stewart didn’t grow up in Russell City, but he’s become obsessed with documenting its contribution to music history. “They know music. And (musicians would) go there because it’s a challenge. If you can get past Russell City, you can get past Carnegie Hall, you know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922190\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11922190\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RussellCity_RonnieStewart_02072022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A Black man stands in the middle of the railroad tracks wearing a stylish suit jacket with pink shirt and tie, fedora, and black and white shoes.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RussellCity_RonnieStewart_02072022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RussellCity_RonnieStewart_02072022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RussellCity_RonnieStewart_02072022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RussellCity_RonnieStewart_02072022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RussellCity_RonnieStewart_02072022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ronnie Stewart, Executive Director and founder of the West Coast Blues Society, stands on railroad tracks that cross Winton Avenue, dividing Hayward from Russell City, on Feb. 7, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Former Russell City residents remember it as a loving place, but also one with deplorable living conditions. Because it was unincorporated, the town didn’t have any city services — no sewage, plumbing or electricity. Residents petitioned Alameda county and Hayward to bring these services to their community, but were repeatedly denied. Instead, the county used the conditions to declare Russell City “a blight,” justifying the use of eminent domain to seize properties and pay the owners far less for their land and homes than they were worth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time someone would move from a home, it would immediately be burned down,” said former Russell City resident, Gloria Bratton Sanders Moore. “It was cheaper to burn everything, easier to just burn it down rather than wait for eminent domain. And in the end, they just came in and bulldozed everything anyway.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11897843/decades-after-cultural-genocide-residents-of-a-bulldozed-community-get-apology-from-hayward\">By 1966, Russell City residents had been forced out of their homes\u003c/a> and the close-knit community was scattered to the winds. Displaced families once again faced predatory lenders, racial steering and redlining as they tried to find homes and rebuild their lives elsewhere. Hayward annexed the land where Russell City once stood and opened a massive industrial park that’s still there today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Minneapolis police killed George Floyd, many cities started looking more critically at their own discriminatory pasts. A spate of official apologies soon followed — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/20/us/antioch-california-sundown-town-chinese-immigrants.html\">first Antioch\u003c/a> and San Jose for their treatment of Chinese Americans, then Hayward. On November 16, 2021 \u003ca href=\"https://www.hayward-ca.gov/discover/news/nov21/hayward-city-council-issues-formal-apology-city%E2%80%99s-role-racial-discrimination-0\">Hayward officially apologized for evicting and burning people out of their homes,\u003c/a> as well as for the long-term adverse impacts on their ability to own property and build wealth. Now the city is working on a proposal to make amends to former Russell City residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We spoke with several people who grew up in Russell City about what made the place so special. They told us stories of a place where people supported and loved each other. Many are angry about how their families were treated and would like to see Hayward do more than apologize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://haywardareahistory.pastperfectonline.com/photo/27113B70-E744-4C70-8442-236472418400\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11922180\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Aerial-Russell-City-sized.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white photo from above showing an airport runway next to a small town of about twelve blocks.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1571\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Aerial-Russell-City-sized.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Aerial-Russell-City-sized-800x655.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Aerial-Russell-City-sized-1020x835.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Aerial-Russell-City-sized-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Aerial-Russell-City-sized-1536x1257.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial view of Russell City tucked up against the Hayward airport circa 1948. \u003ccite>((Courtesy of the Hayward Area Historical Society))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“We had horrid living conditions, but we had beautiful people who lived there, people who loved you and looked out for one another. We planted our own gardens, we picked our own food. We had chickens, we had hogs. You know, there was always the stench because, you know, from the hog ranches and animals just being everywhere….All kinds of people lived in Russell City. And you know, it was a Blues mecca, and people who lived there loved it and they loved each other. And I only wish that we had been able to develop the land and live there forever.” – Gloria Moore\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://haywardareahistory.pastperfectonline.com/photo/A692B3F4-B7B3-407F-8070-243438430695\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11922182\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/houses-Russell-City-sized.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white photo of a small house with paper siding, a pile of tires out front, a dusty yard and a for sale sign.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1434\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/houses-Russell-City-sized.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/houses-Russell-City-sized-800x598.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/houses-Russell-City-sized-1020x762.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/houses-Russell-City-sized-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/houses-Russell-City-sized-1536x1147.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small home with paper siding as well as a plywood roof. On the outside of the home is a sign that reads ‘For Sale’. Circa 1953. \u003ccite>((Courtesy of the Hayward Area Historical Society))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“My father, his family is from Louisiana. And you know, it was really rough back then. My grandmother, his mother, had to leave Louisiana to save her son’s life. There was a mob kind of thing going on, you know. So she took all of her sons and moved to California, never went back. When she came to California, she moved to San Francisco into the Fillmore District. She was pushed out of there. Again, same kind of situation, and she landed in Russell City. My mom, she lived with her grandparents, who moved from Oklahoma. And they landed in West Oakland. And they too were pushed out from West Oakland because they put that freeway in there, the 980. And they landed in Russell City as well.” – Marian Johnson\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"link1": "https://www.kqed.org/news/11897843/decades-after-cultural-genocide-residents-of-a-bulldozed-community-get-apology-from-hayward,A Deep Dive on Russell City",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Hayward did nothing about the streets, so the streets were always pitted. And in the summer it was hard to drive over. And in the winter it was hard to drive over! It was just mud. (My dad) kind of formed the improvement club. And he was the one that was leading the fight for the electricity for the streets. And they (fought for years over access to) water.” – Rudy Brooks\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11922181\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Halloween-Russell-City-sized.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white photo of about fifty children and several adults walking next to a road and a field. The children are dressed up as if for Halloween.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1311\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Halloween-Russell-City-sized.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Halloween-Russell-City-sized-800x546.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Halloween-Russell-City-sized-1020x696.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Halloween-Russell-City-sized-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Halloween-Russell-City-sized-1536x1049.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A large group of students lined up walking on the side of a paved road away from the Russell School building. The students are wearing various costumes for Halloween circa 1952. \u003ccite>((Courtesy of the Hayward Area Historical Society))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The music. You could you hear it, whether you were a fan of it or not. The pig farm(s) were no more than one block away. And sometimes they did escape on top of that. You know, they got their roaming around town.” – Sam Nava\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922191\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11922191\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RS53556_014_RussellCity_SamNava_02072022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"An older Latino couple sits on a couch laughing. The man has his arm around his wife.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RS53556_014_RussellCity_SamNava_02072022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RS53556_014_RussellCity_SamNava_02072022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RS53556_014_RussellCity_SamNava_02072022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RS53556_014_RussellCity_SamNava_02072022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/RS53556_014_RussellCity_SamNava_02072022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sam Nava, 82, sits next to his wife Juanita at their home in Hayward on Feb. 7, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“My grandmother never threw anything away. In fact, I have a little black purse and I started looking in it. I’m like, ‘Oh my God, look at this. This is our history right here. This is a copy of a check that they sent my grandmother and grandfather that was like two thousand two hundred and fifty.’ So everybody got that amount. But my grandmother held out because she knew it was wrong. And there’s a letter that I have that they sent her threatening her, telling her, ‘If you don’t sign by Friday, then you won’t get anything at all.'” – Toni Wynn\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922192\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://haywardareahistory.pastperfectonline.com/photo/27ABD657-7F4A-4CED-8C60-050604742935\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11922192\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Property-Russell-City-sized.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white photograph of several wooden buildings including a home, a large shed or garage and several small structures.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1568\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Property-Russell-City-sized.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Property-Russell-City-sized-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Property-Russell-City-sized-1020x833.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Property-Russell-City-sized-160x131.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Property-Russell-City-sized-1536x1254.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Russell City home circa 1950. \u003ccite>((Courtesy of the Hayward Area Historical Society))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“I’m speaking for my grandparents who are no longer here, I’m speaking for my father, who is no longer here, and I would be doing them a disservice if I didn’t do as much as they did to get back what they purchased. Legally. And the more information I got, the more I saw the injustice, the more I saw that because of what you did. Our great grandparents weren’t able to do what other families outside of our culture were able to do. Build wealth and equity. From home ownership, from land ownership.” – Marian Johnson\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“We’re looking for, you know, some kind of restoration or restorative justice to reclaim our wealth that was taken away from us.” – Gloria Moore\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Labyrinths Everywhere! Why So Many in the Bay Area?",
"headTitle": "Labyrinths Everywhere! Why So Many in the Bay Area? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>If you do a lot of walking or hiking in the Bay Area, there’s a reasonable chance you’ve stumbled upon a labyrinth — a large, winding, self-contained path lined with stones or bricks. There \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Lands-End-labyrinth-erased-by-vandals-6453504.php\">used to be one\u003c/a> at Lands End. There are two in Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve. There are labyrinths in the Marin Headlands, out near Walnut Creek, down in San Carlos — there may even be one \u003ca href=\"https://labyrinthlocator.com/\">in your neighborhood. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious listener, Kate, noticed there seemed to be a lot of them in the Bay Area, and wanted to know if there’s any connection between them and why there are so many out here.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ancient origins\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Labyrinths have been popping up for so long, it’s difficult to pinpoint when they first appeared in the cultural record. The pattern as a symbol may go back 4,000 years or more. Classical style labyrinths have been found minted on coins from the ancient Greek city of Knossos dating back to 350 BCE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920654\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 559px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1357711247.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11920654\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1357711247.jpg\" alt=\"The front and back of an ancient Greek silver coin. On the front is a profile of the goddess Hera. On the back is the design of a classical style square, seven circuit labyrinth. \" width=\"559\" height=\"484\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1357711247.jpg 559w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1357711247-160x139.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 559px) 100vw, 559px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drachm (Coin) Depicting the Goddess Hera, 350-220 BCE. Artist Unknown. (Photo by Heritage Art/Heritage Images via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’ve also appeared in cultural texts. The oldest and most well known of these labyrinth stories is the ancient Greek myth of the Minotaur — a great beast with the body of a man but the head of a bull, the result of a mating between Pasiphaë, the wife of King Minos of Crete, and an irresistibly beautiful bull. (To be fair, this was \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldhistory.org/Europa/\">not the first time\u003c/a> something like this had happened, since Minos himself was the non-consensual product of Europa and the god Zeus, who lured her away while in the form of a handsome bull, to kidnap her.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King Minos has a giant labyrinth built, with pathways so winding and complex that the Minotaur is essentially trapped inside. Every nine years, seven young boys and seven young girls from Athens are sent into the labyrinth to become hopelessly lost and end up as sacrificial meals for the beast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a more modern example, you need look no further than the 1986 Jim Henson classic, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2yd4em1I6M&ab_channel=RottenTomatoesClassicTrailers\">Labyrinth,\u003c/a>” which stars a young Jennifer Connelly as Sarah, and David Bowie in some very \u003cem>fitted \u003c/em>pants as Jareth, the goblin king. Jareth, too, has a gigantic and meandering labyrinth, with his own kingdom in the middle. Teenaged Sarah has to find her way through its misleading and treacherous pathways to recover her baby brother, whom the cruel but undeniably seductive goblin king has kidnapped and threatened to turn into another one of his little puppet minions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920664\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Labyrinth.gif\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11920664\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Labyrinth.gif\" alt=\"David Bowie dances around with a number of small goblin puppets. He is wearing rather tight grey leggings and a puffy white shirt. \" width=\"480\" height=\"198\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pants, magic pants.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The funny thing about both these examples is — neither one depicts a true labyrinth. They’re mazes!\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A labyrinth is not (really) a maze\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The one universal truth of a labyrinth is that if you begin at the entrance and follow your feet, the path will always lead to the middle, and you may follow the same path out again. In the U.K., the term maze is sometimes used synonymously with labyrinth. In this case, it may be called a “unicursal maze,” which means there is only one path. But unlike, say, the hedge maze in The Shining (a reference to the Minotaur myth), a labyrinth is not designed to make you lose your way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11921383\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Classical_7-Circuit_Labyrinth-labeled.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11921383\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Classical_7-Circuit_Labyrinth-labeled-800x727.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"727\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Classical_7-Circuit_Labyrinth-labeled-800x727.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Classical_7-Circuit_Labyrinth-labeled-160x145.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Classical_7-Circuit_Labyrinth-labeled.jpg 921w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Classical seven-circuit labyrinth. \u003ccite>(Image by James Jen/Wiki Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are a wide variety of labyrinth patterns, but most fall into two broad categories: Classical and Medieval. Many of the patterns within those categories are named for the number of circuits they have — that is the number of times the path crosses over the middle of the pattern. Classical designs are those that date back to antiquity, and include long sweeping paths to the center. Medieval labyrinth patterns can be described as being sectioned into quadrants, with many hairpin turns that lead the entrant around different sections of the pattern on their path to the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though labyrinths did not originate from any specific religious belief, they have been utilized by many Christian churches. One of the more well known Medieval patterns is the Chartres labyrinth, named for the one that has adorned the floor of the cathedral in Chartres, France since 1221. But you don’t need a plane ticket to walk that particular pattern. There’s an exact copy of one in San Francisco’s own Grace Cathedral atop Nob Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Grace Cathedral and the ‘modern labyrinth movement’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Grace Cathedral is considered by many to be the center of the modern labyrinth movement, dating back to the installation of the Chartres labyrinth replica in 1991. The Reverend Dr. Lauren Artress, who was the church’s Canon Pastor at the time, brought the first labyrinth to Grace in canvas form first. One was eventually set into the stone floor of the church, and another put outside the cathedral so that visitors may walk it anytime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11921373\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Grace-Labyrinth.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11921373 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Grace-Labyrinth-800x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Grace-Labyrinth-800x576.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Grace-Labyrinth-1020x735.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Grace-Labyrinth-160x115.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Grace-Labyrinth-1536x1106.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Grace-Labyrinth.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maia Scott, who is part of Grace Cathedral’s Labyrinth Guild, walks the labyrinth in San Francisco. This is an example of the Chartres labyrinth, one of the most well known Medieval style designs. Note the quadrants. \u003ccite>(Amanda Font/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Artress says she was inspired to bring a labyrinth to the church when San Francisco was in the midst of the AIDS Crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just really such a very frightening time,” she says, “I knew it intuitively that we needed something that people could do together, prayerfully, or as a meditation, however you understand the labyrinth, and to be able to do something non-verbally. The labyrinth really became a very, very important tool, and it has been ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the idea of spiritual healing in mind, Artress founded the organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.veriditas.org/\">Veriditas\u003c/a> in 1995. They provide training for labyrinth facilitators and builders, including how to construct them and tend them in outdoor spaces. Many, \u003ca href=\"http://mazzariellolabyrinth.orgfree.com/\">though not all\u003c/a>, of the labyrinths that have sprung up in the Bay Area may be the result of this increased presence of labyrinth supporters and builders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artress encourages people, whatever their beliefs, to seek out a labyrinth and see what they think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would encourage people, anybody who’s in transition, anybody who has deep questions that they’re carrying in their heart and in their mind, anybody who needs solace from grief, from feelings of hopelessness, find a labyrinth,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you do a lot of walking or hiking in the Bay Area, there’s a reasonable chance you’ve stumbled upon a labyrinth — a large, winding, self-contained path lined with stones or bricks. There \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Lands-End-labyrinth-erased-by-vandals-6453504.php\">used to be one\u003c/a> at Lands End. There are two in Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve. There are labyrinths in the Marin Headlands, out near Walnut Creek, down in San Carlos — there may even be one \u003ca href=\"https://labyrinthlocator.com/\">in your neighborhood. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious listener, Kate, noticed there seemed to be a lot of them in the Bay Area, and wanted to know if there’s any connection between them and why there are so many out here.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ancient origins\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Labyrinths have been popping up for so long, it’s difficult to pinpoint when they first appeared in the cultural record. The pattern as a symbol may go back 4,000 years or more. Classical style labyrinths have been found minted on coins from the ancient Greek city of Knossos dating back to 350 BCE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920654\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 559px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1357711247.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11920654\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1357711247.jpg\" alt=\"The front and back of an ancient Greek silver coin. On the front is a profile of the goddess Hera. On the back is the design of a classical style square, seven circuit labyrinth. \" width=\"559\" height=\"484\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1357711247.jpg 559w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/GettyImages-1357711247-160x139.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 559px) 100vw, 559px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drachm (Coin) Depicting the Goddess Hera, 350-220 BCE. Artist Unknown. (Photo by Heritage Art/Heritage Images via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’ve also appeared in cultural texts. The oldest and most well known of these labyrinth stories is the ancient Greek myth of the Minotaur — a great beast with the body of a man but the head of a bull, the result of a mating between Pasiphaë, the wife of King Minos of Crete, and an irresistibly beautiful bull. (To be fair, this was \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldhistory.org/Europa/\">not the first time\u003c/a> something like this had happened, since Minos himself was the non-consensual product of Europa and the god Zeus, who lured her away while in the form of a handsome bull, to kidnap her.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King Minos has a giant labyrinth built, with pathways so winding and complex that the Minotaur is essentially trapped inside. Every nine years, seven young boys and seven young girls from Athens are sent into the labyrinth to become hopelessly lost and end up as sacrificial meals for the beast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a more modern example, you need look no further than the 1986 Jim Henson classic, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2yd4em1I6M&ab_channel=RottenTomatoesClassicTrailers\">Labyrinth,\u003c/a>” which stars a young Jennifer Connelly as Sarah, and David Bowie in some very \u003cem>fitted \u003c/em>pants as Jareth, the goblin king. Jareth, too, has a gigantic and meandering labyrinth, with his own kingdom in the middle. Teenaged Sarah has to find her way through its misleading and treacherous pathways to recover her baby brother, whom the cruel but undeniably seductive goblin king has kidnapped and threatened to turn into another one of his little puppet minions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920664\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Labyrinth.gif\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11920664\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Labyrinth.gif\" alt=\"David Bowie dances around with a number of small goblin puppets. He is wearing rather tight grey leggings and a puffy white shirt. \" width=\"480\" height=\"198\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pants, magic pants.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The funny thing about both these examples is — neither one depicts a true labyrinth. They’re mazes!\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A labyrinth is not (really) a maze\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The one universal truth of a labyrinth is that if you begin at the entrance and follow your feet, the path will always lead to the middle, and you may follow the same path out again. In the U.K., the term maze is sometimes used synonymously with labyrinth. In this case, it may be called a “unicursal maze,” which means there is only one path. But unlike, say, the hedge maze in The Shining (a reference to the Minotaur myth), a labyrinth is not designed to make you lose your way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11921383\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Classical_7-Circuit_Labyrinth-labeled.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11921383\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Classical_7-Circuit_Labyrinth-labeled-800x727.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"727\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Classical_7-Circuit_Labyrinth-labeled-800x727.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Classical_7-Circuit_Labyrinth-labeled-160x145.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Classical_7-Circuit_Labyrinth-labeled.jpg 921w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Classical seven-circuit labyrinth. \u003ccite>(Image by James Jen/Wiki Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are a wide variety of labyrinth patterns, but most fall into two broad categories: Classical and Medieval. Many of the patterns within those categories are named for the number of circuits they have — that is the number of times the path crosses over the middle of the pattern. Classical designs are those that date back to antiquity, and include long sweeping paths to the center. Medieval labyrinth patterns can be described as being sectioned into quadrants, with many hairpin turns that lead the entrant around different sections of the pattern on their path to the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though labyrinths did not originate from any specific religious belief, they have been utilized by many Christian churches. One of the more well known Medieval patterns is the Chartres labyrinth, named for the one that has adorned the floor of the cathedral in Chartres, France since 1221. But you don’t need a plane ticket to walk that particular pattern. There’s an exact copy of one in San Francisco’s own Grace Cathedral atop Nob Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Grace Cathedral and the ‘modern labyrinth movement’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Grace Cathedral is considered by many to be the center of the modern labyrinth movement, dating back to the installation of the Chartres labyrinth replica in 1991. The Reverend Dr. Lauren Artress, who was the church’s Canon Pastor at the time, brought the first labyrinth to Grace in canvas form first. One was eventually set into the stone floor of the church, and another put outside the cathedral so that visitors may walk it anytime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11921373\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Grace-Labyrinth.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11921373 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Grace-Labyrinth-800x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Grace-Labyrinth-800x576.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Grace-Labyrinth-1020x735.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Grace-Labyrinth-160x115.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Grace-Labyrinth-1536x1106.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/Grace-Labyrinth.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maia Scott, who is part of Grace Cathedral’s Labyrinth Guild, walks the labyrinth in San Francisco. This is an example of the Chartres labyrinth, one of the most well known Medieval style designs. Note the quadrants. \u003ccite>(Amanda Font/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Artress says she was inspired to bring a labyrinth to the church when San Francisco was in the midst of the AIDS Crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just really such a very frightening time,” she says, “I knew it intuitively that we needed something that people could do together, prayerfully, or as a meditation, however you understand the labyrinth, and to be able to do something non-verbally. The labyrinth really became a very, very important tool, and it has been ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the idea of spiritual healing in mind, Artress founded the organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.veriditas.org/\">Veriditas\u003c/a> in 1995. They provide training for labyrinth facilitators and builders, including how to construct them and tend them in outdoor spaces. Many, \u003ca href=\"http://mazzariellolabyrinth.orgfree.com/\">though not all\u003c/a>, of the labyrinths that have sprung up in the Bay Area may be the result of this increased presence of labyrinth supporters and builders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artress encourages people, whatever their beliefs, to seek out a labyrinth and see what they think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would encourage people, anybody who’s in transition, anybody who has deep questions that they’re carrying in their heart and in their mind, anybody who needs solace from grief, from feelings of hopelessness, find a labyrinth,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'It's Kind of a Weird Message': The Fraught Story Behind Those Giant Paintings Off Central Valley Highways",
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"headTitle": "‘It’s Kind of a Weird Message’: The Fraught Story Behind Those Giant Paintings Off Central Valley Highways | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s Central Valley boasts some beautiful landscapes, often missed by drivers bombing down I-5 between Northern and Southern California. But if you’ve ever driven to, say, Salinas or Carmel, you may have noticed some giant art along the way. Scattered throughout the area, off many different roads, are hundreds of brightly colored plywood cutout scenes of Americana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious listener Nick Loey drives these roads regularly and has often wondered about these giant art pieces — some of which are over 20 feet tall — sticking up in random fields in remote locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have a very distinct style, sort of like pop art, that depict what seem to be farmworkers doing jobs in the field or sort of just posing with their pets or farm equipment,” Loey said. He wants to know “whether or not there’s some story behind that set of art. Is it an exposition for a specific artist? Is it a history piece that you’re supposed to admire and enjoy as you’re driving down the freeway, or is it something more?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answering Nick’s question took us into artist studios and farmworker communities. And like so many things, this art means different things depending on who you ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>“Farmer & Irrigator”\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you’ve never seen these art pieces before, I can’t stress to you how large they are when you get up close to them. But driving by, the static cutouts almost feel interactive. From far away, it can look like figures crouched in the field or standing, surveying the day’s work. It’s only as drivers get closer that they realize the figures aren’t real people at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most iconic of these giant artworks is “Farmer & Irrigator,” found in a field along Highway 68 in Salinas, near an agricultural education center called The Farm. It depicts two men facing away from the highway and toward the landscape. One is standing, leaning his foot on a shovel digging into the dirt, while the other kneels, a handful of dirt in hand, as he surveys the view. Closer to the road, an older man dressed in plaid and a straw hat holds two cabbages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.johncerneymurals.com/index.html\">John Cerney, the artist behind “Farmer & Irrigator,”\u003c/a> along with about 150 other plywood cutout paintings of this style in California, worked in agriculture for close to seven years. He created the art as an homage to the farmworkers providing the country with fresh produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My first job was picking strawberries when I was 15 years old,” Cerney said. “I know how hard the work is. They get up early and it’s a rough life. They’re still underpaid. They work hard and I was happy to get that first gig and elevate them and draw attention to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is, many farmworkers living in these agricultural communities and driving by the art every day don’t feel the same way. That’s in large part because most of the figures are depicted with white or light-colored skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920662\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11920662\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/CabbageMan.jpg\" alt=\"A large painting of a man with a white mustache, hat and tan jacket stands near the edge of a field, next to the road. The man holds two cabbages with more at his feet.\" width=\"1700\" height=\"1600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/CabbageMan.jpg 1700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/CabbageMan-800x753.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/CabbageMan-1020x960.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/CabbageMan-160x151.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/CabbageMan-1536x1446.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1700px) 100vw, 1700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the 11 subjects in Cerney’s “Farmer & Irrigator” installation. Closest to the road, the painting is often vandalized. \u003ccite>(Cesar Saldaña/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, for me, that represents the growers,” said Lauro Barajas, regional director for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ufwfoundation.org/\">United Farm Workers\u003c/a> in Santa Cruz and Monterey counties. “It’s a nice painting, but it’s kind of a weird message.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been almost 100 years since white farmers worked the land in Salinas, Barajas said. Today, immigrants, most of whom are from states in southern Mexico like Chiapas, Guerrero and Oaxaca, are the ones doing the backbreaking labor of producing food for the country. And they don’t see themselves represented in this artwork.[aside label='Farmworker Support Orgs' link1='https://farmworkerfamily.org,Center For Farmworker Families' link2='https://www.ufwfoundation.org,UFW Foundation']Although some of the subjects in Cerney’s installation are based on photographs of Latinos, the ones that are most easily seen by the public don’t appear to be. Some community members noted that farmworkers work hard to sustain their families and the country’s food supply with their labor, so it’s disheartening to see white or white-passing people take the credit in these highly visible art pieces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since the inception of the UFW, when you do see farmworkers in art pieces, they are usually pretty positive,” said labor-rights activist Dolores Huerta, who co-founded the United Farmworkers (UFW) alongside Larry Itliong and César Chavez. Huerta drove by one of Cerney’s paintings recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But they’re not farmworkers; they’re the farmers. They are the growers or the owners of the land, not the people that are actually doing the work,” Huerta said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cerney confirmed this, saying that the owner of the land commissioned “Farmer & Irrigator” in 1995, directing Cerney to paint himself and members of his family alongside the fieldworkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The tensions of public art\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When I told Cerney that some members of the farmworker community don’t feel seen in the installation, he was saddened. He never intended to misrepresent the farmworking community and said that he is just trying to make a living as an artist, something that’s difficult to do nowadays. He uses the commissions he receives to subsidize the work he’s truly passionate about making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920663\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1076px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11920663\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Cerney.jpg\" alt=\"A middle aged man in a white long sleeved tee shirt and baseball hat poses near a fence. In a trick of perspective, it looks like a giant hand next to him holds a mirror with James' Dean's face reflected.\" width=\"1076\" height=\"878\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Cerney.jpg 1076w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Cerney-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Cerney-1020x832.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Cerney-160x131.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1076px) 100vw, 1076px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist John Cerney standing near the entrance of his studio where he creates giant highway paintings. Cerney often paints portraits of American celebrities like Marilyn Monroe, James Dean and Aretha Franklin. \u003ccite>(Cesar Saldaña/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If it were left to myself — even though I grew up in this farming area and I worked in the (agriculture) industry myself for eight or nine years before I went to college — I wouldn’t have necessarily picked that,” he said. “It’s just that they asked me to do it, they were paying me, and I’m a hired gun. I did what they wanted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nick Loey, who first asked about this art, wondered if they were part of a “history piece.” While not intended as such, in many ways they are a testament to the age-old discrepancy in power between landowners who are seen and laborers who are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Cerney’s intentions were good, the thing about public art is that once it’s out there, the artist ceases to be part of the equation. The work is no longer about intent, but rather about the impact it has on those viewing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Drive south down Highway 101 or 68, among others, and you'll likely see giant paintings depicting farm scenes and rural life. We find out what it's all about from the artist who made them famous and get reactions from people living and working in agricultural communities near them.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s Central Valley boasts some beautiful landscapes, often missed by drivers bombing down I-5 between Northern and Southern California. But if you’ve ever driven to, say, Salinas or Carmel, you may have noticed some giant art along the way. Scattered throughout the area, off many different roads, are hundreds of brightly colored plywood cutout scenes of Americana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious listener Nick Loey drives these roads regularly and has often wondered about these giant art pieces — some of which are over 20 feet tall — sticking up in random fields in remote locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have a very distinct style, sort of like pop art, that depict what seem to be farmworkers doing jobs in the field or sort of just posing with their pets or farm equipment,” Loey said. He wants to know “whether or not there’s some story behind that set of art. Is it an exposition for a specific artist? Is it a history piece that you’re supposed to admire and enjoy as you’re driving down the freeway, or is it something more?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answering Nick’s question took us into artist studios and farmworker communities. And like so many things, this art means different things depending on who you ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>“Farmer & Irrigator”\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you’ve never seen these art pieces before, I can’t stress to you how large they are when you get up close to them. But driving by, the static cutouts almost feel interactive. From far away, it can look like figures crouched in the field or standing, surveying the day’s work. It’s only as drivers get closer that they realize the figures aren’t real people at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most iconic of these giant artworks is “Farmer & Irrigator,” found in a field along Highway 68 in Salinas, near an agricultural education center called The Farm. It depicts two men facing away from the highway and toward the landscape. One is standing, leaning his foot on a shovel digging into the dirt, while the other kneels, a handful of dirt in hand, as he surveys the view. Closer to the road, an older man dressed in plaid and a straw hat holds two cabbages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.johncerneymurals.com/index.html\">John Cerney, the artist behind “Farmer & Irrigator,”\u003c/a> along with about 150 other plywood cutout paintings of this style in California, worked in agriculture for close to seven years. He created the art as an homage to the farmworkers providing the country with fresh produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My first job was picking strawberries when I was 15 years old,” Cerney said. “I know how hard the work is. They get up early and it’s a rough life. They’re still underpaid. They work hard and I was happy to get that first gig and elevate them and draw attention to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is, many farmworkers living in these agricultural communities and driving by the art every day don’t feel the same way. That’s in large part because most of the figures are depicted with white or light-colored skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920662\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11920662\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/CabbageMan.jpg\" alt=\"A large painting of a man with a white mustache, hat and tan jacket stands near the edge of a field, next to the road. The man holds two cabbages with more at his feet.\" width=\"1700\" height=\"1600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/CabbageMan.jpg 1700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/CabbageMan-800x753.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/CabbageMan-1020x960.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/CabbageMan-160x151.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/CabbageMan-1536x1446.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1700px) 100vw, 1700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the 11 subjects in Cerney’s “Farmer & Irrigator” installation. Closest to the road, the painting is often vandalized. \u003ccite>(Cesar Saldaña/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, for me, that represents the growers,” said Lauro Barajas, regional director for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ufwfoundation.org/\">United Farm Workers\u003c/a> in Santa Cruz and Monterey counties. “It’s a nice painting, but it’s kind of a weird message.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been almost 100 years since white farmers worked the land in Salinas, Barajas said. Today, immigrants, most of whom are from states in southern Mexico like Chiapas, Guerrero and Oaxaca, are the ones doing the backbreaking labor of producing food for the country. And they don’t see themselves represented in this artwork.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"link1": "https://farmworkerfamily.org,Center For Farmworker Families",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Although some of the subjects in Cerney’s installation are based on photographs of Latinos, the ones that are most easily seen by the public don’t appear to be. Some community members noted that farmworkers work hard to sustain their families and the country’s food supply with their labor, so it’s disheartening to see white or white-passing people take the credit in these highly visible art pieces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since the inception of the UFW, when you do see farmworkers in art pieces, they are usually pretty positive,” said labor-rights activist Dolores Huerta, who co-founded the United Farmworkers (UFW) alongside Larry Itliong and César Chavez. Huerta drove by one of Cerney’s paintings recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But they’re not farmworkers; they’re the farmers. They are the growers or the owners of the land, not the people that are actually doing the work,” Huerta said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cerney confirmed this, saying that the owner of the land commissioned “Farmer & Irrigator” in 1995, directing Cerney to paint himself and members of his family alongside the fieldworkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The tensions of public art\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When I told Cerney that some members of the farmworker community don’t feel seen in the installation, he was saddened. He never intended to misrepresent the farmworking community and said that he is just trying to make a living as an artist, something that’s difficult to do nowadays. He uses the commissions he receives to subsidize the work he’s truly passionate about making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920663\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1076px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11920663\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Cerney.jpg\" alt=\"A middle aged man in a white long sleeved tee shirt and baseball hat poses near a fence. In a trick of perspective, it looks like a giant hand next to him holds a mirror with James' Dean's face reflected.\" width=\"1076\" height=\"878\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Cerney.jpg 1076w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Cerney-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Cerney-1020x832.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Cerney-160x131.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1076px) 100vw, 1076px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist John Cerney standing near the entrance of his studio where he creates giant highway paintings. Cerney often paints portraits of American celebrities like Marilyn Monroe, James Dean and Aretha Franklin. \u003ccite>(Cesar Saldaña/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If it were left to myself — even though I grew up in this farming area and I worked in the (agriculture) industry myself for eight or nine years before I went to college — I wouldn’t have necessarily picked that,” he said. “It’s just that they asked me to do it, they were paying me, and I’m a hired gun. I did what they wanted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nick Loey, who first asked about this art, wondered if they were part of a “history piece.” While not intended as such, in many ways they are a testament to the age-old discrepancy in power between landowners who are seen and laborers who are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Cerney’s intentions were good, the thing about public art is that once it’s out there, the artist ceases to be part of the equation. The work is no longer about intent, but rather about the impact it has on those viewing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "a-history-of-san-franciscos-wild-raw-farallon-islands",
"title": "A History of San Francisco's Wild, Raw Farallon Islands",
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"headTitle": "A History of San Francisco’s Wild, Raw Farallon Islands | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Whether or not the Farallon Islands are visible from shore is always a good measure of how clear a day we’re having in the San Francisco Bay Area. Situated 27 miles west of the Golden Gate, the cluster of 20 islets is often obscured by fog or marine layer — but on the clearest of days they emerge as a blurry silhouette on the horizon line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The islands are closed to the public because they’re now a wildlife refuge where a dazzling array of birds and other wildlife thrive. But over the years, the islands have served many purposes, and been home to a few brave souls willing to weather the inhospitable conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland resident Ali Moghaddam was enjoying a day in Pacifica with his wife when he first learned about the islands from a placard overlooking the sea. It gave him just enough information to want to know more, so he sent this question to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> team: What is the history of the Farallon Islands?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920246\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11920246\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1298923486-small-800x424.jpg\" alt=\"The sun setting over the Pacific ocean. The Golden Gate Bridge is an silhouette, and on the horizon, the Farallon Islands stick out of the ocean. \" width=\"800\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1298923486-small-800x424.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1298923486-small-1020x541.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1298923486-small-160x85.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1298923486-small-1536x814.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1298923486-small.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Farallon Islands are often obscured by fog or the marine layer, but on the clearest of days, you can see them from land. \u003ccite>(Michael Macor/San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The island’s early visitors\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The first people of the Bay Area were wary of the Farallons. Local tribes called them the Islands of the Dead, and it’s said they never stepped foot on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>English explorer, pirate and trader of enslaved people Sir Francis Drake is the first person to leave a record of visiting the islands. He and his men made their way onshore in 1579, where they collected seal meat and eggs. They left after just one day. Drake named them the “Islands of St. James” — a name that didn’t stick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The name that did stick came about 25 years later, when Friar Antonio de la Asunción, sailing on a Spanish expedition, described the string of islands in his diary as “seven farallones close together.” Farallon is Spanish for steep rock or cliff. This time around, the name took.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920259\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2047px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11920259\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/11105699446_a73ba6de9f_k.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration of the Farallons, with waves splashing up on the rocky shore in the foreground.\" width=\"2047\" height=\"1279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/11105699446_a73ba6de9f_k.jpg 2047w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/11105699446_a73ba6de9f_k-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/11105699446_a73ba6de9f_k-1020x637.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/11105699446_a73ba6de9f_k-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/11105699446_a73ba6de9f_k-1536x960.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/11105699446_a73ba6de9f_k-1920x1200.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2047px) 100vw, 2047px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of the Farallons featured in the 1874 book “Western Wanderings: A Record of Travel in the Evening Land, etc. Illustrated” by J.W. Boddam-Whetham. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/11105699446/\">British Library/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A land pillaged\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The first people known to live on the islands arrived in 1819. They were Russian fur hunters and members of the Aleut community, who likely were working as enslaved people. They lived on the Southeast Farallon, which is the only island large enough to support humans. They came to the islands to harvest fur seals — the warm pelts were in high demand in Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zackhar Chichinoff was one of the Russians living on the island. His story has been\u003ca href=\"https://www.islapedia.com/images/0/05/Hoover%2C_M_The_Farallon_Islands_1932.pdf\"> recounted in several books\u003c/a> over the years:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>A schooner took us down to the islands but we had to cruise around for over a week before we could make a landing. We had a few planks with us and some canvas, and with that we built huts for shelter. The water was very bad also, being taken from hollow places in the rocks where it stood all the year round. We had no fire-arms, the sea lions were killed with clubs or spears. Scurvy broke out among us and in a short time all were sick except myself. All the next winter we passed there in great misery and when the spring came the men were too weak to kill sea-lions, and all we could do was to crawl around the cliffs and gather some sea birds’ eggs and suck them raw.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Despite the difficult living conditions and basic weaponry, settlers managed to kill an estimated 200,000 fur seals on the Farallons over the course of a few years. Captain Benjamin Morrell Jr. visited the island in 1825 and offered this \u003ca href=\"https://www.islapedia.com/images/0/05/Hoover%2C_M_The_Farallon_Islands_1932.pdf\">update in his diary\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Many years ago this place was the resort of numerous fur seal but the Russians have made such a havoc among them that there is scarcely a breed left. On this barren rock we found a Russian family and twenty-three Codiaks, or northwest Indians, with their bark canoes. They were employed in taking sea-leopards, sea-horses, and sea-elephants for their skins, oil and flesh … at the time of our visit they had about fifty tons of this beef cured and were expecting the arrival of a Russian vessel to take off the beef and leave them a supply of fresh water, there being none on the island.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>By 1834 the fur seal population was decimated. The animals that survived abandoned the island. It would be 140 years before they were seen on the island again; in the 1970s, a few fur seals started to return to the island. The first pup was spotted in 1996, and since then the population has continued to grow. In 2019, Point Blue Conservation Science reported that about 2,000 pups are born on the island each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920258\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11920258\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Farallon_Refuge_12294370586.jpeg\" alt=\"More than a dozen fur seals in the foreground, and countless more in the background. A few look directly at the camera. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"710\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Farallon_Refuge_12294370586.jpeg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Farallon_Refuge_12294370586-800x555.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Farallon_Refuge_12294370586-1020x707.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Farallon_Refuge_12294370586-160x111.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The fur seal population has rebounded, as seen in this 2011 photo. \u003ccite>(Jim Tietz/PRBO Conservation Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The Egg War\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Things were quiet on the islands for a few years, but interest in them picked up again during the Gold Rush. Food scarcity prompted entrepreneurial men to venture out to the Farallons in search of supplies. Because the islands are the largest seabird nesting colony south of Alaska, what they found there were eggs. Lots and lots of eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11872731\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11872731\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/egger2_enl-6caea5207a48def8f2179382777a1e494376ff38.jpg\" alt=\"A group of men clean a week's haul of seabird eggs.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1616\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/egger2_enl-6caea5207a48def8f2179382777a1e494376ff38.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/egger2_enl-6caea5207a48def8f2179382777a1e494376ff38-800x646.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/egger2_enl-6caea5207a48def8f2179382777a1e494376ff38-1020x824.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/egger2_enl-6caea5207a48def8f2179382777a1e494376ff38-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/egger2_enl-6caea5207a48def8f2179382777a1e494376ff38-1536x1241.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/egger2_enl-6caea5207a48def8f2179382777a1e494376ff38-1920x1551.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of men clean a week’s haul of seabird eggs. \u003ccite>(Arthur Bolton/California Academy of Sciences )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The eggs they collected turned out to be a hot commodity in protein-starved San Francisco, and the egg hunters quickly found themselves quite rich. An industry sprung up, which Mildred Hoover described in her \u003ca href=\"https://www.islapedia.com/images/0/05/Hoover%2C_M_The_Farallon_Islands_1932.pdf\">1932 book about the Farallons\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>There was one essential item in the equipment of the workers – a loose fitting jacket with capacious pockets inside the front. At a given signal, the day’s operations began: every man started on the run for a favored spot among the nests. … When the loose-fronted jackets were full of eggs the men descended the slippery rocks with care to deposit their booty in hidden baskets – hidden because of the Gulls. Accidents were not unknown and to fall while wearing a coat full of eggs delayed the worker at least long enough to wash out the pockets with cold sea water.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>By the early 1850s, about a half-million eggs were gathered each year. Egg collecting became so lucrative that in 1863 two men were killed in “The Great Egg War.” (We actually did a whole \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11872730/the-gold-rush-delicacy-that-started-a-war-eggs\">Bay Curious episode about The Great Egg War\u003c/a> if you’d like to learn more.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just as with the fur seals, overharvesting of eggs caused damage to the animal world. The wild murre population plummeted. Eventually, the federal government ruled all commercial eggers off the islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920247\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11920247\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/South_Farallon_Island_landing_1871-800x704.jpeg\" alt=\"A black and white photo taken on the Farallon Islands. A boat has been pulled onto the top of the rocks by a wooden, crane-like device. \" width=\"800\" height=\"704\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/South_Farallon_Island_landing_1871-800x704.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/South_Farallon_Island_landing_1871-1020x897.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/South_Farallon_Island_landing_1871-160x141.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/South_Farallon_Island_landing_1871-1536x1352.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/South_Farallon_Island_landing_1871-1920x1689.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/South_Farallon_Island_landing_1871.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this 1871 image, you can see a crane-like device that was used to haul small boats safely onto the island. A similar technique is used today. \u003ccite>(Eadweard Muybridge photography, courtesy of USCG History)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A lighthouse brings new residents\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Navigating the waters around the Farallon islands has always been extremely dangerous. Quick-moving currents can sweep boats onto the rocks, where the Pacific pounds them into oblivion, and during storms waves can get so big they swallow boats whole.[emailsignup newslettername=\"baycurious\" align=\"right\"]There are about 400 ship and airplane wrecks in the Greater Farallones sanctuary. (Airplanes flying low to get under the fog would run into the islands’ rocky peaks.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In hopes of warding off disaster, a lighthouse was built at the top of Southeast Farallon Island in 1855. It was one of the first lighthouses built on the West Coast. Four lighthouse keepers and their families lived simultaneously on the island to keep the light in operation. They lived in two Victorian duplexes that are still standing today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Nordhoff wrote about their lives in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.islapedia.com/images/8/88/Nordhoff_Farrallon_Islands_Harpers_1874.pdf\">1874 edition of Harper’s Magazine\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The life of the keepers on the Farallon Light is singularly lonely and monotonous … they live in what would seem to a landman like a perpetual storm. The ocean roars in their ears day and night; the boom of the surf is their constant and only music, the wild scream of the sea birds and the howl of the sea lions, the whistle and shriek of the gale, the dull threatening thunder of the vast breakers, are the dreary and desolate sounds which lull them to sleep at night, and assail their ears when they wake.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Life seemed to have improved somewhat by 1932 when Mildred Hoover wrote about the lives of the island’s few residents. She wrote that radio reception on the islands was good, so keepers and their families spent their evenings dancing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920249\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11920249\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/FarallonsFromSky.jpeg\" alt=\"A black and white 1929 photograph of the Southeast Farallon from the sky. You can see three dwellings, a lighthouse, and several auxiliary buildings. \" width=\"800\" height=\"653\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/FarallonsFromSky.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/FarallonsFromSky-160x131.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 1929 photograph of Southeast Farallon Island from the sky. You can see three dwellings, a lighthouse, and several auxiliary buildings. \u003ccite>(Courtesy US Coast Guard)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the lighthouse keepers came another longtime resident: a \u003ca href=\"https://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=100\">mule named Jack\u003c/a>. He was used to carry fuel and supplies to and from the lighthouse, which was perched at the top of a dangerous climb. Though most lighthouse keepers stayed on the island for \u003ca href=\"https://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=100\">one or two years\u003c/a>, Jack called that rock in the middle of the Pacific home for 18 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, the Coast Guard automated the lighthouse, and the keepers moved off the island.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Scientific and military presence on the island\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1900s, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=100\">Navy began operating a radio direction finder station\u003c/a> on Southeast Farallon Island, which could be used to locate enemy broadcasters. They constructed dormitories, a power house, two compass houses and several work sheds. Staffing of the station fluctuated, but one report says the total population on the island may have been as high as 70 at some points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Weather Bureau also built a weather station on the island around 1902. Weather data collected on the Farallons was helpful in predicting what mainland residents could expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A sanctuary and laboratory\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Today, the Farallon Islands all are part of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/refuge/farallon-islands/about-us\">National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>, and the waters surrounding them make up the \u003ca href=\"https://farallones.noaa.gov/\">Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>. The island is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. In 1971, they entered into an agreement with \u003ca href=\"https://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a> to jointly protect, monitor, conduct research, and manage the islands. The public isn’t allowed on them, but you can take a boat tour through the waters around them — like our colleague\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11916632/its-like-youre-on-a-different-planet-in-search-of-whales-and-other-creatures-at-the-mysterious-farallon-islands\"> Izzy Bloom did for a recent story\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920251\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11920251\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1321230164-small.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1321230164-small.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1321230164-small-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1321230164-small-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1321230164-small-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1321230164-small-1536x1020.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oceanic Society naturalist Peter Winch (left) points as visitors aboard the Salty Lady view the Farallon Islands. \u003ccite>(Jane Tyska/Digital First Media/East Bay Times via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Biologists with Point Blue live in the two Victorian duplexes where lighthouse keepers once stayed. They’ve been conducting many long-term studies on the wild seabirds, seals, whales and sharks that thrive on the islands and in nearby waters. In 2009, KQED’s Quest produced this video about the islands and the research being done there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/WVL_2exHQrg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The rugged islands that sit 27 miles west of the Golden Gate Bridge are extremely inhospitable, but a host of people have lived on them over the centuries.",
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"title": "A History of San Francisco's Wild, Raw Farallon Islands | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Whether or not the Farallon Islands are visible from shore is always a good measure of how clear a day we’re having in the San Francisco Bay Area. Situated 27 miles west of the Golden Gate, the cluster of 20 islets is often obscured by fog or marine layer — but on the clearest of days they emerge as a blurry silhouette on the horizon line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The islands are closed to the public because they’re now a wildlife refuge where a dazzling array of birds and other wildlife thrive. But over the years, the islands have served many purposes, and been home to a few brave souls willing to weather the inhospitable conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland resident Ali Moghaddam was enjoying a day in Pacifica with his wife when he first learned about the islands from a placard overlooking the sea. It gave him just enough information to want to know more, so he sent this question to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> team: What is the history of the Farallon Islands?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920246\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11920246\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1298923486-small-800x424.jpg\" alt=\"The sun setting over the Pacific ocean. The Golden Gate Bridge is an silhouette, and on the horizon, the Farallon Islands stick out of the ocean. \" width=\"800\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1298923486-small-800x424.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1298923486-small-1020x541.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1298923486-small-160x85.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1298923486-small-1536x814.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1298923486-small.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Farallon Islands are often obscured by fog or the marine layer, but on the clearest of days, you can see them from land. \u003ccite>(Michael Macor/San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The island’s early visitors\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The first people of the Bay Area were wary of the Farallons. Local tribes called them the Islands of the Dead, and it’s said they never stepped foot on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>English explorer, pirate and trader of enslaved people Sir Francis Drake is the first person to leave a record of visiting the islands. He and his men made their way onshore in 1579, where they collected seal meat and eggs. They left after just one day. Drake named them the “Islands of St. James” — a name that didn’t stick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The name that did stick came about 25 years later, when Friar Antonio de la Asunción, sailing on a Spanish expedition, described the string of islands in his diary as “seven farallones close together.” Farallon is Spanish for steep rock or cliff. This time around, the name took.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920259\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2047px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11920259\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/11105699446_a73ba6de9f_k.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration of the Farallons, with waves splashing up on the rocky shore in the foreground.\" width=\"2047\" height=\"1279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/11105699446_a73ba6de9f_k.jpg 2047w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/11105699446_a73ba6de9f_k-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/11105699446_a73ba6de9f_k-1020x637.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/11105699446_a73ba6de9f_k-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/11105699446_a73ba6de9f_k-1536x960.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/11105699446_a73ba6de9f_k-1920x1200.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2047px) 100vw, 2047px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of the Farallons featured in the 1874 book “Western Wanderings: A Record of Travel in the Evening Land, etc. Illustrated” by J.W. Boddam-Whetham. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/11105699446/\">British Library/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A land pillaged\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The first people known to live on the islands arrived in 1819. They were Russian fur hunters and members of the Aleut community, who likely were working as enslaved people. They lived on the Southeast Farallon, which is the only island large enough to support humans. They came to the islands to harvest fur seals — the warm pelts were in high demand in Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zackhar Chichinoff was one of the Russians living on the island. His story has been\u003ca href=\"https://www.islapedia.com/images/0/05/Hoover%2C_M_The_Farallon_Islands_1932.pdf\"> recounted in several books\u003c/a> over the years:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>A schooner took us down to the islands but we had to cruise around for over a week before we could make a landing. We had a few planks with us and some canvas, and with that we built huts for shelter. The water was very bad also, being taken from hollow places in the rocks where it stood all the year round. We had no fire-arms, the sea lions were killed with clubs or spears. Scurvy broke out among us and in a short time all were sick except myself. All the next winter we passed there in great misery and when the spring came the men were too weak to kill sea-lions, and all we could do was to crawl around the cliffs and gather some sea birds’ eggs and suck them raw.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Despite the difficult living conditions and basic weaponry, settlers managed to kill an estimated 200,000 fur seals on the Farallons over the course of a few years. Captain Benjamin Morrell Jr. visited the island in 1825 and offered this \u003ca href=\"https://www.islapedia.com/images/0/05/Hoover%2C_M_The_Farallon_Islands_1932.pdf\">update in his diary\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Many years ago this place was the resort of numerous fur seal but the Russians have made such a havoc among them that there is scarcely a breed left. On this barren rock we found a Russian family and twenty-three Codiaks, or northwest Indians, with their bark canoes. They were employed in taking sea-leopards, sea-horses, and sea-elephants for their skins, oil and flesh … at the time of our visit they had about fifty tons of this beef cured and were expecting the arrival of a Russian vessel to take off the beef and leave them a supply of fresh water, there being none on the island.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>By 1834 the fur seal population was decimated. The animals that survived abandoned the island. It would be 140 years before they were seen on the island again; in the 1970s, a few fur seals started to return to the island. The first pup was spotted in 1996, and since then the population has continued to grow. In 2019, Point Blue Conservation Science reported that about 2,000 pups are born on the island each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920258\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11920258\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Farallon_Refuge_12294370586.jpeg\" alt=\"More than a dozen fur seals in the foreground, and countless more in the background. A few look directly at the camera. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"710\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Farallon_Refuge_12294370586.jpeg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Farallon_Refuge_12294370586-800x555.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Farallon_Refuge_12294370586-1020x707.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Farallon_Refuge_12294370586-160x111.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The fur seal population has rebounded, as seen in this 2011 photo. \u003ccite>(Jim Tietz/PRBO Conservation Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The Egg War\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Things were quiet on the islands for a few years, but interest in them picked up again during the Gold Rush. Food scarcity prompted entrepreneurial men to venture out to the Farallons in search of supplies. Because the islands are the largest seabird nesting colony south of Alaska, what they found there were eggs. Lots and lots of eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11872731\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11872731\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/egger2_enl-6caea5207a48def8f2179382777a1e494376ff38.jpg\" alt=\"A group of men clean a week's haul of seabird eggs.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1616\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/egger2_enl-6caea5207a48def8f2179382777a1e494376ff38.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/egger2_enl-6caea5207a48def8f2179382777a1e494376ff38-800x646.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/egger2_enl-6caea5207a48def8f2179382777a1e494376ff38-1020x824.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/egger2_enl-6caea5207a48def8f2179382777a1e494376ff38-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/egger2_enl-6caea5207a48def8f2179382777a1e494376ff38-1536x1241.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/egger2_enl-6caea5207a48def8f2179382777a1e494376ff38-1920x1551.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of men clean a week’s haul of seabird eggs. \u003ccite>(Arthur Bolton/California Academy of Sciences )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The eggs they collected turned out to be a hot commodity in protein-starved San Francisco, and the egg hunters quickly found themselves quite rich. An industry sprung up, which Mildred Hoover described in her \u003ca href=\"https://www.islapedia.com/images/0/05/Hoover%2C_M_The_Farallon_Islands_1932.pdf\">1932 book about the Farallons\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>There was one essential item in the equipment of the workers – a loose fitting jacket with capacious pockets inside the front. At a given signal, the day’s operations began: every man started on the run for a favored spot among the nests. … When the loose-fronted jackets were full of eggs the men descended the slippery rocks with care to deposit their booty in hidden baskets – hidden because of the Gulls. Accidents were not unknown and to fall while wearing a coat full of eggs delayed the worker at least long enough to wash out the pockets with cold sea water.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>By the early 1850s, about a half-million eggs were gathered each year. Egg collecting became so lucrative that in 1863 two men were killed in “The Great Egg War.” (We actually did a whole \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11872730/the-gold-rush-delicacy-that-started-a-war-eggs\">Bay Curious episode about The Great Egg War\u003c/a> if you’d like to learn more.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just as with the fur seals, overharvesting of eggs caused damage to the animal world. The wild murre population plummeted. Eventually, the federal government ruled all commercial eggers off the islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920247\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11920247\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/South_Farallon_Island_landing_1871-800x704.jpeg\" alt=\"A black and white photo taken on the Farallon Islands. A boat has been pulled onto the top of the rocks by a wooden, crane-like device. \" width=\"800\" height=\"704\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/South_Farallon_Island_landing_1871-800x704.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/South_Farallon_Island_landing_1871-1020x897.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/South_Farallon_Island_landing_1871-160x141.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/South_Farallon_Island_landing_1871-1536x1352.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/South_Farallon_Island_landing_1871-1920x1689.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/South_Farallon_Island_landing_1871.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this 1871 image, you can see a crane-like device that was used to haul small boats safely onto the island. A similar technique is used today. \u003ccite>(Eadweard Muybridge photography, courtesy of USCG History)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A lighthouse brings new residents\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Navigating the waters around the Farallon islands has always been extremely dangerous. Quick-moving currents can sweep boats onto the rocks, where the Pacific pounds them into oblivion, and during storms waves can get so big they swallow boats whole.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>There are about 400 ship and airplane wrecks in the Greater Farallones sanctuary. (Airplanes flying low to get under the fog would run into the islands’ rocky peaks.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In hopes of warding off disaster, a lighthouse was built at the top of Southeast Farallon Island in 1855. It was one of the first lighthouses built on the West Coast. Four lighthouse keepers and their families lived simultaneously on the island to keep the light in operation. They lived in two Victorian duplexes that are still standing today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Nordhoff wrote about their lives in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.islapedia.com/images/8/88/Nordhoff_Farrallon_Islands_Harpers_1874.pdf\">1874 edition of Harper’s Magazine\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The life of the keepers on the Farallon Light is singularly lonely and monotonous … they live in what would seem to a landman like a perpetual storm. The ocean roars in their ears day and night; the boom of the surf is their constant and only music, the wild scream of the sea birds and the howl of the sea lions, the whistle and shriek of the gale, the dull threatening thunder of the vast breakers, are the dreary and desolate sounds which lull them to sleep at night, and assail their ears when they wake.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Life seemed to have improved somewhat by 1932 when Mildred Hoover wrote about the lives of the island’s few residents. She wrote that radio reception on the islands was good, so keepers and their families spent their evenings dancing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920249\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11920249\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/FarallonsFromSky.jpeg\" alt=\"A black and white 1929 photograph of the Southeast Farallon from the sky. You can see three dwellings, a lighthouse, and several auxiliary buildings. \" width=\"800\" height=\"653\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/FarallonsFromSky.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/FarallonsFromSky-160x131.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 1929 photograph of Southeast Farallon Island from the sky. You can see three dwellings, a lighthouse, and several auxiliary buildings. \u003ccite>(Courtesy US Coast Guard)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the lighthouse keepers came another longtime resident: a \u003ca href=\"https://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=100\">mule named Jack\u003c/a>. He was used to carry fuel and supplies to and from the lighthouse, which was perched at the top of a dangerous climb. Though most lighthouse keepers stayed on the island for \u003ca href=\"https://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=100\">one or two years\u003c/a>, Jack called that rock in the middle of the Pacific home for 18 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, the Coast Guard automated the lighthouse, and the keepers moved off the island.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Scientific and military presence on the island\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1900s, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=100\">Navy began operating a radio direction finder station\u003c/a> on Southeast Farallon Island, which could be used to locate enemy broadcasters. They constructed dormitories, a power house, two compass houses and several work sheds. Staffing of the station fluctuated, but one report says the total population on the island may have been as high as 70 at some points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Weather Bureau also built a weather station on the island around 1902. Weather data collected on the Farallons was helpful in predicting what mainland residents could expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A sanctuary and laboratory\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Today, the Farallon Islands all are part of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/refuge/farallon-islands/about-us\">National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>, and the waters surrounding them make up the \u003ca href=\"https://farallones.noaa.gov/\">Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>. The island is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. In 1971, they entered into an agreement with \u003ca href=\"https://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a> to jointly protect, monitor, conduct research, and manage the islands. The public isn’t allowed on them, but you can take a boat tour through the waters around them — like our colleague\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11916632/its-like-youre-on-a-different-planet-in-search-of-whales-and-other-creatures-at-the-mysterious-farallon-islands\"> Izzy Bloom did for a recent story\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11920251\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11920251\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1321230164-small.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1321230164-small.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1321230164-small-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1321230164-small-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1321230164-small-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/GettyImages-1321230164-small-1536x1020.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oceanic Society naturalist Peter Winch (left) points as visitors aboard the Salty Lady view the Farallon Islands. \u003ccite>(Jane Tyska/Digital First Media/East Bay Times via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Biologists with Point Blue live in the two Victorian duplexes where lighthouse keepers once stayed. They’ve been conducting many long-term studies on the wild seabirds, seals, whales and sharks that thrive on the islands and in nearby waters. In 2009, KQED’s Quest produced this video about the islands and the research being done there.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/WVL_2exHQrg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/WVL_2exHQrg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>San Francisco has some of the country’s premier hospitals. Big providers like Kaiser, Sutter Health and UCSF Medical Center operate here, part of a vast and complicated system of health care that can feel byzantine in complexity. So it’s hard to believe that hospitals here were once a lot simpler: people with ethnic or religious affinities taking care of one another. Bay Curious listener Ken Katz saw hints of this history and wanted to know more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I work at Kaiser Permanente in San Francisco, and one of our campuses is the French campus,” Ken said. “Only recently did I learn that the reason it’s called the French campus is it’s the site of the former French hospital.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11919479\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11919479\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/vestiges-french-hospital-sm.jpg\" alt=\"A mosaic is inlaid in the ground showing a blue, white and red crest depicting a syringe\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/vestiges-french-hospital-sm.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/vestiges-french-hospital-sm-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/vestiges-french-hospital-sm-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/vestiges-french-hospital-sm-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/vestiges-french-hospital-sm-1536x1536.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vestiges of the old French hospital still remain at the Kaiser Permanente French Campus on 6th Avenue and Geary Streets. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Ken Katz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then he remembered that when visiting California Pacific Medical Center Davies, in the Castro, he’d once seen an exhibit showcasing the building’s history. It was once known as “the German Hospital.” Two hospitals named after ethnic identities seemed like an unlikely coincidence to Ken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So I’m wondering, when did this pattern of ethnic hospitals in San Francisco begin? What was the impetus for it? And when did they start losing their ethnic orientation? Or, maybe some, like the Chinese Hospital, haven’t yet,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ken’s question sparked the curiosity of other Bay Curious fans and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious\">won a voting round\u003c/a>. The answer, like so many things, goes back to the Gold Rush, when thousands of people poured into the region, multiplying the city’s population several times over in a matter of months.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>When care was provided at home\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>People lived in the Bay Area long before the Gold Rush, of course. The smattering of colonizers, Mexican ranchers and native peoples would have relied on herbal remedies when they got ill. At that time, San Francisco was a sleepy town with few amenities. It was unprepared for the surge of gold seekers from all over the world that descended after news spread that \u003ca href=\"https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/january-24/\">gold had been found near Coloma in 1848\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many fortune hunters were men who came expecting to prospect for gold, strike it rich and return home. Most did not bring their families with them, which was a problem when they got sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary source of care before hospitals was in the home,” said Aaron Jackson, a doctoral candidate in the department of health sciences at UCSF. His research focuses on the evolution of care for veterans and intersects with the general history of hospitals in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first doctors in San Francisco came for the same reason as everyone else — to prospect for gold. But, when it started to become clear that gold mining wasn’t as easy as it sounded, some of those doctors returned to their prior profession. The quality of their services varied widely, but all of them would have attended patients in their homes. That model didn’t work as well for people who didn’t have families to care for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Hospital_Service\">Maritime hospitals were the first institutions to address this structural problem\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sailors are obviously away from their families,” Jackson said. “Some of these sailing expeditions could last years, and if they got sick, well, the ship would have to still continue on, but the sailor would have to have a place to stay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maritime hospital mostly provided sailors a roof, food and a bed in which to recover. At this point in history, hospitals were less focused on medicine and more on providing general care, the kind that would normally have been offered at home. Even the word “hospital” comes from the same root as “hospice,” Jackson said, meaning “to care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the maritime hospital served only a small portion of the population. With so many people jammed into San Francisco, it was only a matter of time until diseases like cholera and smallpox started to spread. Many people were getting sick and had no one to care for them. That’s when churches and benevolent societies got involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A proliferation of hospitals\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“The hospital being attached to the religious element or to the ethnic group is something that goes back centuries in Western Europe,” Jackson said. “And that was inherited by the United States from the earliest days of colonialism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many religions included charity as part of their missions, so it made sense that they would be involved in early health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to understand the ethnic origins, it’s important to know that many early San Franciscans did not yet identify as “American.” They considered themselves to be French, German, Chinese, Mexican or Spanish, to name just a few. And people in these groups stuck together. They created benevolent societies that acted as social safety nets. And they funded hospitals, formed welcoming committees for new arrivals, cared for widows and orphans, and even provided undertaking services.[emailsignup newslettername=\"baycurious\" align=\"right\"]The French Benevolent Society established the first private hospital in San Francisco in 1851, known as the French Hospital. The Catholic Church sent a group of Irish nuns in 1854 who would eventually establish Sisters of Mercy, later known as St. Mary’s. Many immigrants to San Francisco found it comforting to receive care that adhered to their cultural or religious values and that was delivered in their home languages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a public hospital, but by all accounts the care there was terrible and corruption rampant. So, many more ethnic and religiously affiliated institutions opened in the 1880s and ’90s as people realized how bad the public care was.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>San Francisco’s wealthy show off\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The city’s early hospitals may have started as a stop-gap measure to care for people without families, but they soon became places that mostly cared for the poor. It became prudent for newly wealthy San Franciscans to donate money to their home-country benevolent society or church to show off their social standing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Jews have a unique experience here,” said Judi Leff, a teacher and historian of San Francisco’s Jewish community. The first Jewish people to immigrate to San Francisco were from Bavaria, Germany. They experienced religious discrimination in Europe, where they had few professional or social opportunities and were limited to making their livings as traders, traveling salesmen and money lenders. They came to California, like so many, for better opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What they discover is that these miners have a lot of needs,” Leff said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mining industry sprang up almost overnight. Men working in mining camps out in the hills needed food, supplies and tools. The Jewish arrivals were poised to start successful businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The very things that they are limited to in Europe allow them to become successful rather quickly out here in California,” Leff said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of Levi Strauss providing clothing to the miners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, because San Francisco was a young city, building itself up quickly, the Jewish community did not experience the same level of religious discrimination as they did in Eastern cities like New York and Boston. It helped that they were perceived as white, and so did not face the racial bias non-white groups, like the Chinese, endured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t have a lot of religion and you don’t have a lot of law,” Leff said. “So yeah, it’s just like, ‘Can you do the work or can you help us do the work? Great.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once established, the Jewish community started giving back to the city that had provided them with so many opportunities. Look around San Francisco today and you’ll see the legacy of Jewish philanthropy throughout the city including Fleishhacker Zoo and Pool, Stern Grove, Steinhart Aquarium at the California Academy of Sciences and Hellman Hollow in Golden Gate Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They also want the reputation of the Jewish community to be held in high esteem,” Leff said. “This is very important to the Jews because this is a new experience for them to be in San Francisco and to be regarded so well. They want to keep up appearances.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The founding of Mount Zion Hospital\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Jewish community’s first priorities when they arrived in San Francisco were to meet the specific needs of their community. They established sources of kosher food, built synagogues to worship in, raised funds to support widows and orphans, and established religiously appropriate burial services. But by 1887, they turned their attention to health care. The story goes that a prominent Jewish businessman, Frederick Castle, had recently lost his son to smallpox at the poorly run county hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And something like 43 Jews get together and they decide that there’s going to be a hospital, but it’s going to be nonsectarian,” Leff said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11919487\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A140136?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=d9f56cb4a776c0091569&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11919487\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-Zion-sm.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white photo of an imposing building. A sign nearby says Mount Zion Hospital\" width=\"1920\" height=\"668\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-Zion-sm.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-Zion-sm-800x278.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-Zion-sm-1020x355.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-Zion-sm-160x56.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-Zion-sm-1536x534.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mount Zion Hospital circa 1931. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Jewish community had a debate over whether the new hospital should serve only California’s Jewish population, but ultimately influential rabbis like Jacob Voorsanger of Temple Emanu-El, Jacob Nieto of Sherith Israel, and Myer S. Levy of Neth Israel won out. They argued that a hospital that served San Franciscans of all faiths would be a better tribute to the city. Mount Zion hospital opened in 1897 with just 12 beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fairly quickly, the Mount Zion Hospital Association \u003ca href=\"https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=Mt._Zion_Nursing_School\">realized they should train nurses\u003c/a> to help provide higher-quality, more consistent care. When \u003ca href=\"https://history.library.ucsf.edu/1868_hospitals.html\">UCSF medical school\u003c/a> wanted to partner with Mount Zion to become a teaching hospital in the 1920s, it was a natural fit. Over time, as the medical school became more established, it took over Mount Zion hospital entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11919515\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A140154?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=d9f56cb4a776c0091569&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=11\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11919515\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-zion-nurse-sm.jpg\" alt=\"In the foreground three empty hospital beds are lined up against a wall. By the last bed is a nurse in an old fashioned uniform\" width=\"1920\" height=\"668\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-zion-nurse-sm.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-zion-nurse-sm-800x278.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-zion-nurse-sm-1020x355.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-zion-nurse-sm-160x56.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-zion-nurse-sm-1536x534.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nurse working in the Mount Zion maternity ward circa 1952. This photo was used as part of a news story promoting more modern hospitals like Mount Zion. \u003ccite>(Courtesy San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Chinese Hospital represents another reason for ethnic hospitals\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While hospitals affiliated with ethnic groups from Europe flourished and new immigrants built wealth and power by becoming benefactors, the same was not true for the Chinese community, who also came to San Francisco during the Gold Rush. Chinese miners experienced harsh racism in the mining camps and in communities around California. When they got sick, most hospitals refused to care for them. To make matters worse, many white San Franciscans wrongly blamed the Chinese population for spreading disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinese community leaders repeatedly asked the city for better health care and were denied. Finally, members of six prominent benevolent Chinese societies, known collectively as the Six Companies, raised enough money to build. But before they could do so, white people living near the proposed site in Portola mounted a campaign to stop the project, using racist arguments that the presence of a Chinese hospital near their homes would lower property values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Board of Supervisors sided with the white neighbors and the hospital planned for Portola was never built. Instead, the Tung Wah dispensary — a clinic, not a hospital — opened in Chinatown in 1900. It was a forerunner of the Chinese Hospital, was staffed by Christian missionaries and pioneered a blend of Eastern and Western medical practices. Only six years later, the dispensary burned down during the 1906 earthquake and fire, and the community had to begin fundraising once again. This time they’d take \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/the-promised-land/the-chinese-photographs.html\">nothing less than a modern hospital\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first Chinese hospital in the country opened in San Francisco in 1925 with 60 beds. The community raised funds from all over the country and world. Celebrations lasted 11 days and included a festival queen, parade, and ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11919492\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A126950?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=be87150be9690f86127c&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=1&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=0\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11919492\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Lena-Leung-festivalqueen-sm.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white posed photo of a carefully put together Asian woman from the 1920s. She has a wave in her hair and wears a long sleeve white shirt.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"668\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Lena-Leung-festivalqueen-sm.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Lena-Leung-festivalqueen-sm-800x278.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Lena-Leung-festivalqueen-sm-1020x355.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Lena-Leung-festivalqueen-sm-160x56.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Lena-Leung-festivalqueen-sm-1536x534.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lena Leong was elected Queen of the Chinese Hospital Carnival in 1925. At 17, she was the first Chinese festival queen in the US. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public LIbrary)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>What happened to ethnically affiliated hospitals?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Providing care to poor people has always been an expensive proposition. Many of San Francisco’s early hospitals struggled to cover their costs, developing elaborate fundraising schemes to keep money coming in the door. Each local hospital with ethnic or religious roots has its own unique story of how it lost its orientation, but there were some larger trends that also played a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global events like World War I and the 1918 flu pandemic led to many more people needing medical care all at once. There wasn’t enough existing hospital space, and cities like San Francisco had to scramble to convert gyms and churches into care facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, as more hospitals became associated with medical schools, the hospital as an institution became more prestigious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These developments led cities to take an interest in funding hospitals. It became a point of civic pride to have a world-class hospital, and it made more sense to take over existing hospitals than to build new ones. Over time, municipalities started to contract out their hospital services to private companies because it was cheaper. And ultimately that’s why the old French hospital is part of Kaiser, the old German hospital is part of Sutter Health, Mount Zion is part of UCSF, and St. Mary’s is part of Dignity Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Chinese Hospital remains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11919525\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:San_Francisco_Chinese_Hospital,_Jackson_Street_entrance,_2017.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11919525\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/new-Chinese_Hospital_2017.jpg\" alt=\"The ground floor of a sleek, modern hospital. Emergency room can be seen in ready lettering above one door\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/new-Chinese_Hospital_2017.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/new-Chinese_Hospital_2017-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/new-Chinese_Hospital_2017-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/new-Chinese_Hospital_2017-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/new-Chinese_Hospital_2017-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinese Hospital opened a new modern facility in 2016 on the site of the 1925 building. It still serves the Chinatown community, but also has clinics in other parts of the city. \u003ccite>(HaeB/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chinese Hospital is the only ethnically oriented hospital that continues to operate independently in San Francisco. That’s in large part because much of the racism and exclusion that spurred its development is still pervasive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Jian Zhang, CEO of Chinese Hospital, said several of her employees have been physically and verbally attacked since the coronavirus pandemic began. Some people blame the Chinese community in San Francisco for bringing the disease to the U.S. and spreading it, an unsettling reminder of the exact same rationale used by white San Franciscans against the Chinese community in the 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rise of anti-Asian hate makes Zhang angry, but she tries to stay focused on the important role Chinese Hospital plays in the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have a lot of monolingual immigrants and low-income living in Chinatown,” said Zhang. The hospital now has satellite clinics outside of Chinatown and serves people all over the Bay Area, but their mission still stands: to provide culturally appropriate care to the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about it — you can go in and talk to a provider who can speak your language and understand your culture,” Zhang said. “It makes a huge difference. That’s what a lot of patients told me, and a lot of doctors told me, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longevity of Chinese Hospital has made it a point of pride in the community. Even lower-income patients donated money to the hospital’s fundraising campaign. And they treat it like their own, too. Before the coronavirus pandemic changed the rules, many people living in the community would bring their breakfasts and newspapers and read in the lobby of the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a community place for them. It’s safe,” Zhang said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "San Francisco during the Gold Rush didn't have a lot of public services. So people from the same country of origin would get together to help each other with things like housing, health care and burial services. Those 'benevolent societies' founded some of the city's first hospitals.",
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"title": "Why Were Many SF Hospitals Once Affiliated With Ethnic Groups? | KQED",
"description": "San Francisco during the Gold Rush didn't have a lot of public services. So people from the same country of origin would get together to help each other with things like housing, health care and burial services. Those 'benevolent societies' founded some of the city's first hospitals.",
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"subhead": "How Jewish, Chinese, French and German benevolent societies founded hospitals in San Francisco.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Francisco has some of the country’s premier hospitals. Big providers like Kaiser, Sutter Health and UCSF Medical Center operate here, part of a vast and complicated system of health care that can feel byzantine in complexity. So it’s hard to believe that hospitals here were once a lot simpler: people with ethnic or religious affinities taking care of one another. Bay Curious listener Ken Katz saw hints of this history and wanted to know more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I work at Kaiser Permanente in San Francisco, and one of our campuses is the French campus,” Ken said. “Only recently did I learn that the reason it’s called the French campus is it’s the site of the former French hospital.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11919479\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11919479\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/vestiges-french-hospital-sm.jpg\" alt=\"A mosaic is inlaid in the ground showing a blue, white and red crest depicting a syringe\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/vestiges-french-hospital-sm.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/vestiges-french-hospital-sm-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/vestiges-french-hospital-sm-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/vestiges-french-hospital-sm-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/vestiges-french-hospital-sm-1536x1536.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vestiges of the old French hospital still remain at the Kaiser Permanente French Campus on 6th Avenue and Geary Streets. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Ken Katz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then he remembered that when visiting California Pacific Medical Center Davies, in the Castro, he’d once seen an exhibit showcasing the building’s history. It was once known as “the German Hospital.” Two hospitals named after ethnic identities seemed like an unlikely coincidence to Ken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So I’m wondering, when did this pattern of ethnic hospitals in San Francisco begin? What was the impetus for it? And when did they start losing their ethnic orientation? Or, maybe some, like the Chinese Hospital, haven’t yet,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ken’s question sparked the curiosity of other Bay Curious fans and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious\">won a voting round\u003c/a>. The answer, like so many things, goes back to the Gold Rush, when thousands of people poured into the region, multiplying the city’s population several times over in a matter of months.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>When care was provided at home\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>People lived in the Bay Area long before the Gold Rush, of course. The smattering of colonizers, Mexican ranchers and native peoples would have relied on herbal remedies when they got ill. At that time, San Francisco was a sleepy town with few amenities. It was unprepared for the surge of gold seekers from all over the world that descended after news spread that \u003ca href=\"https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/january-24/\">gold had been found near Coloma in 1848\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many fortune hunters were men who came expecting to prospect for gold, strike it rich and return home. Most did not bring their families with them, which was a problem when they got sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary source of care before hospitals was in the home,” said Aaron Jackson, a doctoral candidate in the department of health sciences at UCSF. His research focuses on the evolution of care for veterans and intersects with the general history of hospitals in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first doctors in San Francisco came for the same reason as everyone else — to prospect for gold. But, when it started to become clear that gold mining wasn’t as easy as it sounded, some of those doctors returned to their prior profession. The quality of their services varied widely, but all of them would have attended patients in their homes. That model didn’t work as well for people who didn’t have families to care for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Hospital_Service\">Maritime hospitals were the first institutions to address this structural problem\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sailors are obviously away from their families,” Jackson said. “Some of these sailing expeditions could last years, and if they got sick, well, the ship would have to still continue on, but the sailor would have to have a place to stay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maritime hospital mostly provided sailors a roof, food and a bed in which to recover. At this point in history, hospitals were less focused on medicine and more on providing general care, the kind that would normally have been offered at home. Even the word “hospital” comes from the same root as “hospice,” Jackson said, meaning “to care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the maritime hospital served only a small portion of the population. With so many people jammed into San Francisco, it was only a matter of time until diseases like cholera and smallpox started to spread. Many people were getting sick and had no one to care for them. That’s when churches and benevolent societies got involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A proliferation of hospitals\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“The hospital being attached to the religious element or to the ethnic group is something that goes back centuries in Western Europe,” Jackson said. “And that was inherited by the United States from the earliest days of colonialism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many religions included charity as part of their missions, so it made sense that they would be involved in early health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to understand the ethnic origins, it’s important to know that many early San Franciscans did not yet identify as “American.” They considered themselves to be French, German, Chinese, Mexican or Spanish, to name just a few. And people in these groups stuck together. They created benevolent societies that acted as social safety nets. And they funded hospitals, formed welcoming committees for new arrivals, cared for widows and orphans, and even provided undertaking services.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The French Benevolent Society established the first private hospital in San Francisco in 1851, known as the French Hospital. The Catholic Church sent a group of Irish nuns in 1854 who would eventually establish Sisters of Mercy, later known as St. Mary’s. Many immigrants to San Francisco found it comforting to receive care that adhered to their cultural or religious values and that was delivered in their home languages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a public hospital, but by all accounts the care there was terrible and corruption rampant. So, many more ethnic and religiously affiliated institutions opened in the 1880s and ’90s as people realized how bad the public care was.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>San Francisco’s wealthy show off\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The city’s early hospitals may have started as a stop-gap measure to care for people without families, but they soon became places that mostly cared for the poor. It became prudent for newly wealthy San Franciscans to donate money to their home-country benevolent society or church to show off their social standing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Jews have a unique experience here,” said Judi Leff, a teacher and historian of San Francisco’s Jewish community. The first Jewish people to immigrate to San Francisco were from Bavaria, Germany. They experienced religious discrimination in Europe, where they had few professional or social opportunities and were limited to making their livings as traders, traveling salesmen and money lenders. They came to California, like so many, for better opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What they discover is that these miners have a lot of needs,” Leff said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mining industry sprang up almost overnight. Men working in mining camps out in the hills needed food, supplies and tools. The Jewish arrivals were poised to start successful businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The very things that they are limited to in Europe allow them to become successful rather quickly out here in California,” Leff said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of Levi Strauss providing clothing to the miners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, because San Francisco was a young city, building itself up quickly, the Jewish community did not experience the same level of religious discrimination as they did in Eastern cities like New York and Boston. It helped that they were perceived as white, and so did not face the racial bias non-white groups, like the Chinese, endured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t have a lot of religion and you don’t have a lot of law,” Leff said. “So yeah, it’s just like, ‘Can you do the work or can you help us do the work? Great.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once established, the Jewish community started giving back to the city that had provided them with so many opportunities. Look around San Francisco today and you’ll see the legacy of Jewish philanthropy throughout the city including Fleishhacker Zoo and Pool, Stern Grove, Steinhart Aquarium at the California Academy of Sciences and Hellman Hollow in Golden Gate Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They also want the reputation of the Jewish community to be held in high esteem,” Leff said. “This is very important to the Jews because this is a new experience for them to be in San Francisco and to be regarded so well. They want to keep up appearances.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The founding of Mount Zion Hospital\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Jewish community’s first priorities when they arrived in San Francisco were to meet the specific needs of their community. They established sources of kosher food, built synagogues to worship in, raised funds to support widows and orphans, and established religiously appropriate burial services. But by 1887, they turned their attention to health care. The story goes that a prominent Jewish businessman, Frederick Castle, had recently lost his son to smallpox at the poorly run county hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And something like 43 Jews get together and they decide that there’s going to be a hospital, but it’s going to be nonsectarian,” Leff said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11919487\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A140136?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=d9f56cb4a776c0091569&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=1\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11919487\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-Zion-sm.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white photo of an imposing building. A sign nearby says Mount Zion Hospital\" width=\"1920\" height=\"668\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-Zion-sm.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-Zion-sm-800x278.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-Zion-sm-1020x355.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-Zion-sm-160x56.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-Zion-sm-1536x534.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mount Zion Hospital circa 1931. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Jewish community had a debate over whether the new hospital should serve only California’s Jewish population, but ultimately influential rabbis like Jacob Voorsanger of Temple Emanu-El, Jacob Nieto of Sherith Israel, and Myer S. Levy of Neth Israel won out. They argued that a hospital that served San Franciscans of all faiths would be a better tribute to the city. Mount Zion hospital opened in 1897 with just 12 beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fairly quickly, the Mount Zion Hospital Association \u003ca href=\"https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=Mt._Zion_Nursing_School\">realized they should train nurses\u003c/a> to help provide higher-quality, more consistent care. When \u003ca href=\"https://history.library.ucsf.edu/1868_hospitals.html\">UCSF medical school\u003c/a> wanted to partner with Mount Zion to become a teaching hospital in the 1920s, it was a natural fit. Over time, as the medical school became more established, it took over Mount Zion hospital entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11919515\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A140154?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=d9f56cb4a776c0091569&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=11\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11919515\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-zion-nurse-sm.jpg\" alt=\"In the foreground three empty hospital beds are lined up against a wall. By the last bed is a nurse in an old fashioned uniform\" width=\"1920\" height=\"668\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-zion-nurse-sm.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-zion-nurse-sm-800x278.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-zion-nurse-sm-1020x355.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-zion-nurse-sm-160x56.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Mt-zion-nurse-sm-1536x534.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nurse working in the Mount Zion maternity ward circa 1952. This photo was used as part of a news story promoting more modern hospitals like Mount Zion. \u003ccite>(Courtesy San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Chinese Hospital represents another reason for ethnic hospitals\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While hospitals affiliated with ethnic groups from Europe flourished and new immigrants built wealth and power by becoming benefactors, the same was not true for the Chinese community, who also came to San Francisco during the Gold Rush. Chinese miners experienced harsh racism in the mining camps and in communities around California. When they got sick, most hospitals refused to care for them. To make matters worse, many white San Franciscans wrongly blamed the Chinese population for spreading disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinese community leaders repeatedly asked the city for better health care and were denied. Finally, members of six prominent benevolent Chinese societies, known collectively as the Six Companies, raised enough money to build. But before they could do so, white people living near the proposed site in Portola mounted a campaign to stop the project, using racist arguments that the presence of a Chinese hospital near their homes would lower property values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Board of Supervisors sided with the white neighbors and the hospital planned for Portola was never built. Instead, the Tung Wah dispensary — a clinic, not a hospital — opened in Chinatown in 1900. It was a forerunner of the Chinese Hospital, was staffed by Christian missionaries and pioneered a blend of Eastern and Western medical practices. Only six years later, the dispensary burned down during the 1906 earthquake and fire, and the community had to begin fundraising once again. This time they’d take \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/the-promised-land/the-chinese-photographs.html\">nothing less than a modern hospital\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first Chinese hospital in the country opened in San Francisco in 1925 with 60 beds. The community raised funds from all over the country and world. Celebrations lasted 11 days and included a festival queen, parade, and ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11919492\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A126950?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=be87150be9690f86127c&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=1&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=0\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11919492\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Lena-Leung-festivalqueen-sm.jpg\" alt=\"Black and white posed photo of a carefully put together Asian woman from the 1920s. She has a wave in her hair and wears a long sleeve white shirt.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"668\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Lena-Leung-festivalqueen-sm.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Lena-Leung-festivalqueen-sm-800x278.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Lena-Leung-festivalqueen-sm-1020x355.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Lena-Leung-festivalqueen-sm-160x56.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/Lena-Leung-festivalqueen-sm-1536x534.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lena Leong was elected Queen of the Chinese Hospital Carnival in 1925. At 17, she was the first Chinese festival queen in the US. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public LIbrary)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>What happened to ethnically affiliated hospitals?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Providing care to poor people has always been an expensive proposition. Many of San Francisco’s early hospitals struggled to cover their costs, developing elaborate fundraising schemes to keep money coming in the door. Each local hospital with ethnic or religious roots has its own unique story of how it lost its orientation, but there were some larger trends that also played a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global events like World War I and the 1918 flu pandemic led to many more people needing medical care all at once. There wasn’t enough existing hospital space, and cities like San Francisco had to scramble to convert gyms and churches into care facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, as more hospitals became associated with medical schools, the hospital as an institution became more prestigious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These developments led cities to take an interest in funding hospitals. It became a point of civic pride to have a world-class hospital, and it made more sense to take over existing hospitals than to build new ones. Over time, municipalities started to contract out their hospital services to private companies because it was cheaper. And ultimately that’s why the old French hospital is part of Kaiser, the old German hospital is part of Sutter Health, Mount Zion is part of UCSF, and St. Mary’s is part of Dignity Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Chinese Hospital remains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11919525\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:San_Francisco_Chinese_Hospital,_Jackson_Street_entrance,_2017.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11919525\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/new-Chinese_Hospital_2017.jpg\" alt=\"The ground floor of a sleek, modern hospital. Emergency room can be seen in ready lettering above one door\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/new-Chinese_Hospital_2017.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/new-Chinese_Hospital_2017-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/new-Chinese_Hospital_2017-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/new-Chinese_Hospital_2017-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/new-Chinese_Hospital_2017-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinese Hospital opened a new modern facility in 2016 on the site of the 1925 building. It still serves the Chinatown community, but also has clinics in other parts of the city. \u003ccite>(HaeB/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chinese Hospital is the only ethnically oriented hospital that continues to operate independently in San Francisco. That’s in large part because much of the racism and exclusion that spurred its development is still pervasive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Jian Zhang, CEO of Chinese Hospital, said several of her employees have been physically and verbally attacked since the coronavirus pandemic began. Some people blame the Chinese community in San Francisco for bringing the disease to the U.S. and spreading it, an unsettling reminder of the exact same rationale used by white San Franciscans against the Chinese community in the 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rise of anti-Asian hate makes Zhang angry, but she tries to stay focused on the important role Chinese Hospital plays in the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have a lot of monolingual immigrants and low-income living in Chinatown,” said Zhang. The hospital now has satellite clinics outside of Chinatown and serves people all over the Bay Area, but their mission still stands: to provide culturally appropriate care to the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about it — you can go in and talk to a provider who can speak your language and understand your culture,” Zhang said. “It makes a huge difference. That’s what a lot of patients told me, and a lot of doctors told me, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longevity of Chinese Hospital has made it a point of pride in the community. Even lower-income patients donated money to the hospital’s fundraising campaign. And they treat it like their own, too. Before the coronavirus pandemic changed the rules, many people living in the community would bring their breakfasts and newspapers and read in the lobby of the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a community place for them. It’s safe,” Zhang said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Pacifica's WWII Prison Camp Has Largely Been Erased — But It Was There",
"headTitle": "Pacifica’s WWII Prison Camp Has Largely Been Erased — But It Was There | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Katie Czekowski grew up in the picturesque seaside town of Pacifica, where golf courses brush up against the Pacific Ocean and locals enjoy hikes at Mori Point. A year ago, she was scrolling on social media when a photo grabbed her attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were black-and-white photos of large, I would say barn-like, buildings,” Czekowski said. “It looked like an army base of some sort.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photos were shared to a group for Pacifica locals, and the buildings she saw looked like dormitories surrounded by high fencing. Turns out she was looking at pictures of the Sharp Park Detention Center, where people of Japanese descent were incarcerated in Pacifica during the 1940s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site is now home to an archery range, and there are no signs or discernible features distinguishing the park as the former site of a concentration camp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t know anything about this, this is horrible,” she said. “This was right in our town. I feel bad growing up there and not knowing, driving by and having no clue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Places like Sharp Park are commonly known as internment camps, but internment describes the imprisonment of foreign nationals. Since many of the people held in the camps during World War II were American residents, we’re using the more accurate term “concentration camp.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katie wrote in to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>, wanting to know more about Sharp Park, and why it isn’t more widely talked about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad=”full-width”]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The early government surveillance of Japanese Americans\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“There are fundamentally two different roundups of Japanese Americans,” said Brian Niiya, content director for Densho, an online archive of Japanese American wartime incarceration. “Sharp Park is definitely one part of that story that’s different from the better known part of Manzanar and Tule Lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Japan started to slowly invade China in the beginning of the 1930s, the United States government grew worried about potential espionage among Japanese Americans. Then-FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover drove an effort to secretly investigate all people of Japanese descent in the country. Then, shortly after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which allowed the military to force all people of Japanese descent into detention centers. Meanwhile, the U.S. government spread xenophobic propaganda to justify their war efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/yVyIa11ZtAE?start=34\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The War Relocation Agency, a special governmental division created to organize the facilities, began to send residents to camps across the United States. They were often first sent to nearby “assembly centers,” before being relocated to larger, more permanent “relocation centers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Pedro neighborhood near Long Beach in Southern California had one of the largest Japanese communities in the country, so many were sent to the large detention center there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California, some Japanese Americans were sent to the Tanforan assembly center, located near the San Francisco airport. Many eventually were transfered to the larger Tule Lake camp near the California-Oregon border, or Manzanar Camp in the Owen’s Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents the government considered “highly dangerous” were often assembled at Sharp Park in Pacifica. Brian Niiya explained that these Japanese Americans were community leaders, and therefore deemed highly influential by the government. “It was Buddhist priests, it was Japanese language school teachers, newspaper editors,” Niiya said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The haunting stories of those incarcerated at Sharp Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Kimiko Marr, the founder of Japanese American Memorial Pilgrimages, has been trying to track down her family’s story at Sharp Park. On March 30, 1942, her great-grandfather, Tajiro Baba, and his son, Shigeru, spent about a month at Sharp Park before being transferred to larger prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They had no idea where they were going, how long they were going to be gone,” Marr said. “That’s got to be really stressful to not know what’s going to happen.”[emailsignup newslettername=\"baycurious\" align=\"right\"]Tajiro and Shigeru were strawberry farmers working in Northern California when they were detained. Marr found records at the National Archives that show Tajiro once donated $2 to the Japanese military, which served as justification by the government to detain them. The rest of her family, including her mother, who was a baby at the time, were sent to the Topaz detention center in Utah. Tajiro and Shigeru eventually joined them and were incarcerated until the war ended in 1945.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marr gets angry when she thinks about what her family went through, partially because her great-grandfather and granduncle died before she was born, and because it makes her question her own identity as a Japanese American.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as if when you come here as an immigrant, you have to disavow your native country,” Marr said. “You can’t be proud of your native country because that’s being disloyal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firsthand information about Sharp Park is difficult to find, partly because the people who were held there didn’t stay for long. They were usually transferred to larger camps and reunited with their families quickly. But it’s also because most of the people held at the detention center were older, more established members of Japanese American society who are not alive today to share their stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most comprehensive account of Sharp Park comes from Stanford scholar Yamato Ichihashi. He was 16 years old when he immigrated from Japan to San Francisco in 1894, a time when Bay Area Asian immigrants faced heavy racism. Ichihashi was a determined scholar, attending Lowell High School, then Stanford, and eventually Harvard, where he got his doctorate. He accepted a position at Stanford, teaching international relations and Japanese studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11918464\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11918464 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture1-1020x1175.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"737\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture1-1020x1175.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture1-800x922.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture1-160x184.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture1-1333x1536.jpg 1333w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture1-1778x2048.jpg 1778w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture1-1920x2212.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yamato Ichihashi (top row, second from right) stands with the Japanese Students Association in 1905. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Stanford Historical Photograph Collection, Dept. of Special Collections and University Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He may have been the most esteemed or certainly one of the most esteemed members of the Japanese American community nationally,” said Gordon Chang, a Stanford professor who has studied Ichihashi’s life. “He considered himself certainly of the elite.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Chang’s research, Ichihashi thought of himself as an American, naming his son Woodrow, after President Woodrow Wilson. He looked down on other Japanese Americans who were of a lower socioeconomic status or held tightly to their traditional values and culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of his friends were white professors at Stanford and other prestigious universities. When the war began, he publicly condemned the Japanese military for starting conflict with the United States and purchased $100 U.S. war bonds every month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11918465\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11918465 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture2-1020x1254.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"787\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture2-1020x1254.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture2-800x983.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture2-160x197.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture2-1250x1536.jpg 1250w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture2-1666x2048.jpg 1666w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture2-1920x2360.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yamato Ichihashi in his Stanford office. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Stanford Historical Photograph Collection (SC1071), Dept. of Special Collections and University Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In May 1942, six months after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Ichihashi and his wife, Kei, saw signs around Stanford’s campus instructing people of Japanese ancestry to report to a designated spot in the city with only what they could carry. When they arrived, they were taken by bus to a concentration camp at the Santa Anita Racetrack, just outside of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After they were shuffled to different camps around the state, including the Tule Lake facility in Northern California, Ichihashi was informed he alone would be transferred back to the Bay Area — to Sharp Park. Below is an excerpt from his diaries he kept while incarcerated:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I faced an unforgettable incident: an F.B.I. agent named Robert Hart came to the room at 2:30 and told me that I was ‘under arrest.’ I asked [what] was the charge and he replied no charge as far as he knew. I was told to pack things I wanted to take with me, but, I had no spare things with me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was separated from Kei and Woodrow for two months while incarcerated at Sharp Park. According to his diaries, there were tall iron net fences that surrounded the camp with 10 army barracks within it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was pleasantly surprised at the make-up of this camp, particularly [after] my experience at the crowded Santa Anita Center. When I reached there, the flowers were in full bloom; the sight was delightful to the eye. Treatment was satisfactory– food abundant though often too greasy and powerfully seasoned with garlic; supplies were freely given such as toothbrush and paste. Sheets and pillow-case were changed every Monday, blankets were clean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because Sharp Park specifically held Japanese Americans with supposed influence, the U.S. government treated them carefully for fear of Japanese armies treating American prisoners poorly. Sharp Park held about 500 prisoners, compared to the thousands of people at other camps. Ichihashi was held at Sharp Park from late August to late October 1942 before being reunited with his family at Tule Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘He very much was a broken person’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Over the next three years that Ichihashi was incarcerated, he continued to keep diaries of the day-to-day happenings inside the camps, but as the years went on, he wrote less and less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He accumulated a substantial portion [of his experiences] but this material became less rich because he’s sort of reduced to just an internee and no longer a scholar,” said Chang. “He very much felt this was a challenge to his dignity and his prestige and he tried to recreate for himself a sort of world in which he was highly regarded, but in a prison camp, he’s just a number.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the mass imprisonment of Japanese Americans ended in 1945, the Ichihashis were released back to the Bay Area, but they did not look forward to returning. Anti-Japanese sentiment was still high, and leaving the camps felt dangerous. While imprisoned, many Japanese Americans lost their homes and businesses, and their possessions were stolen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ichihashi came out of the experience a completely changed man. By the time he returned to Stanford, the university was looking for his replacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His professional career had been crushed and he was no longer an active faculty member,” Chang said. “His marriage fell apart, he was disaffected with his son. After he got out, he was very much a broken person, as many of the older Japanese Americans were.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ichihashi had worked so hard to assimilate to a country where white men held power, attending the best universities and achieving the supposed American dream. But it wasn’t enough to be considered an American. “There is this long history in the United States of those from Asia being held as somehow perpetually foreign,” said Chang. In the eyes of the U.S. government, Ichihashi was a dangerous foreigner, and that classification destroyed him.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Sharp Park today\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A few years after the end of the war, the Sharp Park concentration camp was torn apart. Right now, there aren’t any pushes from the local government or advocacy groups to recognize what happened there. And while local schools teach students about Japanese imprisonment at Tanforan and other camps around the state, there isn’t any specific mention of Sharp Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Sharp Park in Pacifica was the site of a prison camp during World War II, where residents deemed 'highly dangerous' were sent. It's lesser-known than the larger Northern California camps, like Tanforan or Tule Lake.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Katie Czekowski grew up in the picturesque seaside town of Pacifica, where golf courses brush up against the Pacific Ocean and locals enjoy hikes at Mori Point. A year ago, she was scrolling on social media when a photo grabbed her attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were black-and-white photos of large, I would say barn-like, buildings,” Czekowski said. “It looked like an army base of some sort.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photos were shared to a group for Pacifica locals, and the buildings she saw looked like dormitories surrounded by high fencing. Turns out she was looking at pictures of the Sharp Park Detention Center, where people of Japanese descent were incarcerated in Pacifica during the 1940s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site is now home to an archery range, and there are no signs or discernible features distinguishing the park as the former site of a concentration camp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t know anything about this, this is horrible,” she said. “This was right in our town. I feel bad growing up there and not knowing, driving by and having no clue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Places like Sharp Park are commonly known as internment camps, but internment describes the imprisonment of foreign nationals. Since many of the people held in the camps during World War II were American residents, we’re using the more accurate term “concentration camp.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katie wrote in to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>, wanting to know more about Sharp Park, and why it isn’t more widely talked about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The early government surveillance of Japanese Americans\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“There are fundamentally two different roundups of Japanese Americans,” said Brian Niiya, content director for Densho, an online archive of Japanese American wartime incarceration. “Sharp Park is definitely one part of that story that’s different from the better known part of Manzanar and Tule Lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Japan started to slowly invade China in the beginning of the 1930s, the United States government grew worried about potential espionage among Japanese Americans. Then-FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover drove an effort to secretly investigate all people of Japanese descent in the country. Then, shortly after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which allowed the military to force all people of Japanese descent into detention centers. Meanwhile, the U.S. government spread xenophobic propaganda to justify their war efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/yVyIa11ZtAE?start=34\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The War Relocation Agency, a special governmental division created to organize the facilities, began to send residents to camps across the United States. They were often first sent to nearby “assembly centers,” before being relocated to larger, more permanent “relocation centers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Pedro neighborhood near Long Beach in Southern California had one of the largest Japanese communities in the country, so many were sent to the large detention center there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California, some Japanese Americans were sent to the Tanforan assembly center, located near the San Francisco airport. Many eventually were transfered to the larger Tule Lake camp near the California-Oregon border, or Manzanar Camp in the Owen’s Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents the government considered “highly dangerous” were often assembled at Sharp Park in Pacifica. Brian Niiya explained that these Japanese Americans were community leaders, and therefore deemed highly influential by the government. “It was Buddhist priests, it was Japanese language school teachers, newspaper editors,” Niiya said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The haunting stories of those incarcerated at Sharp Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Kimiko Marr, the founder of Japanese American Memorial Pilgrimages, has been trying to track down her family’s story at Sharp Park. On March 30, 1942, her great-grandfather, Tajiro Baba, and his son, Shigeru, spent about a month at Sharp Park before being transferred to larger prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They had no idea where they were going, how long they were going to be gone,” Marr said. “That’s got to be really stressful to not know what’s going to happen.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Tajiro and Shigeru were strawberry farmers working in Northern California when they were detained. Marr found records at the National Archives that show Tajiro once donated $2 to the Japanese military, which served as justification by the government to detain them. The rest of her family, including her mother, who was a baby at the time, were sent to the Topaz detention center in Utah. Tajiro and Shigeru eventually joined them and were incarcerated until the war ended in 1945.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marr gets angry when she thinks about what her family went through, partially because her great-grandfather and granduncle died before she was born, and because it makes her question her own identity as a Japanese American.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as if when you come here as an immigrant, you have to disavow your native country,” Marr said. “You can’t be proud of your native country because that’s being disloyal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firsthand information about Sharp Park is difficult to find, partly because the people who were held there didn’t stay for long. They were usually transferred to larger camps and reunited with their families quickly. But it’s also because most of the people held at the detention center were older, more established members of Japanese American society who are not alive today to share their stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most comprehensive account of Sharp Park comes from Stanford scholar Yamato Ichihashi. He was 16 years old when he immigrated from Japan to San Francisco in 1894, a time when Bay Area Asian immigrants faced heavy racism. Ichihashi was a determined scholar, attending Lowell High School, then Stanford, and eventually Harvard, where he got his doctorate. He accepted a position at Stanford, teaching international relations and Japanese studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11918464\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11918464 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture1-1020x1175.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"737\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture1-1020x1175.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture1-800x922.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture1-160x184.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture1-1333x1536.jpg 1333w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture1-1778x2048.jpg 1778w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture1-1920x2212.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yamato Ichihashi (top row, second from right) stands with the Japanese Students Association in 1905. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Stanford Historical Photograph Collection, Dept. of Special Collections and University Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He may have been the most esteemed or certainly one of the most esteemed members of the Japanese American community nationally,” said Gordon Chang, a Stanford professor who has studied Ichihashi’s life. “He considered himself certainly of the elite.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Chang’s research, Ichihashi thought of himself as an American, naming his son Woodrow, after President Woodrow Wilson. He looked down on other Japanese Americans who were of a lower socioeconomic status or held tightly to their traditional values and culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of his friends were white professors at Stanford and other prestigious universities. When the war began, he publicly condemned the Japanese military for starting conflict with the United States and purchased $100 U.S. war bonds every month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11918465\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11918465 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture2-1020x1254.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"787\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture2-1020x1254.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture2-800x983.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture2-160x197.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture2-1250x1536.jpg 1250w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture2-1666x2048.jpg 1666w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Yamato-Picture2-1920x2360.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yamato Ichihashi in his Stanford office. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Stanford Historical Photograph Collection (SC1071), Dept. of Special Collections and University Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In May 1942, six months after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Ichihashi and his wife, Kei, saw signs around Stanford’s campus instructing people of Japanese ancestry to report to a designated spot in the city with only what they could carry. When they arrived, they were taken by bus to a concentration camp at the Santa Anita Racetrack, just outside of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After they were shuffled to different camps around the state, including the Tule Lake facility in Northern California, Ichihashi was informed he alone would be transferred back to the Bay Area — to Sharp Park. Below is an excerpt from his diaries he kept while incarcerated:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I faced an unforgettable incident: an F.B.I. agent named Robert Hart came to the room at 2:30 and told me that I was ‘under arrest.’ I asked [what] was the charge and he replied no charge as far as he knew. I was told to pack things I wanted to take with me, but, I had no spare things with me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was separated from Kei and Woodrow for two months while incarcerated at Sharp Park. According to his diaries, there were tall iron net fences that surrounded the camp with 10 army barracks within it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was pleasantly surprised at the make-up of this camp, particularly [after] my experience at the crowded Santa Anita Center. When I reached there, the flowers were in full bloom; the sight was delightful to the eye. Treatment was satisfactory– food abundant though often too greasy and powerfully seasoned with garlic; supplies were freely given such as toothbrush and paste. Sheets and pillow-case were changed every Monday, blankets were clean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because Sharp Park specifically held Japanese Americans with supposed influence, the U.S. government treated them carefully for fear of Japanese armies treating American prisoners poorly. Sharp Park held about 500 prisoners, compared to the thousands of people at other camps. Ichihashi was held at Sharp Park from late August to late October 1942 before being reunited with his family at Tule Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘He very much was a broken person’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Over the next three years that Ichihashi was incarcerated, he continued to keep diaries of the day-to-day happenings inside the camps, but as the years went on, he wrote less and less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He accumulated a substantial portion [of his experiences] but this material became less rich because he’s sort of reduced to just an internee and no longer a scholar,” said Chang. “He very much felt this was a challenge to his dignity and his prestige and he tried to recreate for himself a sort of world in which he was highly regarded, but in a prison camp, he’s just a number.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the mass imprisonment of Japanese Americans ended in 1945, the Ichihashis were released back to the Bay Area, but they did not look forward to returning. Anti-Japanese sentiment was still high, and leaving the camps felt dangerous. While imprisoned, many Japanese Americans lost their homes and businesses, and their possessions were stolen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ichihashi came out of the experience a completely changed man. By the time he returned to Stanford, the university was looking for his replacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His professional career had been crushed and he was no longer an active faculty member,” Chang said. “His marriage fell apart, he was disaffected with his son. After he got out, he was very much a broken person, as many of the older Japanese Americans were.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ichihashi had worked so hard to assimilate to a country where white men held power, attending the best universities and achieving the supposed American dream. But it wasn’t enough to be considered an American. “There is this long history in the United States of those from Asia being held as somehow perpetually foreign,” said Chang. In the eyes of the U.S. government, Ichihashi was a dangerous foreigner, and that classification destroyed him.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Sharp Park today\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A few years after the end of the war, the Sharp Park concentration camp was torn apart. Right now, there aren’t any pushes from the local government or advocacy groups to recognize what happened there. And while local schools teach students about Japanese imprisonment at Tanforan and other camps around the state, there isn’t any specific mention of Sharp Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Are You Inked? How a San Francisco Tattoo Artist Changed the Industry",
"headTitle": "Are You Inked? How a San Francisco Tattoo Artist Changed the Industry | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The recent popularity of tattoos is undeniable. A decade ago, about 20% of Americans had a tattoo. Now \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/news-polls/more-americans-have-tattoos-today\">that number is up to about 30%\u003c/a>. But just because their popularity is exploding doesn’t mean they’re anything new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the 5,300-year-old mummy Ötzi has \u003ca href=\"https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/scientists-have-mapped-all-of-otzi-the-icemans-61-tattoos\">61 sprinkled across his body\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, yeah, tattooing is old, which is partly why it’s surprising that San Francisco — a relatively young city — has left a mark on American tattoo history.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>American tattoos come in many forms\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tattoos were common in the United States long before Europeans came here. \u003ca href=\"https://uwpressblog.com/2015/03/11/tattoo-traditions-of-native-north-america/\">Tattoos meant different things in various Native American tribes\u003c/a> and many believed \u003ca href=\"https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/native-american-tattoos-influenced-body-art-industry\">they helped protect people and heal the body\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among Americans of European decent, tattoos were strongly associated with the military, starting around the time of the Civil War. In 1891, tattooer and inventor Samuel O’Reilly received a patent for the first electric tattoo machine. \u003ca href=\"https://edison.rutgers.edu/life-of-edison/inventions?view=article&id=533:electric-pen&catid=91\">It modified Thomas Edison’s electric pen\u003c/a>, replacing the pen with a needle that stored ink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before O’Reilly’s machine, tattoo artists punctured the skin two to three times per second. The new machine had a motor that drove the needle up and down, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sparkmuseum.org/the-first-practical-electric-motor-in-a-tattoo-gun/\">increasing the perforation rate to 50 times per second\u003c/a> and revolutionizing tattooing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11917228\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11917228\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/US180857-drawings-page-2-800x1175.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1175\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/US180857-drawings-page-2-800x1175.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/US180857-drawings-page-2-1020x1498.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/US180857-drawings-page-2-160x235.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/US180857-drawings-page-2-1046x1536.png 1046w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/US180857-drawings-page-2-1394x2048.png 1394w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/US180857-drawings-page-2-1920x2820.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thomas Edison’s patent for the electric pen.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the early 20th century, tattoos were still largely seen on people outside of mainstream society: soldiers, sailors and some circus performers who showed off their heavily tattooed bodies to enthralled crowds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because tattoos were so connected to the military, the designs were often nostalgic. Soldiers would get the names of people they wanted to remember inked on their skin — mothers, daughters and girlfriends. Or, they’d get designs that over time came to symbolize specific things. The swallow, for example, meant that a sailor had traveled over 5,000 nautical miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This style of tattooing grew into what is now known as American traditional. It has two recognizable design features: First, the tattoos use bright, saturated colors like yellow, red and green, with black for shading. Primary colors stay clear and eye-catching over a person’s whole lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, American traditional tattoos have easily identifiable designs and motifs like hearts, skulls, anchors, roses and other kinds of flowers. Over time this visual vocabulary became common enough that tattoo artists would display the most popular designs in their shops, called “flash.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During World War II, soldiers poured into San Francisco before shipping out to the Pacific theater. Many stopped into local tattoo shops and inked familiar flash tattoos on themselves as reminders of home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11917215\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11917215\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/RS55388_016_KQED_RebelGalleryTattoo415Day_04152022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A hand points to sheets of tattoo designs hanging on the wall. The designs feature 415 in honor of 415 Day.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/RS55388_016_KQED_RebelGalleryTattoo415Day_04152022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/RS55388_016_KQED_RebelGalleryTattoo415Day_04152022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/RS55388_016_KQED_RebelGalleryTattoo415Day_04152022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/RS55388_016_KQED_RebelGalleryTattoo415Day_04152022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/RS55388_016_KQED_RebelGalleryTattoo415Day_04152022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tattoo artist Kyra Monterrosa points to a sheet of flash tattoos she designed for a 415 Day event at Rebel Gallery in San Francisco’s Bayview neighborhood. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And during the war, American soldiers came in contact with people from all over the world. They would have seen tattoos on people in Japan and the Pacific Islands, and they may even have gotten more tattoos while deployed. When the war finally ended, Americans didn’t want to return to the way things had been. Society was poised for some major social changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Counterculture movements make tattoos mainstream\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“In the decades after World War II, and particularly after 1960, we see a spread of tattoo culture throughout popular culture in the U.S.,” said Nina Jablonski, a professor of anthropology at Pennsylvania State University and author of the book “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Skin-Natural-Nina-G-Jablonski/dp/0520242815\">Skin: A Natural History\u003c/a>.” “It becomes not necessarily legitimized, but much more popular.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People were still getting American traditional flash tattoos, but now they were associated with countercultural movements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, women were challenging the beauty norms of the day as part of the women’s liberation movement. Janis Joplin famously showed off her tattoo on The Tonight Show, \u003ca href=\"https://lyletuttlecollection.com/history\">done by San Francisco tattoo artist Lyle Tuttle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>American tattoo culture is ripe for change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11917222\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11917222 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/1882px-Ed_Hardy_1980_tattoo_collection_kohrs-800x919.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"919\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/1882px-Ed_Hardy_1980_tattoo_collection_kohrs-800x919.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/1882px-Ed_Hardy_1980_tattoo_collection_kohrs-1020x1171.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/1882px-Ed_Hardy_1980_tattoo_collection_kohrs-160x184.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/1882px-Ed_Hardy_1980_tattoo_collection_kohrs-1338x1536.jpg 1338w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/1882px-Ed_Hardy_1980_tattoo_collection_kohrs-1784x2048.jpg 1784w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/1882px-Ed_Hardy_1980_tattoo_collection_kohrs.jpg 1882w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ed Hardy at a tattoo convention in Sacramento circa 1980. \u003ccite>(Manfred Kohrs/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was during the explosion of interest in tattooing in the 1960s and ’70s that \u003ca href=\"https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/hate-the-brand-love-the-man-why-ed-hardy-matters/\">a guy named Ed Hardy popped onto the scene\u003c/a>. Hardy was first and foremost an artist. He graduated from the San Francisco Art Institute with a degree in printmaking in 1967 and was offered a scholarship to continue his studies at Yale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day he decided to get a tattoo. While he was there, his tattooer, a guy named Phil Sparrow, showed him a book that changed the course of his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He brought a book out and it was Japanese bodysuit tattooing,” said Mary Joy Scott, owner of Raven Eye Tattoo in San Francisco’s Richmond district and a student of Hardy. “When Ed saw that, he decided to leave behind the whole art world and become a tattooer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11917226\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11917226 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/IMG_0964-800x563.jpg\" alt=\"Mary Scott poses in front of Raven Eye Tattoo. \" width=\"800\" height=\"563\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/IMG_0964-800x563.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/IMG_0964-1020x718.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/IMG_0964-160x113.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/IMG_0964-1536x1081.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/IMG_0964-2048x1441.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/IMG_0964-1920x1351.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mary Joy Scott stands in front of Raven Eye Tattoo, a shop she opened in early 2021 in San Francisco’s Richmond District. \u003ccite>(Sebastian Mino-Bucheli/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Japanese bodysuits are complex, subtly shaded and beautiful. They cover the body in a way Hardy had never seen before. He wanted to know more about how Japanese tattoo artists created those effects, so he turned down the Yale scholarship and moved to Japan to study for five months with tattoo master Kazuo Oguri, sometimes known as Horihide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over thousands of years, Japanese tattoo artists have developed techniques using a bamboo stick, called a tebori, that has several needles grouped on one end. The tebori allows the artist to create much more complicated designs than were common at that time in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11917236\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 366px\">\u003ca href=\"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irezumi#\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11917236\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_153._Japanese_Tattoo.jpg\" alt=\"A Japanese man stands shirtless with his back to the camera, leaning on a fence. His entire back is tattooed in an intricate and colorful pattern.\" width=\"366\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_153._Japanese_Tattoo.jpg 366w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_153._Japanese_Tattoo-160x210.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 366px) 100vw, 366px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of classical Japanese tattooing circa 1875. \u003ccite>(Kusakabe Kimbei/\u003ca href=\"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irezumi\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There are multiple sharp needles that are dipped in some kind of a pigment and then tapped into the skin,” said Jablonski, of Pennsylvania State University. “These needles are in groups so you can get lines, you can get dots. Very complex designs can be made.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With American traditional tattooing, a person collects individual designs over a lifetime, slowly covering the body. Japanese traditional, on the other hand, is about one idea or scene taking over the entire body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ed Hardy took the two styles and blended them. He opened a shop called Realistic Tattoo in San Francisco in 1974. He became known for custom tattoos — images designed specifically for a client, often referencing something personal in their life. Custom tattoos are often bigger than flash and complexly shaded like the Japanese style, although they don’t often cover the majority of the body the way a Japanese bodysuit does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People loved the idea of custom tattoos, even making special trips to the city to get inked by Hardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ed Hardy basically spoke to that interest in not only bringing these new design elements, but personalizing them,” Jablonski said. “‘I want to express what’s in your heart, what you aspire to.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/04/living/fashion-ed-hardy-profile/index.html\">Ed Hardy is better known for his clothing designs\u003c/a> than for his impact on tattoo culture, but make no mistake — he was a founder. Many of the tattoos you see on people walking around today are the direct legacy of his vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/K9gGbJ9J-cA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’d love to see your custom tattoos! Take a picture and share it with us on Twitter, tagging \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/oallenprice\">@oallenprice\u003c/a> or using the hashtag #BayCurious. Be sure to tell us what the tattoo means to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "You may know Ed Hardy for his clothing designs, but he's also one of the most important American tattoo artists in history. He's credited with coming up with custom-designed tattoos that reflect people's personal life stories.",
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"description": "You may know Ed Hardy for his clothing designs, but he's also one of the most important American tattoo artists in history. He's credited with coming up with custom-designed tattoos that reflect people's personal life stories.",
"title": "Are You Inked? How a San Francisco Tattoo Artist Changed the Industry | KQED",
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"subhead": "You may know Ed Hardy for his clothing designs, but he's also a big name in custom tattooing.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The recent popularity of tattoos is undeniable. A decade ago, about 20% of Americans had a tattoo. Now \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/news-polls/more-americans-have-tattoos-today\">that number is up to about 30%\u003c/a>. But just because their popularity is exploding doesn’t mean they’re anything new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the 5,300-year-old mummy Ötzi has \u003ca href=\"https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/scientists-have-mapped-all-of-otzi-the-icemans-61-tattoos\">61 sprinkled across his body\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, yeah, tattooing is old, which is partly why it’s surprising that San Francisco — a relatively young city — has left a mark on American tattoo history.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>American tattoos come in many forms\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tattoos were common in the United States long before Europeans came here. \u003ca href=\"https://uwpressblog.com/2015/03/11/tattoo-traditions-of-native-north-america/\">Tattoos meant different things in various Native American tribes\u003c/a> and many believed \u003ca href=\"https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/native-american-tattoos-influenced-body-art-industry\">they helped protect people and heal the body\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among Americans of European decent, tattoos were strongly associated with the military, starting around the time of the Civil War. In 1891, tattooer and inventor Samuel O’Reilly received a patent for the first electric tattoo machine. \u003ca href=\"https://edison.rutgers.edu/life-of-edison/inventions?view=article&id=533:electric-pen&catid=91\">It modified Thomas Edison’s electric pen\u003c/a>, replacing the pen with a needle that stored ink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before O’Reilly’s machine, tattoo artists punctured the skin two to three times per second. The new machine had a motor that drove the needle up and down, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sparkmuseum.org/the-first-practical-electric-motor-in-a-tattoo-gun/\">increasing the perforation rate to 50 times per second\u003c/a> and revolutionizing tattooing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11917228\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11917228\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/US180857-drawings-page-2-800x1175.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1175\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/US180857-drawings-page-2-800x1175.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/US180857-drawings-page-2-1020x1498.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/US180857-drawings-page-2-160x235.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/US180857-drawings-page-2-1046x1536.png 1046w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/US180857-drawings-page-2-1394x2048.png 1394w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/US180857-drawings-page-2-1920x2820.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thomas Edison’s patent for the electric pen.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the early 20th century, tattoos were still largely seen on people outside of mainstream society: soldiers, sailors and some circus performers who showed off their heavily tattooed bodies to enthralled crowds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because tattoos were so connected to the military, the designs were often nostalgic. Soldiers would get the names of people they wanted to remember inked on their skin — mothers, daughters and girlfriends. Or, they’d get designs that over time came to symbolize specific things. The swallow, for example, meant that a sailor had traveled over 5,000 nautical miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This style of tattooing grew into what is now known as American traditional. It has two recognizable design features: First, the tattoos use bright, saturated colors like yellow, red and green, with black for shading. Primary colors stay clear and eye-catching over a person’s whole lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, American traditional tattoos have easily identifiable designs and motifs like hearts, skulls, anchors, roses and other kinds of flowers. Over time this visual vocabulary became common enough that tattoo artists would display the most popular designs in their shops, called “flash.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During World War II, soldiers poured into San Francisco before shipping out to the Pacific theater. Many stopped into local tattoo shops and inked familiar flash tattoos on themselves as reminders of home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11917215\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11917215\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/RS55388_016_KQED_RebelGalleryTattoo415Day_04152022-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A hand points to sheets of tattoo designs hanging on the wall. The designs feature 415 in honor of 415 Day.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/RS55388_016_KQED_RebelGalleryTattoo415Day_04152022-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/RS55388_016_KQED_RebelGalleryTattoo415Day_04152022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/RS55388_016_KQED_RebelGalleryTattoo415Day_04152022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/RS55388_016_KQED_RebelGalleryTattoo415Day_04152022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/RS55388_016_KQED_RebelGalleryTattoo415Day_04152022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tattoo artist Kyra Monterrosa points to a sheet of flash tattoos she designed for a 415 Day event at Rebel Gallery in San Francisco’s Bayview neighborhood. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And during the war, American soldiers came in contact with people from all over the world. They would have seen tattoos on people in Japan and the Pacific Islands, and they may even have gotten more tattoos while deployed. When the war finally ended, Americans didn’t want to return to the way things had been. Society was poised for some major social changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Counterculture movements make tattoos mainstream\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“In the decades after World War II, and particularly after 1960, we see a spread of tattoo culture throughout popular culture in the U.S.,” said Nina Jablonski, a professor of anthropology at Pennsylvania State University and author of the book “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Skin-Natural-Nina-G-Jablonski/dp/0520242815\">Skin: A Natural History\u003c/a>.” “It becomes not necessarily legitimized, but much more popular.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People were still getting American traditional flash tattoos, but now they were associated with countercultural movements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, women were challenging the beauty norms of the day as part of the women’s liberation movement. Janis Joplin famously showed off her tattoo on The Tonight Show, \u003ca href=\"https://lyletuttlecollection.com/history\">done by San Francisco tattoo artist Lyle Tuttle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>American tattoo culture is ripe for change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11917222\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11917222 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/1882px-Ed_Hardy_1980_tattoo_collection_kohrs-800x919.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"919\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/1882px-Ed_Hardy_1980_tattoo_collection_kohrs-800x919.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/1882px-Ed_Hardy_1980_tattoo_collection_kohrs-1020x1171.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/1882px-Ed_Hardy_1980_tattoo_collection_kohrs-160x184.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/1882px-Ed_Hardy_1980_tattoo_collection_kohrs-1338x1536.jpg 1338w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/1882px-Ed_Hardy_1980_tattoo_collection_kohrs-1784x2048.jpg 1784w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/1882px-Ed_Hardy_1980_tattoo_collection_kohrs.jpg 1882w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ed Hardy at a tattoo convention in Sacramento circa 1980. \u003ccite>(Manfred Kohrs/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was during the explosion of interest in tattooing in the 1960s and ’70s that \u003ca href=\"https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/hate-the-brand-love-the-man-why-ed-hardy-matters/\">a guy named Ed Hardy popped onto the scene\u003c/a>. Hardy was first and foremost an artist. He graduated from the San Francisco Art Institute with a degree in printmaking in 1967 and was offered a scholarship to continue his studies at Yale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day he decided to get a tattoo. While he was there, his tattooer, a guy named Phil Sparrow, showed him a book that changed the course of his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He brought a book out and it was Japanese bodysuit tattooing,” said Mary Joy Scott, owner of Raven Eye Tattoo in San Francisco’s Richmond district and a student of Hardy. “When Ed saw that, he decided to leave behind the whole art world and become a tattooer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11917226\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11917226 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/IMG_0964-800x563.jpg\" alt=\"Mary Scott poses in front of Raven Eye Tattoo. \" width=\"800\" height=\"563\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/IMG_0964-800x563.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/IMG_0964-1020x718.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/IMG_0964-160x113.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/IMG_0964-1536x1081.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/IMG_0964-2048x1441.jpg 2048w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/IMG_0964-1920x1351.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mary Joy Scott stands in front of Raven Eye Tattoo, a shop she opened in early 2021 in San Francisco’s Richmond District. \u003ccite>(Sebastian Mino-Bucheli/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Japanese bodysuits are complex, subtly shaded and beautiful. They cover the body in a way Hardy had never seen before. He wanted to know more about how Japanese tattoo artists created those effects, so he turned down the Yale scholarship and moved to Japan to study for five months with tattoo master Kazuo Oguri, sometimes known as Horihide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over thousands of years, Japanese tattoo artists have developed techniques using a bamboo stick, called a tebori, that has several needles grouped on one end. The tebori allows the artist to create much more complicated designs than were common at that time in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11917236\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 366px\">\u003ca href=\"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irezumi#\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11917236\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_153._Japanese_Tattoo.jpg\" alt=\"A Japanese man stands shirtless with his back to the camera, leaning on a fence. His entire back is tattooed in an intricate and colorful pattern.\" width=\"366\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_153._Japanese_Tattoo.jpg 366w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_153._Japanese_Tattoo-160x210.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 366px) 100vw, 366px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of classical Japanese tattooing circa 1875. \u003ccite>(Kusakabe Kimbei/\u003ca href=\"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irezumi\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There are multiple sharp needles that are dipped in some kind of a pigment and then tapped into the skin,” said Jablonski, of Pennsylvania State University. “These needles are in groups so you can get lines, you can get dots. Very complex designs can be made.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With American traditional tattooing, a person collects individual designs over a lifetime, slowly covering the body. Japanese traditional, on the other hand, is about one idea or scene taking over the entire body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ed Hardy took the two styles and blended them. He opened a shop called Realistic Tattoo in San Francisco in 1974. He became known for custom tattoos — images designed specifically for a client, often referencing something personal in their life. Custom tattoos are often bigger than flash and complexly shaded like the Japanese style, although they don’t often cover the majority of the body the way a Japanese bodysuit does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People loved the idea of custom tattoos, even making special trips to the city to get inked by Hardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ed Hardy basically spoke to that interest in not only bringing these new design elements, but personalizing them,” Jablonski said. “‘I want to express what’s in your heart, what you aspire to.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/04/living/fashion-ed-hardy-profile/index.html\">Ed Hardy is better known for his clothing designs\u003c/a> than for his impact on tattoo culture, but make no mistake — he was a founder. Many of the tattoos you see on people walking around today are the direct legacy of his vision.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/K9gGbJ9J-cA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/K9gGbJ9J-cA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>We’d love to see your custom tattoos! Take a picture and share it with us on Twitter, tagging \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/oallenprice\">@oallenprice\u003c/a> or using the hashtag #BayCurious. Be sure to tell us what the tattoo means to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "move-over-monterey-pacifica-lays-claim-to-iconic-jack-cheese",
"title": "Move Over Monterey? Pacifica Lays Claim to Iconic Jack Cheese",
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"headTitle": "Move Over Monterey? Pacifica Lays Claim to Iconic Jack Cheese | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>View the full episode transcript.\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether melted in a quesadilla or a grilled cheese sandwich, or sliced on a charcuterie board next to one of its stinkier cousins, Monterey Jack is a staple cheese. Its flavor is similar to cheddar, but it contains a bit more moisture. Despite its popularity, there remains some mystery around Monterey Jack’s true origins. Though it may have the name “Monterey,” the town of Pacifica lays claim to the iconic cheese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recipe for what we now call Monterey Jack is believed — by some — to have originated in California’s missions in the 1700s. But the soft, mild cheese got its name — at least the “Jack” part — much later from a wealthy Monterey landowner named David Jack. Jack popularized and marketed the cheese. But how he got his hands on the recipe is wrapped up in local pride — and lore.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>David Jack and Monterey\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>David Jack was born in Scotland in 1822 and had emigrated to America by the time he reached adulthood. After a stop on the East Coast, where he acquired a shipment of guns, Jack arrived in California in 1849 in the midst of the Gold Rush. Firearms were a hot commodity in those days, and Jack sold the guns for a huge profit. He took that money and went prospecting, but never found gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11916550\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11916550 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/David_Jack.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"686\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/David_Jack.jpg 590w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/David_Jack-160x186.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Jack \u003ccite>(I.W. Taber/Public domain)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jack began calling himself David Jacks at this point, and moved to the small town of Monterey, where he began to acquire land. Kathleen Manning from the Pacifica Historical Society says much of that acquisition was through what she called “shady land deals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1851, at the end of the Mexican-American war, as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the land around California was divided up and sold. The pueblo of Monterey, as it was then known, hired an attorney named Dalos Rodeyn to handle some land deals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the town had no money to pay him and had to sell land to pay that debt. That attorney teamed up with Jacks to buy the entire town of Monterey and much of the adjacent land at a very low rate. Jacks became the de facto landlord of the region, and began lending money against people’s land, and then foreclosing and taking ownership of even more land in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was able to take advantage of a lot of people. He has a very bad reputation,” said Manning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The town of Monterey tried a few times to buy itself back from Jacks, even sending a case to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1906, but Jacks won.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides land, Jacks had another business interest: dairy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were hundreds of dairies making milk and various types of cheese around Monterey at the time, and several were on Jacks’ land. One of those dairies was making a mild, soft, white cheese — sound familiar? Jacks would market and sell that cheese with his name on it, and the official Jack cheese was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original recipe for the cheese Jacks would sell as his own could have come from any number of places — but where?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Pacifica connection\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>According to a 1938 cookbook, “Eating Around San Francisco,” the recipe for what we now know as Jack cheese originated on Mori Point in Pacifica. The author visited Mori Point and wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“I was interested to discover that it was Stephano Mori, who first made what we today call Monterey cheese. Having been born and brought up in Italy, Stephano and his wife learned there how to make cheese. They made it on their Mori Point property. The cheese was very good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An Italian named Baldocchi was a friend of the family. He learned how to make the cheese and went to Monterey and manufactured it on a commercial scale. As he was on the Jack ranch. The cheese is now known as Jack or Monterey cheese.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>If this book is to be believed, Baldocchi took the recipe from the Moris, moved to Monterey and mass-produced it with David Jacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery columns=\"2\" ids=\"11916551,11916552,11916562,11916563\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other theories\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is sold on Jack cheese being from Pacifica. In fact, there are a number of claims to the lineage of Monterey Jack. Some point to Domingo Pedrazzi of Carmel Valley, who made a cheese called “jack cheese.” It required pressure to remove moisture, which he accomplished with a “jack press.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also been argued that a local woman who sold homemade queso del país — like the cheese made at California’s historic missions — could be the person Jacks took the recipe from. What we do know for sure is Jacks didn’t invent the recipe – but he did go on to make that cheese, and himself, very famous.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pacifica Jack cheese\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In Pacifica, the historical society is making the most of their lesser-known connection to this California cheese by producing their own variety. Pacifica Jack Cheese is sold exclusively at the Pacifica Coastside Museum in Pacifica, and Manning says they’ve sold nearly 3 tons so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you begin to ask where Monterey Jack cheese originated, you’ll get a different answer depending on whom you ask. But Kathleen Manning says, “If you don’t know Pacifica, you don’t know Jack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Let’s take a moment to consider Monterey Jack cheese.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decent cheese, probably not my first choice for a cheese plate, I’m more of a gouda girl but I’m not going to turn it down if someone offers. It works well in a quesadilla, melted on nachos, in a grilled cheese sandwich.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You might guess with a name like \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monterey\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Jack that it hails from the beachside town of Monterey, just south of the Bay Area. But a listener named Kathy wrote to us because she’d heard something else entirely! That Monterey Jack was actually created in Pacifica.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today on Bay Curious, we’ll investigate this debate to see if we can settle once and for all who made Monterey Jack. This story first aired on the podcast in 2022. I’m Olivia Allen-Price.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[SPONSOR MESSAGE]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reporter Christopher Beale takes us on a journey today – to find the true origins of Monterey Jack.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Here in San Francisco when you have a question about cheese, you might stop by a place like the Rainbow Grocery Co-Op and talk to a cheesemonger.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Gordon “Zola” Edgar:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Basically it’s an old fashioned word for someone who buys and sells cheese. I’m in the business of cheese. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That’s Gordon “Zola” Edgar and he’s been working with and around cheese for almost 3 decades, and took me for a tour of his cheese department at the co-op.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Gordon “Zola” Edgar: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is where our basic cheeses are, so like Jacks, Cheddars, organic Jacks and Cheddars. You know, domestic swiss, grated cheeses and stuff like that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Okay. So in the grand scheme of cheeses, where do you place Monterey Jack? Like, what is Monterey Jack cheese for?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Gordon “Zola” Edgar: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monterey Jack, it kind of lives on this like, parallel life to mild cheddar. They’re both your basic, like, pantry cheeses. Monterey Jack, you could say is basically a cheddar with a little more moisture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The flavor of a Jack cheese is really mild, the texture is soft, it cuts and melts easily. It’s not a sexy cheese but it’s been made in one form or another in our region for hundreds of years, as far back as the late 1700s. Spanish missions, which were located all over what is now California, made a simple white cheese. There is a likelihood that the cheese from those missions, then known as Queso del Pais, evolved into the cheese we know as Monterey Jack. But that may not be the story at all. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Gordon “Zola” Edgar:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Some people say that it got its name from the Jack press that was used to make the cheese, others say it was named after David Jacks who, kind of, well, that’s a long story, but who, let’s just say, popularized the cheese.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> David Jack, he was quite a scoundrel. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That’s Kathleen Manning, she is the former president of the Pacifica Historical Society. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He was like an early capitalist, right?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I would say so. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David Jack was this Scottish guy who came to California during the gold rush in the mid 1800s. He sold some firearms for a huge profit in his first days in California and went to the mountains searching for gold…which he did not find. So, Jack–who around this time took to calling himself David \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jacks\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">– returned to the Bay Area and made his way to Monterey in 1850. This is where his reputation as sort of a jerk begins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the end of the Mexican-American war Jacks was involved in a scheme that ultimately allowed him to buy the entire town of Monterey, and much of the adjacent land at a steep discount.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a lot of shady land deals\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And once he owned everything in and around Monterey, he started loaning money to people, and when they couldn’t pay he would foreclose and, well, you can imagine he didn’t make a lot of friends this way. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He was able to take advantage of a lot of people. He has a very bad reputation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The town even tried a few times to, basically, buy itself back from Jacks even sending a case to the U.S. Supreme Court. But Jacks ultimately won.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aside from land, Jacks had another business interest – dairy. There were hundreds of dairies making milk and various types of cheese around Monterey at the time, many were on Jack’s land and one of those dairies was making this mild, soft, white cheese. Jacks would market and sell that cheese with his name on it, and the official Jack cheese was born. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The original recipe for the cheese Jacks would claim and sell as his own could have come from any number of places…Jacks certainly didn’t invent it, but where did it come from?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Gordon “Zola” Edgar: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s really hard to know. There is a claim that it originated in Pacifica.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> So — I asked Kathleen Manning.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Was Monterey Jack cheese actually created in Pacifica?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Yes it was.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you have ever been to Rockaway Beach in Pacifica, there is a huge point that juts out into the Pacific Ocean on the north end of the beach and it is there — on Mori’s point — where, some believe, the recipe for what would became known as Monterey Jack entered the United States.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Stephano Mori brought a recipe from Italy, and they certainly produced it here. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There used to be this restaurant up on that hill called Mori’s Place and one of the things they sold was cheese. Kathleen and the folks at the Pacifica Historical Society have an old cookbook called “Eating Around San Francisco.” They say a passage in that book supports their claim …\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What year is this book from? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1938 \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Oh, and then right down here, bold at the top of the chapter it says, Ray Mori’s place near Rockaway Beach. Would you mind reading that to me? If you can. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I was interested to discover that it was Stephano Mori, who first made what we today called Monterey cheese. Having been born and brought up in Italy, Stephano and his wife learned there how to make cheese. They made it on their Mori point property.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> So the Mori had this family friend named Baldocci. He worked with them at Mori’s point and he learned how to make their cheese recipe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cheese was very good. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Baldocchi, and the Mori’s had a falling out and this is where the link to Monterey happens. Kathleen reads on…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He learned how to make the cheese and went to Monterey and manufactured it on a commercial scale. As he was on the Jack ranch. The cheese is now known as Jack or Monterey cheese.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There, in black and white is Pacifica’s claim to Jack Cheese. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now, not everyone is sold on this theory that the recipe came from Pacifica. It’s been argued that a local woman who sold homemade Queso del Pais door-to-door could be who Jacks took the recipe from. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And some think the cheese isn’t named after David Jacks at all! Another cheesemaker in the area used a \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jack press \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to make his cheese – that’s a device used to squeeze moisture out. And it’s believed he sold his cheese under the name “Jack Cheese” for that reason. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ultimately it’s hard to determine the cold hard facts about this soft mild cheese. What we know for sure is that David Jacks would go on to distribute and market the cheese as Jack’s cheese, and eventually people began asking for “Monterey” Jack’s Cheese across the state, and eventually the country and the world. And that cheese would help make Jacks a wealthy man.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pacifica, however, isn’t taking the alleged theft lying down.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The historical society felt it was our duty to reclaim the, uh, wonderful heritage that we have. And so. We began producing the cheese here and selling it locally, just on a small basis. and people loved it. That’s a wonderful, wonderful cheese this is made with, by a fine cheese maker.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kathleen says that the Pacifica Historical Society has sold about 3 tons of their “Pacifica Jack Cheese” and gave me some to take home. I’ll put a link in the web post of this story for where you can buy your own, but Kathleen says:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The best way is to come to the museum when it’s open and we’re open Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, one to four, and the cheese is always available.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We may never know with certainty where Monterey Jack Cheese actually originated. It’s hard to get a thief like David Jacks to give up that sort of information, but it did ultimately become a staple food our region is famous for. But according to the folks in Pacifica, there’s always been a chapter missing in the story of this California original Jack Cheese.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you don’t know Pacifica, you don’t know Jack. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That story was by Christopher Beale, who joins me in the studio now. Hey Chris!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hello! I also brought the Pacifica Jack Cheese with me that I was given. It’s a hefty brick of cheese.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I’m so glad you did because it felt remiss to do this story and not actually eat any cheese so let’s cut into it. Nice packaging. Lets give this baby a cut. Oh that cuts just like butter!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lets try it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Take a bite, friend.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I’m not gonna lie, that’s actually really good.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oh yeah, it’s actually way sharper than I remember Monterey Jack Cheese being. I mean, it tastes like a cheddar to me.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s not a basic pantry cheese to me, that’s delicious!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Woah bold words! I can’t remember the last time I would’ve had Monterey Jack Cheese by itself or even on a cracker. I mean, I generally would have it, you know, in a sandwich, or melted on something. It’s not like a cheese I reach for but, uh, I’m enjoying this.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now, we kinda had to end this story on a bit of an uncertain note. Do you as a reporter feel at all disappointed that there wasn’t a very sharp answer to this one?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I’m not disappointed because I think that regardless of which path this cheese took into the United States and then across California, it is now an absolutely, unequivocally local product. It’s a thing Northern Californians can be proud of. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And I should say, especially when it comes to food stories–we’ve done stories for Bay Curious about sourdough, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cioppino\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the martini, Irish coffee, rocky road ice cream–and in almost all of these stories there’s some bit of lore that we just can’t quite nail down. So a lot of these stories end kind of on a shrug, we did our best!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And food is this kind of cultural exchange where one culture may provide one thing, be it an ingredient, and another may provide a manufacturing process. And before you know it those things have happened here, away from the home of that recipe and a whole new recipe has come to light under a whole different name it becomes something like Monterey Jack Cheese, a California original. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yeah, I think from now on when I have Monterey Jack it’s going to bring up this story in my head and what a lovely thing, that food is a story.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I did bring some pretzel crisps that I keep at my desk. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[pretzel crunch]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Question for you, do you have wine at your desk?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[Olivia laughs]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Christopher Beale, thank you so much for your reporting on this topic.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thanks for the pretzels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And also thanks to Jean Bartlett for all of her help with this story.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This episode of Bay Curious was made by Katrina Schwartz, Brendan Willard, Sebastian-Mino Bucheli and me, Olivia Allen-Price. Our team today includes Amanda Font, Christopher Beale and Ana De Almeida Amaral. Additional support from Katie Sprenger, Jen Chien, Maha Sanad, Holly Kernan and the whole KQED Family. We’re a production of member-supported KQED in San Francisco. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ok, I’m going to resist making a cheesy joke here … and just say farewell.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s a little melty even, where have you been keeping this?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In my desk drawer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mmm, tasty. Desk cheese.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Move Over Monterey? Pacifica Lays Claim to Iconic Jack Cheese | KQED",
"description": "View the full episode transcript. Whether melted in a quesadilla or a grilled cheese sandwich, or sliced on a charcuterie board next to one of its stinkier cousins, Monterey Jack is a staple cheese. Its flavor is similar to cheddar, but it contains a bit more moisture. Despite its popularity, there remains some mystery around Monterey Jack’s true origins. Though it may have the name “Monterey,” the town of Pacifica lays claim to the iconic cheese. The recipe for what we now call Monterey Jack is believed — by some — to have originated in California’s missions in the 1700s.",
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"headline": "Move Over Monterey? Pacifica Lays Claim to Iconic Jack Cheese",
"datePublished": "2022-06-09T03:00:34-07:00",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>View the full episode transcript.\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether melted in a quesadilla or a grilled cheese sandwich, or sliced on a charcuterie board next to one of its stinkier cousins, Monterey Jack is a staple cheese. Its flavor is similar to cheddar, but it contains a bit more moisture. Despite its popularity, there remains some mystery around Monterey Jack’s true origins. Though it may have the name “Monterey,” the town of Pacifica lays claim to the iconic cheese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recipe for what we now call Monterey Jack is believed — by some — to have originated in California’s missions in the 1700s. But the soft, mild cheese got its name — at least the “Jack” part — much later from a wealthy Monterey landowner named David Jack. Jack popularized and marketed the cheese. But how he got his hands on the recipe is wrapped up in local pride — and lore.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>David Jack and Monterey\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>David Jack was born in Scotland in 1822 and had emigrated to America by the time he reached adulthood. After a stop on the East Coast, where he acquired a shipment of guns, Jack arrived in California in 1849 in the midst of the Gold Rush. Firearms were a hot commodity in those days, and Jack sold the guns for a huge profit. He took that money and went prospecting, but never found gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11916550\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11916550 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/David_Jack.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"686\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/David_Jack.jpg 590w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/David_Jack-160x186.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Jack \u003ccite>(I.W. Taber/Public domain)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jack began calling himself David Jacks at this point, and moved to the small town of Monterey, where he began to acquire land. Kathleen Manning from the Pacifica Historical Society says much of that acquisition was through what she called “shady land deals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1851, at the end of the Mexican-American war, as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the land around California was divided up and sold. The pueblo of Monterey, as it was then known, hired an attorney named Dalos Rodeyn to handle some land deals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the town had no money to pay him and had to sell land to pay that debt. That attorney teamed up with Jacks to buy the entire town of Monterey and much of the adjacent land at a very low rate. Jacks became the de facto landlord of the region, and began lending money against people’s land, and then foreclosing and taking ownership of even more land in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was able to take advantage of a lot of people. He has a very bad reputation,” said Manning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The town of Monterey tried a few times to buy itself back from Jacks, even sending a case to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1906, but Jacks won.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides land, Jacks had another business interest: dairy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were hundreds of dairies making milk and various types of cheese around Monterey at the time, and several were on Jacks’ land. One of those dairies was making a mild, soft, white cheese — sound familiar? Jacks would market and sell that cheese with his name on it, and the official Jack cheese was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original recipe for the cheese Jacks would sell as his own could have come from any number of places — but where?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Pacifica connection\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>According to a 1938 cookbook, “Eating Around San Francisco,” the recipe for what we now know as Jack cheese originated on Mori Point in Pacifica. The author visited Mori Point and wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“I was interested to discover that it was Stephano Mori, who first made what we today call Monterey cheese. Having been born and brought up in Italy, Stephano and his wife learned there how to make cheese. They made it on their Mori Point property. The cheese was very good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An Italian named Baldocchi was a friend of the family. He learned how to make the cheese and went to Monterey and manufactured it on a commercial scale. As he was on the Jack ranch. The cheese is now known as Jack or Monterey cheese.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>If this book is to be believed, Baldocchi took the recipe from the Moris, moved to Monterey and mass-produced it with David Jacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other theories\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is sold on Jack cheese being from Pacifica. In fact, there are a number of claims to the lineage of Monterey Jack. Some point to Domingo Pedrazzi of Carmel Valley, who made a cheese called “jack cheese.” It required pressure to remove moisture, which he accomplished with a “jack press.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also been argued that a local woman who sold homemade queso del país — like the cheese made at California’s historic missions — could be the person Jacks took the recipe from. What we do know for sure is Jacks didn’t invent the recipe – but he did go on to make that cheese, and himself, very famous.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pacifica Jack cheese\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In Pacifica, the historical society is making the most of their lesser-known connection to this California cheese by producing their own variety. Pacifica Jack Cheese is sold exclusively at the Pacifica Coastside Museum in Pacifica, and Manning says they’ve sold nearly 3 tons so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you begin to ask where Monterey Jack cheese originated, you’ll get a different answer depending on whom you ask. But Kathleen Manning says, “If you don’t know Pacifica, you don’t know Jack.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-content post-body\">\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Let’s take a moment to consider Monterey Jack cheese.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decent cheese, probably not my first choice for a cheese plate, I’m more of a gouda girl but I’m not going to turn it down if someone offers. It works well in a quesadilla, melted on nachos, in a grilled cheese sandwich.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You might guess with a name like \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monterey\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Jack that it hails from the beachside town of Monterey, just south of the Bay Area. But a listener named Kathy wrote to us because she’d heard something else entirely! That Monterey Jack was actually created in Pacifica.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today on Bay Curious, we’ll investigate this debate to see if we can settle once and for all who made Monterey Jack. This story first aired on the podcast in 2022. I’m Olivia Allen-Price.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[SPONSOR MESSAGE]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reporter Christopher Beale takes us on a journey today – to find the true origins of Monterey Jack.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Here in San Francisco when you have a question about cheese, you might stop by a place like the Rainbow Grocery Co-Op and talk to a cheesemonger.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Gordon “Zola” Edgar:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Basically it’s an old fashioned word for someone who buys and sells cheese. I’m in the business of cheese. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That’s Gordon “Zola” Edgar and he’s been working with and around cheese for almost 3 decades, and took me for a tour of his cheese department at the co-op.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Gordon “Zola” Edgar: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is where our basic cheeses are, so like Jacks, Cheddars, organic Jacks and Cheddars. You know, domestic swiss, grated cheeses and stuff like that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Okay. So in the grand scheme of cheeses, where do you place Monterey Jack? Like, what is Monterey Jack cheese for?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Gordon “Zola” Edgar: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monterey Jack, it kind of lives on this like, parallel life to mild cheddar. They’re both your basic, like, pantry cheeses. Monterey Jack, you could say is basically a cheddar with a little more moisture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The flavor of a Jack cheese is really mild, the texture is soft, it cuts and melts easily. It’s not a sexy cheese but it’s been made in one form or another in our region for hundreds of years, as far back as the late 1700s. Spanish missions, which were located all over what is now California, made a simple white cheese. There is a likelihood that the cheese from those missions, then known as Queso del Pais, evolved into the cheese we know as Monterey Jack. But that may not be the story at all. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Gordon “Zola” Edgar:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Some people say that it got its name from the Jack press that was used to make the cheese, others say it was named after David Jacks who, kind of, well, that’s a long story, but who, let’s just say, popularized the cheese.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> David Jack, he was quite a scoundrel. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That’s Kathleen Manning, she is the former president of the Pacifica Historical Society. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He was like an early capitalist, right?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I would say so. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David Jack was this Scottish guy who came to California during the gold rush in the mid 1800s. He sold some firearms for a huge profit in his first days in California and went to the mountains searching for gold…which he did not find. So, Jack–who around this time took to calling himself David \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jacks\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">– returned to the Bay Area and made his way to Monterey in 1850. This is where his reputation as sort of a jerk begins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the end of the Mexican-American war Jacks was involved in a scheme that ultimately allowed him to buy the entire town of Monterey, and much of the adjacent land at a steep discount.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a lot of shady land deals\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And once he owned everything in and around Monterey, he started loaning money to people, and when they couldn’t pay he would foreclose and, well, you can imagine he didn’t make a lot of friends this way. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He was able to take advantage of a lot of people. He has a very bad reputation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The town even tried a few times to, basically, buy itself back from Jacks even sending a case to the U.S. Supreme Court. But Jacks ultimately won.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aside from land, Jacks had another business interest – dairy. There were hundreds of dairies making milk and various types of cheese around Monterey at the time, many were on Jack’s land and one of those dairies was making this mild, soft, white cheese. Jacks would market and sell that cheese with his name on it, and the official Jack cheese was born. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The original recipe for the cheese Jacks would claim and sell as his own could have come from any number of places…Jacks certainly didn’t invent it, but where did it come from?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Gordon “Zola” Edgar: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s really hard to know. There is a claim that it originated in Pacifica.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> So — I asked Kathleen Manning.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Was Monterey Jack cheese actually created in Pacifica?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Yes it was.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you have ever been to Rockaway Beach in Pacifica, there is a huge point that juts out into the Pacific Ocean on the north end of the beach and it is there — on Mori’s point — where, some believe, the recipe for what would became known as Monterey Jack entered the United States.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Stephano Mori brought a recipe from Italy, and they certainly produced it here. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There used to be this restaurant up on that hill called Mori’s Place and one of the things they sold was cheese. Kathleen and the folks at the Pacifica Historical Society have an old cookbook called “Eating Around San Francisco.” They say a passage in that book supports their claim …\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What year is this book from? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1938 \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Oh, and then right down here, bold at the top of the chapter it says, Ray Mori’s place near Rockaway Beach. Would you mind reading that to me? If you can. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I was interested to discover that it was Stephano Mori, who first made what we today called Monterey cheese. Having been born and brought up in Italy, Stephano and his wife learned there how to make cheese. They made it on their Mori point property.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> So the Mori had this family friend named Baldocci. He worked with them at Mori’s point and he learned how to make their cheese recipe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cheese was very good. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Baldocchi, and the Mori’s had a falling out and this is where the link to Monterey happens. Kathleen reads on…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He learned how to make the cheese and went to Monterey and manufactured it on a commercial scale. As he was on the Jack ranch. The cheese is now known as Jack or Monterey cheese.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There, in black and white is Pacifica’s claim to Jack Cheese. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now, not everyone is sold on this theory that the recipe came from Pacifica. It’s been argued that a local woman who sold homemade Queso del Pais door-to-door could be who Jacks took the recipe from. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And some think the cheese isn’t named after David Jacks at all! Another cheesemaker in the area used a \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jack press \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to make his cheese – that’s a device used to squeeze moisture out. And it’s believed he sold his cheese under the name “Jack Cheese” for that reason. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ultimately it’s hard to determine the cold hard facts about this soft mild cheese. What we know for sure is that David Jacks would go on to distribute and market the cheese as Jack’s cheese, and eventually people began asking for “Monterey” Jack’s Cheese across the state, and eventually the country and the world. And that cheese would help make Jacks a wealthy man.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pacifica, however, isn’t taking the alleged theft lying down.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The historical society felt it was our duty to reclaim the, uh, wonderful heritage that we have. And so. We began producing the cheese here and selling it locally, just on a small basis. and people loved it. That’s a wonderful, wonderful cheese this is made with, by a fine cheese maker.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kathleen says that the Pacifica Historical Society has sold about 3 tons of their “Pacifica Jack Cheese” and gave me some to take home. I’ll put a link in the web post of this story for where you can buy your own, but Kathleen says:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The best way is to come to the museum when it’s open and we’re open Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, one to four, and the cheese is always available.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We may never know with certainty where Monterey Jack Cheese actually originated. It’s hard to get a thief like David Jacks to give up that sort of information, but it did ultimately become a staple food our region is famous for. But according to the folks in Pacifica, there’s always been a chapter missing in the story of this California original Jack Cheese.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kathleen Manning: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you don’t know Pacifica, you don’t know Jack. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That story was by Christopher Beale, who joins me in the studio now. Hey Chris!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hello! I also brought the Pacifica Jack Cheese with me that I was given. It’s a hefty brick of cheese.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I’m so glad you did because it felt remiss to do this story and not actually eat any cheese so let’s cut into it. Nice packaging. Lets give this baby a cut. Oh that cuts just like butter!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lets try it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Take a bite, friend.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I’m not gonna lie, that’s actually really good.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oh yeah, it’s actually way sharper than I remember Monterey Jack Cheese being. I mean, it tastes like a cheddar to me.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s not a basic pantry cheese to me, that’s delicious!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Woah bold words! I can’t remember the last time I would’ve had Monterey Jack Cheese by itself or even on a cracker. I mean, I generally would have it, you know, in a sandwich, or melted on something. It’s not like a cheese I reach for but, uh, I’m enjoying this.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now, we kinda had to end this story on a bit of an uncertain note. Do you as a reporter feel at all disappointed that there wasn’t a very sharp answer to this one?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I’m not disappointed because I think that regardless of which path this cheese took into the United States and then across California, it is now an absolutely, unequivocally local product. It’s a thing Northern Californians can be proud of. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And I should say, especially when it comes to food stories–we’ve done stories for Bay Curious about sourdough, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cioppino\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the martini, Irish coffee, rocky road ice cream–and in almost all of these stories there’s some bit of lore that we just can’t quite nail down. So a lot of these stories end kind of on a shrug, we did our best!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And food is this kind of cultural exchange where one culture may provide one thing, be it an ingredient, and another may provide a manufacturing process. And before you know it those things have happened here, away from the home of that recipe and a whole new recipe has come to light under a whole different name it becomes something like Monterey Jack Cheese, a California original. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yeah, I think from now on when I have Monterey Jack it’s going to bring up this story in my head and what a lovely thing, that food is a story.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I did bring some pretzel crisps that I keep at my desk. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[pretzel crunch]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Question for you, do you have wine at your desk?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[Olivia laughs]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Christopher Beale, thank you so much for your reporting on this topic.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thanks for the pretzels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And also thanks to Jean Bartlett for all of her help with this story.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This episode of Bay Curious was made by Katrina Schwartz, Brendan Willard, Sebastian-Mino Bucheli and me, Olivia Allen-Price. Our team today includes Amanda Font, Christopher Beale and Ana De Almeida Amaral. Additional support from Katie Sprenger, Jen Chien, Maha Sanad, Holly Kernan and the whole KQED Family. We’re a production of member-supported KQED in San Francisco. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ok, I’m going to resist making a cheesy joke here … and just say farewell.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s a little melty even, where have you been keeping this?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Christopher Beale: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In my desk drawer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mmm, tasty. Desk cheese.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>"
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"slug": "healing-in-nature-at-the-aids-memorial-grove",
"title": "Healing Through Nature at the National AIDS Memorial Grove",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of the Bay Curious series “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11915065/take-a-very-curious-golden-gate-park-walking-tour\">A Very Curious Walking Tour of Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the AIDS Memorial Grove at Golden Gate Park’s eastern end and you’ll see tall redwoods, green ferns, an open field and evidence of lots of loving care. Descending into the grove is like entering a different world, a calmer place than the hustle and bustle of the street above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Tom Jensen first came to the National AIDS Memorial Grove in 2002, he had no idea how much it would change his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My plan was to come and work off [to] the sidelines,” Jensen said. “I didn’t really want to be with people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A self-described introvert, Jensen had just lost his longtime partner, Bobby Hilliard, to AIDS. He decided to volunteer at one of the Grove’s monthly work days. Jensen says that his grief was so strong he was worried he would “start calling in sick days if I didn’t make a move to engage in life and take my grief somewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915795\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915795\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Tom-Bobby-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Two men wearing 1980s style clothes stand on a hiking path in the woods. The two are hugging, one slightly leaning into the other.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Tom-Bobby-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Tom-Bobby-800x563.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Tom-Bobby-1020x717.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Tom-Bobby-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Tom-Bobby-1536x1080.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Tom-Bobby-2048x1440.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Tom-Bobby-1920x1350.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Jensen and his longtime partner Bobby Hilliard on a hike in Yosemite National Park. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Tom Jensen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even though Jensen didn’t anticipate taking on a leadership role, he knew that he could contribute to the Grove. He grew up learning about plants from his father, and when Bobby started taking botany classes, Jensen went on field trips with him all over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jensen proved so useful that first day he was asked to be on a committee. And the Grove and its community made such an impression on Jensen that he’s currently serving his second stint on the board of directors for the National AIDS Memorial, which includes the Grove, the AIDS Memorial Quilt (which will be \u003ca href=\"https://www.aidsmemorial.org/quilt35\">displayed in Golden Gate Park on June 11-12 in Robin Williams Meadow\u003c/a>) and numerous educational programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is just such a huge family,” said Jensen. “I was transformed by being here and by getting involved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>San Francisco in the 1980s\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jensen moved to San Francisco’s Castro neighborhood in 1978. He described it as “a playland and a wonderland,” full of “freedom and liberation.” He felt like he was part of a community and a generation that could change the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But within four years, death was all around him as San Francisco’s gay community began to feel the impact of the AIDS epidemic. It was common to see people he worked out with at the gym looking like “emaciated old men” in a matter of weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were covered with Kaposi’s sarcoma lesions and walking on canes and in wheelchairs,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between \u003ca href=\"https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D12/D293F286\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1981 and 1994, more than 15,000 San Franciscans died of AIDS\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr//preview/mmwrhtml/00001477.htm\">By 1988, the CDC had recorded more than 80,000 cases of AIDS\u003c/a> in the United States. Of those, more than half were fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The community advocates for and supports itself\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>San Francisco’s gay community was hit early and hard by the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s, as were intravenous drug users and hemophiliacs who depended on blood transfusions. White gay men received the most media attention, but the disease has always disproportionately affected communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homophobia and racism shaped how the federal government and public health institutions responded. \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/04/full-story-nancy-reagan-and-aids-crisis/618552/\">President Ronald Reagan didn’t publicly mention the disease until 1985.\u003c/a> Meanwhile his administration cut funding for federal public health organizations, including what was then known as the Centers for Disease Control, which published \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5021a1.htm#:%7e:text=Twenty%20years%20ago%2C%20on%20June,homosexuals%22%3B%20two%20had%20died.\">the first report on what would come to be known as AIDS in 1981\u003c/a>. The media dubbed the disease the “gay plague,” and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/04/full-story-nancy-reagan-and-aids-crisis/618552/\">White House spokesperson joked about it when reporters brought up the skyrocketing death rate\u003c/a> in press conferences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915798\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915798\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/CircleofFriends-AIDS3.jpg\" alt=\"Orange flowers sit in the center of a stone circle. Around the flowers names are carved into the stone, spiraling outward.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1778\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/CircleofFriends-AIDS3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/CircleofFriends-AIDS3-800x741.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/CircleofFriends-AIDS3-1020x945.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/CircleofFriends-AIDS3-160x148.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/CircleofFriends-AIDS3-1536x1422.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Circle of Friends is a centerpiece of the Grove. The names of those who have died of AIDS-related complications or who have been affected by AIDS are carved there. \u003ccite>(Courtesy National AIDS Memorial)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Many of these people may not have died if our government and a majority of society had cared more about them,” said Steve Sagaser, a senior program manager with the National AIDS Memorial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, early in the epidemic, people with AIDS were largely left to fend for themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s how the response to AIDS in the first decade happened,” Jensen said. “People making food for their neighbors and having that grow into \u003ca href=\"https://www.openhand.org/\">Project Open Hand\u003c/a>. It’s just \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/pop/103422/rebel-girls-from-bay-area-history-ruth-brinker-aids-activist\">Ruth Brinker\u003c/a> [founder of Project Open Hand] saying, ‘Everyone in my building has AIDS’ and making dinner for 12 units.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/06/14/how-act-up-changed-america\">Activists pushed the government to act faster\u003c/a>, fund research and develop treatments, but it took years of in-your-face advocacy to get the federal government to act.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A different way to grieve\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sagaser says that in the 1980s many people in San Francisco were experiencing “loss after loss at such a rate that it was impossible to complete the grieving process for one person and you’d already lost another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1987, against this setting, a small group of San Francisco residents, including several with backgrounds in landscaping and architecture, started talking about the possibility of having a dedicated space to grieve those who died from AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The founders of the Grove envisioned “solace through life and plants,” said Jensen. They wanted an alternative to a cemetery or a church — something in nature, with life running through it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1988, the group asked the San Francisco Recreation and Parks Department for some land to use for the memorial. The city offered the de Laveaga Dell, a 7.5-acre bowl-like valley that budget cuts and neglect had led to degeneration into an overgrown, swampy mess. But the Grove’s founders saw potential there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landscape architects and designers volunteered their time to craft plans for the Grove. They aimed to create a space with the sanctity of a cathedral but that was welcoming to everyone. After a collaborative process the planners agreed on a design that highlighted the dramatic contrast of light and dark in the valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also created spots in the Grove that lent themselves toward individual reflection but made sure the Grove could also accommodate groups. Plants and trees were chosen so there would always be something blooming, no matter the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sagaser calls The Circle of Friends the “heart of the Grove.” It’s a circular flagstone area where close to 3,000 names are carved, spiraling outward. Close to 80% of the names are of individuals who died from AIDS, while others are people who have been affected by the disease. Sagaser says the Grove gets around 100 requests a year for new names to be carved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sept. 21, 1991, volunteers broke ground on the Grove. It took them three years to remove trash. In 1996, Bill Clinton signed legislation, championed by Rep. Nancy Pelosi, granting the Grove national memorial status. It is the nation’s first and only federally designated memorial to those who have died of AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just about remembering the [people] who have died, but remembering the activism that was associated with it,” Sagaser said. “The activism was necessary because [the] government wasn’t doing anything about it because it was hitting a group of people who were already demonized or stigmatized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the federal designation as a national memorial, the Grove receives no federal funding. Its operating costs are covered by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aidsmemorial.org/\">National AIDS Memorial nonprofit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Volunteers are the lifeblood of the Grove\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The volunteer energy behind the Grove hasn’t dropped off since shovels started digging in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915799\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915799\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/VolunteerDay-AIDS4.jpg\" alt='A group of five people lean into a hillside, working with the plants in the ground. A sixth man walks towards us wearing a shirt that says \"volunteer.\"' width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/VolunteerDay-AIDS4.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/VolunteerDay-AIDS4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/VolunteerDay-AIDS4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/VolunteerDay-AIDS4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/VolunteerDay-AIDS4-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers at a work day in July 2015. \u003ccite>(Courtesy National AIDS Memorial)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every year, nearly 2,000 volunteers contribute about 4,500 hours of work, according to Phil Ginsburg, general manager of the San Francisco Recreation and Parks Department. That adds up to over a quarter of a million volunteer hours in the Grove’s 31-year lifespan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A significant portion of that labor occurs during the Grove’s work days. They happen every third Saturday and still follow the same format as the first one in 1991: Breakfast at 8:30, welcome and announcements at 9:00, several hours of work, and then a healing circle at noon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To close out the day, everyone gathers at The Circle of Friends. They join hands, ring a Tibetan bell, “and then we say out loud the names of people we’ve lost to AIDS or people who just need that healing energy,” Sagaser said. “It’s our tradition. It’s been happening for 31 years. We never miss it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915796\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915796\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/healing-circle-AIDS2.jpg\" alt=\"A group of about fifty people stand in a circle holding hands in a brightly lit grassy area.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/healing-circle-AIDS2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/healing-circle-AIDS2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/healing-circle-AIDS2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/healing-circle-AIDS2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/healing-circle-AIDS2-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Every volunteer work day at the AIDS Memorial Grove ends with a healing circle where participants link hands and say the names of loved ones lost to AIDS. \u003ccite>(Courtesy National AIDS Memorial)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>An ever-evolving space\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Grove has gradually grown from its original 7.5 acres to 10 and has added features to recognize the breadth of people affected by the epidemic. In 2017 the Hemophilia Circle was dedicated to honor those with the blood disease who have died from AIDS. Tainted blood transfusions were an early spreader of HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Grove is never complete, by design. Tending to the space is part of the healing process for volunteers. The work offers people a way to move through their grief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And like the garden, the epidemic has changed over the years. Life-saving treatments now allow HIV-positive people to live long, full lives. But new cases still occur, and access to preventive drugs and treatment are unequal. Communities of color have always been most affected by the disease, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/statistics.html\">recent CDC numbers show that more than half of new cases are among Black and Latino people\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s still work to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Healing Through Nature at the National AIDS Memorial Grove | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of the Bay Curious series “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11915065/take-a-very-curious-golden-gate-park-walking-tour\">A Very Curious Walking Tour of Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the AIDS Memorial Grove at Golden Gate Park’s eastern end and you’ll see tall redwoods, green ferns, an open field and evidence of lots of loving care. Descending into the grove is like entering a different world, a calmer place than the hustle and bustle of the street above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Tom Jensen first came to the National AIDS Memorial Grove in 2002, he had no idea how much it would change his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My plan was to come and work off [to] the sidelines,” Jensen said. “I didn’t really want to be with people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A self-described introvert, Jensen had just lost his longtime partner, Bobby Hilliard, to AIDS. He decided to volunteer at one of the Grove’s monthly work days. Jensen says that his grief was so strong he was worried he would “start calling in sick days if I didn’t make a move to engage in life and take my grief somewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915795\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915795\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Tom-Bobby-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Two men wearing 1980s style clothes stand on a hiking path in the woods. The two are hugging, one slightly leaning into the other.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Tom-Bobby-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Tom-Bobby-800x563.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Tom-Bobby-1020x717.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Tom-Bobby-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Tom-Bobby-1536x1080.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Tom-Bobby-2048x1440.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/Tom-Bobby-1920x1350.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Jensen and his longtime partner Bobby Hilliard on a hike in Yosemite National Park. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Tom Jensen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even though Jensen didn’t anticipate taking on a leadership role, he knew that he could contribute to the Grove. He grew up learning about plants from his father, and when Bobby started taking botany classes, Jensen went on field trips with him all over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jensen proved so useful that first day he was asked to be on a committee. And the Grove and its community made such an impression on Jensen that he’s currently serving his second stint on the board of directors for the National AIDS Memorial, which includes the Grove, the AIDS Memorial Quilt (which will be \u003ca href=\"https://www.aidsmemorial.org/quilt35\">displayed in Golden Gate Park on June 11-12 in Robin Williams Meadow\u003c/a>) and numerous educational programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is just such a huge family,” said Jensen. “I was transformed by being here and by getting involved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>San Francisco in the 1980s\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Jensen moved to San Francisco’s Castro neighborhood in 1978. He described it as “a playland and a wonderland,” full of “freedom and liberation.” He felt like he was part of a community and a generation that could change the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But within four years, death was all around him as San Francisco’s gay community began to feel the impact of the AIDS epidemic. It was common to see people he worked out with at the gym looking like “emaciated old men” in a matter of weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were covered with Kaposi’s sarcoma lesions and walking on canes and in wheelchairs,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between \u003ca href=\"https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D12/D293F286\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1981 and 1994, more than 15,000 San Franciscans died of AIDS\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr//preview/mmwrhtml/00001477.htm\">By 1988, the CDC had recorded more than 80,000 cases of AIDS\u003c/a> in the United States. Of those, more than half were fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The community advocates for and supports itself\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>San Francisco’s gay community was hit early and hard by the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s, as were intravenous drug users and hemophiliacs who depended on blood transfusions. White gay men received the most media attention, but the disease has always disproportionately affected communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homophobia and racism shaped how the federal government and public health institutions responded. \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/04/full-story-nancy-reagan-and-aids-crisis/618552/\">President Ronald Reagan didn’t publicly mention the disease until 1985.\u003c/a> Meanwhile his administration cut funding for federal public health organizations, including what was then known as the Centers for Disease Control, which published \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5021a1.htm#:%7e:text=Twenty%20years%20ago%2C%20on%20June,homosexuals%22%3B%20two%20had%20died.\">the first report on what would come to be known as AIDS in 1981\u003c/a>. The media dubbed the disease the “gay plague,” and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/04/full-story-nancy-reagan-and-aids-crisis/618552/\">White House spokesperson joked about it when reporters brought up the skyrocketing death rate\u003c/a> in press conferences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915798\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915798\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/CircleofFriends-AIDS3.jpg\" alt=\"Orange flowers sit in the center of a stone circle. Around the flowers names are carved into the stone, spiraling outward.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1778\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/CircleofFriends-AIDS3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/CircleofFriends-AIDS3-800x741.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/CircleofFriends-AIDS3-1020x945.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/CircleofFriends-AIDS3-160x148.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/CircleofFriends-AIDS3-1536x1422.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Circle of Friends is a centerpiece of the Grove. The names of those who have died of AIDS-related complications or who have been affected by AIDS are carved there. \u003ccite>(Courtesy National AIDS Memorial)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Many of these people may not have died if our government and a majority of society had cared more about them,” said Steve Sagaser, a senior program manager with the National AIDS Memorial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, early in the epidemic, people with AIDS were largely left to fend for themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s how the response to AIDS in the first decade happened,” Jensen said. “People making food for their neighbors and having that grow into \u003ca href=\"https://www.openhand.org/\">Project Open Hand\u003c/a>. It’s just \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/pop/103422/rebel-girls-from-bay-area-history-ruth-brinker-aids-activist\">Ruth Brinker\u003c/a> [founder of Project Open Hand] saying, ‘Everyone in my building has AIDS’ and making dinner for 12 units.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/06/14/how-act-up-changed-america\">Activists pushed the government to act faster\u003c/a>, fund research and develop treatments, but it took years of in-your-face advocacy to get the federal government to act.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A different way to grieve\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sagaser says that in the 1980s many people in San Francisco were experiencing “loss after loss at such a rate that it was impossible to complete the grieving process for one person and you’d already lost another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1987, against this setting, a small group of San Francisco residents, including several with backgrounds in landscaping and architecture, started talking about the possibility of having a dedicated space to grieve those who died from AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The founders of the Grove envisioned “solace through life and plants,” said Jensen. They wanted an alternative to a cemetery or a church — something in nature, with life running through it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1988, the group asked the San Francisco Recreation and Parks Department for some land to use for the memorial. The city offered the de Laveaga Dell, a 7.5-acre bowl-like valley that budget cuts and neglect had led to degeneration into an overgrown, swampy mess. But the Grove’s founders saw potential there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landscape architects and designers volunteered their time to craft plans for the Grove. They aimed to create a space with the sanctity of a cathedral but that was welcoming to everyone. After a collaborative process the planners agreed on a design that highlighted the dramatic contrast of light and dark in the valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also created spots in the Grove that lent themselves toward individual reflection but made sure the Grove could also accommodate groups. Plants and trees were chosen so there would always be something blooming, no matter the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sagaser calls The Circle of Friends the “heart of the Grove.” It’s a circular flagstone area where close to 3,000 names are carved, spiraling outward. Close to 80% of the names are of individuals who died from AIDS, while others are people who have been affected by the disease. Sagaser says the Grove gets around 100 requests a year for new names to be carved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sept. 21, 1991, volunteers broke ground on the Grove. It took them three years to remove trash. In 1996, Bill Clinton signed legislation, championed by Rep. Nancy Pelosi, granting the Grove national memorial status. It is the nation’s first and only federally designated memorial to those who have died of AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just about remembering the [people] who have died, but remembering the activism that was associated with it,” Sagaser said. “The activism was necessary because [the] government wasn’t doing anything about it because it was hitting a group of people who were already demonized or stigmatized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the federal designation as a national memorial, the Grove receives no federal funding. Its operating costs are covered by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aidsmemorial.org/\">National AIDS Memorial nonprofit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Volunteers are the lifeblood of the Grove\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The volunteer energy behind the Grove hasn’t dropped off since shovels started digging in 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915799\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915799\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/VolunteerDay-AIDS4.jpg\" alt='A group of five people lean into a hillside, working with the plants in the ground. A sixth man walks towards us wearing a shirt that says \"volunteer.\"' width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/VolunteerDay-AIDS4.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/VolunteerDay-AIDS4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/VolunteerDay-AIDS4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/VolunteerDay-AIDS4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/VolunteerDay-AIDS4-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers at a work day in July 2015. \u003ccite>(Courtesy National AIDS Memorial)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every year, nearly 2,000 volunteers contribute about 4,500 hours of work, according to Phil Ginsburg, general manager of the San Francisco Recreation and Parks Department. That adds up to over a quarter of a million volunteer hours in the Grove’s 31-year lifespan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A significant portion of that labor occurs during the Grove’s work days. They happen every third Saturday and still follow the same format as the first one in 1991: Breakfast at 8:30, welcome and announcements at 9:00, several hours of work, and then a healing circle at noon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To close out the day, everyone gathers at The Circle of Friends. They join hands, ring a Tibetan bell, “and then we say out loud the names of people we’ve lost to AIDS or people who just need that healing energy,” Sagaser said. “It’s our tradition. It’s been happening for 31 years. We never miss it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915796\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915796\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/healing-circle-AIDS2.jpg\" alt=\"A group of about fifty people stand in a circle holding hands in a brightly lit grassy area.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/healing-circle-AIDS2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/healing-circle-AIDS2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/healing-circle-AIDS2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/healing-circle-AIDS2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/06/healing-circle-AIDS2-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Every volunteer work day at the AIDS Memorial Grove ends with a healing circle where participants link hands and say the names of loved ones lost to AIDS. \u003ccite>(Courtesy National AIDS Memorial)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>An ever-evolving space\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Grove has gradually grown from its original 7.5 acres to 10 and has added features to recognize the breadth of people affected by the epidemic. In 2017 the Hemophilia Circle was dedicated to honor those with the blood disease who have died from AIDS. Tainted blood transfusions were an early spreader of HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Grove is never complete, by design. Tending to the space is part of the healing process for volunteers. The work offers people a way to move through their grief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And like the garden, the epidemic has changed over the years. Life-saving treatments now allow HIV-positive people to live long, full lives. But new cases still occur, and access to preventive drugs and treatment are unequal. Communities of color have always been most affected by the disease, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/statistics.html\">recent CDC numbers show that more than half of new cases are among Black and Latino people\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s still work to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "does-anyone-play-polo-at-the-golden-gate-park-polo-field-anymore",
"title": "Does Anyone Play Polo at the Golden Gate Park Polo Field Anymore?",
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"headTitle": "Does Anyone Play Polo at the Golden Gate Park Polo Field Anymore? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on April 26, 2018. It’s part of the Bay Curious series “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11915065/take-a-very-curious-golden-gate-park-walking-tour\">A Very Curious Walking Tour of Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Golden Gate Park Polo Field and Stadium in San Francisco is probably best known as the home to music festivals like Outside Lands.\u003cbr>\n[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003cbr>\nBay Curious listener Cliff Bargar has been to Outside Lands, and he likes to bike and run on the track around the polo field, but he’s never seen an actual polo match there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If polo was happening I would probably check it out at least once,” Cliff says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which raises the question: Is polo still played at the polo field?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Like the Coliseum in Rome’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Stadium (as it was originally called) opened to the public in 1906, just after the massive earthquake and fire that ravaged the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People probably needed some celebration after all of the calamitous things that had happened,” says Christopher Pollock, historian-in-residence for the San Francisco Recreation and Parks Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollock says it looks pretty much the same today as it did back then. It’s a big, grassy oval field a few hundred yards long with some bleachers on either side and a bike track around the perimeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11663344\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11663344\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The Golden Gate Park Polo Field is frequented by intramural athletes, runners and cyclists.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Golden Gate Park polo field is frequented by intramural athletes, runners and cyclists. \u003ccite>(Samantha Shanahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were big plans back then for what The Stadium would be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The grand vision was that this would become a stadium in the biggest imaginable sense, like the Coliseum in Rome,” Pollock says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan was for The Stadium to be a major site of the 1915 World’s Fair being held in San Francisco. It would be surrounded by bleachers with room for thousands of spectators. An arcade of arches would surround the field, and grand portals would act as entrances to the field itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the World’s Fair was relocated to the Marina District, and a lack of easy parking near The Stadium ended any chance of realizing that grand vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The polo field\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Instead, polo became The Stadium’s main attraction. In 1931, it was designated an official municipal polo field and, somewhere along the way, the name stuck: It became known as just “the polo field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next three decades, polo matches were a regular sight on the field, and the San Francisco Recreation and Parks Department hosted matches nearly every week into the early 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661187\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 509px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11661187\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30358_Polo-1-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Enrique Alberdi (R) of the famed Argentine polo team plays alongside Larry Sherrin (L) of the Texas Hurricanes play polo at the Polo Field at Golden Gate Park on May 7, 1949.\" width=\"509\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30358_Polo-1-qut.jpg 509w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30358_Polo-1-qut-160x126.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30358_Polo-1-qut-240x189.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30358_Polo-1-qut-375x295.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Enrique Alberdi (right) of the famed Argentine polo team plays alongside Larry Sherrin (left) of the Texas Hurricanes at the polo field at Golden Gate Park on May 7, 1949. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661188\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 506px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11661188\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30359_Polo-2-qut.jpg\" alt=\"The California All-Star polo team plays the Texas Rangers at the Polo Field at Golden Gate Park on May 1, 1948.\" width=\"506\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30359_Polo-2-qut.jpg 506w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30359_Polo-2-qut-160x126.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30359_Polo-2-qut-240x190.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30359_Polo-2-qut-375x296.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 506px) 100vw, 506px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California All-Star polo team plays the Texas Rangers at the polo field at Golden Gate Park on May 1, 1948. \u003ccite>(SAN FRANCISCO HISTORY CENTER, SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC LIBRARY)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661189\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 510px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11661189\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30360_Polo-3-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A polo game between Australia and San Francisco played at Golden Gate Park Polo Field on January 3, 1948.\" width=\"510\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30360_Polo-3-qut.jpg 510w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30360_Polo-3-qut-160x125.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30360_Polo-3-qut-240x188.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30360_Polo-3-qut-375x294.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A polo game between Australia and San Francisco plays at the Golden Gate Park polo field on Jan. 3, 1948. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But polo isn’t a cheap sport to play or host. Horses are expensive to keep, and a polo field requires constant maintenance to repair the turf after horses have galloped all over it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1970s, rugby had replaced polo as the primary sport on the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It died out gradually,” Pollock says of polo at the field. “It wasn’t one of these things that just dropped off all of a sudden. It happened over a very gradual amount of time as the sport really became less popular.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are still a couple of clubs in the North Bay and on the Peninsula where you can find old-fashioned polo matches, but there’s nothing in San Francisco. The polo field is the only place that could realistically host a match, but outside of the rare tournament or charity event, it’s all concerts and recreational soccer games there now.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>You don’t have to ride a horse to play polo\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>About five miles east of Golden Gate Park is Dolores Park, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11652193/theres-no-polo-at-the-polo-fields-but-there-is-at-dolores-park\">where bike polo matches happen\u003c/a> almost every night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/134147568\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nahbpa.gitbooks.io/nah-ruleset-2017/\">The rule book is 17 pages long\u003c/a>, but the basics are pretty simple: Teams of three play against each other, and the first team to score five goals wins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game looks more like hockey than it does polo. For instance, in polo, players aren’t allowed to cut off someone who has the ball because it would be dangerous for both the rider and the horse. But that’s fair game in bike polo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661034\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11661034\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Curious listener Cliff Bargar poses by the Dolores Park court where you can find bike polo being played almost any night of the week.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Curious listener Cliff Bargar poses by the Dolores Park court where you can find bike polo being played almost any night of the week. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnkbikepolo.com/History-of-Bike-Polo.pdf\">Bike polo has its origins in Ireland\u003c/a> from the late 19th century, where it was played on a grass field. In 1908, it was featured as an exhibition sport in the London Olympics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hard-court bike polo, like what’s played in Dolores Park, got its start in Seattle in the late 20th century and quickly spread from there. The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/07/23/san-franciscos-bike-polo-league-finds-a-home-at-new-dolores-park/\">Dolores Park court was built in 2015\u003c/a> specifically for sports like hard-court bike polo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So should we expect to see our question-asker, Cliff Bargar, pedaling into a game anytime soon?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I find this a lot more interesting than horse polo, to be honest,” he said, “[but] I’m not sure yet if I’ll be back with my own bike … but I’ll definitely consider it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "We go back in time to the days when polo was king at Golden Gate Park.",
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"title": "Does Anyone Play Polo at the Golden Gate Park Polo Field Anymore? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on April 26, 2018. It’s part of the Bay Curious series “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11915065/take-a-very-curious-golden-gate-park-walking-tour\">A Very Curious Walking Tour of Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Golden Gate Park Polo Field and Stadium in San Francisco is probably best known as the home to music festivals like Outside Lands.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nBay Curious listener Cliff Bargar has been to Outside Lands, and he likes to bike and run on the track around the polo field, but he’s never seen an actual polo match there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If polo was happening I would probably check it out at least once,” Cliff says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which raises the question: Is polo still played at the polo field?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Like the Coliseum in Rome’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Stadium (as it was originally called) opened to the public in 1906, just after the massive earthquake and fire that ravaged the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People probably needed some celebration after all of the calamitous things that had happened,” says Christopher Pollock, historian-in-residence for the San Francisco Recreation and Parks Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollock says it looks pretty much the same today as it did back then. It’s a big, grassy oval field a few hundred yards long with some bleachers on either side and a bike track around the perimeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11663344\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11663344\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The Golden Gate Park Polo Field is frequented by intramural athletes, runners and cyclists.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30483_mayoraldebate-2-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Golden Gate Park polo field is frequented by intramural athletes, runners and cyclists. \u003ccite>(Samantha Shanahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were big plans back then for what The Stadium would be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The grand vision was that this would become a stadium in the biggest imaginable sense, like the Coliseum in Rome,” Pollock says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan was for The Stadium to be a major site of the 1915 World’s Fair being held in San Francisco. It would be surrounded by bleachers with room for thousands of spectators. An arcade of arches would surround the field, and grand portals would act as entrances to the field itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the World’s Fair was relocated to the Marina District, and a lack of easy parking near The Stadium ended any chance of realizing that grand vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The polo field\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Instead, polo became The Stadium’s main attraction. In 1931, it was designated an official municipal polo field and, somewhere along the way, the name stuck: It became known as just “the polo field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next three decades, polo matches were a regular sight on the field, and the San Francisco Recreation and Parks Department hosted matches nearly every week into the early 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661187\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 509px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11661187\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30358_Polo-1-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Enrique Alberdi (R) of the famed Argentine polo team plays alongside Larry Sherrin (L) of the Texas Hurricanes play polo at the Polo Field at Golden Gate Park on May 7, 1949.\" width=\"509\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30358_Polo-1-qut.jpg 509w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30358_Polo-1-qut-160x126.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30358_Polo-1-qut-240x189.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30358_Polo-1-qut-375x295.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Enrique Alberdi (right) of the famed Argentine polo team plays alongside Larry Sherrin (left) of the Texas Hurricanes at the polo field at Golden Gate Park on May 7, 1949. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661188\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 506px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11661188\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30359_Polo-2-qut.jpg\" alt=\"The California All-Star polo team plays the Texas Rangers at the Polo Field at Golden Gate Park on May 1, 1948.\" width=\"506\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30359_Polo-2-qut.jpg 506w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30359_Polo-2-qut-160x126.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30359_Polo-2-qut-240x190.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30359_Polo-2-qut-375x296.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 506px) 100vw, 506px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California All-Star polo team plays the Texas Rangers at the polo field at Golden Gate Park on May 1, 1948. \u003ccite>(SAN FRANCISCO HISTORY CENTER, SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC LIBRARY)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661189\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 510px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11661189\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30360_Polo-3-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A polo game between Australia and San Francisco played at Golden Gate Park Polo Field on January 3, 1948.\" width=\"510\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30360_Polo-3-qut.jpg 510w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30360_Polo-3-qut-160x125.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30360_Polo-3-qut-240x188.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS30360_Polo-3-qut-375x294.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A polo game between Australia and San Francisco plays at the Golden Gate Park polo field on Jan. 3, 1948. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But polo isn’t a cheap sport to play or host. Horses are expensive to keep, and a polo field requires constant maintenance to repair the turf after horses have galloped all over it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1970s, rugby had replaced polo as the primary sport on the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It died out gradually,” Pollock says of polo at the field. “It wasn’t one of these things that just dropped off all of a sudden. It happened over a very gradual amount of time as the sport really became less popular.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are still a couple of clubs in the North Bay and on the Peninsula where you can find old-fashioned polo matches, but there’s nothing in San Francisco. The polo field is the only place that could realistically host a match, but outside of the rare tournament or charity event, it’s all concerts and recreational soccer games there now.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>You don’t have to ride a horse to play polo\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>About five miles east of Golden Gate Park is Dolores Park, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11652193/theres-no-polo-at-the-polo-fields-but-there-is-at-dolores-park\">where bike polo matches happen\u003c/a> almost every night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/134147568\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nahbpa.gitbooks.io/nah-ruleset-2017/\">The rule book is 17 pages long\u003c/a>, but the basics are pretty simple: Teams of three play against each other, and the first team to score five goals wins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game looks more like hockey than it does polo. For instance, in polo, players aren’t allowed to cut off someone who has the ball because it would be dangerous for both the rider and the horse. But that’s fair game in bike polo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11661034\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11661034\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Curious listener Cliff Bargar poses by the Dolores Park court where you can find bike polo being played almost any night of the week.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/RS29586_Image-uploaded-from-iOS-58-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Curious listener Cliff Bargar poses by the Dolores Park court where you can find bike polo being played almost any night of the week. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnkbikepolo.com/History-of-Bike-Polo.pdf\">Bike polo has its origins in Ireland\u003c/a> from the late 19th century, where it was played on a grass field. In 1908, it was featured as an exhibition sport in the London Olympics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hard-court bike polo, like what’s played in Dolores Park, got its start in Seattle in the late 20th century and quickly spread from there. The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/07/23/san-franciscos-bike-polo-league-finds-a-home-at-new-dolores-park/\">Dolores Park court was built in 2015\u003c/a> specifically for sports like hard-court bike polo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So should we expect to see our question-asker, Cliff Bargar, pedaling into a game anytime soon?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I find this a lot more interesting than horse polo, to be honest,” he said, “[but] I’m not sure yet if I’ll be back with my own bike … but I’ll definitely consider it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "The Complicated Origins of SF's Beloved Japanese Tea Garden",
"headTitle": "The Complicated Origins of SF’s Beloved Japanese Tea Garden | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of the Bay Curious series “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11915065/take-a-very-curious-golden-gate-park-walking-tour\">A Very Curious Walking Tour of Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Japanese Tea Garden is one of the most magical corners of Golden Gate Park. Pass through its elaborate front gate, and the serene landscape welcomes you to take a deep breath and let life’s stresses melt away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stepping-stone paths weave through beds of well-tended plants, koi fish swim beneath an arched drum bridge and benches invite visitors to sit and admire the blooming cherry blossom trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an oasis from the hustle and bustle of daily life, which makes it a hard pill to swallow that the history of this garden is full of racism toward Asian Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A fair comes to Golden Gate Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you were living in the United States at the end of the 19th century, it was a tough time. The country was trying to rebound from an economic depression that shuttered about 15,000 businesses and sent unemployment soaring to nearly 25 percent. Congress was looking for anything to spur a little economic growth. In 1893, they decided to hold a World’s Fair in Chicago, called the World’s Columbian Exposition. It drew millions of visitors — and their dollars — and was, by all accounts, a huge success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael H. de Young, publisher of The San Francisco Chronicle, was a national commissioner for the Chicago fair and was inspired by what he saw. Before long, he was lobbying to hold a fair in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He really wanted to point out that San Francisco was as good as every other city on the East Coast,” said Nicole Meldahl, executive director of the Western Neighborhoods Project, a nonprofit focused on the history of the west side of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But de Young’s interests weren’t only for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[De Young] also owned a bunch of land in the Sunset District, which was totally undeveloped at the time. So he thought, ‘Why don’t we put a midwinter exposition in Golden Gate Park? It’ll show how good the weather is here in California. And also it would be bringing tons of people out here,'” said Meldahl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city would need to build transportation and make other infrastructure improvements around the park — all things that would make the property de Young was hoping to sell more attractive to buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, de Young was successful in his bid to bring a fair to San Francisco. With Congress and local leaders on board, the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 came to be. Over the course of eight months, organizers transformed a portion of quiet, tree-studded Golden Gate Park into a boisterous fair.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Midwinter fair\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most of the fair’s attractions surrounded the Grand Court, which you can still see today in Golden Gate Park. It’s the plaza between the de Young Museum and the California Academy of Sciences, also known as the Music Concourse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1719px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A118128?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=33b26e9e7c761f3cf72f&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=3\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915614\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair.png\" alt=\"A night time shot of a tall tower lit up and beaming a light across the night. A little ways off is a round pavilion also brilliantly lit up.\" width=\"1719\" height=\"719\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair.png 1719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair-800x335.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair-1020x427.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair-160x67.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair-1536x642.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1719px) 100vw, 1719px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A night view of the Midwinter International Exhibition of 1894 in Golden Gate Park. The Electric Tower stood at the center of the Grand Court, now known as the Music Concourse, and offered visitors views across the park. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Situated in the middle of the Grand Court was the Electric Tower, where visitors could climb up and get a view out over the fairgrounds. Food was the main attraction at the Agricultural and Horticultural buildings. There was also an ostrich farm, a scenic railway and a mining camp where guests could pretend to be gold miners. Oh, and a 100-foot-tall Firth wheel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” … which is a Ferris wheel, but ‘Ferris Wheel’ was copyrighted. So some guy named Firth built this one,” said Meldahl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were also a lot of cultural exhibitions about faraway places like Egypt, Hungary, China and Japan. These attractions were supposed to showcase art, food and culture from other countries — places San Franciscans were unlikely to visit themselves during the 1890s. But it was often done in a way that was problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was advertised to white people as a visit to authentic countries and cultures, and it was just kinda a sketch,” said Sango Tajima, a performer and writer who has been researching the history of the Japanese Tea Garden for an upcoming performance there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fairgoers were invited to view the lifestyles of Native Americans on display at the Eskimo Village — where Inuit people were made to live in plaster igloos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was an Indian Village with wooden lean-tos and straw huts. And there was an African Village where you could meet members of the Dahomey tribe — who were actually just actors from Oakland,” said Tajima.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there was the Japanese Village.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915619\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1719px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A117954?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=8be6806e44bf968d2e5b&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=9&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=11\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915619\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden.png\" alt=\"A black and white photo shows a small rounded bridge built of lashed together logs and a small thach roofed building in the distance.\" width=\"1719\" height=\"719\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden.png 1719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden-800x335.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden-1020x427.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden-160x67.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden-1536x642.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1719px) 100vw, 1719px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Japanese Tea Garden in Golden Gate Park, circa 1894, when it made its debut as part of the California Midwinter International Exhibition. People loved the tea garden so much that organizers left it when they demolished the rest of the fair. Later, a Japanese landscape architect named Makoto Hagiwara took over care of the garden, building it out and importing plants and animals to make it more authentic. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Organizers had plans for fairgoers to ride around in a fleet of rickshaws, pulled by Japanese men. This plan did not sit well with Japanese Americans in San Francisco. They wrote a letter to the fair committee that said: “The custom of requiring the jinrikisha to be drawn by men instead of animals is degrading. … We, consequently, respectfully and earnestly protest against its use in this manner in the Park or upon public streets during the Fair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organizers responded by having white men, who wore yellowface and were dressed in Japanese garb, do the job instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were also aspects of these exhibitions that showcased culture in less problematic ways. The Japanese Village had a theater where Japanese dancers and acrobats performed, a studio with an artist creating live paintings, and a house where tea was served.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just kind of a taste of Japan, and what it would be like to ride a jinrikisha passenger car and visit a tea garden and enjoy some Japanese treats,” Tajima said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the many exhibits at the fair, the Japanese Village was a crowd favorite. It was so beloved that when the rest of the fair was disassembled in July 1894, it remained.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Tea Garden’s many lives\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After the fair closed, the design and operation of the garden was taken over by Makoto Hagiwara, a landscape architect who immigrated from Japan in 1878. He nurtured its grounds, importing plants, birds and fish from Japan, reportedly at his own expense. He also tripled the size of the garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915647\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1719px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A142735?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=34fdfb99b9b8f3492b06&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=4\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915647\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara.png\" alt=\"Black and white photo of an older Asian man in a suit looking at a card. A younger Asian woman reads over his shoulder. They are dressed in clothes typical of the early 20th century.\" width=\"1719\" height=\"719\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara.png 1719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara-800x335.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara-1020x427.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara-160x67.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara-1536x642.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1719px) 100vw, 1719px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Makoto Hagiwara, manager of the Japanese Tea Garden, and his daughter look at a card after returning from a vacation to Japan. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He hired a bunch of Japanese craftsmen to build the garden,” said Tajima. “And [they] kind of made it a little bit more authentic to what a Japanese garden in Japan might look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Hagiwara built a house on the grounds and moved in with his family. They joined him in caring for the garden, dedicating their lives and talents to its upkeep. When Hagiwara died in 1925, his daughter, Takano Hagiwara, and her children continued to care for the grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 1942, at the start of World War II, they were evicted from their home and sent to the Japanese concentration camp at Tanforan (near where the Tanforan Mall is today).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The garden was scrubbed of its Japanese affiliations: Structures were demolished, a Shinto shrine was removed, and the garden itself was renamed “The Oriental Tea Garden.” Chinese women replaced the Japanese workers. In a matter of months, the work of the Hagiwara family was almost completely erased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hagiwaras were held in concentration camps until the end of the war. When they were finally released, San Francisco leaders did not allow the family to return to their home in the garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took years, but slowly, Japanese elements were returned to the garden and the name was changed back to the “Japanese Tea Garden.” The city also is recognizing the work and passion of Hagiwara and his family more. San Francisco Recreation and Parks put up a plaque honoring the Hagiwara family, designed by revered sculptor Ruth Asawa. And the road in front of the garden is now named Hagiwara Tea Garden Drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you make the trip to the Japanese Tea Garden today, enjoy the beautiful plants, peaceful places to sit, and delightful treats served in the teahouse. They are all a reminder that even in the face of hatred, beauty can endure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Japanese Tea Garden in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park was first conceived as part of the Midwinter International Exhibition of 1894. The public loved it, and the garden remained after the fair was dismantled. A Japanese gardener named Makoto Hagiwara took on the task of making it more authentic. Go there today, and you're walking through his legacy.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of the Bay Curious series “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11915065/take-a-very-curious-golden-gate-park-walking-tour\">A Very Curious Walking Tour of Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Japanese Tea Garden is one of the most magical corners of Golden Gate Park. Pass through its elaborate front gate, and the serene landscape welcomes you to take a deep breath and let life’s stresses melt away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stepping-stone paths weave through beds of well-tended plants, koi fish swim beneath an arched drum bridge and benches invite visitors to sit and admire the blooming cherry blossom trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an oasis from the hustle and bustle of daily life, which makes it a hard pill to swallow that the history of this garden is full of racism toward Asian Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A fair comes to Golden Gate Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you were living in the United States at the end of the 19th century, it was a tough time. The country was trying to rebound from an economic depression that shuttered about 15,000 businesses and sent unemployment soaring to nearly 25 percent. Congress was looking for anything to spur a little economic growth. In 1893, they decided to hold a World’s Fair in Chicago, called the World’s Columbian Exposition. It drew millions of visitors — and their dollars — and was, by all accounts, a huge success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael H. de Young, publisher of The San Francisco Chronicle, was a national commissioner for the Chicago fair and was inspired by what he saw. Before long, he was lobbying to hold a fair in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He really wanted to point out that San Francisco was as good as every other city on the East Coast,” said Nicole Meldahl, executive director of the Western Neighborhoods Project, a nonprofit focused on the history of the west side of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But de Young’s interests weren’t only for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[De Young] also owned a bunch of land in the Sunset District, which was totally undeveloped at the time. So he thought, ‘Why don’t we put a midwinter exposition in Golden Gate Park? It’ll show how good the weather is here in California. And also it would be bringing tons of people out here,'” said Meldahl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city would need to build transportation and make other infrastructure improvements around the park — all things that would make the property de Young was hoping to sell more attractive to buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, de Young was successful in his bid to bring a fair to San Francisco. With Congress and local leaders on board, the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 came to be. Over the course of eight months, organizers transformed a portion of quiet, tree-studded Golden Gate Park into a boisterous fair.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Midwinter fair\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most of the fair’s attractions surrounded the Grand Court, which you can still see today in Golden Gate Park. It’s the plaza between the de Young Museum and the California Academy of Sciences, also known as the Music Concourse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1719px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A118128?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=33b26e9e7c761f3cf72f&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=3\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915614\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair.png\" alt=\"A night time shot of a tall tower lit up and beaming a light across the night. A little ways off is a round pavilion also brilliantly lit up.\" width=\"1719\" height=\"719\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair.png 1719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair-800x335.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair-1020x427.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair-160x67.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/midwinter-fair-1536x642.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1719px) 100vw, 1719px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A night view of the Midwinter International Exhibition of 1894 in Golden Gate Park. The Electric Tower stood at the center of the Grand Court, now known as the Music Concourse, and offered visitors views across the park. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Situated in the middle of the Grand Court was the Electric Tower, where visitors could climb up and get a view out over the fairgrounds. Food was the main attraction at the Agricultural and Horticultural buildings. There was also an ostrich farm, a scenic railway and a mining camp where guests could pretend to be gold miners. Oh, and a 100-foot-tall Firth wheel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” … which is a Ferris wheel, but ‘Ferris Wheel’ was copyrighted. So some guy named Firth built this one,” said Meldahl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were also a lot of cultural exhibitions about faraway places like Egypt, Hungary, China and Japan. These attractions were supposed to showcase art, food and culture from other countries — places San Franciscans were unlikely to visit themselves during the 1890s. But it was often done in a way that was problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was advertised to white people as a visit to authentic countries and cultures, and it was just kinda a sketch,” said Sango Tajima, a performer and writer who has been researching the history of the Japanese Tea Garden for an upcoming performance there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fairgoers were invited to view the lifestyles of Native Americans on display at the Eskimo Village — where Inuit people were made to live in plaster igloos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was an Indian Village with wooden lean-tos and straw huts. And there was an African Village where you could meet members of the Dahomey tribe — who were actually just actors from Oakland,” said Tajima.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there was the Japanese Village.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915619\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1719px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A117954?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=8be6806e44bf968d2e5b&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=9&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=11\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915619\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden.png\" alt=\"A black and white photo shows a small rounded bridge built of lashed together logs and a small thach roofed building in the distance.\" width=\"1719\" height=\"719\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden.png 1719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden-800x335.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden-1020x427.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden-160x67.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/first-japanese-tea-garden-1536x642.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1719px) 100vw, 1719px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Japanese Tea Garden in Golden Gate Park, circa 1894, when it made its debut as part of the California Midwinter International Exhibition. People loved the tea garden so much that organizers left it when they demolished the rest of the fair. Later, a Japanese landscape architect named Makoto Hagiwara took over care of the garden, building it out and importing plants and animals to make it more authentic. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Organizers had plans for fairgoers to ride around in a fleet of rickshaws, pulled by Japanese men. This plan did not sit well with Japanese Americans in San Francisco. They wrote a letter to the fair committee that said: “The custom of requiring the jinrikisha to be drawn by men instead of animals is degrading. … We, consequently, respectfully and earnestly protest against its use in this manner in the Park or upon public streets during the Fair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organizers responded by having white men, who wore yellowface and were dressed in Japanese garb, do the job instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were also aspects of these exhibitions that showcased culture in less problematic ways. The Japanese Village had a theater where Japanese dancers and acrobats performed, a studio with an artist creating live paintings, and a house where tea was served.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just kind of a taste of Japan, and what it would be like to ride a jinrikisha passenger car and visit a tea garden and enjoy some Japanese treats,” Tajima said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the many exhibits at the fair, the Japanese Village was a crowd favorite. It was so beloved that when the rest of the fair was disassembled in July 1894, it remained.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Tea Garden’s many lives\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After the fair closed, the design and operation of the garden was taken over by Makoto Hagiwara, a landscape architect who immigrated from Japan in 1878. He nurtured its grounds, importing plants, birds and fish from Japan, reportedly at his own expense. He also tripled the size of the garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11915647\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1719px\">\u003ca href=\"https://digitalsf.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A142735?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=34fdfb99b9b8f3492b06&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=4\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11915647\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara.png\" alt=\"Black and white photo of an older Asian man in a suit looking at a card. A younger Asian woman reads over his shoulder. They are dressed in clothes typical of the early 20th century.\" width=\"1719\" height=\"719\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara.png 1719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara-800x335.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara-1020x427.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara-160x67.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/05/Hagiwara-1536x642.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1719px) 100vw, 1719px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Makoto Hagiwara, manager of the Japanese Tea Garden, and his daughter look at a card after returning from a vacation to Japan. \u003ccite>(San Francisco History Center/San Francisco Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He hired a bunch of Japanese craftsmen to build the garden,” said Tajima. “And [they] kind of made it a little bit more authentic to what a Japanese garden in Japan might look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Hagiwara built a house on the grounds and moved in with his family. They joined him in caring for the garden, dedicating their lives and talents to its upkeep. When Hagiwara died in 1925, his daughter, Takano Hagiwara, and her children continued to care for the grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 1942, at the start of World War II, they were evicted from their home and sent to the Japanese concentration camp at Tanforan (near where the Tanforan Mall is today).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The garden was scrubbed of its Japanese affiliations: Structures were demolished, a Shinto shrine was removed, and the garden itself was renamed “The Oriental Tea Garden.” Chinese women replaced the Japanese workers. In a matter of months, the work of the Hagiwara family was almost completely erased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hagiwaras were held in concentration camps until the end of the war. When they were finally released, San Francisco leaders did not allow the family to return to their home in the garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took years, but slowly, Japanese elements were returned to the garden and the name was changed back to the “Japanese Tea Garden.” The city also is recognizing the work and passion of Hagiwara and his family more. San Francisco Recreation and Parks put up a plaque honoring the Hagiwara family, designed by revered sculptor Ruth Asawa. And the road in front of the garden is now named Hagiwara Tea Garden Drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you make the trip to the Japanese Tea Garden today, enjoy the beautiful plants, peaceful places to sit, and delightful treats served in the teahouse. They are all a reminder that even in the face of hatred, beauty can endure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"radiolab": {
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"reveal": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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