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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Take a trip to Recology’s Recycle Central, where San Francisco’s waste is sorted and sent off for processing. This week on\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>, we answer a question from Noe Valley resident Charlie Spiegel, who wondered where his recycling ends up.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]C[/dropcap]harlie Spiegel is one of those people obsessed with getting recycling right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like the peanut butter canister. If I throw this into the recycling — this plastic thing that’s got peanut butter in it — I have no idea what they do with it,” he says, as he stands in the kitchen of his Noe Valley home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s pulling empty glass and plastic containers out of his dishwasher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do you really wash these things?” I ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh yeah, yeah,” he says. “And then they come out melted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlie has \u003cem>a lot\u003c/em> of questions when it comes to recycling. Like what happens to stuff that can’t be recycled that gets mixed up in the blue bins? Does he need to continue washing his plastics and jars? And what do those numbers on the bottom of his plastics mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/12/15/quiz-test-your-recycling-i-q/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Take Our Recycling Quiz\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Test your recycling I.Q. to see how well you know San Francisco’s recycling rules.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003ch2>Is Rinsing Recyclables Necessary?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The answers to all of Charlie’s questions were at Recology’s recycling center at Pier 96 near Hunters Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the 200,000-square-foot warehouse, I meet Robert Reed, a project manager for Recology. He takes me to an open room called the tipping floor, where the recycling trucks first dump their contents after they leave your neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55yXRsIX30A\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic water bottles, cardboard Amazon boxes, plastic bags and soup containers are corralled by tractors into colossal 30-foot mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six hundred tons of material come through the tipping floor each day, says Robert. That’s equivalent to the weight of 38 Muni buses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I bring up Charlie’s first question: Do people need to rinse their recyclables?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>Definitely don’t recycle:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plastic Bags:\u003c/strong> They clog up Recology’s machines so toss them in the trash.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Wire Coat Hangers:\u003c/strong> These also damage the machines, so throw them out.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Greasy pizza boxes:\u003c/strong> The greasy bottom is compostable, the clean top can be recycled.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Styrofoam:\u003c/strong> This isn’t recyclable anywhere so make sure it ends up in the garbage.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He says a \u003cem>half-full\u003c/em> jar of peanut butter would be too much, but their equipment is prepared to handle some residue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Recology does ask people to \u003ca href=\"https://www.recology.com/faq/do-i-have-to-rinse-jars-bottles-and-cans/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">rinse out\u003c/a> their plastics because it can pose a problem for \u003cem>paper\u003c/em> products in single-stream recycling. If the food residue gets onto paper in your bin, it could make that paper non-recyclable. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How The Recycling Is Sorted\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>We leave the tipping floor, and follow the recyclables as they are scooped onto conveyor belts moving up toward a second floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ayanna Banks is hand-sorting the material as it comes down the conveyer belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got here at 3:45 a.m.,” she says. “It’s a hard shift because you gotta get used to waking up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s dusty and loud at the plant — so loud, you can’t hear a person 5 feet away from you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10799481\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10799481 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Ayanna_sorting_star-800x446.jpg\" alt=\"Ayanna_sorting_star\" width=\"800\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Ayanna_sorting_star-800x446.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Ayanna_sorting_star-400x223.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Ayanna_sorting_star-768x428.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Ayanna_sorting_star-1440x803.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Ayanna_sorting_star-1920x1071.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Ayanna_sorting_star-1180x658.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Ayanna_sorting_star-960x535.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ayanna Banks has seen some pretty unusual stuff come through the line — like car bumpers and a bank safe. (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, Ayanna has her headphones and there’s one type of music that keeps her going — gospel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s mostly what I listen to in the morning, keep my spirits up,” laughs Ayanna, who says she likes to sing along, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ayanna removes aluminum and cardboard from the paper, and separates out the trash, which is tossed into a chute for the landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paper goes straight to a high-density bailer, and plastics head toward one of the coolest machines in the whole warehouse — an optical sorter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10799479\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10799479 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Sorting_star-400x499.jpg\" alt=\"Sorting_star\" width=\"400\" height=\"499\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Sorting_star-400x499.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Sorting_star-800x997.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Sorting_star-768x957.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Sorting_star-960x1197.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Sorting_star.jpg 1014w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some parts of the recycling process are done by hand. (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You can see how it hits certain items with a puff of air,” says Robert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The machine works like a human eyeball, visually sorting the plastics by color and type. As the plastics approach the end of the conveyor belt, the machine shoots puffs of air at each item to direct it toward a bin of similar plastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they’re baled and sent to Central California, where they’ll be turned into new products, like new recycling bins or water bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>And What About Those Numbers?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Charlie’s final question was about those hard-to-decode numbers on the bottom of most plastics. Robert says those matter at other recycling plants, but not here in San Francisco. Recology can process any hard plastics it receives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>… Even if they’re melted.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Reporting Back to Charlie\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When I returned to Charlie’s house, I opened my laptop and played a video we took of the recycling process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wow, labor intensive, my God they’re picking out stuff as they go … wow,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked if it’s what he imagined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s amazing the volumes they’re going through,” says Charlie. “And it’s amazing to me how labor intensive it is, ‘cuz I just had no idea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I told him that food residue isn’t an issue, he was elated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He can finally stop melting his plastic jars in the dishwasher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>An earlier version of this story said Recology users did not need to rinse out plastic recyclables. Recology has since updated its guidelines to ask users to rinse food residue from plastics to avoid contaminating paper recyclables.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want KQED’s Bay Curious team to investigate? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Ask!\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10799483\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10799483 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Wall-of-aluminum_star-800x448.jpg\" alt=\"Wall of aluminum_star\" width=\"800\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Wall-of-aluminum_star-800x448.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Wall-of-aluminum_star-400x224.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Wall-of-aluminum_star-768x430.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Wall-of-aluminum_star-960x538.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Wall-of-aluminum_star.jpg 989w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An eddy-current separator repels aluminum cans off the line. They are then baled and sent to foundries in Tennessee. (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do you really wash these things?” I ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh yeah, yeah,” he says. “And then they come out melted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlie has \u003cem>a lot\u003c/em> of questions when it comes to recycling. Like what happens to stuff that can’t be recycled that gets mixed up in the blue bins? Does he need to continue washing his plastics and jars? And what do those numbers on the bottom of his plastics mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/12/15/quiz-test-your-recycling-i-q/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Take Our Recycling Quiz\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Test your recycling I.Q. to see how well you know San Francisco’s recycling rules.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003ch2>Is Rinsing Recyclables Necessary?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The answers to all of Charlie’s questions were at Recology’s recycling center at Pier 96 near Hunters Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside the 200,000-square-foot warehouse, I meet Robert Reed, a project manager for Recology. He takes me to an open room called the tipping floor, where the recycling trucks first dump their contents after they leave your neighborhood.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/55yXRsIX30A'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/55yXRsIX30A'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Plastic water bottles, cardboard Amazon boxes, plastic bags and soup containers are corralled by tractors into colossal 30-foot mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six hundred tons of material come through the tipping floor each day, says Robert. That’s equivalent to the weight of 38 Muni buses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I bring up Charlie’s first question: Do people need to rinse their recyclables?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>Definitely don’t recycle:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plastic Bags:\u003c/strong> They clog up Recology’s machines so toss them in the trash.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Wire Coat Hangers:\u003c/strong> These also damage the machines, so throw them out.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Greasy pizza boxes:\u003c/strong> The greasy bottom is compostable, the clean top can be recycled.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Styrofoam:\u003c/strong> This isn’t recyclable anywhere so make sure it ends up in the garbage.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He says a \u003cem>half-full\u003c/em> jar of peanut butter would be too much, but their equipment is prepared to handle some residue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Recology does ask people to \u003ca href=\"https://www.recology.com/faq/do-i-have-to-rinse-jars-bottles-and-cans/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">rinse out\u003c/a> their plastics because it can pose a problem for \u003cem>paper\u003c/em> products in single-stream recycling. If the food residue gets onto paper in your bin, it could make that paper non-recyclable. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How The Recycling Is Sorted\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>We leave the tipping floor, and follow the recyclables as they are scooped onto conveyor belts moving up toward a second floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ayanna Banks is hand-sorting the material as it comes down the conveyer belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got here at 3:45 a.m.,” she says. “It’s a hard shift because you gotta get used to waking up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s dusty and loud at the plant — so loud, you can’t hear a person 5 feet away from you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10799481\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10799481 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Ayanna_sorting_star-800x446.jpg\" alt=\"Ayanna_sorting_star\" width=\"800\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Ayanna_sorting_star-800x446.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Ayanna_sorting_star-400x223.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Ayanna_sorting_star-768x428.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Ayanna_sorting_star-1440x803.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Ayanna_sorting_star-1920x1071.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Ayanna_sorting_star-1180x658.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Ayanna_sorting_star-960x535.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ayanna Banks has seen some pretty unusual stuff come through the line — like car bumpers and a bank safe. (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, Ayanna has her headphones and there’s one type of music that keeps her going — gospel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s mostly what I listen to in the morning, keep my spirits up,” laughs Ayanna, who says she likes to sing along, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ayanna removes aluminum and cardboard from the paper, and separates out the trash, which is tossed into a chute for the landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paper goes straight to a high-density bailer, and plastics head toward one of the coolest machines in the whole warehouse — an optical sorter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10799479\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10799479 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Sorting_star-400x499.jpg\" alt=\"Sorting_star\" width=\"400\" height=\"499\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Sorting_star-400x499.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Sorting_star-800x997.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Sorting_star-768x957.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Sorting_star-960x1197.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Sorting_star.jpg 1014w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some parts of the recycling process are done by hand. (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You can see how it hits certain items with a puff of air,” says Robert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The machine works like a human eyeball, visually sorting the plastics by color and type. As the plastics approach the end of the conveyor belt, the machine shoots puffs of air at each item to direct it toward a bin of similar plastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they’re baled and sent to Central California, where they’ll be turned into new products, like new recycling bins or water bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>And What About Those Numbers?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Charlie’s final question was about those hard-to-decode numbers on the bottom of most plastics. Robert says those matter at other recycling plants, but not here in San Francisco. Recology can process any hard plastics it receives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>… Even if they’re melted.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Reporting Back to Charlie\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When I returned to Charlie’s house, I opened my laptop and played a video we took of the recycling process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wow, labor intensive, my God they’re picking out stuff as they go … wow,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked if it’s what he imagined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s amazing the volumes they’re going through,” says Charlie. “And it’s amazing to me how labor intensive it is, ‘cuz I just had no idea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I told him that food residue isn’t an issue, he was elated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He can finally stop melting his plastic jars in the dishwasher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>An earlier version of this story said Recology users did not need to rinse out plastic recyclables. Recology has since updated its guidelines to ask users to rinse food residue from plastics to avoid contaminating paper recyclables.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want KQED’s Bay Curious team to investigate? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Ask!\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10799483\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10799483 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Wall-of-aluminum_star-800x448.jpg\" alt=\"Wall of aluminum_star\" width=\"800\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Wall-of-aluminum_star-800x448.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Wall-of-aluminum_star-400x224.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Wall-of-aluminum_star-768x430.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Wall-of-aluminum_star-960x538.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Wall-of-aluminum_star.jpg 989w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An eddy-current separator repels aluminum cans off the line. They are then baled and sent to foundries in Tennessee. (Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Did the Emptying of Mental Hospitals Contribute to Homelessness?",
"headTitle": "Did the Emptying of Mental Hospitals Contribute to Homelessness? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ci>After patients were released from mental hospitals, there wasn’t always a place for them to go. On this week’s episode, we explore if deinstitutionalization was a factor in the Bay Area’s homeless crisis.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\"> Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a new podcast from KQED that’s all about answering your questions about the Bay Area.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, we asked for your questions on homelessness. More than 1,300 of you responded and we answered many of your questions \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/28/homelessness-youve-got-questions-weve-got-answers/\">in our first round of reporting\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was one topic that kept coming up again and again as we sorted your questions. This week on the podcast, we answer listener Debbie Ow’s question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is the situation as bad as it is because of the closure of mental health facilities in our state?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click the red play button above for the full story, and look below for a timeline of deinstitutionalization.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Deinstitutionalization: A History\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1833\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Worcester State Hospital opens in Massachusetts as the first mental hospital fully supported by state funds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11209885\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11209885 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/worchester.jpg\" alt=\"Worcester State Asylum in Worcester, Massachusetts, dated 1905.\" width=\"550\" height=\"348\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/worchester.jpg 550w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/worchester-160x101.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/worchester-240x152.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/worchester-375x237.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/worchester-520x329.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worcester State Asylum in Worcester, Massachusetts, dated 1905. \u003ccite>(Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1860\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Twenty-eight of the 33 existing U.S. states have state psychiatric hospitals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1939-1945\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> During World War II conscientious objectors enter state psychiatric hospitals to replace doctors who were sent away for the war effort. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1946 \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/lobotomist-bedlam-1946/\">Life Magazine\u003c/a> publishes photos depicting the horrors inside the hospitals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1954\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325thorazine.html\"> Chlorpromazine\u003c/a>, marketed as Thorazine, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration. It’s the first anti-psychotic drug widely used to treat the symptoms of mental illness. For many, it brought hope that some patients could live among the community. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11209886\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11209886 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/lifemag-800x540.jpg\" alt='\"Bedlam 1946\" spread from Life Magazine.' width=\"800\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/lifemag-800x540.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/lifemag-160x108.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/lifemag-240x162.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/lifemag-375x253.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/lifemag-520x351.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/lifemag.jpg 850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Bedlam 1946’ spread from Life Magazine. \u003ccite>(The Jerry Cooke Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1955\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The number of patients inside public mental hospitals nationwide peaks at 560,000.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1959\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The number of patients in California state mental hospitals peaks at\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/30/science/how-release-of-mental-patients-began.html?pagewanted=all\"> 37,000\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11210398\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11210398\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/3a53304r.jpg\" alt=\"President John. F. Kennedy\" width=\"250\" height=\"308\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/3a53304r.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/3a53304r-160x197.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/3a53304r-240x295.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/3a53304r-375x462.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President John. F. Kennedy \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1963\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> President John F. Kennedy signs \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9546\">the Community Mental Health Act\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This pushes the responsibility of mentally ill patients from the state toward the federal government. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">JFK wanted to create a network of community mental health centers where mentally ill people could live in the community while receiving care. JFK could have been inspired to act because his \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">younger sister, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/pop/2016/08/15/rosemary-kennedy-the-tragic-story-of-why-jfks-sister-disappeared-from-public-view/\">Rosemary\u003c/a>, was mentally disabled, received a lobotomy and spent her life hidden away. \u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a month after signing the new legislation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/November-22-1963-Death-of-the-President.aspx\">JFK is assassinated\u003c/a>. The community mental health centers never receive stable funding, and even 15 years later less than half the promised centers are built.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11209904\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 588px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11209904\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-12-07-at-3.45.57-PM.png\" alt=\"The Community Mental Health Act of 1963.\" width=\"588\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-12-07-at-3.45.57-PM.png 588w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-12-07-at-3.45.57-PM-160x127.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-12-07-at-3.45.57-PM-240x191.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-12-07-at-3.45.57-PM-375x298.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-12-07-at-3.45.57-PM-520x413.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Community Mental Health Act of 1963.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1965\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The U.S. Congress establishes \u003ca href=\"http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/imd/imd-medicaid-mentally-ill.html\">Medicaid and Medicare\u003c/a>. Mentally disabled people living in the community are eligible for benefits but those in psychiatric hospitals are excluded. By encouraging patients to be discharged, state legislators could shift the cost of care for mentally ill patients to the federal government. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1967\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Ronald Reagan is elected governor of California. At this point, the number of patients in state hospitals had fallen to 22,000, and the Reagan administration uses the decline as a reason to make cuts to the Department of Mental Hygiene. They cut 2,600 jobs and 10 percent of the budget despite reports showing that hospitals were already below recommended staffing levels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1967\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Reagan signs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacourt.org/division/mentalhealth/MH0017.aspx\">Lanterman-Petris-Short Act\u003c/a> and ends the practice of institutionalizing patients against their will, or for indefinite amounts of time. This law is regarded by some as a “patient’s bill of rights”. Sadly, the care outside state hospitals was inadequate. The year after the law goes into effect, a study shows the number of mentally ill people entering San Mateo’s criminal justice system doubles.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1969\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Reagan reverses earlier budget cuts. He increases spending on the Department of Mental Hygiene by a record $28 million.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1973\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The number of patients in California State mental hospitals falls to 7,000.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1980\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> President Jimmy Carter signs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=45228\">Mental Health Systems Act\u003c/a> to improve on Kennedy’s dream.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11210068\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11210068 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RonaldReagan-e1481161333952-800x508.jpg\" alt=\"President Ronald Reagan\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RonaldReagan-e1481161333952-800x508.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RonaldReagan-e1481161333952-160x102.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RonaldReagan-e1481161333952-960x609.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RonaldReagan-e1481161333952-240x152.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RonaldReagan-e1481161333952-375x238.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RonaldReagan-e1481161333952-520x330.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RonaldReagan-e1481161333952.jpg 983w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Ronald Reagan \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1981\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> President Reagan repeals Carter’s legislation with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/national-institute-mental-health-nimh\">Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act.\u003c/a> This pushes the responsibility of mentally ill patients back to the states. The legislation creates block grants for the states, but federal spending on mental illness declines. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>2004\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The U.S. Department of Justice estimates that \u003ca href=\"http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/backgrounders/how%20many%20individuals%20with%20serious%20mental%20illness%20are%20in%20jails%20and%20prisons%20final.pdf\">10 percent\u003c/a> of state prisoners have symptoms that meet criteria for a psychotic disorder.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>2015\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> In \u003ca href=\"http://sfgov.org/lhcb/sites/default/files/2015%20San%20Francisco%20Homeless%20Count%20%20Report_0.pdf\">the San Francisco Homeless Count\u003c/a>, 55 percent of people experiencing chronic homelessness report they have emotional or psychiatric conditions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ci>After patients were released from mental hospitals, there wasn’t always a place for them to go. On this week’s episode, we explore if deinstitutionalization was a factor in the Bay Area’s homeless crisis.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\"> Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a new podcast from KQED that’s all about answering your questions about the Bay Area.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, we asked for your questions on homelessness. More than 1,300 of you responded and we answered many of your questions \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/28/homelessness-youve-got-questions-weve-got-answers/\">in our first round of reporting\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was one topic that kept coming up again and again as we sorted your questions. This week on the podcast, we answer listener Debbie Ow’s question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is the situation as bad as it is because of the closure of mental health facilities in our state?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click the red play button above for the full story, and look below for a timeline of deinstitutionalization.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Deinstitutionalization: A History\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1833\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Worcester State Hospital opens in Massachusetts as the first mental hospital fully supported by state funds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11209885\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11209885 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/worchester.jpg\" alt=\"Worcester State Asylum in Worcester, Massachusetts, dated 1905.\" width=\"550\" height=\"348\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/worchester.jpg 550w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/worchester-160x101.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/worchester-240x152.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/worchester-375x237.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/worchester-520x329.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worcester State Asylum in Worcester, Massachusetts, dated 1905. \u003ccite>(Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1860\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Twenty-eight of the 33 existing U.S. states have state psychiatric hospitals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1939-1945\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> During World War II conscientious objectors enter state psychiatric hospitals to replace doctors who were sent away for the war effort. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1946 \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/lobotomist-bedlam-1946/\">Life Magazine\u003c/a> publishes photos depicting the horrors inside the hospitals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1954\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325thorazine.html\"> Chlorpromazine\u003c/a>, marketed as Thorazine, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration. It’s the first anti-psychotic drug widely used to treat the symptoms of mental illness. For many, it brought hope that some patients could live among the community. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11209886\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11209886 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/lifemag-800x540.jpg\" alt='\"Bedlam 1946\" spread from Life Magazine.' width=\"800\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/lifemag-800x540.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/lifemag-160x108.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/lifemag-240x162.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/lifemag-375x253.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/lifemag-520x351.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/lifemag.jpg 850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Bedlam 1946’ spread from Life Magazine. \u003ccite>(The Jerry Cooke Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1955\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The number of patients inside public mental hospitals nationwide peaks at 560,000.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1959\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The number of patients in California state mental hospitals peaks at\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/30/science/how-release-of-mental-patients-began.html?pagewanted=all\"> 37,000\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11210398\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11210398\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/3a53304r.jpg\" alt=\"President John. F. Kennedy\" width=\"250\" height=\"308\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/3a53304r.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/3a53304r-160x197.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/3a53304r-240x295.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/3a53304r-375x462.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President John. F. Kennedy \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1963\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> President John F. Kennedy signs \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9546\">the Community Mental Health Act\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This pushes the responsibility of mentally ill patients from the state toward the federal government. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">JFK wanted to create a network of community mental health centers where mentally ill people could live in the community while receiving care. JFK could have been inspired to act because his \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">younger sister, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/pop/2016/08/15/rosemary-kennedy-the-tragic-story-of-why-jfks-sister-disappeared-from-public-view/\">Rosemary\u003c/a>, was mentally disabled, received a lobotomy and spent her life hidden away. \u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a month after signing the new legislation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/November-22-1963-Death-of-the-President.aspx\">JFK is assassinated\u003c/a>. The community mental health centers never receive stable funding, and even 15 years later less than half the promised centers are built.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11209904\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 588px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11209904\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-12-07-at-3.45.57-PM.png\" alt=\"The Community Mental Health Act of 1963.\" width=\"588\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-12-07-at-3.45.57-PM.png 588w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-12-07-at-3.45.57-PM-160x127.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-12-07-at-3.45.57-PM-240x191.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-12-07-at-3.45.57-PM-375x298.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-12-07-at-3.45.57-PM-520x413.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Community Mental Health Act of 1963.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1965\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The U.S. Congress establishes \u003ca href=\"http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/imd/imd-medicaid-mentally-ill.html\">Medicaid and Medicare\u003c/a>. Mentally disabled people living in the community are eligible for benefits but those in psychiatric hospitals are excluded. By encouraging patients to be discharged, state legislators could shift the cost of care for mentally ill patients to the federal government. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1967\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Ronald Reagan is elected governor of California. At this point, the number of patients in state hospitals had fallen to 22,000, and the Reagan administration uses the decline as a reason to make cuts to the Department of Mental Hygiene. They cut 2,600 jobs and 10 percent of the budget despite reports showing that hospitals were already below recommended staffing levels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1967\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Reagan signs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacourt.org/division/mentalhealth/MH0017.aspx\">Lanterman-Petris-Short Act\u003c/a> and ends the practice of institutionalizing patients against their will, or for indefinite amounts of time. This law is regarded by some as a “patient’s bill of rights”. Sadly, the care outside state hospitals was inadequate. The year after the law goes into effect, a study shows the number of mentally ill people entering San Mateo’s criminal justice system doubles.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1969\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Reagan reverses earlier budget cuts. He increases spending on the Department of Mental Hygiene by a record $28 million.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1973\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The number of patients in California State mental hospitals falls to 7,000.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1980\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> President Jimmy Carter signs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=45228\">Mental Health Systems Act\u003c/a> to improve on Kennedy’s dream.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11210068\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11210068 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RonaldReagan-e1481161333952-800x508.jpg\" alt=\"President Ronald Reagan\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RonaldReagan-e1481161333952-800x508.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RonaldReagan-e1481161333952-160x102.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RonaldReagan-e1481161333952-960x609.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RonaldReagan-e1481161333952-240x152.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RonaldReagan-e1481161333952-375x238.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RonaldReagan-e1481161333952-520x330.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RonaldReagan-e1481161333952.jpg 983w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Ronald Reagan \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>1981\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> President Reagan repeals Carter’s legislation with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/national-institute-mental-health-nimh\">Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act.\u003c/a> This pushes the responsibility of mentally ill patients back to the states. The legislation creates block grants for the states, but federal spending on mental illness declines. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>2004\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The U.S. Department of Justice estimates that \u003ca href=\"http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/backgrounders/how%20many%20individuals%20with%20serious%20mental%20illness%20are%20in%20jails%20and%20prisons%20final.pdf\">10 percent\u003c/a> of state prisoners have symptoms that meet criteria for a psychotic disorder.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>2015\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> In \u003ca href=\"http://sfgov.org/lhcb/sites/default/files/2015%20San%20Francisco%20Homeless%20Count%20%20Report_0.pdf\">the San Francisco Homeless Count\u003c/a>, 55 percent of people experiencing chronic homelessness report they have emotional or psychiatric conditions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>The busy streets of San Francisco seem like the last place you’d find wild parrots. And yet, there they are. How’d they get here? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a new podcast from KQED that’s all about answering your questions about the Bay Area. Find us on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">iTunes\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/Ipi2mc5aqfen4nr2daayiziiyuy\">Google Play\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\">NPR One\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week on the podcast, we answer listener Colleen McClowry’s question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where did all of the parrots of San Francisco come from? I think they’re probably not native to the city. I’m interested to know how they got there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What Are They?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The wild parrots in and around San Francisco are called cherry-headed conures. At one point, a mitred conure joined the flock and bred with the cherry heads. Now the flock is dotted with hybrids. There are a couple ways to differentiate the breeds. Cherry heads have slightly smaller bodies and a red helmet pattern on their heads, whereas mitred conures have a more blotchy pattern of red and feet that are a slightly darker hue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11185798\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11185798 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-800x1204.jpg\" alt=\"A wild conure in San Francisco.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1204\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-800x1204.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-160x241.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-1020x1535.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-1180x1776.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-960x1445.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-240x361.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-375x564.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-520x782.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o.jpg 1563w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wild conure in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Ingrid Taylar/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Where Are They From?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The cherry-headed conures come from a small territory spanning Ecuador and Peru. The mitred conures originated from a large territory ranging from Peru through Bolivia down to northern Argentina.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How Did They Get Here?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>They were brought here to be sold as pets in the exotic pet trade. The U.S. was the largest importer of birds in the world before the government banned the trade of wild exotic birds in 1992.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How Did They Get Out?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The founders of the wild flock of conures either escaped or were released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of theories. A commonly held belief is that the parrots were released by a woman who was having a psychotic break and subsequently burned down the pet store where they were housed. This is partially true. A pet store did burn down in Pasadena, but the woman was an employee of sound mind simply trying to save the birds. The parrots in San Francisco most likely weren’t released from the fire in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More likely, the San Francisco conures escaped or were purposely released by pet owners. The conures can live for decades, and they’re loud and demanding pets, so not everyone is suited to caring for them. While some may have escaped, Jamie Yorck, the owner of the now-closed Spectrum Exotic Birds, believes that a few owners may simply have left a window open hoping their birds would join the wild flock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11185801\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11185801 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A wild conure found around San Francisco's Embarcadero.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wild conure found around San Francisco’s Embarcadero. \u003ccite>(Dan_H/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Do They Talk?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While these conures are capable of\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZXKQDFp5V8\"> learning\u003c/a> a word or two, they aren’t the best imitators of human speech. More prone to screeching, cherry-headed conures don’t have the vocal skills of an \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAp6X0zZfx0\">African Grey\u003c/a> or the memory of a blue parakeet (\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4Ij-DHHwMs\">one supposedly learned over 1,700 words\u003c/a>). What our wild conures do have is their own dialect. The flock has its own system of calls and responses, distinct from conure populations found elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Where Is Their Territory?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>They can be found from the Ferry Building in San Francisco all the way south to Brisbane and Sunnyvale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Telegraph Hill is a misnomer,” says the author of \u003ca href=\"http://www.markbittner.net/wild_parrots_book.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill,”\u003c/a> Mark Bittner. “Even [when I wrote the book] the parrots were going as far as Mission Dolores. I’ll be correcting that for the rest of my life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11185790\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11185790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Mark Bittner with two rescued conures.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Bittner with two rescued conures. \u003ccite>(Jessica Placzek/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Where Do They Sleep?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The conures sleep in holes they find in trees. They don’t build nests. Bittner says the conures prefer the Canary Island date palm.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What Do They Eat?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Turns out seeds are junk food to the conures. A healthy diet for the parrots might include fruits, vegetables, berries, stems, flowers and blossoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How Many Are There?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hard to say, exactly. \u003ca href=\"http://www.mickaboo.org/\">Mickaboo\u003c/a>, a parrot rescue organization, estimates there are more than 300 conures roosting in the Bay Area. However, the health of the wild flock is under threat. Many of the adolescent conures have contracted a strange unnamed disease that affects their balance and has them flying into windows. Many of the parrots will die from this illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11187243\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11187243\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Mickaboo2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Chloe Redon and John Graziano run Mickaboo, a parrot rescue organization.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chloe Redon and John Graziano run Mickaboo, a parrot rescue organization. \u003ccite>(Jessica Placzek/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>The busy streets of San Francisco seem like the last place you’d find wild parrots. And yet, there they are. How’d they get here? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a new podcast from KQED that’s all about answering your questions about the Bay Area. Find us on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">iTunes\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/Ipi2mc5aqfen4nr2daayiziiyuy\">Google Play\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\">NPR One\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week on the podcast, we answer listener Colleen McClowry’s question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where did all of the parrots of San Francisco come from? I think they’re probably not native to the city. I’m interested to know how they got there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What Are They?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The wild parrots in and around San Francisco are called cherry-headed conures. At one point, a mitred conure joined the flock and bred with the cherry heads. Now the flock is dotted with hybrids. There are a couple ways to differentiate the breeds. Cherry heads have slightly smaller bodies and a red helmet pattern on their heads, whereas mitred conures have a more blotchy pattern of red and feet that are a slightly darker hue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11185798\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11185798 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-800x1204.jpg\" alt=\"A wild conure in San Francisco.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1204\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-800x1204.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-160x241.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-1020x1535.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-1180x1776.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-960x1445.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-240x361.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-375x564.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o-520x782.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/3630710620_dd9e0dd0f2_o.jpg 1563w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wild conure in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Ingrid Taylar/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Where Are They From?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The cherry-headed conures come from a small territory spanning Ecuador and Peru. The mitred conures originated from a large territory ranging from Peru through Bolivia down to northern Argentina.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How Did They Get Here?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>They were brought here to be sold as pets in the exotic pet trade. The U.S. was the largest importer of birds in the world before the government banned the trade of wild exotic birds in 1992.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How Did They Get Out?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The founders of the wild flock of conures either escaped or were released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of theories. A commonly held belief is that the parrots were released by a woman who was having a psychotic break and subsequently burned down the pet store where they were housed. This is partially true. A pet store did burn down in Pasadena, but the woman was an employee of sound mind simply trying to save the birds. The parrots in San Francisco most likely weren’t released from the fire in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More likely, the San Francisco conures escaped or were purposely released by pet owners. The conures can live for decades, and they’re loud and demanding pets, so not everyone is suited to caring for them. While some may have escaped, Jamie Yorck, the owner of the now-closed Spectrum Exotic Birds, believes that a few owners may simply have left a window open hoping their birds would join the wild flock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11185801\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11185801 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A wild conure found around San Francisco's Embarcadero.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/355558918_81506fb084_o-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wild conure found around San Francisco’s Embarcadero. \u003ccite>(Dan_H/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Do They Talk?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While these conures are capable of\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZXKQDFp5V8\"> learning\u003c/a> a word or two, they aren’t the best imitators of human speech. More prone to screeching, cherry-headed conures don’t have the vocal skills of an \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAp6X0zZfx0\">African Grey\u003c/a> or the memory of a blue parakeet (\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4Ij-DHHwMs\">one supposedly learned over 1,700 words\u003c/a>). What our wild conures do have is their own dialect. The flock has its own system of calls and responses, distinct from conure populations found elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Where Is Their Territory?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>They can be found from the Ferry Building in San Francisco all the way south to Brisbane and Sunnyvale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Telegraph Hill is a misnomer,” says the author of \u003ca href=\"http://www.markbittner.net/wild_parrots_book.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">“The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill,”\u003c/a> Mark Bittner. “Even [when I wrote the book] the parrots were going as far as Mission Dolores. I’ll be correcting that for the rest of my life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11185790\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11185790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Mark Bittner with two rescued conures.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/IMG_3604-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Bittner with two rescued conures. \u003ccite>(Jessica Placzek/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Where Do They Sleep?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The conures sleep in holes they find in trees. They don’t build nests. Bittner says the conures prefer the Canary Island date palm.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What Do They Eat?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Turns out seeds are junk food to the conures. A healthy diet for the parrots might include fruits, vegetables, berries, stems, flowers and blossoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How Many Are There?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hard to say, exactly. \u003ca href=\"http://www.mickaboo.org/\">Mickaboo\u003c/a>, a parrot rescue organization, estimates there are more than 300 conures roosting in the Bay Area. However, the health of the wild flock is under threat. Many of the adolescent conures have contracted a strange unnamed disease that affects their balance and has them flying into windows. Many of the parrots will die from this illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11187243\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11187243\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Mickaboo2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Chloe Redon and John Graziano run Mickaboo, a parrot rescue organization.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chloe Redon and John Graziano run Mickaboo, a parrot rescue organization. \u003ccite>(Jessica Placzek/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "the-origins-of-hella",
"title": "The Origins of 'Hella'",
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"content": "\u003cp>Long associated with the Bay Area, the word ‘hella’ has gained widespread use. But how was the word born? Ventura Albor asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How is it that “hella” became synonymous with the Bay?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ventura’s question was inspired by his college days at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11178097\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11178097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A UC Berkeley student poses for photos wearing a 'Hella Kitty' shirt from Pure 510, a local custom t-shirt business in Oakland, California.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A UC Berkeley student poses for photos wearing a ‘Hella Kitty’ shirt from Pure 510, a local custom t-shirt business in Oakland, California. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“L.A. folks would [home] in on it right away and be like, ‘Oh you’re from the Bay Area?’ ” he says. “I never really thought of it, I just thought everyone said hella.” \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Hella: A Linguistic Boundary\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many Bay Area residents and Californians believe that hella — and its G-rated equivalent “hecka” — are Bay Area slang. The words, which mean “very” or “a lot of,” can be used multiple ways. You can say “I’m hella stoked” or “There were hella people at that party last night,” or even, “I was doing it for hella days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mary Bucholtz, a linguist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, conducted a study in which people indicated their perceptions of how people talk in certain areas of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\n\u003ch3>A Guide to Bay Area Slang\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hella\u003c/strong> – very, really, extremely; many, a lot; in an extraordinary or impressive manner.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>“That jacket’s hella dope!”\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Hyphy\u003c/strong> – hyper, excited\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>“I’m from the Bay where we hyphy and go dumb. From the soil where them rappers be getting their lingo from.” – E-40\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Off the chain\u003c/strong> – super fun, exciting, great\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>“This party tonight’s gonna be off the chain!”\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Fa sheezy/fo shizzle\u003c/strong> – for sure\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>“Saturday is off the heezy fo’sheezy.” – Jermaine Dupri\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Janky\u003c/strong> – poor quality, inferior, weird\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>“Ugh, this umbrella is hella janky.”\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Baller\u003c/strong> (n)/\u003cstrong>ballin’\u003c/strong> (v) – a ball player, or someone who’s winning “the game” (of life).\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>“Wanna be a baller, shot caller, 20-inch blades on the impala” – Lil’ Troy\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Hella was the most frequently cited word, and 78.4 percent of the people who mentioned it in the study said it was Northern California slang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For Southern Californians in particular, hella represents a crucial shibboleth separating the two major regions of the state,” says Bucholtz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s true for Southern California transplant Bree DeRobbio, now living in San Jose. She remembers the first time she heard someone say hella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My reaction was ‘Oh my God, they really do say it.’ And I was amazed at all the different applications the word has,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Dictionary Says WHAT?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There are at least two origin stories for hella: One places it in Toronto (yes, Canada) and the other in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More on Oakland later, but first — Toronto? I mean, really?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hella made its first appearance in the Oxford English Dictionary in 2002, and the dictionary says the word was first used in a 1987 article in the Toronto Star:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The horse went hella whoopin’ down the trail, trailing 50 feet or more of the best Berkley Trilene Monofilament line.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>(Sidenote: That part about the best Berkley Trilene Monofilament line refers to a type of fishing line — no relation to Berkeley, Calif.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, hella is identified as Northern American slang that was probably shortened from “helluva” or “hellacious.” But English-language historian Michael Adams says hella’s grammatical usage doesn’t quite align with what the Oxford English Dictionary says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m really skeptical of that etymology that hella comes from helluva because we don’t use hella grammatically in the same way that we would use helluva,” Adams says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Adams means is you can’t get “hella cute” from “helluva cute,” or say, “My dad’s a hella cook,” even though you could say, “My dad’s a helluva cook.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also has an explanation for why hella didn’t come from hellacious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10649553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10649553\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16365_223475127_786d4ee142_o-qut-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"Someone turned Fell Street in San Francisco into Hella Street. (kyle rw/Flickr)\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16365_223475127_786d4ee142_o-qut-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16365_223475127_786d4ee142_o-qut-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16365_223475127_786d4ee142_o-qut-1440x958.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16365_223475127_786d4ee142_o-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16365_223475127_786d4ee142_o-qut-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16365_223475127_786d4ee142_o-qut-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Someone turned Fell Street in San Francisco into Hella Street. (kyle rw/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The suffix from hellacious is ‘—acious,’ like tenacious, and if you’re going to break a word, you’re usually going to break a word where there’s a boundary between its parts,” Adams says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to this theory, the natural break for hellacious would make it “hell-aysh,” not hella.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>From Oakland Teens to the Rest of the World\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley linguist Geoff Nunberg traces hella back a few more years, to Oakland, from two early citations in a 1987 \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=k-NIAQAAMAAJ&q=Second+Class+Finish:+The+Effects+of+Rituals+and+Routines+of+a+Working-class+High+School,+Volume+2&dq=Second+Class+Finish:+The+Effects+of+Rituals+and+Routines+of+a+Working-class+High+School,+Volume+2&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMI6OGT39u2xwIVUFaICh3jbQDI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dissertation\u003c/a> of a Berkeley student.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10650083\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16362_6312711130_5e7518b922_o-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10650083 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16362_6312711130_5e7518b922_o-qut-1440x1080.jpg\" alt=\"Some in Oakland have embraced the word. Mayor Libby Schaaf often used it while campaigning, saying 'I hella love Oakland' and 'It is hella time for leadership in Oakland.'\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16362_6312711130_5e7518b922_o-qut-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16362_6312711130_5e7518b922_o-qut-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16362_6312711130_5e7518b922_o-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16362_6312711130_5e7518b922_o-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16362_6312711130_5e7518b922_o-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16362_6312711130_5e7518b922_o-qut-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some in Oakland have embraced the word. Mayor Libby Schaaf often used it while campaigning, saying ‘I hella love Oakland’ and ‘It is hella time for leadership in Oakland.’ \u003ccite>(cplbasilisk/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Hella emerged somewhere in Northern California around the late 1970s, and although it spread to other places, it’s still associated with this region,” says Nunberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, slang spreads from black English to white English and not in the other direction, which is why Nunberg says he suspects it started in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phrases like “cool” and “tell it like it is” are good examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ ‘Cool’ was adopted by white hipsters and beatniks in the early ‘50s before spreading to teen slang. ‘Tell it like it is’ was used by black writers in the early ’60s and quickly became part of general white English,” he says.[aside tag='bay-curious' label='Looking for More Bay Curious?']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That lines up with what multimedia producer Sean Kennedy, an Oakland native, recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He remembers saying hella with the kids on his Pop Warner football team and at King Estates Junior High School in the late ’70s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Very rarely in the African-American or black community do we pick up other people’s language and use them,” he says. “It’s usually the language we create and other people use them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that time, hip-hop and street culture gained widespread popularity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was used in a manner of explaining, ‘That looked hella good— that looked good’—something that was clean, or somebody acting crazy, ‘You’re hella crazy,’ ” Kennedy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Bay Area Punks Debate Hella Vs. Hell Of\u003c/h3>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>“Hell of Dumb” by the Mr. T. Experience\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"369\" height=\"277\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/-R_TW_ZqHw4\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In early years, Bay Area youth debated whether the slang word was hella or actually “hell of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Berkeley, the debate could get quite heated, says punk rocker Frank Portman. In 1997, he wrote a song called “Hell of Dumb,” poking fun at the issue with his band the Mr. T. Experience. He thinks the hella vs. hell of debate goes back to 1983.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was always very clear that it was hell of. It was not hella and if anyone ever said hella, which sometimes people did, they would always correct you with the attitude of a school marm correcting your grammar,” Portman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Hella Now\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Since those early days, widespread use of hell of, hellacious and helluva has dwindled — leaving hella to stand alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\n\u003ch3>Cartman uses hella in South Park\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"369\" height=\"208\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/7pohEb7DUac\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Hella got a national audience in the South Park episode “Spookyfish,” from the second season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cartman taunts Stan and Kyle by singing, “You guys are hella stupid, you guys are hella lame, you guys are hella dumb hella, hella, hella.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The word may be one of Northern California’s most notorious cultural exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re welcome, world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want to see the Bay Curious team take on? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Submit it!\u003c/a> Be sure to subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">iTunes\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/Ipi2mc5aqfen4nr2daayiziiyuy\">Google Play\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\">NPR One\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Long associated with the Bay Area, the word ‘hella’ has gained widespread use. But how was the word born? Ventura Albor asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How is it that “hella” became synonymous with the Bay?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ventura’s question was inspired by his college days at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11178097\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11178097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A UC Berkeley student poses for photos wearing a 'Hella Kitty' shirt from Pure 510, a local custom t-shirt business in Oakland, California.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS21661_161026_HellaShirt_bhs02-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A UC Berkeley student poses for photos wearing a ‘Hella Kitty’ shirt from Pure 510, a local custom t-shirt business in Oakland, California. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“L.A. folks would [home] in on it right away and be like, ‘Oh you’re from the Bay Area?’ ” he says. “I never really thought of it, I just thought everyone said hella.” \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Hella: A Linguistic Boundary\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many Bay Area residents and Californians believe that hella — and its G-rated equivalent “hecka” — are Bay Area slang. The words, which mean “very” or “a lot of,” can be used multiple ways. You can say “I’m hella stoked” or “There were hella people at that party last night,” or even, “I was doing it for hella days.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mary Bucholtz, a linguist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, conducted a study in which people indicated their perceptions of how people talk in certain areas of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\n\u003ch3>A Guide to Bay Area Slang\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hella\u003c/strong> – very, really, extremely; many, a lot; in an extraordinary or impressive manner.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>“That jacket’s hella dope!”\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Hyphy\u003c/strong> – hyper, excited\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>“I’m from the Bay where we hyphy and go dumb. From the soil where them rappers be getting their lingo from.” – E-40\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Off the chain\u003c/strong> – super fun, exciting, great\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>“This party tonight’s gonna be off the chain!”\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Fa sheezy/fo shizzle\u003c/strong> – for sure\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>“Saturday is off the heezy fo’sheezy.” – Jermaine Dupri\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Janky\u003c/strong> – poor quality, inferior, weird\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>“Ugh, this umbrella is hella janky.”\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Baller\u003c/strong> (n)/\u003cstrong>ballin’\u003c/strong> (v) – a ball player, or someone who’s winning “the game” (of life).\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>“Wanna be a baller, shot caller, 20-inch blades on the impala” – Lil’ Troy\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Hella was the most frequently cited word, and 78.4 percent of the people who mentioned it in the study said it was Northern California slang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For Southern Californians in particular, hella represents a crucial shibboleth separating the two major regions of the state,” says Bucholtz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s true for Southern California transplant Bree DeRobbio, now living in San Jose. She remembers the first time she heard someone say hella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My reaction was ‘Oh my God, they really do say it.’ And I was amazed at all the different applications the word has,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Dictionary Says WHAT?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There are at least two origin stories for hella: One places it in Toronto (yes, Canada) and the other in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More on Oakland later, but first — Toronto? I mean, really?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hella made its first appearance in the Oxford English Dictionary in 2002, and the dictionary says the word was first used in a 1987 article in the Toronto Star:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The horse went hella whoopin’ down the trail, trailing 50 feet or more of the best Berkley Trilene Monofilament line.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>(Sidenote: That part about the best Berkley Trilene Monofilament line refers to a type of fishing line — no relation to Berkeley, Calif.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, hella is identified as Northern American slang that was probably shortened from “helluva” or “hellacious.” But English-language historian Michael Adams says hella’s grammatical usage doesn’t quite align with what the Oxford English Dictionary says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m really skeptical of that etymology that hella comes from helluva because we don’t use hella grammatically in the same way that we would use helluva,” Adams says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Adams means is you can’t get “hella cute” from “helluva cute,” or say, “My dad’s a hella cook,” even though you could say, “My dad’s a helluva cook.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also has an explanation for why hella didn’t come from hellacious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10649553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10649553\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16365_223475127_786d4ee142_o-qut-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"Someone turned Fell Street in San Francisco into Hella Street. (kyle rw/Flickr)\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16365_223475127_786d4ee142_o-qut-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16365_223475127_786d4ee142_o-qut-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16365_223475127_786d4ee142_o-qut-1440x958.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16365_223475127_786d4ee142_o-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16365_223475127_786d4ee142_o-qut-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16365_223475127_786d4ee142_o-qut-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Someone turned Fell Street in San Francisco into Hella Street. (kyle rw/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The suffix from hellacious is ‘—acious,’ like tenacious, and if you’re going to break a word, you’re usually going to break a word where there’s a boundary between its parts,” Adams says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to this theory, the natural break for hellacious would make it “hell-aysh,” not hella.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>From Oakland Teens to the Rest of the World\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley linguist Geoff Nunberg traces hella back a few more years, to Oakland, from two early citations in a 1987 \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=k-NIAQAAMAAJ&q=Second+Class+Finish:+The+Effects+of+Rituals+and+Routines+of+a+Working-class+High+School,+Volume+2&dq=Second+Class+Finish:+The+Effects+of+Rituals+and+Routines+of+a+Working-class+High+School,+Volume+2&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMI6OGT39u2xwIVUFaICh3jbQDI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dissertation\u003c/a> of a Berkeley student.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10650083\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16362_6312711130_5e7518b922_o-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10650083 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16362_6312711130_5e7518b922_o-qut-1440x1080.jpg\" alt=\"Some in Oakland have embraced the word. Mayor Libby Schaaf often used it while campaigning, saying 'I hella love Oakland' and 'It is hella time for leadership in Oakland.'\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16362_6312711130_5e7518b922_o-qut-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16362_6312711130_5e7518b922_o-qut-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16362_6312711130_5e7518b922_o-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16362_6312711130_5e7518b922_o-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16362_6312711130_5e7518b922_o-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/RS16362_6312711130_5e7518b922_o-qut-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some in Oakland have embraced the word. Mayor Libby Schaaf often used it while campaigning, saying ‘I hella love Oakland’ and ‘It is hella time for leadership in Oakland.’ \u003ccite>(cplbasilisk/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Hella emerged somewhere in Northern California around the late 1970s, and although it spread to other places, it’s still associated with this region,” says Nunberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, slang spreads from black English to white English and not in the other direction, which is why Nunberg says he suspects it started in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phrases like “cool” and “tell it like it is” are good examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ ‘Cool’ was adopted by white hipsters and beatniks in the early ‘50s before spreading to teen slang. ‘Tell it like it is’ was used by black writers in the early ’60s and quickly became part of general white English,” he says.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That lines up with what multimedia producer Sean Kennedy, an Oakland native, recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He remembers saying hella with the kids on his Pop Warner football team and at King Estates Junior High School in the late ’70s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Very rarely in the African-American or black community do we pick up other people’s language and use them,” he says. “It’s usually the language we create and other people use them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that time, hip-hop and street culture gained widespread popularity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was used in a manner of explaining, ‘That looked hella good— that looked good’—something that was clean, or somebody acting crazy, ‘You’re hella crazy,’ ” Kennedy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Bay Area Punks Debate Hella Vs. Hell Of\u003c/h3>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>“Hell of Dumb” by the Mr. T. Experience\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"369\" height=\"277\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/-R_TW_ZqHw4\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In early years, Bay Area youth debated whether the slang word was hella or actually “hell of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Berkeley, the debate could get quite heated, says punk rocker Frank Portman. In 1997, he wrote a song called “Hell of Dumb,” poking fun at the issue with his band the Mr. T. Experience. He thinks the hella vs. hell of debate goes back to 1983.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was always very clear that it was hell of. It was not hella and if anyone ever said hella, which sometimes people did, they would always correct you with the attitude of a school marm correcting your grammar,” Portman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Hella Now\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Since those early days, widespread use of hell of, hellacious and helluva has dwindled — leaving hella to stand alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\n\u003ch3>Cartman uses hella in South Park\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"369\" height=\"208\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/7pohEb7DUac\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Hella got a national audience in the South Park episode “Spookyfish,” from the second season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cartman taunts Stan and Kyle by singing, “You guys are hella stupid, you guys are hella lame, you guys are hella dumb hella, hella, hella.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The word may be one of Northern California’s most notorious cultural exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re welcome, world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want to see the Bay Curious team take on? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Submit it!\u003c/a> Be sure to subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">iTunes\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/Ipi2mc5aqfen4nr2daayiziiyuy\">Google Play\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\">NPR One\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why Are BART Trains So Loud?",
"headTitle": "Why Are BART Trains So Loud? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Sometimes the noise on BART is so loud you can hardly think. Why such a racket? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a new podcast from KQED that’s all about answering \u003cem>your\u003c/em> questions about the Bay Area. Find us on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">iTunes\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/Ipi2mc5aqfen4nr2daayiziiyuy\">Google Play\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\">NPR One\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED listener Eric Bauer wanted to know something most Bay Area BART passengers have probably wondered about at one point or another in their commute: Why are the trains so loud?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They scream like banshees,” Eric said. “One should probably use hearing protection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, Eric, you’ll be happy to know there is a plan in the works to dampen BART’s signature wail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/293466182″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news is the fix is tied to the\u003ca href=\"https://www.bart.gov/about/projects/cars/delivery-plan\"> rollout of new BART train cars\u003c/a>, which will begin late this year and won’t be done until 2021. So until then, you might want to keep some earplugs on hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, on to the business of what causes that banshee scream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11030324\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2592px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11030324 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Shop.jpg\" alt=\"BART workers refurbish cars at the Hayward Shop.\" width=\"2592\" height=\"1936\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Shop.jpg 2592w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Shop-400x299.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Shop-800x598.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Shop-1920x1434.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Shop-1180x881.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Shop-960x717.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2592px) 100vw, 2592px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BART workers refurbish cars at the Hayward shop. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To find out why the trains are so loud, I took a trip to the BART maintenance shop in Hayward to meet Henry Kolesar, BART’s chief vehicle engineer. Not only does he know every little sound his train cars make, but he can imitate them startlingly well. The man has spent a \u003cem>lot\u003c/em> of time in and around BART trains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I arrived, Kolesar was sitting at his desk behind a stack of engineering reports. The one on top was a sound test of the BART system done a few years ago. First off, Kolesar explained, the trains make all kinds of noises, and not all of them are unpleasant. Believe it or not, some of the sounds are actually music to an engineer’s ears.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The trains make quite a few different sounds. Some of them are music to the ears of engineers.’ \u003ccite>Henry Kolesar, BART chief vehicle engineer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>BART makes three main sounds that passengers hear. There is a nasally electronic hum some of the trains make as they are braking. This is the sound of BART saving energy, Kolesar says. As some of the newer train cars brake, they convert mechanical energy into electric energy that can be used to run the BART trains. As they do this, the train cars make this kind of “nnneeoooowwww” sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other two sounds fall squarely into the unpleasant category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first comes from wheels running on rails that have become worn and bumpy — “corrugated,” to use the technical term. When BART trains go over corrugated rail, they make a low-pitched, continuous “uuunnnhhh.” It sounds like some blend of a confused “uhhh” and the buzzer noise when someone answers incorrectly on one of those old daytime game shows from the ’80s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11030326\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11030326\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Wheel-800x1071.jpg\" alt=\"The wheel design leads to the wail and other unpleasant noises.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1071\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Wheel-800x1071.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Wheel-400x536.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Wheel-1920x2571.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Wheel-1180x1580.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Wheel-960x1285.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Wheel.jpg 1936w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The wheel design leads to the wail and other unpleasant noises. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>BART actually has a big machine that grinds down the bumps on corrugated track, eliminating some of the noise. This explains why sometimes a portion of the BART system makes loud uuunnnhhh sounds one day and doesn’t make a peep the next. You aren’t crazy — they just smoothed out the track at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, there is the infamous squealing banshee wail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens when the trains go around turns, and it is most pronounced in tunnels, where the sound waves bounce back into the train and drill into passengers’ ears. Kolesar did not imitate this sound. It falls a wee bit out of his natural vocal range, he said. But KQED listeners were not afraid to give the banshee squeal a shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We asked listeners for their impressions of the sound, and we got some accurate and unexpected descriptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was compared to a baby seal calling for its mom, a 10-year-old slowly releasing air from a balloon at a birthday party, the high-pitched, long-lasting “goal scream” of a soccer commentator, the soundtrack from the trippy, space/time travel scene in \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ou6JNQwPWE0\">\u003cem>2001: A Space Odyssey\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (which, at times, is eerily spot on), and my personal favorite: all of the happy emojis that ever existed, put in a blender, desperately crying for help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can hear a little montage below of what KQED listeners think the BART wail sounds like. Thanks to everyone out there who contributed, and to Meghan Mund and Lucas Waldron for recording their ear-splitting BART squeals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/playlists/246643779″ params=”auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true” width=”100%” height=”450″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now hold on a minute. Kolesar does not agree with the categorization of BART as loud. He says BART is rather quiet — that is, if you consider how fast it goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People say BART cars are loud, but it’s all relative,” Kolesar says. \u003ca href=\"http://www.bart.gov/about/history/facts\">BART averages 35 mph\u003c/a>, which is much faster than trains in most cities. New York’s subway goes about half as fast on average — 17 mph. And as anyone who has taken the A train can tell you, New York subway cars are not known to be silent types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Kolesar says BART’s banshee wail is not a mistake. It isn’t the result of some design mishap. It came from a conscious engineering choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers had to make a trade-off back when they started building BART more than 50 years ago. They decided to make the wheels solid axle — or connected — so that they rotate at the same rate. Kolesar says that makes the trains quiet on the straightaways, which constitute a majority of BART’s tracks. But because of the design, one of the wheels ends up getting dragged against the rail on turns, which causes that high-pitched squeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11030322\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 502px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-11030322\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Chassis-800x598.jpg\" alt=\"The wheels are designed to be quiet on straightaways but squeal in turns.\" width=\"502\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Chassis-800x598.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Chassis-400x299.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Chassis-1920x1434.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Chassis-1180x881.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Chassis-960x717.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 502px) 100vw, 502px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The wheels are designed to be quiet on straightaways but squeal in turns. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So one wheel has to be sliding while the other is rolling,” Kolesar says. “Or they both have to be slightly sliding, because they are turning at different speeds going around that bend. It just makes noise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now there is a plan to make BART quieter. New train cars will have tapered wheels that drag less on the rail. That will help a little. But there’s a bigger change coming with the new cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kolesar says the “the doors are the key.” No matter what you do, the wheels will always squeal a little. The current doors let in lots of that sound, but the new trains will have better insulated doors that could make the trains two or three times as quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11030323\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2592px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11030323 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Kolesar.jpg\" alt=\"Henry Kolesar shows where the wheel rubs on the rail to make the wail.\" width=\"2592\" height=\"1936\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Kolesar.jpg 2592w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Kolesar-400x299.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Kolesar-800x598.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Kolesar-1920x1434.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Kolesar-1180x881.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Kolesar-960x717.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2592px) 100vw, 2592px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Henry Kolesar shows where the wheel rubs on the rail to make the wail. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Again, we’ve got to wait a few years to enjoy that kind of relative quiet. All the old squealing cars won’t be replaced until around 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After then, should you grow nostalgic for the BART wail, you could always hear an approximation by watching \u003cem>2001: A Space Odyssey\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for right now, commuters like Eric will have to endure the BART wail, or as I like to think about it: happy emojis going into the old blender.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want the Bay Curious team to investigate? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious/\">Ask!\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Sometimes the noise on BART is so loud you can hardly think. Why such a racket? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a new podcast from KQED that’s all about answering \u003cem>your\u003c/em> questions about the Bay Area. Find us on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">iTunes\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/Ipi2mc5aqfen4nr2daayiziiyuy\">Google Play\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\">NPR One\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED listener Eric Bauer wanted to know something most Bay Area BART passengers have probably wondered about at one point or another in their commute: Why are the trains so loud?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They scream like banshees,” Eric said. “One should probably use hearing protection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, Eric, you’ll be happy to know there is a plan in the works to dampen BART’s signature wail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/293466182″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/293466182″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bad news is the fix is tied to the\u003ca href=\"https://www.bart.gov/about/projects/cars/delivery-plan\"> rollout of new BART train cars\u003c/a>, which will begin late this year and won’t be done until 2021. So until then, you might want to keep some earplugs on hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, on to the business of what causes that banshee scream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11030324\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2592px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11030324 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Shop.jpg\" alt=\"BART workers refurbish cars at the Hayward Shop.\" width=\"2592\" height=\"1936\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Shop.jpg 2592w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Shop-400x299.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Shop-800x598.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Shop-1920x1434.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Shop-1180x881.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Shop-960x717.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2592px) 100vw, 2592px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BART workers refurbish cars at the Hayward shop. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To find out why the trains are so loud, I took a trip to the BART maintenance shop in Hayward to meet Henry Kolesar, BART’s chief vehicle engineer. Not only does he know every little sound his train cars make, but he can imitate them startlingly well. The man has spent a \u003cem>lot\u003c/em> of time in and around BART trains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I arrived, Kolesar was sitting at his desk behind a stack of engineering reports. The one on top was a sound test of the BART system done a few years ago. First off, Kolesar explained, the trains make all kinds of noises, and not all of them are unpleasant. Believe it or not, some of the sounds are actually music to an engineer’s ears.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The trains make quite a few different sounds. Some of them are music to the ears of engineers.’ \u003ccite>Henry Kolesar, BART chief vehicle engineer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>BART makes three main sounds that passengers hear. There is a nasally electronic hum some of the trains make as they are braking. This is the sound of BART saving energy, Kolesar says. As some of the newer train cars brake, they convert mechanical energy into electric energy that can be used to run the BART trains. As they do this, the train cars make this kind of “nnneeoooowwww” sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other two sounds fall squarely into the unpleasant category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first comes from wheels running on rails that have become worn and bumpy — “corrugated,” to use the technical term. When BART trains go over corrugated rail, they make a low-pitched, continuous “uuunnnhhh.” It sounds like some blend of a confused “uhhh” and the buzzer noise when someone answers incorrectly on one of those old daytime game shows from the ’80s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11030326\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11030326\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Wheel-800x1071.jpg\" alt=\"The wheel design leads to the wail and other unpleasant noises.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1071\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Wheel-800x1071.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Wheel-400x536.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Wheel-1920x2571.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Wheel-1180x1580.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Wheel-960x1285.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Wheel.jpg 1936w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The wheel design leads to the wail and other unpleasant noises. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>BART actually has a big machine that grinds down the bumps on corrugated track, eliminating some of the noise. This explains why sometimes a portion of the BART system makes loud uuunnnhhh sounds one day and doesn’t make a peep the next. You aren’t crazy — they just smoothed out the track at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, there is the infamous squealing banshee wail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens when the trains go around turns, and it is most pronounced in tunnels, where the sound waves bounce back into the train and drill into passengers’ ears. Kolesar did not imitate this sound. It falls a wee bit out of his natural vocal range, he said. But KQED listeners were not afraid to give the banshee squeal a shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We asked listeners for their impressions of the sound, and we got some accurate and unexpected descriptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was compared to a baby seal calling for its mom, a 10-year-old slowly releasing air from a balloon at a birthday party, the high-pitched, long-lasting “goal scream” of a soccer commentator, the soundtrack from the trippy, space/time travel scene in \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ou6JNQwPWE0\">\u003cem>2001: A Space Odyssey\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (which, at times, is eerily spot on), and my personal favorite: all of the happy emojis that ever existed, put in a blender, desperately crying for help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can hear a little montage below of what KQED listeners think the BART wail sounds like. Thanks to everyone out there who contributed, and to Meghan Mund and Lucas Waldron for recording their ear-splitting BART squeals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”450″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/playlists/246643779″&visual=true&”auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/playlists/246643779″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now hold on a minute. Kolesar does not agree with the categorization of BART as loud. He says BART is rather quiet — that is, if you consider how fast it goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People say BART cars are loud, but it’s all relative,” Kolesar says. \u003ca href=\"http://www.bart.gov/about/history/facts\">BART averages 35 mph\u003c/a>, which is much faster than trains in most cities. New York’s subway goes about half as fast on average — 17 mph. And as anyone who has taken the A train can tell you, New York subway cars are not known to be silent types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Kolesar says BART’s banshee wail is not a mistake. It isn’t the result of some design mishap. It came from a conscious engineering choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers had to make a trade-off back when they started building BART more than 50 years ago. They decided to make the wheels solid axle — or connected — so that they rotate at the same rate. Kolesar says that makes the trains quiet on the straightaways, which constitute a majority of BART’s tracks. But because of the design, one of the wheels ends up getting dragged against the rail on turns, which causes that high-pitched squeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11030322\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 502px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-11030322\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Chassis-800x598.jpg\" alt=\"The wheels are designed to be quiet on straightaways but squeal in turns.\" width=\"502\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Chassis-800x598.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Chassis-400x299.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Chassis-1920x1434.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Chassis-1180x881.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Chassis-960x717.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 502px) 100vw, 502px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The wheels are designed to be quiet on straightaways but squeal in turns. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So one wheel has to be sliding while the other is rolling,” Kolesar says. “Or they both have to be slightly sliding, because they are turning at different speeds going around that bend. It just makes noise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now there is a plan to make BART quieter. New train cars will have tapered wheels that drag less on the rail. That will help a little. But there’s a bigger change coming with the new cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kolesar says the “the doors are the key.” No matter what you do, the wheels will always squeal a little. The current doors let in lots of that sound, but the new trains will have better insulated doors that could make the trains two or three times as quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11030323\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2592px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11030323 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Kolesar.jpg\" alt=\"Henry Kolesar shows where the wheel rubs on the rail to make the wail.\" width=\"2592\" height=\"1936\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Kolesar.jpg 2592w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Kolesar-400x299.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Kolesar-800x598.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Kolesar-1920x1434.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Kolesar-1180x881.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/Kolesar-960x717.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2592px) 100vw, 2592px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Henry Kolesar shows where the wheel rubs on the rail to make the wail. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Again, we’ve got to wait a few years to enjoy that kind of relative quiet. All the old squealing cars won’t be replaced until around 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After then, should you grow nostalgic for the BART wail, you could always hear an approximation by watching \u003cem>2001: A Space Odyssey\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for right now, commuters like Eric will have to endure the BART wail, or as I like to think about it: happy emojis going into the old blender.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Why Are Ships Buried Under San Francisco?",
"headTitle": "Why Are Ships Buried Under San Francisco? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a new podcast from KQED that’s all about answering \u003cem>your\u003c/em> questions about the Bay Area. Find us on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">iTunes\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/Ipi2mc5aqfen4nr2daayiziiyuy\">Google Play\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\">NPR One\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]I[/dropcap]n the heart of San Francisco’s Financial District, you can grab a drink at the Old Ship Saloon. Owner Bill Duffy says the bar opened in 1851 inside the hull of the Arkansas, a ship that now lies in the dirt below the bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People who wanted to go to the bar would have to get up this plank and in through the side of the ship,” says Duffy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arkansas is one of 30 to 60 ships buried under the city. Some are marked with above-ground plaques, but many go completely unrecognized — a ghost fleet beneath your feet. Which brings us to the question:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why are there ships under San Francisco?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most of the buried ships lie under the Financial District and the Embarcadero — two of the city’s flattest neighborhoods. In a city known for its hills, you’d hardly know it taking a walk from the Embarcadero and the Transamerica Building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/291570006″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can find the original shoreline by using your feet,” says Kevin Boyd, senior science writer at the Exploratorium, where an exhibit called “The Changing Shoreline of San Francisco” is currently on display. “As soon as you find yourself heading uphill at any significant degree, you can be pretty sure you’re close to the early shoreline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why did the shoreline change? And how did the ships get buried there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10982521\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3888px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10982521 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/443335464_c1f732e300_o.jpg\" alt=\"The Old Ship Saloon opened in 1851 and operated out of the hull of the Arkansas (Credit: Jennifer Woodard Madera)\" width=\"3888\" height=\"2592\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/443335464_c1f732e300_o.jpg 3888w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/443335464_c1f732e300_o-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/443335464_c1f732e300_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/443335464_c1f732e300_o-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/443335464_c1f732e300_o-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/443335464_c1f732e300_o-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3888px) 100vw, 3888px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Old Ship Saloon opened in 1851 and operated out of the hull of the Arkansas (Credit: Jennifer Woodard Madera)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“San Francisco in 1848 was a small town of a few hundred. But the discovery of gold that year had a pretty big impact. The small town became a city,” says James Delgado, a maritime archaeologist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and author of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520255807\">Gold Rush Port.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After gold was discovered, ships pregnant with people and goods poured into the Bay Area. They dropped anchor in the deeper waters offshore, somewhere below today’s Bay Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once moored, many of the ships never set sail again. Some vessels had arrived to the Gold Coast in a decrepit state, the owners knowingly sending the ships to the bay on their last voyage. Other ships simply had trouble leaving once sailors caught gold fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10982724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10982724 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Clipper-California-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"An advertisement for a line of ships bringing passengers to the Gold Rush.\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Clipper-California-800x500.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Clipper-California-400x250.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Clipper-California-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Clipper-California-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Clipper-California-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An advertisement for a line of ships bringing passengers to the Gold Rush.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There were large numbers of desertions, in some cases even officers,” says Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harbor became clogged as the number of ships climbed near 1,000. As the mass grew, the ships became a greater nuisance. Many of the ships had to have their rigging taken down in order to avoid entanglement with neighboring vessels. Contemporary observers often referred to it as a “forest of masts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the ships were stationed offshore in deep water, goods had to be slogged across half a mile of the shallow, muddy tidal flats. Merchants had to pay workers handsomely to forget about their gold fever and accept the job of a porter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10981646\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10981646 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Ship-in-the-Bay-800x643.jpg\" alt=\"The waterfront in 1851 (San Francisco Maritime Museum National Historical Park)\" width=\"800\" height=\"643\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Ship-in-the-Bay-800x643.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Ship-in-the-Bay-400x321.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Ship-in-the-Bay.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The waterfront in 1851. (Courtesy of the San Francisco Maritime Museum National Historical Park)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eventually, politicians devised a solution to lessen these hefty expenses: bring the shoreline closer to deep water. The city began selling water lots out in the Bay on the condition that buyers fill them in with land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to secure the title, you would put real property on it,” says Delgado. “You could drive pilings and build a fence around it. But the easiest, cheapest way was to do that with a ship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land in Gold Rush-era San Francisco was incredibly valuable and people tried to secure these water lots any way they could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you scuttled your ship, you could claim the land under it as part of your salvage,” says Richard Everett, curator of the San Francisco Maritime National Historic Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10991294\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10991294\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Buried-Ships-Map-800x552.jpg\" alt=\"A map of the buried ships under San Francisco.\" width=\"800\" height=\"552\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Buried-Ships-Map-800x552.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Buried-Ships-Map-400x276.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Buried-Ships-Map.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Buried-Ships-Map-1180x814.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Buried-Ships-Map-960x662.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the buried ships under San Francisco. \u003ccite>(San Francisco Maritime National Historic Park)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some men used this technicality to lay claim to other people’s lots. They were known as the “hulk undertakers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the dead of night, they would sail ships over valuable lots, unplug holes drilled into the ship’s keel and \u003cem>conveniently\u003c/em> lose the vessel on the spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were actual open wars. One day the captain of the hulk undertakers was in the midst of giving a command when a wharf employee fired a shot at him. His mouth was open, he was yelling, and the bullet passed through one cheek and out the other, missing his tongue and his teeth. To the end of his days he wore a beard to cover those two scars on either side of his mouth,” says Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides land, San Francisco also needed buildings. Because the city grew so rapidly and lumber was expensive to mill, many of the early buildings were constructed of canvas tents. One visitor described San Francisco as a magic lantern city at night, because the tents covering the hillsides would glow from within. While this may have been picturesque, the residents wanted more permanent structures, so they turned to the ships in the harbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The junker ships were taken to “Rotten Row,” where Charles Hare and the local Chinese community systematically broke down hundreds of ships. The wood and metal were recycled into building materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 200 of the nicer ships were easily turned into permanent structures. The majority were used as warehouses but other ships became hotels, offices, bars, counting houses, restaurants, auction halls, banks, cafes and a church. Even the city jail moved onto a ship once the old one became overcrowded and worn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10991250\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10991250 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Library-of-Congress-e1466110626769-800x577.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration of early San Francisco where old ships were converted into buildings.\" width=\"800\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Library-of-Congress-e1466110626769-800x577.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Library-of-Congress-e1466110626769-400x288.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Library-of-Congress-e1466110626769.jpg 896w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of early San Francisco, where old ships were converted into buildings. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“One of the prisoners actually was said to have taken the door off its hinges and carried it on his back to make a show and to demand that the jailer feed him because the jailer had skipped a meal,” says Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As lots of water was filled and the city expanded into the Bay, many of the floating buildings found themselves surrounded by land, sitting along city streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then there were a series of fires. The biggest blaze ripped through the city on May 4, 1851. It took out about 20 city blocks and destroyed more than a thousand buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was the giant fire that took out most of the waterfront. Many of the ships burned down to their water lines,” says Everett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10982523\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10982523 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/San-Francisco-Fire-e1465404430865.jpg\" alt=\"A print depicting the San Francisco Fire in May 1851. Losses allegedly totaled $20,000,000 (Courtesy of the De Young Legion of Honor)\" width=\"796\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/San-Francisco-Fire-e1465404430865.jpg 796w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/San-Francisco-Fire-e1465404430865-400x282.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 796px) 100vw, 796px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A print depicting the San Francisco Fire in May 1851. Losses allegedly totaled $20,000,000 (Courtesy of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco’s Permanent Collection )\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dozens of ships stayed behind, and remain firmly anchored in what today is the Financial District or Embarcadero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city forgot about the ships. One by one, they’ve been built over. Nowadays, we barely think about the hulks lying just under our feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is, until we have to lay a new foundation or dig a fresh tunnel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1994, Muni was digging a light-rail tunnel beneath Justin Herman Plaza on the Embarcadero when workers hit a ship — the Rome. The vessel was so huge they literally had to tunnel through. Now, thousands of riders on J, K, L, M, N and T trains unknowingly ride through its hull every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want the Bay Curious team to investigate? \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ask!\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a new podcast from KQED that’s all about answering \u003cem>your\u003c/em> questions about the Bay Area. Find us on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">iTunes\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/Ipi2mc5aqfen4nr2daayiziiyuy\">Google Play\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\">NPR One\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">I\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>n the heart of San Francisco’s Financial District, you can grab a drink at the Old Ship Saloon. Owner Bill Duffy says the bar opened in 1851 inside the hull of the Arkansas, a ship that now lies in the dirt below the bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People who wanted to go to the bar would have to get up this plank and in through the side of the ship,” says Duffy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arkansas is one of 30 to 60 ships buried under the city. Some are marked with above-ground plaques, but many go completely unrecognized — a ghost fleet beneath your feet. Which brings us to the question:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why are there ships under San Francisco?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most of the buried ships lie under the Financial District and the Embarcadero — two of the city’s flattest neighborhoods. In a city known for its hills, you’d hardly know it taking a walk from the Embarcadero and the Transamerica Building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/291570006″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/291570006″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can find the original shoreline by using your feet,” says Kevin Boyd, senior science writer at the Exploratorium, where an exhibit called “The Changing Shoreline of San Francisco” is currently on display. “As soon as you find yourself heading uphill at any significant degree, you can be pretty sure you’re close to the early shoreline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why did the shoreline change? And how did the ships get buried there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10982521\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3888px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10982521 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/443335464_c1f732e300_o.jpg\" alt=\"The Old Ship Saloon opened in 1851 and operated out of the hull of the Arkansas (Credit: Jennifer Woodard Madera)\" width=\"3888\" height=\"2592\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/443335464_c1f732e300_o.jpg 3888w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/443335464_c1f732e300_o-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/443335464_c1f732e300_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/443335464_c1f732e300_o-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/443335464_c1f732e300_o-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/443335464_c1f732e300_o-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3888px) 100vw, 3888px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Old Ship Saloon opened in 1851 and operated out of the hull of the Arkansas (Credit: Jennifer Woodard Madera)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“San Francisco in 1848 was a small town of a few hundred. But the discovery of gold that year had a pretty big impact. The small town became a city,” says James Delgado, a maritime archaeologist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and author of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520255807\">Gold Rush Port.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After gold was discovered, ships pregnant with people and goods poured into the Bay Area. They dropped anchor in the deeper waters offshore, somewhere below today’s Bay Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once moored, many of the ships never set sail again. Some vessels had arrived to the Gold Coast in a decrepit state, the owners knowingly sending the ships to the bay on their last voyage. Other ships simply had trouble leaving once sailors caught gold fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10982724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10982724 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Clipper-California-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"An advertisement for a line of ships bringing passengers to the Gold Rush.\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Clipper-California-800x500.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Clipper-California-400x250.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Clipper-California-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Clipper-California-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Clipper-California-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An advertisement for a line of ships bringing passengers to the Gold Rush.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There were large numbers of desertions, in some cases even officers,” says Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harbor became clogged as the number of ships climbed near 1,000. As the mass grew, the ships became a greater nuisance. Many of the ships had to have their rigging taken down in order to avoid entanglement with neighboring vessels. Contemporary observers often referred to it as a “forest of masts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the ships were stationed offshore in deep water, goods had to be slogged across half a mile of the shallow, muddy tidal flats. Merchants had to pay workers handsomely to forget about their gold fever and accept the job of a porter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10981646\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10981646 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Ship-in-the-Bay-800x643.jpg\" alt=\"The waterfront in 1851 (San Francisco Maritime Museum National Historical Park)\" width=\"800\" height=\"643\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Ship-in-the-Bay-800x643.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Ship-in-the-Bay-400x321.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Ship-in-the-Bay.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The waterfront in 1851. (Courtesy of the San Francisco Maritime Museum National Historical Park)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eventually, politicians devised a solution to lessen these hefty expenses: bring the shoreline closer to deep water. The city began selling water lots out in the Bay on the condition that buyers fill them in with land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to secure the title, you would put real property on it,” says Delgado. “You could drive pilings and build a fence around it. But the easiest, cheapest way was to do that with a ship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land in Gold Rush-era San Francisco was incredibly valuable and people tried to secure these water lots any way they could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you scuttled your ship, you could claim the land under it as part of your salvage,” says Richard Everett, curator of the San Francisco Maritime National Historic Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10991294\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10991294\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Buried-Ships-Map-800x552.jpg\" alt=\"A map of the buried ships under San Francisco.\" width=\"800\" height=\"552\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Buried-Ships-Map-800x552.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Buried-Ships-Map-400x276.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Buried-Ships-Map.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Buried-Ships-Map-1180x814.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Buried-Ships-Map-960x662.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the buried ships under San Francisco. \u003ccite>(San Francisco Maritime National Historic Park)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some men used this technicality to lay claim to other people’s lots. They were known as the “hulk undertakers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the dead of night, they would sail ships over valuable lots, unplug holes drilled into the ship’s keel and \u003cem>conveniently\u003c/em> lose the vessel on the spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were actual open wars. One day the captain of the hulk undertakers was in the midst of giving a command when a wharf employee fired a shot at him. His mouth was open, he was yelling, and the bullet passed through one cheek and out the other, missing his tongue and his teeth. To the end of his days he wore a beard to cover those two scars on either side of his mouth,” says Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides land, San Francisco also needed buildings. Because the city grew so rapidly and lumber was expensive to mill, many of the early buildings were constructed of canvas tents. One visitor described San Francisco as a magic lantern city at night, because the tents covering the hillsides would glow from within. While this may have been picturesque, the residents wanted more permanent structures, so they turned to the ships in the harbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The junker ships were taken to “Rotten Row,” where Charles Hare and the local Chinese community systematically broke down hundreds of ships. The wood and metal were recycled into building materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 200 of the nicer ships were easily turned into permanent structures. The majority were used as warehouses but other ships became hotels, offices, bars, counting houses, restaurants, auction halls, banks, cafes and a church. Even the city jail moved onto a ship once the old one became overcrowded and worn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10991250\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10991250 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Library-of-Congress-e1466110626769-800x577.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration of early San Francisco where old ships were converted into buildings.\" width=\"800\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Library-of-Congress-e1466110626769-800x577.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Library-of-Congress-e1466110626769-400x288.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/Library-of-Congress-e1466110626769.jpg 896w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of early San Francisco, where old ships were converted into buildings. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“One of the prisoners actually was said to have taken the door off its hinges and carried it on his back to make a show and to demand that the jailer feed him because the jailer had skipped a meal,” says Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As lots of water was filled and the city expanded into the Bay, many of the floating buildings found themselves surrounded by land, sitting along city streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then there were a series of fires. The biggest blaze ripped through the city on May 4, 1851. It took out about 20 city blocks and destroyed more than a thousand buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was the giant fire that took out most of the waterfront. Many of the ships burned down to their water lines,” says Everett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10982523\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-10982523 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/San-Francisco-Fire-e1465404430865.jpg\" alt=\"A print depicting the San Francisco Fire in May 1851. Losses allegedly totaled $20,000,000 (Courtesy of the De Young Legion of Honor)\" width=\"796\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/San-Francisco-Fire-e1465404430865.jpg 796w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/San-Francisco-Fire-e1465404430865-400x282.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 796px) 100vw, 796px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A print depicting the San Francisco Fire in May 1851. Losses allegedly totaled $20,000,000 (Courtesy of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco’s Permanent Collection )\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dozens of ships stayed behind, and remain firmly anchored in what today is the Financial District or Embarcadero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city forgot about the ships. One by one, they’ve been built over. Nowadays, we barely think about the hulks lying just under our feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is, until we have to lay a new foundation or dig a fresh tunnel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1994, Muni was digging a light-rail tunnel beneath Justin Herman Plaza on the Embarcadero when workers hit a ship — the Rome. The vessel was so huge they literally had to tunnel through. Now, thousands of riders on J, K, L, M, N and T trains unknowingly ride through its hull every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]I[/dropcap]f you live anywhere long enough, certain local quirks seem normal. In the Bay Area, maybe it’s the unusual belted shape of Sutro Tower. Or the overwhelming noise of a BART train as it travels underneath the bay. Or the mere existence of those brightly colored parrots perched above San Francisco’s Telegraph Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most of us, these idiosyncrasies and mysteries are like wallpaper: barely noticed and largely unquestioned. But what if we stopped to take a closer look?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s new podcast, \u003cstrong>Bay Curious,\u003c/strong> gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11156922\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11156922\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-02-at-4.35.19-PM-160x201.png\" alt=\"Bay Curious Host Olivia Allen-Price\" width=\"250\" height=\"314\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-02-at-4.35.19-PM-160x201.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-02-at-4.35.19-PM-240x302.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-02-at-4.35.19-PM-375x472.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-02-at-4.35.19-PM.png 469w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Curious Host Olivia Allen-Price\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our Bay Curious host is Olivia Allen-Price, a Bay Area transplant who has fallen hard and fast for her new home. Join Olivia to explore the Bay Area, one question at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each week Bay Curious will answer questions like: Why are there so many ships buried under San Francisco? What is the origin of the word “hella”? What would it take to make Lake Merritt swimmable?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find Bay Curious on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">iTunes\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/Ipi2mc5aqfen4nr2daayiziiyuy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Play\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR One\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
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"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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