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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128845\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/5653839325_1ed92dddd6_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128845\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/5653839325_1ed92dddd6_o-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"Point Arena, on the Mendocino County coast. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Point Arena on the Mendocino County coast. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, Tuesday 1 p.m.: \u003c/strong> President Obama made it official today, issuing a proclamation that adds a 1,665-acre parcel at Point Arena to the California Coastal National Monument. The proclamation, which the president signed earlier today at the White House, waxes poetic on the Point Arena-Stornetta Public Lands that will become part of the monument: \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Some of California’s most spectacular wildlife make use of this striking landscape and its diverse vegetation communities. The Point Arena-Stornetta Public Lands provide important habitat for harbor seals, Steller sea lions, and an occasional elephant seal, which visitors can catch sight of from the vantage of the terrace’s western bluffs. The terrace itself supports thriving native bunchgrass prairie and coastal scrub communities. Generally low-lying vegetation is punctuated by a rare bishop pine forest and the southernmost natural example of a shore pine forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bunchgrass prairie is home to the endemic \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/arcata/es/inverts/behrensss/bss_bfly.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Behren’s silverspot butterfly\u003c/a>, which is dependent on the presence of the dog violet. The rare and endemic Point Arena mountain beaver makes use of the diverse habitats in these lands. A wide array of rare bird species also uses the area’s interconnected habitats, including the black oystercatcher, the little willow flycatcher, the yellow warbler, and the black-crowned night heron. Squadrons of brown pelicans are a frequent sight, gliding low over the powerful waves, while snowy plovers are sometimes seen foraging along the surf line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/behrensbutterfly.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/behrensbutterfly-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Behrens silver-spot butterfly, an endangered species found at the new Point Arena unit of the California Coastal National Monument. (Gordon Pratt via U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-128951\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Behrens silver-spot butterfly, an endangered species found at the new Point Arena unit of the California Coastal National Monument. (Gordon Pratt via U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water plays an essential role in sustaining and connecting plant and animal life in this rugged landscape. At the northern end of these lands, the Garcia River ends its 44-mile journey to the Pacific. The estuary formed by the meeting of these waters provides both a nursery for juvenile fish and a transition zone for a variety of far-roaming salmonids, including central California coast coho salmon, the California coastal Chinook salmon, and northern California steelhead. These anadromous species depend on the Garcia River estuary and its flow through the Point Arena-Stornetta Public Lands to access their upstream spawning habitat. Across the river, powerful winds sculpt an extensive dune system, its shifting sands pocketed with brackish, semi-permanent ponds. Hathaway Creek, which feeds into the Garcia River, also passes through the public lands and provides important riparian habitat. The area’s salt marshes, brackish pools, and freshwater springs and seeps support an array of plant and animal species, including Humboldt Bay owl’s clover, as well as the rare California red-legged frog.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A clutch of dignitaries and Mendocino officials attended the proclamation signing, including: Reps. Jared Huffman and Mike Thompson; Leslie Dahlhoff, former mayor of Point Arena; Scott Schneider, president and CEO of Visit Mendocino County; Eloisa Oropeza, tribal chair of the Manchester-Point Arena Band of Pomo Indians; Larry Stornetta, rancher and former land owner of a portion of the Point Arena-Stornetta Public Lands; and Merita Whatley, manager of the Point Arena Lighthouse and member of Point Arena Merchants Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interior Secretary Sally Jewell is scheduled to visit Point Arena on Wednesday for a celebration of the proclamation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post:\u003c/strong> Probably the first question most people have about Point Arena, even we worldly travelers in the Bay Area, is, “Where’s that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answer: It’s a place — two places, actually, a headland with a beautiful lighthouse and a nearby town — on the Mendocino Coast about 100 miles northwest of San Francisco. It’s also about to become the first land-based addition to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/nm/ccnm/ccnm_brochures.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Coastal National Monument\u003c/a>, a strip of more than 20,000 offshore islands and rocks stretching from the Mexican border to the Oregon state line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama is expected to sign an order Tuesday that will add 1,665 acres at Point Arena to the national monument. The property, known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/ukiah/stornetta.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stornetta-Point Arena Public Lands\u003c/a>, includes coastside meadows and cliffs adjacent to the Point Arena Lighthouse. The property also includes the Garcia River estuary, which provides spawning grounds for coho and chinook salmon and steelhead trout.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s part of the branding that could bring travelers and tourism to the Mendocino coast.’\u003ccite>Rep. Jared Huffman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Sen. Barbara Boxer and Reps. Mike Thompson and Jared Huffman, all North Bay Democrats, have introduced bills adding the Stornetta lands to the coastal national monument. Huffman’s bill made it through the House last year, but the Senate has yet to act on Boxer’s proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huffman, whose 2nd Congressional District includes the entire Northern California coast, said the parcel “is a diverse piece of property even though it’s in a pretty small, self-contained area. I can’t imagine a more perfect gateway to the coastal national monument.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Point Arena is about halfway between the popular tourist town of Gualala in the south and the heavily visited stretch of shoreline between the Navarro River and Fort Bragg. It’s on a pocket of the Mendocino coast that sees relatively few visitors. Huffman says the national monument designation could help change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s part of the branding that could bring travelers and tourism to the Mendocino coast,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell, who held a public “listening session” on the national monument proposal in November, is scheduled to visit Point Arena on Wednesday to celebrate the new designation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> Reporting on California land policy, planning and conservation is supported by a grant from the S.D. Bechtel Jr. Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128845\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/5653839325_1ed92dddd6_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128845\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/5653839325_1ed92dddd6_o-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"Point Arena, on the Mendocino County coast. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Point Arena on the Mendocino County coast. (Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, Tuesday 1 p.m.: \u003c/strong> President Obama made it official today, issuing a proclamation that adds a 1,665-acre parcel at Point Arena to the California Coastal National Monument. 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Squadrons of brown pelicans are a frequent sight, gliding low over the powerful waves, while snowy plovers are sometimes seen foraging along the surf line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/behrensbutterfly.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/behrensbutterfly-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Behrens silver-spot butterfly, an endangered species found at the new Point Arena unit of the California Coastal National Monument. (Gordon Pratt via U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-128951\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Behrens silver-spot butterfly, an endangered species found at the new Point Arena unit of the California Coastal National Monument. (Gordon Pratt via U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water plays an essential role in sustaining and connecting plant and animal life in this rugged landscape. At the northern end of these lands, the Garcia River ends its 44-mile journey to the Pacific. The estuary formed by the meeting of these waters provides both a nursery for juvenile fish and a transition zone for a variety of far-roaming salmonids, including central California coast coho salmon, the California coastal Chinook salmon, and northern California steelhead. These anadromous species depend on the Garcia River estuary and its flow through the Point Arena-Stornetta Public Lands to access their upstream spawning habitat. Across the river, powerful winds sculpt an extensive dune system, its shifting sands pocketed with brackish, semi-permanent ponds. Hathaway Creek, which feeds into the Garcia River, also passes through the public lands and provides important riparian habitat. The area’s salt marshes, brackish pools, and freshwater springs and seeps support an array of plant and animal species, including Humboldt Bay owl’s clover, as well as the rare California red-legged frog.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A clutch of dignitaries and Mendocino officials attended the proclamation signing, including: Reps. Jared Huffman and Mike Thompson; Leslie Dahlhoff, former mayor of Point Arena; Scott Schneider, president and CEO of Visit Mendocino County; Eloisa Oropeza, tribal chair of the Manchester-Point Arena Band of Pomo Indians; Larry Stornetta, rancher and former land owner of a portion of the Point Arena-Stornetta Public Lands; and Merita Whatley, manager of the Point Arena Lighthouse and member of Point Arena Merchants Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interior Secretary Sally Jewell is scheduled to visit Point Arena on Wednesday for a celebration of the proclamation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post:\u003c/strong> Probably the first question most people have about Point Arena, even we worldly travelers in the Bay Area, is, “Where’s that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answer: It’s a place — two places, actually, a headland with a beautiful lighthouse and a nearby town — on the Mendocino Coast about 100 miles northwest of San Francisco. It’s also about to become the first land-based addition to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/nm/ccnm/ccnm_brochures.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Coastal National Monument\u003c/a>, a strip of more than 20,000 offshore islands and rocks stretching from the Mexican border to the Oregon state line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama is expected to sign an order Tuesday that will add 1,665 acres at Point Arena to the national monument. The property, known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/ukiah/stornetta.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stornetta-Point Arena Public Lands\u003c/a>, includes coastside meadows and cliffs adjacent to the Point Arena Lighthouse. The property also includes the Garcia River estuary, which provides spawning grounds for coho and chinook salmon and steelhead trout.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s part of the branding that could bring travelers and tourism to the Mendocino coast.’\u003ccite>Rep. Jared Huffman\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Sen. Barbara Boxer and Reps. Mike Thompson and Jared Huffman, all North Bay Democrats, have introduced bills adding the Stornetta lands to the coastal national monument. Huffman’s bill made it through the House last year, but the Senate has yet to act on Boxer’s proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huffman, whose 2nd Congressional District includes the entire Northern California coast, said the parcel “is a diverse piece of property even though it’s in a pretty small, self-contained area. I can’t imagine a more perfect gateway to the coastal national monument.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Point Arena is about halfway between the popular tourist town of Gualala in the south and the heavily visited stretch of shoreline between the Navarro River and Fort Bragg. It’s on a pocket of the Mendocino coast that sees relatively few visitors. Huffman says the national monument designation could help change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s part of the branding that could bring travelers and tourism to the Mendocino coast,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell, who held a public “listening session” on the national monument proposal in November, is scheduled to visit Point Arena on Wednesday to celebrate the new designation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> Reporting on California land policy, planning and conservation is supported by a grant from the S.D. Bechtel Jr. Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Brown Tussles With Fracking Foes at State Convention",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128813\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9148_photo.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-128813\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9148_photo-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"Gov. Jerry Brown speaks to the California Democrats' convention in L.A. on Saturday. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Jerry Brown speaks to the California Democrats' convention in L.A. on Saturday. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s Democrats gathered in Los Angeles this weekend to take care of three important tasks: endorse their candidates, rally their troops and hang out with hundreds of like-minded political junkies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is almost like camp,” said first-time delegate William Yellen. “Where you go and you focus in on something away from your normal day-to-day life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There weren’t any s’mores or games of capture-the-flag at the Los Angeles Convention Center. Just a whole lot of politics. In an effort to gin up enthusiasm, speaker after speaker touted Democratic victories like last year’s state minimum-wage increase. They also spent a lot of time blasting Republicans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Termed-out state Treasurer Bill Lockyer delivered a stand-up routine comparing various Republicans with fruits and vegetables. “Mitch McConnell would be a prune,” he said at one point. “Tough, wrinkled. No longer essential to the flow of business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brown vs. the “Fracktivists”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown encountered some turbulence when he addressed the convention Saturday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor began his speech with much more flourish than usual. Departing from his typical technocratic approach, Brown ticked off the Democratic victories of his first term, including expanded rights for undocumented immigrants and the minimum-wage increase. The delegates rose to their feet when Brown criticized federal standardized curriculum and student-testing requirements, saying. “The test of the genius of each child is not how they bubble in A, B, C or D. Education is not filling a pail. It’s lighting a fire in the soul and spirit of every child.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'Keep protesting, but add a bunch more stuff.'\u003ccite>— Gov. Jerry Brown,\u003cbr>\nAdvising fracking critics on their agenda\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But when Brown pivoted to water policy, the cheers turned to jeers. Brown has refused to go along with Democratic calls for a temporary halt on hydraulic fracturing, a petroleum exploration method that could power a new oil boom in California. He has called the potential riches in California’s Monterey Shale formation “a fabulous opportunity.” The heavily anti-fracking crowd in the convention hall let him know they feel quite differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got it,” Brown said after chants interrupted his speech. Brown has made fighting climate change a top priority, and he seemed puzzled, even frustrated, to be challenged on his environmental record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown then pointed out California is the only state with a cap-and-trade system in place to reduce carbon emissions. “I challenge anybody to find any other state that is on that path, a serious path. Here’s what we have: We are a state that has a goal of 33.5 percent renewable energy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the crowd kept pushing. Brown urged the protesters to “listen a moment” and proceeded to lecture them on spending too much time dwelling on the fracking issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Would it be that if we only did one thing, it’d solve our climate change,” he said. \"That is not the way it is. We need electric cars. We need new land use rules, so people can live closer to where they work. We need massive renewable energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown ended his speech with this advice: “Keep protesting, but add a bunch more stuff.” But the environmentalists had the last word, as the party ended the weekend by adopting platform language calling for a fracking moratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t expect the environmentalists to leave Brown alone, but don’t expect them to abandon him either. RL Miller, who chairs the party’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.envirocaucus.org/about_us\" target=\"_blank\">environmental caucus\u003c/a>, said, “He’s doing the right thing on the bullet train. He’s doing the right thing on renewable energy. He’s doing the right thing on cars. He’s doing a lot of right things. The only wrong thing he’s doing is fracking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'If we all go to sleep, Jerry Brown will get re-elected'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats at the convention clearly expect Brown to cruise to re-election. Party Chair John Burton warned against taking that complacency too far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=http://youtu.be/pJVvwTdQROg?rel=0&start=50&end=546&autoplay=0&w=300&h=170]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>KQED Newsroom: Scott Detrow on the State Democratic Convention\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>“We cannot kind of stay at home and say no matter what happens, we’re all going to win,” he said. “Because probably if we all go to sleep, Jerry Brown will get re-elected. But that’s not enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no presidential election this year, and so far there doesn’t appear to be any high-profile proposition fight to energize voters. So, Democrats will need to work harder to turn out the voters they need to keep their supermajorities in the state Legislature. Speaker after speaker urged the crowd to stay active, raise money and work on voter registration efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The convention endorsed Democrats for races up and down the ticket. The two major exceptions: the two statewide races with competitive primaries. Secretary of State candidate \u003ca href=\"http://sd20.senate.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Alex Padilla\u003c/a> and controller hopeful \u003ca href=\"http://www.asmdc.org/speaker/\" target=\"_blank\">John Pérez\u003c/a> both campaigned hard to win the party’s nod, but both came up short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Padilla, a Los Angeles County state senator, finished just a point-and-a-half shy of the 60 percent threshold needed for an endorsement. His main opponent, \u003ca href=\"http://sd08.senate.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Sen. Leland Yee\u003c/a> of San Francisco, won just 11 percent after urging delegates to vote for \"no endorsement.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pérez, the outgoing Assembly speaker, topped controller opponent Betty Yee by 3 points, but both earned less than 50 percent of the delegates’ votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the closely watched race in Silicon Valley's 17th Congressional District, the party endorsed incumbent Mike Honda over challenger Ro Khanna.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128813\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9148_photo.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-128813\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9148_photo-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"Gov. Jerry Brown speaks to the California Democrats' convention in L.A. on Saturday. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Jerry Brown speaks to the California Democrats' convention in L.A. on Saturday. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s Democrats gathered in Los Angeles this weekend to take care of three important tasks: endorse their candidates, rally their troops and hang out with hundreds of like-minded political junkies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is almost like camp,” said first-time delegate William Yellen. “Where you go and you focus in on something away from your normal day-to-day life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There weren’t any s’mores or games of capture-the-flag at the Los Angeles Convention Center. Just a whole lot of politics. In an effort to gin up enthusiasm, speaker after speaker touted Democratic victories like last year’s state minimum-wage increase. They also spent a lot of time blasting Republicans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Termed-out state Treasurer Bill Lockyer delivered a stand-up routine comparing various Republicans with fruits and vegetables. “Mitch McConnell would be a prune,” he said at one point. “Tough, wrinkled. No longer essential to the flow of business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brown vs. the “Fracktivists”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown encountered some turbulence when he addressed the convention Saturday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor began his speech with much more flourish than usual. Departing from his typical technocratic approach, Brown ticked off the Democratic victories of his first term, including expanded rights for undocumented immigrants and the minimum-wage increase. The delegates rose to their feet when Brown criticized federal standardized curriculum and student-testing requirements, saying. “The test of the genius of each child is not how they bubble in A, B, C or D. Education is not filling a pail. It’s lighting a fire in the soul and spirit of every child.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'Keep protesting, but add a bunch more stuff.'\u003ccite>— Gov. Jerry Brown,\u003cbr>\nAdvising fracking critics on their agenda\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But when Brown pivoted to water policy, the cheers turned to jeers. Brown has refused to go along with Democratic calls for a temporary halt on hydraulic fracturing, a petroleum exploration method that could power a new oil boom in California. He has called the potential riches in California’s Monterey Shale formation “a fabulous opportunity.” The heavily anti-fracking crowd in the convention hall let him know they feel quite differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I got it,” Brown said after chants interrupted his speech. Brown has made fighting climate change a top priority, and he seemed puzzled, even frustrated, to be challenged on his environmental record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown then pointed out California is the only state with a cap-and-trade system in place to reduce carbon emissions. “I challenge anybody to find any other state that is on that path, a serious path. Here’s what we have: We are a state that has a goal of 33.5 percent renewable energy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the crowd kept pushing. Brown urged the protesters to “listen a moment” and proceeded to lecture them on spending too much time dwelling on the fracking issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Would it be that if we only did one thing, it’d solve our climate change,” he said. \"That is not the way it is. We need electric cars. We need new land use rules, so people can live closer to where they work. We need massive renewable energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown ended his speech with this advice: “Keep protesting, but add a bunch more stuff.” But the environmentalists had the last word, as the party ended the weekend by adopting platform language calling for a fracking moratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t expect the environmentalists to leave Brown alone, but don’t expect them to abandon him either. RL Miller, who chairs the party’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.envirocaucus.org/about_us\" target=\"_blank\">environmental caucus\u003c/a>, said, “He’s doing the right thing on the bullet train. He’s doing the right thing on renewable energy. He’s doing the right thing on cars. He’s doing a lot of right things. The only wrong thing he’s doing is fracking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'If we all go to sleep, Jerry Brown will get re-elected'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats at the convention clearly expect Brown to cruise to re-election. Party Chair John Burton warned against taking that complacency too far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/http://youtu.be/pJVvwTdQROg?rel=0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/http://youtu.be/pJVvwTdQROg?rel=0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>KQED Newsroom: Scott Detrow on the State Democratic Convention\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>“We cannot kind of stay at home and say no matter what happens, we’re all going to win,” he said. “Because probably if we all go to sleep, Jerry Brown will get re-elected. But that’s not enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no presidential election this year, and so far there doesn’t appear to be any high-profile proposition fight to energize voters. So, Democrats will need to work harder to turn out the voters they need to keep their supermajorities in the state Legislature. Speaker after speaker urged the crowd to stay active, raise money and work on voter registration efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The convention endorsed Democrats for races up and down the ticket. The two major exceptions: the two statewide races with competitive primaries. Secretary of State candidate \u003ca href=\"http://sd20.senate.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Alex Padilla\u003c/a> and controller hopeful \u003ca href=\"http://www.asmdc.org/speaker/\" target=\"_blank\">John Pérez\u003c/a> both campaigned hard to win the party’s nod, but both came up short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Padilla, a Los Angeles County state senator, finished just a point-and-a-half shy of the 60 percent threshold needed for an endorsement. His main opponent, \u003ca href=\"http://sd08.senate.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Sen. Leland Yee\u003c/a> of San Francisco, won just 11 percent after urging delegates to vote for \"no endorsement.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pérez, the outgoing Assembly speaker, topped controller opponent Betty Yee by 3 points, but both earned less than 50 percent of the delegates’ votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the closely watched race in Silicon Valley's 17th Congressional District, the party endorsed incumbent Mike Honda over challenger Ro Khanna.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why Distant Dust Storms Matter to California Rainfall",
"headTitle": "Why Distant Dust Storms Matter to California Rainfall | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/03/20140310science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15129\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Worldview-Terra_0226-0228Storm_TrueColor-AOT0224.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Worldview-Terra_0226-0228Storm_TrueColor-AOT0224.jpg\" alt=\"A storm approaching California on February 24th had what researchers say is a large amount of dust at the center, as shown by the orange areas. (NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A storm approaching California on February 24 had large amounts of dust at the center, as shown by the highlighted orange areas. (NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s recent rainstorms, as welcome as they were, haven’t been enough to save the state from a serious drought this year. The rainy season typically winds down by late March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are trying to understand why some storms unload lots of rain and snow in California and others don’t. They’re finding it could be linked to dust storms thousands of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeds of a Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a windy bluff overlooking the Pacific Ocean, Kim Prather, an atmospheric chemist at the University of California, San Diego, eyes a bank of dark clouds in the distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s coming in,” she says. “I think it’s the front.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain is what Prather and her team have been waiting for. They’ve set up a large truck trailer full of scientific equipment at the Bodega Marine Laboratory, about an hour north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds are made up of water vapor, but that’s not the only ingredient needed for rain. Tiny particles like pollution, sea spray, dust and smoke, are the seeds of a rainstorm. The water inside a cloud condenses on these aerosols, growing larger and larger until it becomes a raindrop or snowflake that’s heavy enough to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large pumps on the trailer next to us are pulling in millions of these particles, so Prather and her team can examine them one by one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t expect there to be much dust here, but in fact, there are parcels of dust continuously coming across the Pacific right now,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dust has made its way from the deserts of Asia and Africa. Dust storms send particles miles into the air, then they drift to California in 7 to 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15133\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Prather.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15133\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Prather.jpg\" alt=\"Kim Prather watches are air particles are tested, inside a research trailer in Bodega Bay. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kim Prather watches as her mobile lab tests air particles inside a research trailer in Bodega Bay. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prather has studied dust like this before, when she \u003ca href=\"http://atofms.ucsd.edu/content/calwater-2009-2011\">flew through Sierra Nevada snowstorms\u003c/a> in a small research plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So days with dust, we found, were days where you had the most snow on the ground consistently,” she says. “And it’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that comes in and seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one study, Prather found that the right kind of dust storm \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/feature/intercontinental_rainmakers\">could boost snowfall\u003c/a> in the Sierra Nevada by 40 percent. It happens because dust helps ice crystals grow. Ice formation appears to be the magic recipe for producing lots of precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ice is a very picky process,” Prather says. “Ice only likes to form on certain surfaces. Dust seems to be very good. Bacteria—biological particles seem to be very good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yep—bacteria. “Dust will come out of the ground with microbes on it and so there are microbes that are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/01/29/170459317/bird-plane-bacteria-microbes-thrive-in-storm-clouds\">still alive in those clouds\u003c/a>,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”e2d0ec59e2858dd0f66f678a2f5178d7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other particles appear to have the opposite effect. Urban air pollution, both from California and coming over from Asia, seems to reduce precipitation in the Sierra. The particles are small, creating a lot of water droplets that aren’t quite heavy enough to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says there’s still a lot to understand about the effects that particles have on the weather, but the information could help improve weather forecasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are we getting more precipitation?” she says. “Are we getting less precipitation? The ultimate goal is to be able to feed this into weather forecast models and improve those models, where they actually take into account the seeds. Right now, they don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updating Weather Models\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From an operational perspective, we are giving that very serious consideration,” says Bill Lapenta, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/\">weather forecasting division\u003c/a> of the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daily weather forecasts come from giant simulations that run on supercomputers. Adding more dynamics, like the behavior of dust storms, increases costs for the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It adds an additional amount of complexity which then requires more computational resources,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dust and Particles Transported Around the Globe://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQyxFpQCs7U\n\nWeather models are updated generally only once a year, because changes can have far-reaching consequences. “The models have to be run on time, every time,” Lapenta says. The information is key for preparing the public for extreme weather and floods.\n\nStill, Lapenta says he’s hoping to start including dust storms and other sources of particles in the next five years. “I do believe that in the end, including the effects of dust particles in these complex models will help improve the precipitation forecast,” he says.\n\n\u003cstrong>Storing More Water for Drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An improved forecast could help California manage its water supplies better, leading to fuller reservoirs that help buffer California against drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storms that provide the beneficial water that we really need badly this year?” says Marty Ralph, director of the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. “It often comes in just a few events each winter, and that’s really the make or break thing for the season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">network of reservoirs\u003c/a> stores that runoff. But reservoirs are required to release a lot of stored water in the fall and early winter, in order to make room for runoff from extreme storms and protect against floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the future, it may be possible if we can predict these storms accurately enough ahead of time, we could maybe keep a little extra water in there, knowing that if we had three days lead time we could release that water in a safe and appropriate way,” Ralph says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, if the storms turn out to be small, reservoirs wouldn’t be releasing water that California needs later in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dynamically managing reservoirs this way would require a major change in the operating rules. A \u003ca href=\"http://huffman.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/huffman-introduces-bill-to-modernize-army-corps-of-engineers-reservoir\">bill recently introduced\u003c/a> in the U.S. House by Sonoma County Democrat Jared Huffman would provide some of that flexibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the improvements in weather forecasting science and California’s propensity for drought, many say it’s a change whose time has come.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists are finding that dust storms in Asia and Africa influence how much snow falls in the Sierra Nevada. The research could help make weather forecasting more accurate and improve how California manages its water supply.",
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"description": "Scientists are finding that dust storms in Asia and Africa influence how much snow falls in the Sierra Nevada. The research could help make weather forecasting more accurate and improve how California manages its water supply.",
"title": "Why Distant Dust Storms Matter to California Rainfall | KQED",
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"headline": "Why Distant Dust Storms Matter to California Rainfall",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15129\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Worldview-Terra_0226-0228Storm_TrueColor-AOT0224.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Worldview-Terra_0226-0228Storm_TrueColor-AOT0224.jpg\" alt=\"A storm approaching California on February 24th had what researchers say is a large amount of dust at the center, as shown by the orange areas. (NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A storm approaching California on February 24 had large amounts of dust at the center, as shown by the highlighted orange areas. (NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s recent rainstorms, as welcome as they were, haven’t been enough to save the state from a serious drought this year. The rainy season typically winds down by late March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are trying to understand why some storms unload lots of rain and snow in California and others don’t. They’re finding it could be linked to dust storms thousands of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seeds of a Storm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a windy bluff overlooking the Pacific Ocean, Kim Prather, an atmospheric chemist at the University of California, San Diego, eyes a bank of dark clouds in the distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s coming in,” she says. “I think it’s the front.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain is what Prather and her team have been waiting for. They’ve set up a large truck trailer full of scientific equipment at the Bodega Marine Laboratory, about an hour north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clouds are made up of water vapor, but that’s not the only ingredient needed for rain. Tiny particles like pollution, sea spray, dust and smoke, are the seeds of a rainstorm. The water inside a cloud condenses on these aerosols, growing larger and larger until it becomes a raindrop or snowflake that’s heavy enough to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large pumps on the trailer next to us are pulling in millions of these particles, so Prather and her team can examine them one by one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t expect there to be much dust here, but in fact, there are parcels of dust continuously coming across the Pacific right now,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dust has made its way from the deserts of Asia and Africa. Dust storms send particles miles into the air, then they drift to California in 7 to 10 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15133\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Prather.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15133\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Prather.jpg\" alt=\"Kim Prather watches are air particles are tested, inside a research trailer in Bodega Bay. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kim Prather watches as her mobile lab tests air particles inside a research trailer in Bodega Bay. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prather has studied dust like this before, when she \u003ca href=\"http://atofms.ucsd.edu/content/calwater-2009-2011\">flew through Sierra Nevada snowstorms\u003c/a> in a small research plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So days with dust, we found, were days where you had the most snow on the ground consistently,” she says. “And it’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that comes in and seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one study, Prather found that the right kind of dust storm \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/feature/intercontinental_rainmakers\">could boost snowfall\u003c/a> in the Sierra Nevada by 40 percent. It happens because dust helps ice crystals grow. Ice formation appears to be the magic recipe for producing lots of precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ice is a very picky process,” Prather says. “Ice only likes to form on certain surfaces. Dust seems to be very good. Bacteria—biological particles seem to be very good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yep—bacteria. “Dust will come out of the ground with microbes on it and so there are microbes that are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/01/29/170459317/bird-plane-bacteria-microbes-thrive-in-storm-clouds\">still alive in those clouds\u003c/a>,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other particles appear to have the opposite effect. Urban air pollution, both from California and coming over from Asia, seems to reduce precipitation in the Sierra. The particles are small, creating a lot of water droplets that aren’t quite heavy enough to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says there’s still a lot to understand about the effects that particles have on the weather, but the information could help improve weather forecasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are we getting more precipitation?” she says. “Are we getting less precipitation? The ultimate goal is to be able to feed this into weather forecast models and improve those models, where they actually take into account the seeds. Right now, they don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updating Weather Models\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From an operational perspective, we are giving that very serious consideration,” says Bill Lapenta, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/\">weather forecasting division\u003c/a> of the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daily weather forecasts come from giant simulations that run on supercomputers. Adding more dynamics, like the behavior of dust storms, increases costs for the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It adds an additional amount of complexity which then requires more computational resources,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dust and Particles Transported Around the Globe://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQyxFpQCs7U\n\nWeather models are updated generally only once a year, because changes can have far-reaching consequences. “The models have to be run on time, every time,” Lapenta says. The information is key for preparing the public for extreme weather and floods.\n\nStill, Lapenta says he’s hoping to start including dust storms and other sources of particles in the next five years. “I do believe that in the end, including the effects of dust particles in these complex models will help improve the precipitation forecast,” he says.\n\n\u003cstrong>Storing More Water for Drought\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An improved forecast could help California manage its water supplies better, leading to fuller reservoirs that help buffer California against drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storms that provide the beneficial water that we really need badly this year?” says Marty Ralph, director of the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. “It often comes in just a few events each winter, and that’s really the make or break thing for the season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">network of reservoirs\u003c/a> stores that runoff. But reservoirs are required to release a lot of stored water in the fall and early winter, in order to make room for runoff from extreme storms and protect against floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the future, it may be possible if we can predict these storms accurately enough ahead of time, we could maybe keep a little extra water in there, knowing that if we had three days lead time we could release that water in a safe and appropriate way,” Ralph says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, if the storms turn out to be small, reservoirs wouldn’t be releasing water that California needs later in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dynamically managing reservoirs this way would require a major change in the operating rules. A \u003ca href=\"http://huffman.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/huffman-introduces-bill-to-modernize-army-corps-of-engineers-reservoir\">bill recently introduced\u003c/a> in the U.S. House by Sonoma County Democrat Jared Huffman would provide some of that flexibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the improvements in weather forecasting science and California’s propensity for drought, many say it’s a change whose time has come.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Marin County Reservoirs in the Drought of 2014 -- A Video Essay",
"title": "Marin County Reservoirs in the Drought of 2014 -- A Video Essay",
"headTitle": "News Fix | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128560\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/kent-lake-3.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128560\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/kent-lake-3.gif\" alt=\"A small trickle of water flows from a pipe into the mostly dry spillway below Kent Lake (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small trickle of water flows from a pipe into the mostly dry spillway below Kent Lake. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s we said \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/03/04/now-its-time-for-the-other-kind-of-california-drought/\" target=\"_blank\">earlier this week\u003c/a>, California's drought has entered the \"what drought?\" phase. After a few weeks of rain, much of the Bay Area looks like it might during any other winter, never mind that we just came through the driest 13 months since people began keeping precipitation records in this part of the world. The crisis everyone says we're in — to some extent it just doesn't look or feel real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the Marin Municipal Water District as an example. At the beginning of February, its seven reservoirs were, collectively, just half-full. In the last five weeks, about two feet of rain has fallen at the district's Lake Lagunitas. Reservoir levels have risen to 74 percent of capacity. The district \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinwater.org/318/Drought-Information\" target=\"_blank\">now says\u003c/a> it believes it can make it through to next winter without mandatory rationing. And with reservoirs still well below average and the end of the rainy season approaching, the district cautions customers they're not out of the drought \"danger zone\" yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED News photographer Mark Andrew Boyer visited two of the district's biggest reservoirs, Kent Lake and Nicasio Reservoir, this week and brought back these brief video portraits of conditions there. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128561\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/kent-lake-4.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128561\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/kent-lake-4.gif\" alt=\"Plants blow in the wind above Kent Lake (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plants blow in the wind above Kent Lake. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128558\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/kent-lake-2.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128558\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/kent-lake-2.gif\" alt=\"Water trickles from a pipe leading to Kent Lake (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water trickles from a pipe leading to Kent Lake. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128555\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/kent-lake-1.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128555\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/kent-lake-1.gif\" alt=\"A steady cascade of water is released below Peters Dam (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A steady cascade of water is released below Peters Dam. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128562\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/Nicasio-lake-1.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128562\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/Nicasio-lake-1.gif\" alt=\"Rain clouds collect over Nicasio Reservoir (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rain clouds collect over Nicasio Reservoir. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128566\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/nicasio-lake4.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128566\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/nicasio-lake4.gif\" alt=\"Water laps on the northwest shore of Nicasio Reservoir (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water laps on the northwest shore of Nicasio Reservoir. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128560\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/kent-lake-3.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128560\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/kent-lake-3.gif\" alt=\"A small trickle of water flows from a pipe into the mostly dry spillway below Kent Lake (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small trickle of water flows from a pipe into the mostly dry spillway below Kent Lake. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s we said \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/03/04/now-its-time-for-the-other-kind-of-california-drought/\" target=\"_blank\">earlier this week\u003c/a>, California's drought has entered the \"what drought?\" phase. After a few weeks of rain, much of the Bay Area looks like it might during any other winter, never mind that we just came through the driest 13 months since people began keeping precipitation records in this part of the world. The crisis everyone says we're in — to some extent it just doesn't look or feel real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the Marin Municipal Water District as an example. At the beginning of February, its seven reservoirs were, collectively, just half-full. In the last five weeks, about two feet of rain has fallen at the district's Lake Lagunitas. Reservoir levels have risen to 74 percent of capacity. The district \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinwater.org/318/Drought-Information\" target=\"_blank\">now says\u003c/a> it believes it can make it through to next winter without mandatory rationing. And with reservoirs still well below average and the end of the rainy season approaching, the district cautions customers they're not out of the drought \"danger zone\" yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED News photographer Mark Andrew Boyer visited two of the district's biggest reservoirs, Kent Lake and Nicasio Reservoir, this week and brought back these brief video portraits of conditions there. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128561\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/kent-lake-4.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128561\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/kent-lake-4.gif\" alt=\"Plants blow in the wind above Kent Lake (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plants blow in the wind above Kent Lake. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128558\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/kent-lake-2.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128558\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/kent-lake-2.gif\" alt=\"Water trickles from a pipe leading to Kent Lake (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water trickles from a pipe leading to Kent Lake. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128555\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/kent-lake-1.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128555\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/kent-lake-1.gif\" alt=\"A steady cascade of water is released below Peters Dam (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A steady cascade of water is released below Peters Dam. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128562\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/Nicasio-lake-1.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128562\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/Nicasio-lake-1.gif\" alt=\"Rain clouds collect over Nicasio Reservoir (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rain clouds collect over Nicasio Reservoir. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128566\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/nicasio-lake4.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128566\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/nicasio-lake4.gif\" alt=\"Water laps on the northwest shore of Nicasio Reservoir (Mark Andrew Boyer / KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water laps on the northwest shore of Nicasio Reservoir. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "What We Know -- And Don't Know -- About the Sea Star Die-Off",
"headTitle": "What We Know — And Don’t Know — About the Sea Star Die-Off | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 573px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15083 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/1024px-Expl1080_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg\" alt=\"orange sunflower starfish\" width=\"573\" height=\"430\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The predatory sunflower starfish, Pycnopodia helianthoides, is one of the species dying from sea star wasting disease. (Ed Bowlby/NOAA, Olympic Coast NMS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since last summer, scientists and tidepoolers \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\">up and down the Pacific Coast\u003c/a> have noticed starfish dying in startling numbers. Some observers have documented sea star bodies turning to mush, others described the creatures disintegrating, while others found stars that lost their limbs and color. The name of this phenomenon: “\u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\">sea star wasting disease\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know how many starfish have died so far. Pete Raimondi, chair of the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at University of California, Santa Cruz, says it could be in the millions. One particularly hard-hit species, the sunflower starfish, has “pretty much disappeared,” Raimondi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raimondi and Benjamin Miner, professor of marine biology at Western Washington University, spoke on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201403050930\">Forum\u003c/a> about the latest outbreak of this mysterious disease. While similar die-offs have happened before, scientists are flummoxed about the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The patterns that we’re seeing make it especially perplexing, because we’ve seen major die-offs in regions that are geographically separated.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Why is the wasting disease so difficult to nail down? In short, its pervasiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Raimondi, researchers studying the problem are leaning toward the theory that “it may be a pathogen of some sort that is distributed through ocean currents or other oceanographic forcing.” Still, there is no scientific consensus on that and neither Raimondi nor Miner is willing to stake a claim on a singular theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The patterns that we’re seeing make it especially perplexing because we’ve seen major die-offs in regions that are geographically separated,” Miner said. “For example, Santa Barbara, Monterey, the Seattle area, British Columbia and the Vancouver area. And then some areas in between those appear quite healthy. So the locations, in addition to the fact that it’s affecting many species, some of them rather distantly related among sea stars, makes it really challenging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miner said that, so far, a natural occurrence is the most likely explanation. There is one tantalizing clue. All of the three major starfish die-offs in the past 40 years—the late 1970s, 1983-84 and 1997-98—were \u003cem>associated with\u003c/em> a warm water event. They were not necessarily \u003cem>caused by\u003c/em> a warm water event, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”a37a3e7aa97fa0bfe78982b26eaf6597″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could be that warm water coming up from the south carried a pathogen, Raimondi said. Or “it could have been a local species that went rogue, essentially, during those warm water events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the source of sea star wasting disease unclear it would be easy to dismiss the phenomenon as one huge mystery. But in truth, scientists do know a fair amount about the disease, including what is not causing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 13px\">What Is Not Causing the Die-Off\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In case you’re already pondering some of the following theories, Raimondi suggests you discard them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Plastic pollution: “We’re talking about completely pristine areas to completely degraded areas, and we don’t see any pattern that is suggestive of (plastics).”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ocean acidification: “What we’ve seen with respect to ocean acidification is that there are local areas which can be affected, but we don’t see any broad pattern of it.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Fukushima radiation: “The trajectory that has been proposed with respect to the distribution of any of the debris really doesn’t come very far south. And with respect to the radiation, that wouldn’t have arrived here yet. Also, just the distribution of the disease and apparent lack of the disease in other areas, really doesn’t lend itself to (a Fukushima link).”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Climate Change Connection Can Neither Be Confirmed Nor Ruled Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although climate change is warming the ocean overall, the ocean along the West Coast has been in a cool period, Raimondi said, since the 1997-98 El Niño. “The water’s been cool,” he said. “There may be local warming areas but in general it’s been a cool phase and so it doesn’t appear that this (die-off) is related to any general climate-related warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t, however, rule out some sort of climate change connection, he said, for example, ocean currents may be moving in different directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Miner adds that climate change could, say, be suppressing sea stars’ immune systems and making them more susceptible to a lethal pathogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/mysterious-epidemic-devastates-starfish-population-pacific-coast/\">PBS NewsHour\u003c/a> had a segment on seastar wasting disease earlier this year, including underwater video of the effects of the disease:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_I_B6U0GtI\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There Is Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the species affected by the previous die-offs is extinct and most have recovered, albeit slowly. “I don’t think anyone at this point is thinking that this system is not going to recover as well,” said Raimondi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons for Raimondi’s optimism has to do with the life cycle of sea star larvae. Most of the affected species have long-living larvae that can survive the travel to unaffected sections of the coast, where they can populate new areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not all species are affected in the same way by the wasting disease. Bat stars, which seem not to be negatively affected by the disease, are actually thriving because they’re able to feast on the bodies of other dead sea stars. Giant sea stars have been relatively resistant to it too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15085\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 614px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Steve-Corey-Flickr.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-15085\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15085 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Steve-Corey-Flickr.jpg\" alt=\"bat star\" width=\"614\" height=\"411\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bat star or Patiria miniata feasts on the carcusses of other sea stars that dying from sea star wasting disease. (Steve Corey/\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/22016744@N06/3281278891/in/photolist-5ZXpTZ-a6mvyY-adL8ou-dASYpg-a8i48w-545zdG-2fCxG1-aoWdjj-6fMyed-5YBpqj-8AeGD9-5isrgr-3ccvM2-6fHphM-9cA4xa-8XMHtL-AC49D-aetZNu-tmVUo-aLok2D-8oSPuV-21yrn-s8SyL-a9xtMH-fjxFhU-9AASdo-s8Ss1-a9xuvK-s8TfU-BUyrc-s8TtH-3JGxnb-s8SYa-b52tB-a4ja86-a4n1KG-s8Tay-ah45Wa-5YxbDi-38KRpW-cooZJ7-jcekot-LDGby-PcW7J-s8SEw-s8T6b-9cDqWb-7vzRWv-21ytJ-a9AgqL-ah45GZ\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What We See on Shore Is Only a Small Part of the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea stars in tidepool systems and subtidal systems (basically, areas that are always under water, even during low tide) are both suffering from the wasting disease. But Raimondi says the subtidal systems are more affected. This makes gathering accurate data difficult because scientists have limited access to underwater locations and most citizen-scientists who may report their observations encounter starfish in tidepools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raimondi and Miner encouraged beach goers, fishermen and divers to share their observations—whether on shore or out in the water at \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seastarwasting.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 573px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15083 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/1024px-Expl1080_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg\" alt=\"orange sunflower starfish\" width=\"573\" height=\"430\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The predatory sunflower starfish, Pycnopodia helianthoides, is one of the species dying from sea star wasting disease. (Ed Bowlby/NOAA, Olympic Coast NMS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since last summer, scientists and tidepoolers \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\">up and down the Pacific Coast\u003c/a> have noticed starfish dying in startling numbers. Some observers have documented sea star bodies turning to mush, others described the creatures disintegrating, while others found stars that lost their limbs and color. The name of this phenomenon: “\u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\">sea star wasting disease\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know how many starfish have died so far. Pete Raimondi, chair of the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at University of California, Santa Cruz, says it could be in the millions. One particularly hard-hit species, the sunflower starfish, has “pretty much disappeared,” Raimondi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raimondi and Benjamin Miner, professor of marine biology at Western Washington University, spoke on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201403050930\">Forum\u003c/a> about the latest outbreak of this mysterious disease. While similar die-offs have happened before, scientists are flummoxed about the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The patterns that we’re seeing make it especially perplexing, because we’ve seen major die-offs in regions that are geographically separated.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Why is the wasting disease so difficult to nail down? In short, its pervasiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Raimondi, researchers studying the problem are leaning toward the theory that “it may be a pathogen of some sort that is distributed through ocean currents or other oceanographic forcing.” Still, there is no scientific consensus on that and neither Raimondi nor Miner is willing to stake a claim on a singular theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The patterns that we’re seeing make it especially perplexing because we’ve seen major die-offs in regions that are geographically separated,” Miner said. “For example, Santa Barbara, Monterey, the Seattle area, British Columbia and the Vancouver area. And then some areas in between those appear quite healthy. So the locations, in addition to the fact that it’s affecting many species, some of them rather distantly related among sea stars, makes it really challenging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miner said that, so far, a natural occurrence is the most likely explanation. There is one tantalizing clue. All of the three major starfish die-offs in the past 40 years—the late 1970s, 1983-84 and 1997-98—were \u003cem>associated with\u003c/em> a warm water event. They were not necessarily \u003cem>caused by\u003c/em> a warm water event, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could be that warm water coming up from the south carried a pathogen, Raimondi said. Or “it could have been a local species that went rogue, essentially, during those warm water events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the source of sea star wasting disease unclear it would be easy to dismiss the phenomenon as one huge mystery. But in truth, scientists do know a fair amount about the disease, including what is not causing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 13px\">What Is Not Causing the Die-Off\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In case you’re already pondering some of the following theories, Raimondi suggests you discard them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Plastic pollution: “We’re talking about completely pristine areas to completely degraded areas, and we don’t see any pattern that is suggestive of (plastics).”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ocean acidification: “What we’ve seen with respect to ocean acidification is that there are local areas which can be affected, but we don’t see any broad pattern of it.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Fukushima radiation: “The trajectory that has been proposed with respect to the distribution of any of the debris really doesn’t come very far south. And with respect to the radiation, that wouldn’t have arrived here yet. Also, just the distribution of the disease and apparent lack of the disease in other areas, really doesn’t lend itself to (a Fukushima link).”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Climate Change Connection Can Neither Be Confirmed Nor Ruled Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although climate change is warming the ocean overall, the ocean along the West Coast has been in a cool period, Raimondi said, since the 1997-98 El Niño. “The water’s been cool,” he said. “There may be local warming areas but in general it’s been a cool phase and so it doesn’t appear that this (die-off) is related to any general climate-related warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t, however, rule out some sort of climate change connection, he said, for example, ocean currents may be moving in different directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Miner adds that climate change could, say, be suppressing sea stars’ immune systems and making them more susceptible to a lethal pathogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/mysterious-epidemic-devastates-starfish-population-pacific-coast/\">PBS NewsHour\u003c/a> had a segment on seastar wasting disease earlier this year, including underwater video of the effects of the disease:\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/2_I_B6U0GtI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/2_I_B6U0GtI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There Is Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the species affected by the previous die-offs is extinct and most have recovered, albeit slowly. “I don’t think anyone at this point is thinking that this system is not going to recover as well,” said Raimondi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons for Raimondi’s optimism has to do with the life cycle of sea star larvae. Most of the affected species have long-living larvae that can survive the travel to unaffected sections of the coast, where they can populate new areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not all species are affected in the same way by the wasting disease. Bat stars, which seem not to be negatively affected by the disease, are actually thriving because they’re able to feast on the bodies of other dead sea stars. Giant sea stars have been relatively resistant to it too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15085\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 614px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Steve-Corey-Flickr.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-15085\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15085 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Steve-Corey-Flickr.jpg\" alt=\"bat star\" width=\"614\" height=\"411\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bat star or Patiria miniata feasts on the carcusses of other sea stars that dying from sea star wasting disease. (Steve Corey/\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/22016744@N06/3281278891/in/photolist-5ZXpTZ-a6mvyY-adL8ou-dASYpg-a8i48w-545zdG-2fCxG1-aoWdjj-6fMyed-5YBpqj-8AeGD9-5isrgr-3ccvM2-6fHphM-9cA4xa-8XMHtL-AC49D-aetZNu-tmVUo-aLok2D-8oSPuV-21yrn-s8SyL-a9xtMH-fjxFhU-9AASdo-s8Ss1-a9xuvK-s8TfU-BUyrc-s8TtH-3JGxnb-s8SYa-b52tB-a4ja86-a4n1KG-s8Tay-ah45Wa-5YxbDi-38KRpW-cooZJ7-jcekot-LDGby-PcW7J-s8SEw-s8T6b-9cDqWb-7vzRWv-21ytJ-a9AgqL-ah45GZ\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What We See on Shore Is Only a Small Part of the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea stars in tidepool systems and subtidal systems (basically, areas that are always under water, even during low tide) are both suffering from the wasting disease. But Raimondi says the subtidal systems are more affected. This makes gathering accurate data difficult because scientists have limited access to underwater locations and most citizen-scientists who may report their observations encounter starfish in tidepools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raimondi and Miner encouraged beach goers, fishermen and divers to share their observations—whether on shore or out in the water at \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seastarwasting.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"//www.youtube.com/embed/aBthmWEXO9g\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Sheraz Sadiq and Olivia Hubert-Allen \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California’s drought continues, cities across the state are bracing for what could be a very challenging year for the water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18368\">officially declared\u003c/a> the drought a state of emergency in January, current systems were maxed out, leaving little flexibility to handle the needs of farmers, ranchers or other big water consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"fe6d9209aa88bf060fc5ef4cd416ff51\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, some parts of the state, including Santa Clara County – the state's fastest-growing county – have been investing in water-recycling technology. The Santa Clara Valley Water District wants to double the amount of recycled water it uses to 10 percent by 2025. So the water district and San Jose are finishing work on a $68 million \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/SVAWPC.aspx\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a>. When it opens in May or June, it will be the largest water-recycling facility in Northern California, capable of purifying up to 8 million gallons of sewage water a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this plant special is the water it produces is really, \u003cem>really\u003c/em> clean. Engineers say it is even cleaner than what Santa Clara County residents drink today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We hear communities throughout California, throughout the United States and throughout the world talking about becoming energy independent,\" says Kerrie Romanow, San Jose's environmental services director. \"Here in Silicon Valley, we’re not only talking about being energy independent but we are also talking about being water independent. And really squeezing the last drop out of every opportunity that we have in our water world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant turns treated sewage water into purified water through a \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\" target=\"_blank\">three-step process\u003c/a>: microfiltration, reverse osmosis and ultraviolet disinfection. This technology has been used successfully in places like Singapore and also in Orange County, which has the largest water-recycling plant in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, this ultra-clean recycled water will be blended with the existing recycled water supply that is already being used for things like irrigating lawns and cooling power plants in San Jose and neighboring communities. But one day, it may flow from taps as a sustainable source of water safely recycled for drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on how the water is cleaned, read our earlier report \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Water Recycling Comes Of Age In Silicon Valley.\"\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED NEWSROOM is a weekly news magazine program on television, radio and online. Watch Fridays at 8 p.m. on KQED Public Television 9, listen on Sundays at 6 p.m. on KQED Public Radio 88.5 FM and watch on demand here.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"//www.youtube.com/embed/aBthmWEXO9g\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Sheraz Sadiq and Olivia Hubert-Allen \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California’s drought continues, cities across the state are bracing for what could be a very challenging year for the water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18368\">officially declared\u003c/a> the drought a state of emergency in January, current systems were maxed out, leaving little flexibility to handle the needs of farmers, ranchers or other big water consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, some parts of the state, including Santa Clara County – the state's fastest-growing county – have been investing in water-recycling technology. The Santa Clara Valley Water District wants to double the amount of recycled water it uses to 10 percent by 2025. So the water district and San Jose are finishing work on a $68 million \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/SVAWPC.aspx\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a>. When it opens in May or June, it will be the largest water-recycling facility in Northern California, capable of purifying up to 8 million gallons of sewage water a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this plant special is the water it produces is really, \u003cem>really\u003c/em> clean. Engineers say it is even cleaner than what Santa Clara County residents drink today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We hear communities throughout California, throughout the United States and throughout the world talking about becoming energy independent,\" says Kerrie Romanow, San Jose's environmental services director. \"Here in Silicon Valley, we’re not only talking about being energy independent but we are also talking about being water independent. And really squeezing the last drop out of every opportunity that we have in our water world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant turns treated sewage water into purified water through a \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\" target=\"_blank\">three-step process\u003c/a>: microfiltration, reverse osmosis and ultraviolet disinfection. This technology has been used successfully in places like Singapore and also in Orange County, which has the largest water-recycling plant in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, this ultra-clean recycled water will be blended with the existing recycled water supply that is already being used for things like irrigating lawns and cooling power plants in San Jose and neighboring communities. But one day, it may flow from taps as a sustainable source of water safely recycled for drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on how the water is cleaned, read our earlier report \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/toilet-to-tap/\" target=\"_blank\">\"Water Recycling Comes Of Age In Silicon Valley.\"\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED NEWSROOM is a weekly news magazine program on television, radio and online. Watch Fridays at 8 p.m. on KQED Public Television 9, listen on Sundays at 6 p.m. on KQED Public Radio 88.5 FM and watch on demand here.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "californias-drought-enters-the-what-drought-phase",
"title": "California's Drought Enters the 'What Drought?' Phase",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128635\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9134_IMG_7868-copy-lpr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128635\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9134_IMG_7868-copy-lpr-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"Nicasio Reservoir, one of seven lakes supplying the Marin Municipal Water District. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED).\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nicasio Reservoir, one of seven lakes supplying the Marin Municipal Water District. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last week, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/the_wrangler\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jon Christensen\u003c/a>, a journalist/historian/scholar of California and the West who works at UCLA (and formerly at Stanford), tweeted this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The Five Stages of Drought in California: Drought. It’s raining. But the drought is not over. What drought? Drought.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>I think we all have an idea what he means. The talk of drought is everywhere, but if you look up and see our greening hills and the water ponding on streets and coursing down rivers and streams, it sure doesn’t look like a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128600\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/dustbowl2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-128600\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/dustbowl2-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer and sons during dust storm in Cimarron County, Oklahoma, in April 1936 (Library of Congress/Arthur Rothstein)\" width=\"320\" height=\"316\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmer and sons during dust storm in Cimarron County, Oklahoma, in April 1936 (Library of Congress/Arthur Rothstein)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But in California, as elsewhere, \u003ca href=\"http://drought.unl.edu/DroughtBasics/TypesofDrought.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">there’s more than one kind of drought\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, you have meteorological drought, the kind everyone thinks of, a long, pitiless stretch of rainless weather that results in widespread hardship and a calamity like \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/dustbowl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Dust Bowl\u003c/a>. And in fact, California’s 2013 was a little like that, long and dry, with record low rainfall for most of the state during the calendar year. The alarming part was the disappearance of storms at the beginning of 2013, typically the wettest part of the state’s wet season, and their failure to appear again as our current wet season began last October. January 2014 was another record-dry month in many locations, and as February opened, the current season was on track to be the state’s driest ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the persistent ridge of high pressure\u003c/a> blocking storms from reaching the state finally gave way. Rain and snow began falling; in some places, lots of it. Measurable rain was recorded at \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?SHA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shasta Dam\u003c/a> on 19 of the 28 days between Feb. 6 and March 5. A \u003ca href=\"http://fam.nwcg.gov/roman/cgi-bin/meso_base_past.cgi?stn=MDEC1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">weather station\u003c/a> at the top of Marin County’s Mount Tamalpais has recorded 32.38 inches of rain during the same period. That mountain deluge has helped raise \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marin Municipal Water District reservoirs\u003c/a> from just about half of capacity four weeks ago to three-quarters full now, and the runoff continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all sounds great if you’re worried about water in California. In fact, it sounds so good that you’re tempted to think, just as Christensen says, “What drought?” And As Jeff Mount, the founding director of the Center for Watershed Science at UC Davis, told KQED’s Craig Miller last month, it’s only human to think “what drought?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The moment it’s raining, we think it’s always been raining,” Mount said. “When it stops raining, we have what people have referred to as a ‘flood-memory half-life’ or a ‘disaster-memory half-life’ — we forget very, very quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that opens up the topic of the other drought we’re facing, the one that’s been building over the last two years of less-than-normal rainfall and has accelerated during the very dry start of the current wet season. Some describe it as hydrological drought, the long-term impact of below-normal precipitation on available water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of it as a supply drought, and the reality of that crisis is seen in California’s collection of big, mostly empty reservoirs. The sprawling artificial lakes that store water for Central Valley agriculture and for cities and towns throughout the state are collectively at about \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reservoirs/RES\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">40 percent of capacity and just over 60 percent of average\u003c/a> levels for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, they’ve been rising. In the past month, the immense Lake Shasta, the state’ biggest reservoir, has gone up 15 feet and added enough water to supply half a million homes for a year. Lake Oroville, the No. 2 reservoir and the main storage source for the State Water Project, has added about the same amount of water and is up about 30 feet. The amount of water in Folsom Lake, east of Sacramento, has doubled from its critically low levels over the past four weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the optimistic-sounding news, here’s why the supply drought is nowhere near over: We’re nearing the end of our typical wet season, so the water flowing into the reservoirs now, plus the spring and summer runoff from the very thin Sierra snowpack — just one-third of normal for early March — will have to see us through until the rains begin again. We’d all be happy if that’s in the fall — \u003cem>early\u003c/em> in the fall — but as 2013 shows, our climate offers no guarantees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It never failed that during the dry years the people forgot about the rich years, and during the wet years they lost all memory of the dry years.’\u003ccite>— John Steinbeck, ‘East of Eden’\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s what has driven state and federal managers to impose unprecedented restrictions on water deliveries to farms and cities this year. It’s the \u003cem>certainty\u003c/em> of short supplies now to meet all the state’s agricultural, household, industrial and environmental water needs and \u003cem>uncertainty\u003c/em> about when supplies will be replenished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Steinbeck’s novel, “East of Eden,” contains an \u003ca href=\"http://blog.sfgate.com/gleick/2010/07/11/and-during-the-wet-years-they-lost-all-memory-of-the-dry-years/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">often-quoted \u003c/a>passage describing California’s dry and wet cycles and how we respond to them:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>I have spoken of the rich years when the rainfall was plentiful. But there were dry years too, and they put a terror on the valley. … The land cracked and the springs dried up and the cattle listlessly nibbled dry twigs. … People would have to haul water in barrels to their farms just for drinking. Some families would sell out for nearly nothing and move away. And it never failed that during the dry years the people forgot about the rich years, and during the wet years they lost all memory of the dry years. It was always that way.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Important to remember as you watch the next rainfall: This drought’s not over.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128635\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9134_IMG_7868-copy-lpr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128635\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9134_IMG_7868-copy-lpr-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"Nicasio Reservoir, one of seven lakes supplying the Marin Municipal Water District. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED).\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nicasio Reservoir, one of seven lakes supplying the Marin Municipal Water District. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last week, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/the_wrangler\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jon Christensen\u003c/a>, a journalist/historian/scholar of California and the West who works at UCLA (and formerly at Stanford), tweeted this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The Five Stages of Drought in California: Drought. It’s raining. But the drought is not over. What drought? Drought.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>I think we all have an idea what he means. The talk of drought is everywhere, but if you look up and see our greening hills and the water ponding on streets and coursing down rivers and streams, it sure doesn’t look like a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128600\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/dustbowl2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-128600\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/dustbowl2-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer and sons during dust storm in Cimarron County, Oklahoma, in April 1936 (Library of Congress/Arthur Rothstein)\" width=\"320\" height=\"316\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmer and sons during dust storm in Cimarron County, Oklahoma, in April 1936 (Library of Congress/Arthur Rothstein)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But in California, as elsewhere, \u003ca href=\"http://drought.unl.edu/DroughtBasics/TypesofDrought.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">there’s more than one kind of drought\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, you have meteorological drought, the kind everyone thinks of, a long, pitiless stretch of rainless weather that results in widespread hardship and a calamity like \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/dustbowl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Dust Bowl\u003c/a>. And in fact, California’s 2013 was a little like that, long and dry, with record low rainfall for most of the state during the calendar year. The alarming part was the disappearance of storms at the beginning of 2013, typically the wettest part of the state’s wet season, and their failure to appear again as our current wet season began last October. January 2014 was another record-dry month in many locations, and as February opened, the current season was on track to be the state’s driest ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the persistent ridge of high pressure\u003c/a> blocking storms from reaching the state finally gave way. Rain and snow began falling; in some places, lots of it. Measurable rain was recorded at \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?SHA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shasta Dam\u003c/a> on 19 of the 28 days between Feb. 6 and March 5. A \u003ca href=\"http://fam.nwcg.gov/roman/cgi-bin/meso_base_past.cgi?stn=MDEC1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">weather station\u003c/a> at the top of Marin County’s Mount Tamalpais has recorded 32.38 inches of rain during the same period. That mountain deluge has helped raise \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marin Municipal Water District reservoirs\u003c/a> from just about half of capacity four weeks ago to three-quarters full now, and the runoff continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all sounds great if you’re worried about water in California. In fact, it sounds so good that you’re tempted to think, just as Christensen says, “What drought?” And As Jeff Mount, the founding director of the Center for Watershed Science at UC Davis, told KQED’s Craig Miller last month, it’s only human to think “what drought?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The moment it’s raining, we think it’s always been raining,” Mount said. “When it stops raining, we have what people have referred to as a ‘flood-memory half-life’ or a ‘disaster-memory half-life’ — we forget very, very quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that opens up the topic of the other drought we’re facing, the one that’s been building over the last two years of less-than-normal rainfall and has accelerated during the very dry start of the current wet season. Some describe it as hydrological drought, the long-term impact of below-normal precipitation on available water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of it as a supply drought, and the reality of that crisis is seen in California’s collection of big, mostly empty reservoirs. The sprawling artificial lakes that store water for Central Valley agriculture and for cities and towns throughout the state are collectively at about \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reservoirs/RES\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">40 percent of capacity and just over 60 percent of average\u003c/a> levels for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, they’ve been rising. In the past month, the immense Lake Shasta, the state’ biggest reservoir, has gone up 15 feet and added enough water to supply half a million homes for a year. Lake Oroville, the No. 2 reservoir and the main storage source for the State Water Project, has added about the same amount of water and is up about 30 feet. The amount of water in Folsom Lake, east of Sacramento, has doubled from its critically low levels over the past four weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the optimistic-sounding news, here’s why the supply drought is nowhere near over: We’re nearing the end of our typical wet season, so the water flowing into the reservoirs now, plus the spring and summer runoff from the very thin Sierra snowpack — just one-third of normal for early March — will have to see us through until the rains begin again. We’d all be happy if that’s in the fall — \u003cem>early\u003c/em> in the fall — but as 2013 shows, our climate offers no guarantees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It never failed that during the dry years the people forgot about the rich years, and during the wet years they lost all memory of the dry years.’\u003ccite>— John Steinbeck, ‘East of Eden’\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s what has driven state and federal managers to impose unprecedented restrictions on water deliveries to farms and cities this year. It’s the \u003cem>certainty\u003c/em> of short supplies now to meet all the state’s agricultural, household, industrial and environmental water needs and \u003cem>uncertainty\u003c/em> about when supplies will be replenished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Steinbeck’s novel, “East of Eden,” contains an \u003ca href=\"http://blog.sfgate.com/gleick/2010/07/11/and-during-the-wet-years-they-lost-all-memory-of-the-dry-years/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">often-quoted \u003c/a>passage describing California’s dry and wet cycles and how we respond to them:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>I have spoken of the rich years when the rainfall was plentiful. But there were dry years too, and they put a terror on the valley. … The land cracked and the springs dried up and the cattle listlessly nibbled dry twigs. … People would have to haul water in barrels to their farms just for drinking. Some families would sell out for nearly nothing and move away. And it never failed that during the dry years the people forgot about the rich years, and during the wet years they lost all memory of the dry years. It was always that way.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Important to remember as you watch the next rainfall: This drought’s not over.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Map of Fuel Leak Sites in California: How Close Are They to You?",
"title": "Map of Fuel Leak Sites in California: How Close Are They to You?",
"headTitle": "News Fix | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Chris Richard and Lisa Pickoff-White\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the last 25 years, California water regulators have identified 43,000 fuel leaks. Now, all but 6,000 have been cleaned up. This interactive map shows 1,547 fuel leak sites that are still designated as \"open and eligible for closure.\" These are the ones that are most imminently subject to a relatively new \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/03/06/california-fuel-tank-cleanup-rules-leave-lingering-spills-to-nature/\" target=\"_blank\">\"low-threat\" policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map omits cleanup and monitoring locations already officially closed as of Feb. 1, 2014. There generally is little change in the course of a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter your address below to see how many of these sites are close to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"height: 700px;width: 640px;border: 0px\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/fuelstorage/fuelstoragemap.html\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fuel sites are easier to clean than others. Officials at the Water Resources Control Board decided in 2012 to stop paying for cleanup and monitoring at other sites that pose no immediate threat to the drinking water supplies or the environment. That policy is known as the \u003ca title=\"Low-Threat Underground Storage Tank Policy\" href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1021368-low-threat-underground-storage-tank-case-closure.html\" target=\"_blank\">Low-Threat Underground Storage Tank Closure Policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at some sites, the policy allows petroleum contamination to remain in the ground at much higher levels than what had previously been allowed. According to state officials, those cases can safely be resolved by \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021427-leaking-underground-fuel-tank-guidance-manual\">biodegradation\u003c/a>, in which naturally occurring microbes in the soil consume petroleum and petroleum by-products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"0c852be6e79820270fa4c7f4991415a8\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists, as well as local and state regulators -- including engineers and geologists currently or recently employed by the semiautonomous regional water quality control boards -- question the Low-Threat strategy on several grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They warn that the policy allows contamination to remain in the ground at levels many times higher than \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021250-15-scop-coms\" target=\"_blank\">those previously allowed by the state water code\u003c/a> and the board’s own \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021261-second-gra-comment-march-19-2012\" target=\"_blank\">long-established policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at other water districts are concerned by the Water Resources Control Board's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021269-state-water-resources-control-board-staff-report.html\" target=\"_blank\">assertion that contaminants left in the ground are now part of the environmental status quo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry groups -- the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021524-western-states-petroleum-assn-letter-march-16-2012\">Western States Petroleum Association\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021262-california-independent-oil-marketers-assn\">California Independent Oil Marketers As\u003c/a>sociation -- support this policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to find out more about a specific site\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every icon contains a link to state records on that site. Some of the most important information is in the \"correspondence tab.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_127422\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/SampleSummary.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-127422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/SampleSummary-640x200.jpg\" alt=\"A Typical Geotracker Report Page\" width=\"640\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Typical Geotracker Report Page\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In that correspondence, look for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1029923-request-for-closure.html\">request for closure\u003c/a> like this one, which presents the remediation company's arguments for closing the site. These will seek to satisfy the conditions laid down in a Water Resources Control Board \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1021583-low-threat-closure-checklist.html\">checklist\u003c/a>. Responses may include a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1021599-draft-closure-order.html\">draft closure order\u003c/a>, as well as challenges to the request, such as this one\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1021372-the-orange-county-water-agency-protests-the.html\"> from the Orange County Water District\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To double-check your neighborhood, you may want to visit Geotracker, where the database is revised daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Common technical terms and definitions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aquifer:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA subterranean layer of rock, sediment or soil containing water. Aquifers contain pores that, when connected, allow water to flow through them. Wells draw upon aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bioremediation or biodegradation:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe breakdown of contaminants by natural, often biological, processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cone of depression:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe area around a pump in which groundwater is drawn toward the pump. Think of the funnel shape that water takes as on the way down the drain. Typically, the stronger the drawing power of a pump, the bigger its cone of depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dissolved phase:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nContamination that has dissolved into the groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Free product:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPetrochemical contamination that is identifiable as a discrete substance instead of being mixed with water or soil, seen as an identifiable layer or sheen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gradient:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe subterranean flow of groundwater. This doesn’t necessarily conform to the slope of the surface, and is changeable. For instance, the rate at which nearby pumps draw water from the ground can change the gradient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Groundwater:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWater moving through the soil or rock under the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hydrocarbons:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFuels and oils that are identified by their main constituent, hydrogen and carbon\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In situ:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOn the spot, in other words, in the original position. For instance, if the soil is treated without being dug up and hauled away, that’s called in-situ remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LNAPL:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis stands for “Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid,” in other words a liquid that is less dense than water and that, instead of mixing with the water, floats on top. This term might be used to describe gasoline, diesel and other petroleum products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Monitoring well:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWells, often distributed along a plume’s periphery, that allow collection of contamination samples\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PAH:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis stands for “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” a class of contaminants that share a structure of linked benzene rings. They can be found as contaminants in hydrocarbon compounds, and are of concern because they are believed to be carcinogens, mutagens and teratogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plume:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA defined area of soil or water that is contaminant, with the contaminant originating in an identified source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PPB:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nParts Per Billion. If 1 gram of a substance has a contaminant level of 1 ppb, that means it contains a billionth of a gram of the contaminant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PPM:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nParts Per Million. If 1 gram of a substance has a contaminant level of 1 ppm, that means it contains a millionth of a gram of the contaminant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sparging:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nInjecting air into the soil or groundwater to strip away contaminants and increase oxygen concentrations\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Chris Richard and Lisa Pickoff-White\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the last 25 years, California water regulators have identified 43,000 fuel leaks. Now, all but 6,000 have been cleaned up. This interactive map shows 1,547 fuel leak sites that are still designated as \"open and eligible for closure.\" These are the ones that are most imminently subject to a relatively new \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/03/06/california-fuel-tank-cleanup-rules-leave-lingering-spills-to-nature/\" target=\"_blank\">\"low-threat\" policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map omits cleanup and monitoring locations already officially closed as of Feb. 1, 2014. There generally is little change in the course of a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter your address below to see how many of these sites are close to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"height: 700px;width: 640px;border: 0px\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/fuelstorage/fuelstoragemap.html\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fuel sites are easier to clean than others. Officials at the Water Resources Control Board decided in 2012 to stop paying for cleanup and monitoring at other sites that pose no immediate threat to the drinking water supplies or the environment. That policy is known as the \u003ca title=\"Low-Threat Underground Storage Tank Policy\" href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1021368-low-threat-underground-storage-tank-case-closure.html\" target=\"_blank\">Low-Threat Underground Storage Tank Closure Policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at some sites, the policy allows petroleum contamination to remain in the ground at much higher levels than what had previously been allowed. According to state officials, those cases can safely be resolved by \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021427-leaking-underground-fuel-tank-guidance-manual\">biodegradation\u003c/a>, in which naturally occurring microbes in the soil consume petroleum and petroleum by-products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists, as well as local and state regulators -- including engineers and geologists currently or recently employed by the semiautonomous regional water quality control boards -- question the Low-Threat strategy on several grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They warn that the policy allows contamination to remain in the ground at levels many times higher than \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021250-15-scop-coms\" target=\"_blank\">those previously allowed by the state water code\u003c/a> and the board’s own \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021261-second-gra-comment-march-19-2012\" target=\"_blank\">long-established policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at other water districts are concerned by the Water Resources Control Board's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021269-state-water-resources-control-board-staff-report.html\" target=\"_blank\">assertion that contaminants left in the ground are now part of the environmental status quo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry groups -- the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021524-western-states-petroleum-assn-letter-march-16-2012\">Western States Petroleum Association\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021262-california-independent-oil-marketers-assn\">California Independent Oil Marketers As\u003c/a>sociation -- support this policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to find out more about a specific site\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every icon contains a link to state records on that site. Some of the most important information is in the \"correspondence tab.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_127422\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/SampleSummary.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-127422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/SampleSummary-640x200.jpg\" alt=\"A Typical Geotracker Report Page\" width=\"640\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Typical Geotracker Report Page\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In that correspondence, look for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1029923-request-for-closure.html\">request for closure\u003c/a> like this one, which presents the remediation company's arguments for closing the site. These will seek to satisfy the conditions laid down in a Water Resources Control Board \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1021583-low-threat-closure-checklist.html\">checklist\u003c/a>. Responses may include a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1021599-draft-closure-order.html\">draft closure order\u003c/a>, as well as challenges to the request, such as this one\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1021372-the-orange-county-water-agency-protests-the.html\"> from the Orange County Water District\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To double-check your neighborhood, you may want to visit Geotracker, where the database is revised daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Common technical terms and definitions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aquifer:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA subterranean layer of rock, sediment or soil containing water. Aquifers contain pores that, when connected, allow water to flow through them. Wells draw upon aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bioremediation or biodegradation:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe breakdown of contaminants by natural, often biological, processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cone of depression:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe area around a pump in which groundwater is drawn toward the pump. Think of the funnel shape that water takes as on the way down the drain. Typically, the stronger the drawing power of a pump, the bigger its cone of depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dissolved phase:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nContamination that has dissolved into the groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Free product:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPetrochemical contamination that is identifiable as a discrete substance instead of being mixed with water or soil, seen as an identifiable layer or sheen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gradient:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe subterranean flow of groundwater. This doesn’t necessarily conform to the slope of the surface, and is changeable. For instance, the rate at which nearby pumps draw water from the ground can change the gradient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Groundwater:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWater moving through the soil or rock under the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hydrocarbons:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFuels and oils that are identified by their main constituent, hydrogen and carbon\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In situ:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOn the spot, in other words, in the original position. For instance, if the soil is treated without being dug up and hauled away, that’s called in-situ remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LNAPL:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis stands for “Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid,” in other words a liquid that is less dense than water and that, instead of mixing with the water, floats on top. This term might be used to describe gasoline, diesel and other petroleum products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Monitoring well:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWells, often distributed along a plume’s periphery, that allow collection of contamination samples\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PAH:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis stands for “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” a class of contaminants that share a structure of linked benzene rings. They can be found as contaminants in hydrocarbon compounds, and are of concern because they are believed to be carcinogens, mutagens and teratogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plume:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA defined area of soil or water that is contaminant, with the contaminant originating in an identified source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PPB:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nParts Per Billion. If 1 gram of a substance has a contaminant level of 1 ppb, that means it contains a billionth of a gram of the contaminant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PPM:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nParts Per Million. If 1 gram of a substance has a contaminant level of 1 ppm, that means it contains a millionth of a gram of the contaminant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sparging:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nInjecting air into the soil or groundwater to strip away contaminants and increase oxygen concentrations\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "california-fuel-leak-cleanup-rules-leave-lingering-spills-to-nature",
"title": "California Fuel Leak Cleanup Rules Leave Lingering Spills to Nature",
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"headTitle": "California Fuel Leak Cleanup Rules Leave Lingering Spills to Nature | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128348\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9008_IMG_5580-copy-lpr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128348\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9008_IMG_5580-copy-lpr-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"An environmental remediation crew digs a groundwater monitoring well on the property of First Presbyterian Church in Newark. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An environmental remediation crew digs a groundwater monitoring well on the property of First Presbyterian Church in Newark. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he Mobil gas station at Harbor Boulevard and Gisler Avenue in Costa Mesa is long gone, replaced with an urgent care center. There’s a credit union next door and a restaurant nearby. Palm trees and plants screen slate-and-stucco buildings from nonstop traffic. And kids from a neighborhood middle school laugh and jostle each other on their way home to the tidy houses down the block.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Orange County Water District sees a threat beneath this suburban neighborhood: a mile-long plume of the now-banned gasoline oxygenate methyl tertiary butyl ether, or MTBE, tainting the soil and groundwater at concentrations up to 77 times the state drinking water standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district traces the pollution to a 1987 leak from buried gas tanks at the Mobil station. It’s fighting ExxonMobil’s bid to end cleanup and monitoring there under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021368-low-threat-underground-storage-tank-case-closure\">Low Threat Underground Tank Closure Policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8814837b7c874c64e0b4421afbb78cf1″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The company’s consultants didn’t even know this plume was there,” said Roy Herndon, the water district’s chief hydrogeologist. “One of the key criteria in the low-risk closure policy is that a plume is stable and decreasing. If a plume hasn’t even been delineated, then how can it be shown to be stable and decreasing?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a written statement, ExxonMobil spokesman Todd Spitler noted that the Orange County Health Care Agency continues to monitor the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ExxonMobil’s goal is the same as the community’s — to remediate as quickly and safely as possible,” Spitler wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herndon suspects the plume of subterranean pollution is heading toward a district drinking-water well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every week, we’re getting new notices of sites being proposed for closure under this policy. And the question in my mind is how well investigated these sites have been,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a question other water suppliers and regulators across the state are asking as well. Some of the most vocal skeptics are in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021409-alameda-county-water-district-objections-march\">Alameda\u003c/a> and Santa Clara counties, which rely heavily on groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Problems in Santa Clara and Alameda counties\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local regulators once had broad discretion to judge what was appropriate for a site. In principle, though, most of California’s groundwater was to be considered potentially suitable for drinking, and pollution was supposed to be cleaned up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> The gas station where the leak occurred is about 300 feet from a well in a city park that includes community gardens and an organic farm. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Then, in August 2012, the State Water Resources Control Board started closing cases where there are still additives and petroleum in the ground, but where regulators believe they are stable and far enough from municipal wells that the pollution won’t pose an immediate threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That approach puts a statewide policy ahead of the cherished local authority of city, county and regional water officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August state regulators closed down a site, despite objections from the Santa Clara County Department of Environmental Health, the Santa Clara Valley Water District and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1030030-san-jose-city-hall-comments-emma-prusch-park-aug\">San Jose City Hall\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gas station where the leak occurred is about 300 feet from a well in a city park that includes community gardens and an organic farm. Irrigation water comes from city pipelines, but officials have considered switching to the well. The three agencies asked for more studies to measure the contaminant plume. State officials refused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves volunteer orchard keeper Nancy Garrison frightened and angry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how bad the contamination is here, to tell you the truth,” Garrison said. “There’s not much information that’s gotten out about it that I have picked up on, and I would like to be more informed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So would Tom Berkins, groundwater protection program coordinator at the Alameda County Water District. Berkins said district officials requested an exemption for agencies like theirs, which rely heavily on local aquifers for drinking water supplies. The state board declined, Berkins said, promising to confer with Alameda County on individual closure cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, he said, state regulators frequently \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1030032-berkins-awcb-letter\">brush questions aside\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We submitted a 14-page letter spelling out all the reasons why a case shouldn’t be closed. And the response (came) back, ‘It’s not necessary,’ without responding to the actual detailed comments that we’d submitted,” Berkins said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kevin Graves, who oversees the state \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/ust/\">Underground Storage Tank Program\u003c/a>, said his agency is trying to solve \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1030038-water-resources-control-board-on-groundwater\">other pressing water contamination problems\u003c/a>, such as widespread nitrate and solvent pollution. And all the objections over these old gas leaks can interfere with that urgent work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Focusing on the details of one side of a plume being unstable or not, when that is really no likelihood of impacting a well ever, that’s not a good use of our resources and our time,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Southern California case shows how policy has changed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-five ago, California legislators \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021212-fundperformanceaudit-2010\">established programs\u003c/a> to clean up leaking underground storage tanks at gas stations and storage locations throughout the state. Some 43,000 leaks have been identified, and all but 6,000 have been resolved. The other contaminated sites have been stabilized and ruled no longer a threat to drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128367\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BuriedTanks1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128367\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BuriedTanks1-640x428.jpg\" alt='Wayne Ziegler, general manager of the environmental remediation company The Reynolds Group, checks \"sparging\" equipment at a cleanup site south of Los Angeles. (Chris Richard/KQED)' width=\"384\" height=\"257\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wayne Ziegler, general manager of the environmental remediation company The Reynolds Group, checks “sparging” equipment at a cleanup site south of Los Angeles. (Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of the problems at the remaining sites are persistent and expensive to fix, like the former Sammons & Sons site in Lynwood. There, amid the rusting steel buildings of the defunct warehouse company south of Los Angeles, huge compressors force air deep into the ground. Bubbling back up through the groundwater, the air carries the residues of a decades-old gasoline leak to an air filtration system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, remediation work like this was supposed to get the groundwater close to drinking water standards. That’s 1 part per billion for benzene, a known carcinogen, and 13 parts per billion for MTBE, which makes water taste like turpentine at only 5 parts per billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recognizing that this standard of cleanliness is not always attainable,\u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/land_disposal/resolution_92_49.shtml\"> a long-standing Water Resources Control Board policy\u003c/a> directs that pollution sites be cleaned up either to “background” standards — the water quality in the surrounding area — or the best water quality that is reasonable if background water quality cannot be restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-threat policy makes an exception for some petroleum leak sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remediation efforts began at the Sammons & Sons site in 2006, and so far the site has cost the state cleanup fund slightly more than $1.1 million. Today, benzene levels in the groundwater are approaching 3,000 ppb and MTBE is close to 1,000, said Dwayne Ziegler, general manager for the site’s current remediation company, the Reynolds Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s generally what you’re shooting for, to where you can stop cleaning up and close the site down,” Ziegler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Five categories\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy sets \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1029931-fiveclasses\">five classes\u003c/a> for sites where it might be appropriate to end cleanup and monitoring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They range from Class 1, where the contaminant plume must be under 100 feet long, to Class 5, which is determined by a regulator’s judgment that it doesn’t pose a threat to public health or the environment and will clean itself up in “a reasonable time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy makes no mention of tertiary butyl alcohol, or TBA, a byproduct of MTBE decomposition that has caused cancer in animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these assessment tools rely on the fact that common microorganisms in the dirt consume such pollution in a process called \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021427-leaking-underground-fuel-tank-guidance-manual\">biodegradation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At every underground storage tank site, biodegradation is demonstrating that it is working,” Graves said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason that we don’t see large petroleum plumes, (while) we do see widespread nitrate problems; we see widespread solvent problems, is because biodegradation is pervasive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graves said that once a plume of petroleum pollution stops spreading, the microbes take over and it’s doomed. It might take decades. It might even take centuries. But eventually nature will clean itself up. Low-Threat seeks to define the point at which it’s safe to let nature take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy aims to ease the strain on \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ustcf/\">a state account\u003c/a>, funded by fees on fuel tank owners, that reimburses those owners for cleanup costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, a state performance audit found that remediation efforts sometimes took up to 17 years. In the preceding four years, the fund’s average total cost to complete a cleanup project nearly doubled, hitting $250,000, and costs for active projects had risen to about $400,000 per site, the auditors reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, John Russell, deputy director in the state water board’s Division of Financial Assistance, predicts that the fund will be about $2 billion short when it expires in January 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> In 2012, a state performance audit found that remediation efforts sometimes took up to 17 years. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Jay McKeeman, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cioma.com/\">California Independent Oil Marketers Association\u003c/a>, served on an advisory committee that helped develop Low-Threat to speed things up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to get those sites that have been sitting around with nothing really going on, except for continuous monitoring out of the program, so that frees up money for sites where new discoveries have occurred, or sites that have been waiting to get into the reimbursement program,” McKeeman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russell said the fund may expire without compensating most big companies, which are last in line for reimbursement, for their cleanup work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of such financial pressures, Russell said it’s only reasonable to make the biggest commitment to the state’s most polluted sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reasonable calculation or gamble?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where state officials portray a reasoned response based on proven science and fiscal responsibility, critics see a gamble that puts access to safe drinking water and the public health at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Munch, a former senior engineer with the Sacramento Regional Water Quality Control Board, said he can understand the need for stronger guiding policy. Over the years, authority over cleanup efforts had been divided among scores of local regulatory agencies throughout the state. In some cases, local officials with little training in groundwater remediation insisted on extravagant and impracticable cleanup programs, Munch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, what the state board developed in response was a one-size-fits-all approach that doesn’t give proper consideration to local soil conditions or water use, Munch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, he said, in some mountainous areas with fractured rock in the ground, predicting the flow of water – and possible spread of contaminants – can be very difficult. In determining whether it’s safe to end cleanup efforts in such cases, it’s essential to rely on experts intimately familiar with the site, Munch said. But he said he sometimes saw state regulators far from the site invoke partial information in their own files to overrule local authorities who wanted to keep sites open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herndon, of the Orange County Water District, said a mistaken call on even one site could have broad implications. He is especially concerned by assertions that contamination like that around the Costa Mesa Mobil station won’t penetrate a clay layer between the aquifer where it’s spreading and the deeper aquifer set aside for drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve seen way too many examples where that’s not the case. Clay layers are laid down by nature, and they’re not always continuous, and they have holes in them,” Herndon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbara Bekins, a research hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, said some deeper aquifers are anaerobic, or lacking in oxygen. In such cases, it may be harder to rely on biodegradation, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Property rights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But attorney Howard Mehler said that whatever the pressure to move cases through the system, Low-Threat undermines long-standing state policies that seek to preserve water quality. He said the policy could set a dangerous precedent for other cleanup programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s always been an emphasis on maintaining the original quality of the water,” he said. It’s never been board practice that “every time you have a contaminant that’s difficult to remove, you adjust your baseline higher because it’s too expensive to remove that contaminant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128357\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BuriedTanks7.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-128357 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BuriedTanks7-640x428.jpg\" alt=\"Attorney Howard Mehler says a lagging cleanup at this former gas station site has made it impossible for his client to find a suitable tenant. (Chris Richard/KQED)\" width=\"384\" height=\"257\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attorney Howard Mehler says a lagging cleanup at this former gas station site has made it impossible for his client to find a suitable tenant. (Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mehler’s clients are landowners who once rented a corner lot in Northridge to a gas station, The station is long since closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the site, he unlocked a gate and walked over to a monitoring well covered by a metal plate in the asphalt, next to a concrete block wall. On the other side of the wall, there’s a house. Mehler said MTBE has tested at 400 parts per billion here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his clients would love it if the state declared cleanup work completed. They don’t want to be left holding the bag for a partially finished job. “If closure’s granted, they want peace of mind that it will be full and final,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron spokesman Ron Spackman said the spill occurred long before Chevron acquired the station, and his company has been diligent in cleaning up a problem it inherited. The landowner didn’t respond to an interview request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other attorneys have written to the state board\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1030023-attorney-on-property-values\"> voicing\u003c/a> similar property rights and liability concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Communication and the final say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Mehler’s clients, water agencies that draw on local aquifers for drinking supplies say they have to start planning now for the possibility that climate change may compel them to draw even more heavily on their aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russell, the reimbursement fund administrator, acknowledged that there are still divisions within his agency over Low-Threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone’s not on the same page,” he said. “There are still a few people who think the low-threat policy was a bad idea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barry Marcus, who helped write Low-Threat while serving as the supervising environmental specialist at the Sacramento County Environmental Management Department, suspects some of those questioning the policy from within may have ulterior motives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If all of these sites get closed, or the vast majority of them, get closed, they’re going to be out of a job,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Graves said he and his staff try to keep open minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not above being told that we’re wrong. And when it’s pointed out, we say, ‘Wow, you know, we didn’t think of that,’ or ‘You’re right,’ ” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the board has upheld local regulators and refused to close a case five times. Six other cases have been “noticed for closure,” meaning that the board is leaning toward ending cleanup work there but is awaiting further public comment, records show.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128348\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9008_IMG_5580-copy-lpr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128348\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9008_IMG_5580-copy-lpr-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"An environmental remediation crew digs a groundwater monitoring well on the property of First Presbyterian Church in Newark. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An environmental remediation crew digs a groundwater monitoring well on the property of First Presbyterian Church in Newark. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he Mobil gas station at Harbor Boulevard and Gisler Avenue in Costa Mesa is long gone, replaced with an urgent care center. There’s a credit union next door and a restaurant nearby. Palm trees and plants screen slate-and-stucco buildings from nonstop traffic. And kids from a neighborhood middle school laugh and jostle each other on their way home to the tidy houses down the block.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Orange County Water District sees a threat beneath this suburban neighborhood: a mile-long plume of the now-banned gasoline oxygenate methyl tertiary butyl ether, or MTBE, tainting the soil and groundwater at concentrations up to 77 times the state drinking water standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district traces the pollution to a 1987 leak from buried gas tanks at the Mobil station. It’s fighting ExxonMobil’s bid to end cleanup and monitoring there under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021368-low-threat-underground-storage-tank-case-closure\">Low Threat Underground Tank Closure Policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The company’s consultants didn’t even know this plume was there,” said Roy Herndon, the water district’s chief hydrogeologist. “One of the key criteria in the low-risk closure policy is that a plume is stable and decreasing. If a plume hasn’t even been delineated, then how can it be shown to be stable and decreasing?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a written statement, ExxonMobil spokesman Todd Spitler noted that the Orange County Health Care Agency continues to monitor the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ExxonMobil’s goal is the same as the community’s — to remediate as quickly and safely as possible,” Spitler wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herndon suspects the plume of subterranean pollution is heading toward a district drinking-water well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every week, we’re getting new notices of sites being proposed for closure under this policy. And the question in my mind is how well investigated these sites have been,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a question other water suppliers and regulators across the state are asking as well. Some of the most vocal skeptics are in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021409-alameda-county-water-district-objections-march\">Alameda\u003c/a> and Santa Clara counties, which rely heavily on groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Problems in Santa Clara and Alameda counties\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local regulators once had broad discretion to judge what was appropriate for a site. In principle, though, most of California’s groundwater was to be considered potentially suitable for drinking, and pollution was supposed to be cleaned up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> The gas station where the leak occurred is about 300 feet from a well in a city park that includes community gardens and an organic farm. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Then, in August 2012, the State Water Resources Control Board started closing cases where there are still additives and petroleum in the ground, but where regulators believe they are stable and far enough from municipal wells that the pollution won’t pose an immediate threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That approach puts a statewide policy ahead of the cherished local authority of city, county and regional water officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August state regulators closed down a site, despite objections from the Santa Clara County Department of Environmental Health, the Santa Clara Valley Water District and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1030030-san-jose-city-hall-comments-emma-prusch-park-aug\">San Jose City Hall\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gas station where the leak occurred is about 300 feet from a well in a city park that includes community gardens and an organic farm. Irrigation water comes from city pipelines, but officials have considered switching to the well. The three agencies asked for more studies to measure the contaminant plume. State officials refused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves volunteer orchard keeper Nancy Garrison frightened and angry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how bad the contamination is here, to tell you the truth,” Garrison said. “There’s not much information that’s gotten out about it that I have picked up on, and I would like to be more informed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So would Tom Berkins, groundwater protection program coordinator at the Alameda County Water District. Berkins said district officials requested an exemption for agencies like theirs, which rely heavily on local aquifers for drinking water supplies. The state board declined, Berkins said, promising to confer with Alameda County on individual closure cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, he said, state regulators frequently \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1030032-berkins-awcb-letter\">brush questions aside\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We submitted a 14-page letter spelling out all the reasons why a case shouldn’t be closed. And the response (came) back, ‘It’s not necessary,’ without responding to the actual detailed comments that we’d submitted,” Berkins said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kevin Graves, who oversees the state \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/ust/\">Underground Storage Tank Program\u003c/a>, said his agency is trying to solve \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1030038-water-resources-control-board-on-groundwater\">other pressing water contamination problems\u003c/a>, such as widespread nitrate and solvent pollution. And all the objections over these old gas leaks can interfere with that urgent work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Focusing on the details of one side of a plume being unstable or not, when that is really no likelihood of impacting a well ever, that’s not a good use of our resources and our time,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Southern California case shows how policy has changed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-five ago, California legislators \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021212-fundperformanceaudit-2010\">established programs\u003c/a> to clean up leaking underground storage tanks at gas stations and storage locations throughout the state. Some 43,000 leaks have been identified, and all but 6,000 have been resolved. The other contaminated sites have been stabilized and ruled no longer a threat to drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128367\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BuriedTanks1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128367\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BuriedTanks1-640x428.jpg\" alt='Wayne Ziegler, general manager of the environmental remediation company The Reynolds Group, checks \"sparging\" equipment at a cleanup site south of Los Angeles. (Chris Richard/KQED)' width=\"384\" height=\"257\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wayne Ziegler, general manager of the environmental remediation company The Reynolds Group, checks “sparging” equipment at a cleanup site south of Los Angeles. (Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of the problems at the remaining sites are persistent and expensive to fix, like the former Sammons & Sons site in Lynwood. There, amid the rusting steel buildings of the defunct warehouse company south of Los Angeles, huge compressors force air deep into the ground. Bubbling back up through the groundwater, the air carries the residues of a decades-old gasoline leak to an air filtration system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, remediation work like this was supposed to get the groundwater close to drinking water standards. That’s 1 part per billion for benzene, a known carcinogen, and 13 parts per billion for MTBE, which makes water taste like turpentine at only 5 parts per billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recognizing that this standard of cleanliness is not always attainable,\u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/land_disposal/resolution_92_49.shtml\"> a long-standing Water Resources Control Board policy\u003c/a> directs that pollution sites be cleaned up either to “background” standards — the water quality in the surrounding area — or the best water quality that is reasonable if background water quality cannot be restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-threat policy makes an exception for some petroleum leak sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remediation efforts began at the Sammons & Sons site in 2006, and so far the site has cost the state cleanup fund slightly more than $1.1 million. Today, benzene levels in the groundwater are approaching 3,000 ppb and MTBE is close to 1,000, said Dwayne Ziegler, general manager for the site’s current remediation company, the Reynolds Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s generally what you’re shooting for, to where you can stop cleaning up and close the site down,” Ziegler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Five categories\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy sets \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1029931-fiveclasses\">five classes\u003c/a> for sites where it might be appropriate to end cleanup and monitoring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They range from Class 1, where the contaminant plume must be under 100 feet long, to Class 5, which is determined by a regulator’s judgment that it doesn’t pose a threat to public health or the environment and will clean itself up in “a reasonable time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy makes no mention of tertiary butyl alcohol, or TBA, a byproduct of MTBE decomposition that has caused cancer in animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these assessment tools rely on the fact that common microorganisms in the dirt consume such pollution in a process called \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021427-leaking-underground-fuel-tank-guidance-manual\">biodegradation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At every underground storage tank site, biodegradation is demonstrating that it is working,” Graves said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason that we don’t see large petroleum plumes, (while) we do see widespread nitrate problems; we see widespread solvent problems, is because biodegradation is pervasive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graves said that once a plume of petroleum pollution stops spreading, the microbes take over and it’s doomed. It might take decades. It might even take centuries. But eventually nature will clean itself up. Low-Threat seeks to define the point at which it’s safe to let nature take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy aims to ease the strain on \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ustcf/\">a state account\u003c/a>, funded by fees on fuel tank owners, that reimburses those owners for cleanup costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, a state performance audit found that remediation efforts sometimes took up to 17 years. In the preceding four years, the fund’s average total cost to complete a cleanup project nearly doubled, hitting $250,000, and costs for active projects had risen to about $400,000 per site, the auditors reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, John Russell, deputy director in the state water board’s Division of Financial Assistance, predicts that the fund will be about $2 billion short when it expires in January 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> In 2012, a state performance audit found that remediation efforts sometimes took up to 17 years. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Jay McKeeman, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cioma.com/\">California Independent Oil Marketers Association\u003c/a>, served on an advisory committee that helped develop Low-Threat to speed things up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to get those sites that have been sitting around with nothing really going on, except for continuous monitoring out of the program, so that frees up money for sites where new discoveries have occurred, or sites that have been waiting to get into the reimbursement program,” McKeeman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russell said the fund may expire without compensating most big companies, which are last in line for reimbursement, for their cleanup work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of such financial pressures, Russell said it’s only reasonable to make the biggest commitment to the state’s most polluted sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reasonable calculation or gamble?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where state officials portray a reasoned response based on proven science and fiscal responsibility, critics see a gamble that puts access to safe drinking water and the public health at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Munch, a former senior engineer with the Sacramento Regional Water Quality Control Board, said he can understand the need for stronger guiding policy. Over the years, authority over cleanup efforts had been divided among scores of local regulatory agencies throughout the state. In some cases, local officials with little training in groundwater remediation insisted on extravagant and impracticable cleanup programs, Munch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, what the state board developed in response was a one-size-fits-all approach that doesn’t give proper consideration to local soil conditions or water use, Munch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, he said, in some mountainous areas with fractured rock in the ground, predicting the flow of water – and possible spread of contaminants – can be very difficult. In determining whether it’s safe to end cleanup efforts in such cases, it’s essential to rely on experts intimately familiar with the site, Munch said. But he said he sometimes saw state regulators far from the site invoke partial information in their own files to overrule local authorities who wanted to keep sites open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herndon, of the Orange County Water District, said a mistaken call on even one site could have broad implications. He is especially concerned by assertions that contamination like that around the Costa Mesa Mobil station won’t penetrate a clay layer between the aquifer where it’s spreading and the deeper aquifer set aside for drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve seen way too many examples where that’s not the case. Clay layers are laid down by nature, and they’re not always continuous, and they have holes in them,” Herndon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbara Bekins, a research hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, said some deeper aquifers are anaerobic, or lacking in oxygen. In such cases, it may be harder to rely on biodegradation, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Property rights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But attorney Howard Mehler said that whatever the pressure to move cases through the system, Low-Threat undermines long-standing state policies that seek to preserve water quality. He said the policy could set a dangerous precedent for other cleanup programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s always been an emphasis on maintaining the original quality of the water,” he said. It’s never been board practice that “every time you have a contaminant that’s difficult to remove, you adjust your baseline higher because it’s too expensive to remove that contaminant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128357\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BuriedTanks7.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-128357 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BuriedTanks7-640x428.jpg\" alt=\"Attorney Howard Mehler says a lagging cleanup at this former gas station site has made it impossible for his client to find a suitable tenant. (Chris Richard/KQED)\" width=\"384\" height=\"257\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attorney Howard Mehler says a lagging cleanup at this former gas station site has made it impossible for his client to find a suitable tenant. (Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mehler’s clients are landowners who once rented a corner lot in Northridge to a gas station, The station is long since closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the site, he unlocked a gate and walked over to a monitoring well covered by a metal plate in the asphalt, next to a concrete block wall. On the other side of the wall, there’s a house. Mehler said MTBE has tested at 400 parts per billion here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his clients would love it if the state declared cleanup work completed. They don’t want to be left holding the bag for a partially finished job. “If closure’s granted, they want peace of mind that it will be full and final,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron spokesman Ron Spackman said the spill occurred long before Chevron acquired the station, and his company has been diligent in cleaning up a problem it inherited. The landowner didn’t respond to an interview request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other attorneys have written to the state board\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1030023-attorney-on-property-values\"> voicing\u003c/a> similar property rights and liability concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Communication and the final say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Mehler’s clients, water agencies that draw on local aquifers for drinking supplies say they have to start planning now for the possibility that climate change may compel them to draw even more heavily on their aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russell, the reimbursement fund administrator, acknowledged that there are still divisions within his agency over Low-Threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone’s not on the same page,” he said. “There are still a few people who think the low-threat policy was a bad idea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barry Marcus, who helped write Low-Threat while serving as the supervising environmental specialist at the Sacramento County Environmental Management Department, suspects some of those questioning the policy from within may have ulterior motives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If all of these sites get closed, or the vast majority of them, get closed, they’re going to be out of a job,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Graves said he and his staff try to keep open minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not above being told that we’re wrong. And when it’s pointed out, we say, ‘Wow, you know, we didn’t think of that,’ or ‘You’re right,’ ” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Drought Diary: My Pursuit of a Home Graywater System",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9097_IMG_3346-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128412\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9097_IMG_3346-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Reporter Francesca Segré's aunt, Amelia Terkel, tends her graywater system in Herzliya, Israel. (Francesca Segrè/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reporter Francesca Segré's aunt, Amelia Terkel, tends her graywater system in Herzliya, Israel. (Courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/channels/amirterkel\">Amir Terkel\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When my husband asked what I wanted for my birthday, I answered, “A graywater system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was January. Gov. Jerry Brown had just declared a drought, and our family had just returned home to Silicon Valley from a trip to Israel. It was there, in a region defined by water scarcity, that I saw my first graywater system – and I wanted this solution to my drought-induced water guilt ASAP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The humble graywater system I saw early one morning in my Aunt Amelia’s garden in Herzliya is what moved me to act. We had just eaten her home-grown Valencia oranges with breakfast, and the taste was still tangy and sweet on my tongue. We were admiring her small orchard when, tucked into a corner, I saw it. A drainage pipe from her shower came out of the house and emptied into a cream-colored plastic storage tank. A hose snaking out of the bottom of the reservoir dripped the shower water into the roots of the orange tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that was it: graywater system complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is like gold in a country with chronic drought,” Aunt Amelia said. “Why waste it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A simple proposition with a seemingly simple answer. How hard could it be? So I set out to buy or build a graywater system for our home. Here are some of the lessons learned to date:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Don’t call a plumber\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay Area a few weeks ago, with no rain yet in the forecast, I started calling plumbers. We had planted some fruit trees and drought–tolerant shrubs in the yard before our trip. And, we had removed some but not all of the grass. My water guilt was rising each day without rain. I’m well aware that about half of California’s household water usage goes to watering lawns and gardens, but I didn’t want a yard of stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>More information on graywater systems:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://greywateraction.org/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>Greywater Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Francisco Water:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=100\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>City of Berkeley:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/ContentDisplay.aspx?id=45756\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater Collection Systems\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>East Bay Municipal Utility District:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/environment/conservation-and-recycling/recycling/graywater\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Marin Municipal Water District:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=535\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater Resources\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Santa Clara Valley Water District:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/GraywaterRebate.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater Laundry to Landscape Rebate Program\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>None of the plumbers I called had ever installed a graywater system. One was trained by Green Plumbers USA and rattled off a number of requirements necessary to make a graywater system code-compliant. Among them, pipes carrying graywater must be buried underground to keep people from contact with contaminants. This would mean digging up parts of the yard we had just put in. The clincher? A price estimate of $45,000! It was a deal breaker, and I sank into graywater despair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Get creative with water conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graywater system or not, I was intent on bringing our home’s water usage down by 20 percent to meet the governor’s conservation request. I was already taking showers under five minutes and had put a brick in the toilet tanks to lower their flow. I had aerators on my sink nozzles and used food coloring to check the toilets for leaks. I quietly lived by the “if it’s yellow, let it mellow” toilet mantra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then I started with the bathtub bucket. You see, our house has an instant hot water heater, which is unfortunately far from the shower. It takes about a minute of running the water -- or about a gallon and a half -- before hot water comes out of the shower tap. I started collecting that water in a bucket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My husband, aware that my birthday came and went without a new graywater system, dutifully joined me in slopping those buckets of pristine cold water from the bath, across the house, to the young trees outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bucket tempered my water guilt, but my graywater pursuit did not rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9094_IMG_3135-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128414 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9094_IMG_3135-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Roy Nordblom of Greywater Action inspects bath plumbing to assess how it can be converted to a graywater system. (Francesca Segrè/KQED)\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greenbuilder Roy Nordblom inspects bath plumbing to assess how it can be converted to a greywater system.(Francesca Segrè/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Greenbuilder Roy Nordblom inspects bath plumbing to assess how it can be converted to a greywater system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Contact Greywater Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met graywater evangelist Roy Nordblom through the Oakland-based group \u003ca href=\"http://greywateraction.org/\">Greywater Action\u003c/a>. Nordblom teaches free workshops for homeowners who want to install systems themselves, and he agreed to stop by my house. “With the drought, business is picking up,” he told me. “I hope it translates into people actually doing installs. 'Cause that’s what we need, by golly!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We stood before my laundry machine, the source of the simplest graywater system. The “laundry-to-landscape” system involves mounting a valve to the discharge hose of your washing machine and adding two ports. One port drains to the sewer, the other drains to the yard -- turn the valve to decide which way to channel the graywater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordblom told me a laundry-to-landscape system can cost as little as $100 for parts if you do it yourself, or $350-$750 if you get an expert to do it. What’s more, it doesn’t require a permit. But there’s a catch. You have to be able to reach that laundry valve and get the water out of the house easily. A washing machine next to an accessible exterior wall of the house is perfect. My washing machine is smack dab in the center of the house wedged into a closet. In other words, the worst location possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, we checked the bathroom. A graywater system draining shower water to the landscape was possible, but would require more money, time and a permit. My graywater dream was evaporating. I had set out to save water, not spend gobs of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordblom said that because water is so cheap (water in my city, Burlingame, costs about $7 per 1,000 gallons), it’s hard to make an economic argument for a home graywater system that costs more than a couple hundred bucks. “But if you really believe you’re saving the planet and also saving money, then the equation is better,” Nordblom said. Greywater Action reports hundreds of people in the Bay Area have systems in their homes. Nordblom saidpeople who have them “report they feel more connected with their land and they feel good about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"//www.youtube.com/embed/YyFyAOY2pj0\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before we left the bathroom, Nordblom cheered me up with a little conservation trick. He dumped the gallon and a half of water from the bathtub bucket into the toilet bowl. “Toilets have a natural gulp reflex that, when you give it a gallon and a half of water, it flushes itself,” Nordblom said. “You don’t have to use the lever!” This beats sloshing a gallon and a half of water through the house, but it’s still not exactly graywater nirvana.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">People who have installed graywater systems 'report they feel more connected with their land and they feel good about it.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We crawled under the house and confirmed the building’s structure was not going to make a graywater project simple. Nordblom assured me the dream was still possible and could be affordable, but he’d have to come back another time for a closer look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m still holding out hope for a graywater system, but in the meantime I’m aiming to drop my home’s water consumption by 20 percent. And considering the recent rains, I’m now looking into a home cistern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Here is how to get free downloadable \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=55\">manual\u003c/a> on how to DIY a graywater system from SF Graywater.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A simple proposition with a seemingly simple answer. How hard could it be? So I set out to buy or build a graywater system for our home. Here are some of the lessons learned to date:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Don’t call a plumber\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay Area a few weeks ago, with no rain yet in the forecast, I started calling plumbers. We had planted some fruit trees and drought–tolerant shrubs in the yard before our trip. And, we had removed some but not all of the grass. My water guilt was rising each day without rain. I’m well aware that about half of California’s household water usage goes to watering lawns and gardens, but I didn’t want a yard of stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>More information on graywater systems:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://greywateraction.org/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>Greywater Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Francisco Water:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=100\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>City of Berkeley:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/ContentDisplay.aspx?id=45756\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater Collection Systems\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>East Bay Municipal Utility District:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/environment/conservation-and-recycling/recycling/graywater\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Marin Municipal Water District:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=535\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater Resources\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Santa Clara Valley Water District:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/GraywaterRebate.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater Laundry to Landscape Rebate Program\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>None of the plumbers I called had ever installed a graywater system. One was trained by Green Plumbers USA and rattled off a number of requirements necessary to make a graywater system code-compliant. Among them, pipes carrying graywater must be buried underground to keep people from contact with contaminants. This would mean digging up parts of the yard we had just put in. The clincher? A price estimate of $45,000! It was a deal breaker, and I sank into graywater despair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Get creative with water conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graywater system or not, I was intent on bringing our home’s water usage down by 20 percent to meet the governor’s conservation request. I was already taking showers under five minutes and had put a brick in the toilet tanks to lower their flow. I had aerators on my sink nozzles and used food coloring to check the toilets for leaks. I quietly lived by the “if it’s yellow, let it mellow” toilet mantra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then I started with the bathtub bucket. You see, our house has an instant hot water heater, which is unfortunately far from the shower. It takes about a minute of running the water -- or about a gallon and a half -- before hot water comes out of the shower tap. I started collecting that water in a bucket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My husband, aware that my birthday came and went without a new graywater system, dutifully joined me in slopping those buckets of pristine cold water from the bath, across the house, to the young trees outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bucket tempered my water guilt, but my graywater pursuit did not rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9094_IMG_3135-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128414 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9094_IMG_3135-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Roy Nordblom of Greywater Action inspects bath plumbing to assess how it can be converted to a graywater system. (Francesca Segrè/KQED)\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greenbuilder Roy Nordblom inspects bath plumbing to assess how it can be converted to a greywater system.(Francesca Segrè/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Greenbuilder Roy Nordblom inspects bath plumbing to assess how it can be converted to a greywater system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Contact Greywater Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met graywater evangelist Roy Nordblom through the Oakland-based group \u003ca href=\"http://greywateraction.org/\">Greywater Action\u003c/a>. Nordblom teaches free workshops for homeowners who want to install systems themselves, and he agreed to stop by my house. “With the drought, business is picking up,” he told me. “I hope it translates into people actually doing installs. 'Cause that’s what we need, by golly!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We stood before my laundry machine, the source of the simplest graywater system. The “laundry-to-landscape” system involves mounting a valve to the discharge hose of your washing machine and adding two ports. One port drains to the sewer, the other drains to the yard -- turn the valve to decide which way to channel the graywater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordblom told me a laundry-to-landscape system can cost as little as $100 for parts if you do it yourself, or $350-$750 if you get an expert to do it. What’s more, it doesn’t require a permit. But there’s a catch. You have to be able to reach that laundry valve and get the water out of the house easily. A washing machine next to an accessible exterior wall of the house is perfect. My washing machine is smack dab in the center of the house wedged into a closet. In other words, the worst location possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, we checked the bathroom. A graywater system draining shower water to the landscape was possible, but would require more money, time and a permit. My graywater dream was evaporating. I had set out to save water, not spend gobs of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordblom said that because water is so cheap (water in my city, Burlingame, costs about $7 per 1,000 gallons), it’s hard to make an economic argument for a home graywater system that costs more than a couple hundred bucks. “But if you really believe you’re saving the planet and also saving money, then the equation is better,” Nordblom said. Greywater Action reports hundreds of people in the Bay Area have systems in their homes. Nordblom saidpeople who have them “report they feel more connected with their land and they feel good about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"//www.youtube.com/embed/YyFyAOY2pj0\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before we left the bathroom, Nordblom cheered me up with a little conservation trick. He dumped the gallon and a half of water from the bathtub bucket into the toilet bowl. “Toilets have a natural gulp reflex that, when you give it a gallon and a half of water, it flushes itself,” Nordblom said. “You don’t have to use the lever!” This beats sloshing a gallon and a half of water through the house, but it’s still not exactly graywater nirvana.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">People who have installed graywater systems 'report they feel more connected with their land and they feel good about it.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We crawled under the house and confirmed the building’s structure was not going to make a graywater project simple. Nordblom assured me the dream was still possible and could be affordable, but he’d have to come back another time for a closer look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m still holding out hope for a graywater system, but in the meantime I’m aiming to drop my home’s water consumption by 20 percent. And considering the recent rains, I’m now looking into a home cistern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Here is how to get free downloadable \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=55\">manual\u003c/a> on how to DIY a graywater system from SF Graywater.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Price Tag for October Shutdown of California National Parks: More Than $22 Million",
"headTitle": "Price Tag for October Shutdown of California National Parks: More Than $22 Million | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14887\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14887\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/yosemite.jpg\" alt=\"Yosemite is one of the most-visited national parks in California. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yosemite is one of the most-visited national parks in California. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 16-day government shutdown last October was a significant economic blow to the Bay Area and communities near other California national parks. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs%5CEconomic2013ShutdownReport_Final_nrss_VSE.pdf\">study released Monday\u003c/a> by the National Park Service says the shutdown was responsible for a loss of $22.6 million in visitor spending at six of the state’s most popular national parks:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Yosemite National Park:\u003c/strong> $6.7 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/strong>: $6.1 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sequoia National Park:\u003c/strong> $2.9 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Joshua Tree National Park:\u003c/strong> $2.4 millon\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Point Reyes National Seashore: \u003c/strong>$2.3 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Muir Woods National Monument:\u003c/strong> $2.2 million\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The shutdown forced closure of most facilities in most national parks for 16 days last October. That meant about 260,000 fewer visitors at the Golden Gate National Recreation Area compared to prior Octobers. That was the second highest visitor reduction nationwide after the 330,000 loss at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, a popular autumn destination on the North Carolina-Tennessee border. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have 17 million visitors a year,” said GGNRA spokeswoman Alexandra Picavet. “And to have that long of a period that we were unavailable to visitors, it just was an aberration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, there were 7.8 million fewer national park visitors in October 2013 than the average for the previous three Octobers. The report estimates lost visitor spending nationwide at $414 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the shutdown’s impact didn’t fall equally on all parks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/11/welcoming-pinnacles-to-the-elite-club-of-national-parks/\">newest national park\u003c/a>, Pinnacles, located about 110 miles southeast of San Francisco, largely avoided the ill effects of the government shutdown. That’s thanks, in part, to the shutdown coming at an opportune time for the park: October falls in the middle of the off-season, before the park brings back non-essential staff for the busy season in December, explained Pinnacles spokeswoman Nichole Andler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Pinnacles has had another advantage, she said. “Just becoming a new national park, our visibility has been really highly raised, both with local residents and people coming from greater distances.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the park created 147 jobs and generated $12.7 million for neighboring communities, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs%5CNPSVSE2012_final_nrss.pdf\">second report\u003c/a> released by the National Park Service on Monday. That’s when it was still a national monument. Pinnacles became a national park in January 2013. (The numbers on 2013 economic contributions aren’t out yet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials in towns near the park have hoped that with the elevated designation, more tourists and money would come to the area. Soledad, situated at the western entrance of the park, has attempted an ambitious re-branding campaign to become “the gateway” to Pinnacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never really had a lot of tourists,” Soledad Mayor Fred Ledesma said, “but we noticed right away when the designation changed, numbers were up 30 to 40 percent.” Ledesma said he hopes a new visitors’ center will help point tourists to other local attractions including wineries. “I think we’re just barely starting to see people realize the residual effects of the Pinnacles,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economic impact in San Benito County, on the eastern side of the park has been less noticeable, said Debbie Taylor, president and CEO of San Benito County Chamber of Commerce. The park’s eastern entrance is about 30 miles south of the county seat of Hollister along relatively little-visited Highway 25. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We definitely have seen more traffic, more visitors,” Taylor said. But commercial activity is arriving in a trickle, she said, and not entirely because of the park. “Businesses that are opening are still within the city limits, and they’re not necessarily opening because of the park.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "National Park Services says loss of visitor spending hit some communities hard. But Pinnacles, the nation's newest national park, ducked the worst of the problems. ",
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"description": "National Park Services says loss of visitor spending hit some communities hard. But Pinnacles, the nation's newest national park, ducked the worst of the problems. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14887\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14887\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/yosemite.jpg\" alt=\"Yosemite is one of the most-visited national parks in California. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yosemite is one of the most-visited national parks in California. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 16-day government shutdown last October was a significant economic blow to the Bay Area and communities near other California national parks. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs%5CEconomic2013ShutdownReport_Final_nrss_VSE.pdf\">study released Monday\u003c/a> by the National Park Service says the shutdown was responsible for a loss of $22.6 million in visitor spending at six of the state’s most popular national parks:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Yosemite National Park:\u003c/strong> $6.7 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/strong>: $6.1 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sequoia National Park:\u003c/strong> $2.9 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Joshua Tree National Park:\u003c/strong> $2.4 millon\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Point Reyes National Seashore: \u003c/strong>$2.3 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Muir Woods National Monument:\u003c/strong> $2.2 million\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The shutdown forced closure of most facilities in most national parks for 16 days last October. That meant about 260,000 fewer visitors at the Golden Gate National Recreation Area compared to prior Octobers. That was the second highest visitor reduction nationwide after the 330,000 loss at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, a popular autumn destination on the North Carolina-Tennessee border. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have 17 million visitors a year,” said GGNRA spokeswoman Alexandra Picavet. “And to have that long of a period that we were unavailable to visitors, it just was an aberration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, there were 7.8 million fewer national park visitors in October 2013 than the average for the previous three Octobers. The report estimates lost visitor spending nationwide at $414 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the shutdown’s impact didn’t fall equally on all parks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/11/welcoming-pinnacles-to-the-elite-club-of-national-parks/\">newest national park\u003c/a>, Pinnacles, located about 110 miles southeast of San Francisco, largely avoided the ill effects of the government shutdown. That’s thanks, in part, to the shutdown coming at an opportune time for the park: October falls in the middle of the off-season, before the park brings back non-essential staff for the busy season in December, explained Pinnacles spokeswoman Nichole Andler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Pinnacles has had another advantage, she said. “Just becoming a new national park, our visibility has been really highly raised, both with local residents and people coming from greater distances.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the park created 147 jobs and generated $12.7 million for neighboring communities, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs%5CNPSVSE2012_final_nrss.pdf\">second report\u003c/a> released by the National Park Service on Monday. That’s when it was still a national monument. Pinnacles became a national park in January 2013. (The numbers on 2013 economic contributions aren’t out yet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials in towns near the park have hoped that with the elevated designation, more tourists and money would come to the area. Soledad, situated at the western entrance of the park, has attempted an ambitious re-branding campaign to become “the gateway” to Pinnacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never really had a lot of tourists,” Soledad Mayor Fred Ledesma said, “but we noticed right away when the designation changed, numbers were up 30 to 40 percent.” Ledesma said he hopes a new visitors’ center will help point tourists to other local attractions including wineries. “I think we’re just barely starting to see people realize the residual effects of the Pinnacles,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economic impact in San Benito County, on the eastern side of the park has been less noticeable, said Debbie Taylor, president and CEO of San Benito County Chamber of Commerce. The park’s eastern entrance is about 30 miles south of the county seat of Hollister along relatively little-visited Highway 25. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We definitely have seen more traffic, more visitors,” Taylor said. But commercial activity is arriving in a trickle, she said, and not entirely because of the park. “Businesses that are opening are still within the city limits, and they’re not necessarily opening because of the park.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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