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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128635\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9134_IMG_7868-copy-lpr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128635\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9134_IMG_7868-copy-lpr-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"Nicasio Reservoir, one of seven lakes supplying the Marin Municipal Water District. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED).\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nicasio Reservoir, one of seven lakes supplying the Marin Municipal Water District. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last week, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/the_wrangler\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jon Christensen\u003c/a>, a journalist/historian/scholar of California and the West who works at UCLA (and formerly at Stanford), tweeted this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The Five Stages of Drought in California: Drought. It’s raining. But the drought is not over. What drought? Drought.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>I think we all have an idea what he means. The talk of drought is everywhere, but if you look up and see our greening hills and the water ponding on streets and coursing down rivers and streams, it sure doesn’t look like a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128600\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/dustbowl2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-128600\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/dustbowl2-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer and sons during dust storm in Cimarron County, Oklahoma, in April 1936 (Library of Congress/Arthur Rothstein)\" width=\"320\" height=\"316\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmer and sons during dust storm in Cimarron County, Oklahoma, in April 1936 (Library of Congress/Arthur Rothstein)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But in California, as elsewhere, \u003ca href=\"http://drought.unl.edu/DroughtBasics/TypesofDrought.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">there’s more than one kind of drought\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, you have meteorological drought, the kind everyone thinks of, a long, pitiless stretch of rainless weather that results in widespread hardship and a calamity like \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/dustbowl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Dust Bowl\u003c/a>. And in fact, California’s 2013 was a little like that, long and dry, with record low rainfall for most of the state during the calendar year. The alarming part was the disappearance of storms at the beginning of 2013, typically the wettest part of the state’s wet season, and their failure to appear again as our current wet season began last October. January 2014 was another record-dry month in many locations, and as February opened, the current season was on track to be the state’s driest ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the persistent ridge of high pressure\u003c/a> blocking storms from reaching the state finally gave way. Rain and snow began falling; in some places, lots of it. Measurable rain was recorded at \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?SHA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shasta Dam\u003c/a> on 19 of the 28 days between Feb. 6 and March 5. A \u003ca href=\"http://fam.nwcg.gov/roman/cgi-bin/meso_base_past.cgi?stn=MDEC1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">weather station\u003c/a> at the top of Marin County’s Mount Tamalpais has recorded 32.38 inches of rain during the same period. That mountain deluge has helped raise \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marin Municipal Water District reservoirs\u003c/a> from just about half of capacity four weeks ago to three-quarters full now, and the runoff continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all sounds great if you’re worried about water in California. In fact, it sounds so good that you’re tempted to think, just as Christensen says, “What drought?” And As Jeff Mount, the founding director of the Center for Watershed Science at UC Davis, told KQED’s Craig Miller last month, it’s only human to think “what drought?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The moment it’s raining, we think it’s always been raining,” Mount said. “When it stops raining, we have what people have referred to as a ‘flood-memory half-life’ or a ‘disaster-memory half-life’ — we forget very, very quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that opens up the topic of the other drought we’re facing, the one that’s been building over the last two years of less-than-normal rainfall and has accelerated during the very dry start of the current wet season. Some describe it as hydrological drought, the long-term impact of below-normal precipitation on available water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of it as a supply drought, and the reality of that crisis is seen in California’s collection of big, mostly empty reservoirs. The sprawling artificial lakes that store water for Central Valley agriculture and for cities and towns throughout the state are collectively at about \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reservoirs/RES\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">40 percent of capacity and just over 60 percent of average\u003c/a> levels for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, they’ve been rising. In the past month, the immense Lake Shasta, the state’ biggest reservoir, has gone up 15 feet and added enough water to supply half a million homes for a year. Lake Oroville, the No. 2 reservoir and the main storage source for the State Water Project, has added about the same amount of water and is up about 30 feet. The amount of water in Folsom Lake, east of Sacramento, has doubled from its critically low levels over the past four weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the optimistic-sounding news, here’s why the supply drought is nowhere near over: We’re nearing the end of our typical wet season, so the water flowing into the reservoirs now, plus the spring and summer runoff from the very thin Sierra snowpack — just one-third of normal for early March — will have to see us through until the rains begin again. We’d all be happy if that’s in the fall — \u003cem>early\u003c/em> in the fall — but as 2013 shows, our climate offers no guarantees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It never failed that during the dry years the people forgot about the rich years, and during the wet years they lost all memory of the dry years.’\u003ccite>— John Steinbeck, ‘East of Eden’\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s what has driven state and federal managers to impose unprecedented restrictions on water deliveries to farms and cities this year. It’s the \u003cem>certainty\u003c/em> of short supplies now to meet all the state’s agricultural, household, industrial and environmental water needs and \u003cem>uncertainty\u003c/em> about when supplies will be replenished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Steinbeck’s novel, “East of Eden,” contains an \u003ca href=\"http://blog.sfgate.com/gleick/2010/07/11/and-during-the-wet-years-they-lost-all-memory-of-the-dry-years/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">often-quoted \u003c/a>passage describing California’s dry and wet cycles and how we respond to them:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>I have spoken of the rich years when the rainfall was plentiful. But there were dry years too, and they put a terror on the valley. … The land cracked and the springs dried up and the cattle listlessly nibbled dry twigs. … People would have to haul water in barrels to their farms just for drinking. Some families would sell out for nearly nothing and move away. And it never failed that during the dry years the people forgot about the rich years, and during the wet years they lost all memory of the dry years. It was always that way.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Important to remember as you watch the next rainfall: This drought’s not over.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "California's Drought Enters the 'What Drought?' Phase",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128635\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9134_IMG_7868-copy-lpr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128635\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9134_IMG_7868-copy-lpr-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"Nicasio Reservoir, one of seven lakes supplying the Marin Municipal Water District. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED).\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nicasio Reservoir, one of seven lakes supplying the Marin Municipal Water District. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last week, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/the_wrangler\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jon Christensen\u003c/a>, a journalist/historian/scholar of California and the West who works at UCLA (and formerly at Stanford), tweeted this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The Five Stages of Drought in California: Drought. It’s raining. But the drought is not over. What drought? Drought.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>I think we all have an idea what he means. The talk of drought is everywhere, but if you look up and see our greening hills and the water ponding on streets and coursing down rivers and streams, it sure doesn’t look like a drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128600\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/dustbowl2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-128600\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/dustbowl2-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Farmer and sons during dust storm in Cimarron County, Oklahoma, in April 1936 (Library of Congress/Arthur Rothstein)\" width=\"320\" height=\"316\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmer and sons during dust storm in Cimarron County, Oklahoma, in April 1936 (Library of Congress/Arthur Rothstein)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But in California, as elsewhere, \u003ca href=\"http://drought.unl.edu/DroughtBasics/TypesofDrought.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">there’s more than one kind of drought\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, you have meteorological drought, the kind everyone thinks of, a long, pitiless stretch of rainless weather that results in widespread hardship and a calamity like \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/dustbowl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Dust Bowl\u003c/a>. And in fact, California’s 2013 was a little like that, long and dry, with record low rainfall for most of the state during the calendar year. The alarming part was the disappearance of storms at the beginning of 2013, typically the wettest part of the state’s wet season, and their failure to appear again as our current wet season began last October. January 2014 was another record-dry month in many locations, and as February opened, the current season was on track to be the state’s driest ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the persistent ridge of high pressure\u003c/a> blocking storms from reaching the state finally gave way. Rain and snow began falling; in some places, lots of it. Measurable rain was recorded at \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryDaily?SHA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shasta Dam\u003c/a> on 19 of the 28 days between Feb. 6 and March 5. A \u003ca href=\"http://fam.nwcg.gov/roman/cgi-bin/meso_base_past.cgi?stn=MDEC1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">weather station\u003c/a> at the top of Marin County’s Mount Tamalpais has recorded 32.38 inches of rain during the same period. That mountain deluge has helped raise \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marin Municipal Water District reservoirs\u003c/a> from just about half of capacity four weeks ago to three-quarters full now, and the runoff continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all sounds great if you’re worried about water in California. In fact, it sounds so good that you’re tempted to think, just as Christensen says, “What drought?” And As Jeff Mount, the founding director of the Center for Watershed Science at UC Davis, told KQED’s Craig Miller last month, it’s only human to think “what drought?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The moment it’s raining, we think it’s always been raining,” Mount said. “When it stops raining, we have what people have referred to as a ‘flood-memory half-life’ or a ‘disaster-memory half-life’ — we forget very, very quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that opens up the topic of the other drought we’re facing, the one that’s been building over the last two years of less-than-normal rainfall and has accelerated during the very dry start of the current wet season. Some describe it as hydrological drought, the long-term impact of below-normal precipitation on available water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of it as a supply drought, and the reality of that crisis is seen in California’s collection of big, mostly empty reservoirs. The sprawling artificial lakes that store water for Central Valley agriculture and for cities and towns throughout the state are collectively at about \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reservoirs/RES\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">40 percent of capacity and just over 60 percent of average\u003c/a> levels for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, they’ve been rising. In the past month, the immense Lake Shasta, the state’ biggest reservoir, has gone up 15 feet and added enough water to supply half a million homes for a year. Lake Oroville, the No. 2 reservoir and the main storage source for the State Water Project, has added about the same amount of water and is up about 30 feet. The amount of water in Folsom Lake, east of Sacramento, has doubled from its critically low levels over the past four weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the optimistic-sounding news, here’s why the supply drought is nowhere near over: We’re nearing the end of our typical wet season, so the water flowing into the reservoirs now, plus the spring and summer runoff from the very thin Sierra snowpack — just one-third of normal for early March — will have to see us through until the rains begin again. We’d all be happy if that’s in the fall — \u003cem>early\u003c/em> in the fall — but as 2013 shows, our climate offers no guarantees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It never failed that during the dry years the people forgot about the rich years, and during the wet years they lost all memory of the dry years.’\u003ccite>— John Steinbeck, ‘East of Eden’\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s what has driven state and federal managers to impose unprecedented restrictions on water deliveries to farms and cities this year. It’s the \u003cem>certainty\u003c/em> of short supplies now to meet all the state’s agricultural, household, industrial and environmental water needs and \u003cem>uncertainty\u003c/em> about when supplies will be replenished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Steinbeck’s novel, “East of Eden,” contains an \u003ca href=\"http://blog.sfgate.com/gleick/2010/07/11/and-during-the-wet-years-they-lost-all-memory-of-the-dry-years/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">often-quoted \u003c/a>passage describing California’s dry and wet cycles and how we respond to them:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>I have spoken of the rich years when the rainfall was plentiful. But there were dry years too, and they put a terror on the valley. … The land cracked and the springs dried up and the cattle listlessly nibbled dry twigs. … People would have to haul water in barrels to their farms just for drinking. Some families would sell out for nearly nothing and move away. And it never failed that during the dry years the people forgot about the rich years, and during the wet years they lost all memory of the dry years. It was always that way.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Important to remember as you watch the next rainfall: This drought’s not over.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Map of Fuel Leak Sites in California: How Close Are They to You?",
"title": "Map of Fuel Leak Sites in California: How Close Are They to You?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Chris Richard and Lisa Pickoff-White\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the last 25 years, California water regulators have identified 43,000 fuel leaks. Now, all but 6,000 have been cleaned up. This interactive map shows 1,547 fuel leak sites that are still designated as \"open and eligible for closure.\" These are the ones that are most imminently subject to a relatively new \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/03/06/california-fuel-tank-cleanup-rules-leave-lingering-spills-to-nature/\" target=\"_blank\">\"low-threat\" policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map omits cleanup and monitoring locations already officially closed as of Feb. 1, 2014. There generally is little change in the course of a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter your address below to see how many of these sites are close to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"height: 700px;width: 640px;border: 0px\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/fuelstorage/fuelstoragemap.html\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fuel sites are easier to clean than others. Officials at the Water Resources Control Board decided in 2012 to stop paying for cleanup and monitoring at other sites that pose no immediate threat to the drinking water supplies or the environment. That policy is known as the \u003ca title=\"Low-Threat Underground Storage Tank Policy\" href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1021368-low-threat-underground-storage-tank-case-closure.html\" target=\"_blank\">Low-Threat Underground Storage Tank Closure Policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at some sites, the policy allows petroleum contamination to remain in the ground at much higher levels than what had previously been allowed. According to state officials, those cases can safely be resolved by \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021427-leaking-underground-fuel-tank-guidance-manual\">biodegradation\u003c/a>, in which naturally occurring microbes in the soil consume petroleum and petroleum by-products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"0c852be6e79820270fa4c7f4991415a8\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists, as well as local and state regulators -- including engineers and geologists currently or recently employed by the semiautonomous regional water quality control boards -- question the Low-Threat strategy on several grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They warn that the policy allows contamination to remain in the ground at levels many times higher than \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021250-15-scop-coms\" target=\"_blank\">those previously allowed by the state water code\u003c/a> and the board’s own \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021261-second-gra-comment-march-19-2012\" target=\"_blank\">long-established policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at other water districts are concerned by the Water Resources Control Board's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021269-state-water-resources-control-board-staff-report.html\" target=\"_blank\">assertion that contaminants left in the ground are now part of the environmental status quo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry groups -- the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021524-western-states-petroleum-assn-letter-march-16-2012\">Western States Petroleum Association\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021262-california-independent-oil-marketers-assn\">California Independent Oil Marketers As\u003c/a>sociation -- support this policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to find out more about a specific site\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every icon contains a link to state records on that site. Some of the most important information is in the \"correspondence tab.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_127422\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/SampleSummary.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-127422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/SampleSummary-640x200.jpg\" alt=\"A Typical Geotracker Report Page\" width=\"640\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Typical Geotracker Report Page\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In that correspondence, look for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1029923-request-for-closure.html\">request for closure\u003c/a> like this one, which presents the remediation company's arguments for closing the site. These will seek to satisfy the conditions laid down in a Water Resources Control Board \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1021583-low-threat-closure-checklist.html\">checklist\u003c/a>. Responses may include a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1021599-draft-closure-order.html\">draft closure order\u003c/a>, as well as challenges to the request, such as this one\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1021372-the-orange-county-water-agency-protests-the.html\"> from the Orange County Water District\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To double-check your neighborhood, you may want to visit Geotracker, where the database is revised daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Common technical terms and definitions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aquifer:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA subterranean layer of rock, sediment or soil containing water. Aquifers contain pores that, when connected, allow water to flow through them. Wells draw upon aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bioremediation or biodegradation:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe breakdown of contaminants by natural, often biological, processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cone of depression:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe area around a pump in which groundwater is drawn toward the pump. Think of the funnel shape that water takes as on the way down the drain. Typically, the stronger the drawing power of a pump, the bigger its cone of depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dissolved phase:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nContamination that has dissolved into the groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Free product:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPetrochemical contamination that is identifiable as a discrete substance instead of being mixed with water or soil, seen as an identifiable layer or sheen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gradient:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe subterranean flow of groundwater. This doesn’t necessarily conform to the slope of the surface, and is changeable. For instance, the rate at which nearby pumps draw water from the ground can change the gradient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Groundwater:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWater moving through the soil or rock under the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hydrocarbons:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFuels and oils that are identified by their main constituent, hydrogen and carbon\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In situ:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOn the spot, in other words, in the original position. For instance, if the soil is treated without being dug up and hauled away, that’s called in-situ remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LNAPL:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis stands for “Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid,” in other words a liquid that is less dense than water and that, instead of mixing with the water, floats on top. This term might be used to describe gasoline, diesel and other petroleum products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Monitoring well:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWells, often distributed along a plume’s periphery, that allow collection of contamination samples\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PAH:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis stands for “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” a class of contaminants that share a structure of linked benzene rings. They can be found as contaminants in hydrocarbon compounds, and are of concern because they are believed to be carcinogens, mutagens and teratogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plume:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA defined area of soil or water that is contaminant, with the contaminant originating in an identified source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PPB:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nParts Per Billion. If 1 gram of a substance has a contaminant level of 1 ppb, that means it contains a billionth of a gram of the contaminant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PPM:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nParts Per Million. If 1 gram of a substance has a contaminant level of 1 ppm, that means it contains a millionth of a gram of the contaminant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sparging:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nInjecting air into the soil or groundwater to strip away contaminants and increase oxygen concentrations\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Chris Richard and Lisa Pickoff-White\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the last 25 years, California water regulators have identified 43,000 fuel leaks. Now, all but 6,000 have been cleaned up. This interactive map shows 1,547 fuel leak sites that are still designated as \"open and eligible for closure.\" These are the ones that are most imminently subject to a relatively new \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/03/06/california-fuel-tank-cleanup-rules-leave-lingering-spills-to-nature/\" target=\"_blank\">\"low-threat\" policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map omits cleanup and monitoring locations already officially closed as of Feb. 1, 2014. There generally is little change in the course of a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter your address below to see how many of these sites are close to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"height: 700px;width: 640px;border: 0px\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/fuelstorage/fuelstoragemap.html\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fuel sites are easier to clean than others. Officials at the Water Resources Control Board decided in 2012 to stop paying for cleanup and monitoring at other sites that pose no immediate threat to the drinking water supplies or the environment. That policy is known as the \u003ca title=\"Low-Threat Underground Storage Tank Policy\" href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1021368-low-threat-underground-storage-tank-case-closure.html\" target=\"_blank\">Low-Threat Underground Storage Tank Closure Policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at some sites, the policy allows petroleum contamination to remain in the ground at much higher levels than what had previously been allowed. According to state officials, those cases can safely be resolved by \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021427-leaking-underground-fuel-tank-guidance-manual\">biodegradation\u003c/a>, in which naturally occurring microbes in the soil consume petroleum and petroleum by-products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists, as well as local and state regulators -- including engineers and geologists currently or recently employed by the semiautonomous regional water quality control boards -- question the Low-Threat strategy on several grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They warn that the policy allows contamination to remain in the ground at levels many times higher than \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021250-15-scop-coms\" target=\"_blank\">those previously allowed by the state water code\u003c/a> and the board’s own \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021261-second-gra-comment-march-19-2012\" target=\"_blank\">long-established policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at other water districts are concerned by the Water Resources Control Board's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021269-state-water-resources-control-board-staff-report.html\" target=\"_blank\">assertion that contaminants left in the ground are now part of the environmental status quo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry groups -- the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021524-western-states-petroleum-assn-letter-march-16-2012\">Western States Petroleum Association\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021262-california-independent-oil-marketers-assn\">California Independent Oil Marketers As\u003c/a>sociation -- support this policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to find out more about a specific site\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every icon contains a link to state records on that site. Some of the most important information is in the \"correspondence tab.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_127422\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/SampleSummary.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-127422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/SampleSummary-640x200.jpg\" alt=\"A Typical Geotracker Report Page\" width=\"640\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Typical Geotracker Report Page\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In that correspondence, look for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1029923-request-for-closure.html\">request for closure\u003c/a> like this one, which presents the remediation company's arguments for closing the site. These will seek to satisfy the conditions laid down in a Water Resources Control Board \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1021583-low-threat-closure-checklist.html\">checklist\u003c/a>. Responses may include a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1021599-draft-closure-order.html\">draft closure order\u003c/a>, as well as challenges to the request, such as this one\u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1021372-the-orange-county-water-agency-protests-the.html\"> from the Orange County Water District\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To double-check your neighborhood, you may want to visit Geotracker, where the database is revised daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Common technical terms and definitions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aquifer:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA subterranean layer of rock, sediment or soil containing water. Aquifers contain pores that, when connected, allow water to flow through them. Wells draw upon aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bioremediation or biodegradation:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe breakdown of contaminants by natural, often biological, processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cone of depression:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe area around a pump in which groundwater is drawn toward the pump. Think of the funnel shape that water takes as on the way down the drain. Typically, the stronger the drawing power of a pump, the bigger its cone of depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dissolved phase:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nContamination that has dissolved into the groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Free product:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPetrochemical contamination that is identifiable as a discrete substance instead of being mixed with water or soil, seen as an identifiable layer or sheen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gradient:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe subterranean flow of groundwater. This doesn’t necessarily conform to the slope of the surface, and is changeable. For instance, the rate at which nearby pumps draw water from the ground can change the gradient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Groundwater:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWater moving through the soil or rock under the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hydrocarbons:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFuels and oils that are identified by their main constituent, hydrogen and carbon\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In situ:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOn the spot, in other words, in the original position. For instance, if the soil is treated without being dug up and hauled away, that’s called in-situ remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LNAPL:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis stands for “Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid,” in other words a liquid that is less dense than water and that, instead of mixing with the water, floats on top. This term might be used to describe gasoline, diesel and other petroleum products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Monitoring well:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWells, often distributed along a plume’s periphery, that allow collection of contamination samples\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PAH:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis stands for “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” a class of contaminants that share a structure of linked benzene rings. They can be found as contaminants in hydrocarbon compounds, and are of concern because they are believed to be carcinogens, mutagens and teratogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plume:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA defined area of soil or water that is contaminant, with the contaminant originating in an identified source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PPB:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nParts Per Billion. If 1 gram of a substance has a contaminant level of 1 ppb, that means it contains a billionth of a gram of the contaminant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>PPM:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nParts Per Million. If 1 gram of a substance has a contaminant level of 1 ppm, that means it contains a millionth of a gram of the contaminant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sparging:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nInjecting air into the soil or groundwater to strip away contaminants and increase oxygen concentrations\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "california-fuel-leak-cleanup-rules-leave-lingering-spills-to-nature",
"title": "California Fuel Leak Cleanup Rules Leave Lingering Spills to Nature",
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"headTitle": "California Fuel Leak Cleanup Rules Leave Lingering Spills to Nature | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128348\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9008_IMG_5580-copy-lpr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128348\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9008_IMG_5580-copy-lpr-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"An environmental remediation crew digs a groundwater monitoring well on the property of First Presbyterian Church in Newark. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An environmental remediation crew digs a groundwater monitoring well on the property of First Presbyterian Church in Newark. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he Mobil gas station at Harbor Boulevard and Gisler Avenue in Costa Mesa is long gone, replaced with an urgent care center. There’s a credit union next door and a restaurant nearby. Palm trees and plants screen slate-and-stucco buildings from nonstop traffic. And kids from a neighborhood middle school laugh and jostle each other on their way home to the tidy houses down the block.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Orange County Water District sees a threat beneath this suburban neighborhood: a mile-long plume of the now-banned gasoline oxygenate methyl tertiary butyl ether, or MTBE, tainting the soil and groundwater at concentrations up to 77 times the state drinking water standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district traces the pollution to a 1987 leak from buried gas tanks at the Mobil station. It’s fighting ExxonMobil’s bid to end cleanup and monitoring there under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021368-low-threat-underground-storage-tank-case-closure\">Low Threat Underground Tank Closure Policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8814837b7c874c64e0b4421afbb78cf1″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The company’s consultants didn’t even know this plume was there,” said Roy Herndon, the water district’s chief hydrogeologist. “One of the key criteria in the low-risk closure policy is that a plume is stable and decreasing. If a plume hasn’t even been delineated, then how can it be shown to be stable and decreasing?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a written statement, ExxonMobil spokesman Todd Spitler noted that the Orange County Health Care Agency continues to monitor the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ExxonMobil’s goal is the same as the community’s — to remediate as quickly and safely as possible,” Spitler wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herndon suspects the plume of subterranean pollution is heading toward a district drinking-water well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every week, we’re getting new notices of sites being proposed for closure under this policy. And the question in my mind is how well investigated these sites have been,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a question other water suppliers and regulators across the state are asking as well. Some of the most vocal skeptics are in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021409-alameda-county-water-district-objections-march\">Alameda\u003c/a> and Santa Clara counties, which rely heavily on groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Problems in Santa Clara and Alameda counties\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local regulators once had broad discretion to judge what was appropriate for a site. In principle, though, most of California’s groundwater was to be considered potentially suitable for drinking, and pollution was supposed to be cleaned up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> The gas station where the leak occurred is about 300 feet from a well in a city park that includes community gardens and an organic farm. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Then, in August 2012, the State Water Resources Control Board started closing cases where there are still additives and petroleum in the ground, but where regulators believe they are stable and far enough from municipal wells that the pollution won’t pose an immediate threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That approach puts a statewide policy ahead of the cherished local authority of city, county and regional water officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August state regulators closed down a site, despite objections from the Santa Clara County Department of Environmental Health, the Santa Clara Valley Water District and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1030030-san-jose-city-hall-comments-emma-prusch-park-aug\">San Jose City Hall\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gas station where the leak occurred is about 300 feet from a well in a city park that includes community gardens and an organic farm. Irrigation water comes from city pipelines, but officials have considered switching to the well. The three agencies asked for more studies to measure the contaminant plume. State officials refused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves volunteer orchard keeper Nancy Garrison frightened and angry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how bad the contamination is here, to tell you the truth,” Garrison said. “There’s not much information that’s gotten out about it that I have picked up on, and I would like to be more informed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So would Tom Berkins, groundwater protection program coordinator at the Alameda County Water District. Berkins said district officials requested an exemption for agencies like theirs, which rely heavily on local aquifers for drinking water supplies. The state board declined, Berkins said, promising to confer with Alameda County on individual closure cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, he said, state regulators frequently \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1030032-berkins-awcb-letter\">brush questions aside\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We submitted a 14-page letter spelling out all the reasons why a case shouldn’t be closed. And the response (came) back, ‘It’s not necessary,’ without responding to the actual detailed comments that we’d submitted,” Berkins said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kevin Graves, who oversees the state \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/ust/\">Underground Storage Tank Program\u003c/a>, said his agency is trying to solve \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1030038-water-resources-control-board-on-groundwater\">other pressing water contamination problems\u003c/a>, such as widespread nitrate and solvent pollution. And all the objections over these old gas leaks can interfere with that urgent work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Focusing on the details of one side of a plume being unstable or not, when that is really no likelihood of impacting a well ever, that’s not a good use of our resources and our time,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Southern California case shows how policy has changed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-five ago, California legislators \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021212-fundperformanceaudit-2010\">established programs\u003c/a> to clean up leaking underground storage tanks at gas stations and storage locations throughout the state. Some 43,000 leaks have been identified, and all but 6,000 have been resolved. The other contaminated sites have been stabilized and ruled no longer a threat to drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128367\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BuriedTanks1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128367\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BuriedTanks1-640x428.jpg\" alt='Wayne Ziegler, general manager of the environmental remediation company The Reynolds Group, checks \"sparging\" equipment at a cleanup site south of Los Angeles. (Chris Richard/KQED)' width=\"384\" height=\"257\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wayne Ziegler, general manager of the environmental remediation company The Reynolds Group, checks “sparging” equipment at a cleanup site south of Los Angeles. (Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of the problems at the remaining sites are persistent and expensive to fix, like the former Sammons & Sons site in Lynwood. There, amid the rusting steel buildings of the defunct warehouse company south of Los Angeles, huge compressors force air deep into the ground. Bubbling back up through the groundwater, the air carries the residues of a decades-old gasoline leak to an air filtration system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, remediation work like this was supposed to get the groundwater close to drinking water standards. That’s 1 part per billion for benzene, a known carcinogen, and 13 parts per billion for MTBE, which makes water taste like turpentine at only 5 parts per billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recognizing that this standard of cleanliness is not always attainable,\u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/land_disposal/resolution_92_49.shtml\"> a long-standing Water Resources Control Board policy\u003c/a> directs that pollution sites be cleaned up either to “background” standards — the water quality in the surrounding area — or the best water quality that is reasonable if background water quality cannot be restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-threat policy makes an exception for some petroleum leak sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remediation efforts began at the Sammons & Sons site in 2006, and so far the site has cost the state cleanup fund slightly more than $1.1 million. Today, benzene levels in the groundwater are approaching 3,000 ppb and MTBE is close to 1,000, said Dwayne Ziegler, general manager for the site’s current remediation company, the Reynolds Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s generally what you’re shooting for, to where you can stop cleaning up and close the site down,” Ziegler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Five categories\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy sets \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1029931-fiveclasses\">five classes\u003c/a> for sites where it might be appropriate to end cleanup and monitoring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They range from Class 1, where the contaminant plume must be under 100 feet long, to Class 5, which is determined by a regulator’s judgment that it doesn’t pose a threat to public health or the environment and will clean itself up in “a reasonable time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy makes no mention of tertiary butyl alcohol, or TBA, a byproduct of MTBE decomposition that has caused cancer in animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these assessment tools rely on the fact that common microorganisms in the dirt consume such pollution in a process called \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021427-leaking-underground-fuel-tank-guidance-manual\">biodegradation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At every underground storage tank site, biodegradation is demonstrating that it is working,” Graves said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason that we don’t see large petroleum plumes, (while) we do see widespread nitrate problems; we see widespread solvent problems, is because biodegradation is pervasive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graves said that once a plume of petroleum pollution stops spreading, the microbes take over and it’s doomed. It might take decades. It might even take centuries. But eventually nature will clean itself up. Low-Threat seeks to define the point at which it’s safe to let nature take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy aims to ease the strain on \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ustcf/\">a state account\u003c/a>, funded by fees on fuel tank owners, that reimburses those owners for cleanup costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, a state performance audit found that remediation efforts sometimes took up to 17 years. In the preceding four years, the fund’s average total cost to complete a cleanup project nearly doubled, hitting $250,000, and costs for active projects had risen to about $400,000 per site, the auditors reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, John Russell, deputy director in the state water board’s Division of Financial Assistance, predicts that the fund will be about $2 billion short when it expires in January 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> In 2012, a state performance audit found that remediation efforts sometimes took up to 17 years. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Jay McKeeman, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cioma.com/\">California Independent Oil Marketers Association\u003c/a>, served on an advisory committee that helped develop Low-Threat to speed things up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to get those sites that have been sitting around with nothing really going on, except for continuous monitoring out of the program, so that frees up money for sites where new discoveries have occurred, or sites that have been waiting to get into the reimbursement program,” McKeeman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russell said the fund may expire without compensating most big companies, which are last in line for reimbursement, for their cleanup work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of such financial pressures, Russell said it’s only reasonable to make the biggest commitment to the state’s most polluted sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reasonable calculation or gamble?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where state officials portray a reasoned response based on proven science and fiscal responsibility, critics see a gamble that puts access to safe drinking water and the public health at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Munch, a former senior engineer with the Sacramento Regional Water Quality Control Board, said he can understand the need for stronger guiding policy. Over the years, authority over cleanup efforts had been divided among scores of local regulatory agencies throughout the state. In some cases, local officials with little training in groundwater remediation insisted on extravagant and impracticable cleanup programs, Munch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, what the state board developed in response was a one-size-fits-all approach that doesn’t give proper consideration to local soil conditions or water use, Munch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, he said, in some mountainous areas with fractured rock in the ground, predicting the flow of water – and possible spread of contaminants – can be very difficult. In determining whether it’s safe to end cleanup efforts in such cases, it’s essential to rely on experts intimately familiar with the site, Munch said. But he said he sometimes saw state regulators far from the site invoke partial information in their own files to overrule local authorities who wanted to keep sites open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herndon, of the Orange County Water District, said a mistaken call on even one site could have broad implications. He is especially concerned by assertions that contamination like that around the Costa Mesa Mobil station won’t penetrate a clay layer between the aquifer where it’s spreading and the deeper aquifer set aside for drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve seen way too many examples where that’s not the case. Clay layers are laid down by nature, and they’re not always continuous, and they have holes in them,” Herndon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbara Bekins, a research hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, said some deeper aquifers are anaerobic, or lacking in oxygen. In such cases, it may be harder to rely on biodegradation, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Property rights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But attorney Howard Mehler said that whatever the pressure to move cases through the system, Low-Threat undermines long-standing state policies that seek to preserve water quality. He said the policy could set a dangerous precedent for other cleanup programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s always been an emphasis on maintaining the original quality of the water,” he said. It’s never been board practice that “every time you have a contaminant that’s difficult to remove, you adjust your baseline higher because it’s too expensive to remove that contaminant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128357\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BuriedTanks7.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-128357 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BuriedTanks7-640x428.jpg\" alt=\"Attorney Howard Mehler says a lagging cleanup at this former gas station site has made it impossible for his client to find a suitable tenant. (Chris Richard/KQED)\" width=\"384\" height=\"257\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attorney Howard Mehler says a lagging cleanup at this former gas station site has made it impossible for his client to find a suitable tenant. (Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mehler’s clients are landowners who once rented a corner lot in Northridge to a gas station, The station is long since closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the site, he unlocked a gate and walked over to a monitoring well covered by a metal plate in the asphalt, next to a concrete block wall. On the other side of the wall, there’s a house. Mehler said MTBE has tested at 400 parts per billion here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his clients would love it if the state declared cleanup work completed. They don’t want to be left holding the bag for a partially finished job. “If closure’s granted, they want peace of mind that it will be full and final,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron spokesman Ron Spackman said the spill occurred long before Chevron acquired the station, and his company has been diligent in cleaning up a problem it inherited. The landowner didn’t respond to an interview request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other attorneys have written to the state board\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1030023-attorney-on-property-values\"> voicing\u003c/a> similar property rights and liability concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Communication and the final say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Mehler’s clients, water agencies that draw on local aquifers for drinking supplies say they have to start planning now for the possibility that climate change may compel them to draw even more heavily on their aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russell, the reimbursement fund administrator, acknowledged that there are still divisions within his agency over Low-Threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone’s not on the same page,” he said. “There are still a few people who think the low-threat policy was a bad idea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barry Marcus, who helped write Low-Threat while serving as the supervising environmental specialist at the Sacramento County Environmental Management Department, suspects some of those questioning the policy from within may have ulterior motives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If all of these sites get closed, or the vast majority of them, get closed, they’re going to be out of a job,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Graves said he and his staff try to keep open minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not above being told that we’re wrong. And when it’s pointed out, we say, ‘Wow, you know, we didn’t think of that,’ or ‘You’re right,’ ” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the board has upheld local regulators and refused to close a case five times. Six other cases have been “noticed for closure,” meaning that the board is leaning toward ending cleanup work there but is awaiting further public comment, records show.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some 6,000 leaking tanks remain unresolved, including in Alameda and Santa Clara counties.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128348\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9008_IMG_5580-copy-lpr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128348\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9008_IMG_5580-copy-lpr-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"An environmental remediation crew digs a groundwater monitoring well on the property of First Presbyterian Church in Newark. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An environmental remediation crew digs a groundwater monitoring well on the property of First Presbyterian Church in Newark. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he Mobil gas station at Harbor Boulevard and Gisler Avenue in Costa Mesa is long gone, replaced with an urgent care center. There’s a credit union next door and a restaurant nearby. Palm trees and plants screen slate-and-stucco buildings from nonstop traffic. And kids from a neighborhood middle school laugh and jostle each other on their way home to the tidy houses down the block.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Orange County Water District sees a threat beneath this suburban neighborhood: a mile-long plume of the now-banned gasoline oxygenate methyl tertiary butyl ether, or MTBE, tainting the soil and groundwater at concentrations up to 77 times the state drinking water standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district traces the pollution to a 1987 leak from buried gas tanks at the Mobil station. It’s fighting ExxonMobil’s bid to end cleanup and monitoring there under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021368-low-threat-underground-storage-tank-case-closure\">Low Threat Underground Tank Closure Policy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The company’s consultants didn’t even know this plume was there,” said Roy Herndon, the water district’s chief hydrogeologist. “One of the key criteria in the low-risk closure policy is that a plume is stable and decreasing. If a plume hasn’t even been delineated, then how can it be shown to be stable and decreasing?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a written statement, ExxonMobil spokesman Todd Spitler noted that the Orange County Health Care Agency continues to monitor the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ExxonMobil’s goal is the same as the community’s — to remediate as quickly and safely as possible,” Spitler wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herndon suspects the plume of subterranean pollution is heading toward a district drinking-water well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every week, we’re getting new notices of sites being proposed for closure under this policy. And the question in my mind is how well investigated these sites have been,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a question other water suppliers and regulators across the state are asking as well. Some of the most vocal skeptics are in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021409-alameda-county-water-district-objections-march\">Alameda\u003c/a> and Santa Clara counties, which rely heavily on groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Problems in Santa Clara and Alameda counties\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local regulators once had broad discretion to judge what was appropriate for a site. In principle, though, most of California’s groundwater was to be considered potentially suitable for drinking, and pollution was supposed to be cleaned up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> The gas station where the leak occurred is about 300 feet from a well in a city park that includes community gardens and an organic farm. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Then, in August 2012, the State Water Resources Control Board started closing cases where there are still additives and petroleum in the ground, but where regulators believe they are stable and far enough from municipal wells that the pollution won’t pose an immediate threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That approach puts a statewide policy ahead of the cherished local authority of city, county and regional water officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August state regulators closed down a site, despite objections from the Santa Clara County Department of Environmental Health, the Santa Clara Valley Water District and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1030030-san-jose-city-hall-comments-emma-prusch-park-aug\">San Jose City Hall\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gas station where the leak occurred is about 300 feet from a well in a city park that includes community gardens and an organic farm. Irrigation water comes from city pipelines, but officials have considered switching to the well. The three agencies asked for more studies to measure the contaminant plume. State officials refused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves volunteer orchard keeper Nancy Garrison frightened and angry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how bad the contamination is here, to tell you the truth,” Garrison said. “There’s not much information that’s gotten out about it that I have picked up on, and I would like to be more informed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So would Tom Berkins, groundwater protection program coordinator at the Alameda County Water District. Berkins said district officials requested an exemption for agencies like theirs, which rely heavily on local aquifers for drinking water supplies. The state board declined, Berkins said, promising to confer with Alameda County on individual closure cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, he said, state regulators frequently \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1030032-berkins-awcb-letter\">brush questions aside\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We submitted a 14-page letter spelling out all the reasons why a case shouldn’t be closed. And the response (came) back, ‘It’s not necessary,’ without responding to the actual detailed comments that we’d submitted,” Berkins said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kevin Graves, who oversees the state \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/ust/\">Underground Storage Tank Program\u003c/a>, said his agency is trying to solve \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1030038-water-resources-control-board-on-groundwater\">other pressing water contamination problems\u003c/a>, such as widespread nitrate and solvent pollution. And all the objections over these old gas leaks can interfere with that urgent work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Focusing on the details of one side of a plume being unstable or not, when that is really no likelihood of impacting a well ever, that’s not a good use of our resources and our time,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Southern California case shows how policy has changed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-five ago, California legislators \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021212-fundperformanceaudit-2010\">established programs\u003c/a> to clean up leaking underground storage tanks at gas stations and storage locations throughout the state. Some 43,000 leaks have been identified, and all but 6,000 have been resolved. The other contaminated sites have been stabilized and ruled no longer a threat to drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128367\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BuriedTanks1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128367\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BuriedTanks1-640x428.jpg\" alt='Wayne Ziegler, general manager of the environmental remediation company The Reynolds Group, checks \"sparging\" equipment at a cleanup site south of Los Angeles. (Chris Richard/KQED)' width=\"384\" height=\"257\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wayne Ziegler, general manager of the environmental remediation company The Reynolds Group, checks “sparging” equipment at a cleanup site south of Los Angeles. (Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of the problems at the remaining sites are persistent and expensive to fix, like the former Sammons & Sons site in Lynwood. There, amid the rusting steel buildings of the defunct warehouse company south of Los Angeles, huge compressors force air deep into the ground. Bubbling back up through the groundwater, the air carries the residues of a decades-old gasoline leak to an air filtration system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, remediation work like this was supposed to get the groundwater close to drinking water standards. That’s 1 part per billion for benzene, a known carcinogen, and 13 parts per billion for MTBE, which makes water taste like turpentine at only 5 parts per billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recognizing that this standard of cleanliness is not always attainable,\u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/land_disposal/resolution_92_49.shtml\"> a long-standing Water Resources Control Board policy\u003c/a> directs that pollution sites be cleaned up either to “background” standards — the water quality in the surrounding area — or the best water quality that is reasonable if background water quality cannot be restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-threat policy makes an exception for some petroleum leak sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remediation efforts began at the Sammons & Sons site in 2006, and so far the site has cost the state cleanup fund slightly more than $1.1 million. Today, benzene levels in the groundwater are approaching 3,000 ppb and MTBE is close to 1,000, said Dwayne Ziegler, general manager for the site’s current remediation company, the Reynolds Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s generally what you’re shooting for, to where you can stop cleaning up and close the site down,” Ziegler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Five categories\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy sets \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1029931-fiveclasses\">five classes\u003c/a> for sites where it might be appropriate to end cleanup and monitoring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They range from Class 1, where the contaminant plume must be under 100 feet long, to Class 5, which is determined by a regulator’s judgment that it doesn’t pose a threat to public health or the environment and will clean itself up in “a reasonable time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy makes no mention of tertiary butyl alcohol, or TBA, a byproduct of MTBE decomposition that has caused cancer in animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these assessment tools rely on the fact that common microorganisms in the dirt consume such pollution in a process called \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1021427-leaking-underground-fuel-tank-guidance-manual\">biodegradation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At every underground storage tank site, biodegradation is demonstrating that it is working,” Graves said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason that we don’t see large petroleum plumes, (while) we do see widespread nitrate problems; we see widespread solvent problems, is because biodegradation is pervasive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graves said that once a plume of petroleum pollution stops spreading, the microbes take over and it’s doomed. It might take decades. It might even take centuries. But eventually nature will clean itself up. Low-Threat seeks to define the point at which it’s safe to let nature take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy aims to ease the strain on \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ustcf/\">a state account\u003c/a>, funded by fees on fuel tank owners, that reimburses those owners for cleanup costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, a state performance audit found that remediation efforts sometimes took up to 17 years. In the preceding four years, the fund’s average total cost to complete a cleanup project nearly doubled, hitting $250,000, and costs for active projects had risen to about $400,000 per site, the auditors reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, John Russell, deputy director in the state water board’s Division of Financial Assistance, predicts that the fund will be about $2 billion short when it expires in January 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> In 2012, a state performance audit found that remediation efforts sometimes took up to 17 years. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Jay McKeeman, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cioma.com/\">California Independent Oil Marketers Association\u003c/a>, served on an advisory committee that helped develop Low-Threat to speed things up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to get those sites that have been sitting around with nothing really going on, except for continuous monitoring out of the program, so that frees up money for sites where new discoveries have occurred, or sites that have been waiting to get into the reimbursement program,” McKeeman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russell said the fund may expire without compensating most big companies, which are last in line for reimbursement, for their cleanup work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of such financial pressures, Russell said it’s only reasonable to make the biggest commitment to the state’s most polluted sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reasonable calculation or gamble?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where state officials portray a reasoned response based on proven science and fiscal responsibility, critics see a gamble that puts access to safe drinking water and the public health at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Munch, a former senior engineer with the Sacramento Regional Water Quality Control Board, said he can understand the need for stronger guiding policy. Over the years, authority over cleanup efforts had been divided among scores of local regulatory agencies throughout the state. In some cases, local officials with little training in groundwater remediation insisted on extravagant and impracticable cleanup programs, Munch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, what the state board developed in response was a one-size-fits-all approach that doesn’t give proper consideration to local soil conditions or water use, Munch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, he said, in some mountainous areas with fractured rock in the ground, predicting the flow of water – and possible spread of contaminants – can be very difficult. In determining whether it’s safe to end cleanup efforts in such cases, it’s essential to rely on experts intimately familiar with the site, Munch said. But he said he sometimes saw state regulators far from the site invoke partial information in their own files to overrule local authorities who wanted to keep sites open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herndon, of the Orange County Water District, said a mistaken call on even one site could have broad implications. He is especially concerned by assertions that contamination like that around the Costa Mesa Mobil station won’t penetrate a clay layer between the aquifer where it’s spreading and the deeper aquifer set aside for drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve seen way too many examples where that’s not the case. Clay layers are laid down by nature, and they’re not always continuous, and they have holes in them,” Herndon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbara Bekins, a research hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, said some deeper aquifers are anaerobic, or lacking in oxygen. In such cases, it may be harder to rely on biodegradation, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Property rights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But attorney Howard Mehler said that whatever the pressure to move cases through the system, Low-Threat undermines long-standing state policies that seek to preserve water quality. He said the policy could set a dangerous precedent for other cleanup programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s always been an emphasis on maintaining the original quality of the water,” he said. It’s never been board practice that “every time you have a contaminant that’s difficult to remove, you adjust your baseline higher because it’s too expensive to remove that contaminant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128357\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BuriedTanks7.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-128357 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/BuriedTanks7-640x428.jpg\" alt=\"Attorney Howard Mehler says a lagging cleanup at this former gas station site has made it impossible for his client to find a suitable tenant. (Chris Richard/KQED)\" width=\"384\" height=\"257\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attorney Howard Mehler says a lagging cleanup at this former gas station site has made it impossible for his client to find a suitable tenant. (Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mehler’s clients are landowners who once rented a corner lot in Northridge to a gas station, The station is long since closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the site, he unlocked a gate and walked over to a monitoring well covered by a metal plate in the asphalt, next to a concrete block wall. On the other side of the wall, there’s a house. Mehler said MTBE has tested at 400 parts per billion here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his clients would love it if the state declared cleanup work completed. They don’t want to be left holding the bag for a partially finished job. “If closure’s granted, they want peace of mind that it will be full and final,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron spokesman Ron Spackman said the spill occurred long before Chevron acquired the station, and his company has been diligent in cleaning up a problem it inherited. The landowner didn’t respond to an interview request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other attorneys have written to the state board\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/documentcloud/?doc=1030023-attorney-on-property-values\"> voicing\u003c/a> similar property rights and liability concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Communication and the final say\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Mehler’s clients, water agencies that draw on local aquifers for drinking supplies say they have to start planning now for the possibility that climate change may compel them to draw even more heavily on their aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russell, the reimbursement fund administrator, acknowledged that there are still divisions within his agency over Low-Threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone’s not on the same page,” he said. “There are still a few people who think the low-threat policy was a bad idea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barry Marcus, who helped write Low-Threat while serving as the supervising environmental specialist at the Sacramento County Environmental Management Department, suspects some of those questioning the policy from within may have ulterior motives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If all of these sites get closed, or the vast majority of them, get closed, they’re going to be out of a job,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Graves said he and his staff try to keep open minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not above being told that we’re wrong. And when it’s pointed out, we say, ‘Wow, you know, we didn’t think of that,’ or ‘You’re right,’ ” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Drought Diary: My Pursuit of a Home Graywater System",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9097_IMG_3346-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128412\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9097_IMG_3346-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Reporter Francesca Segré's aunt, Amelia Terkel, tends her graywater system in Herzliya, Israel. (Francesca Segrè/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reporter Francesca Segré's aunt, Amelia Terkel, tends her graywater system in Herzliya, Israel. (Courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/channels/amirterkel\">Amir Terkel\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When my husband asked what I wanted for my birthday, I answered, “A graywater system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was January. Gov. Jerry Brown had just declared a drought, and our family had just returned home to Silicon Valley from a trip to Israel. It was there, in a region defined by water scarcity, that I saw my first graywater system – and I wanted this solution to my drought-induced water guilt ASAP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The humble graywater system I saw early one morning in my Aunt Amelia’s garden in Herzliya is what moved me to act. We had just eaten her home-grown Valencia oranges with breakfast, and the taste was still tangy and sweet on my tongue. We were admiring her small orchard when, tucked into a corner, I saw it. A drainage pipe from her shower came out of the house and emptied into a cream-colored plastic storage tank. A hose snaking out of the bottom of the reservoir dripped the shower water into the roots of the orange tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that was it: graywater system complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is like gold in a country with chronic drought,” Aunt Amelia said. “Why waste it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A simple proposition with a seemingly simple answer. How hard could it be? So I set out to buy or build a graywater system for our home. Here are some of the lessons learned to date:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Don’t call a plumber\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay Area a few weeks ago, with no rain yet in the forecast, I started calling plumbers. We had planted some fruit trees and drought–tolerant shrubs in the yard before our trip. And, we had removed some but not all of the grass. My water guilt was rising each day without rain. I’m well aware that about half of California’s household water usage goes to watering lawns and gardens, but I didn’t want a yard of stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>More information on graywater systems:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://greywateraction.org/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>Greywater Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Francisco Water:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=100\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>City of Berkeley:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/ContentDisplay.aspx?id=45756\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater Collection Systems\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>East Bay Municipal Utility District:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/environment/conservation-and-recycling/recycling/graywater\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Marin Municipal Water District:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=535\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater Resources\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Santa Clara Valley Water District:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/GraywaterRebate.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater Laundry to Landscape Rebate Program\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>None of the plumbers I called had ever installed a graywater system. One was trained by Green Plumbers USA and rattled off a number of requirements necessary to make a graywater system code-compliant. Among them, pipes carrying graywater must be buried underground to keep people from contact with contaminants. This would mean digging up parts of the yard we had just put in. The clincher? A price estimate of $45,000! It was a deal breaker, and I sank into graywater despair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Get creative with water conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graywater system or not, I was intent on bringing our home’s water usage down by 20 percent to meet the governor’s conservation request. I was already taking showers under five minutes and had put a brick in the toilet tanks to lower their flow. I had aerators on my sink nozzles and used food coloring to check the toilets for leaks. I quietly lived by the “if it’s yellow, let it mellow” toilet mantra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then I started with the bathtub bucket. You see, our house has an instant hot water heater, which is unfortunately far from the shower. It takes about a minute of running the water -- or about a gallon and a half -- before hot water comes out of the shower tap. I started collecting that water in a bucket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My husband, aware that my birthday came and went without a new graywater system, dutifully joined me in slopping those buckets of pristine cold water from the bath, across the house, to the young trees outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bucket tempered my water guilt, but my graywater pursuit did not rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9094_IMG_3135-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128414 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9094_IMG_3135-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Roy Nordblom of Greywater Action inspects bath plumbing to assess how it can be converted to a graywater system. (Francesca Segrè/KQED)\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greenbuilder Roy Nordblom inspects bath plumbing to assess how it can be converted to a greywater system.(Francesca Segrè/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Greenbuilder Roy Nordblom inspects bath plumbing to assess how it can be converted to a greywater system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Contact Greywater Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met graywater evangelist Roy Nordblom through the Oakland-based group \u003ca href=\"http://greywateraction.org/\">Greywater Action\u003c/a>. Nordblom teaches free workshops for homeowners who want to install systems themselves, and he agreed to stop by my house. “With the drought, business is picking up,” he told me. “I hope it translates into people actually doing installs. 'Cause that’s what we need, by golly!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We stood before my laundry machine, the source of the simplest graywater system. The “laundry-to-landscape” system involves mounting a valve to the discharge hose of your washing machine and adding two ports. One port drains to the sewer, the other drains to the yard -- turn the valve to decide which way to channel the graywater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordblom told me a laundry-to-landscape system can cost as little as $100 for parts if you do it yourself, or $350-$750 if you get an expert to do it. What’s more, it doesn’t require a permit. But there’s a catch. You have to be able to reach that laundry valve and get the water out of the house easily. A washing machine next to an accessible exterior wall of the house is perfect. My washing machine is smack dab in the center of the house wedged into a closet. In other words, the worst location possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, we checked the bathroom. A graywater system draining shower water to the landscape was possible, but would require more money, time and a permit. My graywater dream was evaporating. I had set out to save water, not spend gobs of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordblom said that because water is so cheap (water in my city, Burlingame, costs about $7 per 1,000 gallons), it’s hard to make an economic argument for a home graywater system that costs more than a couple hundred bucks. “But if you really believe you’re saving the planet and also saving money, then the equation is better,” Nordblom said. Greywater Action reports hundreds of people in the Bay Area have systems in their homes. Nordblom saidpeople who have them “report they feel more connected with their land and they feel good about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"//www.youtube.com/embed/YyFyAOY2pj0\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before we left the bathroom, Nordblom cheered me up with a little conservation trick. He dumped the gallon and a half of water from the bathtub bucket into the toilet bowl. “Toilets have a natural gulp reflex that, when you give it a gallon and a half of water, it flushes itself,” Nordblom said. “You don’t have to use the lever!” This beats sloshing a gallon and a half of water through the house, but it’s still not exactly graywater nirvana.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">People who have installed graywater systems 'report they feel more connected with their land and they feel good about it.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We crawled under the house and confirmed the building’s structure was not going to make a graywater project simple. Nordblom assured me the dream was still possible and could be affordable, but he’d have to come back another time for a closer look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m still holding out hope for a graywater system, but in the meantime I’m aiming to drop my home’s water consumption by 20 percent. And considering the recent rains, I’m now looking into a home cistern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Here is how to get free downloadable \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=55\">manual\u003c/a> on how to DIY a graywater system from SF Graywater.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A simple proposition with a seemingly simple answer. How hard could it be? So I set out to buy or build a graywater system for our home. Here are some of the lessons learned to date:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Don’t call a plumber\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay Area a few weeks ago, with no rain yet in the forecast, I started calling plumbers. We had planted some fruit trees and drought–tolerant shrubs in the yard before our trip. And, we had removed some but not all of the grass. My water guilt was rising each day without rain. I’m well aware that about half of California’s household water usage goes to watering lawns and gardens, but I didn’t want a yard of stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>More information on graywater systems:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://greywateraction.org/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>Greywater Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Francisco Water:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=100\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>City of Berkeley:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/ContentDisplay.aspx?id=45756\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater Collection Systems\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>East Bay Municipal Utility District:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/environment/conservation-and-recycling/recycling/graywater\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Marin Municipal Water District:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=535\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater Resources\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Santa Clara Valley Water District:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/GraywaterRebate.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Graywater Laundry to Landscape Rebate Program\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>None of the plumbers I called had ever installed a graywater system. One was trained by Green Plumbers USA and rattled off a number of requirements necessary to make a graywater system code-compliant. Among them, pipes carrying graywater must be buried underground to keep people from contact with contaminants. This would mean digging up parts of the yard we had just put in. The clincher? A price estimate of $45,000! It was a deal breaker, and I sank into graywater despair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Get creative with water conservation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graywater system or not, I was intent on bringing our home’s water usage down by 20 percent to meet the governor’s conservation request. I was already taking showers under five minutes and had put a brick in the toilet tanks to lower their flow. I had aerators on my sink nozzles and used food coloring to check the toilets for leaks. I quietly lived by the “if it’s yellow, let it mellow” toilet mantra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then I started with the bathtub bucket. You see, our house has an instant hot water heater, which is unfortunately far from the shower. It takes about a minute of running the water -- or about a gallon and a half -- before hot water comes out of the shower tap. I started collecting that water in a bucket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My husband, aware that my birthday came and went without a new graywater system, dutifully joined me in slopping those buckets of pristine cold water from the bath, across the house, to the young trees outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bucket tempered my water guilt, but my graywater pursuit did not rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9094_IMG_3135-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-128414 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/03/RS9094_IMG_3135-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Roy Nordblom of Greywater Action inspects bath plumbing to assess how it can be converted to a graywater system. (Francesca Segrè/KQED)\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greenbuilder Roy Nordblom inspects bath plumbing to assess how it can be converted to a greywater system.(Francesca Segrè/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Greenbuilder Roy Nordblom inspects bath plumbing to assess how it can be converted to a greywater system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Contact Greywater Action\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met graywater evangelist Roy Nordblom through the Oakland-based group \u003ca href=\"http://greywateraction.org/\">Greywater Action\u003c/a>. Nordblom teaches free workshops for homeowners who want to install systems themselves, and he agreed to stop by my house. “With the drought, business is picking up,” he told me. “I hope it translates into people actually doing installs. 'Cause that’s what we need, by golly!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We stood before my laundry machine, the source of the simplest graywater system. The “laundry-to-landscape” system involves mounting a valve to the discharge hose of your washing machine and adding two ports. One port drains to the sewer, the other drains to the yard -- turn the valve to decide which way to channel the graywater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordblom told me a laundry-to-landscape system can cost as little as $100 for parts if you do it yourself, or $350-$750 if you get an expert to do it. What’s more, it doesn’t require a permit. But there’s a catch. You have to be able to reach that laundry valve and get the water out of the house easily. A washing machine next to an accessible exterior wall of the house is perfect. My washing machine is smack dab in the center of the house wedged into a closet. In other words, the worst location possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, we checked the bathroom. A graywater system draining shower water to the landscape was possible, but would require more money, time and a permit. My graywater dream was evaporating. I had set out to save water, not spend gobs of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordblom said that because water is so cheap (water in my city, Burlingame, costs about $7 per 1,000 gallons), it’s hard to make an economic argument for a home graywater system that costs more than a couple hundred bucks. “But if you really believe you’re saving the planet and also saving money, then the equation is better,” Nordblom said. Greywater Action reports hundreds of people in the Bay Area have systems in their homes. Nordblom saidpeople who have them “report they feel more connected with their land and they feel good about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"//www.youtube.com/embed/YyFyAOY2pj0\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before we left the bathroom, Nordblom cheered me up with a little conservation trick. He dumped the gallon and a half of water from the bathtub bucket into the toilet bowl. “Toilets have a natural gulp reflex that, when you give it a gallon and a half of water, it flushes itself,” Nordblom said. “You don’t have to use the lever!” This beats sloshing a gallon and a half of water through the house, but it’s still not exactly graywater nirvana.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">People who have installed graywater systems 'report they feel more connected with their land and they feel good about it.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We crawled under the house and confirmed the building’s structure was not going to make a graywater project simple. Nordblom assured me the dream was still possible and could be affordable, but he’d have to come back another time for a closer look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m still holding out hope for a graywater system, but in the meantime I’m aiming to drop my home’s water consumption by 20 percent. And considering the recent rains, I’m now looking into a home cistern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Here is how to get free downloadable \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=55\">manual\u003c/a> on how to DIY a graywater system from SF Graywater.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Price Tag for October Shutdown of California National Parks: More Than $22 Million",
"headTitle": "Price Tag for October Shutdown of California National Parks: More Than $22 Million | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14887\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14887\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/yosemite.jpg\" alt=\"Yosemite is one of the most-visited national parks in California. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yosemite is one of the most-visited national parks in California. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 16-day government shutdown last October was a significant economic blow to the Bay Area and communities near other California national parks. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs%5CEconomic2013ShutdownReport_Final_nrss_VSE.pdf\">study released Monday\u003c/a> by the National Park Service says the shutdown was responsible for a loss of $22.6 million in visitor spending at six of the state’s most popular national parks:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Yosemite National Park:\u003c/strong> $6.7 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/strong>: $6.1 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sequoia National Park:\u003c/strong> $2.9 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Joshua Tree National Park:\u003c/strong> $2.4 millon\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Point Reyes National Seashore: \u003c/strong>$2.3 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Muir Woods National Monument:\u003c/strong> $2.2 million\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The shutdown forced closure of most facilities in most national parks for 16 days last October. That meant about 260,000 fewer visitors at the Golden Gate National Recreation Area compared to prior Octobers. That was the second highest visitor reduction nationwide after the 330,000 loss at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, a popular autumn destination on the North Carolina-Tennessee border. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have 17 million visitors a year,” said GGNRA spokeswoman Alexandra Picavet. “And to have that long of a period that we were unavailable to visitors, it just was an aberration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, there were 7.8 million fewer national park visitors in October 2013 than the average for the previous three Octobers. The report estimates lost visitor spending nationwide at $414 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the shutdown’s impact didn’t fall equally on all parks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/11/welcoming-pinnacles-to-the-elite-club-of-national-parks/\">newest national park\u003c/a>, Pinnacles, located about 110 miles southeast of San Francisco, largely avoided the ill effects of the government shutdown. That’s thanks, in part, to the shutdown coming at an opportune time for the park: October falls in the middle of the off-season, before the park brings back non-essential staff for the busy season in December, explained Pinnacles spokeswoman Nichole Andler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Pinnacles has had another advantage, she said. “Just becoming a new national park, our visibility has been really highly raised, both with local residents and people coming from greater distances.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the park created 147 jobs and generated $12.7 million for neighboring communities, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs%5CNPSVSE2012_final_nrss.pdf\">second report\u003c/a> released by the National Park Service on Monday. That’s when it was still a national monument. Pinnacles became a national park in January 2013. (The numbers on 2013 economic contributions aren’t out yet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials in towns near the park have hoped that with the elevated designation, more tourists and money would come to the area. Soledad, situated at the western entrance of the park, has attempted an ambitious re-branding campaign to become “the gateway” to Pinnacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never really had a lot of tourists,” Soledad Mayor Fred Ledesma said, “but we noticed right away when the designation changed, numbers were up 30 to 40 percent.” Ledesma said he hopes a new visitors’ center will help point tourists to other local attractions including wineries. “I think we’re just barely starting to see people realize the residual effects of the Pinnacles,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economic impact in San Benito County, on the eastern side of the park has been less noticeable, said Debbie Taylor, president and CEO of San Benito County Chamber of Commerce. The park’s eastern entrance is about 30 miles south of the county seat of Hollister along relatively little-visited Highway 25. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We definitely have seen more traffic, more visitors,” Taylor said. But commercial activity is arriving in a trickle, she said, and not entirely because of the park. “Businesses that are opening are still within the city limits, and they’re not necessarily opening because of the park.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "National Park Services says loss of visitor spending hit some communities hard. But Pinnacles, the nation's newest national park, ducked the worst of the problems. ",
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"description": "National Park Services says loss of visitor spending hit some communities hard. But Pinnacles, the nation's newest national park, ducked the worst of the problems. ",
"title": "Price Tag for October Shutdown of California National Parks: More Than $22 Million | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14887\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14887\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/yosemite.jpg\" alt=\"Yosemite is one of the most-visited national parks in California. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yosemite is one of the most-visited national parks in California. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The 16-day government shutdown last October was a significant economic blow to the Bay Area and communities near other California national parks. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs%5CEconomic2013ShutdownReport_Final_nrss_VSE.pdf\">study released Monday\u003c/a> by the National Park Service says the shutdown was responsible for a loss of $22.6 million in visitor spending at six of the state’s most popular national parks:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Yosemite National Park:\u003c/strong> $6.7 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/strong>: $6.1 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Sequoia National Park:\u003c/strong> $2.9 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Joshua Tree National Park:\u003c/strong> $2.4 millon\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Point Reyes National Seashore: \u003c/strong>$2.3 million\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Muir Woods National Monument:\u003c/strong> $2.2 million\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The shutdown forced closure of most facilities in most national parks for 16 days last October. That meant about 260,000 fewer visitors at the Golden Gate National Recreation Area compared to prior Octobers. That was the second highest visitor reduction nationwide after the 330,000 loss at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, a popular autumn destination on the North Carolina-Tennessee border. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have 17 million visitors a year,” said GGNRA spokeswoman Alexandra Picavet. “And to have that long of a period that we were unavailable to visitors, it just was an aberration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, there were 7.8 million fewer national park visitors in October 2013 than the average for the previous three Octobers. The report estimates lost visitor spending nationwide at $414 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the shutdown’s impact didn’t fall equally on all parks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/11/welcoming-pinnacles-to-the-elite-club-of-national-parks/\">newest national park\u003c/a>, Pinnacles, located about 110 miles southeast of San Francisco, largely avoided the ill effects of the government shutdown. That’s thanks, in part, to the shutdown coming at an opportune time for the park: October falls in the middle of the off-season, before the park brings back non-essential staff for the busy season in December, explained Pinnacles spokeswoman Nichole Andler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Pinnacles has had another advantage, she said. “Just becoming a new national park, our visibility has been really highly raised, both with local residents and people coming from greater distances.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the park created 147 jobs and generated $12.7 million for neighboring communities, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs%5CNPSVSE2012_final_nrss.pdf\">second report\u003c/a> released by the National Park Service on Monday. That’s when it was still a national monument. Pinnacles became a national park in January 2013. (The numbers on 2013 economic contributions aren’t out yet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials in towns near the park have hoped that with the elevated designation, more tourists and money would come to the area. Soledad, situated at the western entrance of the park, has attempted an ambitious re-branding campaign to become “the gateway” to Pinnacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never really had a lot of tourists,” Soledad Mayor Fred Ledesma said, “but we noticed right away when the designation changed, numbers were up 30 to 40 percent.” Ledesma said he hopes a new visitors’ center will help point tourists to other local attractions including wineries. “I think we’re just barely starting to see people realize the residual effects of the Pinnacles,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economic impact in San Benito County, on the eastern side of the park has been less noticeable, said Debbie Taylor, president and CEO of San Benito County Chamber of Commerce. The park’s eastern entrance is about 30 miles south of the county seat of Hollister along relatively little-visited Highway 25. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We definitely have seen more traffic, more visitors,” Taylor said. But commercial activity is arriving in a trickle, she said, and not entirely because of the park. “Businesses that are opening are still within the city limits, and they’re not necessarily opening because of the park.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Expanding Impact of California's Drought",
"title": "The Expanding Impact of California's Drought",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcrmag/2014/03/2014-03-21a-tcrmag.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring officially arrived this week, and with it a reminder that the rainy season -- such as it was -- is quickly coming to an end. The lack of rain was the focus of a very heated Congressional hearing in Fresno this week, and of policy changes from California's superintendent of schools. Host Scott Shafer talks about the drought and its expanding impact with KQED Science Editor Craig Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SCOTT SHAFER:\u003c/strong> Craig, there were a number of drought-related things that happened this week. Help us, if you would, to put them in context.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CRAIG MILLER:\u003c/strong> Scott, you know, the impacts of this drought -- and we’re only just seeing the start of them -- can almost be divided into the predictable and the unpredictable. And the congressional hearing in the Valley that you just referred to is kind of in the predictable category. It’s Valley Republicans decrying what they like to call the “man-made drought” or the “regulatory drought,” meaning that environmental regulations designed to protect the delta and protect fish are to blame substantially for the lack of water. Here’s Devin Nunes, a Republican who represents a district around Fresno:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>NUNES: These extremists won’t uproot themselves from their comfortable homes in San Francisco and other coastal cities, but they’re more than willing to use the Central Valley communities as a guinea pig to see if our lands can be restored to some mystical state of nature. You see the results of their relentless fight in the new Dust Bowl that has overtaken the Valley.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> So this is framing the drought as farms versus fish. It’s an old drumbeat and it’s one that I think a lot of observers would say is a bit simplistic, given California’s complex water picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> A very much less predictable or anticipated impact of the drought this week played out with state School Superintendent Tom Torlakson touring the Central Valley and some of the school districts there. Describe what he was there to talk about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> Yeah. So this is an example of the unpredictable, I think. Who would’ve thought, I mean obviously if you’re close to the situation you see it happening, but who would’ve thought that the drought would have such a direct impact on public schools of all things? But as hundreds of thousands of acres go fallow, which will be happening this year -- that means acreage not put into production -- farmworker families will leave the towns where they’ve been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> And maybe leave California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> And maybe leave California altogether for greener pastures, so to speak. Baldomero Hernandez, he’s certainly given it a lot of thought. He’s superintendent of the Westside Elementary School District down there. Here’s how he frames it:\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>HERNANDEZ: Within a year or two my school district will be closed. Bottom line. With a zero allocation of water, that means next year 80 percent of the workforce out there in my area is laid off. It’s gone. They’re gonna leave.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> And when they leave, that impacts the school districts directly because their state funding is tied directly to attendance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> And so what can the state, what will the state do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> Well, they’re working on a plan right now that would allow school districts to maintain their funding at a certain level for a limited period of time even if students leave. But it’s just a temporary fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> And Craig, something else happened this week, also unexpected and much more bipartisan and more maybe solution-oriented, you might say. Two members of Congress in California, one Democrat John Garamendi and a Republican, Doug LaMalfa from Redding, stood up to say that they both supported a major water project here in California: a large reservoir. What’s that about?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> So that’s about seizing the moment. You know, you’ve been covering politics for a long time so you’re familiar with the time-worn adage …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> “Let no crisis go unused or taken advantage of…”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> …or should go to waste.” Right. So this is the drought as an opportunity to revive some ideas that have been on the table, some of them for years or even decades. And so Garamendi is introducing a bill that would authorize construction of this enormous off-stream reservoir off the Sacramento River, I guess I should say, not on the Sacramento River. But if you go about halfway from Sacramento to Redding and turn left, there’s a remote valley over there which is home currently to a few ranches and a tiny little wide spot on the road called Sites S-I-T-E-S, which they’re thinking about walling off basically so they could pump water out of the Sacramento River when we have, say, a wet winter, filling up that valley, and then pump it back into the river when we need it. So, it’s kind of like if the river is a freeway, this is kind of like the rest area they want to create.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> Well, isn’t that really out of favor with environmentalists and by extension Democrats?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> One of the reasons they like this particular project is because it is “off-stream.” In other words, there’s no need to dam a current waterway, which has huge environmental implications. It may be safe to say that that will never happen again in California, so this like one of the few alternatives that may be workable. But it’s hugely expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> How expensive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> Well, an estimate back in 2007, that’s how long they’ve been studying this, actually longer, was that it would come in at about $3 billion, and there’s no funding in the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> And so where are they suggesting the funding would come from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> Possibly partly federal money and possibly partly the ultimate beneficiaries of the water would help pay for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> But a bipartisan idea nonetheless, which is progress. Craig, we did get a fair amount of rain in February, so where do we stand as April approaches here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> In a deep dry hole, Scott. In January, NOAA, the federal climate guys, declared much of California to be in “exceptional drought.” This is the worst drought condition that they have on their scale and it’s the first time in the history of the 15-year drought-monitor tracking index that they’ve done, that’s the first time that they’ve ever put California in that. About a quarter of the state in is that category right now, and about 90 percent of the state is in at least “severe drought” or worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> So the time for denial or hope for a miraculous deluge is pretty much over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> It’s over, that’s right. We’re looking at a long dry summer ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> All right. KQED’s Science Editor Craig Miller. Craig, thanks a lot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/03/19/drought-impacts-school-enrollment/\" target=\"_blank\">Drought Impacts Central Valley School Enrollment While Debate Over Relief Continues\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\" target=\"_blank\">Drought Watch 2014\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The lack of rain was the focus of a very heated Congressional hearing in Fresno this week.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcrmag/2014/03/2014-03-21a-tcrmag.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring officially arrived this week, and with it a reminder that the rainy season -- such as it was -- is quickly coming to an end. The lack of rain was the focus of a very heated Congressional hearing in Fresno this week, and of policy changes from California's superintendent of schools. Host Scott Shafer talks about the drought and its expanding impact with KQED Science Editor Craig Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SCOTT SHAFER:\u003c/strong> Craig, there were a number of drought-related things that happened this week. Help us, if you would, to put them in context.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CRAIG MILLER:\u003c/strong> Scott, you know, the impacts of this drought -- and we’re only just seeing the start of them -- can almost be divided into the predictable and the unpredictable. And the congressional hearing in the Valley that you just referred to is kind of in the predictable category. It’s Valley Republicans decrying what they like to call the “man-made drought” or the “regulatory drought,” meaning that environmental regulations designed to protect the delta and protect fish are to blame substantially for the lack of water. Here’s Devin Nunes, a Republican who represents a district around Fresno:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>NUNES: These extremists won’t uproot themselves from their comfortable homes in San Francisco and other coastal cities, but they’re more than willing to use the Central Valley communities as a guinea pig to see if our lands can be restored to some mystical state of nature. You see the results of their relentless fight in the new Dust Bowl that has overtaken the Valley.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> So this is framing the drought as farms versus fish. It’s an old drumbeat and it’s one that I think a lot of observers would say is a bit simplistic, given California’s complex water picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> A very much less predictable or anticipated impact of the drought this week played out with state School Superintendent Tom Torlakson touring the Central Valley and some of the school districts there. Describe what he was there to talk about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> Yeah. So this is an example of the unpredictable, I think. Who would’ve thought, I mean obviously if you’re close to the situation you see it happening, but who would’ve thought that the drought would have such a direct impact on public schools of all things? But as hundreds of thousands of acres go fallow, which will be happening this year -- that means acreage not put into production -- farmworker families will leave the towns where they’ve been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> And maybe leave California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> And maybe leave California altogether for greener pastures, so to speak. Baldomero Hernandez, he’s certainly given it a lot of thought. He’s superintendent of the Westside Elementary School District down there. Here’s how he frames it:\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>HERNANDEZ: Within a year or two my school district will be closed. Bottom line. With a zero allocation of water, that means next year 80 percent of the workforce out there in my area is laid off. It’s gone. They’re gonna leave.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> And when they leave, that impacts the school districts directly because their state funding is tied directly to attendance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> And so what can the state, what will the state do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> Well, they’re working on a plan right now that would allow school districts to maintain their funding at a certain level for a limited period of time even if students leave. But it’s just a temporary fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> And Craig, something else happened this week, also unexpected and much more bipartisan and more maybe solution-oriented, you might say. Two members of Congress in California, one Democrat John Garamendi and a Republican, Doug LaMalfa from Redding, stood up to say that they both supported a major water project here in California: a large reservoir. What’s that about?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> So that’s about seizing the moment. You know, you’ve been covering politics for a long time so you’re familiar with the time-worn adage …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> “Let no crisis go unused or taken advantage of…”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> …or should go to waste.” Right. So this is the drought as an opportunity to revive some ideas that have been on the table, some of them for years or even decades. And so Garamendi is introducing a bill that would authorize construction of this enormous off-stream reservoir off the Sacramento River, I guess I should say, not on the Sacramento River. But if you go about halfway from Sacramento to Redding and turn left, there’s a remote valley over there which is home currently to a few ranches and a tiny little wide spot on the road called Sites S-I-T-E-S, which they’re thinking about walling off basically so they could pump water out of the Sacramento River when we have, say, a wet winter, filling up that valley, and then pump it back into the river when we need it. So, it’s kind of like if the river is a freeway, this is kind of like the rest area they want to create.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> Well, isn’t that really out of favor with environmentalists and by extension Democrats?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> One of the reasons they like this particular project is because it is “off-stream.” In other words, there’s no need to dam a current waterway, which has huge environmental implications. It may be safe to say that that will never happen again in California, so this like one of the few alternatives that may be workable. But it’s hugely expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> How expensive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> Well, an estimate back in 2007, that’s how long they’ve been studying this, actually longer, was that it would come in at about $3 billion, and there’s no funding in the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> And so where are they suggesting the funding would come from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> Possibly partly federal money and possibly partly the ultimate beneficiaries of the water would help pay for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> But a bipartisan idea nonetheless, which is progress. Craig, we did get a fair amount of rain in February, so where do we stand as April approaches here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> In a deep dry hole, Scott. In January, NOAA, the federal climate guys, declared much of California to be in “exceptional drought.” This is the worst drought condition that they have on their scale and it’s the first time in the history of the 15-year drought-monitor tracking index that they’ve done, that’s the first time that they’ve ever put California in that. About a quarter of the state in is that category right now, and about 90 percent of the state is in at least “severe drought” or worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> So the time for denial or hope for a miraculous deluge is pretty much over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MILLER:\u003c/strong> It’s over, that’s right. We’re looking at a long dry summer ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SHAFER:\u003c/strong> All right. KQED’s Science Editor Craig Miller. Craig, thanks a lot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/03/19/drought-impacts-school-enrollment/\" target=\"_blank\">Drought Impacts Central Valley School Enrollment While Debate Over Relief Continues\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128086\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-128086\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/CIRTreasureIsleCleanup.jpg\" alt=\"Radioactive warning signs are posted on the fence surrounding a cleanup site on Treasure Island in 2012. (Michael Short/The Center for Investigative Reporting)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radioactive warning signs are posted on the fence surrounding a cleanup site on Treasure Island in 2012. (Michael Short/The Center for Investigative Reporting)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Matt Smith and Katharine Mieszkowski, The Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halfway across the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, an abrupt exit leads to Treasure Island, a seven-sided plain with spectacular views that inspire grandiose dreams. The Army Corps of Engineers created the island for the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition, encircling 400 acres of bay shoals with rock walls, draining them, filling the void with sand and soil, and naming it after the famous adventure novel. Today, the city of San Francisco has set its sights on erecting a second downtown there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Treasure Island’s fate in the intervening decades – and a long-secret legacy of radioactive waste left behind – has complicated those plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the exposition, the island was set to become a civilian airport – until the United States entered World War II. The Navy seized the land for the Treasure Island Naval Station and demolished the expo’s Art Moderne structures, leaving just the terminal and two hangars. In the spaces around them rose a little village of beige one- and two-story sheds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, the base served its purpose until, in 1993, it landed on a decommission list. The military decamped, dismantling and cleanup began, and a few years later some former Navy housing was turned into city-subsidized rentals. By 2007, the Navy was well into the process of preparing the land for full transfer to civilian control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That year, cleanup operations shifted from removing Navy industrial toxics and sludge to identifying any lingering radioactive waste. New World Environmental, a contractor working for the Navy, assigned specialist Robert McLean to conduct a preliminary radiation survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was how McLean found himself cruising through neighborhoods built near former U.S. Navy training academies, with a Ludlum radiation meter poked out of his truck window. He did not expect to find much; just the year before, a Navy-commissioned historical report had suggested there was little likelihood that significant radioactive waste would be found on the island. And by then hundreds of San Franciscans were living in modest townhouses on Treasure Island and neighboring Yerba Buena Island – with the Navy’s assurances that doing so was perfectly safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the sensor needle hopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We picked up readings from inside the truck, without even getting out of the vehicle,” said McLean, speaking publicly about his discovery for the first time. That first detection was not the last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://cironline.org/reports/treasure-island-cleanup-exposes-navy%E2%80%99s-mishandling-its-nuclear-past-5986\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the full story (CIROnline.org)\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by The Center for Investigative Reporting. It was published with the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists.\u003ca href=\"http://cironline.org/reports/treasure-island-cleanup-exposes-navy%E2%80%99s-mishandling-its-nuclear-past-5986\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporters Matt Smith and Katharine Mieszkowski joined \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201402280930\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s “Forum\u003c/a>” this morning to discuss their yearlong investigation, which questions whether Treasure Island is safe for current residents and explores the implications for San Francisco’s plans to build thousands of new units there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/137266023&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&visual=true\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"300\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That year, cleanup operations shifted from removing Navy industrial toxics and sludge to identifying any lingering radioactive waste. New World Environmental, a contractor working for the Navy, assigned specialist Robert McLean to conduct a preliminary radiation survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was how McLean found himself cruising through neighborhoods built near former U.S. Navy training academies, with a Ludlum radiation meter poked out of his truck window. He did not expect to find much; just the year before, a Navy-commissioned historical report had suggested there was little likelihood that significant radioactive waste would be found on the island. And by then hundreds of San Franciscans were living in modest townhouses on Treasure Island and neighboring Yerba Buena Island – with the Navy’s assurances that doing so was perfectly safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the sensor needle hopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We picked up readings from inside the truck, without even getting out of the vehicle,” said McLean, speaking publicly about his discovery for the first time. That first detection was not the last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://cironline.org/reports/treasure-island-cleanup-exposes-navy%E2%80%99s-mishandling-its-nuclear-past-5986\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the full story (CIROnline.org)\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by The Center for Investigative Reporting. It was published with the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists.\u003ca href=\"http://cironline.org/reports/treasure-island-cleanup-exposes-navy%E2%80%99s-mishandling-its-nuclear-past-5986\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporters Matt Smith and Katharine Mieszkowski joined \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201402280930\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s “Forum\u003c/a>” this morning to discuss their yearlong investigation, which questions whether Treasure Island is safe for current residents and explores the implications for San Francisco’s plans to build thousands of new units there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/137266023&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&visual=true\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"300\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "News Pix: Bayview Fire, Dalai Lama Visits, and Wastewater For Cows?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/cow-drought.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-128047\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/cow-drought-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"US-ENVIRONMENT-WEATHER-DROUGHT-LIVESTOCK\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nAssemblyman Marc Levine has introduced legislation, AB2071, to clarify rules regulating the use of treated wastewater for pasture animals. Dairy farmers are expressing concern that treated wastewater could be unsafe for consumers. Levine promised to continue studying the issue as the bill moves through the legislative process. (Frederic J. Brown/Getty Images)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/well.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-128048\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/well-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"well\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nIn Alameda County, employees of a remediation company dig a groundwater monitoring well in Newark to check how far a plume of contaminants has spread from an underground fuel tank. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/Jerold-fire.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-128049\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/Jerold-fire-640x449.jpg\" alt=\"Jerold fire\" width=\"640\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nA Luxor cab service garage was destroyed in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/24/san-francisco-firefighters-battle-three-alarm-bayview-blaze\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">three-alarm fire\u003c/a> on Monday, Feb. 24. A dark plume of smoke was visible across the city, although firefighters contained the blaze, which did not spread to nearby structures. (Paul Lancour/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/Shungun.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-128050\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/Shungun-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"Shungun\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe Dalai Lama’s three-day visit to the Bay Area was disrupted multiple times by Tibetans who practice another strand of Buddhism called Shugden. The Dalai Lama once embraced Shugden, but denounced it in 1975 after deciding it contributed to “sectarian disharmony.” Despite the protesters, about \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2014/02/24/amid-protests-the-dali-lama-visits-berkeley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3,000 people crammed into the Berkeley Community Theatre \u003c/a>on the Berkeley High campus Sunday, Feb. 23, to hear a talk on “How to Achieve Happiness,” by the Dalai Lama. (Ted Friedman/\u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeleyside\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/Fulton-mall.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-128051\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/Fulton-mall-640x449.jpg\" alt=\"Fulton mall\" width=\"640\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFifty years ago, Fresno built the state’s first outdoor downtown pedestrian mall. It was a pioneering idea at the time, but on Thursday, Feb. 27, the C\u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201402270850/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ity Council decided to allow cars\u003c/a> back into the mall. It was a contentious, standing-room-only meeting, but ultimately council members decided that the forward-looking experiment did not work and that the pedestrian mall was not economically viable. (Courtesy: Downtown Fresno Coalition)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/cow-drought.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-128047\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/cow-drought-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"US-ENVIRONMENT-WEATHER-DROUGHT-LIVESTOCK\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nAssemblyman Marc Levine has introduced legislation, AB2071, to clarify rules regulating the use of treated wastewater for pasture animals. Dairy farmers are expressing concern that treated wastewater could be unsafe for consumers. Levine promised to continue studying the issue as the bill moves through the legislative process. (Frederic J. Brown/Getty Images)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/well.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-128048\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/well-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"well\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nIn Alameda County, employees of a remediation company dig a groundwater monitoring well in Newark to check how far a plume of contaminants has spread from an underground fuel tank. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/Jerold-fire.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-128049\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/Jerold-fire-640x449.jpg\" alt=\"Jerold fire\" width=\"640\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nA Luxor cab service garage was destroyed in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/24/san-francisco-firefighters-battle-three-alarm-bayview-blaze\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">three-alarm fire\u003c/a> on Monday, Feb. 24. A dark plume of smoke was visible across the city, although firefighters contained the blaze, which did not spread to nearby structures. (Paul Lancour/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/Shungun.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-128050\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/Shungun-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"Shungun\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe Dalai Lama’s three-day visit to the Bay Area was disrupted multiple times by Tibetans who practice another strand of Buddhism called Shugden. The Dalai Lama once embraced Shugden, but denounced it in 1975 after deciding it contributed to “sectarian disharmony.” Despite the protesters, about \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2014/02/24/amid-protests-the-dali-lama-visits-berkeley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3,000 people crammed into the Berkeley Community Theatre \u003c/a>on the Berkeley High campus Sunday, Feb. 23, to hear a talk on “How to Achieve Happiness,” by the Dalai Lama. (Ted Friedman/\u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeleyside\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/Fulton-mall.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-128051\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/Fulton-mall-640x449.jpg\" alt=\"Fulton mall\" width=\"640\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFifty years ago, Fresno built the state’s first outdoor downtown pedestrian mall. It was a pioneering idea at the time, but on Thursday, Feb. 27, the C\u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201402270850/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ity Council decided to allow cars\u003c/a> back into the mall. It was a contentious, standing-room-only meeting, but ultimately council members decided that the forward-looking experiment did not work and that the pedestrian mall was not economically viable. (Courtesy: Downtown Fresno Coalition)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Bay Area Storm Triggers Flood Alert and Power Outages, Topples Trees",
"title": "Bay Area Storm Triggers Flood Alert and Power Outages, Topples Trees",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128008\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/RS9028_IMG_6105-copy-lpr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-128008\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/RS9028_IMG_6105-copy-lpr-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"A pedestrian in downtown Oakland during storm earlier this week. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pedestrian in downtown Oakland during storm earlier this week. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4 p.m. Friday Update(BCN): \u003c/strong>Many trees have toppled over in San Francisco today as a storm moves through the Bay Area, the city's Department of Public Works spokeswoman Rachel Gordon said. A 20-foot tall tree was reported down on 37th Avenue between Irving and Judah streets, and other trees fell onto cars this morning on Clement Street and 44th Avenue and in the 1400 block of Kirkwood Avenue in the Bayview. No injuries were reported in any of those incidents. A large tree limb also fell on the sidewalk on Gough and California streets, Gordon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southbound lanes on the Great Highway between Lincoln Way and Sloat Boulevard remain closed today because of flooding. The stretch of road along Ocean Beach closed Wednesday evening when an earlier rainstorm passed through the region. Gordon said there are crews deployed throughout the city today to clear out storm drains. They are responding to specific calls and checking on known problem areas such as Folsom and 17th streets, parts of the Richmond District and an area prone to flooding in Glen Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help handle the deluge of rain, the department is offering up to 10 free sandbags for city residents and businesses. The bags can be picked up today at the DPW operations yard entrance near Marin and Kansas streets.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>12:30 p.m. Friday Update:\u003c/strong> The worst of the early Friday morning storm is moving south from the Bay Area at this hour with the passage of a cold front, and the National Weather Service has canceled flood advisories for the South Bay and Santa Cruz and Monterey counties. A flash flood advisory continues for coastal and mountain areas in Big Sur.[contextly_sidebar id=\"b9195d4566c7f0cf76d3e220c622085c\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?wfo=mtr&pil=AFD&sid=MTR&version=0\" target=\"_blank\">Forecasters say\u003c/a> we'll see showery weather and possible thunderstorms this afternoon and evening. The storm center associated with the cold front will pass near the Big Sur coast tonight, bringing another round of rain followed by decreasing showers through Saturday afternoon. Sunday is supposed to be a dry day, but we have renewed chances of rain early next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The storm flooded roads throughout the region and even triggered small slides south of the Bay Area — including one on Highway 1 near Garrapata State Park, south of Carmel. As we reported earlier: PG&E is dealing with \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/outages/outage/\" target=\"_blank\">weather-related power outages\u003c/a> involving thousands of customers in western Marin and Sonoma counties, and thousands more along the coast down to Santa Barbara County and inland to the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sierra Nevada, where the \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2014/022714_snowsurvey.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">snowpack is at just 22 percent of normal\u003c/a> for the date, the Friday-Saturday storm is expected to drop as much as 2 feet of snow. \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/cgi-bin/roads.cgi\" target=\"_blank\">Caltrans reports\u003c/a> the Sierra passes are all open with chains required on small stretches of Highways 88 and 4. On the other side of the mountains, chains are required along stretches of U.S. 395 in Mono County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rainy weather caused more than 100 flight cancellations at San Francisco International Airport this morning, as well as flight delays of more than an hour. As of about noon, 51 arrivals and 52 departures had been canceled at SFO, airport duty manager Larry Mares said. Travelers whose flights have not been canceled are experiencing delays of about 30 to 60 minutes, with some flights delayed as much as 90 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7:30 a.m. Friday Update:\u003c/strong> As advertised, a storm that swept in from the Pacific overnight has brought high winds and heavy rain this morning. The highest rain totals from the storm, which is sending waves of precipitation across the Bay Area from the south, are being recorded in the Santa Cruz Mountains and, further down the coast, in the Santa Lucia range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E is reporting \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/outages/outage/\" target=\"_blank\">widespread power outages\u003c/a> involving thousands of customers in western Marin and Sonoma counties, and thousands more along the coast down to Santa Barbara County and inland to the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prolonged heavy rain in the South Bay prompted the National Weather Service to briefly issue a flash flood watch in an area straddling the Santa Clara, San Mateo and Santa Cruz county lines. That warning expired at 7:30 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A much wider area of the Bay Area — virtually all of the Peninsula, the South Bay and East Bay — is under \u003ca href=\"http://forecast.weather.gov/showsigwx.php?warnzone=CAZ510&warncounty=CAC013&firewxzone=CAZ510&local_place1=&product1=Flood+Advisory#.UxCuwvS0_Rc\" target=\"_blank\">a flood advisory\u003c/a> through 8:30 a.m. (What is a flood advisory? It's really an alert you're going to find lots of water on roads, underpasses and the like. In the words of the National Weather Service: \"A flood advisory means that although streams and creeks may be elevated or even rise out of their banks, property damage should be minimal. Inconveniences can be expected but the the flooding will not be life threatening.\" Here are \u003ca href=\"http://www.erh.noaa.gov/okx/wwa_definitions_new.html\" target=\"_blank\">more weather advisory/warning definitions\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5 p.m. Thursday Update:\u003c/strong> So, if you're wondering: The Bay Area is in for another good blast of wet-season weather from tonight into Saturday. The incoming storm will feature high winds, with gusts up to 45 mph or higher, along the coast and in the East Bay hills. Most coastal and valley locations in the region are expected to get 1 to 2 inches of rain, with 3 to 5 inches in the hills and perhaps much higher amounts in the mountains along the Big Sur coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a snippet from one of our favorite pieces of periodical meteorological literature, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\" target=\"_blank\">Area Forecast Discussion\u003c/a> from the National Weather Service Bay Area office in Monterey:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A POWERFUL UPPER LOW AND ASSOCIATED STORM SYSTEM IS FORECAST TO\u003cbr>\nMOVE TOWARD THE COAST OVERNIGHT...WITH PERSISTENT MODERATE TO\u003cbr>\nHEAVY RAIN ARRIVING ALONG THE COAST RIGHT AROUND MIDNIGHT. RAIN\u003cbr>\nWILL SPREAD EAST OVER THE ENTIRE AREA BY THE EARLY MORNING HOURS\u003cbr>\nAS THE COLD FRONT MOVES ONSHORE BETWEEN 3 AND 6 AM. IN ADDITION TO\u003cbr>\nTHE RAIN...MODERATE TO STRONG SOUTHEAST WINDS WILL BE PRESENT\u003cbr>\nAHEAD AND RIGHT BEHIND THE COLD FRONT. WINDS WILL INCREASE LATER\u003cbr>\nTHIS EVENING...PEAKING LATE TONIGHT INTO THE EARLY MORNING\u003cbr>\nHOURS...WITH WIND GUSTS TO 45 MPH POSSIBLE...ESPECIALLY ALONG THE\u003cbr>\nCOAST AND THROUGH THE EAST BAY HILLS. A WIND ADVISORY HAS BEEN\u003cbr>\nISSUED FOR THESE AREAS AND IS VALID FROM 10 PM TONIGHT THROUGH 10\u003cbr>\nAM FRIDAY MORNING. AFTER A BRIEF BREAK IN THE WINDS LATE FRIDAY\u003cbr>\nMORNING INTO FRIDAY EVENING...ANOTHER BATCH OF STRONG WINDS IS\u003cbr>\nSLATED TO IMPACT THE AREA FRIDAY NIGHT INTO SATURDAY MORNING.\u003cbr>\nANOTHER WIND ADVISORY WILL LIKELY BE ISSUED DURING THE DAY SHIFT\u003cbr>\nTOMORROW.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STEADY RAIN WILL BECOME SHOWERY IN ACTIVITY FRIDAY AFTERNOON AND\u003cbr>\nCONTINUE INTO AT LEAST SATURDAY AFTERNOON AS THE UPPER LOW TRACKS\u003cbr>\nSOUTH TOWARD SOUTHERN CA. A SLIGHT CHANCE OF THUNDERSTORMS REMAINS\u003cbr>\nIN THE FORECAST FOR MAINLY RIGHT ALONG THE COAST FRIDAY MORNING\u003cbr>\nINTO SATURDAY MORNING. ... THUNDERSTORMS WILL BE POSSIBLE THROUGH THE ENTIRE AREA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MOVING ONTO RAINFALL ACCUMULATION...FROM LATE TONIGHT THROUGH\u003cbr>\nSATURDAY AFTERNOON...MOST VALLEY LOCATIONS WILL SEE BETWEEN AN\u003cbr>\nINCH TO TWO INCHES OF RAIN...WITH THE HIGHER ELEVATIONS RECEIVING\u003cbr>\nBETWEEN 2 AND 3 INCHES OF RAIN. HOWEVER...THIS WILL NOT BE THE\u003cbr>\nCASE FOR THE BIG SUR COAST AS WELL AS THE SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS.\u003cbr>\nTHE SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAIN ARE FORECAST TO RECEIVE BETWEEN 3 AND 4\u003cbr>\nINCHES OF RAIN...WITH THE BIG SUR COAST RECEIVING BETWEEN 4 AND 6\u003cbr>\nINCHES OF RAIN. IT IS NOT OUT OF THE QUESTION THAT A FEW ISOLATED\u003cbr>\nAREAS ALONG THE BIG SUR COAST AND SANTA LUCIA MOUNTAINS MAY\u003cbr>\nRECEIVE BETWEEN 7 AND 8 INCHES OF RAIN. FLASH FLOODING WILL BE\u003cbr>\nPOSSIBLE ALONG THE BIG SUR COAST FROM LATE TONIGHT UNTIL FRIDAY\u003cbr>\nNIGHT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 10:30 p.m. Wednesday: \u003c/strong>The main action from today's storm has moved to the south and east of the Bay Area, and the next system is expected to bring rain to the Bay Area early Friday morning. As for the Wednesday storm totals: The \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\" target=\"_blank\">National Weather Service's long but not quite comprehensive list shows\u003c/a> Monterey County locations got the highest amounts, with sites in the Santa Lucia Mountains inland from Big Sur getting nearly 4 inches in the past 24 hours. Many places in the Santa Cruz Mountains in the immediate Bay Area got close to 3 inches, and typically wet North Bay locations like Mount Tamalpais generally got somewhere between 1.25 and 2 inches. Bayside locations saw between half and three-quarters of an inch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post:\u003c/strong> In an \"ordinary\" Bay Area winter, there'd be nothing at all remarkable about today's weather. Rain? So what? In fact, confronted by a wet morning in a more typical late February, some among us might be saying, \"Enough already. When does spring get here?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's nothing typical, of course, about this dry, dry winter (and yes, when it comes to California's rainy season, variability is the norm). So that's why we'll assume -- feel free to back us up on this -- that aside from the chore of driving in the rain, the arrival of showers throughout the Bay Area this morning is cause for widespread if quiet rejoicing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/\" target=\"_blank\">National Weather Service\u003c/a> forecasters say the greater Bay Area — from the Sonoma-Mendocino county line down through the Salinas Valley, can expect 3 to 5 inches of rain from a series of storms between Wednesday and Saturday. Unlike the series of storms we saw earlier this month, when more than a foot of rain fell on ridgetop locations in Marin, Sonoma and Napa counties, precipitation will be more evenly distributed from north to south. The highest regional rain totals through Sunday, up to 6 inches, are forecast for the Santa Cruz Mountains and the Santa Lucia Range to the south. And the most copious precipitation statewide is expected in Southern California, where some mountain locations could see a foot of rain (or its equivalent in snow) by the end of the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Sierra snowpack, forecasters say 2 to 3 feet of snow could fall over the higher elevations, with the heaviest amounts coming toward the southern end of the mountain range. The mountain snowpack, a major reservoir for the state's annual water needs, is just 22 percent of normal for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to the question that hangs over any discussion of rain during a drought: How much will the current series of storms help?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, they won't hurt, that's for sure. But they will do little to make up the state's deep precipitation deficit or prevent the water shortages we're facing at least through the end of this calendar year. The good news is that right now forecasters are seeing increasing chances of another storm visiting the state next week.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Latest storm is soaking entire region, prompting a brief flash flood warning in the South Bay. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_128008\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/RS9028_IMG_6105-copy-lpr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-128008\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/RS9028_IMG_6105-copy-lpr-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"A pedestrian in downtown Oakland during storm earlier this week. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pedestrian in downtown Oakland during storm earlier this week. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4 p.m. Friday Update(BCN): \u003c/strong>Many trees have toppled over in San Francisco today as a storm moves through the Bay Area, the city's Department of Public Works spokeswoman Rachel Gordon said. A 20-foot tall tree was reported down on 37th Avenue between Irving and Judah streets, and other trees fell onto cars this morning on Clement Street and 44th Avenue and in the 1400 block of Kirkwood Avenue in the Bayview. No injuries were reported in any of those incidents. A large tree limb also fell on the sidewalk on Gough and California streets, Gordon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southbound lanes on the Great Highway between Lincoln Way and Sloat Boulevard remain closed today because of flooding. The stretch of road along Ocean Beach closed Wednesday evening when an earlier rainstorm passed through the region. Gordon said there are crews deployed throughout the city today to clear out storm drains. They are responding to specific calls and checking on known problem areas such as Folsom and 17th streets, parts of the Richmond District and an area prone to flooding in Glen Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help handle the deluge of rain, the department is offering up to 10 free sandbags for city residents and businesses. The bags can be picked up today at the DPW operations yard entrance near Marin and Kansas streets.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>12:30 p.m. Friday Update:\u003c/strong> The worst of the early Friday morning storm is moving south from the Bay Area at this hour with the passage of a cold front, and the National Weather Service has canceled flood advisories for the South Bay and Santa Cruz and Monterey counties. A flash flood advisory continues for coastal and mountain areas in Big Sur.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?wfo=mtr&pil=AFD&sid=MTR&version=0\" target=\"_blank\">Forecasters say\u003c/a> we'll see showery weather and possible thunderstorms this afternoon and evening. The storm center associated with the cold front will pass near the Big Sur coast tonight, bringing another round of rain followed by decreasing showers through Saturday afternoon. Sunday is supposed to be a dry day, but we have renewed chances of rain early next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The storm flooded roads throughout the region and even triggered small slides south of the Bay Area — including one on Highway 1 near Garrapata State Park, south of Carmel. As we reported earlier: PG&E is dealing with \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/outages/outage/\" target=\"_blank\">weather-related power outages\u003c/a> involving thousands of customers in western Marin and Sonoma counties, and thousands more along the coast down to Santa Barbara County and inland to the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sierra Nevada, where the \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2014/022714_snowsurvey.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">snowpack is at just 22 percent of normal\u003c/a> for the date, the Friday-Saturday storm is expected to drop as much as 2 feet of snow. \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/cgi-bin/roads.cgi\" target=\"_blank\">Caltrans reports\u003c/a> the Sierra passes are all open with chains required on small stretches of Highways 88 and 4. On the other side of the mountains, chains are required along stretches of U.S. 395 in Mono County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rainy weather caused more than 100 flight cancellations at San Francisco International Airport this morning, as well as flight delays of more than an hour. As of about noon, 51 arrivals and 52 departures had been canceled at SFO, airport duty manager Larry Mares said. Travelers whose flights have not been canceled are experiencing delays of about 30 to 60 minutes, with some flights delayed as much as 90 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7:30 a.m. Friday Update:\u003c/strong> As advertised, a storm that swept in from the Pacific overnight has brought high winds and heavy rain this morning. The highest rain totals from the storm, which is sending waves of precipitation across the Bay Area from the south, are being recorded in the Santa Cruz Mountains and, further down the coast, in the Santa Lucia range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E is reporting \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/outages/outage/\" target=\"_blank\">widespread power outages\u003c/a> involving thousands of customers in western Marin and Sonoma counties, and thousands more along the coast down to Santa Barbara County and inland to the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prolonged heavy rain in the South Bay prompted the National Weather Service to briefly issue a flash flood watch in an area straddling the Santa Clara, San Mateo and Santa Cruz county lines. That warning expired at 7:30 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A much wider area of the Bay Area — virtually all of the Peninsula, the South Bay and East Bay — is under \u003ca href=\"http://forecast.weather.gov/showsigwx.php?warnzone=CAZ510&warncounty=CAC013&firewxzone=CAZ510&local_place1=&product1=Flood+Advisory#.UxCuwvS0_Rc\" target=\"_blank\">a flood advisory\u003c/a> through 8:30 a.m. (What is a flood advisory? It's really an alert you're going to find lots of water on roads, underpasses and the like. In the words of the National Weather Service: \"A flood advisory means that although streams and creeks may be elevated or even rise out of their banks, property damage should be minimal. Inconveniences can be expected but the the flooding will not be life threatening.\" Here are \u003ca href=\"http://www.erh.noaa.gov/okx/wwa_definitions_new.html\" target=\"_blank\">more weather advisory/warning definitions\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5 p.m. Thursday Update:\u003c/strong> So, if you're wondering: The Bay Area is in for another good blast of wet-season weather from tonight into Saturday. The incoming storm will feature high winds, with gusts up to 45 mph or higher, along the coast and in the East Bay hills. Most coastal and valley locations in the region are expected to get 1 to 2 inches of rain, with 3 to 5 inches in the hills and perhaps much higher amounts in the mountains along the Big Sur coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a snippet from one of our favorite pieces of periodical meteorological literature, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\" target=\"_blank\">Area Forecast Discussion\u003c/a> from the National Weather Service Bay Area office in Monterey:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A POWERFUL UPPER LOW AND ASSOCIATED STORM SYSTEM IS FORECAST TO\u003cbr>\nMOVE TOWARD THE COAST OVERNIGHT...WITH PERSISTENT MODERATE TO\u003cbr>\nHEAVY RAIN ARRIVING ALONG THE COAST RIGHT AROUND MIDNIGHT. RAIN\u003cbr>\nWILL SPREAD EAST OVER THE ENTIRE AREA BY THE EARLY MORNING HOURS\u003cbr>\nAS THE COLD FRONT MOVES ONSHORE BETWEEN 3 AND 6 AM. IN ADDITION TO\u003cbr>\nTHE RAIN...MODERATE TO STRONG SOUTHEAST WINDS WILL BE PRESENT\u003cbr>\nAHEAD AND RIGHT BEHIND THE COLD FRONT. WINDS WILL INCREASE LATER\u003cbr>\nTHIS EVENING...PEAKING LATE TONIGHT INTO THE EARLY MORNING\u003cbr>\nHOURS...WITH WIND GUSTS TO 45 MPH POSSIBLE...ESPECIALLY ALONG THE\u003cbr>\nCOAST AND THROUGH THE EAST BAY HILLS. A WIND ADVISORY HAS BEEN\u003cbr>\nISSUED FOR THESE AREAS AND IS VALID FROM 10 PM TONIGHT THROUGH 10\u003cbr>\nAM FRIDAY MORNING. AFTER A BRIEF BREAK IN THE WINDS LATE FRIDAY\u003cbr>\nMORNING INTO FRIDAY EVENING...ANOTHER BATCH OF STRONG WINDS IS\u003cbr>\nSLATED TO IMPACT THE AREA FRIDAY NIGHT INTO SATURDAY MORNING.\u003cbr>\nANOTHER WIND ADVISORY WILL LIKELY BE ISSUED DURING THE DAY SHIFT\u003cbr>\nTOMORROW.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STEADY RAIN WILL BECOME SHOWERY IN ACTIVITY FRIDAY AFTERNOON AND\u003cbr>\nCONTINUE INTO AT LEAST SATURDAY AFTERNOON AS THE UPPER LOW TRACKS\u003cbr>\nSOUTH TOWARD SOUTHERN CA. A SLIGHT CHANCE OF THUNDERSTORMS REMAINS\u003cbr>\nIN THE FORECAST FOR MAINLY RIGHT ALONG THE COAST FRIDAY MORNING\u003cbr>\nINTO SATURDAY MORNING. ... THUNDERSTORMS WILL BE POSSIBLE THROUGH THE ENTIRE AREA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MOVING ONTO RAINFALL ACCUMULATION...FROM LATE TONIGHT THROUGH\u003cbr>\nSATURDAY AFTERNOON...MOST VALLEY LOCATIONS WILL SEE BETWEEN AN\u003cbr>\nINCH TO TWO INCHES OF RAIN...WITH THE HIGHER ELEVATIONS RECEIVING\u003cbr>\nBETWEEN 2 AND 3 INCHES OF RAIN. HOWEVER...THIS WILL NOT BE THE\u003cbr>\nCASE FOR THE BIG SUR COAST AS WELL AS THE SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS.\u003cbr>\nTHE SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAIN ARE FORECAST TO RECEIVE BETWEEN 3 AND 4\u003cbr>\nINCHES OF RAIN...WITH THE BIG SUR COAST RECEIVING BETWEEN 4 AND 6\u003cbr>\nINCHES OF RAIN. IT IS NOT OUT OF THE QUESTION THAT A FEW ISOLATED\u003cbr>\nAREAS ALONG THE BIG SUR COAST AND SANTA LUCIA MOUNTAINS MAY\u003cbr>\nRECEIVE BETWEEN 7 AND 8 INCHES OF RAIN. FLASH FLOODING WILL BE\u003cbr>\nPOSSIBLE ALONG THE BIG SUR COAST FROM LATE TONIGHT UNTIL FRIDAY\u003cbr>\nNIGHT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 10:30 p.m. Wednesday: \u003c/strong>The main action from today's storm has moved to the south and east of the Bay Area, and the next system is expected to bring rain to the Bay Area early Friday morning. As for the Wednesday storm totals: The \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\" target=\"_blank\">National Weather Service's long but not quite comprehensive list shows\u003c/a> Monterey County locations got the highest amounts, with sites in the Santa Lucia Mountains inland from Big Sur getting nearly 4 inches in the past 24 hours. Many places in the Santa Cruz Mountains in the immediate Bay Area got close to 3 inches, and typically wet North Bay locations like Mount Tamalpais generally got somewhere between 1.25 and 2 inches. Bayside locations saw between half and three-quarters of an inch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post:\u003c/strong> In an \"ordinary\" Bay Area winter, there'd be nothing at all remarkable about today's weather. Rain? So what? In fact, confronted by a wet morning in a more typical late February, some among us might be saying, \"Enough already. When does spring get here?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's nothing typical, of course, about this dry, dry winter (and yes, when it comes to California's rainy season, variability is the norm). So that's why we'll assume -- feel free to back us up on this -- that aside from the chore of driving in the rain, the arrival of showers throughout the Bay Area this morning is cause for widespread if quiet rejoicing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/\" target=\"_blank\">National Weather Service\u003c/a> forecasters say the greater Bay Area — from the Sonoma-Mendocino county line down through the Salinas Valley, can expect 3 to 5 inches of rain from a series of storms between Wednesday and Saturday. Unlike the series of storms we saw earlier this month, when more than a foot of rain fell on ridgetop locations in Marin, Sonoma and Napa counties, precipitation will be more evenly distributed from north to south. The highest regional rain totals through Sunday, up to 6 inches, are forecast for the Santa Cruz Mountains and the Santa Lucia Range to the south. And the most copious precipitation statewide is expected in Southern California, where some mountain locations could see a foot of rain (or its equivalent in snow) by the end of the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Sierra snowpack, forecasters say 2 to 3 feet of snow could fall over the higher elevations, with the heaviest amounts coming toward the southern end of the mountain range. The mountain snowpack, a major reservoir for the state's annual water needs, is just 22 percent of normal for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to the question that hangs over any discussion of rain during a drought: How much will the current series of storms help?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, they won't hurt, that's for sure. But they will do little to make up the state's deep precipitation deficit or prevent the water shortages we're facing at least through the end of this calendar year. The good news is that right now forecasters are seeing increasing chances of another storm visiting the state next week.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area: Do You Know Where Your Water Comes From?",
"headTitle": "Bay Area: Do You Know Where Your Water Comes From? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Bay Area water system is a byzantine patchwork of agencies — more than 50 in all — that provides water to customers. Some are the ones you see on your water bill. Others are middlemen that provide water to local agencies at the the wholesale level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some of that water makes a long journey. Southern California has the reputation for tapping far-flung sources for its water needs, but the Bay Area is in the same boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than two-thirds of the Bay Area’s water supply comes from outside the region, which means in extreme drought years like this one, local water districts are competing with many others around the state for limited supplies.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBay Area Water Districts by Major Source of Supply\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?q=select+col3+from+1NIm7PuuPiHOm1RAm-VjyIsNslYCnTSSCWzLDS3c&viz=MAP&h=false&lat=37.72079799420169&lng=-122.23845001696753&t=1&z=8&l=col3&y=2&tmplt=2&hml=KML\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/key6.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14726\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/key6.jpg\" alt=\"key6\" width=\"640\" height=\"153\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hetch Hetchy Water System\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe system originates more than 100 miles from its primary customers, in Yosemite National Park. O’Shaughnessy Dam was built on the Tuolumne River in 1923 to create Hetch Hetchy Reservoir. The water travels through a series of pipelines before it reaches the Bay Area and blends with five local reservoirs. The Tuolumne River joins the San Joaquin River and flows into the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, advocates of restoring Hetch Hetchy Valley \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/century-old-battle-over-yosemites-second-valley-heats-up/\">put a measure on the San Francisco ballot\u003c/a> that would have required the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to study draining the reservoir and shifting the water to other storage facilities. The measure was defeated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14633\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/HetchHetchy-1024x368.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14633\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/HetchHetchy-1024x368.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge map. (Credit: By Shannon1 [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"368\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge map. (Credit: By Shannon1 \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHetchhetchyprojmap.jpg\">via Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14635\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 218px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DWR_USGS_bay_deltamap-826x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14635\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DWR_USGS_bay_deltamap-826x1024.jpg\" alt=\"(Source: CA DWR and USGS)\" width=\"218\" height=\"269\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge map. (Source: CA DWR and USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCalifornia’s two major rivers, the Sacramento and San Joaquin, fed by half a dozen others, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">come together in this inland delta\u003c/a> just east of San Francisco Bay. The Delta’s watershed makes up about 45 percent of the state in all. Two-thirds of Californians use Delta water, delivered mainly through two major canal systems, the State Water Project and the Central Valley Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the prolonged drought, water officials have warned that there \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/31/state-water-project-deliveries-canceled-because-of-drought\">could be no water deliveries\u003c/a> from either project this year, except for some drinking water supplies. The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has seen \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">dramatic ecological decline\u003c/a> due to habitat loss, invasive species and highly altered water flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Russian River Water System\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe 110-mile Russian River begins north of the Bay Area in Mendocino County and flows south until it reaches the Pacific Ocean west of Santa Rosa. There are three major reservoirs that are part of the water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mokelumne River Water System\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis river originates in the Central Sierra Nevada and flows west until it reaches the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and San Francisco Bay. The East Bay Municipal Utility District built Pardee Dam on the river near Stockton in 1929. Water is delivered to the Bay Area through the 85-mile Mokelumne Aqueduct, which diverts the river’s water before it reaches the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14640\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/EBMUD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/EBMUD.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge map. (Source: EBMUD)\" width=\"900\" height=\"390\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge map. (Source: EBMUD)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lake Berryessa\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe 23 mile-long reservoir was created in Napa County in the 1950s, when the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation built Monticello Dam on Putah Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Local Water Supplies\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMany water districts use water from the surrounding watershed. It comes from local streams and rivers, fed by rainfall or is pumped from underground aquifers. Some districts also recycle water, which is primarily used for landscape irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-2005ws-0214.jsp\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional research by Shara Tonn.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Bay Area water system is a byzantine patchwork of agencies — more than 50 in all — that provides water to customers. Some are the ones you see on your water bill. Others are middlemen that provide water to local agencies at the the wholesale level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some of that water makes a long journey. Southern California has the reputation for tapping far-flung sources for its water needs, but the Bay Area is in the same boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than two-thirds of the Bay Area’s water supply comes from outside the region, which means in extreme drought years like this one, local water districts are competing with many others around the state for limited supplies.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBay Area Water Districts by Major Source of Supply\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?q=select+col3+from+1NIm7PuuPiHOm1RAm-VjyIsNslYCnTSSCWzLDS3c&viz=MAP&h=false&lat=37.72079799420169&lng=-122.23845001696753&t=1&z=8&l=col3&y=2&tmplt=2&hml=KML\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/key6.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14726\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/key6.jpg\" alt=\"key6\" width=\"640\" height=\"153\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hetch Hetchy Water System\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe system originates more than 100 miles from its primary customers, in Yosemite National Park. O’Shaughnessy Dam was built on the Tuolumne River in 1923 to create Hetch Hetchy Reservoir. The water travels through a series of pipelines before it reaches the Bay Area and blends with five local reservoirs. The Tuolumne River joins the San Joaquin River and flows into the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, advocates of restoring Hetch Hetchy Valley \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/century-old-battle-over-yosemites-second-valley-heats-up/\">put a measure on the San Francisco ballot\u003c/a> that would have required the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to study draining the reservoir and shifting the water to other storage facilities. The measure was defeated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14633\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/HetchHetchy-1024x368.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14633\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/HetchHetchy-1024x368.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge map. (Credit: By Shannon1 [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"368\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge map. (Credit: By Shannon1 \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHetchhetchyprojmap.jpg\">via Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14635\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 218px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DWR_USGS_bay_deltamap-826x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14635\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DWR_USGS_bay_deltamap-826x1024.jpg\" alt=\"(Source: CA DWR and USGS)\" width=\"218\" height=\"269\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge map. (Source: CA DWR and USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCalifornia’s two major rivers, the Sacramento and San Joaquin, fed by half a dozen others, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">come together in this inland delta\u003c/a> just east of San Francisco Bay. The Delta’s watershed makes up about 45 percent of the state in all. Two-thirds of Californians use Delta water, delivered mainly through two major canal systems, the State Water Project and the Central Valley Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the prolonged drought, water officials have warned that there \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/01/31/state-water-project-deliveries-canceled-because-of-drought\">could be no water deliveries\u003c/a> from either project this year, except for some drinking water supplies. The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has seen \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/ca-delta/\">dramatic ecological decline\u003c/a> due to habitat loss, invasive species and highly altered water flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Russian River Water System\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe 110-mile Russian River begins north of the Bay Area in Mendocino County and flows south until it reaches the Pacific Ocean west of Santa Rosa. There are three major reservoirs that are part of the water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mokelumne River Water System\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis river originates in the Central Sierra Nevada and flows west until it reaches the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and San Francisco Bay. The East Bay Municipal Utility District built Pardee Dam on the river near Stockton in 1929. Water is delivered to the Bay Area through the 85-mile Mokelumne Aqueduct, which diverts the river’s water before it reaches the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14640\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/EBMUD.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/EBMUD.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge map. (Source: EBMUD)\" width=\"900\" height=\"390\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge map. (Source: EBMUD)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lake Berryessa\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe 23 mile-long reservoir was created in Napa County in the 1950s, when the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation built Monticello Dam on Putah Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Local Water Supplies\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMany water districts use water from the surrounding watershed. It comes from local streams and rivers, fed by rainfall or is pumped from underground aquifers. Some districts also recycle water, which is primarily used for landscape irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/assets/graph/drought-2005ws-0214.jsp\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional research by Shara Tonn.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Fukushima Radiation on its Way to California, Scientists Say it Poses No Threat",
"headTitle": "Fukushima Radiation on its Way to California, Scientists Say it Poses No Threat | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14590\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14590 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/beach-e1393293321141.jpg\" alt=\"The California coast is -- so far -- free of Cesium-134, the radioactive isotope traveling across the ocean from the Fukushima nuclear power plant. (Damian Gadal/Flickr) http://www.flickr.com/photos/23024164@N06/11975479114/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California coast is — so far — free of Cesium-134, the radioactive isotope traveling across the Pacific from the Fukushima nuclear power plant. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/23024164@N06/11975479114/\">Damian Gadal/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Radiation in the ocean from the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident in 2011 in Japan has yet to reach the California coast, scientists said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have detected miniscule amounts of the radioactive isotope \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclides/cesium.html\">cesium-134\u003c/a> in the ocean off Vancouver, Canada, as John Norton Smith, a senior research scientist at Canada’s Bedford Institute of Oceanography, said at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in Hawaii. It’s at levels lower than naturally occurring radiation, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Factsheets/English/polonium210.html\">polonium-210\u003c/a>, which is already in the ocean, he said.\u003cdel datetime=\"2014-02-24T17:33\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are testing samples and using models to try to zero in on when it will reach the California coast — they say they expect it this spring — and how much there will be when it does, said Ken Buesseler, a scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have also detected radioactive cesium-137 in the ocean. This is not a surprise, said Buesseler. It’s been around since the nuclear weapons tests in the 1950s and 1960s. With a half-life of 30 years, it’s going away, but still around in trace amounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s clearly not an environmental or human health radiological threat.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One of the outstanding questions now is, how much cesium-134 — the stuff from Fukushima — will eventually make it to our coast?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data collected by scientists at the Bedford Institute fits into two different models — one predicting that it could reach levels comparable to the levels of cesium-137 when weapons testing was still going on, the other that it would be closer to cesium-137 levels in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a little hard to predict at this moment which model is correct, said Smith. Either outcome, he emphasizes, is not dangerous to humans because the levels are so low.\u003cins cite=\"mailto:LENOVO%20USER\" datetime=\"2014-02-24T17:18\">\u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s clearly not an environmental or human health radiological threat,” he said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”06629c71697c48c363c830394a2736cc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it does start arriving researchers will know, said Buesseler. He’s organizing a \u003ca href=\"http://ourradioactiveocean.org/\">citizen science project\u003c/a>, in which volunteers all over the West Coast collect ocean water samples to test for radioactivity. Collection points in California include Point Reyes, Pacifica and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not here yet,” Buesseler said. “When we’re talking about the arrival of the plume — and, you know, I’m the first person to say radioactivity can be quite dangerous, we should be concerned — but maybe not at the levels we’re going to expect coming across from Japan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another radiation-detecting project underway in California is Kelp Watch 2014, a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/15/new-fukushima-radiation-study-will-focus-on-west-coast-kelp-forests/\">program to monitor kelp forests\u003c/a> on the coast for cesium-134.\u003cins cite=\"mailto:LENOVO%20USER\" datetime=\"2014-02-24T17:19\">\u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14590\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14590 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/beach-e1393293321141.jpg\" alt=\"The California coast is -- so far -- free of Cesium-134, the radioactive isotope traveling across the ocean from the Fukushima nuclear power plant. (Damian Gadal/Flickr) http://www.flickr.com/photos/23024164@N06/11975479114/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California coast is — so far — free of Cesium-134, the radioactive isotope traveling across the Pacific from the Fukushima nuclear power plant. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/23024164@N06/11975479114/\">Damian Gadal/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Radiation in the ocean from the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident in 2011 in Japan has yet to reach the California coast, scientists said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have detected miniscule amounts of the radioactive isotope \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclides/cesium.html\">cesium-134\u003c/a> in the ocean off Vancouver, Canada, as John Norton Smith, a senior research scientist at Canada’s Bedford Institute of Oceanography, said at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in Hawaii. It’s at levels lower than naturally occurring radiation, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Factsheets/English/polonium210.html\">polonium-210\u003c/a>, which is already in the ocean, he said.\u003cdel datetime=\"2014-02-24T17:33\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are testing samples and using models to try to zero in on when it will reach the California coast — they say they expect it this spring — and how much there will be when it does, said Ken Buesseler, a scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have also detected radioactive cesium-137 in the ocean. This is not a surprise, said Buesseler. It’s been around since the nuclear weapons tests in the 1950s and 1960s. With a half-life of 30 years, it’s going away, but still around in trace amounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s clearly not an environmental or human health radiological threat.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One of the outstanding questions now is, how much cesium-134 — the stuff from Fukushima — will eventually make it to our coast?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data collected by scientists at the Bedford Institute fits into two different models — one predicting that it could reach levels comparable to the levels of cesium-137 when weapons testing was still going on, the other that it would be closer to cesium-137 levels in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a little hard to predict at this moment which model is correct, said Smith. Either outcome, he emphasizes, is not dangerous to humans because the levels are so low.\u003cins cite=\"mailto:LENOVO%20USER\" datetime=\"2014-02-24T17:18\">\u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s clearly not an environmental or human health radiological threat,” he said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it does start arriving researchers will know, said Buesseler. He’s organizing a \u003ca href=\"http://ourradioactiveocean.org/\">citizen science project\u003c/a>, in which volunteers all over the West Coast collect ocean water samples to test for radioactivity. Collection points in California include Point Reyes, Pacifica and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not here yet,” Buesseler said. “When we’re talking about the arrival of the plume — and, you know, I’m the first person to say radioactivity can be quite dangerous, we should be concerned — but maybe not at the levels we’re going to expect coming across from Japan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another radiation-detecting project underway in California is Kelp Watch 2014, a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/01/15/new-fukushima-radiation-study-will-focus-on-west-coast-kelp-forests/\">program to monitor kelp forests\u003c/a> on the coast for cesium-134.\u003cins cite=\"mailto:LENOVO%20USER\" datetime=\"2014-02-24T17:19\">\u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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