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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_145827\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/08/oregonfire.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-145827\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/08/oregonfire-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"The Oregon Fire, sparked by a boat trailer that broke away from a truck on Highway 299 just outside Weaverville. (Chris Woodward via Twitter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Oregon Fire, sparked by a boat trailer that broke away from a truck on Highway 299 just outside Weaverville. (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CWoodwardPhotog\" target=\"_blank\">Chris Woodward\u003c/a> via Twitter)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire crews are hurrying to throw containment lines around a fire burning on the outskirts of the town of Weaverville, in Trinity County northwest of Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oregon Fire broke out Sunday afternoon after a boat trailer became unhitched on Highway 299 just west of town. The trailer threw sparks into roadside brush before it crashed on the edge of the road, igniting a brush fire that quickly burned across about 650 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trinity County sheriff's officials ordered the evacuation of about 200 homes on the edge of Weaverville, a Gold Rush-era town with about 3,600 residents. Those evacuation orders were lifted Monday as the blaze burned away from the settlement and a force of more than 800 firefighters made progress building control lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire was reported 25 percent contained at midday Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther north, firefighters are still contending with two major blazes that have been spreading in the Klamath National Forest for weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 35,385-acre Whites Fire \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/4035/24099/\" target=\"_blank\">is 49 percent contained \u003c/a>with evacuation orders still in place in several communities. The Whites Fire is part of \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4035/\" target=\"_blank\">a group of lightning-sparked fires\u003c/a> that started about 40 miles west of Mount Shasta on July 31.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second group of lightning-caused fires, the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4078/\" target=\"_blank\">Happy Camp Complex\u003c/a>, has grown to more than 22,000 acres since igniting on Aug. 11. The biggest of the blazes is the Frying Pan Fire, burning south of the Klamath River about 45 miles east of Crescent City. The Frying Pan blaze, which has consumed nearly 20,000 acres, is 10 percent contained. Another fire in the complex, the Faulkstein, has burned 1,900 acres with no containment.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/08/20140825science.mp3\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/quake-rolls-through-bay-area/\">6.0-magnitude earthquake\u003c/a> that shook Napa and surrounding communities on Sunday was the largest to hit the Bay Area in 25 years. More than 100 people were treated for injuries at Queen of the Valley Hospital, streets buckled and wine bottles flew from store shelves. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20983\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/454081604-640x431-e1408937362954.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/454081604-640x431-e1408937362954.jpg\" alt=\"A passerby stops to take a picture of damage to the Napa post office. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20983\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A passerby stops to take a picture of damage to the Napa post office. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The USGS has issued an advisory that another strong temblor could happen in the area of the South Napa Earthquake in the next few days, but the chances of that are diminishing quickly. Meanwhile, scientists are still trying to find out more about the fault where Sunday’s earthquake occurred. They are focusing on the small West Napa Fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED Senior Science Editor spoke with Brad Aagaard, geophysicist with USGS based in Menlo Park. He explained what experts know so far.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brad Aagaard: The West Napa Fault is a fault that is mapped primarily directly west of the city of Napa, along the edge of the foothills. And as you go further south into the region of the magnitude 6.0 earthquake of Sunday morning, it’s expected at the surface to become much less. We don’t yet know whether this earthquake occurred on the West Napa Fault or just in its vicinity on a smaller structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Andrea Kissack: So you’re not even sure you know what fault line this is on yet?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you know what other faults it could be connected to yet, or do you need to know what fault line it is first?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is the Franklin Fault which is mapped in this vicinity, but this also could be on an un-mapped fault that is a smaller structure that is yet to be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are there other dormant, little-known faults in the area and does this quake change the way you’re looking at these less known faults?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the San Francisco Bay Area we are in the middle of the San Andreas Fault system. So even the Hayward Rogers Creek Fault on the east side of the bay is really considered part of the San Andreas Fault System, and there are a lot of smaller structures that link these faults together. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can make magnitude-6.0 earthquakes on any of these smaller structures but we would not expect a magnitude-7.0 earthquake on these smaller structures. We would expect those on our primary faults such as the San Andreas Fault and the Hayward Rogers Creek Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What kind of quake was this? Can you tell me more about the mechanics of it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the Bay Area most of our faults are strike-slip faults, where one side of the fault moves laterally relative to the other side, and this is a result of our plate boundary here along the San Andreas Fault System with the Pacific plate moving to the North relative to the North American plate. With that plate motion being accommodated with one plate sliding past another that’s why most faults are accommodating that lateral motion. [contextly_sidebar id=”LdoY9ftd3tEmjEqctgGGaaV35p3SP5aC”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunday’s magnitude-6.0 earthquake accommodated this side swept motion and even the alignment of the fault is very consistent with the orientation of the plate boundary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The USGS characterized this as a violent shaking quake but reports from near the epicenter really varied. Some people in American Canyon described only a moderate shaking. Why would there be such disparities?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The level of shaking is really controlled by the local ground conditions and precisely where you are relative to where the earthquake is. Locations closer to sediments — central parts of the river valleys — where the material is softer, so it tends to amplify the shaking. If you’re out in the hills, especially if you’re on hard bedrock, you tend to have more rigid material underneath you so that’s going to cause a different, lower amplitude of shaking. Also in this particular earthquake, because it was a strike-slip the energy tends to be focused along the fault. So if you’re even just a few miles perpendicular to the fault you can have very different shaking than you are if you’re aligned with the fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20995\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 625px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/quakecomparison.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"625\" height=\"528\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20995\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This is the largest quake to hit the Bay Area in 25 years, how much stronger was the Loma Prieta quake and what were the similarities and differences between these two?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the Loma Prieta earthquake was a magnitude-6.9 event and even though it occurred down in the Santa Cruz mountains, closer to Santa Cruz, it did cause damage in San Francisco and Oakland and it was the Oakland area where most of the loss of life was so that sort of gives you the difference in scale between a magnitude 6.9, which releases 30 times more energy than a magnitude-6.0 earthquake. We’re seeing most of the damage of this magnitude-6.0 earthquake concentrated within about 10 kilometers or six miles of where the earthquake occurred, and this is sort of consistent with a smaller size event compared to the size event of the Loma Prieta size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There is an early warning system being piloted in California. How did it measure up in this quake?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/08/24/uc-berkeley-early-warning-system-predicted-south-napa-earthquake/\">early warning system worked\u003c/a> in this case. The prototype would have provided ten seconds of warning in the San Francisco area and that few seconds of warning is very important for people to be able to take action such as do drop, cover and hold on before the strong shaking hits them. If you’re closer to the earthquake you have less warning and so it’s a reminder that people need to be prepared to immediately take action, do a drop cover and hold on when they feel an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/08/20140825science.mp3\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/24/quake-rolls-through-bay-area/\">6.0-magnitude earthquake\u003c/a> that shook Napa and surrounding communities on Sunday was the largest to hit the Bay Area in 25 years. More than 100 people were treated for injuries at Queen of the Valley Hospital, streets buckled and wine bottles flew from store shelves. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20983\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/454081604-640x431-e1408937362954.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/454081604-640x431-e1408937362954.jpg\" alt=\"A passerby stops to take a picture of damage to the Napa post office. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20983\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A passerby stops to take a picture of damage to the Napa post office. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The USGS has issued an advisory that another strong temblor could happen in the area of the South Napa Earthquake in the next few days, but the chances of that are diminishing quickly. Meanwhile, scientists are still trying to find out more about the fault where Sunday’s earthquake occurred. They are focusing on the small West Napa Fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KQED Senior Science Editor spoke with Brad Aagaard, geophysicist with USGS based in Menlo Park. He explained what experts know so far.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brad Aagaard: The West Napa Fault is a fault that is mapped primarily directly west of the city of Napa, along the edge of the foothills. And as you go further south into the region of the magnitude 6.0 earthquake of Sunday morning, it’s expected at the surface to become much less. We don’t yet know whether this earthquake occurred on the West Napa Fault or just in its vicinity on a smaller structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Andrea Kissack: So you’re not even sure you know what fault line this is on yet?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you know what other faults it could be connected to yet, or do you need to know what fault line it is first?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is the Franklin Fault which is mapped in this vicinity, but this also could be on an un-mapped fault that is a smaller structure that is yet to be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are there other dormant, little-known faults in the area and does this quake change the way you’re looking at these less known faults?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the San Francisco Bay Area we are in the middle of the San Andreas Fault system. So even the Hayward Rogers Creek Fault on the east side of the bay is really considered part of the San Andreas Fault System, and there are a lot of smaller structures that link these faults together. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can make magnitude-6.0 earthquakes on any of these smaller structures but we would not expect a magnitude-7.0 earthquake on these smaller structures. We would expect those on our primary faults such as the San Andreas Fault and the Hayward Rogers Creek Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What kind of quake was this? Can you tell me more about the mechanics of it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the Bay Area most of our faults are strike-slip faults, where one side of the fault moves laterally relative to the other side, and this is a result of our plate boundary here along the San Andreas Fault System with the Pacific plate moving to the North relative to the North American plate. With that plate motion being accommodated with one plate sliding past another that’s why most faults are accommodating that lateral motion. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunday’s magnitude-6.0 earthquake accommodated this side swept motion and even the alignment of the fault is very consistent with the orientation of the plate boundary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The USGS characterized this as a violent shaking quake but reports from near the epicenter really varied. Some people in American Canyon described only a moderate shaking. Why would there be such disparities?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The level of shaking is really controlled by the local ground conditions and precisely where you are relative to where the earthquake is. Locations closer to sediments — central parts of the river valleys — where the material is softer, so it tends to amplify the shaking. If you’re out in the hills, especially if you’re on hard bedrock, you tend to have more rigid material underneath you so that’s going to cause a different, lower amplitude of shaking. Also in this particular earthquake, because it was a strike-slip the energy tends to be focused along the fault. So if you’re even just a few miles perpendicular to the fault you can have very different shaking than you are if you’re aligned with the fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20995\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 625px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/quakecomparison.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"625\" height=\"528\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20995\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This is the largest quake to hit the Bay Area in 25 years, how much stronger was the Loma Prieta quake and what were the similarities and differences between these two?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the Loma Prieta earthquake was a magnitude-6.9 event and even though it occurred down in the Santa Cruz mountains, closer to Santa Cruz, it did cause damage in San Francisco and Oakland and it was the Oakland area where most of the loss of life was so that sort of gives you the difference in scale between a magnitude 6.9, which releases 30 times more energy than a magnitude-6.0 earthquake. We’re seeing most of the damage of this magnitude-6.0 earthquake concentrated within about 10 kilometers or six miles of where the earthquake occurred, and this is sort of consistent with a smaller size event compared to the size event of the Loma Prieta size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There is an early warning system being piloted in California. How did it measure up in this quake?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/08/24/uc-berkeley-early-warning-system-predicted-south-napa-earthquake/\">early warning system worked\u003c/a> in this case. The prototype would have provided ten seconds of warning in the San Francisco area and that few seconds of warning is very important for people to be able to take action such as do drop, cover and hold on before the strong shaking hits them. If you’re closer to the earthquake you have less warning and so it’s a reminder that people need to be prepared to immediately take action, do a drop cover and hold on when they feel an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20760\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 618px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/bird-kill-kenneth-Herdy-FLAP-2009.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20760 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/bird-kill-kenneth-Herdy-FLAP-2009.jpg\" alt=\"Birds collected after colliding with buildings in Toronto 2009. (Kenneth Herdy/FLAP Canada)\" width=\"618\" height=\"269\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Birds collected after colliding with buildings in Toronto 2009. (Kenneth Herdy/FLAP Canada)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tourists aren’t the only out-of-towners that flock to the city by the bay. Each year, more than 250 species of birds stop in San Francisco during their fall and spring migrations, said Judith Pynn of the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengateaudubon.org/\">Golden Gate Audubon Society\u003c/a>. But birds passing through the big city on the Pacific Flyway can be thrown off by unfamiliar terrain, particularly windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They either don’t see the glass, or see a reflection and try to fly through it. “They may mistake it for a habitat [or] may see their own reflection and think it’s a rival and try to attack,” said Pynn, a resident of the Outer Sunset in San Francisco. She said a bird flew into a window in her home a few months ago. Pynn suspects that the window’s reflection of a nearby tree may have lured the bird to its death. “It’s a real hazard,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20793\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 203px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pacific_map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20793 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pacific_map.jpg\" alt=\"Hundreds of species of birds fly through San Francisco on the Pacific Flyway migration corridor. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) \" width=\"203\" height=\"374\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hundreds of species of migrant birds fly through San Francisco on the Pacific Flyway migration corridor. (US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to the National Bird Conservatory, between 100 million and one billion birds die each year from colliding with glass windows of commercial or residential buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, San Francisco passed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/files/publications_reports/bird_safe_bldgs/Standards%20for%20Bird%20Safe%20Buildings%20-%2011-30-11.pdf\">first standards\u003c/a> in the country aimed at reducing the hazards of commercial buildings by requiring window film or lighting adjustments. Now, the San Francisco Planning Department is enlisting the help of volunteers like Pynn to measure the damage caused by residential windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once a week during the fall, Pynn will walk around the perimeter of her home in search of dead or injured birds. If she finds anything, she’ll report it to the Planning Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hoping to get people excited and involved and be able to collect some really great data,” said Andrew Perry with the San Francisco Planning Department’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-planning.org/index.aspx?page=2506#media\">Bird-Safe Buildings Project\u003c/a>. “Citizen science is a very powerful tool.” He added that participants don’t need to be hardcore birders. Residents can take pictures of birds and upload them to the web for someone else to identify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city already has anecdotal evidence of residential bird collisions, Perry said, but this project will be the most extensive study of residential collisions on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city sending a clear message that it takes bird-safe buildings seriously, and it’s not just about commercial property owners,” said Cindy Margulis, Executive Director of the Golden Gate Audubon Society. This study will better inform the city’s policymakers on the hazards of residential windows, she said. “We need more science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The citywide project will be ongoing, and participants are being asked to commit to monitoring for at least one migration period. Residents who live near parks are of particular interest to the study, as birds are more likely to be concentrated in those areas. This fall’s migration period began August 15 and runs through November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those interested in monitoring their own homes can email Andrew Perry with the San Francisco Planning Department: andrew.perry@sfgov.org\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Between 100 million and one billion birds die each year from colliding with glass windows of commercial or residential buildings. San Francisco is launching a program to track the damage caused by windows in homes. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20760\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 618px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/bird-kill-kenneth-Herdy-FLAP-2009.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20760 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/bird-kill-kenneth-Herdy-FLAP-2009.jpg\" alt=\"Birds collected after colliding with buildings in Toronto 2009. (Kenneth Herdy/FLAP Canada)\" width=\"618\" height=\"269\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Birds collected after colliding with buildings in Toronto 2009. (Kenneth Herdy/FLAP Canada)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tourists aren’t the only out-of-towners that flock to the city by the bay. Each year, more than 250 species of birds stop in San Francisco during their fall and spring migrations, said Judith Pynn of the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengateaudubon.org/\">Golden Gate Audubon Society\u003c/a>. But birds passing through the big city on the Pacific Flyway can be thrown off by unfamiliar terrain, particularly windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They either don’t see the glass, or see a reflection and try to fly through it. “They may mistake it for a habitat [or] may see their own reflection and think it’s a rival and try to attack,” said Pynn, a resident of the Outer Sunset in San Francisco. She said a bird flew into a window in her home a few months ago. Pynn suspects that the window’s reflection of a nearby tree may have lured the bird to its death. “It’s a real hazard,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20793\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 203px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pacific_map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20793 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pacific_map.jpg\" alt=\"Hundreds of species of birds fly through San Francisco on the Pacific Flyway migration corridor. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) \" width=\"203\" height=\"374\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hundreds of species of migrant birds fly through San Francisco on the Pacific Flyway migration corridor. (US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to the National Bird Conservatory, between 100 million and one billion birds die each year from colliding with glass windows of commercial or residential buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, San Francisco passed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/files/publications_reports/bird_safe_bldgs/Standards%20for%20Bird%20Safe%20Buildings%20-%2011-30-11.pdf\">first standards\u003c/a> in the country aimed at reducing the hazards of commercial buildings by requiring window film or lighting adjustments. Now, the San Francisco Planning Department is enlisting the help of volunteers like Pynn to measure the damage caused by residential windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once a week during the fall, Pynn will walk around the perimeter of her home in search of dead or injured birds. If she finds anything, she’ll report it to the Planning Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hoping to get people excited and involved and be able to collect some really great data,” said Andrew Perry with the San Francisco Planning Department’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-planning.org/index.aspx?page=2506#media\">Bird-Safe Buildings Project\u003c/a>. “Citizen science is a very powerful tool.” He added that participants don’t need to be hardcore birders. Residents can take pictures of birds and upload them to the web for someone else to identify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city already has anecdotal evidence of residential bird collisions, Perry said, but this project will be the most extensive study of residential collisions on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city sending a clear message that it takes bird-safe buildings seriously, and it’s not just about commercial property owners,” said Cindy Margulis, Executive Director of the Golden Gate Audubon Society. This study will better inform the city’s policymakers on the hazards of residential windows, she said. “We need more science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The citywide project will be ongoing, and participants are being asked to commit to monitoring for at least one migration period. Residents who live near parks are of particular interest to the study, as birds are more likely to be concentrated in those areas. This fall’s migration period began August 15 and runs through November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those interested in monitoring their own homes can email Andrew Perry with the San Francisco Planning Department: andrew.perry@sfgov.org\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "feds-to-release-water-for-klamath-and-trinity-salmon-farm-districts-protest",
"title": "Feds to Release Water for Klamath and Trinity Salmon; Farm Districts Protest",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_127089\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/12527233845_4dfc14b9e2_k.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/12527233845_4dfc14b9e2_k-640x429.jpg\" alt=\"(Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"429\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-127089\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation announced Friday that it will release water over the next several weeks to aid chinook salmon on the Klamath and Trinity rivers — a move that native tribes on the river have lobbied for to prevent a repeat of a catastrophic die-off that killed tens of thousands of fish headed upstream to spawn in 2002.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribes welcomed the bureau’s decision, which involves releasing about 25,000 acre-feet of water into the Trinity River from Lewiston Dam, northwest of Redding starting Saturday morning and continuing through Sept. 14. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Westlands Water District and the San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority, which serve thousands of farms in the San Joaquin Valley, immediately announced they will seek a temporary restraining order to stop the releases. The federal court in Fresno that will hear that motion notified the agencies that no action is likely before Tuesday evening. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as three weeks ago, the bureau said it would not consider emergency water releases unless scientists saw signs that a die-off, caused by pathogens that thrive in warm, slow-moving water, was under way. But the agency signaled last week it might reconsider after members of the Hoopa Valley and Yurok tribes had an impromptu meeting in Redding with Interior Secretary Sally Jewell. The tribes, along with environmental and fishing groups, argued that low flows and warm water on the river have created perfect conditions for a die-off of chinook salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For them to turn around and release the flows in this emergency situation is certainly a win for the fish,” said Robert Franklin, senior hydrologist with Hoopa Valley Tribal Fisheries, after the bureau announced its decision. He added that the planned release should be effective in heading off a deadly complex of maladies, especially a condition called gill rot and a parasite known as Ich (for \u003ca href=\"http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fa006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ichthyophthirius multifiliis\u003c/a>) that can kill salmon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franklin said the last-minute nature of the bureau’s decision showed the need for better advance planning in times of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tribe has been on this since February, writing Secretary Jewell about the coming problem as the drought became very, very apparent,” Franklin said. “… So we’re wanting very much to have our eyes on the strategic planning and have something in place that keeps us from having to hurry up and do this with very little time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sldmwa.org/statement-82214-reclamation-announces-dump-water-thousands-stand-line-food-handouts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">But in a statement\u003c/a>, Dan Nelson, the executive director of the San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority, blasted the water releases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, United States Bureau of Reclamation announced it will dump precious Central Valley Project water while the people of our valley suffer from well-documented and widely reported social and economic destruction as a result of government policies compounded by the drought,” Nelson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he questioned whether the releases are necessary to save migrating fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number of returning salmon is still well below the established level of concern. In fact, reports from field biologists, fishing guides and fishermen along the lower Klamath all indicate that the prevalent fish in the river is steelhead, not chinook salmon. There are no reports of any disease outbreak, which was the requisite condition for change Reclamation established just weeks ago. The only condition that has changed is the increase in volume in the voices of a few special interests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In announcing the releases, David Murillo, the bureau’s mid-Pacific regional director, said conditions on the lower Klamath are “unprecedented” and require the agency to take emergency action. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This decision was made based on science and after consultation with tribes, water and power users, federal and state fish regulatory agencies, and others,” Murillo said in a statement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hoopa Valley and Yurok tribes have a unique role in questions surrounding the Klamath-Trinity salmon fishery. The tribes \u003ca href=\"http://www.triplicate.com/News/Local-News/The-right-to-fish\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">enjoy federally protected fishing rights\u003c/a> to salmon and steelhead in the rivers and some of their tributaries, a status confirmed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/arcata/fisheries/reports/tamwg/meeting15_march06/Fishing%20Rights%20of%20the%20Yurok%20and%20Hoopa%20Valley%20Tribes%20October%205,%201993%20%20Solicitor.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an Interior Department legal opinion in 1993\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_127089\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/12527233845_4dfc14b9e2_k.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/02/12527233845_4dfc14b9e2_k-640x429.jpg\" alt=\"(Dan Brekke/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"429\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-127089\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation announced Friday that it will release water over the next several weeks to aid chinook salmon on the Klamath and Trinity rivers — a move that native tribes on the river have lobbied for to prevent a repeat of a catastrophic die-off that killed tens of thousands of fish headed upstream to spawn in 2002.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribes welcomed the bureau’s decision, which involves releasing about 25,000 acre-feet of water into the Trinity River from Lewiston Dam, northwest of Redding starting Saturday morning and continuing through Sept. 14. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Westlands Water District and the San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority, which serve thousands of farms in the San Joaquin Valley, immediately announced they will seek a temporary restraining order to stop the releases. The federal court in Fresno that will hear that motion notified the agencies that no action is likely before Tuesday evening. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as three weeks ago, the bureau said it would not consider emergency water releases unless scientists saw signs that a die-off, caused by pathogens that thrive in warm, slow-moving water, was under way. But the agency signaled last week it might reconsider after members of the Hoopa Valley and Yurok tribes had an impromptu meeting in Redding with Interior Secretary Sally Jewell. The tribes, along with environmental and fishing groups, argued that low flows and warm water on the river have created perfect conditions for a die-off of chinook salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For them to turn around and release the flows in this emergency situation is certainly a win for the fish,” said Robert Franklin, senior hydrologist with Hoopa Valley Tribal Fisheries, after the bureau announced its decision. He added that the planned release should be effective in heading off a deadly complex of maladies, especially a condition called gill rot and a parasite known as Ich (for \u003ca href=\"http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fa006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ichthyophthirius multifiliis\u003c/a>) that can kill salmon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franklin said the last-minute nature of the bureau’s decision showed the need for better advance planning in times of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tribe has been on this since February, writing Secretary Jewell about the coming problem as the drought became very, very apparent,” Franklin said. “… So we’re wanting very much to have our eyes on the strategic planning and have something in place that keeps us from having to hurry up and do this with very little time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sldmwa.org/statement-82214-reclamation-announces-dump-water-thousands-stand-line-food-handouts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">But in a statement\u003c/a>, Dan Nelson, the executive director of the San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority, blasted the water releases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, United States Bureau of Reclamation announced it will dump precious Central Valley Project water while the people of our valley suffer from well-documented and widely reported social and economic destruction as a result of government policies compounded by the drought,” Nelson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he questioned whether the releases are necessary to save migrating fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number of returning salmon is still well below the established level of concern. In fact, reports from field biologists, fishing guides and fishermen along the lower Klamath all indicate that the prevalent fish in the river is steelhead, not chinook salmon. There are no reports of any disease outbreak, which was the requisite condition for change Reclamation established just weeks ago. The only condition that has changed is the increase in volume in the voices of a few special interests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In announcing the releases, David Murillo, the bureau’s mid-Pacific regional director, said conditions on the lower Klamath are “unprecedented” and require the agency to take emergency action. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This decision was made based on science and after consultation with tribes, water and power users, federal and state fish regulatory agencies, and others,” Murillo said in a statement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hoopa Valley and Yurok tribes have a unique role in questions surrounding the Klamath-Trinity salmon fishery. The tribes \u003ca href=\"http://www.triplicate.com/News/Local-News/The-right-to-fish\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">enjoy federally protected fishing rights\u003c/a> to salmon and steelhead in the rivers and some of their tributaries, a status confirmed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/arcata/fisheries/reports/tamwg/meeting15_march06/Fishing%20Rights%20of%20the%20Yurok%20and%20Hoopa%20Valley%20Tribes%20October%205,%201993%20%20Solicitor.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an Interior Department legal opinion in 1993\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Epic Drought in West Is Literally Moving Mountains",
"headTitle": "Epic Drought in West Is Literally Moving Mountains | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Bobby Magill\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/epic-drought-in-west-is-moving-mountains-17924\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is driving the Greenland Ice Sheet to melt, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/new-greenland-ice-melt-fuels-sea-level-rise-concerns-17187\">is contributing\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org\">sea level rise\u003c/a>. But imagine that the same amount of water melting from Greenland each year is being lost in California and the rest of the West because of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/ongoing-coverage-of-historic-drought-in-us\">epic drought\u003c/a> there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens? The land in the West begins to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20778\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS4110_aqueduct20120131-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS4110_aqueduct20120131-scr.jpg\" alt=\"With less water weighing California down, parts of the land are rising, says a new study. (David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"850\" height=\"567\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20778\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With less water weighing California down, parts of the land are rising, says a new study. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, some parts of California’s mountains have been uplifted as much as 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inches) in the past 18 months because the massive amount of water lost in the drought is no longer weighing down the land, causing it to rise a bit like an uncoiled spring, a \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/severe-drought-causing-western-us-rise?hash=1c60e2ada1b6a93c03fb0e26e6f83dd4\">new study\u003c/a> shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, scientists are now able to measure how much surface and groundwater is lost during droughts by measuring how much the land rises as it dries. Those are the conclusions of the new study published Aug. 21 in the journal Science by researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the the University of California, San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought that is devastating California and much of the West has dried the region so much that 240 gigatons worth of surface and groundwater have been lost, roughly the equivalent to a 3.9-inch layer of water over the entire West, or the annual loss of mass from the Greenland Ice Sheet, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some of California’s mountains have risen by about 0.6 inches since early 2013, the West overall has risen by an average of about 0.157 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Groundwater is a load on the Earth’s crust,” said Klaus Jacob, a seismologist at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, N.Y., who is unaffiliated with the study. “A load compresses the crust elastically, hence it subsides. When you take that load away (by the drought) the crust decompresses and the surface rises. From the amount of rising, one can estimate the amount of the water deficit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought-related uplifting was discovered when researchers were analyzing data from GPS stations within the National Science Foundation’s \u003ca href=\"http://pbo.unavco.org\">Plate Boundary Observatory\u003c/a>. One researcher noticed that all of the GPS stations moved upward since 2003, coinciding with the timing of the current drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most of the movement occurred since last year as the West’s drought has become more and more extreme, said Duncan Agnew, a professor at the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC-San Diego, and a study co-author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The implications of this have yet to play out,” Agnew said. “What we’ve shown is that there is a measurement technique we can use to get a total water loss — water loss in places where we have no direct measurements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said such uplifting likely occurs in every drought, but it has never been observed before because scientists did not have the tools to detect the uplifting until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”uGC1QJcQHnqwBdUMz5Xv82QK3pkdj5VE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why this study is interesting,” Agnew said. “We can use this set of tools, which were installed for a different purpose in order to monitor water changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the uplifting likely has no significant effect on earthquake potential in California and elsewhere even though loss of ground and surface water has added stress to major faults in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The total amount of stress that’s been added in the last 18 months from drought is the same amount of stress that’s added every week because of plate techtonics,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacob said the study shows that the changes in the elevation of the landscape and the stress on faults are so small the effect will be extremely minor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Jacob said, the significance of the study is that it shows a new way for scientists to estimate total water loss during times of drought, which would be more difficult to estimate without being able to detect how much the land is being uplifted in dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Bobby Magill\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/epic-drought-in-west-is-moving-mountains-17924\">Climate Central\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is driving the Greenland Ice Sheet to melt, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/new-greenland-ice-melt-fuels-sea-level-rise-concerns-17187\">is contributing\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org\">sea level rise\u003c/a>. But imagine that the same amount of water melting from Greenland each year is being lost in California and the rest of the West because of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/ongoing-coverage-of-historic-drought-in-us\">epic drought\u003c/a> there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens? The land in the West begins to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20778\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS4110_aqueduct20120131-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/RS4110_aqueduct20120131-scr.jpg\" alt=\"With less water weighing California down, parts of the land are rising, says a new study. (David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"850\" height=\"567\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20778\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With less water weighing California down, parts of the land are rising, says a new study. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, some parts of California’s mountains have been uplifted as much as 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inches) in the past 18 months because the massive amount of water lost in the drought is no longer weighing down the land, causing it to rise a bit like an uncoiled spring, a \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/severe-drought-causing-western-us-rise?hash=1c60e2ada1b6a93c03fb0e26e6f83dd4\">new study\u003c/a> shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, scientists are now able to measure how much surface and groundwater is lost during droughts by measuring how much the land rises as it dries. Those are the conclusions of the new study published Aug. 21 in the journal Science by researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the the University of California, San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought that is devastating California and much of the West has dried the region so much that 240 gigatons worth of surface and groundwater have been lost, roughly the equivalent to a 3.9-inch layer of water over the entire West, or the annual loss of mass from the Greenland Ice Sheet, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some of California’s mountains have risen by about 0.6 inches since early 2013, the West overall has risen by an average of about 0.157 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Groundwater is a load on the Earth’s crust,” said Klaus Jacob, a seismologist at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, N.Y., who is unaffiliated with the study. “A load compresses the crust elastically, hence it subsides. When you take that load away (by the drought) the crust decompresses and the surface rises. From the amount of rising, one can estimate the amount of the water deficit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought-related uplifting was discovered when researchers were analyzing data from GPS stations within the National Science Foundation’s \u003ca href=\"http://pbo.unavco.org\">Plate Boundary Observatory\u003c/a>. One researcher noticed that all of the GPS stations moved upward since 2003, coinciding with the timing of the current drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most of the movement occurred since last year as the West’s drought has become more and more extreme, said Duncan Agnew, a professor at the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC-San Diego, and a study co-author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The implications of this have yet to play out,” Agnew said. “What we’ve shown is that there is a measurement technique we can use to get a total water loss — water loss in places where we have no direct measurements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said such uplifting likely occurs in every drought, but it has never been observed before because scientists did not have the tools to detect the uplifting until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why this study is interesting,” Agnew said. “We can use this set of tools, which were installed for a different purpose in order to monitor water changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the uplifting likely has no significant effect on earthquake potential in California and elsewhere even though loss of ground and surface water has added stress to major faults in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The total amount of stress that’s been added in the last 18 months from drought is the same amount of stress that’s added every week because of plate techtonics,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacob said the study shows that the changes in the elevation of the landscape and the stress on faults are so small the effect will be extremely minor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Jacob said, the significance of the study is that it shows a new way for scientists to estimate total water loss during times of drought, which would be more difficult to estimate without being able to detect how much the land is being uplifted in dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Wildfires: Oakhurst Threat Eases, North State Battle Continues",
"title": "California Wildfires: Oakhurst Threat Eases, North State Battle Continues",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_145235\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/08/happycampfire.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-145235\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/08/happycampfire-640x428.jpeg\" alt=\"A night view of the Happy Camp Complex fire, burning in Klamath National Forest east of Crescent City. (U.S. Forest Service)\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A night view of the Happy Camp Complex fire, burning in Klamath National Forest east of Crescent City. (U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 3 p.m. Wednesday:\u003c/strong> Firefighting officials say they're making progress toward containing two fires that have threatened communities in the southern Sierra this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire says the Junction Fire outside Oakhurst, which forced the evacuation of hundreds of homes on Monday, is now 40 percent contained. The fire has burned 612 acres and destroyed eight structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal and Kern County officials say the Way Fire, near Lake Isabella in the mountains northeast of Bakersfield, has grown to nearly 3,400 acres (from 3,200 Tuesday) and is 15 percent contained. The fire destroyed or seriously damaged eight homes and 10 outbuildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far to the north, firefighters are still struggling to gain containment of a pair of lightning-sparked fires that have broken out since late July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Whites Fire is part of a group of fires that started about 40 miles west of Mount Shasta on July 31. Four of the so-called \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4035/\" target=\"_blank\">July Complex fires\u003c/a> in the Klamath National Forest are under control or nearly completely contained. But the 30,500-acre Whites Fire is just 25 percent contained. Residents have been ordered from their homes in seven remote communities, including Sawyers Bar, Eddy Gulch and Little North Fork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second group of lightning-caused fires, the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4078/\" target=\"_blank\">Happy Camp Complex\u003c/a>, has burned about 9,800 acres since igniting on Aug. 11. The biggest of the blazes is the Frying Pan Fire, burning south of the Klamath River about 45 miles east of Crescent City. The Frying Pan blaze, which has consumed 8,100 acres, is 10 percent contained. Another fire in the complex, the Falkstein, has burned 1,300 acres with no containment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, firefighters have gained nearly complete containment on a series of fires, most caused by lightning, that broke out in late July across Northern California. Those include the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4037/\" target=\"_blank\">Eiler\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4022/\" target=\"_blank\">Bald\u003c/a> fires, which burned a total of about 72,000 acres between Mount Lassen and the town of Burney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, Tuesday 5:45 p.m.: \u003c/strong>Cal Fire has revised the estimate on the size of the \u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1037\" target=\"_blank\">Junction Fire\u003c/a> just outside Oakhurst from 1,200 acres to 612 acres. It credits \"more accurate mapping\" of the fire for the revision and says the fire is about 30 percent contained. The blaze has destroyed eight structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Madera County Sheriff's Office reported that evacuation orders have been lifted for some areas and that Highway 41, the southern route into Yosemite National Park and a major commercial thoroughfare for the Oakhurst area, has been reopened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the south, the acreage estimate has not changed on the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4086/\" target=\"_blank\">Way Fire\u003c/a> burning near Lake Isabella. The blaze covered about 3,200 acres as of early Tuesday. As many as a dozen structures have been reported burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no estimate of containment on the Way Fire yet. The several hundred firefighters who were first to respond were assigned mostly to protect homes as the fire burned toward the community of Wofford Heights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, Tuesday 7:35 a.m.:\u003c/strong> Madera County officials and Cal Fire say the status of the Junction Fire, burning on the outskirts of Oakhurst, remains largely unchanged this morning. Still 1,200 acres burned. Still no containment. Eight structures destroyed and hundreds of others threatened. Highway 41, the southern route into Yosemite National Park, remains closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further south, meantime, in the Kern County foothills northeast of Bakersfield, the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4086/\" target=\"_blank\">Way Fire\u003c/a> near the community of Wofford Heights has burned 3,000 acres and an undetermined number of homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire began as a small brush fire early Monday afternoon but quickly blew up into a major blaze. There was no estimate of containment early Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post (11 p.m. Monday):\u003c/strong> A fast-moving wildfire at the southern gateway to Yosemite National Park is threatening hundreds of homes near the town of Oakhurst and briefly sparked fears of a massive propane blast Monday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Madera County Sheriff's Office reported Monday evening that the Junction Fire, centered near the intersection of Highways 41 and 49 outside Oakhurst, has burned 1,200 acres with no containment. About 500 homes are immediately threatened, officials say, and about 1,500 residences have been ordered evacuated. Shelters have been set up in the community of Coarsegold, south of Oakhurst. The cause of the fire, which started early Monday afternoon, is undetermined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blaze forced the closure of Highway 41 into the national park. The main alternate for travelers from the south and west is Highway 140 by way of Merced and Mariposa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire comes nearly exactly a year after the outbreak of the catastrophic Rim Fire west of Yosemite, a blaze that burned 257,000 acres, and three weeks after the El Portal and Dark Hole fires, which burned a total of about 5,000 acres, forced evacuations on the park's western border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madera County sheriff's officials say the Junction Fire had burned eight structures. At one point, the blaze threatened a propane supplier. \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercedsunstar.com/2014/08/18/3801470/brushfire-breaks-out-near-oakhurst.html\" target=\"_blank\">According to the Merced Sun-Star\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The fire briefly threatened a pair of massive propane tanks at Suburban Propane along Highway 41 when the company's building was ignited by a spot fire. Fire crews ordered most people to move back a quarter-mile from the business, and firefighters were ready to abandon the fight if flames got too close to the tanks themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The tanks are going to do what they are going to do and it's going to be bad,\" one fire official was heard saying on a radio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the tanks were spared. Other structures were not so lucky.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The Sun-Star also offers some fire history for Oakhurst, a tourist center about 30 miles south of Yosemite Valley via Highway 41.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Wildfires have been a worry for Oakhurst residents since 1961, when the Harlow fire, stoked by winds, roared across more than 42,000 acres around the town in a little over two days. It has long been regarded as one of the fastest-moving fires on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a wind change spared the town, which had far fewer residents and homes than it has today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rhonda Salisbury, Yosemite Sierra Visitors Bureau marketing director, said Oakhurst hasn't seen a fire that significant in more than 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're all ready to get out our hoses,\" she said. \"We love this town and community and these firefighters have had such a hard time in the last couple years. We want to do what we can to help, but there's not a lot of water and it's hot and dry.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the day Monday, a DC-10 jumbo jet, retrofitted to serve as an aerial tanker, dropped fire retardant on the blaze. About 500 firefighters were on the lines as of late Monday night.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_145235\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/08/happycampfire.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-145235\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/08/happycampfire-640x428.jpeg\" alt=\"A night view of the Happy Camp Complex fire, burning in Klamath National Forest east of Crescent City. (U.S. Forest Service)\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A night view of the Happy Camp Complex fire, burning in Klamath National Forest east of Crescent City. (U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 3 p.m. Wednesday:\u003c/strong> Firefighting officials say they're making progress toward containing two fires that have threatened communities in the southern Sierra this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire says the Junction Fire outside Oakhurst, which forced the evacuation of hundreds of homes on Monday, is now 40 percent contained. The fire has burned 612 acres and destroyed eight structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal and Kern County officials say the Way Fire, near Lake Isabella in the mountains northeast of Bakersfield, has grown to nearly 3,400 acres (from 3,200 Tuesday) and is 15 percent contained. The fire destroyed or seriously damaged eight homes and 10 outbuildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far to the north, firefighters are still struggling to gain containment of a pair of lightning-sparked fires that have broken out since late July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Whites Fire is part of a group of fires that started about 40 miles west of Mount Shasta on July 31. Four of the so-called \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4035/\" target=\"_blank\">July Complex fires\u003c/a> in the Klamath National Forest are under control or nearly completely contained. But the 30,500-acre Whites Fire is just 25 percent contained. Residents have been ordered from their homes in seven remote communities, including Sawyers Bar, Eddy Gulch and Little North Fork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second group of lightning-caused fires, the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4078/\" target=\"_blank\">Happy Camp Complex\u003c/a>, has burned about 9,800 acres since igniting on Aug. 11. The biggest of the blazes is the Frying Pan Fire, burning south of the Klamath River about 45 miles east of Crescent City. The Frying Pan blaze, which has consumed 8,100 acres, is 10 percent contained. Another fire in the complex, the Falkstein, has burned 1,300 acres with no containment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, firefighters have gained nearly complete containment on a series of fires, most caused by lightning, that broke out in late July across Northern California. Those include the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4037/\" target=\"_blank\">Eiler\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4022/\" target=\"_blank\">Bald\u003c/a> fires, which burned a total of about 72,000 acres between Mount Lassen and the town of Burney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, Tuesday 5:45 p.m.: \u003c/strong>Cal Fire has revised the estimate on the size of the \u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1037\" target=\"_blank\">Junction Fire\u003c/a> just outside Oakhurst from 1,200 acres to 612 acres. It credits \"more accurate mapping\" of the fire for the revision and says the fire is about 30 percent contained. The blaze has destroyed eight structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Madera County Sheriff's Office reported that evacuation orders have been lifted for some areas and that Highway 41, the southern route into Yosemite National Park and a major commercial thoroughfare for the Oakhurst area, has been reopened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the south, the acreage estimate has not changed on the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4086/\" target=\"_blank\">Way Fire\u003c/a> burning near Lake Isabella. The blaze covered about 3,200 acres as of early Tuesday. As many as a dozen structures have been reported burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no estimate of containment on the Way Fire yet. The several hundred firefighters who were first to respond were assigned mostly to protect homes as the fire burned toward the community of Wofford Heights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, Tuesday 7:35 a.m.:\u003c/strong> Madera County officials and Cal Fire say the status of the Junction Fire, burning on the outskirts of Oakhurst, remains largely unchanged this morning. Still 1,200 acres burned. Still no containment. Eight structures destroyed and hundreds of others threatened. Highway 41, the southern route into Yosemite National Park, remains closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further south, meantime, in the Kern County foothills northeast of Bakersfield, the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4086/\" target=\"_blank\">Way Fire\u003c/a> near the community of Wofford Heights has burned 3,000 acres and an undetermined number of homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire began as a small brush fire early Monday afternoon but quickly blew up into a major blaze. There was no estimate of containment early Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post (11 p.m. Monday):\u003c/strong> A fast-moving wildfire at the southern gateway to Yosemite National Park is threatening hundreds of homes near the town of Oakhurst and briefly sparked fears of a massive propane blast Monday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Madera County Sheriff's Office reported Monday evening that the Junction Fire, centered near the intersection of Highways 41 and 49 outside Oakhurst, has burned 1,200 acres with no containment. About 500 homes are immediately threatened, officials say, and about 1,500 residences have been ordered evacuated. Shelters have been set up in the community of Coarsegold, south of Oakhurst. The cause of the fire, which started early Monday afternoon, is undetermined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blaze forced the closure of Highway 41 into the national park. The main alternate for travelers from the south and west is Highway 140 by way of Merced and Mariposa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire comes nearly exactly a year after the outbreak of the catastrophic Rim Fire west of Yosemite, a blaze that burned 257,000 acres, and three weeks after the El Portal and Dark Hole fires, which burned a total of about 5,000 acres, forced evacuations on the park's western border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madera County sheriff's officials say the Junction Fire had burned eight structures. At one point, the blaze threatened a propane supplier. \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercedsunstar.com/2014/08/18/3801470/brushfire-breaks-out-near-oakhurst.html\" target=\"_blank\">According to the Merced Sun-Star\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The fire briefly threatened a pair of massive propane tanks at Suburban Propane along Highway 41 when the company's building was ignited by a spot fire. Fire crews ordered most people to move back a quarter-mile from the business, and firefighters were ready to abandon the fight if flames got too close to the tanks themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The tanks are going to do what they are going to do and it's going to be bad,\" one fire official was heard saying on a radio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the tanks were spared. Other structures were not so lucky.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The Sun-Star also offers some fire history for Oakhurst, a tourist center about 30 miles south of Yosemite Valley via Highway 41.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Wildfires have been a worry for Oakhurst residents since 1961, when the Harlow fire, stoked by winds, roared across more than 42,000 acres around the town in a little over two days. It has long been regarded as one of the fastest-moving fires on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a wind change spared the town, which had far fewer residents and homes than it has today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rhonda Salisbury, Yosemite Sierra Visitors Bureau marketing director, said Oakhurst hasn't seen a fire that significant in more than 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're all ready to get out our hoses,\" she said. \"We love this town and community and these firefighters have had such a hard time in the last couple years. We want to do what we can to help, but there's not a lot of water and it's hot and dry.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the day Monday, a DC-10 jumbo jet, retrofitted to serve as an aerial tanker, dropped fire retardant on the blaze. About 500 firefighters were on the lines as of late Monday night.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought-Stricken California Town Struggles to Keep the Water Flowing",
"headTitle": "Drought-Stricken California Town Struggles to Keep the Water Flowing | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Daniel Potter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/164002580&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/LkShastina_7064_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/LkShastina_7064_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Shastina (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The city of Montague relies heavily on Lake Shastina, down 90 percent from normal this summer. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All summer, Montague has been a town in trouble. The city sits half an hour south of the Oregon border, in a rugged \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Montague\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague,_California\">patch of Northern California\u003c/a> that offers little refuge from the scorching sun. For water, the roughly 1,500 people who live here depend on snow melting from the slopes of \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Mt. Shasta\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Shasta\">Mount Shasta\u003c/a>, about 20 miles to the south. But the snowpack this past winter was, by all accounts, pitiful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on a hill near the edge of town at 8:30 in the morning, before the sun and the temperatures have had much time to climb, Chris Tyhurst looks toward the mountain and says, “I think I see two little spots of snow, about a square foot each.” Tyhurst, who has blue eyes and the calm demeanor of a recreational pilot, is joking, but in his nearly four decades as Montague’s water manager, he says this summer has been the toughest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has been \u003ca title=\"Montague - drought page\" href=\"http://ci.montague.ca.us/drought.html\">forced to cut water use\u003c/a> drastically. Tyhurst says folks are using roughly one-third the amount they normally would this time of year. Nearly every lawn in town has turned a crispy blond, except for those belonging to a handful of residents who have their own wells. The city has imposed a monthly limit of 5,000 gallons per home, with fines for running over that. More than a hundred households have gone over the limit this summer. It’s hard not to, a sympathetic official tells me, if you have three kids at home. The worst offenders got letters from the Montague City Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoiding the ‘Nightmare Scenario’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “nightmare scenario,” as Tyhurst puts it, would be having to truck in water just to keep Montague’s water system pressurized, at an expense of hundreds of thousands of dollars. Tyhurst figures that would take a procession of some 30 trucks a day, each hauling 3,500 of gallons of water, rumbling from dawn to dusk every half-hour through the normally quiet neighborhood — a place where deer are a routine sight. Any scheduling hiccup could lead to trucks jamming the narrow unpaved road that leads to the town’s reservoir, which resembles a farm pond, complete with fish and turtles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep from resorting to the water convoys, Tyhurst says he’s willing to try just about anything, including a measure that’s rarely been tried in California. It’s a fine, white powder Tyhurst has taken to sprinkling over the three-acre reservoir every few days, using a flour sifter on the end of a long pole. The powder readily dissolves and spreads across the surface, forming what’s called a “monolayer” between the water and the air, aimed at slowing evaporation to buy the town’s water supply a few extra days or weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/monolayer_7078_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20696 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/monolayer_7078_crop.jpg\" alt=\"monolayer (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using a modified flour sifter, Tyhurst sprinkles a powder across Montague’s small reservoir. The product, made from palm oil and hydrated lime, spreads to form a ‘monolayer’ across the surface, slowing evaporation and saving precious water for the town. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This particular product, called WaterSavr, is made of hydrated lime, which is often used to treat water supplies, along with palm oil. Officials are also \u003ca title=\"Texas Trib - post\" href=\"http://www.texastribune.org/2014/07/30/four-guys-and-boat-tackle-texas-sized-water-proble/\">trying it out in drought-stricken Texas\u003c/a>. Noting the product’s been approved for use by the National Sanitation Foundation, Tyhurst says so far no one’s complained about it to him, “But we didn’t really broadcast that we were starting to use it,” he adds. “We generally don’t with any of our treatment stuff. It’s NSF approved, and that’s all the health department looks at, so we’re good to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Definitely Real Life’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the town butcher shop, 26-year old Douglas Hamblin says he hears talk from ranchers of having to cash out their chips if the weather doesn’t start cooperating, and soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Shop_7094.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20727\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Shop_7094.jpg\" alt='Hamblin is leaving town to do the shop laundry. Without water, he says, \"life gets hectic pretty quickly.\" (Daniel Potter)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Douglas Hamblin says the family butcher shop has had to adjust to Montague’s severe water restrictions. Without water, he says, ‘Life gets hectic pretty quick.’ (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely real life,” he says. “It’s definitely water, and everybody needs water.” Without it, he says, “life gets hectic pretty quick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamblin has a tattoo of Jesus Christ on his arm, and big holes through his earlobes from the thick gauges he used to wear. Hamblin’s family only moved to Montague and started running the shop a couple years ago. While it’s equipped with a washing machine for aprons and rags, Hamblin says they haven’t been using it, because of the town’s limit on water use. Instead, his mother drives miles to another town each week to do laundry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”63SthEwF9YOCDP2kSbK7R7ZtZFCiKpCF”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new dad, Hamblin is quick to point out there are many people in the world with bigger problems than dead lawns, but says, “It’s kind of a bummer, you know. You have a six-month-old son, you want a little bit of a yard. You look like a jerk if you go ‘Okay, well, if I go over the 5,000 gallon-a-month limit I’ll just pay for it.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a close-knit community, he explains: “Of course it’s frowned upon, because everybody has to look out for each other up here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Banking on a Pipeline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the base of Mount Shasta sits \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Shastina\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastina\">Lake Shastina\u003c/a>, which in good years can hold more than 30,000 acre-feet of water. (An acre foot is about 325,000 gallons, or just enough water to cover an acre one foot deep.) This year, Tyhurst says, the lake started well below 10,000 acre feet, with little in the way of snow on the mountain to help refill it. By late July, parts of the lake seemed to be missing — a blue patch on a map might just turn out to be an empty green field. In one spot, a sign next to a dry, rocky slope advised against swimming or fishing. The lake, or what remained of it, looked to be something of a hike down the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water travels to Montague in what Tyhurst calls “deliveries.” Every few weeks, some 200 acre-feet are released into a 26-mile canal that was constructed with farm irrigation in mind. The unlined ditch is poorly suited to water conservation. Much of it is bare earth, which gulps down a lot of the water long before it reaches the town, to say nothing of what evaporates in transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pipeline_7044_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20698\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pipeline_7044_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Workers lower a segment of the new, more efficient pipeline next to where they’re carving a miles-long trench from the Shasta River to Montague’s reservoir. (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers lower a new segment of pipeline near where they’re carving a miles-long trench from the Shasta River to Montague’s reservoir. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As an alternative, this summer Montague has hustled to finish an emergency pipeline, essentially a straw that stretches a few miles from the \u003ca title=\"CalTrout - Shasta River\" href=\"http://caltrout.org/regions/mount-shasta-region/shasta-river/\">Shasta River\u003c/a> to the town’s reservoir. Tyhurst says normally such a project, which is costing over a million drought emergency dollars from the State Water Board, would’ve taken years to win approval from the numerous government agencies involved. Tyhurst credits the governor’s January declaration of a drought emergency with helping slice through all that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, construction itself hasn’t been easy. The morning I visited, a giant yellow machine was devouring underbrush like a hungry dinosaur to clear a path for the pipeline’s trench. But before the pipe could be buried, its specifications required it to cool, Tyhurst says. “I think the specs call for 70 degrees…and with a hundred degrees during the day, you just cook out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when the pipeline is ready, Montague officials told me, the town’s water woes won’t be completely over. Everyone’s hopes are riding on a wet winter.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "From heavy machinery to hand-held flour sifters, this town is pulling out all the stops to save its water.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Daniel Potter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/164002580&color=ff5500&inverse=false&auto_play=false&show_user=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/LkShastina_7064_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/LkShastina_7064_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Shastina (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The city of Montague relies heavily on Lake Shastina, down 90 percent from normal this summer. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All summer, Montague has been a town in trouble. The city sits half an hour south of the Oregon border, in a rugged \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Montague\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague,_California\">patch of Northern California\u003c/a> that offers little refuge from the scorching sun. For water, the roughly 1,500 people who live here depend on snow melting from the slopes of \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Mt. Shasta\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Shasta\">Mount Shasta\u003c/a>, about 20 miles to the south. But the snowpack this past winter was, by all accounts, pitiful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on a hill near the edge of town at 8:30 in the morning, before the sun and the temperatures have had much time to climb, Chris Tyhurst looks toward the mountain and says, “I think I see two little spots of snow, about a square foot each.” Tyhurst, who has blue eyes and the calm demeanor of a recreational pilot, is joking, but in his nearly four decades as Montague’s water manager, he says this summer has been the toughest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has been \u003ca title=\"Montague - drought page\" href=\"http://ci.montague.ca.us/drought.html\">forced to cut water use\u003c/a> drastically. Tyhurst says folks are using roughly one-third the amount they normally would this time of year. Nearly every lawn in town has turned a crispy blond, except for those belonging to a handful of residents who have their own wells. The city has imposed a monthly limit of 5,000 gallons per home, with fines for running over that. More than a hundred households have gone over the limit this summer. It’s hard not to, a sympathetic official tells me, if you have three kids at home. The worst offenders got letters from the Montague City Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoiding the ‘Nightmare Scenario’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “nightmare scenario,” as Tyhurst puts it, would be having to truck in water just to keep Montague’s water system pressurized, at an expense of hundreds of thousands of dollars. Tyhurst figures that would take a procession of some 30 trucks a day, each hauling 3,500 of gallons of water, rumbling from dawn to dusk every half-hour through the normally quiet neighborhood — a place where deer are a routine sight. Any scheduling hiccup could lead to trucks jamming the narrow unpaved road that leads to the town’s reservoir, which resembles a farm pond, complete with fish and turtles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep from resorting to the water convoys, Tyhurst says he’s willing to try just about anything, including a measure that’s rarely been tried in California. It’s a fine, white powder Tyhurst has taken to sprinkling over the three-acre reservoir every few days, using a flour sifter on the end of a long pole. The powder readily dissolves and spreads across the surface, forming what’s called a “monolayer” between the water and the air, aimed at slowing evaporation to buy the town’s water supply a few extra days or weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/monolayer_7078_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20696 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/monolayer_7078_crop.jpg\" alt=\"monolayer (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using a modified flour sifter, Tyhurst sprinkles a powder across Montague’s small reservoir. The product, made from palm oil and hydrated lime, spreads to form a ‘monolayer’ across the surface, slowing evaporation and saving precious water for the town. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This particular product, called WaterSavr, is made of hydrated lime, which is often used to treat water supplies, along with palm oil. Officials are also \u003ca title=\"Texas Trib - post\" href=\"http://www.texastribune.org/2014/07/30/four-guys-and-boat-tackle-texas-sized-water-proble/\">trying it out in drought-stricken Texas\u003c/a>. Noting the product’s been approved for use by the National Sanitation Foundation, Tyhurst says so far no one’s complained about it to him, “But we didn’t really broadcast that we were starting to use it,” he adds. “We generally don’t with any of our treatment stuff. It’s NSF approved, and that’s all the health department looks at, so we’re good to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Definitely Real Life’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the town butcher shop, 26-year old Douglas Hamblin says he hears talk from ranchers of having to cash out their chips if the weather doesn’t start cooperating, and soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Shop_7094.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20727\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Shop_7094.jpg\" alt='Hamblin is leaving town to do the shop laundry. Without water, he says, \"life gets hectic pretty quickly.\" (Daniel Potter)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Douglas Hamblin says the family butcher shop has had to adjust to Montague’s severe water restrictions. Without water, he says, ‘Life gets hectic pretty quick.’ (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely real life,” he says. “It’s definitely water, and everybody needs water.” Without it, he says, “life gets hectic pretty quick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamblin has a tattoo of Jesus Christ on his arm, and big holes through his earlobes from the thick gauges he used to wear. Hamblin’s family only moved to Montague and started running the shop a couple years ago. While it’s equipped with a washing machine for aprons and rags, Hamblin says they haven’t been using it, because of the town’s limit on water use. Instead, his mother drives miles to another town each week to do laundry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new dad, Hamblin is quick to point out there are many people in the world with bigger problems than dead lawns, but says, “It’s kind of a bummer, you know. You have a six-month-old son, you want a little bit of a yard. You look like a jerk if you go ‘Okay, well, if I go over the 5,000 gallon-a-month limit I’ll just pay for it.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a close-knit community, he explains: “Of course it’s frowned upon, because everybody has to look out for each other up here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Banking on a Pipeline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the base of Mount Shasta sits \u003ca title=\"Wiki - Shastina\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastina\">Lake Shastina\u003c/a>, which in good years can hold more than 30,000 acre-feet of water. (An acre foot is about 325,000 gallons, or just enough water to cover an acre one foot deep.) This year, Tyhurst says, the lake started well below 10,000 acre feet, with little in the way of snow on the mountain to help refill it. By late July, parts of the lake seemed to be missing — a blue patch on a map might just turn out to be an empty green field. In one spot, a sign next to a dry, rocky slope advised against swimming or fishing. The lake, or what remained of it, looked to be something of a hike down the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water travels to Montague in what Tyhurst calls “deliveries.” Every few weeks, some 200 acre-feet are released into a 26-mile canal that was constructed with farm irrigation in mind. The unlined ditch is poorly suited to water conservation. Much of it is bare earth, which gulps down a lot of the water long before it reaches the town, to say nothing of what evaporates in transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pipeline_7044_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20698\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Pipeline_7044_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Workers lower a segment of the new, more efficient pipeline next to where they’re carving a miles-long trench from the Shasta River to Montague’s reservoir. (Daniel Potter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers lower a new segment of pipeline near where they’re carving a miles-long trench from the Shasta River to Montague’s reservoir. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As an alternative, this summer Montague has hustled to finish an emergency pipeline, essentially a straw that stretches a few miles from the \u003ca title=\"CalTrout - Shasta River\" href=\"http://caltrout.org/regions/mount-shasta-region/shasta-river/\">Shasta River\u003c/a> to the town’s reservoir. Tyhurst says normally such a project, which is costing over a million drought emergency dollars from the State Water Board, would’ve taken years to win approval from the numerous government agencies involved. Tyhurst credits the governor’s January declaration of a drought emergency with helping slice through all that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, construction itself hasn’t been easy. The morning I visited, a giant yellow machine was devouring underbrush like a hungry dinosaur to clear a path for the pipeline’s trench. But before the pipe could be buried, its specifications required it to cool, Tyhurst says. “I think the specs call for 70 degrees…and with a hundred degrees during the day, you just cook out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when the pipeline is ready, Montague officials told me, the town’s water woes won’t be completely over. Everyone’s hopes are riding on a wet winter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A Year After Rim Fire, Debate Sparks Over Replanting Trees",
"headTitle": "A Year After Rim Fire, Debate Sparks Over Replanting Trees | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/08/20140818science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20640\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/seedling.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/seedling.jpg\" alt=\"A pine tree seedling emerges in a burned area of the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pine tree seedling emerges in a burned area of the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One year after the record-breaking Rim Fire began in the Sierra Nevada, signs of recovery are appearing. Green ferns and small seedlings dot the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with a full recovery expected to take a century or more, forest officials are working on plans to speed it along by planting new trees. Reforestation is common after large fires in the West, but some scientists say it’s time to rethink how forests are replanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire is the largest wildfire ever recorded in the Sierra Nevada. Fed by high winds and bone-dry conditions, it consumed 257,000 acres – an area nine times the size of San Francisco. A hunter recently pleaded not guilty to charges that he started it with an illegal campfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of acres were severely burned, with trees and vegetation wiped out in about 40 percent of the burned area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trees in this area have definitely torched out,” says Eric Knapp, a research ecologist with the Forest Service, walking around a burned patch of the Stanislaus National Forest. “You can see the bark char going pretty much all the way up the tree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/rimfireslideshow.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"445\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shrubs and ferns have been able to come back quickly in many places, thanks in part to California’s historic drought. Without big winter storms to create soil erosion, plants were able to take hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s remarkable even in one year what can come back,” Knapp says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine tree seedlings are harder to find. Knapp finally spots a three-inch pine tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The seed source is probably…” he says, looking around for where it came from. “There was green forest over there at least a hundred yards away. But nice thing about these pine seedlings is the seeds have these little wings on them so they get up into the wind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how this kind of mixed-conifer forest regrows in the Sierra Nevada, he says. Green trees on the edges of a burn send their seeds into dead areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the plants and trees can recolonize from the edge, but if your edge is too far away, that becomes more challenging,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the problem in the Rim Fire, he says. There are huge patches of dead trees and seeds can only travel so far, either by the wind or animals. The largest dead patch is more than 60,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20667 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Rimfiregraphic-e1408148390108.jpeg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"816\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We estimate it could take centuries – a couple centuries – to really get that back in because there’s no seed source,” says the Forest Service’s Maria Benech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service is working on a Rim Fire recovery plan that includes reforestation, which could begin in a year and half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s all done by hand, so it’s all hand-planted,” she says. “Just little tiny guys that are four, five inches tall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seedlings are usually planted densely, 10 feet apart. Reforestation has been done this way in the West for decades, but planting trees in the Sierra Nevada is no guarantee of success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After fires in 1987, the Forest Service replanted some of the forest, in what’s known as the “Penny Pines” tree plantation. A good part of the plantation was killed by the Rim Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These were fairly young, 20-25 year old stands,” Benech says. “They had branching all the way to the ground – a lot of interlocking branches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire moved easily through the dense foliage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have criticized how close we planted trees,” she says. “But the idea all along was to come in, year seven, year ten, and thin those out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01475.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01475.jpg\" alt=\"Ferns and brush return to the forest floor in the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20689\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ferns and brush return to the forest floor in the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it takes funding to selectively cut trees and create spaces in the forest. The Forest Service had made plans to do it, but hadn’t gotten the resources yet. Without that, the replanted trees went from restoration to liability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plantations are really prone to burning up,” says Malcolm North, a research scientist with the Forest Service and an affiliate professor at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North says there may be a better way to replant trees after wildfires. Researchers have learned a lot about how Sierra Nevada forests once looked, before Smokey Bear and decades of fire suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we now know is that we eventually want to produce trees that have kind of a clumped and open – a group-y, gap-y type structure,” he says. “That’s the pattern we find time and time again in these forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees could be planted in a way that mimics that natural pattern – in clumps instead of rows. That could make them more resilient to future fires, North says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of scientists and environmental groups has been meeting to work on that idea. There’s still a lot to learn about how do that type of restoration. But that’s the silver lining of the Rim Fire, North says. With such a high profile fire comes the opportunity to learn from it.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20640\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/seedling.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/seedling.jpg\" alt=\"A pine tree seedling emerges in a burned area of the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pine tree seedling emerges in a burned area of the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One year after the record-breaking Rim Fire began in the Sierra Nevada, signs of recovery are appearing. Green ferns and small seedlings dot the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with a full recovery expected to take a century or more, forest officials are working on plans to speed it along by planting new trees. Reforestation is common after large fires in the West, but some scientists say it’s time to rethink how forests are replanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rim Fire is the largest wildfire ever recorded in the Sierra Nevada. Fed by high winds and bone-dry conditions, it consumed 257,000 acres – an area nine times the size of San Francisco. A hunter recently pleaded not guilty to charges that he started it with an illegal campfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of acres were severely burned, with trees and vegetation wiped out in about 40 percent of the burned area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trees in this area have definitely torched out,” says Eric Knapp, a research ecologist with the Forest Service, walking around a burned patch of the Stanislaus National Forest. “You can see the bark char going pretty much all the way up the tree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/rimfireslideshow.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"445\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shrubs and ferns have been able to come back quickly in many places, thanks in part to California’s historic drought. Without big winter storms to create soil erosion, plants were able to take hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s remarkable even in one year what can come back,” Knapp says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine tree seedlings are harder to find. Knapp finally spots a three-inch pine tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The seed source is probably…” he says, looking around for where it came from. “There was green forest over there at least a hundred yards away. But nice thing about these pine seedlings is the seeds have these little wings on them so they get up into the wind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how this kind of mixed-conifer forest regrows in the Sierra Nevada, he says. Green trees on the edges of a burn send their seeds into dead areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the plants and trees can recolonize from the edge, but if your edge is too far away, that becomes more challenging,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the problem in the Rim Fire, he says. There are huge patches of dead trees and seeds can only travel so far, either by the wind or animals. The largest dead patch is more than 60,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20667 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/Rimfiregraphic-e1408148390108.jpeg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"816\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We estimate it could take centuries – a couple centuries – to really get that back in because there’s no seed source,” says the Forest Service’s Maria Benech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service is working on a Rim Fire recovery plan that includes reforestation, which could begin in a year and half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s all done by hand, so it’s all hand-planted,” she says. “Just little tiny guys that are four, five inches tall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seedlings are usually planted densely, 10 feet apart. Reforestation has been done this way in the West for decades, but planting trees in the Sierra Nevada is no guarantee of success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After fires in 1987, the Forest Service replanted some of the forest, in what’s known as the “Penny Pines” tree plantation. A good part of the plantation was killed by the Rim Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These were fairly young, 20-25 year old stands,” Benech says. “They had branching all the way to the ground – a lot of interlocking branches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire moved easily through the dense foliage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have criticized how close we planted trees,” she says. “But the idea all along was to come in, year seven, year ten, and thin those out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01475.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/DSC01475.jpg\" alt=\"Ferns and brush return to the forest floor in the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20689\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ferns and brush return to the forest floor in the Stanislaus National Forest. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it takes funding to selectively cut trees and create spaces in the forest. The Forest Service had made plans to do it, but hadn’t gotten the resources yet. Without that, the replanted trees went from restoration to liability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plantations are really prone to burning up,” says Malcolm North, a research scientist with the Forest Service and an affiliate professor at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North says there may be a better way to replant trees after wildfires. Researchers have learned a lot about how Sierra Nevada forests once looked, before Smokey Bear and decades of fire suppression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we now know is that we eventually want to produce trees that have kind of a clumped and open – a group-y, gap-y type structure,” he says. “That’s the pattern we find time and time again in these forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees could be planted in a way that mimics that natural pattern – in clumps instead of rows. That could make them more resilient to future fires, North says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of scientists and environmental groups has been meeting to work on that idea. There’s still a lot to learn about how do that type of restoration. But that’s the silver lining of the Rim Fire, North says. With such a high profile fire comes the opportunity to learn from it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Gardening in the Drought: What Makes a Plant 'Drought-Tolerant'",
"headTitle": "Gardening in the Drought: What Makes a Plant ‘Drought-Tolerant’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Kathy Shield\u003cbr>\nIntern, \u003cem>Forum\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought has lots of gardeners searching for drought-tolerant plants. But what, exactly, makes a plant \u003ca href=\"http://www.laspilitas.com/garden/drought.html\">drought-tolerant\u003c/a>? The term is a “catch-all to describe using plants that use less water,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.floragrubb.com/idx/index.php\">Flora Grubb\u003c/a>, the owner of a San Francisco garden store, explained on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408121000\">\u003cem>Forum\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falling into that “catch-all” category are plants that have evolved different physiological strategies to survive the dry times in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to drought-tolerant plants for your yard, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunset.com/\">Sunset’s\u003c/a> garden editor Kathleen Brenzel has one recommendation: “The best thing you can do is \u003ca href=\"http://plantfinder.sunset.com/plant-home.jsp;jsessionid=3EC5F4B5E3240618C5FABA4A831CEF4C\">choose appropriate plant\u003c/a>s for your region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tiny Hairs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20610\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/6958026122_cfe6e3759a_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20610 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/6958026122_cfe6e3759a_z.jpg\" alt=\"Twinberry honeysuckle has tiny hairs that help it collect water. (docentjoyce/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"472\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twinberry honeysuckle has tiny hairs that help it collect water. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/docentjoyce/6958026122/in/photolist-5xQfjo-5mWLNt-55Qsz8-87AmdP-gM4ErC-gM4Fo9-acrzCY-bARGKC-nGYZxE-59tqoB-mgyNWX-o3zric-o3LCQ1-5nYjsS-6gAsWQ-SA43Q-SA43s-bWb9Yz-oyfvVD-owhSDQ-74DkMK-cPLrJm-fnLoEX-fqAtLi-fqArwe-fqAwwM-fqAsxa-fqAvfB-fqQFnW-o4GsS5-8488om-cBXuiG-k4pjZ2-5b5NBt-c9XARG-eYcFL2-eYcEUH-eYp4WJ-6tPjJy-6tKbn6-bWGy1L-6KnyoW-9vGCk7-542jV8-546yU9-546z43-9vDzxi-bUgumM-cbCH9o-6PcoSB/\">docentjoyce/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some \u003ca href=\"http://www.perennialresource.com/articles/518_Drought-Tolerant-Perennials.aspx\">drought-tolerant plant\u003c/a>s use trichomes, or tiny hairs, to grab water and hold onto it. These hairs reduce air flow over the leaves of the plant, reducing evaporation. Plants that are native to foggy coastal regions use trichomes to pull water from the air. Some plants can get half of all their water this way. Trichomes cover the flowers and leaves of Twinberry honeysuckle (\u003cem>Lonicera involucrata\u003c/em>), which grows along the coastline from Alaska all the way to Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Waxy Surfaces \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/5264550029_a664d91bab_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20614 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/5264550029_a664d91bab_z.jpg\" alt=\"The waxy surface on the agave helps it retain water. (John Loo/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The waxy surface on the agave helps it retain water. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/johnloo/5264550029/in/photolist-92dciX-8oS3xS-7EfwYV-aCos9K-duBWcU-aTNC8B-95D7Yg-j8bGVV-7UV7vZ-bFRJPV-7amnyK-a5752R-ko6yV-5Yf4Pd-igtoX-s8Hjj-59zrjS-9J3QQn-7QVZiZ-7Apfg1-m4WEmr-4p5f9h-6oFobe-9PkBBR-6TdDN-7ApdLQ-7SSg7Q-c7Wh6C-nXtd7e-9quDR5-9LMmt5-dmkKDV-bniM9Z-apBS5g-koak1-99PibR-uUMUb-apzjNG-m3wkKe-9xbmtc-dvZZhx-dq8Rpi-cTmEFA-qmtkh-dSL4La-bCfWFW-4uP9Kd-cTmDpA-ajNErQ-9uEv2K\">John Loo/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All plants have a thin waxy cuticle, but many drought-tolerant plants grow thick coatings as a barrier against the environment. Plants in limited water environments develop these coatings to help retain water by limiting transpiration. Agave plants, such as the Southern Californian desert agave (A\u003cem>gave deserti\u003c/em>), have thick waxy layers on their leaves, which insulate the plant from the hot desert sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lateral Roots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20616\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 458px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/1471016030_32d912cf8d_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20616 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/1471016030_32d912cf8d_z.jpg\" alt=\"The California oak's roots extend far and wide. (Josh Mazgelis/Flickr)\" width=\"458\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California oak’s roots extend far and wide. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/joshmaz/1471016030/in/photolist-3eZkPm-2avEto-n7vJwK-7LHm1M-dXewFc-6fJhek-ovtSFg-ovYFg4\">Josh Mazgelis/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Plants native to different regions have evolved different root structures. In general, trees grow a single, wide tap root deep into the ground, which gives the tree dependable moisture. In regions with dry summers, trees also grow lateral root systems along the surface, which give the tree stability and the majority of the moisture and the nutrients it needs. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaoaks.org/ExtAssets/CareOfCAsNativeOaks.pdf\">California oak tree (\u003cem>Quercus agrifolia\u003c/em>)\u003c/a> has a root system that extends as far as 90 feet beyond its branches, adapted to wet winters and long, dry summers throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Storage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20617\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/8542281037_c954fb85d3_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20617 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/8542281037_c954fb85d3_z.jpg\" alt=\"Succulents can store water in their leaves to hold them over during dry periods. (FarOutFlora/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Succulents can store water in their leaves to hold them over during dry periods. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/faroutflora/8542281037/in/photolist-e1Rqxx-czfPLA-hhMai-czfPTJ-bdBzyF-hiKPA-hhMDd-bdTr52-7sk74A-hhLZH-9Tagpf-9T7ttv-4VMRLL-7sjZ7b-hhNe9-a5kxtr-fKZCKt-fKZDia-2PRa3-9BvbTV-bnCQzN-7mnPqf-9AQQTS-4RyJb2-nohsJ-nohun-nohwS-8Q4r5h-9L3Qh4-9L6BPU-hiL8K-a5Vmkh-c1W3Dm-eMgz4S-a5SvqP-6qVugo-7YiyMU-hiKW5-hhMZu-hhMwF-hhMqM-ax8roL-ib72AR-nQMGFU-8Q4F1G-c1W1qj-mXPBMF-mXPCQH-8Fs1yQ-cymg8C/\">FarOutFlora/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.desertmuseum.org/programs/succulents_definition.php\">Succulents\u003c/a> are particularly drought-tolerant. They contain tissue capable of storing water, so they can survive for short periods without water. They often have thick, fleshy leaves, like spiral aloe (\u003cem>Aloe polyphylla\u003c/em>) a non-native plant that does well in regions with variable water supply, including the Bay Area. Some succulents can also store water in their stems and roots, including certain bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For tips on creating a drought-friendly garden, listen to the full \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408121000\">Forum\u003c/a>\u003c/em> episode:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162865882&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Kathy Shield\u003cbr>\nIntern, \u003cem>Forum\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s historic drought has lots of gardeners searching for drought-tolerant plants. But what, exactly, makes a plant \u003ca href=\"http://www.laspilitas.com/garden/drought.html\">drought-tolerant\u003c/a>? The term is a “catch-all to describe using plants that use less water,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.floragrubb.com/idx/index.php\">Flora Grubb\u003c/a>, the owner of a San Francisco garden store, explained on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408121000\">\u003cem>Forum\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falling into that “catch-all” category are plants that have evolved different physiological strategies to survive the dry times in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to drought-tolerant plants for your yard, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunset.com/\">Sunset’s\u003c/a> garden editor Kathleen Brenzel has one recommendation: “The best thing you can do is \u003ca href=\"http://plantfinder.sunset.com/plant-home.jsp;jsessionid=3EC5F4B5E3240618C5FABA4A831CEF4C\">choose appropriate plant\u003c/a>s for your region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tiny Hairs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20610\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/6958026122_cfe6e3759a_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20610 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/6958026122_cfe6e3759a_z.jpg\" alt=\"Twinberry honeysuckle has tiny hairs that help it collect water. (docentjoyce/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"472\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twinberry honeysuckle has tiny hairs that help it collect water. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/docentjoyce/6958026122/in/photolist-5xQfjo-5mWLNt-55Qsz8-87AmdP-gM4ErC-gM4Fo9-acrzCY-bARGKC-nGYZxE-59tqoB-mgyNWX-o3zric-o3LCQ1-5nYjsS-6gAsWQ-SA43Q-SA43s-bWb9Yz-oyfvVD-owhSDQ-74DkMK-cPLrJm-fnLoEX-fqAtLi-fqArwe-fqAwwM-fqAsxa-fqAvfB-fqQFnW-o4GsS5-8488om-cBXuiG-k4pjZ2-5b5NBt-c9XARG-eYcFL2-eYcEUH-eYp4WJ-6tPjJy-6tKbn6-bWGy1L-6KnyoW-9vGCk7-542jV8-546yU9-546z43-9vDzxi-bUgumM-cbCH9o-6PcoSB/\">docentjoyce/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some \u003ca href=\"http://www.perennialresource.com/articles/518_Drought-Tolerant-Perennials.aspx\">drought-tolerant plant\u003c/a>s use trichomes, or tiny hairs, to grab water and hold onto it. These hairs reduce air flow over the leaves of the plant, reducing evaporation. Plants that are native to foggy coastal regions use trichomes to pull water from the air. Some plants can get half of all their water this way. Trichomes cover the flowers and leaves of Twinberry honeysuckle (\u003cem>Lonicera involucrata\u003c/em>), which grows along the coastline from Alaska all the way to Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Waxy Surfaces \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/5264550029_a664d91bab_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20614 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/5264550029_a664d91bab_z.jpg\" alt=\"The waxy surface on the agave helps it retain water. (John Loo/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The waxy surface on the agave helps it retain water. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/johnloo/5264550029/in/photolist-92dciX-8oS3xS-7EfwYV-aCos9K-duBWcU-aTNC8B-95D7Yg-j8bGVV-7UV7vZ-bFRJPV-7amnyK-a5752R-ko6yV-5Yf4Pd-igtoX-s8Hjj-59zrjS-9J3QQn-7QVZiZ-7Apfg1-m4WEmr-4p5f9h-6oFobe-9PkBBR-6TdDN-7ApdLQ-7SSg7Q-c7Wh6C-nXtd7e-9quDR5-9LMmt5-dmkKDV-bniM9Z-apBS5g-koak1-99PibR-uUMUb-apzjNG-m3wkKe-9xbmtc-dvZZhx-dq8Rpi-cTmEFA-qmtkh-dSL4La-bCfWFW-4uP9Kd-cTmDpA-ajNErQ-9uEv2K\">John Loo/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All plants have a thin waxy cuticle, but many drought-tolerant plants grow thick coatings as a barrier against the environment. Plants in limited water environments develop these coatings to help retain water by limiting transpiration. Agave plants, such as the Southern Californian desert agave (A\u003cem>gave deserti\u003c/em>), have thick waxy layers on their leaves, which insulate the plant from the hot desert sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lateral Roots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20616\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 458px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/1471016030_32d912cf8d_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20616 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/1471016030_32d912cf8d_z.jpg\" alt=\"The California oak's roots extend far and wide. (Josh Mazgelis/Flickr)\" width=\"458\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California oak’s roots extend far and wide. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/joshmaz/1471016030/in/photolist-3eZkPm-2avEto-n7vJwK-7LHm1M-dXewFc-6fJhek-ovtSFg-ovYFg4\">Josh Mazgelis/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Plants native to different regions have evolved different root structures. In general, trees grow a single, wide tap root deep into the ground, which gives the tree dependable moisture. In regions with dry summers, trees also grow lateral root systems along the surface, which give the tree stability and the majority of the moisture and the nutrients it needs. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaoaks.org/ExtAssets/CareOfCAsNativeOaks.pdf\">California oak tree (\u003cem>Quercus agrifolia\u003c/em>)\u003c/a> has a root system that extends as far as 90 feet beyond its branches, adapted to wet winters and long, dry summers throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Storage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20617\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/8542281037_c954fb85d3_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20617 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/8542281037_c954fb85d3_z.jpg\" alt=\"Succulents can store water in their leaves to hold them over during dry periods. (FarOutFlora/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Succulents can store water in their leaves to hold them over during dry periods. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/faroutflora/8542281037/in/photolist-e1Rqxx-czfPLA-hhMai-czfPTJ-bdBzyF-hiKPA-hhMDd-bdTr52-7sk74A-hhLZH-9Tagpf-9T7ttv-4VMRLL-7sjZ7b-hhNe9-a5kxtr-fKZCKt-fKZDia-2PRa3-9BvbTV-bnCQzN-7mnPqf-9AQQTS-4RyJb2-nohsJ-nohun-nohwS-8Q4r5h-9L3Qh4-9L6BPU-hiL8K-a5Vmkh-c1W3Dm-eMgz4S-a5SvqP-6qVugo-7YiyMU-hiKW5-hhMZu-hhMwF-hhMqM-ax8roL-ib72AR-nQMGFU-8Q4F1G-c1W1qj-mXPBMF-mXPCQH-8Fs1yQ-cymg8C/\">FarOutFlora/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.desertmuseum.org/programs/succulents_definition.php\">Succulents\u003c/a> are particularly drought-tolerant. They contain tissue capable of storing water, so they can survive for short periods without water. They often have thick, fleshy leaves, like spiral aloe (\u003cem>Aloe polyphylla\u003c/em>) a non-native plant that does well in regions with variable water supply, including the Bay Area. Some succulents can also store water in their stems and roots, including certain bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For tips on creating a drought-friendly garden, listen to the full \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408121000\">Forum\u003c/a>\u003c/em> episode:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162865882&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Video: The Salmon Cannon — Our Next Brainstorm for Weary Fish",
"title": "Video: The Salmon Cannon — Our Next Brainstorm for Weary Fish",
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"content": "\u003cp>[youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wSBS2F9VXaE&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're a member of the noble genus Oncorhynchus -- generally speaking, the Pacific salmon -- you gotta wonder what those land-dwelling Homo sapiens will come up with next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We two-legged land dwellers have treated the native salmonids -- chinook, coho, steelhead and others -- to a series of fun challenges. We've filled their spawning and rearing streams with millions of tons of mud, not to mention the trash and poisons of all sorts we've dumped in the water. We've gotten rid of most of the forests that made the streams habitable. We've dammed the rivers, drying up some altogether, because we need the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then we have the gall to say how important and how tasty those salmon are as we hunt down their dwindling numbers. Since we feel that way, we've come up with all sorts of ways to fix things for the salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make up for the fact we've taken over most of their old habitat, we've set up hatcheries so that we can continue to produce commercial quantities of the fish. Since dams are in the way of migrating salmon, or because our rivers are occasionally not fit for them to swim in, or because of the way we've set up the plumbing in our delta waterways, we pump them by the millions into trucks and give them a ride out to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to this fish, we are generous to a fault, and all those salmon have got to be thankful. But we're not done yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at the video up there. A company in Washington state has come up with what some folks are calling \u003ca href=\"http://www.theverge.com/2014/8/11/5983681/whooshh-innovations-wants-to-whooshh-your-fish-to-safety\" target=\"_blank\">a salmon cannon\u003c/a>. It is actually kind of cool looking — a system of pumps and tubing that can suck a big salmon in one end and shoot it out the other. The firm that invented the system, \u003ca href=\"http://whooshh.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Whooshh Innovations\u003c/a>, is trying it out as a way of moving fish \u003ca href=\"http://www.yakimaherald.com/news/2216380-8/yakamas-testing-suction-tubes-to-transport-salmon\" target=\"_blank\">to trucks headed for a Washington hatchery\u003c/a>, but it thinks it could be used to shoot fish over some large dams, too — the video includes a demonstration of a couple of salmon getting propelled up a tube that rises 100 vertical feet (then getting snagged out of the air by a guy with a big net).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So who knows? The fish cannon might be the next big thing in our never-ending campaign to help the salmon. And we humans have got to think those fish will be having fun.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/wSBS2F9VXaE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/wSBS2F9VXaE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're a member of the noble genus Oncorhynchus -- generally speaking, the Pacific salmon -- you gotta wonder what those land-dwelling Homo sapiens will come up with next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We two-legged land dwellers have treated the native salmonids -- chinook, coho, steelhead and others -- to a series of fun challenges. We've filled their spawning and rearing streams with millions of tons of mud, not to mention the trash and poisons of all sorts we've dumped in the water. We've gotten rid of most of the forests that made the streams habitable. We've dammed the rivers, drying up some altogether, because we need the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then we have the gall to say how important and how tasty those salmon are as we hunt down their dwindling numbers. Since we feel that way, we've come up with all sorts of ways to fix things for the salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make up for the fact we've taken over most of their old habitat, we've set up hatcheries so that we can continue to produce commercial quantities of the fish. Since dams are in the way of migrating salmon, or because our rivers are occasionally not fit for them to swim in, or because of the way we've set up the plumbing in our delta waterways, we pump them by the millions into trucks and give them a ride out to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to this fish, we are generous to a fault, and all those salmon have got to be thankful. But we're not done yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at the video up there. A company in Washington state has come up with what some folks are calling \u003ca href=\"http://www.theverge.com/2014/8/11/5983681/whooshh-innovations-wants-to-whooshh-your-fish-to-safety\" target=\"_blank\">a salmon cannon\u003c/a>. It is actually kind of cool looking — a system of pumps and tubing that can suck a big salmon in one end and shoot it out the other. The firm that invented the system, \u003ca href=\"http://whooshh.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Whooshh Innovations\u003c/a>, is trying it out as a way of moving fish \u003ca href=\"http://www.yakimaherald.com/news/2216380-8/yakamas-testing-suction-tubes-to-transport-salmon\" target=\"_blank\">to trucks headed for a Washington hatchery\u003c/a>, but it thinks it could be used to shoot fish over some large dams, too — the video includes a demonstration of a couple of salmon getting propelled up a tube that rises 100 vertical feet (then getting snagged out of the air by a guy with a big net).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So who knows? The fish cannon might be the next big thing in our never-ending campaign to help the salmon. And we humans have got to think those fish will be having fun.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_144742\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-144742\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/08/brownwaterbond-640x478.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown signs a $7.5 billion water bond Wednesday night. (Ben Adler / Capital Public Radio)\" width=\"640\" height=\"478\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Jerry Brown signs a $7.5 billion water bond Wednesday night. (Ben Adler / Capital Public Radio)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A plan to spend $7.5 billion on water projects across California is on its way to the November ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water bond measure -- officially the \"\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB1471\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Quality, Supply, and Infrastructure Improvement Act of 2014\u003c/a>\" -- passed both houses with near-unanimous support Wednesday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signing ceremony Gov. Jerry Brown held immediately after the vote was the kind of sight that has become an endangered species in politics these days: a bipartisan celebration of a major legislative package.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a real water bond,” Brown said. “And we’ve got Democrats and Republicans that are more unified than I’ve ever seen – probably in my life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fight Over Storage Spending\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that bipartisan spirit had been late to arrive to the bond negotiations. The measure needed two-thirds support in each house to pass, which means Republicans had a rare moment of leverage. And they drove a hard bargain, demanding that $3 billion go to new reservoirs and other water storage projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown had kept the bond debate at arm’s length for most of the year. His public comments on the issue were vague at best. The governor did make one thing clear, though: He thought an $11 billion water bond approved by the Legislature and Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2009 and scheduled for this fall's ballot was simply too large. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/05/brown-wades-into-water-bond-debate/\">The governor rolled out his alternative last week\u003c/a>: a $6 billion plan that would spend $2 billion on storage projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans said that was too low. They got Brown and Democratic leaders to increase that total to $2.5 billion by Wednesday morning. But the GOP held firm, and ultimately got Democrats to agree to $2.7 billion on storage spending. State Sen. Andy Vidak, R-Hanford, said that should be enough to build two new reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storage is still 90 percent of what we had before,” he said after the vote. “And that’s very important. And hopefully it’s just enough to get both projects done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'There’s No Better Time'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bond would spend about $90 million on habitat restoration projects in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. That’s much less than provided in other versions of the bond. Opponents of Brown’s plan to build two water tunnels in the Delta had worried a big investment there could pave the way for the tunnels’ eventual approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaders are confident voters will approve the bond, which will appear on the ballot as Proposition 1. For one thing, it’s billions of dollars smaller than the 2009 version that has now been removed from the ballot. And as Senate President pro Tem Darrell Steinberg pointed out, California’s historic drought has everyone paying attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no better time,” he said. “And there’s certainly no time to say, ‘Let’s do this another time.’ The time is now.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_144742\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-144742\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/08/brownwaterbond-640x478.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown signs a $7.5 billion water bond Wednesday night. (Ben Adler / Capital Public Radio)\" width=\"640\" height=\"478\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Jerry Brown signs a $7.5 billion water bond Wednesday night. (Ben Adler / Capital Public Radio)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A plan to spend $7.5 billion on water projects across California is on its way to the November ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water bond measure -- officially the \"\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB1471\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Water Quality, Supply, and Infrastructure Improvement Act of 2014\u003c/a>\" -- passed both houses with near-unanimous support Wednesday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signing ceremony Gov. Jerry Brown held immediately after the vote was the kind of sight that has become an endangered species in politics these days: a bipartisan celebration of a major legislative package.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a real water bond,” Brown said. “And we’ve got Democrats and Republicans that are more unified than I’ve ever seen – probably in my life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fight Over Storage Spending\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that bipartisan spirit had been late to arrive to the bond negotiations. The measure needed two-thirds support in each house to pass, which means Republicans had a rare moment of leverage. And they drove a hard bargain, demanding that $3 billion go to new reservoirs and other water storage projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown had kept the bond debate at arm’s length for most of the year. His public comments on the issue were vague at best. The governor did make one thing clear, though: He thought an $11 billion water bond approved by the Legislature and Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2009 and scheduled for this fall's ballot was simply too large. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/08/05/brown-wades-into-water-bond-debate/\">The governor rolled out his alternative last week\u003c/a>: a $6 billion plan that would spend $2 billion on storage projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans said that was too low. They got Brown and Democratic leaders to increase that total to $2.5 billion by Wednesday morning. But the GOP held firm, and ultimately got Democrats to agree to $2.7 billion on storage spending. State Sen. Andy Vidak, R-Hanford, said that should be enough to build two new reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The storage is still 90 percent of what we had before,” he said after the vote. “And that’s very important. And hopefully it’s just enough to get both projects done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'There’s No Better Time'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bond would spend about $90 million on habitat restoration projects in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. That’s much less than provided in other versions of the bond. Opponents of Brown’s plan to build two water tunnels in the Delta had worried a big investment there could pave the way for the tunnels’ eventual approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaders are confident voters will approve the bond, which will appear on the ballot as Proposition 1. For one thing, it’s billions of dollars smaller than the 2009 version that has now been removed from the ballot. And as Senate President pro Tem Darrell Steinberg pointed out, California’s historic drought has everyone paying attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no better time,” he said. “And there’s certainly no time to say, ‘Let’s do this another time.’ The time is now.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Water Restrictions: Meaning of 'Mandatory' Depends on Where You Live",
"headTitle": "Water Restrictions: Meaning of ‘Mandatory’ Depends on Where You Live | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/crop_1945.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20533\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/crop_1945.jpg\" alt=\"Water agencies say they're cracking down on outside watering -- but enforcement is murky. (Craig Miller)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water agencies say they’re cracking down on outside watering — but enforcement is murky. (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the Bay Area’s highest-profile water agencies enacted their versions of “mandatory” water restrictions on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers of the \u003ca title=\"SFPUC - main\" href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/\">San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> are facing an edict to cut outdoor water use by 10 percent. But as a practical matter, the order applies mainly to the Commission’s 1,600 customers with separate metered water accounts for landscape irrigation — golf courses, parks and the like. Those customers who fail to comply could see their water rates doubled. SFPUC General Manager Harlan Kelly called it, “a small, but important step.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco’s water cops \u003ca title=\"SFPUC - 311\" href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=130\">will rely on whistleblowers\u003c/a> for broader enforcement. Customers with three \u003ca title=\"SFPUC - water violations\" href=\"http://sf311.org/index.aspx?page=811\">reported violations\u003c/a> could be fined $100 per day, but in general, SFPUC “will be focusing on education and training, not policing and fining,” according to a Commission news release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spokesman Tyrone Jue says that after a slow start, SFPUC customers (in San Francisco and three other Bay Area counties) have tripled their water savings since late June and are on track to attain an overall 10 percent reduction benchmark by Labor Day. The latest restrictions don’t take effect until mid-September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re more of the carrot versus a stick type of agency.’\u003ccite>Andrea Pook, EBMUD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile the 1.3 million customers of the East Bay Municipal Utilities District have \u003ca title=\"EBMUD - restrix\" href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/about/news/releases/2014/08/12/mandatory-outdoor-watering-restrictions-effect-for-ebmud-residents-an\">their own new set of mandatory water restrictions\u003c/a>. Actually they’re the same voluntary rules that the District already had in place, but are now deemed mandatory under its newly declared “water shortage emergency.” But officials at EBMUD don’t plan to impose fines on water wasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re more of the carrot versus a stick type of agency,” says EBMUD spokeswoman Andrea Pook. She says residents are encouraged to call the District and report wasteful watering when they see it. On average, EBMUD customers use 40 percent of their water outdoors. When customers are fingered for profligate watering, Pook says her agency’s approach is to, “talk with the people first,” followed by a letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly we do have the right to put a flow restrictor on or even shut someone’s water off if they are a flagrant water abuser.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pook says EBMUD customers as a group have already surpassed the 10 percent savings goal that the District has asked for previously and for now, that’s enough. Pook says that EBMUD water supplies are in better shape than many, so from her agency’s standpoint, “We’re not looking at Year 4 of drought, we are in Year 1 of drought. We feel like we’re doing our homework to plan ahead, but you never know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Bay MUD’s mandatory water rules echo the recently issued state guidelines:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Limit watering of outdoor landscapes to two times per week maximum.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Prevent excess runoff when watering their landscapes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use only hoses with shutoff nozzles to wash vehicles.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use a broom or air blower, not water, to clean hard surfaces such as driveways and sidewalks, except as needed for health and safety purposes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Turn off any fountain or decorative water feature unless the water is recirculated.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/163193810&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/crop_1945.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20533\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/08/crop_1945.jpg\" alt=\"Water agencies say they're cracking down on outside watering -- but enforcement is murky. (Craig Miller)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water agencies say they’re cracking down on outside watering — but enforcement is murky. (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the Bay Area’s highest-profile water agencies enacted their versions of “mandatory” water restrictions on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers of the \u003ca title=\"SFPUC - main\" href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/\">San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> are facing an edict to cut outdoor water use by 10 percent. But as a practical matter, the order applies mainly to the Commission’s 1,600 customers with separate metered water accounts for landscape irrigation — golf courses, parks and the like. Those customers who fail to comply could see their water rates doubled. SFPUC General Manager Harlan Kelly called it, “a small, but important step.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco’s water cops \u003ca title=\"SFPUC - 311\" href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=130\">will rely on whistleblowers\u003c/a> for broader enforcement. Customers with three \u003ca title=\"SFPUC - water violations\" href=\"http://sf311.org/index.aspx?page=811\">reported violations\u003c/a> could be fined $100 per day, but in general, SFPUC “will be focusing on education and training, not policing and fining,” according to a Commission news release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spokesman Tyrone Jue says that after a slow start, SFPUC customers (in San Francisco and three other Bay Area counties) have tripled their water savings since late June and are on track to attain an overall 10 percent reduction benchmark by Labor Day. The latest restrictions don’t take effect until mid-September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re more of the carrot versus a stick type of agency.’\u003ccite>Andrea Pook, EBMUD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile the 1.3 million customers of the East Bay Municipal Utilities District have \u003ca title=\"EBMUD - restrix\" href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/about/news/releases/2014/08/12/mandatory-outdoor-watering-restrictions-effect-for-ebmud-residents-an\">their own new set of mandatory water restrictions\u003c/a>. Actually they’re the same voluntary rules that the District already had in place, but are now deemed mandatory under its newly declared “water shortage emergency.” But officials at EBMUD don’t plan to impose fines on water wasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re more of the carrot versus a stick type of agency,” says EBMUD spokeswoman Andrea Pook. She says residents are encouraged to call the District and report wasteful watering when they see it. On average, EBMUD customers use 40 percent of their water outdoors. When customers are fingered for profligate watering, Pook says her agency’s approach is to, “talk with the people first,” followed by a letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly we do have the right to put a flow restrictor on or even shut someone’s water off if they are a flagrant water abuser.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pook says EBMUD customers as a group have already surpassed the 10 percent savings goal that the District has asked for previously and for now, that’s enough. Pook says that EBMUD water supplies are in better shape than many, so from her agency’s standpoint, “We’re not looking at Year 4 of drought, we are in Year 1 of drought. We feel like we’re doing our homework to plan ahead, but you never know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Bay MUD’s mandatory water rules echo the recently issued state guidelines:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Limit watering of outdoor landscapes to two times per week maximum.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Prevent excess runoff when watering their landscapes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use only hoses with shutoff nozzles to wash vehicles.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use a broom or air blower, not water, to clean hard surfaces such as driveways and sidewalks, except as needed for health and safety purposes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Turn off any fountain or decorative water feature unless the water is recirculated.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/163193810&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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