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"content": "\u003cp>The big climate and health care bill signed into law by President Biden has what at first sight looks like a big incentive for those shopping for a car: a revamped $7,500 tax credit if you buy a new electric vehicle, or $4,000 if you get a used one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although tax credits for electric cars have been offered before, the new bill revamps those incentives. But there are so many caveats — on everything from the buyers’ income level to which models can qualify — that many electric cars may actually not be eligible for the tax credit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, the caveats are there for two key reasons: to eventually make electric cars more affordable for more Americans and to bring more of the production across the supply chain to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill succeeds in accomplishing those two goals, experts believe the law could catapult the electric vehicle market into the mainstream in ways the country hasn’t seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what to know about the tax credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So, who qualifies for the revamped tax credits?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Not everybody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only singles with incomes up to $150,000 a year and couples who file taxes jointly who earn up to $300,000 will qualify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This income cap requirement is meant to help less affluent people afford electric cars — and incentivize automakers to expand their customer base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high cost of electric cars has long been seen as a major impediment to the adoption of these vehicles. Currently \u003ca href=\"https://electrek.co/2022/07/25/average-electric-car-price-hit-66000-us-whole-story/\">the average price of an electric vehicle \u003c/a>is $66,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What about the requirements for the electric vehicles?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are some major requirements, both on how the car — and its battery — is produced and the overall price of the vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To start with, to get the full tax credit, the car has to be assembled in North America. This provision of the law went into effect when President Biden signed the legislation into law last week. There are more than two dozen vehicles that meet this requirement, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/inflation-reduction-act\">U.S. Department of Energy\u003c/a>, but dozens more have already been disqualified from the tax credit with this requirement alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting Jan. 1, 2023, more caveats come into effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sedans have to be under $55,000 to qualify, and the cost of trucks, vans, and sports utility vehicles can’t exceed $80,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The price caps for used electric vehicles is $25,000, but the cars won’t have to comply with the made-in-America requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Are there requirements for the batteries as well?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Yes, and that’s important because batteries are the most important part of any electric car\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"electric-vehicles\"]A certain percentage of minerals in the EV battery must come from North America or a country that has a free trade agreement with the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the battery components must also be manufactured or assembled in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s expected to complicate things for auto companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s going to be a huge burden and hurdle to overcome,” says Carla Bailo, CEO of the Center for Automotive Research. “We don’t have the mining, we don’t have the critical minerals that are needed in North America or from our free trade partners, and almost 90% of the refining is done in China.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, no electric vehicle on the market will qualify for the full tax credit when battery requirements take effect in 2023, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.autosinnovate.org/posts/blog/what-if-no-evs-qualify-for-the-ev-tax-credit\">Alliance for Automotive Innovation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Is it possible to qualify for a partial tax credit?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A buyer could get a partial credit of $3,750 if 40% of the critical minerals in EV batteries are sourced from countries with which the U.S. has a free trade agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other $3,750 is linked to battery components. Starting in 2023, 50% of components will have to be manufactured or assembled in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, the required amount of minerals in the EV batteries sourced from the U.S. or trading partners will increase. So too will the required amount of components manufactured or assembled in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Which automakers win and lose under this law?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Based on what’s currently available on the market, higher-end electric car companies like Rivian stand to lose customers who qualify for the tax credit based on the cost of their vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Tesla or General Motors that have been producing cars in the U.S. and have already shifted their supply chains are better poised to meet the many requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re probably at the forefront of this technology right now with some vehicles on the market and many more on the way,” says Jessica Caldwell, executive director of insights at Edmunds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, international automakers, like Toyota and Hyundai, face some big decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the Asian and European automakers who have some limited production in North America, that’s where we might see some more weighing of the scales in terms of, ‘Is it worthwhile for us to shift production of vehicles or sourcing of materials to qualify for this, or do we just walk away?,’ ” says Michael Fiske, associated director of Powertrain and Compliance for S&P Global Mobility.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Don’t these caveats make it hard to get the tax credit?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Initially, yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will be difficult, if not impossible, for buyers to qualify for the full $7,500 tax credit as automakers rethink their operations to meet the various requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is a long-term play by the Biden administration. By incentivizing automakers to cater to a less affluent crowd and by pushing automakers to bring their supply chains to the U.S., the administration believes it can make EVs more mainstream and accelerate toward an ambitious goal: to have half of all new car sales be for electric models by 2030, up from only 3% today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another motivating factor is China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China controls about \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/03/13/1085707854/how-a-handful-of-metals-could-determine-the-future-of-the-electric-car-industry\">three-quarters of the market for the minerals\u003c/a> that are essential for batteries and the Biden administration has been worried about continued access to those minerals. By bolstering domestic supply chains, the administration intends to reduce China’s ability to roil the electric vehicle market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is about protecting American national security” says Fiske. ” We’ve seen a lot of the challenges that have come from being reliant on the Middle East for oil for the last half century or more. Now, I think there are valid concerns about becoming overly reliant on Asian countries for processing and manufacturing of batteries and battery-related materials for the next decade or 50 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=You+can+get+a+%247%2C500+tax+credit+to+buy+an+electric+car%2C+but+it%27s+really+complicated&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>A certain percentage of minerals in the EV battery must come from North America or a country that has a free trade agreement with the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the battery components must also be manufactured or assembled in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s expected to complicate things for auto companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s going to be a huge burden and hurdle to overcome,” says Carla Bailo, CEO of the Center for Automotive Research. “We don’t have the mining, we don’t have the critical minerals that are needed in North America or from our free trade partners, and almost 90% of the refining is done in China.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, no electric vehicle on the market will qualify for the full tax credit when battery requirements take effect in 2023, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.autosinnovate.org/posts/blog/what-if-no-evs-qualify-for-the-ev-tax-credit\">Alliance for Automotive Innovation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Is it possible to qualify for a partial tax credit?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A buyer could get a partial credit of $3,750 if 40% of the critical minerals in EV batteries are sourced from countries with which the U.S. has a free trade agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other $3,750 is linked to battery components. Starting in 2023, 50% of components will have to be manufactured or assembled in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, the required amount of minerals in the EV batteries sourced from the U.S. or trading partners will increase. So too will the required amount of components manufactured or assembled in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Which automakers win and lose under this law?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Based on what’s currently available on the market, higher-end electric car companies like Rivian stand to lose customers who qualify for the tax credit based on the cost of their vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Tesla or General Motors that have been producing cars in the U.S. and have already shifted their supply chains are better poised to meet the many requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re probably at the forefront of this technology right now with some vehicles on the market and many more on the way,” says Jessica Caldwell, executive director of insights at Edmunds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, international automakers, like Toyota and Hyundai, face some big decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the Asian and European automakers who have some limited production in North America, that’s where we might see some more weighing of the scales in terms of, ‘Is it worthwhile for us to shift production of vehicles or sourcing of materials to qualify for this, or do we just walk away?,’ ” says Michael Fiske, associated director of Powertrain and Compliance for S&P Global Mobility.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Don’t these caveats make it hard to get the tax credit?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Initially, yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will be difficult, if not impossible, for buyers to qualify for the full $7,500 tax credit as automakers rethink their operations to meet the various requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is a long-term play by the Biden administration. By incentivizing automakers to cater to a less affluent crowd and by pushing automakers to bring their supply chains to the U.S., the administration believes it can make EVs more mainstream and accelerate toward an ambitious goal: to have half of all new car sales be for electric models by 2030, up from only 3% today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another motivating factor is China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China controls about \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/03/13/1085707854/how-a-handful-of-metals-could-determine-the-future-of-the-electric-car-industry\">three-quarters of the market for the minerals\u003c/a> that are essential for batteries and the Biden administration has been worried about continued access to those minerals. By bolstering domestic supply chains, the administration intends to reduce China’s ability to roil the electric vehicle market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is about protecting American national security” says Fiske. ” We’ve seen a lot of the challenges that have come from being reliant on the Middle East for oil for the last half century or more. Now, I think there are valid concerns about becoming overly reliant on Asian countries for processing and manufacturing of batteries and battery-related materials for the next decade or 50 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=You+can+get+a+%247%2C500+tax+credit+to+buy+an+electric+car%2C+but+it%27s+really+complicated&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "This City Manager Wants California to Prepare for a Megastorm Before It's Too Late",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/1118365553/1118365554\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Updated August 22, 2022 at 9:28 AM ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firebaugh, Calif., sitting right on the San Joaquin River, is a great place to raise a family, says city manager Ben Gallegos. He's lived in this Central Valley community for most of his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now he's preparing the city for a force of nature potentially more destructive than the fires and drought Californians are used to — \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/12/1117161878/a-cataclysmic-flood-is-coming-for-california-climate-change-makes-it-more-likely\">a megastorm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They form out at sea as plumes of water vapor thousands of miles long. As they reach land, they dump rain and snow for weeks at a time, causing devastating flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last megastorm to hit the West Coast was the Great Flood of 1862. It temporarily turned much of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys into a giant inland sea, 300 miles long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gallegos is in no doubt about what a megastorm would mean for Firebaugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of water. Flooding for many days. [A] potential hazard to really wiping out the city,\" he told NPR's Leila Fadel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles say that \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abq0995\">climate change will increase the frequency\u003c/a> of these megastorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While they used to occur every 100-200 years on average, rising temperatures mean we'll now see them as often as every 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Xingying Huang and Daniel Swain, who co-authored the research, say a megastorm could mean millions of people displaced by flooding, major transportation links severed, and damage totaling nearly $1 trillion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gallegos is worried that bigger cities will be the focus of flood-prevention spending before a megastorm, rather than his city of around 8,500 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You think about San Francisco, Los Angeles. Is the state really going to say — or the feds — let me give Firebaugh $50 to $60 million to upgrade the levee, or should we give it to somebody else?\" he said. \"They say, 'Oh if we lose that town, what impact is it going to have to the state?' Well, it's going to have a lot of impact to the state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firebaugh is an agricultural community, growing tomatoes that are processed into sauces for the restaurant industry. Farmers also grow cantaloupes. Gallegos says the loss of those businesses would have a knock-on impact on California's economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents of Firebaugh are worried by the prospect of a megastorm hitting, especially after a previous evacuation due to a flood in 1997 didn't go well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The city wasn't prepared at that time for an evacuation. They evacuated all the residents to our community center. But the community center was right next to the river, so there was a levee that was washing out,\" Gallegos said. \"So they went and sent them out to our neighboring cities. But those cities were not ready for our residents, so then they had to get them back. And then they put them up in a warehouse just west of the city.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gallegos knows that state and federal officials have a choice: Pay for flood prevention measures now, or pay much, much more later to help Firebaugh recover from a megastorm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need help. I always tell our leaders, we can fix it now, which would cost less than when we have an emergency, and you have people trying to fix it, which would cost a lot more than being proactive,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If nothing is done, the alternative doesn't bear thinking about for Gallegos, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think Firebaugh would be wiped out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The audio for this story was produced by Chad Campbell and edited by Simone Popperl and Adam Bearne. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=This+city+manager+wants+California+to+prepare+for+a+megastorm+before+it%27s+too+late&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Ben Gallegos, the city manager of Firebaugh, Calif., believes a megastorm could wipe out his city. He's urging state and federal officials to invest more proactively in flood prevention measures.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/1118365553/1118365554\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Updated August 22, 2022 at 9:28 AM ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firebaugh, Calif., sitting right on the San Joaquin River, is a great place to raise a family, says city manager Ben Gallegos. He's lived in this Central Valley community for most of his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now he's preparing the city for a force of nature potentially more destructive than the fires and drought Californians are used to — \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/12/1117161878/a-cataclysmic-flood-is-coming-for-california-climate-change-makes-it-more-likely\">a megastorm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They form out at sea as plumes of water vapor thousands of miles long. As they reach land, they dump rain and snow for weeks at a time, causing devastating flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last megastorm to hit the West Coast was the Great Flood of 1862. It temporarily turned much of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys into a giant inland sea, 300 miles long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gallegos is in no doubt about what a megastorm would mean for Firebaugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of water. Flooding for many days. [A] potential hazard to really wiping out the city,\" he told NPR's Leila Fadel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles say that \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abq0995\">climate change will increase the frequency\u003c/a> of these megastorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While they used to occur every 100-200 years on average, rising temperatures mean we'll now see them as often as every 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Xingying Huang and Daniel Swain, who co-authored the research, say a megastorm could mean millions of people displaced by flooding, major transportation links severed, and damage totaling nearly $1 trillion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gallegos is worried that bigger cities will be the focus of flood-prevention spending before a megastorm, rather than his city of around 8,500 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You think about San Francisco, Los Angeles. Is the state really going to say — or the feds — let me give Firebaugh $50 to $60 million to upgrade the levee, or should we give it to somebody else?\" he said. \"They say, 'Oh if we lose that town, what impact is it going to have to the state?' Well, it's going to have a lot of impact to the state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firebaugh is an agricultural community, growing tomatoes that are processed into sauces for the restaurant industry. Farmers also grow cantaloupes. Gallegos says the loss of those businesses would have a knock-on impact on California's economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents of Firebaugh are worried by the prospect of a megastorm hitting, especially after a previous evacuation due to a flood in 1997 didn't go well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The city wasn't prepared at that time for an evacuation. They evacuated all the residents to our community center. But the community center was right next to the river, so there was a levee that was washing out,\" Gallegos said. \"So they went and sent them out to our neighboring cities. But those cities were not ready for our residents, so then they had to get them back. And then they put them up in a warehouse just west of the city.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gallegos knows that state and federal officials have a choice: Pay for flood prevention measures now, or pay much, much more later to help Firebaugh recover from a megastorm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need help. I always tell our leaders, we can fix it now, which would cost less than when we have an emergency, and you have people trying to fix it, which would cost a lot more than being proactive,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If nothing is done, the alternative doesn't bear thinking about for Gallegos, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think Firebaugh would be wiped out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The audio for this story was produced by Chad Campbell and edited by Simone Popperl and Adam Bearne. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=This+city+manager+wants+California+to+prepare+for+a+megastorm+before+it%27s+too+late&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Dr. Anthony Fauci, who played a critical role in steering humanity through the two pandemics of our time, AIDS and COVID-19, announced Monday he is stepping down from his role in the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of December, he will leave the position he’s held for 38 years as the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, as well as his job as chief of the NIAID Laboratory of Immunoregulation, and his role as Chief Medical Advisor to President Joe Biden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The straight-talking scientist and physician was the government’s top infectious disease doctor for decades, and one of the few scientists that many Americans knew by name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci, 81, served under seven U.S. presidents and helped lead the country through numerous health crises. He was instrumental in combatting the AIDS epidemic, starting as the youthful director of NIAID in the early 1980s. He also took center stage in a politically fraught response to the nation’s COVID-19 pandemic, and he was both praised and assailed for his tell-it-like-it-is philosophy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Biden hailed him as a “dedicated public servant” in a statement issued Monday. “Because of Dr. Fauci’s many contributions to public health, lives here in the United States and around the world have been saved,” the President said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Department of Health and Human Services secretary Xavier Becerra, who took leadership of the agency a year into the COVID pandemic, said he relied on Fauci’s counsel and praised him for “his ability to break down complex science in simple terms to the American people to save lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>As AIDS crisis grew, he led by listening\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fauci’s actions during the AIDS epidemic helped marshal a scientific and government response that saved millions of lives. His approach to engaging AIDS activists also transformed the way patients and activists interacted with medical science for many diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tony Fauci is a really interesting character in the history of the AIDS epidemic,” says Jon Cohen, a journalist at \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> magazine who wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Shots_in_the_Dark/sSt25bOlGgYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover\">a book\u003c/a> about Fauci’s passionate but ultimately unsuccessful effort to develop an AIDS vaccine. “He becomes the voice of science, he can translate science into English better than anyone, and he can speak to every president, every congressperson, every world leader, and he can speak to patients,” Cohen said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"anthony-fauci\"]Those abilities emerged during the earliest days of the AIDS epidemic, when the Reagan administration tried to downplay or ignore the deadly disease afflicting particularly gay men and users of drugs by injection, as well as people with hemophilia who died because their medication was derived from contaminated blood products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of Fauci’s strategy was to engage the patients and activists who were demanding not only answers but a rapid federal response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was one of the few [powerful people in Washington] that opened his doors early to us to listen and to hear us out,” said Peter Staley, one of the founding members of Act Up New York, a prominent AIDS activist group. “And he was one of the few that wasn’t afraid of us, and thought we had something to bring to the table.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staley recalls regular dinners that Fauci held in the home of a gay man who worked in his office. Those dinners “would last for many hours over many bottles of wine, and we debated these issues, and it would sometimes get very heated,” Staley said. They didn’t always agree, “but I came to respect the man intensely during that period.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AIDS activists pushed for being part of the research and having a seat at the table, as scientists and government officials figured out how to develop drugs and test vaccines to control the AIDS epidemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A gifted communicator\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fauci also oversaw a laboratory at the NIH and saw patients throughout his long career, keeping connected to the science as well as the human dimensions of infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tony won the respect of the angriest, most frustrated people because they saw him as an ally and because he listened to them and he incorporated them — he made them part of finding solutions,” Cohen said. And that approach “radically overhauled how we think about disease and research and patients, not just AIDS.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast cancer activists adopted this cooperative approach and many other disease advocates followed suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci was also instrumental in an effort, undertaken by the George W. Bush administration, to make AIDS medicines available globally. The multi-billion-dollar program, called the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, or PEPFAR, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ft.com/content/72424694-a86e-11e9-984c-fac8325aaa04\">has saved millions of lives\u003c/a>, primarily in Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci’s gift for communication put him at the center of many public health crises, in Republican as well as Democratic administrations. Those included viral outbreaks ranging from Zika and West Nile disease to the annual flu. To help calm a jittery American public during the Ebola scare in 2014, Fauci stepped up to the cameras and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2014/10/24/358593823/fighting-the-stigma-of-ebola-with-hugs\">embraced an Ebola patient\u003c/a> – a nurse, Nina Pham — who had been treated at the NIH.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to tell you what a great pleasure, and in many respects a privilege it has been for me and the staff here… to have had the opportunity to treat and care for and get to know such an extraordinarily courageous and lovely person,” he said in his distinctive Brooklyn accent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His political acumen stood him in good stead with seven presidential administrations, starting with Ronald Reagan. No other leading federal scientist in modern times held a top position for as many years as Fauci did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci even got a shout-out from George H.W. Bush during a 1988 vice-presidential debate. The candidates had been asked to name their heroes, and Bush included Fauci in his list. “You probably never heard of him,” Bush said. “He’s a very fine researcher, top doctor at the National Institute[s] of Health. Working hard, doing something about research on this disease of AIDS.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Diplomacy and politics in the early days of COVID\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fauci’s biggest political challenge came during the Trump administration. Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, Trump frequently brought Fauci to the White House as a member of the Coronavirus Task Force, to participate in meetings and press conferences. But as the disease spiraled out of control, the president tired of Fauci’s warnings. Fauci found diplomatic ways to correct the president’s often errant statements about the coronavirus, for example when Trump wondered whether COVID-19 could be treated with bleach injections or by shining ultraviolet light into people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The relationship hit a low point a few days before Election Day, 2020, when a crowd at a Trump campaign rally in Opa-Locka, Fla., started changing “Fire Fauci! Fire Fauci!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump replied, “Don’t tell anybody, but let me wait until a little bit after the election. I appreciate the advice. He’s been wrong on a lot,” Trump continued. “He’s a nice man but he’s been wrong on a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump did not fire Fauci, who had made some missteps during the early days of the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, scientists didn’t fully understand how the virus spread or how to contain it. Fauci initially misjudged the degree to which the virus spread from people who had no symptoms of disease. He quickly changed his view as scientists learned more. Like many scientists, he was also uncertain about the value of masks early on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he never wavered in his view that people needed to stop gathering in large numbers, to wash their hands, isolate if ill and otherwise to take personal responsibility to avoid spreading the virus. Those positions earned him the ire of some Americans, who felt public health guidance infringed on their personal freedom. It was also inconsistent with Trump’s false claim that the pandemic was being overblown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci had amassed a powerful following among people committed to a science-based response to COVID-19. His face popped up on T-shirts, coffee mugs and yard signs – and on Tony Fauci bobbleheads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was even invited to throw the ceremonial first pitch at the start of the Washington Nationals’ 2020 home-opener, five months short of his 80\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> birthday. Suffice it to say it was outside the strike zone, a fact which the president noted among his complaints about Fauci’s performance. (He redeemed himself two years later throwing a cleaner pitch this month in game between the Seattle Mariners and the New York Yankees, in Seattle.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Joe Biden’s election, Fauci became the president’s chief medical adviser. Fauci admitted in the administration’s very first press briefing that it was a relief to work for a president who took the science seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can tell you I take no pleasure at all in being in a situation of contradicting the president,” he said. “So, it was really something that you really feel you couldn’t say something and there wouldn’t be any repercussions. The idea that you can get up here and talk about what you know, and what the science is and that’s it. Let the science speak. It is somewhat of a liberating feeling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci’s gift for communication made him a media star and a household name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his fame also made him a target for critics of the federal government’s COVID response and even for death threats. In January, at a Senate hearing on COVID, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/01/11/1072110378/dr-fauci-says-gop-sen-pauls-false-accusations-have-sparked-death-threats\">Fauci blamed rhetoric\u003c/a> from Sen. Rand Paul, R-Ky., for sparking death threats against him and his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul, and other Congressional Republicans, have \u003ca href=\"https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/3571232-gop-plots-fauci-probe-after-midterms/\">raised the idea\u003c/a> of investigating Fauci after the midterm elections, if they win back control of the House or Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A scientist ‘in his very soul’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Throughout the COVID pandemic, and the nonstop media attention he received, Fauci continued to run one of the major institutes at the NIH.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He in his very soul was a laboratorian, was a bench scientist,” said Dr. Georges Benjamin, longtime head of the American Public Health Association. “Here was a guy who loved that kind of work. And while he handled the administration and the bureaucracy well, that wasn’t necessarily what he got up for every morning to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, under Fauci’s guidance, scientists at his institute aggressively pursued a vaccine for COVID-19. And, in an astonishing span of less than a year, they brought one into being, in partnership with the drug company Moderna. It was even more effective than Fauci had dared hope, achieving an efficacy of over 90%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was giddy with laughter,” Benjamin recalls. “I remember watching him on TV with the joy of a new parent who has something that’s just precious, and understood just how valuable that vaccine was going to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/statement-anthony-s-fauci-md\">In a statement,\u003c/a> Fauci said it had been “the honor of a lifetime to have led the NIAID.” He said he’ll continue to work after departing from his current government positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After more than 50 years of government service, I plan to pursue the next phase of my career while I still have so much energy and passion for my field,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Fauci+to+step+down+in+December+after+decades+of+public+service&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dr. Anthony Fauci, who played a critical role in steering humanity through the two pandemics of our time, AIDS and COVID-19, announced Monday he is stepping down from his role in the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of December, he will leave the position he’s held for 38 years as the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, as well as his job as chief of the NIAID Laboratory of Immunoregulation, and his role as Chief Medical Advisor to President Joe Biden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The straight-talking scientist and physician was the government’s top infectious disease doctor for decades, and one of the few scientists that many Americans knew by name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci, 81, served under seven U.S. presidents and helped lead the country through numerous health crises. He was instrumental in combatting the AIDS epidemic, starting as the youthful director of NIAID in the early 1980s. He also took center stage in a politically fraught response to the nation’s COVID-19 pandemic, and he was both praised and assailed for his tell-it-like-it-is philosophy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Biden hailed him as a “dedicated public servant” in a statement issued Monday. “Because of Dr. Fauci’s many contributions to public health, lives here in the United States and around the world have been saved,” the President said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Department of Health and Human Services secretary Xavier Becerra, who took leadership of the agency a year into the COVID pandemic, said he relied on Fauci’s counsel and praised him for “his ability to break down complex science in simple terms to the American people to save lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>As AIDS crisis grew, he led by listening\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fauci’s actions during the AIDS epidemic helped marshal a scientific and government response that saved millions of lives. His approach to engaging AIDS activists also transformed the way patients and activists interacted with medical science for many diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tony Fauci is a really interesting character in the history of the AIDS epidemic,” says Jon Cohen, a journalist at \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> magazine who wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Shots_in_the_Dark/sSt25bOlGgYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover\">a book\u003c/a> about Fauci’s passionate but ultimately unsuccessful effort to develop an AIDS vaccine. “He becomes the voice of science, he can translate science into English better than anyone, and he can speak to every president, every congressperson, every world leader, and he can speak to patients,” Cohen said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Those abilities emerged during the earliest days of the AIDS epidemic, when the Reagan administration tried to downplay or ignore the deadly disease afflicting particularly gay men and users of drugs by injection, as well as people with hemophilia who died because their medication was derived from contaminated blood products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of Fauci’s strategy was to engage the patients and activists who were demanding not only answers but a rapid federal response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was one of the few [powerful people in Washington] that opened his doors early to us to listen and to hear us out,” said Peter Staley, one of the founding members of Act Up New York, a prominent AIDS activist group. “And he was one of the few that wasn’t afraid of us, and thought we had something to bring to the table.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staley recalls regular dinners that Fauci held in the home of a gay man who worked in his office. Those dinners “would last for many hours over many bottles of wine, and we debated these issues, and it would sometimes get very heated,” Staley said. They didn’t always agree, “but I came to respect the man intensely during that period.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AIDS activists pushed for being part of the research and having a seat at the table, as scientists and government officials figured out how to develop drugs and test vaccines to control the AIDS epidemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A gifted communicator\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fauci also oversaw a laboratory at the NIH and saw patients throughout his long career, keeping connected to the science as well as the human dimensions of infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tony won the respect of the angriest, most frustrated people because they saw him as an ally and because he listened to them and he incorporated them — he made them part of finding solutions,” Cohen said. And that approach “radically overhauled how we think about disease and research and patients, not just AIDS.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast cancer activists adopted this cooperative approach and many other disease advocates followed suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci was also instrumental in an effort, undertaken by the George W. Bush administration, to make AIDS medicines available globally. The multi-billion-dollar program, called the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, or PEPFAR, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ft.com/content/72424694-a86e-11e9-984c-fac8325aaa04\">has saved millions of lives\u003c/a>, primarily in Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci’s gift for communication put him at the center of many public health crises, in Republican as well as Democratic administrations. Those included viral outbreaks ranging from Zika and West Nile disease to the annual flu. To help calm a jittery American public during the Ebola scare in 2014, Fauci stepped up to the cameras and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2014/10/24/358593823/fighting-the-stigma-of-ebola-with-hugs\">embraced an Ebola patient\u003c/a> – a nurse, Nina Pham — who had been treated at the NIH.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to tell you what a great pleasure, and in many respects a privilege it has been for me and the staff here… to have had the opportunity to treat and care for and get to know such an extraordinarily courageous and lovely person,” he said in his distinctive Brooklyn accent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His political acumen stood him in good stead with seven presidential administrations, starting with Ronald Reagan. No other leading federal scientist in modern times held a top position for as many years as Fauci did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci even got a shout-out from George H.W. Bush during a 1988 vice-presidential debate. The candidates had been asked to name their heroes, and Bush included Fauci in his list. “You probably never heard of him,” Bush said. “He’s a very fine researcher, top doctor at the National Institute[s] of Health. Working hard, doing something about research on this disease of AIDS.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Diplomacy and politics in the early days of COVID\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fauci’s biggest political challenge came during the Trump administration. Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, Trump frequently brought Fauci to the White House as a member of the Coronavirus Task Force, to participate in meetings and press conferences. But as the disease spiraled out of control, the president tired of Fauci’s warnings. Fauci found diplomatic ways to correct the president’s often errant statements about the coronavirus, for example when Trump wondered whether COVID-19 could be treated with bleach injections or by shining ultraviolet light into people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The relationship hit a low point a few days before Election Day, 2020, when a crowd at a Trump campaign rally in Opa-Locka, Fla., started changing “Fire Fauci! Fire Fauci!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump replied, “Don’t tell anybody, but let me wait until a little bit after the election. I appreciate the advice. He’s been wrong on a lot,” Trump continued. “He’s a nice man but he’s been wrong on a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump did not fire Fauci, who had made some missteps during the early days of the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, scientists didn’t fully understand how the virus spread or how to contain it. Fauci initially misjudged the degree to which the virus spread from people who had no symptoms of disease. He quickly changed his view as scientists learned more. Like many scientists, he was also uncertain about the value of masks early on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he never wavered in his view that people needed to stop gathering in large numbers, to wash their hands, isolate if ill and otherwise to take personal responsibility to avoid spreading the virus. Those positions earned him the ire of some Americans, who felt public health guidance infringed on their personal freedom. It was also inconsistent with Trump’s false claim that the pandemic was being overblown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci had amassed a powerful following among people committed to a science-based response to COVID-19. His face popped up on T-shirts, coffee mugs and yard signs – and on Tony Fauci bobbleheads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was even invited to throw the ceremonial first pitch at the start of the Washington Nationals’ 2020 home-opener, five months short of his 80\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> birthday. Suffice it to say it was outside the strike zone, a fact which the president noted among his complaints about Fauci’s performance. (He redeemed himself two years later throwing a cleaner pitch this month in game between the Seattle Mariners and the New York Yankees, in Seattle.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Joe Biden’s election, Fauci became the president’s chief medical adviser. Fauci admitted in the administration’s very first press briefing that it was a relief to work for a president who took the science seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can tell you I take no pleasure at all in being in a situation of contradicting the president,” he said. “So, it was really something that you really feel you couldn’t say something and there wouldn’t be any repercussions. The idea that you can get up here and talk about what you know, and what the science is and that’s it. Let the science speak. It is somewhat of a liberating feeling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci’s gift for communication made him a media star and a household name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his fame also made him a target for critics of the federal government’s COVID response and even for death threats. In January, at a Senate hearing on COVID, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/01/11/1072110378/dr-fauci-says-gop-sen-pauls-false-accusations-have-sparked-death-threats\">Fauci blamed rhetoric\u003c/a> from Sen. Rand Paul, R-Ky., for sparking death threats against him and his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul, and other Congressional Republicans, have \u003ca href=\"https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/3571232-gop-plots-fauci-probe-after-midterms/\">raised the idea\u003c/a> of investigating Fauci after the midterm elections, if they win back control of the House or Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A scientist ‘in his very soul’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Throughout the COVID pandemic, and the nonstop media attention he received, Fauci continued to run one of the major institutes at the NIH.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He in his very soul was a laboratorian, was a bench scientist,” said Dr. Georges Benjamin, longtime head of the American Public Health Association. “Here was a guy who loved that kind of work. And while he handled the administration and the bureaucracy well, that wasn’t necessarily what he got up for every morning to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, under Fauci’s guidance, scientists at his institute aggressively pursued a vaccine for COVID-19. And, in an astonishing span of less than a year, they brought one into being, in partnership with the drug company Moderna. It was even more effective than Fauci had dared hope, achieving an efficacy of over 90%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was giddy with laughter,” Benjamin recalls. “I remember watching him on TV with the joy of a new parent who has something that’s just precious, and understood just how valuable that vaccine was going to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/statement-anthony-s-fauci-md\">In a statement,\u003c/a> Fauci said it had been “the honor of a lifetime to have led the NIAID.” He said he’ll continue to work after departing from his current government positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After more than 50 years of government service, I plan to pursue the next phase of my career while I still have so much energy and passion for my field,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Fauci+to+step+down+in+December+after+decades+of+public+service&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "The New US Monkeypox Vaccine Strategy Offers More Doses — and Uncertainty",
"title": "The New US Monkeypox Vaccine Strategy Offers More Doses — and Uncertainty",
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"content": "\u003cp>After a bumpy start, the Biden administration is trying to smooth out the vaccination campaign aimed at controlling the country's growing monkeypox outbreak.[aside postID=news_11920455 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/07/RS57399_GettyImages-1408879341-qut-1020x765.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort now rests on a new and untested strategy of dividing up what were previously full doses in order to stretch the limited stockpile of vaccines in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This comes as monkeypox cases \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/response/2022/us-map.html\">have climbed\u003c/a> well above 14,000 in the U.S. – a case count higher than any other country in the world – and yet many local health departments still report not having enough vaccines to reach all those who are considered at heightened risk of contracting the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are definitely in what we're still calling 'The Hunger Games' phase of this – where there's nowhere near enough doses for the demand,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://bime.uw.edu/faculty/mark-del-beccaro/\">Dr. Mark Del Beccaro\u003c/a>, Assistant Deputy Chief for Public Health – Seattle & King County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already facing the expected logistical hurdles of running a vaccine campaign in a public health emergency, health officials now have to tackle another challenge: how to squeeze five doses out of single-dose vials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's great that we are able to increase the number of people we can vaccinate with the current supply,\" says Claire Hannan, head of the Association of Immunization Managers. Still, \"when you make a change like that, it's kind of like turning the barge around in the middle of the sea.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change poses challenges with messaging and logistics – training providers and getting the right equipment – and it raises concerns among some over equity as early vaccine data rolls in, showing significant racial disparities.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Stretching a limited supply\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government's plan to get the disease under control is largely based on giving out the JYNNEOS vaccine, a two-shot series against monkeypox made by Bavarian Nordic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/03/us/politics/monkeypox-vaccine-doses-us.html\">series of missteps\u003c/a> at the start of the response left the U.S. with a major vaccine shortage. The federal government was slow to order vaccines, allowing other countries to jump the queue, and distribution has been chaotic for states and cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the U.S. has shipped around 700,000 vials of the monkeypox vaccine to states and territories for distribution. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has said the first priority is to vaccinate the 1.7 million people who are considered at highest risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facing a shortage in vaccines, the Food and Drug Administration authorized \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/monkeypox-update-fda-authorizes-emergency-use-jynneos-vaccine-increase-vaccine-supply\">a new dosing strategy\u003c/a> last week: the vaccine can now be administered using an \"intradermal injection\" – where the vaccine is injected into the skin – rather than the typical method of injecting into the layer of fat underneath the skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This action serves to markedly increase vaccine supply,\" said Dr. Rochelle Walensky, director of the CDC, in a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CDCDirector/status/1559269174735769605?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet\">video released this week\u003c/a>. \"Intradermal administration of the JYNNEOS vaccine allows vaccine providers to administer a total of up to five separate doses from an existing one-dose vial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal officials are adamant that this smaller amount of vaccine should not be considered a \"partial dose\" because it's still able to produce a similar level of immunologic response as the original method of administering the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the evidence for this method is scant, though it has worked for vaccinating against other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The theory rests on the fact that there are many immune cells embedded in the skin. \"When a vaccine is given into this tissue, you can generate a robust immune response using a smaller amount of vaccine,\" said\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/spokesperson/brooks/brooks-P.pdf\"> Dr. John Brooks\u003c/a>, a medical epidemiologist from CDC in the video, citing \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X15008762\">a 2015 study\u003c/a> on the vaccine. Brooks also stressed that the method has been studied on other vaccines including those for flu and rabies.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>One vial equals five doses? Not so fast\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There's also a practical problem with the plan to squeeze five doses out of what was once a single dose:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's just mechanically difficult to do,\" says Del Beccaro of Seattle & King County. \"The federal announcement of five doses per vial was, I think, incredibly optimistic and what we're seeing in real life is three to four doses per vial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hannan, head of the Association of Immunization Managers, has heard the same concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"\u003c/strong>Hopefully we will start to see more of the vials yielding five doses, but we're not really seeing that consistently right now,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet it seems the federal government is assuming five doses per vial as it divvys up the supplies of vaccine and sends those out to health departments, says Del Beccaro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, much of the U.S. vaccine campaign has focused on reaching people who are unvaccinated and at increased risk of contracting monkeypox, but soon health departments will also have to be ready for the influx of people returning for their second doses 28 days later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Seattle area, that could add up to about 4,000 people in the last week of August. And while it continues to be difficult to predict how the federal supply could change, Del Beccaro says currently it looks like they will not be getting enough vaccine to do second shots while also providing first shots at a high rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The switch also requires new supplies and training, says Janna Kerins, medical director at the Chicago Department of Public Health. \"It means using a different syringe, a different needle,\" she says, \"So it has taken a bit of time to make sure people have the supplies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus providers need technical training in how to administer a dose into the skin. And \"we also need to educate [providers and the communities they serve] on the data that supports this change,\" though there's not much available, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Distrust and feelings of disrespect\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The new dosing strategy is also feeding into a strong sense of inequity among some in the communities most at risk for the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overwhelming majority of U.S. cases are still being detected among \"men who reported recent sexual contact with other men,\" CDC director Rochelle Walensky told reporters on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the data is imperfect, what's currently available shows another trend: a disproportionately high number of Black and LatinX members of the gay and queer community are getting monkeypox – and they've also had a hard time getting access to vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 10, North Carolina's health department \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdhhs.gov/news/press-releases/2022/08/10/ncdhhs-releases-monkeypox-case-vaccine-and-testing-demographic-report-shows-vaccine-racial\">released findings \u003c/a>that 70% of the state's cases have been detected in Black men, but just 24% of monkeypox vaccines have gone to this group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chicago is also seeing vaccination gaps in men of color. \u003ca href=\"https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/sites/monkeypox/home/data.html\">30% of the city's cases\u003c/a> have been found among Latino men, but just 15% of vaccines have gone to the Latino population, according to Kerins, in Chicago. \"We have some work to do to try to align the doses of vaccine better with those who are [at risk of] becoming cases,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National data indicates that queer Black and Brown communities are experiencing high rates of monkeypox: 33% of cases are occurring among those who are Hispanic and 28% among those who are Black.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While no national data has been shared on vaccinations, lack of access for these groups is a problem across the board, says \u003ca href=\"https://as.nyu.edu/faculty/joseph-osmundson.html\">Joseph Osmundson\u003c/a>, a microbiologist at NYU and a queer community organizer in New York. The new dosing strategy could feed into that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We expect the data in New York and elsewhere to be similar,\" Osmundson says. \"What this [dosing strategy] is doing is using a different dosing regimen for those who get the vaccine late – who are more likely to be working class and more likely to be Black and Brown, who have not had the privilege, the ability to access vaccine yet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disparities in vaccine access have sowed suspicion and distrust in communities of color, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.prep4all.org/news/kenyon-farrow-joins-the-prep4all-team\">Kenyon Farrow\u003c/a>, with the advocacy group Prep4All.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farrow says public health leaders still have to do more to explain why this new strategy is not necessarily inferior. He says a sentiment he's seen online, especially from gay men of color, is that \"they let White gay men take all the first full doses. And so we're now supposed to believe that a fifth of that dose is going to do us just as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal health officials say they're working to bridge these disparities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the White House monkeypox response team announced a pilot program to bring vaccines to Pride festivals and events where they can reach the gay, bisexual and queer communities at highest risk for contracting the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many of the events we're focusing on are events that focus on populations who are overrepresented in this outbreak,\" including Black and Latino individuals, Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/08/02/president-biden-announces-team-to-lead-monkeypox-response/\">Demetre Daskalakis,\u003c/a> deputy coordinator of the national monkeypox response, said on Thursday during a briefing with federal health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really about positioning messaging and biomedical interventions where people can reach it, and also making sure that we're going to the right places and talking about the right people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+new+U.S.+monkeypox+vaccine+strategy+offers+more+doses+%E2%80%94+and+uncertainty&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After a bumpy start, the Biden administration is trying to smooth out the vaccination campaign aimed at controlling the country's growing monkeypox outbreak.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort now rests on a new and untested strategy of dividing up what were previously full doses in order to stretch the limited stockpile of vaccines in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This comes as monkeypox cases \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/response/2022/us-map.html\">have climbed\u003c/a> well above 14,000 in the U.S. – a case count higher than any other country in the world – and yet many local health departments still report not having enough vaccines to reach all those who are considered at heightened risk of contracting the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are definitely in what we're still calling 'The Hunger Games' phase of this – where there's nowhere near enough doses for the demand,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://bime.uw.edu/faculty/mark-del-beccaro/\">Dr. Mark Del Beccaro\u003c/a>, Assistant Deputy Chief for Public Health – Seattle & King County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already facing the expected logistical hurdles of running a vaccine campaign in a public health emergency, health officials now have to tackle another challenge: how to squeeze five doses out of single-dose vials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's great that we are able to increase the number of people we can vaccinate with the current supply,\" says Claire Hannan, head of the Association of Immunization Managers. Still, \"when you make a change like that, it's kind of like turning the barge around in the middle of the sea.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change poses challenges with messaging and logistics – training providers and getting the right equipment – and it raises concerns among some over equity as early vaccine data rolls in, showing significant racial disparities.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Stretching a limited supply\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government's plan to get the disease under control is largely based on giving out the JYNNEOS vaccine, a two-shot series against monkeypox made by Bavarian Nordic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/03/us/politics/monkeypox-vaccine-doses-us.html\">series of missteps\u003c/a> at the start of the response left the U.S. with a major vaccine shortage. The federal government was slow to order vaccines, allowing other countries to jump the queue, and distribution has been chaotic for states and cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the U.S. has shipped around 700,000 vials of the monkeypox vaccine to states and territories for distribution. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has said the first priority is to vaccinate the 1.7 million people who are considered at highest risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facing a shortage in vaccines, the Food and Drug Administration authorized \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/monkeypox-update-fda-authorizes-emergency-use-jynneos-vaccine-increase-vaccine-supply\">a new dosing strategy\u003c/a> last week: the vaccine can now be administered using an \"intradermal injection\" – where the vaccine is injected into the skin – rather than the typical method of injecting into the layer of fat underneath the skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This action serves to markedly increase vaccine supply,\" said Dr. Rochelle Walensky, director of the CDC, in a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CDCDirector/status/1559269174735769605?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet\">video released this week\u003c/a>. \"Intradermal administration of the JYNNEOS vaccine allows vaccine providers to administer a total of up to five separate doses from an existing one-dose vial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal officials are adamant that this smaller amount of vaccine should not be considered a \"partial dose\" because it's still able to produce a similar level of immunologic response as the original method of administering the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the evidence for this method is scant, though it has worked for vaccinating against other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The theory rests on the fact that there are many immune cells embedded in the skin. \"When a vaccine is given into this tissue, you can generate a robust immune response using a smaller amount of vaccine,\" said\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/spokesperson/brooks/brooks-P.pdf\"> Dr. John Brooks\u003c/a>, a medical epidemiologist from CDC in the video, citing \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X15008762\">a 2015 study\u003c/a> on the vaccine. Brooks also stressed that the method has been studied on other vaccines including those for flu and rabies.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>One vial equals five doses? Not so fast\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There's also a practical problem with the plan to squeeze five doses out of what was once a single dose:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's just mechanically difficult to do,\" says Del Beccaro of Seattle & King County. \"The federal announcement of five doses per vial was, I think, incredibly optimistic and what we're seeing in real life is three to four doses per vial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hannan, head of the Association of Immunization Managers, has heard the same concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"\u003c/strong>Hopefully we will start to see more of the vials yielding five doses, but we're not really seeing that consistently right now,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet it seems the federal government is assuming five doses per vial as it divvys up the supplies of vaccine and sends those out to health departments, says Del Beccaro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, much of the U.S. vaccine campaign has focused on reaching people who are unvaccinated and at increased risk of contracting monkeypox, but soon health departments will also have to be ready for the influx of people returning for their second doses 28 days later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Seattle area, that could add up to about 4,000 people in the last week of August. And while it continues to be difficult to predict how the federal supply could change, Del Beccaro says currently it looks like they will not be getting enough vaccine to do second shots while also providing first shots at a high rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The switch also requires new supplies and training, says Janna Kerins, medical director at the Chicago Department of Public Health. \"It means using a different syringe, a different needle,\" she says, \"So it has taken a bit of time to make sure people have the supplies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus providers need technical training in how to administer a dose into the skin. And \"we also need to educate [providers and the communities they serve] on the data that supports this change,\" though there's not much available, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Distrust and feelings of disrespect\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The new dosing strategy is also feeding into a strong sense of inequity among some in the communities most at risk for the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overwhelming majority of U.S. cases are still being detected among \"men who reported recent sexual contact with other men,\" CDC director Rochelle Walensky told reporters on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the data is imperfect, what's currently available shows another trend: a disproportionately high number of Black and LatinX members of the gay and queer community are getting monkeypox – and they've also had a hard time getting access to vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 10, North Carolina's health department \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdhhs.gov/news/press-releases/2022/08/10/ncdhhs-releases-monkeypox-case-vaccine-and-testing-demographic-report-shows-vaccine-racial\">released findings \u003c/a>that 70% of the state's cases have been detected in Black men, but just 24% of monkeypox vaccines have gone to this group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chicago is also seeing vaccination gaps in men of color. \u003ca href=\"https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/sites/monkeypox/home/data.html\">30% of the city's cases\u003c/a> have been found among Latino men, but just 15% of vaccines have gone to the Latino population, according to Kerins, in Chicago. \"We have some work to do to try to align the doses of vaccine better with those who are [at risk of] becoming cases,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National data indicates that queer Black and Brown communities are experiencing high rates of monkeypox: 33% of cases are occurring among those who are Hispanic and 28% among those who are Black.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While no national data has been shared on vaccinations, lack of access for these groups is a problem across the board, says \u003ca href=\"https://as.nyu.edu/faculty/joseph-osmundson.html\">Joseph Osmundson\u003c/a>, a microbiologist at NYU and a queer community organizer in New York. The new dosing strategy could feed into that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We expect the data in New York and elsewhere to be similar,\" Osmundson says. \"What this [dosing strategy] is doing is using a different dosing regimen for those who get the vaccine late – who are more likely to be working class and more likely to be Black and Brown, who have not had the privilege, the ability to access vaccine yet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disparities in vaccine access have sowed suspicion and distrust in communities of color, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.prep4all.org/news/kenyon-farrow-joins-the-prep4all-team\">Kenyon Farrow\u003c/a>, with the advocacy group Prep4All.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farrow says public health leaders still have to do more to explain why this new strategy is not necessarily inferior. He says a sentiment he's seen online, especially from gay men of color, is that \"they let White gay men take all the first full doses. And so we're now supposed to believe that a fifth of that dose is going to do us just as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal health officials say they're working to bridge these disparities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the White House monkeypox response team announced a pilot program to bring vaccines to Pride festivals and events where they can reach the gay, bisexual and queer communities at highest risk for contracting the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many of the events we're focusing on are events that focus on populations who are overrepresented in this outbreak,\" including Black and Latino individuals, Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/08/02/president-biden-announces-team-to-lead-monkeypox-response/\">Demetre Daskalakis,\u003c/a> deputy coordinator of the national monkeypox response, said on Thursday during a briefing with federal health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really about positioning messaging and biomedical interventions where people can reach it, and also making sure that we're going to the right places and talking about the right people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+new+U.S.+monkeypox+vaccine+strategy+offers+more+doses+%E2%80%94+and+uncertainty&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "What's Behind the FDA's Controversial Strategy for Evaluating New COVID Boosters",
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"content": "\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is using a controversial strategy to evaluate the next generation of COVID-19 boosters.[aside label=\"related stories\" tag=\"booster-shots\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is stirring debate as the agency works to make new, hopefully improved, boosters available in September to help prevent severe disease and save lives in the fall and winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, the FDA is planning to base its decision about whether to authorize new boosters on studies involving mice instead of humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the FDA to rely on mouse data is just bizarre, in my opinion,” says \u003ca href=\"https://directory.weill.cornell.edu/person/profile/jpm2003\">John Moore\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York. “Mouse data are not going to be predictive in any way of what you would see in humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others defend the approach, arguing that the country has had enough experience with the vaccines at this point to be confident the shots are safe and that there’s not enough time to wait for data from human studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have 500 people a day dying of coronavirus right now. Those numbers sadly might very well rise in the fall and the winter. The question is: ‘Can we do something better?'” says Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.childrenshospital.org/directory/ofer-levy\">Ofer Levy,\u003c/a> a pediatrics and infectious disease researcher at Harvard Medical School who also advises the FDA. “And I think the answer is: ‘We can, by implementing this approach.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The U.K. just approved a new booster\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The United Kingdom \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/16/1117616159/uk-us-approved-omicron-booster-variant-ba5\">just approved a new booster\u003c/a> that targets both the original strain of the virus and the original omicron variant, called BA.1 — a so-called bivalent vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/14/1111473802/experts-question-the-fdas-covid-booster-strategy-ahead-of-autumn\"> FDA rejected BA.1 bivalent boosters last spring.\u003c/a> Instead, the FDA told the vaccine companies that make the mRNA vaccines, Moderna and Pfizer and BioNTech, to develop \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/28/1108387089/fda-advisers-recommend-new-covid-vaccines-designed-specifically-to-fend-off-omic\">bivalent vaccines that target the dominant omicron subvariants\u003c/a> — BA.4 and BA.5 — in the hopes they will offer stronger, longer-lasting protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the FDA decided to use a new, streamlined strategy for testing the new boosters. The agency is asking the companies to initially submit only the results of tests on mice. Regulators will rely on those results, along with the human neutralizing antibody data from the BA.1 bivalent booster studies, to decide whether to authorize the boosters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies will continue to gather more data from human studies; those results probably won’t be available until late October or early November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the big concern is the boosters may not work as well as the mouse data might suggest. Mouse experiments are notoriously unreliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with the government\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/04/1115756778/the-fda-is-not-expanding-eligibility-for-2nd-covid-boosters\"> telling people not to get the old boosters now\u003c/a> and rejecting the first bivalent vaccines, the FDA really needs good evidence that the BA.4/5 boosters are in fact better, critics say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to make sure that we have solid immunogenicity data in people to show that you have a dramatically greater neutralizing antibody response against BA.4, BA.5,” says Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.chop.edu/doctors/offit-paul-a\">Paul Offit \u003c/a>of the University of Pennsylvania, who also advises the FDA. “I think anything short of that is not acceptable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some also worry that the approach may further erode the long-faltering efforts to persuade people to get boosted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it would be good to have neutralizing antibody data in a small group of humans,” says Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/monica.gandhi\">Monica Gandhi,\u003c/a> an infectious disease researcher at the University of California, San Francisco. “Otherwise, extrapolation may be considered too great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others agree the time constraints mean the country can’t wait for more evidence. The billions of people who have gotten Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccines show how safe they are, those experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new booster will be identical to the original vaccines except it will contain genetic coding for two versions of the protein the virus uses to infect cells — the protein from the original vaccine and proteins from the BA.4 and BA.5 omicron subvariants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some scientists say health officials know enough about how vaccines work to start handling the COVID-19 vaccines like the flu vaccines, which are changed every year to try to match whatever strains are likely to be circulating but aren’t routinely tested again every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to use all of these data that we’ve learned through not only from this vaccine but decades of viral immunology to say: ‘The way to be nimble is that we’re going to do those animal studies,” says \u003ca href=\"https://cancercenter.arizona.edu/person/deepta-bhattacharya-phd\">Deepta Bhattacharya\u003c/a>, an immunobiologist at the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson. “We’re really not going out too far on a limb here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies are expected to submit their data to the FDA by the end of the month and the administration hopes to make millions of doses of the new boosters available starting in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What%27s+behind+the+FDA%27s+controversial+strategy+for+evaluating+new+COVID+boosters&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach is stirring debate as the agency works to make new, hopefully improved, boosters available in September to help prevent severe disease and save lives in the fall and winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time, the FDA is planning to base its decision about whether to authorize new boosters on studies involving mice instead of humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the FDA to rely on mouse data is just bizarre, in my opinion,” says \u003ca href=\"https://directory.weill.cornell.edu/person/profile/jpm2003\">John Moore\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York. “Mouse data are not going to be predictive in any way of what you would see in humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others defend the approach, arguing that the country has had enough experience with the vaccines at this point to be confident the shots are safe and that there’s not enough time to wait for data from human studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have 500 people a day dying of coronavirus right now. Those numbers sadly might very well rise in the fall and the winter. The question is: ‘Can we do something better?'” says Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.childrenshospital.org/directory/ofer-levy\">Ofer Levy,\u003c/a> a pediatrics and infectious disease researcher at Harvard Medical School who also advises the FDA. “And I think the answer is: ‘We can, by implementing this approach.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The U.K. just approved a new booster\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The United Kingdom \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/16/1117616159/uk-us-approved-omicron-booster-variant-ba5\">just approved a new booster\u003c/a> that targets both the original strain of the virus and the original omicron variant, called BA.1 — a so-called bivalent vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/14/1111473802/experts-question-the-fdas-covid-booster-strategy-ahead-of-autumn\"> FDA rejected BA.1 bivalent boosters last spring.\u003c/a> Instead, the FDA told the vaccine companies that make the mRNA vaccines, Moderna and Pfizer and BioNTech, to develop \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/28/1108387089/fda-advisers-recommend-new-covid-vaccines-designed-specifically-to-fend-off-omic\">bivalent vaccines that target the dominant omicron subvariants\u003c/a> — BA.4 and BA.5 — in the hopes they will offer stronger, longer-lasting protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the FDA decided to use a new, streamlined strategy for testing the new boosters. The agency is asking the companies to initially submit only the results of tests on mice. Regulators will rely on those results, along with the human neutralizing antibody data from the BA.1 bivalent booster studies, to decide whether to authorize the boosters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies will continue to gather more data from human studies; those results probably won’t be available until late October or early November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the big concern is the boosters may not work as well as the mouse data might suggest. Mouse experiments are notoriously unreliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with the government\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/04/1115756778/the-fda-is-not-expanding-eligibility-for-2nd-covid-boosters\"> telling people not to get the old boosters now\u003c/a> and rejecting the first bivalent vaccines, the FDA really needs good evidence that the BA.4/5 boosters are in fact better, critics say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to make sure that we have solid immunogenicity data in people to show that you have a dramatically greater neutralizing antibody response against BA.4, BA.5,” says Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.chop.edu/doctors/offit-paul-a\">Paul Offit \u003c/a>of the University of Pennsylvania, who also advises the FDA. “I think anything short of that is not acceptable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some also worry that the approach may further erode the long-faltering efforts to persuade people to get boosted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it would be good to have neutralizing antibody data in a small group of humans,” says Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/monica.gandhi\">Monica Gandhi,\u003c/a> an infectious disease researcher at the University of California, San Francisco. “Otherwise, extrapolation may be considered too great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others agree the time constraints mean the country can’t wait for more evidence. The billions of people who have gotten Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccines show how safe they are, those experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new booster will be identical to the original vaccines except it will contain genetic coding for two versions of the protein the virus uses to infect cells — the protein from the original vaccine and proteins from the BA.4 and BA.5 omicron subvariants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some scientists say health officials know enough about how vaccines work to start handling the COVID-19 vaccines like the flu vaccines, which are changed every year to try to match whatever strains are likely to be circulating but aren’t routinely tested again every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to use all of these data that we’ve learned through not only from this vaccine but decades of viral immunology to say: ‘The way to be nimble is that we’re going to do those animal studies,” says \u003ca href=\"https://cancercenter.arizona.edu/person/deepta-bhattacharya-phd\">Deepta Bhattacharya\u003c/a>, an immunobiologist at the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson. “We’re really not going out too far on a limb here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies are expected to submit their data to the FDA by the end of the month and the administration hopes to make millions of doses of the new boosters available starting in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. 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"disqusTitle": "For the First Time, the Postal Service Features Mariachi Musicians on Stamps",
"title": "For the First Time, the Postal Service Features Mariachi Musicians on Stamps",
"headTitle": "NPR | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>When the Postal Service asked Rafael López to design a commemorative stamp representing Latin American culture in the United States, he knew exactly what to show: a mariachi band.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he knew just one stamp was not going to be enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The contribution of mariachi music is huge. We cannot just recognize it with one stamp. We need to create at least a series of five,\" the Mexican American artist told NPR at the launch this month in the Smithsonian's National Postal Museum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So I went back to the director and I said, what if we actually have five different musicians? You can't fit five of them in one little step. I don't think that's enough honor, you know, to mariachi music.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the first time a mariachi band is featured on U.S. stamps, according to the Postal Museum. And for some in the Latino community, it's recognition of how their heritage and culture are part of the American fabric. López himself splits his time between San Miguel de Allende in Mexico and San Diego, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922681\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1576_custom-1fe308c1508f8998a34b3e2f2e2b580184e33c86-s1600-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11922681\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1576_custom-1fe308c1508f8998a34b3e2f2e2b580184e33c86-s1600-c85.jpg\" alt=\"A man wearing a black hat and bowling shirt poses in front of a wall that reads National Postal Museum\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1090\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1576_custom-1fe308c1508f8998a34b3e2f2e2b580184e33c86-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1576_custom-1fe308c1508f8998a34b3e2f2e2b580184e33c86-s1600-c85-800x545.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1576_custom-1fe308c1508f8998a34b3e2f2e2b580184e33c86-s1600-c85-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1576_custom-1fe308c1508f8998a34b3e2f2e2b580184e33c86-s1600-c85-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1576_custom-1fe308c1508f8998a34b3e2f2e2b580184e33c86-s1600-c85-1536x1046.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">López stops under the museum marquee while taking a tour before the launch event. \u003ccite>(Gabriel J. Sánchez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He used his upbringing in Mexico City as part of the inspiration for the stamps, especially the band members and the vibrant colors that fill the stamps, which have \u003ca href=\"https://about.usps.com/newsroom/national-releases/2022/0715-usps-issues-new-mariachi-forever-stamps.htm\">an initial print of 18 million sets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>López said he wanted to put the focus on the features of the characters depicted on the stamps, leaving a nondescript background with the pastel-colored homes of Mexican antiquity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/1116953193/1117385540\" width=\"100%\" height=\"240\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The background is very simple. It just resembles some kind of a Mexican town,\" he said. \"But if you see it very closely, it's just like color shapes. And I wanted to pay focus on the actual expression of the singers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The features López focused on were more passionate expressions made by those musicians at the height of their harmony. The faces of the band members compete for space on the stamps with their uniforms and instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're beautiful uniforms, those Charro outfits,\" López said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922682\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1606_custom-db9007e7b78fa022c60f78b74cb61937dcaa861e-s1600-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11922682\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1606_custom-db9007e7b78fa022c60f78b74cb61937dcaa861e-s1600-c85.jpg\" alt=\"a man holds a sheet of postage stamps\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1219\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1606_custom-db9007e7b78fa022c60f78b74cb61937dcaa861e-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1606_custom-db9007e7b78fa022c60f78b74cb61937dcaa861e-s1600-c85-800x610.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1606_custom-db9007e7b78fa022c60f78b74cb61937dcaa861e-s1600-c85-1020x777.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1606_custom-db9007e7b78fa022c60f78b74cb61937dcaa861e-s1600-c85-160x122.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1606_custom-db9007e7b78fa022c60f78b74cb61937dcaa861e-s1600-c85-1536x1170.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">López signs a set of stamps at the museum. \u003ccite>(Gabriel J. Sánchez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The centerpiece is the leader of the group, a violinist holding her instrument in her left hand and her sombrero in the right as she belts out her operatic ballads. López set that up by design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love when a female mariachi singers are out there. I also wanted it to be center stage, and I just wanted also to have a little bit of variety, you know, that you can tell that not only is she very talented with the violin, but she can also put it down and just belt away a great song.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The creative process was not quick\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It took two years of development before the set launched. Each stamp is priced at 60 cents and will carry on a cultural legacy forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The depictions of the band members comes from a long list of approved models, images and illustrations provided by the Postal Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when one of the models became unavailable, López used his nephew's face to create the musician holding the vihuela — a stringed instrument that resembles a guitar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I said, ask your brother to take photos of different angles of your face and you pretend to be playing the violin,\" López said. \"And after about 30 or 40 photos, I picked the best one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922684\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/mariachi-stamps-gabriel-sanchez2_custom-95542dcb991e67ca20f462fb9209c1a13a747f96-s1600-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11922684\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/mariachi-stamps-gabriel-sanchez2_custom-95542dcb991e67ca20f462fb9209c1a13a747f96-s1600-c85.jpg\" alt=\"a sheet of postage stamps featuring mariachi musicians\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/mariachi-stamps-gabriel-sanchez2_custom-95542dcb991e67ca20f462fb9209c1a13a747f96-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/mariachi-stamps-gabriel-sanchez2_custom-95542dcb991e67ca20f462fb9209c1a13a747f96-s1600-c85-800x740.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/mariachi-stamps-gabriel-sanchez2_custom-95542dcb991e67ca20f462fb9209c1a13a747f96-s1600-c85-1020x944.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/mariachi-stamps-gabriel-sanchez2_custom-95542dcb991e67ca20f462fb9209c1a13a747f96-s1600-c85-160x148.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/mariachi-stamps-gabriel-sanchez2_custom-95542dcb991e67ca20f462fb9209c1a13a747f96-s1600-c85-1536x1421.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">López points to a set of his mariachi stamps. \u003ccite>(Gabriel J. Sánchez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Mariachi comes to life at the museum\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>López was not the only artist at the launch event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cañas y su Mariachi de Oro filled the museum's halls with music, entertaining visitors and volunteers. The five-piece band, based in Northern Virginia, played favorite pieces like \"Cielito Lindo\" and \"El Mariachi Loco Quiere Bailar,\" but the crowd of mostly families were wowed when the \u003cem>Pajaritos a Bailar\u003c/em> slowly transitioned to a rendition of \"Baby Shark.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922686\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/MARIACHISTAMPS_custom-2db32d761f8301399fba8ebe8c3fb121f15ba159-s1600-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11922686\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/MARIACHISTAMPS_custom-2db32d761f8301399fba8ebe8c3fb121f15ba159-s1600-c85.jpg\" alt=\"a five-person mariachi band poses in a museum\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1199\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/MARIACHISTAMPS_custom-2db32d761f8301399fba8ebe8c3fb121f15ba159-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/MARIACHISTAMPS_custom-2db32d761f8301399fba8ebe8c3fb121f15ba159-s1600-c85-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/MARIACHISTAMPS_custom-2db32d761f8301399fba8ebe8c3fb121f15ba159-s1600-c85-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/MARIACHISTAMPS_custom-2db32d761f8301399fba8ebe8c3fb121f15ba159-s1600-c85-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/MARIACHISTAMPS_custom-2db32d761f8301399fba8ebe8c3fb121f15ba159-s1600-c85-1536x1151.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of Cañas y su Mariachi de Oro prepare to play for the crowd at the museum. \u003ccite>(Gabriel J. Sánchez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/1116953193/1117276187\" width=\"100%\" height=\"240\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>José Cañas, the guitarist and lead singer of the group, told NPR he's happy to see a band like his on U.S. stamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Es un honor para nosotros,\" he said. \u003cem>It's an honor for us.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>López said rhythms and beats of the music — playing in an institution of American history — are key to a great mariachi sound anyone can enjoy, regardless of whether they understand Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before you know it, everybody's celebrating life and patting each other in the back. So there's that universal quality that the mariachi music has that you just can't help but feel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">https://www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Artist Rafael López used his upbringing in Mexico City for inspiration. It took two years of development before the set launched, and each stamp will carry on a cultural legacy forever.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When the Postal Service asked Rafael López to design a commemorative stamp representing Latin American culture in the United States, he knew exactly what to show: a mariachi band.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he knew just one stamp was not going to be enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The contribution of mariachi music is huge. We cannot just recognize it with one stamp. We need to create at least a series of five,\" the Mexican American artist told NPR at the launch this month in the Smithsonian's National Postal Museum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So I went back to the director and I said, what if we actually have five different musicians? You can't fit five of them in one little step. I don't think that's enough honor, you know, to mariachi music.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the first time a mariachi band is featured on U.S. stamps, according to the Postal Museum. And for some in the Latino community, it's recognition of how their heritage and culture are part of the American fabric. López himself splits his time between San Miguel de Allende in Mexico and San Diego, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922681\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1576_custom-1fe308c1508f8998a34b3e2f2e2b580184e33c86-s1600-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11922681\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1576_custom-1fe308c1508f8998a34b3e2f2e2b580184e33c86-s1600-c85.jpg\" alt=\"A man wearing a black hat and bowling shirt poses in front of a wall that reads National Postal Museum\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1090\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1576_custom-1fe308c1508f8998a34b3e2f2e2b580184e33c86-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1576_custom-1fe308c1508f8998a34b3e2f2e2b580184e33c86-s1600-c85-800x545.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1576_custom-1fe308c1508f8998a34b3e2f2e2b580184e33c86-s1600-c85-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1576_custom-1fe308c1508f8998a34b3e2f2e2b580184e33c86-s1600-c85-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1576_custom-1fe308c1508f8998a34b3e2f2e2b580184e33c86-s1600-c85-1536x1046.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">López stops under the museum marquee while taking a tour before the launch event. \u003ccite>(Gabriel J. Sánchez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He used his upbringing in Mexico City as part of the inspiration for the stamps, especially the band members and the vibrant colors that fill the stamps, which have \u003ca href=\"https://about.usps.com/newsroom/national-releases/2022/0715-usps-issues-new-mariachi-forever-stamps.htm\">an initial print of 18 million sets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>López said he wanted to put the focus on the features of the characters depicted on the stamps, leaving a nondescript background with the pastel-colored homes of Mexican antiquity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/1116953193/1117385540\" width=\"100%\" height=\"240\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The background is very simple. It just resembles some kind of a Mexican town,\" he said. \"But if you see it very closely, it's just like color shapes. And I wanted to pay focus on the actual expression of the singers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The features López focused on were more passionate expressions made by those musicians at the height of their harmony. The faces of the band members compete for space on the stamps with their uniforms and instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're beautiful uniforms, those Charro outfits,\" López said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922682\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1606_custom-db9007e7b78fa022c60f78b74cb61937dcaa861e-s1600-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11922682\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1606_custom-db9007e7b78fa022c60f78b74cb61937dcaa861e-s1600-c85.jpg\" alt=\"a man holds a sheet of postage stamps\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1219\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1606_custom-db9007e7b78fa022c60f78b74cb61937dcaa861e-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1606_custom-db9007e7b78fa022c60f78b74cb61937dcaa861e-s1600-c85-800x610.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1606_custom-db9007e7b78fa022c60f78b74cb61937dcaa861e-s1600-c85-1020x777.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1606_custom-db9007e7b78fa022c60f78b74cb61937dcaa861e-s1600-c85-160x122.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/img_1606_custom-db9007e7b78fa022c60f78b74cb61937dcaa861e-s1600-c85-1536x1170.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">López signs a set of stamps at the museum. \u003ccite>(Gabriel J. Sánchez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The centerpiece is the leader of the group, a violinist holding her instrument in her left hand and her sombrero in the right as she belts out her operatic ballads. López set that up by design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love when a female mariachi singers are out there. I also wanted it to be center stage, and I just wanted also to have a little bit of variety, you know, that you can tell that not only is she very talented with the violin, but she can also put it down and just belt away a great song.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The creative process was not quick\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It took two years of development before the set launched. Each stamp is priced at 60 cents and will carry on a cultural legacy forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The depictions of the band members comes from a long list of approved models, images and illustrations provided by the Postal Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when one of the models became unavailable, López used his nephew's face to create the musician holding the vihuela — a stringed instrument that resembles a guitar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I said, ask your brother to take photos of different angles of your face and you pretend to be playing the violin,\" López said. \"And after about 30 or 40 photos, I picked the best one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922684\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/mariachi-stamps-gabriel-sanchez2_custom-95542dcb991e67ca20f462fb9209c1a13a747f96-s1600-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11922684\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/mariachi-stamps-gabriel-sanchez2_custom-95542dcb991e67ca20f462fb9209c1a13a747f96-s1600-c85.jpg\" alt=\"a sheet of postage stamps featuring mariachi musicians\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/mariachi-stamps-gabriel-sanchez2_custom-95542dcb991e67ca20f462fb9209c1a13a747f96-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/mariachi-stamps-gabriel-sanchez2_custom-95542dcb991e67ca20f462fb9209c1a13a747f96-s1600-c85-800x740.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/mariachi-stamps-gabriel-sanchez2_custom-95542dcb991e67ca20f462fb9209c1a13a747f96-s1600-c85-1020x944.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/mariachi-stamps-gabriel-sanchez2_custom-95542dcb991e67ca20f462fb9209c1a13a747f96-s1600-c85-160x148.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/mariachi-stamps-gabriel-sanchez2_custom-95542dcb991e67ca20f462fb9209c1a13a747f96-s1600-c85-1536x1421.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">López points to a set of his mariachi stamps. \u003ccite>(Gabriel J. Sánchez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Mariachi comes to life at the museum\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>López was not the only artist at the launch event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cañas y su Mariachi de Oro filled the museum's halls with music, entertaining visitors and volunteers. The five-piece band, based in Northern Virginia, played favorite pieces like \"Cielito Lindo\" and \"El Mariachi Loco Quiere Bailar,\" but the crowd of mostly families were wowed when the \u003cem>Pajaritos a Bailar\u003c/em> slowly transitioned to a rendition of \"Baby Shark.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11922686\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/MARIACHISTAMPS_custom-2db32d761f8301399fba8ebe8c3fb121f15ba159-s1600-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11922686\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/MARIACHISTAMPS_custom-2db32d761f8301399fba8ebe8c3fb121f15ba159-s1600-c85.jpg\" alt=\"a five-person mariachi band poses in a museum\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1199\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/MARIACHISTAMPS_custom-2db32d761f8301399fba8ebe8c3fb121f15ba159-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/MARIACHISTAMPS_custom-2db32d761f8301399fba8ebe8c3fb121f15ba159-s1600-c85-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/MARIACHISTAMPS_custom-2db32d761f8301399fba8ebe8c3fb121f15ba159-s1600-c85-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/MARIACHISTAMPS_custom-2db32d761f8301399fba8ebe8c3fb121f15ba159-s1600-c85-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/08/MARIACHISTAMPS_custom-2db32d761f8301399fba8ebe8c3fb121f15ba159-s1600-c85-1536x1151.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of Cañas y su Mariachi de Oro prepare to play for the crowd at the museum. \u003ccite>(Gabriel J. Sánchez/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/1116953193/1117276187\" width=\"100%\" height=\"240\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>José Cañas, the guitarist and lead singer of the group, told NPR he's happy to see a band like his on U.S. stamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Es un honor para nosotros,\" he said. \u003cem>It's an honor for us.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>López said rhythms and beats of the music — playing in an institution of American history — are key to a great mariachi sound anyone can enjoy, regardless of whether they understand Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before you know it, everybody's celebrating life and patting each other in the back. So there's that universal quality that the mariachi music has that you just can't help but feel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">https://www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "3-ways-the-inflation-reduction-act-would-pay-you-to-help-fight-climate-change",
"title": "3 Ways the Inflation Reduction Act Would Pay You to Help Fight Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>Money in the\u003ca href=\"https://www.democrats.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/inflation_reduction_act_of_2022.pdf\"> Inflation Reduction Act\u003c/a> would make it cheaper for Americans to curb their own climate-warming emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most of the bill’s climate benefits would come from incentivizing major shifts, such as building more wind and solar power, individual choices can add up when undertaken on a large scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what you need to know about three ways the bill would pay consumers to make greener choices if it passes the House of Representatives, as expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Money for efficient electric appliances — and the home upgrades needed to support them\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The first home benefit Americans would see is a tax credit for energy efficiency upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Inflation Reduction Act calls for reviving a credit that ended last year, making it retroactive for all of 2022 and extending it for more than a decade. Homeowners who front the cost of energy efficiency improvements, from new doors and windows to more efficient appliances, would be able to claim up to $1,200 a year or 30% of the total cost at tax time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Down the road, the bill would also set aside more than $8 billion for two rebate programs, aimed at lower- and middle-income households. One would incentivize replacing old appliances with new energy-efficient ones, as well as the home upgrades necessary to support them; and the other, to cut down on energy wasted at home. But those will take time to set up because states must apply for the money and set up systems to implement the rebates, according to Lowell Ungar, director of federal policy with the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE), a nonprofit research organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once that happens, the language in the bill allows for the rebates to take effect at the point of sale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rebate actually means a discount,” says Jamal Lewis, director of Policy Partnerships and Equitable Electrification at Rewiring America. Buyers who make 80% or less of the\u003ca href=\"https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/il.html\"> area median income\u003c/a> can access the most money, while those making up to 150% of area median income see a smaller benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These rebates are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Up to $1,750 for a heat pump water heater.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Up to $8,000 for a heat pump for space heating or cooling.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Up to $840 for an electric stove, cooktop, range, or oven; or an electric heat pump clothes dryer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Up to $4,000 for a breaker box upgrade.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Up to $1,600 for insulation, air sealing, and ventilation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Up to $2,500 for electric wiring.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Once installed, certain appliances like heat pumps are also cheaper to run in most of the United States, \u003ca href=\"https://www.aceee.org/press-release/2022/07/analysis-electric-heat-pumps-offer-cheapest-clean-heating-option-most-us\">according to ACEEE\u003c/a>. Electric appliances, unlike fossil-fuel-powered ones, can also switch to run on renewable energy as more wind and solar power are added to the grid. Simply put, “it’s a cleaner, better approach” to home energy, Ungar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"science_1978640,science_1978423,news_11921266\"]The Act would also create a second rebate program, which would pay households between $2,000 and $8,000 for undertaking holistic upgrades such as new insulation or air sealing, which significantly lower their energy waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Money for residential solar panels and energy storage\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For homeowners looking to capture renewable energy themselves, the Act would bulk up existing tax credits for residential solar and as well home energy storage systems, basically giant batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taken together, these measures would reduce a building’s draw on the electric grid during peak use, for example, when everyone is running their air conditioners during a heat wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really strengthens the grid for everybody,” says Abigail Ross Hopper, president of the Solar Energy Industries Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners could get up to 30% of the cost of home solar back at tax time, retroactive to the beginning of 2022 and running through 2032, with the amount tapering until the end of 2034. The same incentive would apply to storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Electric vehicle tax credits aims to help low- and middle-income buyers, but excludes many vehicles\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Experts say the bill’s electric vehicle tax credits — up to $7,500 for a new EV and $4,000 for a used one — are a mixed bag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some measures would democratize who can buy an EV, according to John Helveston, an assistant professor at George Washington University who studies EV markets. Eligible buyers can’t make more than $300,000/year on a jointly filed tax return when claiming the credit for a new EV, and the money cannot apply to a car that sells for more than $55,000, or truck/SUV/van priced higher than $80,000, a step that excludes luxury vehicles from the tax credit scheme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s steering everything towards making more affordable, more accessible EVs for the mass market. And that’s the direction we need to be going,” says Helveston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The credits could also be transferred to car dealers, in order to apply at the time of sale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But half of the tax credit amount is tied to gradually increasing requirements that critical minerals used to make EV batteries come from North America or the U.S.’s free trade partners, something manufacturers say is difficult if not impossible right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While we work to unlock supplies of critical minerals and ramp up battery production at home, we can’t currently meet the demand for these materials on our own,” wrote John Bozzella, president and CEO of the Alliance for Automotive Innovation, in a\u003ca href=\"https://www.autosinnovate.org/posts/press-release/auto-innovators-statement-on-inflation-reduction-act\"> statement\u003c/a> on the Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His group estimated that the language in the bill would exclude many models from qualifying, and that\u003ca href=\"https://www.autosinnovate.org/posts/blog/what-if-no-evs-qualify-for-the-ev-tax-credit\"> none could qualify for the full $7,500\u003c/a> once the mineral requirements kick in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, consumers should not despair, says Helveston, since the other half of the tax credit should be accessible for at least some vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not all or nothing,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=3+ways+the+Inflation+Reduction+Act+would+pay+you+to+help+fight+climate+change&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Money in the\u003ca href=\"https://www.democrats.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/inflation_reduction_act_of_2022.pdf\"> Inflation Reduction Act\u003c/a> would make it cheaper for Americans to curb their own climate-warming emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most of the bill’s climate benefits would come from incentivizing major shifts, such as building more wind and solar power, individual choices can add up when undertaken on a large scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what you need to know about three ways the bill would pay consumers to make greener choices if it passes the House of Representatives, as expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Money for efficient electric appliances — and the home upgrades needed to support them\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The first home benefit Americans would see is a tax credit for energy efficiency upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Inflation Reduction Act calls for reviving a credit that ended last year, making it retroactive for all of 2022 and extending it for more than a decade. Homeowners who front the cost of energy efficiency improvements, from new doors and windows to more efficient appliances, would be able to claim up to $1,200 a year or 30% of the total cost at tax time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Down the road, the bill would also set aside more than $8 billion for two rebate programs, aimed at lower- and middle-income households. One would incentivize replacing old appliances with new energy-efficient ones, as well as the home upgrades necessary to support them; and the other, to cut down on energy wasted at home. But those will take time to set up because states must apply for the money and set up systems to implement the rebates, according to Lowell Ungar, director of federal policy with the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE), a nonprofit research organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once that happens, the language in the bill allows for the rebates to take effect at the point of sale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rebate actually means a discount,” says Jamal Lewis, director of Policy Partnerships and Equitable Electrification at Rewiring America. Buyers who make 80% or less of the\u003ca href=\"https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/il.html\"> area median income\u003c/a> can access the most money, while those making up to 150% of area median income see a smaller benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These rebates are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Up to $1,750 for a heat pump water heater.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Up to $8,000 for a heat pump for space heating or cooling.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Up to $840 for an electric stove, cooktop, range, or oven; or an electric heat pump clothes dryer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Up to $4,000 for a breaker box upgrade.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Up to $1,600 for insulation, air sealing, and ventilation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Up to $2,500 for electric wiring.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Once installed, certain appliances like heat pumps are also cheaper to run in most of the United States, \u003ca href=\"https://www.aceee.org/press-release/2022/07/analysis-electric-heat-pumps-offer-cheapest-clean-heating-option-most-us\">according to ACEEE\u003c/a>. Electric appliances, unlike fossil-fuel-powered ones, can also switch to run on renewable energy as more wind and solar power are added to the grid. Simply put, “it’s a cleaner, better approach” to home energy, Ungar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The Act would also create a second rebate program, which would pay households between $2,000 and $8,000 for undertaking holistic upgrades such as new insulation or air sealing, which significantly lower their energy waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Money for residential solar panels and energy storage\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For homeowners looking to capture renewable energy themselves, the Act would bulk up existing tax credits for residential solar and as well home energy storage systems, basically giant batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taken together, these measures would reduce a building’s draw on the electric grid during peak use, for example, when everyone is running their air conditioners during a heat wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really strengthens the grid for everybody,” says Abigail Ross Hopper, president of the Solar Energy Industries Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners could get up to 30% of the cost of home solar back at tax time, retroactive to the beginning of 2022 and running through 2032, with the amount tapering until the end of 2034. The same incentive would apply to storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Electric vehicle tax credits aims to help low- and middle-income buyers, but excludes many vehicles\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Experts say the bill’s electric vehicle tax credits — up to $7,500 for a new EV and $4,000 for a used one — are a mixed bag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some measures would democratize who can buy an EV, according to John Helveston, an assistant professor at George Washington University who studies EV markets. Eligible buyers can’t make more than $300,000/year on a jointly filed tax return when claiming the credit for a new EV, and the money cannot apply to a car that sells for more than $55,000, or truck/SUV/van priced higher than $80,000, a step that excludes luxury vehicles from the tax credit scheme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s steering everything towards making more affordable, more accessible EVs for the mass market. And that’s the direction we need to be going,” says Helveston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The credits could also be transferred to car dealers, in order to apply at the time of sale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But half of the tax credit amount is tied to gradually increasing requirements that critical minerals used to make EV batteries come from North America or the U.S.’s free trade partners, something manufacturers say is difficult if not impossible right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While we work to unlock supplies of critical minerals and ramp up battery production at home, we can’t currently meet the demand for these materials on our own,” wrote John Bozzella, president and CEO of the Alliance for Automotive Innovation, in a\u003ca href=\"https://www.autosinnovate.org/posts/press-release/auto-innovators-statement-on-inflation-reduction-act\"> statement\u003c/a> on the Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His group estimated that the language in the bill would exclude many models from qualifying, and that\u003ca href=\"https://www.autosinnovate.org/posts/blog/what-if-no-evs-qualify-for-the-ev-tax-credit\"> none could qualify for the full $7,500\u003c/a> once the mineral requirements kick in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, consumers should not despair, says Helveston, since the other half of the tax credit should be accessible for at least some vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not all or nothing,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=3+ways+the+Inflation+Reduction+Act+would+pay+you+to+help+fight+climate+change&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Pelosi Has Landed in Taiwan. Here's Why That's a Big Deal",
"title": "Pelosi Has Landed in Taiwan. Here's Why That's a Big Deal",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"storyMajorUpdateDate\">\u003cstrong>Updated August 2, 2022 at 11:19 AM ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, a San Francisco Democrat, landed in Taiwan late Tuesday evening local time, and she is expected to meet members of Taiwan's Legislature and President Tsai Ing-wen on Wednesday, according to a source familiar with planning for her visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The highly-anticipated stop has faced stark warnings from China, in turn worrying the White House that it could trigger a crisis in the Taiwan Strait and worsen already tense U.S.-China relations. China sent two Su-35 fighter jets across the Taiwan strait ahead of Pelosi's arrival, according to state broadcaster CCTV, and the spokeswoman for China's foreign ministry said on Twitter, \"The US & Taiwan have made provocations together first, whereas China has been compelled to act in self-defense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visit was not announced in advance, and it comes as part of Pelosi's \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/01/1114818421/pelosi-begins-asia-tour-in-singapore-with-no-official-word-if-shell-visit-taiwan\">tour of Asia\u003c/a>, including Singapore, Malaysia, Japan and South Korea, where she has been leading a small congressional delegation. She is the highest-ranking elected American official to visit Taiwan since then-Speaker Newt Gingrich in 1997. The source familiar with planning for Pelosi's visit says she will be given an award by Taiwan's president and visit a museum before departing on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The island democracy governs itself, but China claims it as its territory. Rumors of Pelosi's visit launched a geopolitical firestorm amid escalating tensions between the U.S. and China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Taiwanese government has operated separately from the mainland since nationalists fled there after losing the civil war to communists in 1949. Thirty years later, the U.S. switched diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing, adopting what's known as the \"One China\" policy, in which Washington acknowledges Beijing's position that Taiwan is a part of China. However, the U.S. has never supported China's claim of sovereignty over Taiwan and maintains a substantial, though unofficial, relationship with the island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"More Pelosi coverage\" tag=\"nancy-pelosi\"]Pelosi penned \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/08/02/nancy-pelosi-taiwan-visit-op-ed/\">an opinion piece published by the \u003cem>Washington Post \u003c/em>\u003c/a>upon her arrival citing the Taiwan Relations Act as establishing a commitment to Taiwan's democracy and defense, adding, \"We must stand by Taiwan, which is an island of resilience.\" She said Taiwan is under threat by the government in Beijing economically, in cyberspace, and potentially by military force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the face of the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) accelerating aggression, our congressional delegation's visit should be seen as an unequivocal statement that America stands with Taiwan, our democratic partner, as it defends itself and its freedom,\" Pelosi wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to Pelosi's visit, the Chinese Foreign Ministry released a statement that said, in part, it was a \"serious violation of the one-China principle.\" The ministry added, \"It gravely undermines peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait, and sends a seriously wrong signal to the separatist forces for 'Taiwan independence.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By law, the U.S. is obligated to provide Taiwan with weapons and services. But the U.S. policy of \"strategic ambiguity\" keeps open the question of whether it would intervene in the case of a military invasion by China. The Biden administration has been accused of mixed messaging on this,\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/28/1048513474/biden-us-taiwan-china\"> after Biden said on multiple occasions that\u003c/a> the U.S. would come to Taiwan's defense; a sentiment the White House walked back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chinese government remains adamantly opposed to any official exchanges between Taiwan's government and other foreign governments, and views official American contact with Taiwan as an indication of support for its independence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelosi's trip comes days after Biden and Xi Jinping \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/28/1114314905/biden-and-chinas-xi-discuss-tensions-over-taiwan\">spoke by phone on a wide range of issues\u003c/a>, including Taiwan. Biden sought to reassure his Chinese counterpart that U.S. policy hasn't changed, saying it \"strongly opposes unilateral efforts to change the status quo or undermine peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait,\" according to the official U.S. readout of the call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, Biden told reporters the U.S. military thinks a Taiwan visit by Pelosi is \"not a good idea right now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For her part, Pelosi said \"it's important for us to show support for Taiwan,\" during a press conference on July 21. Her visit got a statement of praise from a group of Republican senators after she landed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I also think that none of us has ever said we're for independence when it comes to Taiwan,\" Pelosi said. \"That's up to Taiwan to decide.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>'A sensitive time'\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\"The visit will occur at a sensitive time for Beijing,\" said Ryan Hass, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. \"It coincides with the PLA (People's Liberation Army) Day, the National Day in honor of the establishment of their military, and it is in the run-up to a leadership conclave this month to talk about plans for the future of China.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also comes as Xi looks to secure a tradition-breaking third term in office, in an environment where he faces his own political and economic pressures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He may particularly feel that he can't be seen as soft on the United States and therefore react even more strongly than he might otherwise,\" said Bonnie Glaser, director of the Asia Program at the German Marshall Fund of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Xi \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/31/1114758974/as-tensions-with-the-u-s-rise-china-signals-disappointing-economic-growth\">reportedly told Biden during their call\u003c/a> that \"those who play with fire will get burned.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This quote is the exact same language that he used regarding Taiwan in a previous conversation that he had with President Biden,\" said Glaser. \"That signals to me that he made a deliberate decision not to say something that would be seen as more alarming than in the last phone call that he had.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>White House calls for calm\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On Monday, China's foreign ministry said China's military would \"not sit idly by\" if Pelosi visits Taiwan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Security Council spokesman John Kirby urged China not to escalate tensions in response to any visit from Pelosi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is no reason for Beijing to turn a potential visit, consistent with longstanding U.S. policy, into some sort of crisis or conflict or use it as a pretext to increase aggressive military activity in or around the Taiwan Strait,\" Kirby said during a White House briefing Monday afternoon, adding that members of Congress routinely visit Taiwan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Kirby warned that China could respond to such a visit with threatening actions, noting the Chinese military conducted a live-fire exercise near Taiwan over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"China appears to be positioning itself to potentially take further steps in the coming days and perhaps over longer time horizons,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pelosi is a leading China critic\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Pelosi has a decades-long record of being hawkish on China and an outspoken advocate for human rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1991, Pelosi joined a small congressional delegation in Tiananmen Square, two years after the violent protests. She helped unfurl a banner that read: \"to those who died for democracy in China.\" Pelosi, along with two other members of Congress, was subsequently \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/NancyPelosi/videos/to-those-who-died-for-democracy/255745505496918/\">pulled aside for questioning\u003c/a> by Chinese police.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She played an active role in trying to create a path for Chinese political prisoners and dissidents to be able to come to the United States,\" Hass said. \"She has been a longtime champion of Tibet and the Dalai Lama and she rarely misses opportunities to make her views known on Chinese actions that she feels violate American values or American interests.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelosi has \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/3e43376effdc4e698296ee8b173e338d\">met with Hong Kong pro-democracy protestor\u003c/a>s and has been vocal in her support of ethnic Uyghurs, who U.S. officials say have been subjected to a genocide in China's Xinjiang region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, she oversaw the House approval of legislation \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/12/08/1062479381/house-approves-a-bill-barring-imports-of-goods-produced-by-uighurs-in-china\">imposing economic sanctions on China\u003c/a> for goods sold to Americans from the forced labor of Muslim Uyghurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I take second place to no one in the Congress of the United States in my criticism of China,\" Pelosi said at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hass said he thinks Beijing is \"triggered\" by Pelosi's longstanding record along with the \"symbolism\" of her visiting Taiwan as the person second in the line of presidential succession.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Will China retaliate?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The last major crisis in the Taiwan Strait came in 1995 and 1996, when Taiwan's leader at the time, Lee Teng-hui, sought to visit his alma mater in the U.S. Ultimately, Lee did make the visit; an outraged China retaliated by firing missiles into the waters around Taiwan, and then-President Bill Clinton ordered aircraft carriers into area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The argument was 'Chinese communists can't tell the United States who they can grant a visa to,'\" Hass described. \"Today, the argument is 'Chinese Communists can't tell the speaker of the house where she can travel or who she can meet with.' So we're hearing echoes of the last cross-strait crisis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How Beijing ultimately decides to respond to Pelosi's visit could drastically change U.S.-China relations and regional dynamics moving forward. Predicting Xi's next steps is difficult, as he's weighing various economic, domestic and global political considerations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Over the past 10 years, [Xi] has built a political brand for strength, resolve and toughness in the face of American pressure,\" Hass said. \"I don't think in the run-up to a party congress where his future fate will be determined, he will want to do anything that could diminish or degrade that brand that he's developed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonny Lin, director of the China Power Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, said she doesn't anticipate any \"direct attacks on the United States or any of our aircraft or vessels accompanying this visit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But there is a risk if China wanted to engage in aggressive maneuvers against U.S. or Taiwan aircraft or vessels, if they wanted to try to fire warning shots at our vessels or our aircraft, then there's a real chance of an accident occurring.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lin says, beyond military means, it's likely China would engage in some form of political or economic retaliation. She says that extends to the world stage, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should ask the question: is it possible that one potential form of Chinese escalation could be to provide more geopolitical support to Russia? If that's even on the table, then there's a lot of potential impact that the Pelosi visit might have.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Pelosi+has+landed+in+Taiwan.+Here%27s+why+that%27s+a+big+deal&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"storyMajorUpdateDate\">\u003cstrong>Updated August 2, 2022 at 11:19 AM ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, a San Francisco Democrat, landed in Taiwan late Tuesday evening local time, and she is expected to meet members of Taiwan's Legislature and President Tsai Ing-wen on Wednesday, according to a source familiar with planning for her visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The highly-anticipated stop has faced stark warnings from China, in turn worrying the White House that it could trigger a crisis in the Taiwan Strait and worsen already tense U.S.-China relations. China sent two Su-35 fighter jets across the Taiwan strait ahead of Pelosi's arrival, according to state broadcaster CCTV, and the spokeswoman for China's foreign ministry said on Twitter, \"The US & Taiwan have made provocations together first, whereas China has been compelled to act in self-defense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visit was not announced in advance, and it comes as part of Pelosi's \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/01/1114818421/pelosi-begins-asia-tour-in-singapore-with-no-official-word-if-shell-visit-taiwan\">tour of Asia\u003c/a>, including Singapore, Malaysia, Japan and South Korea, where she has been leading a small congressional delegation. She is the highest-ranking elected American official to visit Taiwan since then-Speaker Newt Gingrich in 1997. The source familiar with planning for Pelosi's visit says she will be given an award by Taiwan's president and visit a museum before departing on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The island democracy governs itself, but China claims it as its territory. Rumors of Pelosi's visit launched a geopolitical firestorm amid escalating tensions between the U.S. and China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Taiwanese government has operated separately from the mainland since nationalists fled there after losing the civil war to communists in 1949. Thirty years later, the U.S. switched diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing, adopting what's known as the \"One China\" policy, in which Washington acknowledges Beijing's position that Taiwan is a part of China. However, the U.S. has never supported China's claim of sovereignty over Taiwan and maintains a substantial, though unofficial, relationship with the island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Pelosi penned \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/08/02/nancy-pelosi-taiwan-visit-op-ed/\">an opinion piece published by the \u003cem>Washington Post \u003c/em>\u003c/a>upon her arrival citing the Taiwan Relations Act as establishing a commitment to Taiwan's democracy and defense, adding, \"We must stand by Taiwan, which is an island of resilience.\" She said Taiwan is under threat by the government in Beijing economically, in cyberspace, and potentially by military force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the face of the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) accelerating aggression, our congressional delegation's visit should be seen as an unequivocal statement that America stands with Taiwan, our democratic partner, as it defends itself and its freedom,\" Pelosi wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to Pelosi's visit, the Chinese Foreign Ministry released a statement that said, in part, it was a \"serious violation of the one-China principle.\" The ministry added, \"It gravely undermines peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait, and sends a seriously wrong signal to the separatist forces for 'Taiwan independence.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By law, the U.S. is obligated to provide Taiwan with weapons and services. But the U.S. policy of \"strategic ambiguity\" keeps open the question of whether it would intervene in the case of a military invasion by China. The Biden administration has been accused of mixed messaging on this,\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/10/28/1048513474/biden-us-taiwan-china\"> after Biden said on multiple occasions that\u003c/a> the U.S. would come to Taiwan's defense; a sentiment the White House walked back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chinese government remains adamantly opposed to any official exchanges between Taiwan's government and other foreign governments, and views official American contact with Taiwan as an indication of support for its independence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelosi's trip comes days after Biden and Xi Jinping \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/28/1114314905/biden-and-chinas-xi-discuss-tensions-over-taiwan\">spoke by phone on a wide range of issues\u003c/a>, including Taiwan. Biden sought to reassure his Chinese counterpart that U.S. policy hasn't changed, saying it \"strongly opposes unilateral efforts to change the status quo or undermine peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait,\" according to the official U.S. readout of the call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, Biden told reporters the U.S. military thinks a Taiwan visit by Pelosi is \"not a good idea right now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For her part, Pelosi said \"it's important for us to show support for Taiwan,\" during a press conference on July 21. Her visit got a statement of praise from a group of Republican senators after she landed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I also think that none of us has ever said we're for independence when it comes to Taiwan,\" Pelosi said. \"That's up to Taiwan to decide.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>'A sensitive time'\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\"The visit will occur at a sensitive time for Beijing,\" said Ryan Hass, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. \"It coincides with the PLA (People's Liberation Army) Day, the National Day in honor of the establishment of their military, and it is in the run-up to a leadership conclave this month to talk about plans for the future of China.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also comes as Xi looks to secure a tradition-breaking third term in office, in an environment where he faces his own political and economic pressures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He may particularly feel that he can't be seen as soft on the United States and therefore react even more strongly than he might otherwise,\" said Bonnie Glaser, director of the Asia Program at the German Marshall Fund of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Xi \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/31/1114758974/as-tensions-with-the-u-s-rise-china-signals-disappointing-economic-growth\">reportedly told Biden during their call\u003c/a> that \"those who play with fire will get burned.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This quote is the exact same language that he used regarding Taiwan in a previous conversation that he had with President Biden,\" said Glaser. \"That signals to me that he made a deliberate decision not to say something that would be seen as more alarming than in the last phone call that he had.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>White House calls for calm\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On Monday, China's foreign ministry said China's military would \"not sit idly by\" if Pelosi visits Taiwan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Security Council spokesman John Kirby urged China not to escalate tensions in response to any visit from Pelosi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is no reason for Beijing to turn a potential visit, consistent with longstanding U.S. policy, into some sort of crisis or conflict or use it as a pretext to increase aggressive military activity in or around the Taiwan Strait,\" Kirby said during a White House briefing Monday afternoon, adding that members of Congress routinely visit Taiwan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Kirby warned that China could respond to such a visit with threatening actions, noting the Chinese military conducted a live-fire exercise near Taiwan over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"China appears to be positioning itself to potentially take further steps in the coming days and perhaps over longer time horizons,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pelosi is a leading China critic\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Pelosi has a decades-long record of being hawkish on China and an outspoken advocate for human rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1991, Pelosi joined a small congressional delegation in Tiananmen Square, two years after the violent protests. She helped unfurl a banner that read: \"to those who died for democracy in China.\" Pelosi, along with two other members of Congress, was subsequently \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/NancyPelosi/videos/to-those-who-died-for-democracy/255745505496918/\">pulled aside for questioning\u003c/a> by Chinese police.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She played an active role in trying to create a path for Chinese political prisoners and dissidents to be able to come to the United States,\" Hass said. \"She has been a longtime champion of Tibet and the Dalai Lama and she rarely misses opportunities to make her views known on Chinese actions that she feels violate American values or American interests.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelosi has \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/3e43376effdc4e698296ee8b173e338d\">met with Hong Kong pro-democracy protestor\u003c/a>s and has been vocal in her support of ethnic Uyghurs, who U.S. officials say have been subjected to a genocide in China's Xinjiang region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, she oversaw the House approval of legislation \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/12/08/1062479381/house-approves-a-bill-barring-imports-of-goods-produced-by-uighurs-in-china\">imposing economic sanctions on China\u003c/a> for goods sold to Americans from the forced labor of Muslim Uyghurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I take second place to no one in the Congress of the United States in my criticism of China,\" Pelosi said at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hass said he thinks Beijing is \"triggered\" by Pelosi's longstanding record along with the \"symbolism\" of her visiting Taiwan as the person second in the line of presidential succession.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Will China retaliate?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The last major crisis in the Taiwan Strait came in 1995 and 1996, when Taiwan's leader at the time, Lee Teng-hui, sought to visit his alma mater in the U.S. Ultimately, Lee did make the visit; an outraged China retaliated by firing missiles into the waters around Taiwan, and then-President Bill Clinton ordered aircraft carriers into area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The argument was 'Chinese communists can't tell the United States who they can grant a visa to,'\" Hass described. \"Today, the argument is 'Chinese Communists can't tell the speaker of the house where she can travel or who she can meet with.' So we're hearing echoes of the last cross-strait crisis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How Beijing ultimately decides to respond to Pelosi's visit could drastically change U.S.-China relations and regional dynamics moving forward. Predicting Xi's next steps is difficult, as he's weighing various economic, domestic and global political considerations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Over the past 10 years, [Xi] has built a political brand for strength, resolve and toughness in the face of American pressure,\" Hass said. \"I don't think in the run-up to a party congress where his future fate will be determined, he will want to do anything that could diminish or degrade that brand that he's developed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonny Lin, director of the China Power Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, said she doesn't anticipate any \"direct attacks on the United States or any of our aircraft or vessels accompanying this visit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But there is a risk if China wanted to engage in aggressive maneuvers against U.S. or Taiwan aircraft or vessels, if they wanted to try to fire warning shots at our vessels or our aircraft, then there's a real chance of an accident occurring.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lin says, beyond military means, it's likely China would engage in some form of political or economic retaliation. She says that extends to the world stage, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should ask the question: is it possible that one potential form of Chinese escalation could be to provide more geopolitical support to Russia? If that's even on the table, then there's a lot of potential impact that the Pelosi visit might have.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Pelosi+has+landed+in+Taiwan.+Here%27s+why+that%27s+a+big+deal&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Bill Russell, who has died at the age of 88, was more than just a basketball superstar and world-class athlete. As a dedicated human rights activist, Russell fought against racial inequality both in and out of professional sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February 2011, Barack Obama presented Russell with the \u003ca href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/02/15/remarks-president-honoring-recipients-2010-medal-freedom\">Presidential Medal of Freedom\u003c/a> in the East Room of the White House. He told those in attendance about Russell’s record 11 NBA titles, more than any player in history. All of the championships were playing for the Boston Celtics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"arts_13916840,forum_2010101855026\"]However, the president was more impressed by Russell’s life outside of his athletic accomplishments: marching with Martin Luther King Jr.; standing up for Muhammad Ali; and boycotting a game in Kentucky after his Black teammates were refused service in a coffee shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He endured insults and vandalism, but he kept on focusing on making the teammates who he loved better players, and made possible the success of so many who would follow,” Obama said in 2011. “And I hope that one day, in the streets of Boston, children will look up at a statue built not only to Bill Russell the player, but Bill Russell the man.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The first game boycott over civil rights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In October 1961, the Boston Celtics were in Lexington, Ky., for a pre-season exhibition game. Before the game, Sam Jones and Tom Sanders, two Black members of the Boston team, were refused service when they tried to grab a bite to eat from the hotel’s cafe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mark C. Bodanza’s biography of Sam Jones, \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=XZ0ADAAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63#v=onepage&q&f=false\">\u003cem>Ten Times a Champion\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Jones and Sanders walked away humiliated and angry. The two bumped into Russell and K.C. Jones on the way back to their hotel rooms and explained what had happened in the café.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four men brought the news to Celtics Coach Red Auerbach, who rang the hotel management about the incident. Though the players were eventually given permission to eat at the hotel, they wanted nothing to do with the establishment and chose to fly home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the first boycotting of a game over a civil rights protest, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.basketballnetwork.net/old-school/how-bill-russells-forgotten-protest-changed-america\">the Basketball Network\u003c/a>. When the players landed back in Boston, they were welcomed by a predominantly white crowd that supported their decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russell told reporters the following day, per Bodanza: “We’ve got to show our disapproval of this kind of treatment or else the status quo will prevail. We have the same rights and privileges as anyone else and deserve to be treated accordingly. I hope we never have to go through this abuse again. But if it happens, we won’t hesitate to take the same action again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost 60 years later, Russell referenced the incident as he applauded another NBA team for speaking out. In August 2020, players on the Milwaukee Bucks chose not to take the court in a playoff game against Orlando after \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/08/26/906496470/a-dramatic-day-in-pro-sports-where-the-action-was-no-action\">police shot a Black man in Wisconsin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In [1961] I walked out if an exhibition game much like the [NBA] players did yesterday,” Russell wrote. “I am one of the few people that knows what it felt like to make such an important decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Many of Russell’s most notable actions were during the 1960s\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Russell was at the 1963 March on Washington, \u003ca href=\"https://nba.nbcsports.com/2013/08/30/bill-russell-was-part-of-march-on-washington-was-near-dr-king-50-years-ago/\">sitting nearby\u003c/a> King as he delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another notable action came when Russell \u003ca href=\"https://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/A_AA92C22B9CD14E0EA30F8CC3137CA152\">spoke to students in support\u003c/a> of a one-day Black student boycott of Boston’s public schools to protest segregation that same year. He was involved in local issues in Boston, including being involved in planning the graduation and \u003ca href=\"https://www.bostoncelticshistory.com/item/russell-takes-the-stand/?postId=533\">speaking to graduates\u003c/a> at a predominantly Black high school in 1966.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Medgar Evers was murdered in 1963, Russell traveled to Mississippi to work with Evers’ brother to open an \u003ca href=\"https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/medgar-evers-assassination-in-1963-inspired-bill-russell-to-offer-help-in-mississippi/\">integrated basketball camp\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1967, when boxing legend Muhammad Ali refused to fight in America’s war in Vietnam, Russell joined other prominent Black figures gathering in Cleveland to meet with Ali. Russell supported Ali’s decision to go to prison instead of denouncing his beliefs surrounding civil rights and religious freedom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in life, he continued speaking out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, he posted a photo of himself – wearing his Presidential Medal of Freedom – taking a knee in a sign of solidarity with protesters within the NFL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Proud to take a knee, and to stand tall against social injustice,” Russell wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+a+racial+justice+activist%2C+NBA+great+Bill+Russell+was+a+legend+off+the+court&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bill Russell, who has died at the age of 88, was more than just a basketball superstar and world-class athlete. As a dedicated human rights activist, Russell fought against racial inequality both in and out of professional sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February 2011, Barack Obama presented Russell with the \u003ca href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/02/15/remarks-president-honoring-recipients-2010-medal-freedom\">Presidential Medal of Freedom\u003c/a> in the East Room of the White House. He told those in attendance about Russell’s record 11 NBA titles, more than any player in history. All of the championships were playing for the Boston Celtics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>However, the president was more impressed by Russell’s life outside of his athletic accomplishments: marching with Martin Luther King Jr.; standing up for Muhammad Ali; and boycotting a game in Kentucky after his Black teammates were refused service in a coffee shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He endured insults and vandalism, but he kept on focusing on making the teammates who he loved better players, and made possible the success of so many who would follow,” Obama said in 2011. “And I hope that one day, in the streets of Boston, children will look up at a statue built not only to Bill Russell the player, but Bill Russell the man.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The first game boycott over civil rights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In October 1961, the Boston Celtics were in Lexington, Ky., for a pre-season exhibition game. Before the game, Sam Jones and Tom Sanders, two Black members of the Boston team, were refused service when they tried to grab a bite to eat from the hotel’s cafe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mark C. Bodanza’s biography of Sam Jones, \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=XZ0ADAAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&lpg=PT63#v=onepage&q&f=false\">\u003cem>Ten Times a Champion\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Jones and Sanders walked away humiliated and angry. The two bumped into Russell and K.C. Jones on the way back to their hotel rooms and explained what had happened in the café.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four men brought the news to Celtics Coach Red Auerbach, who rang the hotel management about the incident. Though the players were eventually given permission to eat at the hotel, they wanted nothing to do with the establishment and chose to fly home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the first boycotting of a game over a civil rights protest, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.basketballnetwork.net/old-school/how-bill-russells-forgotten-protest-changed-america\">the Basketball Network\u003c/a>. When the players landed back in Boston, they were welcomed by a predominantly white crowd that supported their decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russell told reporters the following day, per Bodanza: “We’ve got to show our disapproval of this kind of treatment or else the status quo will prevail. We have the same rights and privileges as anyone else and deserve to be treated accordingly. I hope we never have to go through this abuse again. But if it happens, we won’t hesitate to take the same action again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost 60 years later, Russell referenced the incident as he applauded another NBA team for speaking out. In August 2020, players on the Milwaukee Bucks chose not to take the court in a playoff game against Orlando after \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/08/26/906496470/a-dramatic-day-in-pro-sports-where-the-action-was-no-action\">police shot a Black man in Wisconsin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In [1961] I walked out if an exhibition game much like the [NBA] players did yesterday,” Russell wrote. “I am one of the few people that knows what it felt like to make such an important decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Many of Russell’s most notable actions were during the 1960s\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Russell was at the 1963 March on Washington, \u003ca href=\"https://nba.nbcsports.com/2013/08/30/bill-russell-was-part-of-march-on-washington-was-near-dr-king-50-years-ago/\">sitting nearby\u003c/a> King as he delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another notable action came when Russell \u003ca href=\"https://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/A_AA92C22B9CD14E0EA30F8CC3137CA152\">spoke to students in support\u003c/a> of a one-day Black student boycott of Boston’s public schools to protest segregation that same year. He was involved in local issues in Boston, including being involved in planning the graduation and \u003ca href=\"https://www.bostoncelticshistory.com/item/russell-takes-the-stand/?postId=533\">speaking to graduates\u003c/a> at a predominantly Black high school in 1966.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Medgar Evers was murdered in 1963, Russell traveled to Mississippi to work with Evers’ brother to open an \u003ca href=\"https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/medgar-evers-assassination-in-1963-inspired-bill-russell-to-offer-help-in-mississippi/\">integrated basketball camp\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1967, when boxing legend Muhammad Ali refused to fight in America’s war in Vietnam, Russell joined other prominent Black figures gathering in Cleveland to meet with Ali. Russell supported Ali’s decision to go to prison instead of denouncing his beliefs surrounding civil rights and religious freedom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in life, he continued speaking out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, he posted a photo of himself – wearing his Presidential Medal of Freedom – taking a knee in a sign of solidarity with protesters within the NFL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Proud to take a knee, and to stand tall against social injustice,” Russell wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+a+racial+justice+activist%2C+NBA+great+Bill+Russell+was+a+legend+off+the+court&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "After Spiking Earlier Talks, Manchin Agrees to a New Deal on Climate and Taxes",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"storyMajorUpdateDate\">\u003cstrong>Updated July 27, 2022 at 9:00 PM ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., and Sen. Joe Manchin, D-W.Va., have released preliminary details of a bill to address climate change, taxes, health care and inflation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement is a major reversal for Democrats, who had narrowed their ambitions for the package to address looming lapses in the Affordable Care Act and changes to prescription drug prices after Manchin raised concerns over approving more spending during record inflation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/15/1111675233/manchin-rejects-climate-and-tax-provisions-in-democrats-spending-package\">After many months of negotiations\u003c/a>, we have finalized legislative text that will invest approximately $300 billion in Deficit Reduction and $369.75 billion in \u003ca href=\"https://www.democrats.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/summary_of_the_energy_security_and_climate_change_investments_in_the_inflation_reduction_act_of_2022.pdf\">Energy Security and Climate Change\u003c/a> programs over the next 10 years,” the senators said in a joint statement. “The investments will be fully paid for by closing tax loopholes on wealthy individuals and corporations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation — called the \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.democrats.senate.gov/inflation-reduction-act-one-page-summary__;!!Iwwt!T_erBxxpsxo0-Hmp8mN0_yyTMtr1hHNdwOqioGHm_BFtSoENMuYlN1rZvJA_mG15UD3A3FfsnoGpEzSZAONcKbXVivzI8w%24\">Inflation Reduction Act of 2022\u003c/a> — would also continue expansions to the Affordable Care Act that passed during the pandemic through 2025 and allow Medicare to pursue \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.democrats.senate.gov/topline-messages-for-senate-prescription-drug-pricing-reforms_fy22-budget-reconciliation__;!!Iwwt!T_erBxxpsxo0-Hmp8mN0_yyTMtr1hHNdwOqioGHm_BFtSoENMuYlN1rZvJA_mG15UD3A3FfsnoGpEzSZAONcKbWWL0vaEQ%24\">lower drug costs\u003c/a> by negotiating directly with drug companies. Democrats say the plan \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.democrats.senate.gov/summary-closing-tax-loopholes-in-the-inflation-reduction-act-of-2022__;!!Iwwt!T_erBxxpsxo0-Hmp8mN0_yyTMtr1hHNdwOqioGHm_BFtSoENMuYlN1rZvJA_mG15UD3A3FfsnoGpEzSZAONcKbXlchQO-A%24\">avoids any new taxes\u003c/a> on families making $400,000 or less and does not include any new taxes on small businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read the bill \u003ca href=\"https://www.democrats.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/inflation_reduction_act_of_2022.pdf\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new agreement aims to “reduce carbon emissions by roughly 40% by 2030” and address inflation while also reducing the deficit, according to documents released by Schumer and Manchin. Schumer planned to submit the bill to the Senate parliamentarian for review on Wednesday night in order to start votes on the bill next week. Democrats plan to pass the bill using the budget process known as reconciliation to avoid a Republican filibuster, provided the legislation has unanimous support among Senate Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"climate-change\"]Manchin and Schumer say they have also reached an agreement with House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., and President Biden to pass a permitting reform bill by the end of the year, with the goal of easing permits for domestic energy production and transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement is a significant expansion of the very narrow bill Democrats had hoped to pass through reconciliation before the midterm elections, though it still falls far short of the broader Build Back Better plan they began negotiating last year. That proposal initially included massive domestic spending to address climate, taxes, health care and social programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manchin became the leading voice of opposition to major spending as inflation concerns grew in the country. He was able to single-handedly drive the talks because Democrats need unanimous support to pass the bill in the evenly divided Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement comes hours after the Senate passed a major bipartisan bill to expand domestic production of critical semiconductor chips that have been in short supply, leading to delays in the delivery of new cars and supply chain issues for smartphones, computers and medical equipment. Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., had threatened to block the semiconductor bill, known as CHIPS, if Democrats continued to pursue climate and tax legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/26/1113470753/chip-production-semiconductor-senate\">Finalizing the CHIPS bill\u003c/a> paved the way for Democrats to reach a deal without the threat of losing support for the semiconductor bill they viewed as a critical economic and political achievement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step will be for the Senate parliamentarian to assess whether the proposals meet strict Senate budget rules that govern the reconciliation process. Once that is done, it will go through a vote-a-rama, a process that would serve to circumvent the 60-vote threshold that bills normally must cross in order to be passed. The House must then pass a similar bill before Biden signs it into law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement after the deal was announced, Biden praised it as “the action the American people have been waiting for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This addresses the problems of today — high health care costs and overall inflation — as well as investments in our energy security for the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=After+spiking+earlier+talks%2C+Manchin+agrees+to+a+new+deal+on+climate+and+taxes&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"storyMajorUpdateDate\">\u003cstrong>Updated July 27, 2022 at 9:00 PM ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., and Sen. Joe Manchin, D-W.Va., have released preliminary details of a bill to address climate change, taxes, health care and inflation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement is a major reversal for Democrats, who had narrowed their ambitions for the package to address looming lapses in the Affordable Care Act and changes to prescription drug prices after Manchin raised concerns over approving more spending during record inflation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/15/1111675233/manchin-rejects-climate-and-tax-provisions-in-democrats-spending-package\">After many months of negotiations\u003c/a>, we have finalized legislative text that will invest approximately $300 billion in Deficit Reduction and $369.75 billion in \u003ca href=\"https://www.democrats.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/summary_of_the_energy_security_and_climate_change_investments_in_the_inflation_reduction_act_of_2022.pdf\">Energy Security and Climate Change\u003c/a> programs over the next 10 years,” the senators said in a joint statement. “The investments will be fully paid for by closing tax loopholes on wealthy individuals and corporations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation — called the \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.democrats.senate.gov/inflation-reduction-act-one-page-summary__;!!Iwwt!T_erBxxpsxo0-Hmp8mN0_yyTMtr1hHNdwOqioGHm_BFtSoENMuYlN1rZvJA_mG15UD3A3FfsnoGpEzSZAONcKbXVivzI8w%24\">Inflation Reduction Act of 2022\u003c/a> — would also continue expansions to the Affordable Care Act that passed during the pandemic through 2025 and allow Medicare to pursue \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.democrats.senate.gov/topline-messages-for-senate-prescription-drug-pricing-reforms_fy22-budget-reconciliation__;!!Iwwt!T_erBxxpsxo0-Hmp8mN0_yyTMtr1hHNdwOqioGHm_BFtSoENMuYlN1rZvJA_mG15UD3A3FfsnoGpEzSZAONcKbWWL0vaEQ%24\">lower drug costs\u003c/a> by negotiating directly with drug companies. Democrats say the plan \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.democrats.senate.gov/summary-closing-tax-loopholes-in-the-inflation-reduction-act-of-2022__;!!Iwwt!T_erBxxpsxo0-Hmp8mN0_yyTMtr1hHNdwOqioGHm_BFtSoENMuYlN1rZvJA_mG15UD3A3FfsnoGpEzSZAONcKbXlchQO-A%24\">avoids any new taxes\u003c/a> on families making $400,000 or less and does not include any new taxes on small businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read the bill \u003ca href=\"https://www.democrats.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/inflation_reduction_act_of_2022.pdf\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new agreement aims to “reduce carbon emissions by roughly 40% by 2030” and address inflation while also reducing the deficit, according to documents released by Schumer and Manchin. Schumer planned to submit the bill to the Senate parliamentarian for review on Wednesday night in order to start votes on the bill next week. Democrats plan to pass the bill using the budget process known as reconciliation to avoid a Republican filibuster, provided the legislation has unanimous support among Senate Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Manchin and Schumer say they have also reached an agreement with House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., and President Biden to pass a permitting reform bill by the end of the year, with the goal of easing permits for domestic energy production and transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement is a significant expansion of the very narrow bill Democrats had hoped to pass through reconciliation before the midterm elections, though it still falls far short of the broader Build Back Better plan they began negotiating last year. That proposal initially included massive domestic spending to address climate, taxes, health care and social programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manchin became the leading voice of opposition to major spending as inflation concerns grew in the country. He was able to single-handedly drive the talks because Democrats need unanimous support to pass the bill in the evenly divided Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agreement comes hours after the Senate passed a major bipartisan bill to expand domestic production of critical semiconductor chips that have been in short supply, leading to delays in the delivery of new cars and supply chain issues for smartphones, computers and medical equipment. Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., had threatened to block the semiconductor bill, known as CHIPS, if Democrats continued to pursue climate and tax legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/26/1113470753/chip-production-semiconductor-senate\">Finalizing the CHIPS bill\u003c/a> paved the way for Democrats to reach a deal without the threat of losing support for the semiconductor bill they viewed as a critical economic and political achievement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step will be for the Senate parliamentarian to assess whether the proposals meet strict Senate budget rules that govern the reconciliation process. Once that is done, it will go through a vote-a-rama, a process that would serve to circumvent the 60-vote threshold that bills normally must cross in order to be passed. The House must then pass a similar bill before Biden signs it into law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement after the deal was announced, Biden praised it as “the action the American people have been waiting for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This addresses the problems of today — high health care costs and overall inflation — as well as investments in our energy security for the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=After+spiking+earlier+talks%2C+Manchin+agrees+to+a+new+deal+on+climate+and+taxes&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Reformulated COVID Vaccine Boosters May Be Available Earlier Than Expected",
"title": "Reformulated COVID Vaccine Boosters May Be Available Earlier Than Expected",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"storyMajorUpdateDate\">\u003cstrong>Updated July 26, 2022 at 11:17 AM ET\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe Biden administration may scrap plans to let more younger adults get second COVID-19 boosters this summer. Instead, officials are trying to speed up availability of the next generation of boosters in the fall, NPR has learned.[aside postID=news_11904834 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/RS53457_005_StockPhoto_AtHomeCOVIDTest_02022022-qut.jpg']\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The new strategy is aimed at trying to balance protecting people this summer with keeping people safe next winter, when the country will probably get hit by yet another surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the possible shift is being met with mixed reactions. The Food and Drug Administration could make a final decision by the end of the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dilemma facing the FDA is that the immunity many people have gotten from getting vaccinated or infected has been wearing off. At the same time, the most contagious version of the virus to emerge yet — the omicron subvariant BA.5 — is making people even more vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as COVID is starting to become more serious than a cold or flu again, most people younger than age 50 aren't eligible for fourth shots — second boosters — to protect themselves. In response, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/07/19/1112229721/u-s-debates-a-summer-booster-for-people-under-50\">the FDA was considering opening up eligibility for second boosters for all adults\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But letting more people get boosted with the original vaccine now could interfere with plans to boost them with updated, hopefully more protective vaccines in the fall to blunt the toll of the winter surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why the administration is considering shifting the focus to the next generation of boosters. Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/14/1111473802/experts-question-the-fdas-covid-booster-strategy-ahead-of-autumn\">were already scrambling to comply with the FDA's request \u003c/a>to get new, hopefully more powerful \"bivalent\" boosters ready by October or November that target both the original strain of the virus and omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is trying to get the companies to make those shots available even sooner — possibly as soon as September, according to a federal official familiar with the situation who is not authorized to talk about it publicly. \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/07/22/booster-shots-coronavirus-under-50/\">The possible shift was first reported by The Washington Post\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bivalent boosters can be accelerated, the FDA would skip opening up fourth shots of the original vaccines this summer and just wait for the new double-barreled omicron vaccines in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possible shift is provoking mixed reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some think it is the smartest strategy. Three shots are still protecting most younger, otherwise healthy people against serious illness, they say. And boosting people again now, and then so soon again in the fall, could confuse people, potentially eroding their willingness to get any boosters, according to some experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think this will increase trust,\" \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/monica.gandhi\">Dr. Monica Gandhi\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, wrote in an email to NPR. \"We can't give a booster now and then again in 1.5 months or two months — that will decrease trust.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And giving two shots too close together could actually backfire from a health perspective, according to some experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think this is the right call,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/person/celine-gounder/\">Dr. Celine Gounder\u003c/a>, a senior fellow at the Kaiser Family Foundation, said during an interview with NPR. \"If you get a booster now with the original formulation of the vaccine, this may in fact be counter-productive. It may prevent the second booster dose given this fall from taking and from you developing an immune response to that booster.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others aren't so sure. They say the new vaccines may not be significantly better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People should not regard them as some sort of magic bullet that gives them super-strong protection,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://directory.weill.cornell.edu/person/profile/jpm2003\">Dr. \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://directory.weill.cornell.edu/person/profile/jpm2003\">John Moore\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Weill Cornell Medicine. \"These are not going to be magic bullet game-changers because they're not that much better than the already available vaccine boosters.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also unclear whether the new boosters can be ready by September. And who knows if BA.5 will even been the main virus by the fall and winter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't see the benefit waiting for a BA.5-specific booster since BA.5 may be in the rearview mirror and well past us by the time that's available,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.bcm.edu/people-search/peter-hotez-23229\">Dr. Peter Hotez\u003c/a>, dean of the Baylor College of Medicine National School of Tropical Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People younger than 50 should at least have the option to protect themselves now, especially with BA.5 already surging, some say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're talking about you know literally hundreds of millions of people who are at a higher risk than they need to be for months,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/robert.wachter\">Dr. Robert Wachter\u003c/a>, chair of the department of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And that will mean potentially millions of preventable infections, certainly thousands of preventable hospitalizations, and probably hundreds of preventable deaths.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Reformulated+COVID+vaccine+boosters+may+be+available+earlier+than+expected&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Biden administration may scrap plans to expand eligibility for second boosters to younger adults. Instead, it's trying to speed up the next generation of boosters targeting the omicron variant.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"storyMajorUpdateDate\">\u003cstrong>Updated July 26, 2022 at 11:17 AM ET\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe Biden administration may scrap plans to let more younger adults get second COVID-19 boosters this summer. Instead, officials are trying to speed up availability of the next generation of boosters in the fall, NPR has learned.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The new strategy is aimed at trying to balance protecting people this summer with keeping people safe next winter, when the country will probably get hit by yet another surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the possible shift is being met with mixed reactions. The Food and Drug Administration could make a final decision by the end of the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dilemma facing the FDA is that the immunity many people have gotten from getting vaccinated or infected has been wearing off. At the same time, the most contagious version of the virus to emerge yet — the omicron subvariant BA.5 — is making people even more vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as COVID is starting to become more serious than a cold or flu again, most people younger than age 50 aren't eligible for fourth shots — second boosters — to protect themselves. In response, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/07/19/1112229721/u-s-debates-a-summer-booster-for-people-under-50\">the FDA was considering opening up eligibility for second boosters for all adults\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But letting more people get boosted with the original vaccine now could interfere with plans to boost them with updated, hopefully more protective vaccines in the fall to blunt the toll of the winter surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why the administration is considering shifting the focus to the next generation of boosters. Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/14/1111473802/experts-question-the-fdas-covid-booster-strategy-ahead-of-autumn\">were already scrambling to comply with the FDA's request \u003c/a>to get new, hopefully more powerful \"bivalent\" boosters ready by October or November that target both the original strain of the virus and omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is trying to get the companies to make those shots available even sooner — possibly as soon as September, according to a federal official familiar with the situation who is not authorized to talk about it publicly. \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/07/22/booster-shots-coronavirus-under-50/\">The possible shift was first reported by The Washington Post\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bivalent boosters can be accelerated, the FDA would skip opening up fourth shots of the original vaccines this summer and just wait for the new double-barreled omicron vaccines in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possible shift is provoking mixed reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some think it is the smartest strategy. Three shots are still protecting most younger, otherwise healthy people against serious illness, they say. And boosting people again now, and then so soon again in the fall, could confuse people, potentially eroding their willingness to get any boosters, according to some experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think this will increase trust,\" \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/monica.gandhi\">Dr. Monica Gandhi\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, wrote in an email to NPR. \"We can't give a booster now and then again in 1.5 months or two months — that will decrease trust.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And giving two shots too close together could actually backfire from a health perspective, according to some experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think this is the right call,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/person/celine-gounder/\">Dr. Celine Gounder\u003c/a>, a senior fellow at the Kaiser Family Foundation, said during an interview with NPR. \"If you get a booster now with the original formulation of the vaccine, this may in fact be counter-productive. It may prevent the second booster dose given this fall from taking and from you developing an immune response to that booster.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others aren't so sure. They say the new vaccines may not be significantly better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People should not regard them as some sort of magic bullet that gives them super-strong protection,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://directory.weill.cornell.edu/person/profile/jpm2003\">Dr. \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://directory.weill.cornell.edu/person/profile/jpm2003\">John Moore\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Weill Cornell Medicine. \"These are not going to be magic bullet game-changers because they're not that much better than the already available vaccine boosters.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also unclear whether the new boosters can be ready by September. And who knows if BA.5 will even been the main virus by the fall and winter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't see the benefit waiting for a BA.5-specific booster since BA.5 may be in the rearview mirror and well past us by the time that's available,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.bcm.edu/people-search/peter-hotez-23229\">Dr. Peter Hotez\u003c/a>, dean of the Baylor College of Medicine National School of Tropical Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People younger than 50 should at least have the option to protect themselves now, especially with BA.5 already surging, some say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're talking about you know literally hundreds of millions of people who are at a higher risk than they need to be for months,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/robert.wachter\">Dr. Robert Wachter\u003c/a>, chair of the department of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And that will mean potentially millions of preventable infections, certainly thousands of preventable hospitalizations, and probably hundreds of preventable deaths.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Reformulated+COVID+vaccine+boosters+may+be+available+earlier+than+expected&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>“A starfield is speckled across the image. They range from small, faint points of light to larger, closer, brighter and more fully resolved stars with eight-point diffraction spikes. The upper-right portion of the image has wispy, translucent, cloud-like streaks rising from the nebula.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how a team of scientists, writers and educators described in vivid detail just one of the breathtaking \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2022/07/12/1111002820/webb-telescope-images-nasa\">celestial images captured by the James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> so people with visual impairments could appreciate it, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Space is for everyone. It shouldn’t matter who you are,” said Tim Rhue, an education specialist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.stsci.edu/\">Space Telescope Science Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His team wrote labels for pictures stuffed with distant spinning galaxies, glowing clouds of gas and blazing stars using the alt text feature on social media apps, which is designed to make the internet more accessible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It allows people who use screen readers to hear a description of an image and helps when images on a website won’t load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s another example of an alt text description from another Webb image: “A large, translucent, red oval surrounds the central stars. From the red oval, shells extend in a mix of colors. The shells appear to have a filamentous pattern similar to the surface of a cut citrus fruit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Coverage\" postID=\"science_1979819,forum_2010101889805\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rhue said he was astonished by the images the telescope captured, and he and his team wanted that astonishment to be shared by everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is definitely a labor of love,” Rhue said. “There are so many things that make life difficult for people, but this is just pure joy, the universe out there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $10 billion James Webb Space Telescope, under development for decades and launched into space in December, is NASA’s newest and most powerful. On July 12, the first color images were released. And scientists have been poring over the data that’s come coming from the telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Lotz, director of the International Gemini Observatory, is part of a team looking at one field of thousands of galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know these galaxies pretty well, but seeing these images with James Webb, it’s like putting glasses on,” Lotz \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/21/1112356969/the-new-science-coming-from-the-james-webb-telescope-has-astronomers-giddy\">told NPR\u003c/a>. “Like, things we couldn’t see before now are just crystal clear. And it’s been overwhelming. It’s been really overwhelming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://astro.uchicago.edu/people/jacob-l-bean.php\">Jacob Bean\u003c/a>, an astronomer with the University of Chicago, described what the telescope has brought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a birthday and Christmas and an anniversary and a graduation and Thanksgiving and Hanukkah all wrapped into one for us and happening just every day,” Bean told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Rhue’s team is helping to spread that joy even farther.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We love seeing people’s face light up,” Rhue said. “We love seeing people really get the big picture and our place in it all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Raquel Maria Dillon contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Alt+text+helps+the+visually+impaired+experience+the+James+Webb+Telescope+images&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rhue said he was astonished by the images the telescope captured, and he and his team wanted that astonishment to be shared by everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is definitely a labor of love,” Rhue said. “There are so many things that make life difficult for people, but this is just pure joy, the universe out there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $10 billion James Webb Space Telescope, under development for decades and launched into space in December, is NASA’s newest and most powerful. On July 12, the first color images were released. And scientists have been poring over the data that’s come coming from the telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Lotz, director of the International Gemini Observatory, is part of a team looking at one field of thousands of galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know these galaxies pretty well, but seeing these images with James Webb, it’s like putting glasses on,” Lotz \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/21/1112356969/the-new-science-coming-from-the-james-webb-telescope-has-astronomers-giddy\">told NPR\u003c/a>. “Like, things we couldn’t see before now are just crystal clear. And it’s been overwhelming. It’s been really overwhelming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://astro.uchicago.edu/people/jacob-l-bean.php\">Jacob Bean\u003c/a>, an astronomer with the University of Chicago, described what the telescope has brought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a birthday and Christmas and an anniversary and a graduation and Thanksgiving and Hanukkah all wrapped into one for us and happening just every day,” Bean told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Rhue’s team is helping to spread that joy even farther.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We love seeing people’s face light up,” Rhue said. “We love seeing people really get the big picture and our place in it all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Raquel Maria Dillon contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Alt+text+helps+the+visually+impaired+experience+the+James+Webb+Telescope+images&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"hidden-brain": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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