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"content": "\u003cp>As Election Day approaches and the rhetoric and vitriol increase, it's useful to remember the wise and immortal words of Smokey the Bear: \"Only you can prevent wildfires.\" That's because anyone who's online and shares information plays some role in shaping whether falsehoods gain traction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now you may ask, \"But I'm just one person — what about Twitter? What about Facebook? And what about politicians with huge followings who spread falsehoods and misleading claims all the time?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's true that our society and many others around the world are facing what some researchers call \"truth decay.\" Bad actors \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/10/29/774541010/fake-news-is-scary-heres-how-to-spot-misinformation\">can and do game social and traditional media\u003c/a> in order to flood the zone with conspiracy theories that sometimes promote \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/02/1132822805/election-violence-concerns-voting-threats\">violent and extremist agendas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the past decade or so, the way people consume information has radically changed thanks to social media. And you, the user, have some influence over the algorithms that serve you posts, videos and news stories in your feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, here are several things to consider when sharing news of all kinds, but especially election news.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Consider the source\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This is probably the most important one. How does the person posting about this story know what is happening? Is it an election official explaining the process? Is it a reporter from a trusted news organization who's on the ground? Is it an account or a news outlet you've never heard of before? \u003ca href=\"https://newslit.org/tips-tools/news-lit-quiz-is-it-legit-vetting-news-sources-for-credibility/\">Here's a quiz\u003c/a> from the nonprofit News Literacy Project you can take to help evaluate if a news source is credible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relying on local election officials and local journalists who understand the ins and outs of how people in your community vote will generally yield better-quality information than, say, random Twitter accounts with large followings. Election officials are particularly important for helping explain changing voting procedures and how ballots are collected and counted, as opposed to political candidates, who may try to spin or exaggerate what is happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you see a piece of news circulating that seems surprising or off in some way, it's worth checking to see if other news outlets are reporting the same thing. Are they confirming the news themselves or merely attributing it to another source? Is the source that's being attributed credible?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The pace of election results likely reflects different rules\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Elections in the United States are incredibly decentralized. It's both a strength and weakness of our democracy. Election rules and procedures vary state by state and sometimes even county by county. Some states allow mail-in ballots received before Election Day to be processed, sometimes even counted, in advance. Others leave the processing and counting of mail-in ballots \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/vopp-table-16-when-absentee-mail-ballot-processing-and-counting-can-begin.aspx\">until after the polls close\u003c/a>. Local election officials have been explaining their counting process in advance and trying to set voters' expectations around the pace with which results will come out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results could also shift dramatically over the course of election night depending on which ballots are counted first. With Republicans increasingly focused on voting in-person on Election Day, while many Democrats vote early or by mail, the results could swing from one party to the other depending on the batch of ballots that has been tabulated. It's not a sign that the results have been tampered with, merely an indication that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/28/1128695831/united-states-2022-patterns-mail-early-voting\">the ways people vote has become polarized\u003c/a> and with it, the way the results come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many voters watch election night coverage on TV and get the impression that the TV networks have some role in determining the outcome when they make race calls. That's not true. What the networks are actually doing is making projections about the winner based on the public vote counts released by local and state election officials. State election officials are the only ones who officially declare a winner in a process that can take days or weeks after Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR relies on The Associated Press for its vote count data and uses that organization's race calls. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/about/our-role-in-elections/how-we-call-races\">The AP says it makes a call\u003c/a> only when it \"is fully confident a race has been won — defined most simply as the moment a trailing candidate no longer has a path to victory.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Be wary of what photos and videos purport to show\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>You could see photos and videos alleging nefarious behavior or a gross injustice. Look for a difference between what the post says you're seeing and what the video or photo actually shows. Often, a photo or video is grainy, magnified or altogether not clear. Sometimes \u003ca href=\"https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/how-to-do-a-reverse-image-search-from-your-phone\">a reverse image search\u003c/a> will reveal that the picture is years old or from another country! In many cases, there's no evidence in the post or allegation to support the premise that someone is, for example, casting a ballot illegally, mishandling a ballot or being denied the right to vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/03/1133686674/how-documentary-style-films-turn-conspiracy-theories-into-a-call-to-action\">a recent documentary-style film\u003c/a> that alleged widespread fraud during 2020 used still images of a man casting a ballot in a Georgia drop box to claim the man was voting illegally. In fact, the man was voting legally and is \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/10/27/2020-election-fraud-claims-voting/\">suing the filmmakers for defamation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Documented cases of election fraud are extremely rare\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The 2020 election was the most-scrutinized election in U.S. history. There were \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_interest/election_law/litigation/\">dozens of federal and state lawsuits\u003c/a> challenging various aspects of how the election was conducted and in some instances, asserting organized election fraud. None of those claims was corroborated. None of the suits led to changes in the outcome of the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most cases of ballot and election fraud tend to involve an extremely small number of ballots and are quickly identified. The most significant case of election fraud in the past 40 years took place in Bladen County, N.C., in 2018 when the state \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsbe.gov/news/press-releases/2019/02/25/state-board-unanimously-orders-new-election-9th-congressional-district\">refused to certify the results of a U.S. House race\u003c/a> after investigators revealed that a political operative working for the Republican candidate had mishandled a significant number of absentee ballots he had collected. The results of that contest were called into question \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/01/672531061/amid-fraud-allegations-state-election-board-wont-certify-north-carolina-house-ra\">within weeks of Election Day\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the broadest database of election fraud cases collected by the conservative \u003ca href=\"https://www.heritage.org/voterfraud/search\">Heritage Foundation\u003c/a> shows about 750 cases of documented voter fraud involving approximately 1,100 people over 40 years and billions of ballots cast. Many election researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.brennancenter.org/issues/ensure-every-american-can-vote/vote-suppression/myth-voter-fraud\">take issue with the organization's methodology\u003c/a>, which they view as overly expansive.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Election workers are your neighbors\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The people at your polling place and the people handling and counting ballots \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/05/1115262313/research-how-to-fight-election-misinformation?utm_source=npr_newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=20221103&utm_term=7474261&utm_campaign=the-new-normal&utm_id=25461078&orgid=309&utm_att1=\">live in your city or county\u003c/a>. Many are \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2018/10/22/few-people-want-to-be-poll-workers-and-thats-a-problem\">volunteers or paid relatively little\u003c/a>. Many work in offices that are understaffed. Many do the job because they \u003ca href=\"https://democracyfund.org/idea/understanding-the-career-journeys-of-todays-local-election-officials-and-anticipating-tomorrows-potential-shortage/\">believe it's important and work hard to be scrupulously nonpartisan\u003c/a>. Sharing material that names and accuses election workers of illegal behavior could lead to that person facing harassment, even death threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It turned my life upside down,\" said Georgia election worker \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/22/1106459556/shaye-moss-staffed-an-election-office-in-georgia-then-she-was-targeted-by-trump\">Shaye Moss\u003c/a> during testimony before the U.S. House committee investigating the Jan. 6 insurrection at the U.S. Capitol, referring to conspiracy theories that targeted her and her mother, Ruby Freeman. \"I don't want anyone knowing my name.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Election workers are also human and can make mistakes. But in today's environment, a mistake of any kind can become fodder for \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/14/1128968745/how-quotation-marks-turned-a-story-about-a-clerical-error-into-one-about-voter-f\">a conspiratorial narrative\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>If a news story gives you an emotional response, pause\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It's OK to react emotionally to the news! There are a lot of things happening in the world that many people find upsetting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in our highly polarized society, many actors try to capitalize on tribal political identities. They share falsehoods and misrepresentations that will incite an emotional response and short-circuit the instinct to consider whether something can be true, or even plausible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't fall prey to their tactics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you encounter a story like that, take a deep breath and ask yourself whether it's worth sharing and contributing further to the wildfires on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+to+avoid+sharing+false+or+misleading+news+about+the+election&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As Election Day approaches and the rhetoric and vitriol increase, it's useful to remember the wise and immortal words of Smokey the Bear: \"Only you can prevent wildfires.\" That's because anyone who's online and shares information plays some role in shaping whether falsehoods gain traction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now you may ask, \"But I'm just one person — what about Twitter? What about Facebook? And what about politicians with huge followings who spread falsehoods and misleading claims all the time?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's true that our society and many others around the world are facing what some researchers call \"truth decay.\" Bad actors \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/10/29/774541010/fake-news-is-scary-heres-how-to-spot-misinformation\">can and do game social and traditional media\u003c/a> in order to flood the zone with conspiracy theories that sometimes promote \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/02/1132822805/election-violence-concerns-voting-threats\">violent and extremist agendas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the past decade or so, the way people consume information has radically changed thanks to social media. And you, the user, have some influence over the algorithms that serve you posts, videos and news stories in your feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, here are several things to consider when sharing news of all kinds, but especially election news.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Consider the source\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This is probably the most important one. How does the person posting about this story know what is happening? Is it an election official explaining the process? Is it a reporter from a trusted news organization who's on the ground? Is it an account or a news outlet you've never heard of before? \u003ca href=\"https://newslit.org/tips-tools/news-lit-quiz-is-it-legit-vetting-news-sources-for-credibility/\">Here's a quiz\u003c/a> from the nonprofit News Literacy Project you can take to help evaluate if a news source is credible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relying on local election officials and local journalists who understand the ins and outs of how people in your community vote will generally yield better-quality information than, say, random Twitter accounts with large followings. Election officials are particularly important for helping explain changing voting procedures and how ballots are collected and counted, as opposed to political candidates, who may try to spin or exaggerate what is happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you see a piece of news circulating that seems surprising or off in some way, it's worth checking to see if other news outlets are reporting the same thing. Are they confirming the news themselves or merely attributing it to another source? Is the source that's being attributed credible?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The pace of election results likely reflects different rules\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Elections in the United States are incredibly decentralized. It's both a strength and weakness of our democracy. Election rules and procedures vary state by state and sometimes even county by county. Some states allow mail-in ballots received before Election Day to be processed, sometimes even counted, in advance. Others leave the processing and counting of mail-in ballots \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/vopp-table-16-when-absentee-mail-ballot-processing-and-counting-can-begin.aspx\">until after the polls close\u003c/a>. Local election officials have been explaining their counting process in advance and trying to set voters' expectations around the pace with which results will come out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results could also shift dramatically over the course of election night depending on which ballots are counted first. With Republicans increasingly focused on voting in-person on Election Day, while many Democrats vote early or by mail, the results could swing from one party to the other depending on the batch of ballots that has been tabulated. It's not a sign that the results have been tampered with, merely an indication that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/28/1128695831/united-states-2022-patterns-mail-early-voting\">the ways people vote has become polarized\u003c/a> and with it, the way the results come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many voters watch election night coverage on TV and get the impression that the TV networks have some role in determining the outcome when they make race calls. That's not true. What the networks are actually doing is making projections about the winner based on the public vote counts released by local and state election officials. State election officials are the only ones who officially declare a winner in a process that can take days or weeks after Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR relies on The Associated Press for its vote count data and uses that organization's race calls. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/about/our-role-in-elections/how-we-call-races\">The AP says it makes a call\u003c/a> only when it \"is fully confident a race has been won — defined most simply as the moment a trailing candidate no longer has a path to victory.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Be wary of what photos and videos purport to show\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>You could see photos and videos alleging nefarious behavior or a gross injustice. Look for a difference between what the post says you're seeing and what the video or photo actually shows. Often, a photo or video is grainy, magnified or altogether not clear. Sometimes \u003ca href=\"https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/how-to-do-a-reverse-image-search-from-your-phone\">a reverse image search\u003c/a> will reveal that the picture is years old or from another country! In many cases, there's no evidence in the post or allegation to support the premise that someone is, for example, casting a ballot illegally, mishandling a ballot or being denied the right to vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/03/1133686674/how-documentary-style-films-turn-conspiracy-theories-into-a-call-to-action\">a recent documentary-style film\u003c/a> that alleged widespread fraud during 2020 used still images of a man casting a ballot in a Georgia drop box to claim the man was voting illegally. In fact, the man was voting legally and is \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/10/27/2020-election-fraud-claims-voting/\">suing the filmmakers for defamation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Documented cases of election fraud are extremely rare\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The 2020 election was the most-scrutinized election in U.S. history. There were \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_interest/election_law/litigation/\">dozens of federal and state lawsuits\u003c/a> challenging various aspects of how the election was conducted and in some instances, asserting organized election fraud. None of those claims was corroborated. None of the suits led to changes in the outcome of the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most cases of ballot and election fraud tend to involve an extremely small number of ballots and are quickly identified. The most significant case of election fraud in the past 40 years took place in Bladen County, N.C., in 2018 when the state \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsbe.gov/news/press-releases/2019/02/25/state-board-unanimously-orders-new-election-9th-congressional-district\">refused to certify the results of a U.S. House race\u003c/a> after investigators revealed that a political operative working for the Republican candidate had mishandled a significant number of absentee ballots he had collected. The results of that contest were called into question \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/01/672531061/amid-fraud-allegations-state-election-board-wont-certify-north-carolina-house-ra\">within weeks of Election Day\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the broadest database of election fraud cases collected by the conservative \u003ca href=\"https://www.heritage.org/voterfraud/search\">Heritage Foundation\u003c/a> shows about 750 cases of documented voter fraud involving approximately 1,100 people over 40 years and billions of ballots cast. Many election researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.brennancenter.org/issues/ensure-every-american-can-vote/vote-suppression/myth-voter-fraud\">take issue with the organization's methodology\u003c/a>, which they view as overly expansive.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Election workers are your neighbors\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The people at your polling place and the people handling and counting ballots \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/05/1115262313/research-how-to-fight-election-misinformation?utm_source=npr_newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=20221103&utm_term=7474261&utm_campaign=the-new-normal&utm_id=25461078&orgid=309&utm_att1=\">live in your city or county\u003c/a>. Many are \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2018/10/22/few-people-want-to-be-poll-workers-and-thats-a-problem\">volunteers or paid relatively little\u003c/a>. Many work in offices that are understaffed. Many do the job because they \u003ca href=\"https://democracyfund.org/idea/understanding-the-career-journeys-of-todays-local-election-officials-and-anticipating-tomorrows-potential-shortage/\">believe it's important and work hard to be scrupulously nonpartisan\u003c/a>. Sharing material that names and accuses election workers of illegal behavior could lead to that person facing harassment, even death threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It turned my life upside down,\" said Georgia election worker \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/22/1106459556/shaye-moss-staffed-an-election-office-in-georgia-then-she-was-targeted-by-trump\">Shaye Moss\u003c/a> during testimony before the U.S. House committee investigating the Jan. 6 insurrection at the U.S. Capitol, referring to conspiracy theories that targeted her and her mother, Ruby Freeman. \"I don't want anyone knowing my name.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Election workers are also human and can make mistakes. But in today's environment, a mistake of any kind can become fodder for \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/14/1128968745/how-quotation-marks-turned-a-story-about-a-clerical-error-into-one-about-voter-f\">a conspiratorial narrative\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>If a news story gives you an emotional response, pause\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It's OK to react emotionally to the news! There are a lot of things happening in the world that many people find upsetting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in our highly polarized society, many actors try to capitalize on tribal political identities. They share falsehoods and misrepresentations that will incite an emotional response and short-circuit the instinct to consider whether something can be true, or even plausible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't fall prey to their tactics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you encounter a story like that, take a deep breath and ask yourself whether it's worth sharing and contributing further to the wildfires on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+to+avoid+sharing+false+or+misleading+news+about+the+election&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Election Day is Tuesday, but with early voting, the more accepted use of mail voting and the prospect of razor-thin races, it’s really Election Season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Tuesday only marks the beginning of the next phase in that season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gird for many of these elections to go on for days, if not weeks. This is all perfectly normal when there are close elections. It doesn’t mean that there is fraud — despite the lies about his 2020 loss that former President Donald Trump has pushed and so many candidates he’s backed have promulgated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans need a net gain of just five seats to take back the House. They’re in the driver’s seat and widely expected to reach that and then some. But the full extent of a GOP wave, if there is one, or whether Democrats pull off the surprise and hold the House, won’t be known for a while.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these races are expected to be close and will take a while to count all the vote. There are lots of competitive seats in California, for example. California polls don’t close until 11 p.m. ET, so don’t expect many of those to be known on election night. In past years, that’s been the case, and it’s taken a long time to know results — days and weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Senate, all eyes are going to be on four states — Pennsylvania and Georgia in the East and Arizona and Nevada in the West. In Georgia, there’s a libertarian on the ballot, who very likely will serve as a place for protest vote — meaning neither the Democrat nor Republican in the race might surpass the 50% threshold required to win the election outright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that happens, the election would go to a Dec. 6 runoff, which means control of the Senate quite possibly won’t be known for a month after Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Election results often require patience. This one is no different.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11931340\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11931340\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-800x490.jpg\" alt=\"people wait line to vote at a polling place\" width=\"800\" height=\"490\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-800x490.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-1020x624.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-1536x940.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People wait in line to vote Saturday at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina. \u003ccite>(Sean Rayford/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent years have seen \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/28/1128695831/united-states-2022-patterns-mail-early-voting\">a rise in mail voting\u003c/a>, and states have different rules for when those mail ballots are due. States have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/vopp-table-16-when-absentee-mail-ballot-processing-and-counting-can-begin.aspx?utm_source=Iterable&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=campaign_emailThreeThings\">different procedures\u003c/a> for when those ballots can be taken out of their envelopes to be processed and tallied, and this can lengthen the count.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s look at five states, all with crucial Senate races, where there could be delays and confusion:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pennsylvania \u003c/strong>is one of the places we’re expecting to see a pretty dramatic shift on Election Night. Vote tallying should be faster this year than in 2020, considering there will be fewer mail-in ballots likely, but those mail ballots will still take longer and will lead to confusion. Beware a “Red Mirage” and a later “\u003ca href=\"https://www.inquirer.com/politics/election/pennsylvania-2022-election-results-vote-count-timing-20221020.html\">Blue Shift\u003c/a>.” Lots of mail-in ballots will be reported early, and we know that Democrats have been far more likely to say they will be voting early or by mail. That could initially make it look like a Democratic lead, but then in-person ballot results will come in, likely showing Republicans pulling ahead in a close race. Then the rest of the mail ballot results will trickle in later in the evening because they take longer to tabulate and will likely favor Democrats and shift things even more. And Philadelphia simply takes a very long time to report its results. This is what always happens. It is not nefarious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wisconsin\u003c/strong> doesn’t allow election officials to begin processing mail ballots until polls open on Election Day. Also, if Milwaukee (high concentration of Black voters) and Dane (University of Wisconsin, younger and more liberal voters) take a longer time to report, then you could see another Red Mirage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Arizona \u003c/strong>saw a slow trickle in Trump’s favor in 2020 as the hours went on. But others years have seen the opposite. It’s unclear which way the shift will go this year, but there will probably be one. The 2020 presidential was called at almost 3 a.m. ET, but the vote counting continued for days and Biden’s lead, though it held up, continued to shrink. Ultimately, the state was decided by just 0.3 percentage points, and Arizona has recently switched to automatic recounts for any contest that’s separated by 0.5% or less. Arizona has been ground zero for election denialism with counts and recounts and an attempt at putting a fake slate of electors up in favor of Trump. So in addition to the close vote, the challenges and noise that will happen around the legitimacy of the vote could cause even more chaos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Georgia \u003c/strong>has seen a huge population shift in Atlanta and the surrounding suburbs that have tilted the political hue bluer in recent years. And those suburbs report their results later than rural counties — so again there could be another Red Mirage here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nevada\u003c/strong> is a similar story to Georgia. It’s a growth state, and most of that boom has been in Las Vegas, which is in Clark County, the largest population center in the state and where almost 70% of all the state’s votes came from in 2020. Clark and Washoe (Reno), which went for Biden in 2020, count more slowly than the more rural counties that will overwhelmingly favor Republicans. Also, post-pandemic, Nevada is one state that has moved toward mail voting. People still have the option to vote in person, but every resident in the state was mailed a ballot unless they chose to opt out of receiving one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind also that election officials first report unofficial results. Certified results come days, if not weeks, later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal challenges and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/automatic-recount-thresholds.aspx\">recounts\u003c/a> can also lengthen the time before a winner is determined. Expect that this will go on a while, so patience will be needed in this impatient time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Be+patient%3A+This+election+is+probably+going+to+go+on+a+while&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Election Day is Tuesday, but with early voting, the more accepted use of mail voting and the prospect of razor-thin races, it’s really Election Season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Tuesday only marks the beginning of the next phase in that season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gird for many of these elections to go on for days, if not weeks. This is all perfectly normal when there are close elections. It doesn’t mean that there is fraud — despite the lies about his 2020 loss that former President Donald Trump has pushed and so many candidates he’s backed have promulgated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans need a net gain of just five seats to take back the House. They’re in the driver’s seat and widely expected to reach that and then some. But the full extent of a GOP wave, if there is one, or whether Democrats pull off the surprise and hold the House, won’t be known for a while.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these races are expected to be close and will take a while to count all the vote. There are lots of competitive seats in California, for example. California polls don’t close until 11 p.m. ET, so don’t expect many of those to be known on election night. In past years, that’s been the case, and it’s taken a long time to know results — days and weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Senate, all eyes are going to be on four states — Pennsylvania and Georgia in the East and Arizona and Nevada in the West. In Georgia, there’s a libertarian on the ballot, who very likely will serve as a place for protest vote — meaning neither the Democrat nor Republican in the race might surpass the 50% threshold required to win the election outright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that happens, the election would go to a Dec. 6 runoff, which means control of the Senate quite possibly won’t be known for a month after Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Election results often require patience. This one is no different.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11931340\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11931340\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-800x490.jpg\" alt=\"people wait line to vote at a polling place\" width=\"800\" height=\"490\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-800x490.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-1020x624.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-1536x940.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People wait in line to vote Saturday at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina. \u003ccite>(Sean Rayford/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent years have seen \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/28/1128695831/united-states-2022-patterns-mail-early-voting\">a rise in mail voting\u003c/a>, and states have different rules for when those mail ballots are due. States have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/vopp-table-16-when-absentee-mail-ballot-processing-and-counting-can-begin.aspx?utm_source=Iterable&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=campaign_emailThreeThings\">different procedures\u003c/a> for when those ballots can be taken out of their envelopes to be processed and tallied, and this can lengthen the count.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s look at five states, all with crucial Senate races, where there could be delays and confusion:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pennsylvania \u003c/strong>is one of the places we’re expecting to see a pretty dramatic shift on Election Night. Vote tallying should be faster this year than in 2020, considering there will be fewer mail-in ballots likely, but those mail ballots will still take longer and will lead to confusion. Beware a “Red Mirage” and a later “\u003ca href=\"https://www.inquirer.com/politics/election/pennsylvania-2022-election-results-vote-count-timing-20221020.html\">Blue Shift\u003c/a>.” Lots of mail-in ballots will be reported early, and we know that Democrats have been far more likely to say they will be voting early or by mail. That could initially make it look like a Democratic lead, but then in-person ballot results will come in, likely showing Republicans pulling ahead in a close race. Then the rest of the mail ballot results will trickle in later in the evening because they take longer to tabulate and will likely favor Democrats and shift things even more. And Philadelphia simply takes a very long time to report its results. This is what always happens. It is not nefarious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wisconsin\u003c/strong> doesn’t allow election officials to begin processing mail ballots until polls open on Election Day. Also, if Milwaukee (high concentration of Black voters) and Dane (University of Wisconsin, younger and more liberal voters) take a longer time to report, then you could see another Red Mirage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Arizona \u003c/strong>saw a slow trickle in Trump’s favor in 2020 as the hours went on. But others years have seen the opposite. It’s unclear which way the shift will go this year, but there will probably be one. The 2020 presidential was called at almost 3 a.m. ET, but the vote counting continued for days and Biden’s lead, though it held up, continued to shrink. Ultimately, the state was decided by just 0.3 percentage points, and Arizona has recently switched to automatic recounts for any contest that’s separated by 0.5% or less. Arizona has been ground zero for election denialism with counts and recounts and an attempt at putting a fake slate of electors up in favor of Trump. So in addition to the close vote, the challenges and noise that will happen around the legitimacy of the vote could cause even more chaos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Georgia \u003c/strong>has seen a huge population shift in Atlanta and the surrounding suburbs that have tilted the political hue bluer in recent years. And those suburbs report their results later than rural counties — so again there could be another Red Mirage here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nevada\u003c/strong> is a similar story to Georgia. It’s a growth state, and most of that boom has been in Las Vegas, which is in Clark County, the largest population center in the state and where almost 70% of all the state’s votes came from in 2020. Clark and Washoe (Reno), which went for Biden in 2020, count more slowly than the more rural counties that will overwhelmingly favor Republicans. Also, post-pandemic, Nevada is one state that has moved toward mail voting. People still have the option to vote in person, but every resident in the state was mailed a ballot unless they chose to opt out of receiving one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind also that election officials first report unofficial results. Certified results come days, if not weeks, later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal challenges and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/automatic-recount-thresholds.aspx\">recounts\u003c/a> can also lengthen the time before a winner is determined. Expect that this will go on a while, so patience will be needed in this impatient time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Be+patient%3A+This+election+is+probably+going+to+go+on+a+while&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How to Protect Your Car From Catalytic Converter Theft, and What to Do if It Happens",
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"content": "\u003cp>How can car owners protect themselves from the wave of catalytic converter theft that has swept the country?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Claims for stolen catalytic converters doubled in the year ending June 2022, \u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.statefarm.com/continued-surge-in-catalytic-converter-theft/\">according to State Farm\u003c/a>, the largest auto insurer in the U.S., whose customers reported more than 43,200 stolen converters that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since 2019, converter theft has risen 1,215%, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nicb.org/news/blog/rise-vehicle-theft\">according to the National Insurance Crime Bureau\u003c/a>, an industry group that tracks insurance-related crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/03/1133788485/catalytic-converters-theft-ring-federal-fbi\">the Department of Justice announced the arrest of 21 people\u003c/a> in connection with a crime ring accused of making $545 million by trafficking stolen catalytic converters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catalytic converters — which helps a car clean its exhaust — have become a target for theft in large part because of the price of precious metals, like palladium and platinum, that are used in the parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, crucially, their location on the exterior of a car’s underside makes them easy to steal, David Glawe of the NCIB \u003ca href=\"https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2022/04/22/catalytic-converters-cars-theft\">told NPR earlier this year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stealing a converter takes just a few minutes and a battery-operated saw. “You slide under the car, slice through your exhaust system, and you’re in and out usually within 30 seconds to a minute,” Glawe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Especially at risk are cars with enough tire clearance for a thief to easily slide underneath, like SUVs and pickup trucks. Hybrids are also attractive targets because their converters contain even more precious metals.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Todd Foreman, director of law enforcement outreach, Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries\"]‘It’s happening because people go to the hospital and either park and visit, or they’re in the hospital for a long period of time, and their car sits there.’[/pullquote]Replacing a stolen converter can cost thousands. Here are some precautions you can take:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How can I protect my car from catalytic converter theft?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Insurance companies, mechanics and police departments have recommended a wide range of anti-theft measures designed to deter a would-be thief. “It’s a holistic approach,” said Glawe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The simplest solution is to keep your car away from public access when you’re not using it. If you have access to a garage, keep your car there. Those without a garage should try to park their car in a well-lit area, or somewhere you can install a security camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even a garage might not be enough to protect your car. Public parking spots of all kinds have become a target for daytime theft, the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, a recycling industry trade group, has warned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[At] hospitals, it’s happening because people go to the hospital and either park and visit, or they’re in the hospital for a long period of time, and their car sits there,” said Todd Foreman, the group’s director of law enforcement outreach. “It’s happening to big trucks, to churches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities have hosted workshops in which car owners can get their vehicle identification numbers engraved on their catalytic converter for free — an indication to would-be buyers that the converter has been stolen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foreman also recommends painting your converter with brightly colored, high-temperature paint, which can put off a thief who’d have to scrape it all off before selling. “If they climb under a car and see it’s spray-painted,” he said, “they know they’re more likely to be caught stealing those catalytic converters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other solutions might cost a bit of money: Owners can attach alarm systems that are triggered by the vibration of a thief’s saw. Other, more expensive anti-theft devices are designed to make a converter more cumbersome to remove. Mechanics can also weld on metal plates or rebar to shield the converter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What should I do if it’s been stolen?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If your converter has been stolen, you’re likely to notice right away: Without the converter, your car will be much noisier than usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most cars will run without a catalytic converter, though it’s inadvisable to do so for longer than necessary. Because the purpose of a catalytic converter is to reduce harmful emissions, cars without one will pollute much more heavily than an intact car, and you could fail an emissions inspection in states that require them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When thieves use a saw to remove a catalytic converter, they can also cause damage to nearby parts of your car, like the alternator or fuel lines. It’s best to get your car checked out by a mechanic as soon as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And check your car insurance. Comprehensive coverage on an auto insurance policy will cover damage to your car that occurs outside of a collision — including theft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How can car owners protect themselves from the wave of catalytic converter theft that has swept the country?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Claims for stolen catalytic converters doubled in the year ending June 2022, \u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.statefarm.com/continued-surge-in-catalytic-converter-theft/\">according to State Farm\u003c/a>, the largest auto insurer in the U.S., whose customers reported more than 43,200 stolen converters that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since 2019, converter theft has risen 1,215%, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nicb.org/news/blog/rise-vehicle-theft\">according to the National Insurance Crime Bureau\u003c/a>, an industry group that tracks insurance-related crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/03/1133788485/catalytic-converters-theft-ring-federal-fbi\">the Department of Justice announced the arrest of 21 people\u003c/a> in connection with a crime ring accused of making $545 million by trafficking stolen catalytic converters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catalytic converters — which helps a car clean its exhaust — have become a target for theft in large part because of the price of precious metals, like palladium and platinum, that are used in the parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, crucially, their location on the exterior of a car’s underside makes them easy to steal, David Glawe of the NCIB \u003ca href=\"https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2022/04/22/catalytic-converters-cars-theft\">told NPR earlier this year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stealing a converter takes just a few minutes and a battery-operated saw. “You slide under the car, slice through your exhaust system, and you’re in and out usually within 30 seconds to a minute,” Glawe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Especially at risk are cars with enough tire clearance for a thief to easily slide underneath, like SUVs and pickup trucks. Hybrids are also attractive targets because their converters contain even more precious metals.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Replacing a stolen converter can cost thousands. Here are some precautions you can take:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How can I protect my car from catalytic converter theft?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Insurance companies, mechanics and police departments have recommended a wide range of anti-theft measures designed to deter a would-be thief. “It’s a holistic approach,” said Glawe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The simplest solution is to keep your car away from public access when you’re not using it. If you have access to a garage, keep your car there. Those without a garage should try to park their car in a well-lit area, or somewhere you can install a security camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even a garage might not be enough to protect your car. Public parking spots of all kinds have become a target for daytime theft, the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, a recycling industry trade group, has warned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[At] hospitals, it’s happening because people go to the hospital and either park and visit, or they’re in the hospital for a long period of time, and their car sits there,” said Todd Foreman, the group’s director of law enforcement outreach. “It’s happening to big trucks, to churches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities have hosted workshops in which car owners can get their vehicle identification numbers engraved on their catalytic converter for free — an indication to would-be buyers that the converter has been stolen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foreman also recommends painting your converter with brightly colored, high-temperature paint, which can put off a thief who’d have to scrape it all off before selling. “If they climb under a car and see it’s spray-painted,” he said, “they know they’re more likely to be caught stealing those catalytic converters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other solutions might cost a bit of money: Owners can attach alarm systems that are triggered by the vibration of a thief’s saw. Other, more expensive anti-theft devices are designed to make a converter more cumbersome to remove. Mechanics can also weld on metal plates or rebar to shield the converter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What should I do if it’s been stolen?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If your converter has been stolen, you’re likely to notice right away: Without the converter, your car will be much noisier than usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most cars will run without a catalytic converter, though it’s inadvisable to do so for longer than necessary. Because the purpose of a catalytic converter is to reduce harmful emissions, cars without one will pollute much more heavily than an intact car, and you could fail an emissions inspection in states that require them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When thieves use a saw to remove a catalytic converter, they can also cause damage to nearby parts of your car, like the alternator or fuel lines. It’s best to get your car checked out by a mechanic as soon as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And check your car insurance. Comprehensive coverage on an auto insurance policy will cover damage to your car that occurs outside of a collision — including theft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm?s_cid=rr7103a1_w\">new guidance \u003c/a>for clinicians on how and when to prescribe opioids for pain. Released Thursday, this revamps the agency’s 2016 recommendations which some doctors and patients have criticized for promoting a culture of austerity around opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC officials say that doctors, insurers, pharmacies and regulators sometimes misapplied the older guidelines, causing some patients significant harm, including “untreated and undertreated pain, serious withdrawal symptoms, worsening pain outcomes, psychological distress, overdose, and [suicide],” according to the updated guidance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 100-page document and its topline recommendation serve as a roadmap for prescribers who are navigating the thorny issue of treating pain, including advice on handling pain relief after surgery and managing chronic pain conditions, which are estimated to affect as many as one in every five people in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2016 guidelines proved immensely influential in shaping policy — fueling a push by insurers, state medical boards, politicians and federal law enforcement to curb prescribing of opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fallout, doctors and researchers say, is hard to overstate: a crisis of untreated pain. Many patients with severe chronic pain saw their longstanding prescriptions rapidly reduced or cut off altogether, sometimes with dire consequences, like suicide or overdose as they turned to the tainted supply of illicit drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal agencies had tried to course correct, making it clear that the older voluntary guidelines were not intended to become strict policies or laws. But doctors and patient advocates also held out hope that the CDC’s updated guidelines would undo some of the unintended consequences of the earlier guidance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was clearly on the mind of CDC health officials when they announced the new clinical guidelines on Thursday.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Dr. Samer Narouze, president, American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine\"]‘You can tell the culture around the 2016 guidelines was just to cut down opioids, that opioids are bad. It’s the opposite here, you can sense they are more caring more about patients living in pain. It’s directed more towards relieving their pain and their suffering.’[/pullquote]“The guideline recommendations are voluntary and meant to guide shared decision-making between a clinician and patient,” said Christopher Jones, acting head of the CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control and a co-author of the updated guidelines, during a media briefing. “It’s not meant to be implemented as absolute limits of policy or practice by clinicians, health systems, insurance companies, governmental entities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change in outlook is evident all over the new guidelines, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.asra.com/about-asra\">Dr. Samer Narouze\u003c/a>, the president of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell the culture around the 2016 guidelines was just to cut down opioids, that opioids are bad,” he says. “It’s the opposite here, you can sense they are more caring more about patients living in pain. It’s directed more towards relieving their pain and their suffering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A new focus on individualized care\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Opioid prescribing started to decline in 2012 and that trend continued after the 2016 guidelines were released. There’s widespread agreement that opioids should be used cautiously because of the risks associated with addiction and overdose. But today, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2022/202205.htm\">majority of overdose deaths\u003c/a> are not due to prescription opioids, but rather illicit fentanyl and other illegal drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Battling the street drugs driving the overdose crisis today is “not the aim of this guideline,” Jones said, describing those efforts as a separate but parallel “whole of government” approach. Instead, the focus is on pain patients. “The goal is to advance pain, function and quality of life [for patients] while also reducing misuse, diversion, consequences of prescription opioid misuse,” Jones said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new guidelines still emphasize that opioids should not be the go-to treatment in many cases, pointing to evidence that other treatments and approaches are often comparable for improving pain and function. However, the recommendations make clear the guidance should not replace clinical judgment and that clinicians can work with patients who are in pain, even if that means continuing them on opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every patient is a different story and deserves individualized care,” says Narouze. “This is what I like most about the new guidelines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More work to be done\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While the voluntary guidelines are a welcome step, their impact depends largely on how state and federal agencies and other authorities respond to them, says \u003ca href=\"https://law.northeastern.edu/faculty/beletsky/\">Leo Beletsky\u003c/a>, professor of law and health sciences at Northeastern University and director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthinjustice.org/\">Health in Justice Action Lab\u003c/a> there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CDC needs to be a lot more proactive than just putting out this update and trying to walk back some of the misinterpretation of the previous version,” he says. The agency needs to work with other federal agencies, he says, including Health and Human Services and the Drug Enforcement Administration, as well as law enforcement to implement these guidelines.[aside label='Related Articles' tag='opioid']For example, Beletsky points to how the definition of high-dosage opioid use — described as 90 or more \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/Guidelines_At-A-Glance-508.pdf\">morphine milligram equivalents (PDF)\u003c/a> daily \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6501e1.htm\">in the 2016 recommendations\u003c/a> — was used to establish legal limits. “The [2016] guideline itself was clear that this was not a bright line rule,” he says, “But it became a de facto label, separating appropriate and inappropriate prescribing,” he says. And this led law enforcement in some states to use the limit “as a sword to go after prescribers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These doses and limits — set without much scientific evidence to back them up — have had a chilling effect on doctors, says \u003ca href=\"https://uspainfoundation.org/about-us/our-team/\">Cindy Steinberg\u003c/a>, a patient advocate with U.S. Pain Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people that I know — and I know a lot of people living with chronic pain — have already been taken off their medication. Doctors are incredibly fearful of prescribing at all.” From Steinberg’s perspective, the new CDC guidelines remain overly restrictive and won’t make much difference to the patients who have already been harmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Specific dose and duration limits are out\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The most consequential changes in the new guidance come in the form of 12 bullet points that lay out general principles related to prescribing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the 2016 version, those takeaways no longer include specific limits on the dose and duration of an opioid prescription that a patient can take, although deeper in the document it does warn against prescribing above a certain threshold. The new recommendations also explicitly caution physicians against rapidly tapering or discontinuing the prescriptions of patients who are already taking opioids — unless there are indications of a life-threatening issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think they are very comprehensive and compassionate,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwh.org/find-a-doctor/find-a-doctor-profile/antje-barreveld-m-md\">Dr. Antje Barreveld\u003c/a>, medical director of the Pain Management Services at Newton Wellesley Hospital. “Those arbitrary marks of what’s acceptable and not acceptable is what got us into trouble with the 2016 guidelines, because it made this blanket cutoff for our patients and that’s not what pain management is about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The direction on reducing opioids when possible still raises some concerns for clinicians like \u003ca href=\"https://www.uab.edu/news/experts/all-experts-category/item/4678-kertesz-stefan\">Stefan Kertesz\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would emphasize that when you take a stable patient and reduce [their prescription], you’re engaged in an experiment,” says Kertesz. “Dose reduction is simply an uncertain intervention that sometimes helps and sometimes causes the patient to die. So I would rather they have said, ‘Look, this is an uncertain intervention.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, he adds that the strength of the new guidance is its repeated emphasis that a specific dose should not be used by agencies, law enforcement and payers to enforce a one-size fits all approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Unravelling rigid opioid prescribing policies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s uncertain if the new guidance will translate into substantive changes for patients who are struggling to have their pain treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many patients currently can’t find treatment, in the aftermath of the 2016 guidelines, says Barreveld, because doctors are wary of prescribing at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She remembers one recent instance when an elderly patient of hers was suffering from severe arthritis in her neck and knees. “I recommended to the primary care doctor to start low-dose opioids and the primary care doctor said ‘no,'” Barreveld says. “What happened? The patient was admitted to the hospital, thousands of dollars a day for eight days, and what was she discharged on? Two to three pills of an opioid a day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The previous guidelines led to restrictions on prescribing being codified as policy or law. It’s not clear those rules will be re-written in light of the new guidelines even though they state they’re “not intended to be implemented as absolute limits for policy or practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is a good idea, and it will have absolutely no effect unless three major agencies take action immediately,” says Kertesz. “The DEA, the National Committee for Quality Assurance, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, all three agencies use the dose thresholds from the 2016 guideline as the basis for payment quality metrics and legal investigation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to coordinate and fix the harms that came from the 2016 guidance relies on leadership from the CDC — an agency whose credibility and authority has taken a hit during the COVID-19 pandemic, Beletsky says. Still, the agency has learned from the criticisms and harms from the last round of guidance. “So my hope is that CDC is now better equipped and prepared to take the guideline and translate it to the ground level,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quality of life for many patients living with chronic pain will depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The federal government's new opioid prescribing guidelines may help doctors better manage patients with chronic pain who need consistent doses of pain medicines.",
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"title": "CDC Issues New Opioid Prescribing Guidance, Giving Doctors More Leeway to Treat Pain | KQED",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/919093243/will-stone\">Will Stone\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/people/729920828/pien-huang\">Pien Huang\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm?s_cid=rr7103a1_w\">new guidance \u003c/a>for clinicians on how and when to prescribe opioids for pain. Released Thursday, this revamps the agency’s 2016 recommendations which some doctors and patients have criticized for promoting a culture of austerity around opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC officials say that doctors, insurers, pharmacies and regulators sometimes misapplied the older guidelines, causing some patients significant harm, including “untreated and undertreated pain, serious withdrawal symptoms, worsening pain outcomes, psychological distress, overdose, and [suicide],” according to the updated guidance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 100-page document and its topline recommendation serve as a roadmap for prescribers who are navigating the thorny issue of treating pain, including advice on handling pain relief after surgery and managing chronic pain conditions, which are estimated to affect as many as one in every five people in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2016 guidelines proved immensely influential in shaping policy — fueling a push by insurers, state medical boards, politicians and federal law enforcement to curb prescribing of opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fallout, doctors and researchers say, is hard to overstate: a crisis of untreated pain. Many patients with severe chronic pain saw their longstanding prescriptions rapidly reduced or cut off altogether, sometimes with dire consequences, like suicide or overdose as they turned to the tainted supply of illicit drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal agencies had tried to course correct, making it clear that the older voluntary guidelines were not intended to become strict policies or laws. But doctors and patient advocates also held out hope that the CDC’s updated guidelines would undo some of the unintended consequences of the earlier guidance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was clearly on the mind of CDC health officials when they announced the new clinical guidelines on Thursday.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘You can tell the culture around the 2016 guidelines was just to cut down opioids, that opioids are bad. It’s the opposite here, you can sense they are more caring more about patients living in pain. It’s directed more towards relieving their pain and their suffering.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“The guideline recommendations are voluntary and meant to guide shared decision-making between a clinician and patient,” said Christopher Jones, acting head of the CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control and a co-author of the updated guidelines, during a media briefing. “It’s not meant to be implemented as absolute limits of policy or practice by clinicians, health systems, insurance companies, governmental entities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change in outlook is evident all over the new guidelines, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.asra.com/about-asra\">Dr. Samer Narouze\u003c/a>, the president of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell the culture around the 2016 guidelines was just to cut down opioids, that opioids are bad,” he says. “It’s the opposite here, you can sense they are more caring more about patients living in pain. It’s directed more towards relieving their pain and their suffering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A new focus on individualized care\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Opioid prescribing started to decline in 2012 and that trend continued after the 2016 guidelines were released. There’s widespread agreement that opioids should be used cautiously because of the risks associated with addiction and overdose. But today, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2022/202205.htm\">majority of overdose deaths\u003c/a> are not due to prescription opioids, but rather illicit fentanyl and other illegal drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Battling the street drugs driving the overdose crisis today is “not the aim of this guideline,” Jones said, describing those efforts as a separate but parallel “whole of government” approach. Instead, the focus is on pain patients. “The goal is to advance pain, function and quality of life [for patients] while also reducing misuse, diversion, consequences of prescription opioid misuse,” Jones said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new guidelines still emphasize that opioids should not be the go-to treatment in many cases, pointing to evidence that other treatments and approaches are often comparable for improving pain and function. However, the recommendations make clear the guidance should not replace clinical judgment and that clinicians can work with patients who are in pain, even if that means continuing them on opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every patient is a different story and deserves individualized care,” says Narouze. “This is what I like most about the new guidelines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More work to be done\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While the voluntary guidelines are a welcome step, their impact depends largely on how state and federal agencies and other authorities respond to them, says \u003ca href=\"https://law.northeastern.edu/faculty/beletsky/\">Leo Beletsky\u003c/a>, professor of law and health sciences at Northeastern University and director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthinjustice.org/\">Health in Justice Action Lab\u003c/a> there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CDC needs to be a lot more proactive than just putting out this update and trying to walk back some of the misinterpretation of the previous version,” he says. The agency needs to work with other federal agencies, he says, including Health and Human Services and the Drug Enforcement Administration, as well as law enforcement to implement these guidelines.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>For example, Beletsky points to how the definition of high-dosage opioid use — described as 90 or more \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/Guidelines_At-A-Glance-508.pdf\">morphine milligram equivalents (PDF)\u003c/a> daily \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6501e1.htm\">in the 2016 recommendations\u003c/a> — was used to establish legal limits. “The [2016] guideline itself was clear that this was not a bright line rule,” he says, “But it became a de facto label, separating appropriate and inappropriate prescribing,” he says. And this led law enforcement in some states to use the limit “as a sword to go after prescribers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These doses and limits — set without much scientific evidence to back them up — have had a chilling effect on doctors, says \u003ca href=\"https://uspainfoundation.org/about-us/our-team/\">Cindy Steinberg\u003c/a>, a patient advocate with U.S. Pain Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people that I know — and I know a lot of people living with chronic pain — have already been taken off their medication. Doctors are incredibly fearful of prescribing at all.” From Steinberg’s perspective, the new CDC guidelines remain overly restrictive and won’t make much difference to the patients who have already been harmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Specific dose and duration limits are out\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The most consequential changes in the new guidance come in the form of 12 bullet points that lay out general principles related to prescribing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the 2016 version, those takeaways no longer include specific limits on the dose and duration of an opioid prescription that a patient can take, although deeper in the document it does warn against prescribing above a certain threshold. The new recommendations also explicitly caution physicians against rapidly tapering or discontinuing the prescriptions of patients who are already taking opioids — unless there are indications of a life-threatening issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think they are very comprehensive and compassionate,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwh.org/find-a-doctor/find-a-doctor-profile/antje-barreveld-m-md\">Dr. Antje Barreveld\u003c/a>, medical director of the Pain Management Services at Newton Wellesley Hospital. “Those arbitrary marks of what’s acceptable and not acceptable is what got us into trouble with the 2016 guidelines, because it made this blanket cutoff for our patients and that’s not what pain management is about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The direction on reducing opioids when possible still raises some concerns for clinicians like \u003ca href=\"https://www.uab.edu/news/experts/all-experts-category/item/4678-kertesz-stefan\">Stefan Kertesz\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would emphasize that when you take a stable patient and reduce [their prescription], you’re engaged in an experiment,” says Kertesz. “Dose reduction is simply an uncertain intervention that sometimes helps and sometimes causes the patient to die. So I would rather they have said, ‘Look, this is an uncertain intervention.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, he adds that the strength of the new guidance is its repeated emphasis that a specific dose should not be used by agencies, law enforcement and payers to enforce a one-size fits all approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Unravelling rigid opioid prescribing policies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s uncertain if the new guidance will translate into substantive changes for patients who are struggling to have their pain treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many patients currently can’t find treatment, in the aftermath of the 2016 guidelines, says Barreveld, because doctors are wary of prescribing at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She remembers one recent instance when an elderly patient of hers was suffering from severe arthritis in her neck and knees. “I recommended to the primary care doctor to start low-dose opioids and the primary care doctor said ‘no,'” Barreveld says. “What happened? The patient was admitted to the hospital, thousands of dollars a day for eight days, and what was she discharged on? Two to three pills of an opioid a day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The previous guidelines led to restrictions on prescribing being codified as policy or law. It’s not clear those rules will be re-written in light of the new guidelines even though they state they’re “not intended to be implemented as absolute limits for policy or practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is a good idea, and it will have absolutely no effect unless three major agencies take action immediately,” says Kertesz. “The DEA, the National Committee for Quality Assurance, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, all three agencies use the dose thresholds from the 2016 guideline as the basis for payment quality metrics and legal investigation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to coordinate and fix the harms that came from the 2016 guidance relies on leadership from the CDC — an agency whose credibility and authority has taken a hit during the COVID-19 pandemic, Beletsky says. Still, the agency has learned from the criticisms and harms from the last round of guidance. “So my hope is that CDC is now better equipped and prepared to take the guideline and translate it to the ground level,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quality of life for many patients living with chronic pain will depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "8-tips-to-follow-if-youre-trapped-in-a-crushing-crowd",
"title": "8 Tips to Follow if You're Trapped in a Crushing Crowd",
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"headTitle": "8 Tips to Follow if You’re Trapped in a Crushing Crowd | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>When does a crowd become dangerous? Should you push back in a crush of people? Those are some of the questions you might be asking yourself after recent tragedies in Indonesia, where \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/04/1126721839/indonesia-soccer-stadium-stampede-gates-small\">more than 130 people died near the gates at a soccer stadium \u003c/a> earlier this month, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/29/1132615973/seoul-crowd-surge-halloween\">in South Korea, where over 100 people died while celebrating Halloween\u003c/a> in a narrow city street on Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Jump straight to: \u003ca href=\"#crowdtips\">8 tips to follow if you’re trapped in a crushing crowd\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The crowd surges put a spotlight on \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/08/1053548075/live-nation-a-company-behind-astroworld-has-a-long-history-of-safety-violations\">how organizers and emergency staff handled the event\u003c/a>. But it also raises direct and personal questions about what we should do to avoid an unsafe crowd — and how you can help yourself and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the time what we do is we give advice to organizers” about managing crowds, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mehdimoussaid.com/en/\">Mehdi Moussaïd, a research scientist in Berlin who studies crowd behavior\u003c/a>. “But actually, we don’t give so often advice to the people that are in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking to help the average person, Moussaïd, who works at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development, came up with “tips to survive” a dangerous crowd situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We should note that while Moussaïd has studied a number of cases where crowds became deadly, he’s not afraid to be in a crowded environment, like at a concert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I actually like it,” he says. “I used to be afraid of crowds, before I was a scientist in this domain. But I think that was mostly because I didn’t know how the crowd works and what the behavioral mechanisms are. Now that I know how it functions, I feel kind of comfortable. So yeah, I’m not afraid anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moussaïd, who wrote a book called \u003ca href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/58744458-fouloscopie\">\u003cem>Fouloscopie: Ce que la foule dit de nous\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, or\u003cem> Crowd study: What crowds say about us\u003c/em>, compiled his tips for \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/ten-tips-for-surviving-a-crowd-crush-112169\">a widely cited article in The Conversation\u003c/a>. In an interview with NPR, he expands on his advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview has been edited and condensed.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"crowdtips\">\u003c/a>Interview highlights\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keep your eyes open for danger signs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you’re in a crowd and you start feeling the pressure, I’m afraid it’s almost already too late to act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best thing you can do is to try not to put yourself in this critical situation. The thing is, most people don’t realize that it’s dangerous. We don’t have this culture of being aware of the dangers of the crowd. And yes, indeed, it’s dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important advice is to be aware there could be a danger if the crowd is too dense around you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Leave as soon as you sense the crowd getting too dense\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you start feeling uncomfortable, but you still have time and some freedom of movement — then just go away. It’s something that people don’t have in mind. They’re like, “Oh, I don’t feel good, but the concert is nice, so I’m going to just keep pushing and go toward the concert.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, don’t do that. If you feel bad, it means that really it’s dangerous. Just move away and keep yourself safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stay standing, and don’t put a backpack on the ground\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staying on your feet is important because if you fall, it’s going to be really difficult to stand up again, precisely because there are too many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also helps others because if you fall, you’re going to be an obstacle for your neighbors who are most likely going to fall in turn — possibly on your body — and this will create a chain reaction, a snowball effect. You don’t want to be under this big pack of people. That’s absolutely dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obstacles are terrible. It could be a body in this worst-case scenario, but even just a backpack left on the ground would be an obstacle that increases the risk that somebody would fall on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lack of oxygen is the killer in crowds, so preserve space around your chest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People often ask me, “Why do we die in a crowd? What’s the cause of death?” Well, the cause is not enough oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re so densely packed that your lungs don’t have enough space to do their job, and to keep you breathing. That’s one thing that is superuseful that people should be aware of: The problem is going to be breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can maintain sufficient space for you to breathe, you’re going to be OK. Put your arms out just in front of your chest and hold them there. In this position, you would have some space, just a little bit, to push for half a centimeter or just 1 centimeter — enough for you to keep breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not going to be comfortable. You’re going to be feeling really bad, but at least you’ll survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don’t push. Move with the crowd\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a crowd, everything is about chain reactions. When you push your neighbors, they’re going to push their own neighbors and it eventually hits an obstacle. Then the pushing is amplified — and it’s going to come back to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you feel a push, don’t push back. Don’t amplify this wave. Just go with the flow. It’s not going to be comfortable, you’re not going to like it, but it’s the best way to behave in this situation. Don’t add pressure in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the worst moments, you have multiple pushing waves at once. This is what we call crowd turbulence. You don’t want to be where two waves cross, because the pressures come from opposite directions, and that’s really dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we observe crowd turbulence, we see death, a tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid walls and solid objects\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we look at where the injuries and fatalities happen in a tragedy, most of the time they happen along solid obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes sense, because if you go with the flow of pushing waves, you’re fine. But if you’re next to a wall, you cannot just go along, because the wall is preventing you. So the wave is going to crush you against the wall. That’s where you don’t want to be — so avoid obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn to detect crowd density\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Density is really the critical variable, that’s the first thing we measure. It’s expressed as the number of people per square meter, and there are some thresholds:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below five people per square meter [about 10.7 square feet], it’s fine. Maybe not comfortable, but it’s fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Above six persons per square meter, it starts becoming dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eight people per square meter: Most of the time there are injuries or worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s superuseful to have a sense of that density, but it’s not intuitive. Here’s a tip: If you feel that people are touching you on both shoulders or on several places on your body at the same time, the density is probably around six or above. If you still have time and can move, get away. That’s an alarm signal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If a crowd gets unsafe, look out for others\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helping behaviors and altruistic behaviors are kind of contagious in crowds. The same applies to individualistic or selfish behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you try to help your neighbors, they’re going to help you, or they’re going to help their own neighbors. If this spreads, it creates a positive, helping atmosphere. It’s going to make things less bad. So definitely, helping behavior is something you should adopt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=8+tips+to+follow+if+you%27re+trapped+in+a+crushing+crowd&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "An expert on crowd dynamics shares his advice on how to survive a crush of people. Two tips: Don't put a backpack on the ground — and protect your ribs so you can breathe.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When does a crowd become dangerous? Should you push back in a crush of people? Those are some of the questions you might be asking yourself after recent tragedies in Indonesia, where \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/04/1126721839/indonesia-soccer-stadium-stampede-gates-small\">more than 130 people died near the gates at a soccer stadium \u003c/a> earlier this month, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/29/1132615973/seoul-crowd-surge-halloween\">in South Korea, where over 100 people died while celebrating Halloween\u003c/a> in a narrow city street on Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Jump straight to: \u003ca href=\"#crowdtips\">8 tips to follow if you’re trapped in a crushing crowd\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The crowd surges put a spotlight on \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/08/1053548075/live-nation-a-company-behind-astroworld-has-a-long-history-of-safety-violations\">how organizers and emergency staff handled the event\u003c/a>. But it also raises direct and personal questions about what we should do to avoid an unsafe crowd — and how you can help yourself and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the time what we do is we give advice to organizers” about managing crowds, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mehdimoussaid.com/en/\">Mehdi Moussaïd, a research scientist in Berlin who studies crowd behavior\u003c/a>. “But actually, we don’t give so often advice to the people that are in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking to help the average person, Moussaïd, who works at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development, came up with “tips to survive” a dangerous crowd situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We should note that while Moussaïd has studied a number of cases where crowds became deadly, he’s not afraid to be in a crowded environment, like at a concert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I actually like it,” he says. “I used to be afraid of crowds, before I was a scientist in this domain. But I think that was mostly because I didn’t know how the crowd works and what the behavioral mechanisms are. Now that I know how it functions, I feel kind of comfortable. So yeah, I’m not afraid anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moussaïd, who wrote a book called \u003ca href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/58744458-fouloscopie\">\u003cem>Fouloscopie: Ce que la foule dit de nous\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, or\u003cem> Crowd study: What crowds say about us\u003c/em>, compiled his tips for \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/ten-tips-for-surviving-a-crowd-crush-112169\">a widely cited article in The Conversation\u003c/a>. In an interview with NPR, he expands on his advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview has been edited and condensed.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"crowdtips\">\u003c/a>Interview highlights\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keep your eyes open for danger signs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you’re in a crowd and you start feeling the pressure, I’m afraid it’s almost already too late to act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best thing you can do is to try not to put yourself in this critical situation. The thing is, most people don’t realize that it’s dangerous. We don’t have this culture of being aware of the dangers of the crowd. And yes, indeed, it’s dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important advice is to be aware there could be a danger if the crowd is too dense around you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Leave as soon as you sense the crowd getting too dense\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you start feeling uncomfortable, but you still have time and some freedom of movement — then just go away. It’s something that people don’t have in mind. They’re like, “Oh, I don’t feel good, but the concert is nice, so I’m going to just keep pushing and go toward the concert.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, don’t do that. If you feel bad, it means that really it’s dangerous. Just move away and keep yourself safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stay standing, and don’t put a backpack on the ground\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staying on your feet is important because if you fall, it’s going to be really difficult to stand up again, precisely because there are too many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also helps others because if you fall, you’re going to be an obstacle for your neighbors who are most likely going to fall in turn — possibly on your body — and this will create a chain reaction, a snowball effect. You don’t want to be under this big pack of people. That’s absolutely dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obstacles are terrible. It could be a body in this worst-case scenario, but even just a backpack left on the ground would be an obstacle that increases the risk that somebody would fall on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lack of oxygen is the killer in crowds, so preserve space around your chest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People often ask me, “Why do we die in a crowd? What’s the cause of death?” Well, the cause is not enough oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re so densely packed that your lungs don’t have enough space to do their job, and to keep you breathing. That’s one thing that is superuseful that people should be aware of: The problem is going to be breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can maintain sufficient space for you to breathe, you’re going to be OK. Put your arms out just in front of your chest and hold them there. In this position, you would have some space, just a little bit, to push for half a centimeter or just 1 centimeter — enough for you to keep breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not going to be comfortable. You’re going to be feeling really bad, but at least you’ll survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don’t push. Move with the crowd\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a crowd, everything is about chain reactions. When you push your neighbors, they’re going to push their own neighbors and it eventually hits an obstacle. Then the pushing is amplified — and it’s going to come back to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you feel a push, don’t push back. Don’t amplify this wave. Just go with the flow. It’s not going to be comfortable, you’re not going to like it, but it’s the best way to behave in this situation. Don’t add pressure in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the worst moments, you have multiple pushing waves at once. This is what we call crowd turbulence. You don’t want to be where two waves cross, because the pressures come from opposite directions, and that’s really dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we observe crowd turbulence, we see death, a tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid walls and solid objects\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we look at where the injuries and fatalities happen in a tragedy, most of the time they happen along solid obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes sense, because if you go with the flow of pushing waves, you’re fine. But if you’re next to a wall, you cannot just go along, because the wall is preventing you. So the wave is going to crush you against the wall. That’s where you don’t want to be — so avoid obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn to detect crowd density\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Density is really the critical variable, that’s the first thing we measure. It’s expressed as the number of people per square meter, and there are some thresholds:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below five people per square meter [about 10.7 square feet], it’s fine. Maybe not comfortable, but it’s fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Above six persons per square meter, it starts becoming dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eight people per square meter: Most of the time there are injuries or worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s superuseful to have a sense of that density, but it’s not intuitive. Here’s a tip: If you feel that people are touching you on both shoulders or on several places on your body at the same time, the density is probably around six or above. If you still have time and can move, get away. That’s an alarm signal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If a crowd gets unsafe, look out for others\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helping behaviors and altruistic behaviors are kind of contagious in crowds. The same applies to individualistic or selfish behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you try to help your neighbors, they’re going to help you, or they’re going to help their own neighbors. If this spreads, it creates a positive, helping atmosphere. It’s going to make things less bad. So definitely, helping behavior is something you should adopt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=8+tips+to+follow+if+you%27re+trapped+in+a+crushing+crowd&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "heres-how-far-behind-the-world-is-on-reining-in-climate-change",
"title": "Here's How Far Behind the World Is on Reining in Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>World leaders will begin climate talks in Egypt in a little over a week, and tensions are expected to run high in the negotiations to reduce heat-trapping emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, new research shows the world has already fallen drastically behind in adopting the changes needed to avoid a future with even more extreme storms, heat waves and floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, countries have promised to reduce heat-trapping emissions by about 3% by 2030, compared to 2020 levels. That’s far from the 45% drop that’s needed, according to a new report from the United Nations Environment Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cutting emissions nearly in half by the end of the decade would put the world on track to limiting warming to 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 degrees Celsius) by 2100. But at the current pace of emissions, the planet would heat up by 5 degrees Fahrenheit, leading to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/08/1052198840/1-5-degrees-warming-climate-change\">more deadly heat waves and storms and the flooding of coastal cities due to polar ice melt\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At last year’s climate summit in Glasgow, Scotland, world \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/13/1055542738/cop26-climate-summit-final-decision\">leaders agreed to strengthen their commitments\u003c/a> to cut emissions rapidly. But as of late September, only 24 out of 193 countries submitted more ambitious climate goals, according to a recent \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/news/climate-plans-remain-insufficient-more-ambitious-action-needed-now\">report by another UN body\u003c/a>, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expectations are low that countries will make new, bolder pledges at the upcoming climate meeting in Egypt. The war in Ukraine and inflation are drawing governments’ focus, and climate talks have been frozen in recent months between the two largest emitters, the United States and China.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Emissions are still rising but they need to fall 45% by 2030\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At the 2015 Paris climate summit, world leaders agreed that limiting climate change to 1.5 degrees Celsius was a critical target. Extreme hurricanes, floods and heat waves could displace billions of people around the globe, making their lives and livelihoods untenable where they reside now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the new UN report shows that current climate pledges, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), are substantially short of that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reality, most countries are already falling behind on their pledges. After a short dip during the pandemic, emissions are on the rise again and are expected to keep rising through 2030. In 2021, emissions from burning coal reached their highest levels in history, \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/news/global-co2-emissions-rebounded-to-their-highest-level-in-history-in-2021\">largely driven by China\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"climate-change\"]Strengthening national pledges is on the agenda for discussion at the upcoming COP27 talks in Egypt, but major emitters aren’t expected to make dramatically larger commitments. The European Union announced it could update its climate goals only \u003ca href=\"https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/10/24/council-sets-out-eu-position-for-un-climate-summit-in-sharm-el-sheikh-cop27/\">after the negotiations are complete\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the US committed to \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/22/fact-sheet-president-biden-sets-2030-greenhouse-gas-pollution-reduction-target-aimed-at-creating-good-paying-union-jobs-and-securing-u-s-leadership-on-clean-energy-technologies/\">reducing emissions 50-52% by 2030\u003c/a>, a goal that was bolstered recently by the passage of the Inflation Reduction Act, which provides billions of dollars for electric cars and more efficient buildings and homes. The administration has not signaled that it’s considering a stronger target. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the COP to make sure that everybody understands we’re doing the things necessary to keep 1.5 degrees alive,” US special climate envoy John Kerry said this week. “We need to have the NDCs, not just of developed countries, but developing countries around the world, need to step up and put in their NDCs because everybody needs to do their part here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>The transition from fossil fuels to renewables isn’t fast enough\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The world’s largest emitter, China, will continue to increase its greenhouse gas emissions until 2030 under its national plan. India, the third-largest source of emissions, is planning to do the same. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While both countries are rolling out significant amounts of renewable energy, they’re still building new coal-fired power plants, too. At last year’s summit, the two countries joined others in \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/13/1055542738/cop26-climate-summit-final-decision\">pushing back against policies\u003c/a> that would phase out the use of coal, arguing that developing economies have the right to use it as richer nations have done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the cost of solar and wind often cheaper than building new fossil fuel power plants, renewable energy has grown by leaps and bounds. From 2019 to 2021, solar grew by 47%. But the transition to cleaner energy sources needs to speed up six times faster, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/research/state-climate-action-2022\">new report\u003c/a> from a number of climate think tanks, including the World Resources Institute. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Action is lagging on many other fronts, too. The report found the rate of deforestation needs to slow down by 2.5 times. Electric cars need to be adopted five times faster than they are now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never known more about the climate crisis, and we’ve never known more about what we need to do about it and how,” says Claire Fyson of Climate Analytics. “This global report card about climate action makes clear that we’re not moving fast enough.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Here%27s+how+far+behind+the+world+is+on+reining+in+climate+change&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The world is set to start crucial climate change negotiations soon. To avoid extreme warming, nations have to make deep cuts in heat-trapping emissions, fast. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>World leaders will begin climate talks in Egypt in a little over a week, and tensions are expected to run high in the negotiations to reduce heat-trapping emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, new research shows the world has already fallen drastically behind in adopting the changes needed to avoid a future with even more extreme storms, heat waves and floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, countries have promised to reduce heat-trapping emissions by about 3% by 2030, compared to 2020 levels. That’s far from the 45% drop that’s needed, according to a new report from the United Nations Environment Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cutting emissions nearly in half by the end of the decade would put the world on track to limiting warming to 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 degrees Celsius) by 2100. But at the current pace of emissions, the planet would heat up by 5 degrees Fahrenheit, leading to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/08/1052198840/1-5-degrees-warming-climate-change\">more deadly heat waves and storms and the flooding of coastal cities due to polar ice melt\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At last year’s climate summit in Glasgow, Scotland, world \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/13/1055542738/cop26-climate-summit-final-decision\">leaders agreed to strengthen their commitments\u003c/a> to cut emissions rapidly. But as of late September, only 24 out of 193 countries submitted more ambitious climate goals, according to a recent \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/news/climate-plans-remain-insufficient-more-ambitious-action-needed-now\">report by another UN body\u003c/a>, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expectations are low that countries will make new, bolder pledges at the upcoming climate meeting in Egypt. The war in Ukraine and inflation are drawing governments’ focus, and climate talks have been frozen in recent months between the two largest emitters, the United States and China.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Emissions are still rising but they need to fall 45% by 2030\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At the 2015 Paris climate summit, world leaders agreed that limiting climate change to 1.5 degrees Celsius was a critical target. Extreme hurricanes, floods and heat waves could displace billions of people around the globe, making their lives and livelihoods untenable where they reside now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the new UN report shows that current climate pledges, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), are substantially short of that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reality, most countries are already falling behind on their pledges. After a short dip during the pandemic, emissions are on the rise again and are expected to keep rising through 2030. In 2021, emissions from burning coal reached their highest levels in history, \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/news/global-co2-emissions-rebounded-to-their-highest-level-in-history-in-2021\">largely driven by China\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Strengthening national pledges is on the agenda for discussion at the upcoming COP27 talks in Egypt, but major emitters aren’t expected to make dramatically larger commitments. The European Union announced it could update its climate goals only \u003ca href=\"https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/10/24/council-sets-out-eu-position-for-un-climate-summit-in-sharm-el-sheikh-cop27/\">after the negotiations are complete\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the US committed to \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/22/fact-sheet-president-biden-sets-2030-greenhouse-gas-pollution-reduction-target-aimed-at-creating-good-paying-union-jobs-and-securing-u-s-leadership-on-clean-energy-technologies/\">reducing emissions 50-52% by 2030\u003c/a>, a goal that was bolstered recently by the passage of the Inflation Reduction Act, which provides billions of dollars for electric cars and more efficient buildings and homes. The administration has not signaled that it’s considering a stronger target. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the COP to make sure that everybody understands we’re doing the things necessary to keep 1.5 degrees alive,” US special climate envoy John Kerry said this week. “We need to have the NDCs, not just of developed countries, but developing countries around the world, need to step up and put in their NDCs because everybody needs to do their part here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>The transition from fossil fuels to renewables isn’t fast enough\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The world’s largest emitter, China, will continue to increase its greenhouse gas emissions until 2030 under its national plan. India, the third-largest source of emissions, is planning to do the same. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While both countries are rolling out significant amounts of renewable energy, they’re still building new coal-fired power plants, too. At last year’s summit, the two countries joined others in \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/13/1055542738/cop26-climate-summit-final-decision\">pushing back against policies\u003c/a> that would phase out the use of coal, arguing that developing economies have the right to use it as richer nations have done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the cost of solar and wind often cheaper than building new fossil fuel power plants, renewable energy has grown by leaps and bounds. From 2019 to 2021, solar grew by 47%. But the transition to cleaner energy sources needs to speed up six times faster, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/research/state-climate-action-2022\">new report\u003c/a> from a number of climate think tanks, including the World Resources Institute. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Action is lagging on many other fronts, too. The report found the rate of deforestation needs to slow down by 2.5 times. Electric cars need to be adopted five times faster than they are now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never known more about the climate crisis, and we’ve never known more about what we need to do about it and how,” says Claire Fyson of Climate Analytics. “This global report card about climate action makes clear that we’re not moving fast enough.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Here%27s+how+far+behind+the+world+is+on+reining+in+climate+change&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "End of Nationwide Federal Free Lunch Program Has Some States Scrambling",
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"content": "\u003cp>During the height of the pandemic, the federal government made lunch free to all 50.6 million public school students nationwide. That program expired Sept. 30, leaving many families, school districts, and legislators scrambling to deal with the new financial burden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California and Maine saw what was coming and passed bills in 2021 ensuring all students had free school meals. Now Colorado and 8 other states are working to do the same. An additional two states have extended the program through the end of this school year, but don’t have any pending legislation for beyond that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to give a precise number [on how many families will be affected],” said Krista Ruffini, an assistant professor at Georgetown University who specializes in government policies that affect labor market, education, and health outcomes. “But before the pandemic, about 25% of students were attending a school that offered schoolwide free meals through the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fns.usda.gov/cn/community-eligibility-provision\">Community Eligibility Provision\u003c/a> or related programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means many families across the nation will likely need to start paying for school meals again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Colorado, a coalition of parents, teachers and anti-hunger advocates worked with legislators to get the \u003ca href=\"https://www.schoolmealsforco.org/\">Healthy School Meals for All\u003c/a> proposal on the Nov. 8 ballot, so voters can decide whether to bring universal free school lunch back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GlendaRika Garcia, a mom who helps people obtain food assistance through Hunger Free Colorado, believes it’s an educational issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that the kids being able to eat for free at school is really important, for all families, all kids,” said Garcia, a widow and a single mom of four boys. “Kids can’t learn if they don’t have good nutrition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"free-school-meals\"]If Colorado voters approve \u003ca href=\"https://leg.colorado.gov/content/initiatives/initiatives-blue-book-overview/ballot-information-booklet-blue-book\">Prop FF\u003c/a>, it would create a program that would offer free meals to all public school students and help schools pay for them. It would also fund pay increases for frontline school cafeteria workers, helping schools dealing with staff shortages. The measure also would incentivize schools to buy Colorado products by providing them grants to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a recipient of free school lunch when I was younger,” Garcia said, “and oftentimes, before my mom even qualified for that, we didn’t have enough for lunch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ruffini said the most vulnerable group is likely families with incomes slightly above the cutoff for free or reduced-price school meals who aren’t attending a Community Eligibility Provision school. Students with family income above 185% of the federal poverty\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.healthcare.gov/glossary/federal-poverty-level-fpl/__;!!Iwwt!XuAhr4p9vjDfTwrUROxrGJMYlRf7Mo3spqVLw-_LTvSTnWPxL7bq77n8jbzDvQeHyEO8xqz0dfNwVeZG7Q%24\"> line\u003c/a> — about $42,600 for a single parent with 2 children or $51,300 for a family of 4 – pay the full price for school meals. Depending on her job, Garcia at times qualified and at times didn’t, a blow to her budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of times, it’s a financial burden for the parents,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another issue, Garcia said, is that some students bully others for getting a free lunch. It happened to her as a kid; it happened to one of her sons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They know that people can identify if they can’t afford it. It hurts my heart,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her son Alonzo said that at his high school some students avoid the lunchroom rather than admit they qualify for free lunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that they get embarrassed because they can’t afford it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other states have seen the problem, and similar to Colorado, have been working to solve it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massachusetts, Vermont, and Nevada have extended universal free school lunch through the 2022-23 school year, but Vermont and Nevada have not introduced any legislation to make it permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maine and California passed bills in 2021 making universal free school lunch permanent, similar to what Colorado is trying to do. Both measures took effect this school year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2021/07/09/california-roars-back-governor-newsom-signs-historic-education-package-to-reimagine-public-schools/\">California allocated $650 million\u003c/a> from its state budget to fund and support its universal free school meals program for the 2022-23 school year. Maine’s program was estimated by lawmakers to cost \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/31/1120223479/maine-makes-free-school-lunches-permanent-after-federal-funding-ends\">around $34 million a year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other states are working to do the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, and North Carolina introduced bills similar to the one on the Colorado ballot, most of them during the current legislative session. All of them are still in committee and have yet to go up for a vote. Colorado is the only state that has put the measure onto a ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some states are working to ensure students receive access to free meals, most states are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Colorado, low-income students will still keep receiving free meals whether the proposal passes or not. There’s no organized opposition to Prop FF, but that doesn’t mean no one is opposed to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody wants to be evil enough to say it, but this is a really stupid idea,” said Jon Caldara, president of the \u003ca href=\"https://i2i.org/\">Independence Institute\u003c/a>, a libertarian think tank. “Most kids in Colorado do not need this. And in fact, those who do, already have this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group’s voter’s guide \u003ca href=\"https://i2i.org/guide-2022/?mc_cid=b534161e10&mc_eid=8e016bedb2\">recommends a no vote\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it passes, the Colorado measure would raise $100 million a year by increasing state taxable income, but only for the 3 percent or 4 percent who make at least $300,000 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This proposal is, ‘Hey, let’s get the rich guys to buy our kids lunch,’ ” Caldara said. “This is another expansion of state bureaucracy that is just not necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue of cost may be driving further skepticism for universal free school lunch. Boston NPR affiliate \u003ca href=\"https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2022/07/07/lessons-from-americas-brief-experiment-with-universal-free-school-meals\">WBUR reported that the USDA has spent $30 billion\u003c/a> since 2020 on the program of subsidized meals for everyone, $11 billion more than it normally would spend on its income-based school lunch program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite opposition to cost, universal free school lunch appears popular throughout the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2021/6/24/voters-support-a-permanent-extension-of-the-universal-free-school-lunch-policy\">A 2021 poll\u003c/a> by Data For Progress, a progressive polling firm, found that 74% of Americans support making universal free school meals permanent nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/2022-06/The%20Majority%20of%20Adults%20Support%20Permanent%2C%20Free%20School%20Meals%20for%20All%20Students%20.pdf\">Another poll, taken in June 2022\u003c/a> by the Urban institute, a nonpartisan think tank focused on social and economic research, found that 76% of adults living with children enrolled in public school and 67% of adults not living with children enrolled in public school supported permanent free school meals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=End+of+nationwide+federal+free+lunch+program+has+some+states+scrambling&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>During the height of the pandemic, the federal government made lunch free to all 50.6 million public school students nationwide. That program expired Sept. 30, leaving many families, school districts, and legislators scrambling to deal with the new financial burden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California and Maine saw what was coming and passed bills in 2021 ensuring all students had free school meals. Now Colorado and 8 other states are working to do the same. An additional two states have extended the program through the end of this school year, but don’t have any pending legislation for beyond that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to give a precise number [on how many families will be affected],” said Krista Ruffini, an assistant professor at Georgetown University who specializes in government policies that affect labor market, education, and health outcomes. “But before the pandemic, about 25% of students were attending a school that offered schoolwide free meals through the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fns.usda.gov/cn/community-eligibility-provision\">Community Eligibility Provision\u003c/a> or related programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means many families across the nation will likely need to start paying for school meals again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Colorado, a coalition of parents, teachers and anti-hunger advocates worked with legislators to get the \u003ca href=\"https://www.schoolmealsforco.org/\">Healthy School Meals for All\u003c/a> proposal on the Nov. 8 ballot, so voters can decide whether to bring universal free school lunch back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GlendaRika Garcia, a mom who helps people obtain food assistance through Hunger Free Colorado, believes it’s an educational issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that the kids being able to eat for free at school is really important, for all families, all kids,” said Garcia, a widow and a single mom of four boys. “Kids can’t learn if they don’t have good nutrition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>If Colorado voters approve \u003ca href=\"https://leg.colorado.gov/content/initiatives/initiatives-blue-book-overview/ballot-information-booklet-blue-book\">Prop FF\u003c/a>, it would create a program that would offer free meals to all public school students and help schools pay for them. It would also fund pay increases for frontline school cafeteria workers, helping schools dealing with staff shortages. The measure also would incentivize schools to buy Colorado products by providing them grants to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a recipient of free school lunch when I was younger,” Garcia said, “and oftentimes, before my mom even qualified for that, we didn’t have enough for lunch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ruffini said the most vulnerable group is likely families with incomes slightly above the cutoff for free or reduced-price school meals who aren’t attending a Community Eligibility Provision school. Students with family income above 185% of the federal poverty\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.healthcare.gov/glossary/federal-poverty-level-fpl/__;!!Iwwt!XuAhr4p9vjDfTwrUROxrGJMYlRf7Mo3spqVLw-_LTvSTnWPxL7bq77n8jbzDvQeHyEO8xqz0dfNwVeZG7Q%24\"> line\u003c/a> — about $42,600 for a single parent with 2 children or $51,300 for a family of 4 – pay the full price for school meals. Depending on her job, Garcia at times qualified and at times didn’t, a blow to her budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of times, it’s a financial burden for the parents,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another issue, Garcia said, is that some students bully others for getting a free lunch. It happened to her as a kid; it happened to one of her sons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They know that people can identify if they can’t afford it. It hurts my heart,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her son Alonzo said that at his high school some students avoid the lunchroom rather than admit they qualify for free lunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that they get embarrassed because they can’t afford it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other states have seen the problem, and similar to Colorado, have been working to solve it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massachusetts, Vermont, and Nevada have extended universal free school lunch through the 2022-23 school year, but Vermont and Nevada have not introduced any legislation to make it permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maine and California passed bills in 2021 making universal free school lunch permanent, similar to what Colorado is trying to do. Both measures took effect this school year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2021/07/09/california-roars-back-governor-newsom-signs-historic-education-package-to-reimagine-public-schools/\">California allocated $650 million\u003c/a> from its state budget to fund and support its universal free school meals program for the 2022-23 school year. Maine’s program was estimated by lawmakers to cost \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/31/1120223479/maine-makes-free-school-lunches-permanent-after-federal-funding-ends\">around $34 million a year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other states are working to do the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, and North Carolina introduced bills similar to the one on the Colorado ballot, most of them during the current legislative session. All of them are still in committee and have yet to go up for a vote. Colorado is the only state that has put the measure onto a ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some states are working to ensure students receive access to free meals, most states are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Colorado, low-income students will still keep receiving free meals whether the proposal passes or not. There’s no organized opposition to Prop FF, but that doesn’t mean no one is opposed to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody wants to be evil enough to say it, but this is a really stupid idea,” said Jon Caldara, president of the \u003ca href=\"https://i2i.org/\">Independence Institute\u003c/a>, a libertarian think tank. “Most kids in Colorado do not need this. And in fact, those who do, already have this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group’s voter’s guide \u003ca href=\"https://i2i.org/guide-2022/?mc_cid=b534161e10&mc_eid=8e016bedb2\">recommends a no vote\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it passes, the Colorado measure would raise $100 million a year by increasing state taxable income, but only for the 3 percent or 4 percent who make at least $300,000 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This proposal is, ‘Hey, let’s get the rich guys to buy our kids lunch,’ ” Caldara said. “This is another expansion of state bureaucracy that is just not necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue of cost may be driving further skepticism for universal free school lunch. Boston NPR affiliate \u003ca href=\"https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2022/07/07/lessons-from-americas-brief-experiment-with-universal-free-school-meals\">WBUR reported that the USDA has spent $30 billion\u003c/a> since 2020 on the program of subsidized meals for everyone, $11 billion more than it normally would spend on its income-based school lunch program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite opposition to cost, universal free school lunch appears popular throughout the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2021/6/24/voters-support-a-permanent-extension-of-the-universal-free-school-lunch-policy\">A 2021 poll\u003c/a> by Data For Progress, a progressive polling firm, found that 74% of Americans support making universal free school meals permanent nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/2022-06/The%20Majority%20of%20Adults%20Support%20Permanent%2C%20Free%20School%20Meals%20for%20All%20Students%20.pdf\">Another poll, taken in June 2022\u003c/a> by the Urban institute, a nonpartisan think tank focused on social and economic research, found that 76% of adults living with children enrolled in public school and 67% of adults not living with children enrolled in public school supported permanent free school meals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=End+of+nationwide+federal+free+lunch+program+has+some+states+scrambling&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Omicron Keeps Finding New Evolutionary Tricks to Outsmart Our Immunity",
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"content": "\u003cp>Throughout the pandemic, the virus that causes COVID-19 has been evolving fast, blindsiding the world with one variant after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the World Health Organization hasn't given a SARS-CoV-2 variant a Greek name in almost a year, a move that's reserved for new variants that do or could have significant public health impacts, such as being more transmissible or causing more severe disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That raises the question: Has the evolution of the virus finally started to ebb, possibly making it more predictable?[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Manon Ragonnet-Cronin, viral genetics researcher, University of Chicago\"]'We have what people are calling a swarm of omicron viruses, which have different ancestries within omicron, but which have the same set of mutations.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer — according to a dozen evolutionary biologists, virologists and immunologists interviewed by NPR — is no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SARS-CoV-2 is continuing to evolve extremely rapidly,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.fredhutch.org/en/faculty-lab-directory/bedford-trevor.html\">Trevor Bedford\u003c/a>, a computational biologist who studies the evolution of viruses at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle. \"There's no evidence that the evolution is slowing down.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the most consequential evolutionary changes have stayed confined to the omicron family, rather than appearing in entirely new variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whereas alpha, beta, gamma and the other named variants sprouted new branches on the SARS-CoV-2 family tree, those limbs were dwarfed by the omicron bough, which is now studded with a plethora of subvariant stems.[aside postID=\"news_11919290,news_11928768\" label=\"Related Posts\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The children of omicron — so the many direct children and cousins within the diverse omicron family — those have displaced each other\" as the dominant strains driving the pandemic, says \u003ca href=\"http://emmahodcroft.com/\">Emma Hodcroft\u003c/a>, a molecular epidemiologist at the University of Bern. \"But that same family has been dominating\" by outcompeting other strains.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>One variant to rule them all\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The ever-expanding omicron brood has maintained its dominance through what's known as \"convergent\" evolution — when entities independently develop similar traits because of similar environmental pressures, according to \u003ca href=\"https://directory.uchicago.edu/individuals/1340463201\">Manon Ragonnet-Cronin\u003c/a>, who studies viral genetics at the University of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We seem to be seeing for the first time evidence of widescale convergent evolution,\" Ragonnet-Cronin says. \"We have what people are calling a swarm of omicron viruses, which have different ancestries within omicron, but which have the same set of mutations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those mutations endow these omicron offspring with the one power they need most right now: the ability to sneak past the immunity that people have built up from getting infected, vaccinated, or both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you see convergence in evolution that's evolution's way of saying 'this mutation is repeatedly getting selected over and over again because it's really helpful,'\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.fredhutch.org/en/faculty-lab-directory/bloom-jesse.html\">Jesse Bloom\u003c/a>, a computational biologist at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those mutations in the virus's spike protein have been increasing its ability to evade protective antibodies and continue infecting massive numbers of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This virus is getting a lot of lottery tickets if you will. And it looks like, with these new variants, these new mutations are like the jackpot,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.lsuhs.edu/departments/school-of-graduate-studies/microbiology-and-immunology/research/kamil-lab\">Jeremy Kamil\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Louisiana State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery#variant-proportions\">tracking more than a dozen omicron subvariants right now\u003c/a>, including BF.7, BQ.1 and BQ.1.1, some of which appear to be among the most immune-evasive yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, the immunity people have built up from vaccination and infection still appears to be protecting most from serious illness and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the newer highly contagious omicron subvariants could help drive yet another surge. They also give the virus many chances to reproduce, mutate and evolve even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A family tree still full of surprises?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While all this sounds dire, omicron's long period of dominance is giving some scientists some hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus could, in one relatively optimistic scenario, keep evolving this way for a long time, drifting in more subtle evolutionary directions like the flu, without sudden shifts in how it behaves that make it more dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that we've perhaps stepped out of a phase [in the pandemic] where we're getting completely new viruses from different parts of the tree sweeping in and dominating might be a sign that we're moving towards a more kind of stable future for the virus,\" Hodcroft says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that would mean large numbers of people would still catch the virus. Many would still get seriously ill, die, or be left with long COVID. And because the virus is still so new, it's impossible to know how the virus might evolve in the future, experts tell NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are literally dealing with a completely novel virus here,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.scripps.edu/faculty/andersen/\">Kristian Andersen\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Scripps Research. \"We don't know how many other paths this particular virus might have. We just don't know at this stage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no way to rule out, for example, the possibility that a dramatically different variant might emerge yet again, perhaps after simmering inside someone with a compromised immune system that can't drive out the virus. That lets the virus extensively interact with the human immune system and find even more advantageous mutations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I guarantee you that there are people who have been persistently infected with delta and alpha who have some really weird combinations of mutations,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://eeb.arizona.edu/person/michael-worobey\">Michael Worobey\u003c/a>, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Arizona. \"And I'm fully prepared for a delta-based or alpha-based omicron-like event where one of those zombie viruses that's been cooking away within someone emerges.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Omicron+keeps+finding+new+evolutionary+tricks+to+outsmart+our+immunity&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Throughout the pandemic, the virus that causes COVID-19 has been evolving fast, blindsiding the world with one variant after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the World Health Organization hasn't given a SARS-CoV-2 variant a Greek name in almost a year, a move that's reserved for new variants that do or could have significant public health impacts, such as being more transmissible or causing more severe disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That raises the question: Has the evolution of the virus finally started to ebb, possibly making it more predictable?\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer — according to a dozen evolutionary biologists, virologists and immunologists interviewed by NPR — is no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SARS-CoV-2 is continuing to evolve extremely rapidly,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.fredhutch.org/en/faculty-lab-directory/bedford-trevor.html\">Trevor Bedford\u003c/a>, a computational biologist who studies the evolution of viruses at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle. \"There's no evidence that the evolution is slowing down.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the most consequential evolutionary changes have stayed confined to the omicron family, rather than appearing in entirely new variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whereas alpha, beta, gamma and the other named variants sprouted new branches on the SARS-CoV-2 family tree, those limbs were dwarfed by the omicron bough, which is now studded with a plethora of subvariant stems.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The children of omicron — so the many direct children and cousins within the diverse omicron family — those have displaced each other\" as the dominant strains driving the pandemic, says \u003ca href=\"http://emmahodcroft.com/\">Emma Hodcroft\u003c/a>, a molecular epidemiologist at the University of Bern. \"But that same family has been dominating\" by outcompeting other strains.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>One variant to rule them all\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The ever-expanding omicron brood has maintained its dominance through what's known as \"convergent\" evolution — when entities independently develop similar traits because of similar environmental pressures, according to \u003ca href=\"https://directory.uchicago.edu/individuals/1340463201\">Manon Ragonnet-Cronin\u003c/a>, who studies viral genetics at the University of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We seem to be seeing for the first time evidence of widescale convergent evolution,\" Ragonnet-Cronin says. \"We have what people are calling a swarm of omicron viruses, which have different ancestries within omicron, but which have the same set of mutations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those mutations endow these omicron offspring with the one power they need most right now: the ability to sneak past the immunity that people have built up from getting infected, vaccinated, or both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you see convergence in evolution that's evolution's way of saying 'this mutation is repeatedly getting selected over and over again because it's really helpful,'\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.fredhutch.org/en/faculty-lab-directory/bloom-jesse.html\">Jesse Bloom\u003c/a>, a computational biologist at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those mutations in the virus's spike protein have been increasing its ability to evade protective antibodies and continue infecting massive numbers of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This virus is getting a lot of lottery tickets if you will. And it looks like, with these new variants, these new mutations are like the jackpot,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.lsuhs.edu/departments/school-of-graduate-studies/microbiology-and-immunology/research/kamil-lab\">Jeremy Kamil\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Louisiana State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery#variant-proportions\">tracking more than a dozen omicron subvariants right now\u003c/a>, including BF.7, BQ.1 and BQ.1.1, some of which appear to be among the most immune-evasive yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, the immunity people have built up from vaccination and infection still appears to be protecting most from serious illness and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the newer highly contagious omicron subvariants could help drive yet another surge. They also give the virus many chances to reproduce, mutate and evolve even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A family tree still full of surprises?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While all this sounds dire, omicron's long period of dominance is giving some scientists some hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus could, in one relatively optimistic scenario, keep evolving this way for a long time, drifting in more subtle evolutionary directions like the flu, without sudden shifts in how it behaves that make it more dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that we've perhaps stepped out of a phase [in the pandemic] where we're getting completely new viruses from different parts of the tree sweeping in and dominating might be a sign that we're moving towards a more kind of stable future for the virus,\" Hodcroft says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that would mean large numbers of people would still catch the virus. Many would still get seriously ill, die, or be left with long COVID. And because the virus is still so new, it's impossible to know how the virus might evolve in the future, experts tell NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are literally dealing with a completely novel virus here,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.scripps.edu/faculty/andersen/\">Kristian Andersen\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Scripps Research. \"We don't know how many other paths this particular virus might have. We just don't know at this stage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no way to rule out, for example, the possibility that a dramatically different variant might emerge yet again, perhaps after simmering inside someone with a compromised immune system that can't drive out the virus. That lets the virus extensively interact with the human immune system and find even more advantageous mutations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I guarantee you that there are people who have been persistently infected with delta and alpha who have some really weird combinations of mutations,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://eeb.arizona.edu/person/michael-worobey\">Michael Worobey\u003c/a>, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Arizona. \"And I'm fully prepared for a delta-based or alpha-based omicron-like event where one of those zombie viruses that's been cooking away within someone emerges.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Omicron+keeps+finding+new+evolutionary+tricks+to+outsmart+our+immunity&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The vast majority of plastic that people put into recycling bins is headed to landfills, or worse, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/circular-claims-fall-flat-again/\">report\u003c/a> from Greenpeace on the state of plastic recycling in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report cites separate \u003ca href=\"https://www.lastbeachcleanup.org/_files/ugd/dba7d7_9450ed6b848d4db098de1090df1f9e99.pdf\">data \u003c/a>published this May which revealed that the amount of plastic actually turned into new things has fallen to new lows of around 5%. That number is expected to drop further as more plastic is produced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenpeace found that no plastic — not even soda bottles, one of the most prolific items thrown into recycling bins — meets the threshold to be called “recyclable” according to \u003ca href=\"https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/plastics/overview\">standards\u003c/a> set by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation New Plastic Economy Initiative. Plastic must have a recycling rate of 30% to reach that standard; no plastic has ever been recycled and reused close to that rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More plastic is being produced, and an even smaller percentage of it is being recycled,” says Lisa Ramsden, senior plastic campaigner for Greenpeace USA. “The crisis just gets worse and worse, and without drastic change will continue to worsen, as the industry plans to triple plastic production by 2050.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waste management experts say the problem with plastic is that it is expensive to collect and sort. There are now thousands of different types of plastic, and none of them can be melted down together. Plastic also degrades after one or two uses. Greenpeace found the more plastic is reused the more toxic it becomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New plastic, on the other hand, is cheap and easy to produce. The result is that plastic trash has few markets — a reality the public has not wanted to hear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trent Carpenter, the general manager of Southern Oregon Sanitation, says when they told customers a couple years ago that they could no longer take any plastic trash other than soda bottles and jugs — like milk containers and detergent bottles — people were upset. They wanted to put their strawberry containers, bags, yogurt cups and all manner of plastic trash in their recycling bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to re-educate individuals that a great deal of that material is ending up in a landfill,” Carpenter said. “It’s not going to a recycling facility and being recycled. It’s going to a recycling facility and being landfilled someplace else because [you] can’t do anything with that material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That message has been difficult for the public to absorb with so many different bins in public spaces, and their own communities telling them to put their plastic in recycling containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carpenter says they wanted to be transparent with their customers and tell them the truth, unlike companies that continue to tell customers that plastic, such as bags and containers, is being turned into new things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Politically it’s easier to just say ‘Gosh, we’re going to take everything and we think we can get it recycled,’ and then look the other way,” Carpenter said of the other companies. “That’s greenwashing at its best.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Lisa Ramsden, senior plastic campaigner, Greenpeace USA\"]‘The crisis just gets worse and worse, and without drastic change will continue to worsen, as the industry plans to triple plastic production by 2050.’[/pullquote]Greenpeace found a couple facilities are trying to reprocess cups and containers — sometimes called “number 5s” because of the markings on the containers. But the numbers are low. While 52 percent of recycling facilities in the U.S. accept that kind of plastic, the report found less than 5% of it is actually repurposed — and the rest is put into a landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low reprocessing rates are at odds with plans from the oil and gas industry. Industry lobbyists say they plan to recycle every piece of plastic they make into something new by 2040. In interviews with NPR, industry officials were unable to explain how they planned to reach a 100% recycling rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR investigative \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/09/11/897692090/how-big-oil-misled-the-public-into-believing-plastic-would-be-recycled\">report\u003c/a> found in 2020 that industry officials misled the public about the recyclability of plastic even though their own reports showed they knew as early as the 1970s and 1980s that plastic could not be economically recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Chemistry Council, an industry lobby group, did not respond to NPR’s request for comment on the Greenpeace report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists and lawmakers in some states are now pushing for legislation that bans single use plastics, and for “bottle bills” which pay customers to bring back their plastic bottles. The bills have led to successful recycling rates for plastic bottles in places like Oregon and Michigan, but have faced steep resistance from plastic and oil industry lobbyists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real solution is to switch to systems of reuse and refill,” Ramsden said. “We are at a decision point on plastic pollution. It is time for corporations to turn off the plastic tap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of embracing plastic recycling, many environmental groups say they hope the public will finally see plastic for what they say it is — trash — and that people will ask themselves if there is something else they could be using instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Recycling+plastic+is+practically+impossible+%E2%80%93+and+the+problem+is+getting+worse&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The vast majority of plastic that people put into recycling bins is headed to landfills, or worse, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/circular-claims-fall-flat-again/\">report\u003c/a> from Greenpeace on the state of plastic recycling in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report cites separate \u003ca href=\"https://www.lastbeachcleanup.org/_files/ugd/dba7d7_9450ed6b848d4db098de1090df1f9e99.pdf\">data \u003c/a>published this May which revealed that the amount of plastic actually turned into new things has fallen to new lows of around 5%. That number is expected to drop further as more plastic is produced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenpeace found that no plastic — not even soda bottles, one of the most prolific items thrown into recycling bins — meets the threshold to be called “recyclable” according to \u003ca href=\"https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/plastics/overview\">standards\u003c/a> set by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation New Plastic Economy Initiative. Plastic must have a recycling rate of 30% to reach that standard; no plastic has ever been recycled and reused close to that rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More plastic is being produced, and an even smaller percentage of it is being recycled,” says Lisa Ramsden, senior plastic campaigner for Greenpeace USA. “The crisis just gets worse and worse, and without drastic change will continue to worsen, as the industry plans to triple plastic production by 2050.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waste management experts say the problem with plastic is that it is expensive to collect and sort. There are now thousands of different types of plastic, and none of them can be melted down together. Plastic also degrades after one or two uses. Greenpeace found the more plastic is reused the more toxic it becomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New plastic, on the other hand, is cheap and easy to produce. The result is that plastic trash has few markets — a reality the public has not wanted to hear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trent Carpenter, the general manager of Southern Oregon Sanitation, says when they told customers a couple years ago that they could no longer take any plastic trash other than soda bottles and jugs — like milk containers and detergent bottles — people were upset. They wanted to put their strawberry containers, bags, yogurt cups and all manner of plastic trash in their recycling bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to re-educate individuals that a great deal of that material is ending up in a landfill,” Carpenter said. “It’s not going to a recycling facility and being recycled. It’s going to a recycling facility and being landfilled someplace else because [you] can’t do anything with that material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That message has been difficult for the public to absorb with so many different bins in public spaces, and their own communities telling them to put their plastic in recycling containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carpenter says they wanted to be transparent with their customers and tell them the truth, unlike companies that continue to tell customers that plastic, such as bags and containers, is being turned into new things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Politically it’s easier to just say ‘Gosh, we’re going to take everything and we think we can get it recycled,’ and then look the other way,” Carpenter said of the other companies. “That’s greenwashing at its best.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Greenpeace found a couple facilities are trying to reprocess cups and containers — sometimes called “number 5s” because of the markings on the containers. But the numbers are low. While 52 percent of recycling facilities in the U.S. accept that kind of plastic, the report found less than 5% of it is actually repurposed — and the rest is put into a landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low reprocessing rates are at odds with plans from the oil and gas industry. Industry lobbyists say they plan to recycle every piece of plastic they make into something new by 2040. In interviews with NPR, industry officials were unable to explain how they planned to reach a 100% recycling rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR investigative \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/09/11/897692090/how-big-oil-misled-the-public-into-believing-plastic-would-be-recycled\">report\u003c/a> found in 2020 that industry officials misled the public about the recyclability of plastic even though their own reports showed they knew as early as the 1970s and 1980s that plastic could not be economically recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Chemistry Council, an industry lobby group, did not respond to NPR’s request for comment on the Greenpeace report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists and lawmakers in some states are now pushing for legislation that bans single use plastics, and for “bottle bills” which pay customers to bring back their plastic bottles. The bills have led to successful recycling rates for plastic bottles in places like Oregon and Michigan, but have faced steep resistance from plastic and oil industry lobbyists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real solution is to switch to systems of reuse and refill,” Ramsden said. “We are at a decision point on plastic pollution. It is time for corporations to turn off the plastic tap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of embracing plastic recycling, many environmental groups say they hope the public will finally see plastic for what they say it is — trash — and that people will ask themselves if there is something else they could be using instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Recycling+plastic+is+practically+impossible+%E2%80%93+and+the+problem+is+getting+worse&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "childrens-hospitals-grapple-with-a-nationwide-surge-in-rsv-infections",
"title": "Children's Hospitals Grapple With a Nationwide Surge in RSV Infections",
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"content": "\u003cp>An unseasonably early spike in \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/08/14/1027663917/rsv-covid-children\">respiratory syncytial virus\u003c/a> cases among young children is pushing some hospitals to capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RSV, as it’s called, is a respiratory virus that mostly manifests as a mild illness with cold-like symptoms in adults but can cause pneumonia and bronchiolitis in very young children. It can be life-threatening in infants and young adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most years, infections typically occur in the late fall and winter, often overlapping with flu season. But at least since last year, physicians have begun seeing surges starting during \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/06/24/1009992795/pediatricians-see-off-season-spike-in-rsv-cases-among-kids\">summer months\u003c/a>.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Dr. Laura Romano, Cook Children's Medical Center\"]‘This year, parents are sending their children to daycare and school for the first time following two years of the pandemic. … Children who haven’t been previously exposed to respiratory viruses are getting sick.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children’s hospitals in the Washington, D.C. area, including Children’s National Hospital, Inova Fairfax and Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, are at or near capacity, \u003ca href=\"https://dcist.com/story/22/10/20/multiple-childrens-hospitals-are-at-or-near-capacity-across-d-c-maryland-and-virginia/\">DCist reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Connecticut Children’s Hospital in Hartford has had its pediatric in-patient beds full for the last few weeks, \u003ca href=\"https://kfor.com/news/health/childrens-hospitals-overflowing-with-respiratory-patients-consider-calling-national-guard/?utm_campaign=socialflow&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=Twitter\">WTNH reported\u003c/a>. With no indication of the spread slowing down, officials there are seeking the help of the National Guard and FEMA to set up tents in order to expand capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Texas, doctors at Cook Children’s hospital in Fort Worth \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hl38AyRm0e8&t=140s\">told\u003c/a> ABC News they are treating some 300 RSV patients a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last year, more people were wearing face masks and children were more likely to stay home while sick,” Dr. Laura Romano \u003ca href=\"https://www.checkupnewsroom.com/rsv-cases-spiking-higher-and-earlier-so-far-this-year-at-cook-childrens/?utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=OrganicSocial&utm_campaign=RSVCasesSpiking&utm_term=2022_October&utm_content=RSVCasesSpiking\">said \u003c/a>in Cook Children’s in-house publication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, parents are sending their children to daycare and school for the first time following two years of the pandemic. … Children who haven’t been previously exposed to respiratory viruses are getting sick,” Romano said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials in King County, Wash., are also alarmed as they brace for more cases once winter hits. Dr. Russell Migita with Seattle Children’s Hospital \u003ca href=\"https://www.king5.com/article/news/health/rsv-cases-king-county-rise/281-39dc6773-3935-46e2-acd2-e5da8e7b31c0\">told\u003c/a> King 5 News they are seeing about 20 to 30 positive cases every day, adding that those are “unprecedented” figures.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How RSV shows up\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>RSV symptoms are similar to a cold and can be harmless in adults, but the CDC says children under the age of 5 are the most affected group. According to the agency’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/research/us-surveillance.html\">data\u003c/a>, each year approximately 58,000 children in that age range are hospitalized for RSV. The next most vulnerable group are adults over 65, in whom the infection causes 14,000 deaths a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RSV can lead to bronchiolitis, an infection that causes airways to become inflamed and clogged with mucus, making it difficult to breathe. If the infection travels to the lung sacs, it can result in pneumonia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Sara Goza, physician and former president of the American Academy of Pediatrics, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/06/24/1009992795/pediatricians-see-off-season-spike-in-rsv-cases-among-kids\">talked to NPR last year\u003c/a> about how the infection presents in infants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the babies under a year of age will have trouble breathing. They stop eating because they can’t breathe and eat at the same time. And they’re wheezing, so they’re in respiratory distress,” Goza said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other symptoms include coughing, excessive sleeping and lethargy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no vaccine to prevent RSV, but doctors are urging patients to get the flu shot. It doesn’t prevent the infection but it could spare people from more aggressive symptoms and keep them from seeking medical attention at already strained hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Children%27s+hospitals+grapple+with+a+nationwide+surge+in+RSV+infections&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An unseasonably early spike in \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/08/14/1027663917/rsv-covid-children\">respiratory syncytial virus\u003c/a> cases among young children is pushing some hospitals to capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RSV, as it’s called, is a respiratory virus that mostly manifests as a mild illness with cold-like symptoms in adults but can cause pneumonia and bronchiolitis in very young children. It can be life-threatening in infants and young adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most years, infections typically occur in the late fall and winter, often overlapping with flu season. But at least since last year, physicians have begun seeing surges starting during \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/06/24/1009992795/pediatricians-see-off-season-spike-in-rsv-cases-among-kids\">summer months\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘This year, parents are sending their children to daycare and school for the first time following two years of the pandemic. … Children who haven’t been previously exposed to respiratory viruses are getting sick.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children’s hospitals in the Washington, D.C. area, including Children’s National Hospital, Inova Fairfax and Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, are at or near capacity, \u003ca href=\"https://dcist.com/story/22/10/20/multiple-childrens-hospitals-are-at-or-near-capacity-across-d-c-maryland-and-virginia/\">DCist reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Connecticut Children’s Hospital in Hartford has had its pediatric in-patient beds full for the last few weeks, \u003ca href=\"https://kfor.com/news/health/childrens-hospitals-overflowing-with-respiratory-patients-consider-calling-national-guard/?utm_campaign=socialflow&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=Twitter\">WTNH reported\u003c/a>. With no indication of the spread slowing down, officials there are seeking the help of the National Guard and FEMA to set up tents in order to expand capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Texas, doctors at Cook Children’s hospital in Fort Worth \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hl38AyRm0e8&t=140s\">told\u003c/a> ABC News they are treating some 300 RSV patients a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last year, more people were wearing face masks and children were more likely to stay home while sick,” Dr. Laura Romano \u003ca href=\"https://www.checkupnewsroom.com/rsv-cases-spiking-higher-and-earlier-so-far-this-year-at-cook-childrens/?utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=OrganicSocial&utm_campaign=RSVCasesSpiking&utm_term=2022_October&utm_content=RSVCasesSpiking\">said \u003c/a>in Cook Children’s in-house publication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year, parents are sending their children to daycare and school for the first time following two years of the pandemic. … Children who haven’t been previously exposed to respiratory viruses are getting sick,” Romano said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials in King County, Wash., are also alarmed as they brace for more cases once winter hits. Dr. Russell Migita with Seattle Children’s Hospital \u003ca href=\"https://www.king5.com/article/news/health/rsv-cases-king-county-rise/281-39dc6773-3935-46e2-acd2-e5da8e7b31c0\">told\u003c/a> King 5 News they are seeing about 20 to 30 positive cases every day, adding that those are “unprecedented” figures.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How RSV shows up\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>RSV symptoms are similar to a cold and can be harmless in adults, but the CDC says children under the age of 5 are the most affected group. According to the agency’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/research/us-surveillance.html\">data\u003c/a>, each year approximately 58,000 children in that age range are hospitalized for RSV. The next most vulnerable group are adults over 65, in whom the infection causes 14,000 deaths a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RSV can lead to bronchiolitis, an infection that causes airways to become inflamed and clogged with mucus, making it difficult to breathe. If the infection travels to the lung sacs, it can result in pneumonia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Sara Goza, physician and former president of the American Academy of Pediatrics, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/06/24/1009992795/pediatricians-see-off-season-spike-in-rsv-cases-among-kids\">talked to NPR last year\u003c/a> about how the infection presents in infants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the babies under a year of age will have trouble breathing. They stop eating because they can’t breathe and eat at the same time. And they’re wheezing, so they’re in respiratory distress,” Goza said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other symptoms include coughing, excessive sleeping and lethargy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no vaccine to prevent RSV, but doctors are urging patients to get the flu shot. It doesn’t prevent the infection but it could spare people from more aggressive symptoms and keep them from seeking medical attention at already strained hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Children%27s+hospitals+grapple+with+a+nationwide+surge+in+RSV+infections&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Supreme Court on Thursday refused to block the rollout of the Biden administration’s student debt relief plan, allowing the program to move forward — at least for now. Loan forgiveness is scheduled to begin as early as Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Amy Coney Barrett, who is assigned to the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, was the one who received the emergency application. Presumably the court’s other justices agreed with her decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within hours of the Supreme Court action, another closely watched challenge to the program, this one brought by six GOP-led states, was tossed out by a federal district court in Missouri.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emergency request to the Supreme Court was brought by the Brown County Taxpayers Association, a Wisconsin organization made up of around 100 taxpaying individuals and business owners that advocates for conservative economic policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broadly, the organization argues that the U.S. Department of Education is acting outside of its administrative authority by forgiving student loans. The Department of Education is vested with the power to manage various loan programs but cannot, the applicants contend, forgive loans “unilateral[ly].” This power, they say, rests with Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This case will continue in the Seventh Circuit, where it is being heard on appeal. A federal district court judge dismissed the lawsuit earlier this month, on ground that the taxpayer group lacked “standing.” In short, the challengers, simply as taxpayers, could not show a personal injury as is required to bring a suit. In 2007, the Supreme Court said, “if every federal taxpayer could sue to challenge any Government expenditure, the federal courts would cease to function as courts of law and would be cast in the role of general complaint bureaus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Biden administration announced its student loan relief program in August, citing the rising cost of attending college and the economic crisis brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. The relief program is for low- and middle-income individuals, and includes up to $20,000 in debt cancellation for Pell Grant Recipients and up to $10,000 for non-Pell Grant recipient. The loan forgiveness is just one part of a broader proposal for debt relief; the plan also includes reducing monthly payments on undergraduate loans and combating the rising cost of college education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan has been challenged by several other conservative organizations. Those lawsuits are percolating in various lower courts, though they may face similar difficulty showing a specific harm to stay alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Supreme Court on Thursday refused to block the rollout of the Biden administration’s student debt relief plan, allowing the program to move forward — at least for now. Loan forgiveness is scheduled to begin as early as Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Amy Coney Barrett, who is assigned to the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, was the one who received the emergency application. Presumably the court’s other justices agreed with her decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within hours of the Supreme Court action, another closely watched challenge to the program, this one brought by six GOP-led states, was tossed out by a federal district court in Missouri.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emergency request to the Supreme Court was brought by the Brown County Taxpayers Association, a Wisconsin organization made up of around 100 taxpaying individuals and business owners that advocates for conservative economic policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broadly, the organization argues that the U.S. Department of Education is acting outside of its administrative authority by forgiving student loans. The Department of Education is vested with the power to manage various loan programs but cannot, the applicants contend, forgive loans “unilateral[ly].” This power, they say, rests with Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This case will continue in the Seventh Circuit, where it is being heard on appeal. A federal district court judge dismissed the lawsuit earlier this month, on ground that the taxpayer group lacked “standing.” In short, the challengers, simply as taxpayers, could not show a personal injury as is required to bring a suit. In 2007, the Supreme Court said, “if every federal taxpayer could sue to challenge any Government expenditure, the federal courts would cease to function as courts of law and would be cast in the role of general complaint bureaus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Biden administration announced its student loan relief program in August, citing the rising cost of attending college and the economic crisis brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. The relief program is for low- and middle-income individuals, and includes up to $20,000 in debt cancellation for Pell Grant Recipients and up to $10,000 for non-Pell Grant recipient. The loan forgiveness is just one part of a broader proposal for debt relief; the plan also includes reducing monthly payments on undergraduate loans and combating the rising cost of college education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan has been challenged by several other conservative organizations. Those lawsuits are percolating in various lower courts, though they may face similar difficulty showing a specific harm to stay alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California is slowly clawing back some of the estimated $20 billion in unemployment money stolen by domestic and international criminals, money earmarked for jobless relief during the height of the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is, by far, the largest reported amount of \u003ca href=\"https://www.pandemicoversight.gov/spotlight/unemployment-insurance-fraud\">pandemic related fraud in any state. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics say the California money recovery effort remains feeble, with too few people held to account, and that the real fraud figure is likely far higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s too late and too little, and even the systems they presently have can still be defrauded,” says Jim Patterson, a Republican state assemblyman and vice chair of the state’s Committee on Accountability and Administrative Review. “That’s not good enough.”[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"McGregor Scott, former U.S. attorney, Eastern District California\"]‘The key to the kingdom for unemployment insurance fraud benefits was a Social Security number.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, the total amount of unemployment insurance fraud is staggering. The U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Inspector General earlier this year \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Testimony-Turner-2022-03-17-REVISED.pdf\">told Congress\u003c/a> that “at least $163 billion in pandemic UI benefits could have been paid improperly, with a significant portion attributable to fraud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emphasis from federal and state officials was on pushing that money out fast — $5 trillion in all to help ease the biggest economic crisis since the Great Depression. That speediness also meant many claims weren’t verified.[aside postID=\"news_11927152,news_11922498\" label=\"Related Posts\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California alone, fraudsters using stolen social security numbers and stolen or made up names made off with what state officials conservatively \u003ca href=\"https://edd.ca.gov/siteassets/files/pdf/news-22-34.pdf\">estimate is $20 billion.\u003c/a> That’s about 11% of the $177 billion in jobless benefits paid out for COVID-19 relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it wasn’t hard: Someone\u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/dianne-feinstein-california-coronavirus-pandemic-cccc9fdafd6e76db72bc533084f1fae3\"> claiming to be U.S. Sen. Dianne Feinstein \u003c/a>got paid. There was a \u003ca href=\"https://kmph.com/news/local/state-district-attorneys-say-edd-fraud-involved-prisoners-including-scott-peterson\">John Doe and even a Mr. Poopy Pants\u003c/a>. They all got money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key to the kingdom for unemployment insurance fraud benefits was a Social Security number,” McGregor Scott, a former U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District California, says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state hired Scott as special counsel for its Fraud Task Force to help coordinate the investigation and prosecution of pandemic-related unemployment fraud targeting the Employment Development Department or EDD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And with the dark web and the black market for Social Security numbers, these transnational criminal organizations have a very large number of Social Security numbers, so that allowed them to submit fraudulent applications – and get money,” Scott says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Investigators identified specific groups of fraudsters\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>So far, working with federal and local law enforcement and the Bank of America – which administers California’s jobless benefits program – \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/06/21/edd-recovers-1-1-billion-in-unemployment-insurance-funds-with-more-investigations-and-recoveries-to-come/\">the state has recovered more than a billion \u003c/a>mostly by freezing EDD bank debit cards obtained through fraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s balances sitting on all these debit cards that the Bank of America has recovered. And to date they have returned $1.1 billion dollars to the state,” Scott tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says California’s task force has learned that most of those committing the fraud were domestic and international organized crime rings, as well as prison inmates inside and outside the state. Then he says there were what you might call run-of-the-mill grifters. “People who are not part of really sophisticated or organized criminal groups, but just sort of have made a living of stealing from government programs in various forms over the years. And this became the latest version of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, Scott says, the Fraud Task Force has also \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-edca/pr/tracy-woman-indicted-fraud-scheme-steal-california-unemployment-insurance-benefits\">helped law enforcement\u003c/a> arrest more than 500 people and secure 203 convictions, including from a former EDD employee who stole more than $4 million in COVID-19-related unemployment relief claims. Gabriela Llerenas, who also uses the name “Maria G. Sandoval,” was \u003ca href=\"https://www.oig.dol.gov/public/Press%20Releases/One-Time_EDD_Employee_Sentenced_to_More_Than_5_Years_in_Prison_for_Fraudulently_Obtaining_Nearly.pdf\">sentenced earlier this year\u003c/a> to more than five years in prison and ordered to pay nearly $4.3 million in restitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our job is to make sure that the FBI is talking to the local D.A. or that they’re getting the documents they need from EDD or we are getting what we need from the Bank of America,” Scott says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, the U.S. Labor Department Inspector General says so far its investigations have resulted in \u003ca href=\"https://www.oig.dol.gov/public/Press%20Releases/DOL-OIG%20Pandemic%20Work%20Results%20in%20More%20Than%201000%20Individuals%20Charged%20with%20UI%20Fraud.pdf\">more than 1,000 people charged\u003c/a> with unemployment insurance fraud since the start of the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dozens of people \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/20/1124142635/u-s-charges-dozens-of-people-in-250-million-pandemic-fraud-scheme\">have been arrested\u003c/a>. But thousands of criminals have faced no consequence and billions remain unaccounted for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside experts think the real jobless fraud figure in California is far higher than $20 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe the number is closer to 32.6 billion,” Haywood Talcove, CEO of the government division of LexisNexis Risk Solutions says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talcove gets to that higher figure, in part, by looking at federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.oig.dol.gov/public/reports/oa/2022/19-22-006-03-315.pdf\">Labor Department audits\u003c/a> that show California averaged a high jobless fraud and “improper payments” rate in the three years before the pandemic. “And it didn’t go down during the pandemic, it only went up,” Talcove says. “So you easily get to that $32.6 billion number.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, the latest U.S. Labor Department \u003ca href=\"https://www.oig.dol.gov/public/reports/oa/2022/19-22-006-03-315.pdf\">audit report in September shows\u003c/a> that the California EDD’s “improper payment” rate in just the first six months of the pandemic was 36.6%. What percentage of that was outright fraud or mistakes is unclear but most believe the majority was the former.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Watchdogs call for more to be done, including a forensic audit\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Whatever the real number of stolen funds, Talcove argues, the bigger issue is the state has yet to put in place robust controls like those used every day in American banking and other private sector transactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California did add a drivers’ license authentication system called ID.me the state says is a “highly secure” identity verification process. They also hired an outside data analysis firm, \u003ca href=\"https://edd.ca.gov/en/about_edd/fraud-response/\">among other moves\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state has not yet conducted a forensic audit of the fraud. And Talcove says the added protections are simply not enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are still getting their pockets picked,” he says. “We go on to the dark web every day and monitor these criminal groups that are stealing from the unemployment insurance agencies. And we see it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In just the past few weeks, he says he’s seen outside criminal groups from Russia and elsewhere boasting they could still cheat the state’s jobless program. The groups, Talcove says, “were advertising their sauce to get into the state of California, which included purchasing a fake driver’s license that gets through their system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some California lawmakers are frustrated and outraged by what they see as a slow trickle of money recovery and limited accountability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state of California has to stop patting itself on the back that they’re doing something. This is patchwork,” says Patterson, the Republican state Assemblyman. “We only got a billion back out of maybe 30 or 35 billion. That’s a terrible batting average. We’ve got to do a whole lot better than that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patterson says his office today still gets flooded with calls from constituents having a terrible time getting their legitimate jobless claims filled while too few fraudsters have been convicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haywood Talcove says the level of pandemic fraud nationally shows every state should be doing more to lock down their systems against fraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not just for unemployment insurance, for their tax departments, for their SNAP, for their TANF benefits, making sure there’s an enterprise approach to identity,” he says. “What makes anyone think that those criminals aren’t now headed into other programs after they just robbed the United States Treasury of $250 billion dollars?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, law enforcement and others point to a bill recently signed by Gov. Gavin Newsom making it easier for prosecutors and police \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oGbJ4BOixo\">to seize assets\u003c/a>, including cars and property, from people who defrauded the unemployment program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a case going right now where the guy bought a motorcycle and we know he did it with EDD money,” special counsel Scott says. “So we’ve taken the motorcycle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says state expects to soon recover another large sum from unemployment debit cards that still have money on them but have been frozen because of fraud indicators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Scott concedes, there likely will be billions unrecovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no doubt there will be a certain amount that will have to be written off at the end,” he says. “What that number is, I don’t know yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Pandemic-related+fraud+totaled+billions.+California+is+trying+to+get+some+of+it+back&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "A special task force is investigating claims and freezing accounts to determine who legitimately qualifies for the relief money. About $20 billion in unemployment money was stolen by criminals.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is slowly clawing back some of the estimated $20 billion in unemployment money stolen by domestic and international criminals, money earmarked for jobless relief during the height of the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is, by far, the largest reported amount of \u003ca href=\"https://www.pandemicoversight.gov/spotlight/unemployment-insurance-fraud\">pandemic related fraud in any state. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics say the California money recovery effort remains feeble, with too few people held to account, and that the real fraud figure is likely far higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s too late and too little, and even the systems they presently have can still be defrauded,” says Jim Patterson, a Republican state assemblyman and vice chair of the state’s Committee on Accountability and Administrative Review. “That’s not good enough.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, the total amount of unemployment insurance fraud is staggering. The U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Inspector General earlier this year \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Testimony-Turner-2022-03-17-REVISED.pdf\">told Congress\u003c/a> that “at least $163 billion in pandemic UI benefits could have been paid improperly, with a significant portion attributable to fraud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emphasis from federal and state officials was on pushing that money out fast — $5 trillion in all to help ease the biggest economic crisis since the Great Depression. That speediness also meant many claims weren’t verified.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California alone, fraudsters using stolen social security numbers and stolen or made up names made off with what state officials conservatively \u003ca href=\"https://edd.ca.gov/siteassets/files/pdf/news-22-34.pdf\">estimate is $20 billion.\u003c/a> That’s about 11% of the $177 billion in jobless benefits paid out for COVID-19 relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it wasn’t hard: Someone\u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/dianne-feinstein-california-coronavirus-pandemic-cccc9fdafd6e76db72bc533084f1fae3\"> claiming to be U.S. Sen. Dianne Feinstein \u003c/a>got paid. There was a \u003ca href=\"https://kmph.com/news/local/state-district-attorneys-say-edd-fraud-involved-prisoners-including-scott-peterson\">John Doe and even a Mr. Poopy Pants\u003c/a>. They all got money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key to the kingdom for unemployment insurance fraud benefits was a Social Security number,” McGregor Scott, a former U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District California, says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state hired Scott as special counsel for its Fraud Task Force to help coordinate the investigation and prosecution of pandemic-related unemployment fraud targeting the Employment Development Department or EDD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And with the dark web and the black market for Social Security numbers, these transnational criminal organizations have a very large number of Social Security numbers, so that allowed them to submit fraudulent applications – and get money,” Scott says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Investigators identified specific groups of fraudsters\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>So far, working with federal and local law enforcement and the Bank of America – which administers California’s jobless benefits program – \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/06/21/edd-recovers-1-1-billion-in-unemployment-insurance-funds-with-more-investigations-and-recoveries-to-come/\">the state has recovered more than a billion \u003c/a>mostly by freezing EDD bank debit cards obtained through fraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s balances sitting on all these debit cards that the Bank of America has recovered. And to date they have returned $1.1 billion dollars to the state,” Scott tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says California’s task force has learned that most of those committing the fraud were domestic and international organized crime rings, as well as prison inmates inside and outside the state. Then he says there were what you might call run-of-the-mill grifters. “People who are not part of really sophisticated or organized criminal groups, but just sort of have made a living of stealing from government programs in various forms over the years. And this became the latest version of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, Scott says, the Fraud Task Force has also \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-edca/pr/tracy-woman-indicted-fraud-scheme-steal-california-unemployment-insurance-benefits\">helped law enforcement\u003c/a> arrest more than 500 people and secure 203 convictions, including from a former EDD employee who stole more than $4 million in COVID-19-related unemployment relief claims. Gabriela Llerenas, who also uses the name “Maria G. Sandoval,” was \u003ca href=\"https://www.oig.dol.gov/public/Press%20Releases/One-Time_EDD_Employee_Sentenced_to_More_Than_5_Years_in_Prison_for_Fraudulently_Obtaining_Nearly.pdf\">sentenced earlier this year\u003c/a> to more than five years in prison and ordered to pay nearly $4.3 million in restitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our job is to make sure that the FBI is talking to the local D.A. or that they’re getting the documents they need from EDD or we are getting what we need from the Bank of America,” Scott says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, the U.S. Labor Department Inspector General says so far its investigations have resulted in \u003ca href=\"https://www.oig.dol.gov/public/Press%20Releases/DOL-OIG%20Pandemic%20Work%20Results%20in%20More%20Than%201000%20Individuals%20Charged%20with%20UI%20Fraud.pdf\">more than 1,000 people charged\u003c/a> with unemployment insurance fraud since the start of the pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dozens of people \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/20/1124142635/u-s-charges-dozens-of-people-in-250-million-pandemic-fraud-scheme\">have been arrested\u003c/a>. But thousands of criminals have faced no consequence and billions remain unaccounted for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside experts think the real jobless fraud figure in California is far higher than $20 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe the number is closer to 32.6 billion,” Haywood Talcove, CEO of the government division of LexisNexis Risk Solutions says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talcove gets to that higher figure, in part, by looking at federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.oig.dol.gov/public/reports/oa/2022/19-22-006-03-315.pdf\">Labor Department audits\u003c/a> that show California averaged a high jobless fraud and “improper payments” rate in the three years before the pandemic. “And it didn’t go down during the pandemic, it only went up,” Talcove says. “So you easily get to that $32.6 billion number.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, the latest U.S. Labor Department \u003ca href=\"https://www.oig.dol.gov/public/reports/oa/2022/19-22-006-03-315.pdf\">audit report in September shows\u003c/a> that the California EDD’s “improper payment” rate in just the first six months of the pandemic was 36.6%. What percentage of that was outright fraud or mistakes is unclear but most believe the majority was the former.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Watchdogs call for more to be done, including a forensic audit\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Whatever the real number of stolen funds, Talcove argues, the bigger issue is the state has yet to put in place robust controls like those used every day in American banking and other private sector transactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California did add a drivers’ license authentication system called ID.me the state says is a “highly secure” identity verification process. They also hired an outside data analysis firm, \u003ca href=\"https://edd.ca.gov/en/about_edd/fraud-response/\">among other moves\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state has not yet conducted a forensic audit of the fraud. And Talcove says the added protections are simply not enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are still getting their pockets picked,” he says. “We go on to the dark web every day and monitor these criminal groups that are stealing from the unemployment insurance agencies. And we see it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In just the past few weeks, he says he’s seen outside criminal groups from Russia and elsewhere boasting they could still cheat the state’s jobless program. The groups, Talcove says, “were advertising their sauce to get into the state of California, which included purchasing a fake driver’s license that gets through their system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some California lawmakers are frustrated and outraged by what they see as a slow trickle of money recovery and limited accountability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state of California has to stop patting itself on the back that they’re doing something. This is patchwork,” says Patterson, the Republican state Assemblyman. “We only got a billion back out of maybe 30 or 35 billion. That’s a terrible batting average. We’ve got to do a whole lot better than that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patterson says his office today still gets flooded with calls from constituents having a terrible time getting their legitimate jobless claims filled while too few fraudsters have been convicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haywood Talcove says the level of pandemic fraud nationally shows every state should be doing more to lock down their systems against fraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not just for unemployment insurance, for their tax departments, for their SNAP, for their TANF benefits, making sure there’s an enterprise approach to identity,” he says. “What makes anyone think that those criminals aren’t now headed into other programs after they just robbed the United States Treasury of $250 billion dollars?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, law enforcement and others point to a bill recently signed by Gov. Gavin Newsom making it easier for prosecutors and police \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oGbJ4BOixo\">to seize assets\u003c/a>, including cars and property, from people who defrauded the unemployment program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a case going right now where the guy bought a motorcycle and we know he did it with EDD money,” special counsel Scott says. “So we’ve taken the motorcycle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says state expects to soon recover another large sum from unemployment debit cards that still have money on them but have been frozen because of fraud indicators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Scott concedes, there likely will be billions unrecovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no doubt there will be a certain amount that will have to be written off at the end,” he says. “What that number is, I don’t know yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Pandemic-related+fraud+totaled+billions.+California+is+trying+to+get+some+of+it+back&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"id": "american-suburb-podcast",
"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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"order": 19
},
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}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"californiareport": {
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"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"order": 10
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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}
},
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
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"restaurantIdsSorted": [],
"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
},
"requestOutcomesReducer": {
"notFound": []
}
}
