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"content": "\u003cp>Voters in several states where abortion was \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1134535372/abortion-midterm-election-michigan-kentucky-amendment-roe-dobbs\">on the ballot\u003c/a> were generally favorable to abortion rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer’s U.S. Supreme Court decision overturning decades of abortion-rights precedent left the issue of abortion rights \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/23/1118846811/two-months-after-the-dobbs-ruling-new-abortion-bans-are-taking-hold\">to the states\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That raised the stakes for voters in several states — including Vermont, California, Michigan, Montana and Kentucky — with abortion-related questions on the ballot this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Story\" postID=\"news_11931183\"]Vermont became first state in the country to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/29/1108710369/vermont-to-vote-on-whether-to-amend-the-states-constitution-to-protect-abortion\">amend its constitution\u003c/a> to protect “reproductive autonomy,” after a large majority of voters cast ballots in favor of it, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/09/1134832172/vermont-votes-abortion-constitution-midterms-results\">widely expected\u003c/a>. Abortion already was protected under a state law passed in 2019, but the amendment further shores up those rights by adding protections to the state constitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As anticipated, California voters also approved a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/10/24/1129112123/abortion-is-on-the-california-ballot-but-does-that-mean-at-any-point-in-pregnanc\">similar measure\u003c/a> protecting the right to abortion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one of the most-watched ballot measures on the issue, Michigan residents also voted to amend their state’s constitution to protect abortion rights. The initiative appeared on the ballot after surviving a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/08/1121858922/michigan-supreme-court-abortion-amendment-voters-ballot\">Republican-led challenge\u003c/a> on grounds including concerns about the amendment’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/08/1121858922/michigan-supreme-court-abortion-amendment-voters-ballot\">spacing and formatting\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a move that could aid efforts by abortion rights groups to overturn two abortion bans, Kentucky voters rejected a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/31/1131693766/in-kentucky-abortion-rights-activists-hope-for-a-repeat-of-kansas-win\">proposed amendment\u003c/a> to the state constitution that would have explicitly stated it contains no right to an abortion. 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In a statement, officials with Planned Parenthood’s Kentucky chapter pledged to continue their legal fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Montana, votes were still being counted on what anti-abortion-rights groups describe as a “Born Alive” measure that would require healthcare providers to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/26/1131427646/abortion-ballot-montana-voters-decide-born-alive-act\">treat infants\u003c/a> born alive at any stage of development, including after an attempted abortion. Reproductive rights groups, who opposed the initiative, noted that Montana law already prohibits infanticide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to harness the energy unleashed by this summer’s Supreme Court decision, Democrats and abortion-rights groups invested hundreds of millions of dollars to boost candidates who supported abortion rights. Supporters of abortion rights also out-fundraised their opponents in ballot measure campaigns in states including \u003ca href=\"https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/2022/10/27/kentucky-abortion-bill-fight-amendment-2-crosses-6-million-mark/69590802007/\">Kentucky\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-government/proposal-3-abortion-measure-generates-57m-michigan-campaign-donations\">Michigan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Where+abortion+was+on+the+ballot%2C+midterm+voters+largely+signaled+support&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>For small islands in the Pacific, a powerful cyclone can be devastating. In 2020, Cyclone Harold hit the island nation of Vanuatu, destroying schools and fields of crops. In one province, \u003ca href=\"https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/un-emergency-funding-released-response-tropical-cyclone-harold\">90% of the population lost their homes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $600 million in damage represents more than 60% of the country’s gross domestic product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is huge sums of our national wealth that is being erased by climate extremes,” says Christopher Bartlett, who works on climate diplomacy for Vanuatu.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Bakoa Kaltongga, climate envoy, Vanuatu\"]‘We small islands and people of the small islands have every right to exist in the world, just as all you major nations of the north.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vanuatu is part of a coalition of low-income countries \u003ca href=\"https://thecvf.org/our-voice/news/press-releases/forum-of-vulnerable-nations-calls-for-dedicated-international-funds-for-climate-crisis-loss-damage/\">calling on wealthier nations to pay for climate damages\u003c/a>. Developing countries have produced very little of the pollution driving climate change. Wealthier nations such as the United States have been the biggest emitters of greenhouse gasses. But developing countries are already bearing the brunt of the destructive impacts, like storms, floods and droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the world \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/27/1131687504/heres-how-far-behind-the-world-is-on-reining-in-climate-change\">far off-track from its goal of stopping dangerous levels of warming\u003c/a>, developing countries say that wealthier nations should pay for the inevitable “loss and damage” they’ll experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, richer countries have delayed committing funds, though they’ve agreed to take up the issue at the COP27 climate negotiations now getting underway in Egypt. At last year’s summit, nations agreed to start a dialogue about loss and damage, a process that developing countries say has fallen far short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Biden administration has signaled its support for addressing loss and damage. But dollar amounts are still elusive, and it’s not clear how payments might be delivered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talks about money at COP27 are happening as richer countries face their own economic turmoil, including inflation, possible recession and energy upheaval stemming from the Russian war in Ukraine. But without progress on loss and damage, the chances get a lot slimmer that the world can stick together on an already difficult path to cutting emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some group of developing countries, for them it could be the last straw,” says Preety Bhandari, senior advisor on climate finance at the World Resources Institute. “It really could be the last straw and they might be ready to walk out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>$177 million: Vanuatu’s starting point for climate compensation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For Vanuatu, a South Pacific nation made up of 82 small islands, few people are insulated from a changing climate. Agriculture there largely depends on rainfall patterns. Fishing is a vital industry. Many people live close to the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country’s leaders have made it clear that climate change threatens Vanuatu’s very survival. To advance the conversation at COP27, Vanuatu has \u003ca href=\"https://www.vanuatuicj.com/NDC\">laid out a starting point for its loss and damage needs\u003c/a>, totaling $177 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is happening now is affecting human lives and human rights,” says Bakoa Kaltongga, Vanuatu’s climate envoy. “We small islands and people of the small islands have every right to exist in the world, just as all you major nations of the north.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan doesn’t include disaster relief from cyclones, which are getting stronger and more intense as global temperatures rise. An international system of humanitarian aid generally kicks into gear after a crisis, though it often falls short of supporting a full recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vanuatu’s leaders say it’s the slower-moving climate impacts that are hard to get help with, like rising oceans. On Vanuatu’s coast, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/15_PCCSP_Vanuatu_8pp.pdf\">water is rising at a faster rate than the global average\u003c/a>. Many coastal communities may need to be relocated, a fraught and challenging process in any part of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bulk of Vanuatu’s proposal would go to creating a loss and damage fund, so residents could receive compensation quickly. Other funding would go to setting up systems to help with relocation efforts and support displaced people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s to ensure that as we relocate populations, that we do that in an advance-planned way so people can move with dignity and not be scrambling at the last minute without the basic services and protections that we deserve,” Bartlett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Loss and damage also means paying for what can’t be replaced\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While communities can potentially be rebuilt in new places, some of what’s lost can’t be regained. Important cultural sites may disappear under rising water. In Vanuatu, burial grounds are at risk, so some funding would also go to community-led discussions about how best to preserve their connection to ancestors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t tell you how many times when entering the community that you see graves and grave sites half exposed to the rising tides,” Bartlett says. “And it’s devastating because that’s such an important connection to history and ancestry here in the Pacific.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/08/1052198840/1-5-degrees-warming-climate-change\">coral reefs are also at risk of collapsing\u003c/a>. Oceans are getting warmer and more acidic, which can cause corals to bleach, turning a ghostly white. After repeated marine heat waves, corals simply can’t bounce back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Losing reefs would be fundamentally destabilizing, both as an ecological change and for the many local fishermen who depend on them for their livelihoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Debate remains over how loss and damage payments would work\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, the toll of loss and damage is expected to balloon as the climate gets hotter. \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5_14\">One study shows\u003c/a> that costs from loss and damage could reach $290 billion to $580 billion in 2030 and rise to more than $1 trillion per year in 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At last year’s climate talks in Glasgow, a bloc of developing nations asked for a fund or “facility” to be set up to disburse loss and damage funds. But as negotiations wore on, they settled on a three-year dialogue, which developing countries say lacks a clear decision-making mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this year’s negotiations in Egypt, the debate is expected to continue over whether a new fund should be set up. Some support using existing humanitarian aid networks. Others have suggested that countries should have international loans forgiven, if it’s linked to their climate vulnerability. Many countries have already taken on more debt after major disasters hit, on top of international loans they have for broader societal development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these countries are burdened by debt,” says U.S. special climate envoy John Kerry. “They are greatly impacted by what happens with respect to the crisis, the climate. And then they turn around and the west or the north offers them more debt. That isn’t going to work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talks this year could take on new urgency, however, after the unprecedented damage in Pakistan from extreme floods. Millions of people were displaced, with damage totaling more than $30 billion dollars. At least 1500 people were killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The recent floods in Pakistan have clearly shown what loss and damage can look like and what the toll could be,” Bhandari says. “Not only in terms of human lives and economic losses, but also in terms of all the development gains which are being lost in countries which are really trying to leapfrog into the next level of development.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Developing+countries+want+climate+reparations.+Here%27s+what+it+could+cost&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For small islands in the Pacific, a powerful cyclone can be devastating. In 2020, Cyclone Harold hit the island nation of Vanuatu, destroying schools and fields of crops. In one province, \u003ca href=\"https://reliefweb.int/report/vanuatu/un-emergency-funding-released-response-tropical-cyclone-harold\">90% of the population lost their homes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $600 million in damage represents more than 60% of the country’s gross domestic product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is huge sums of our national wealth that is being erased by climate extremes,” says Christopher Bartlett, who works on climate diplomacy for Vanuatu.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vanuatu is part of a coalition of low-income countries \u003ca href=\"https://thecvf.org/our-voice/news/press-releases/forum-of-vulnerable-nations-calls-for-dedicated-international-funds-for-climate-crisis-loss-damage/\">calling on wealthier nations to pay for climate damages\u003c/a>. Developing countries have produced very little of the pollution driving climate change. Wealthier nations such as the United States have been the biggest emitters of greenhouse gasses. But developing countries are already bearing the brunt of the destructive impacts, like storms, floods and droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the world \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/27/1131687504/heres-how-far-behind-the-world-is-on-reining-in-climate-change\">far off-track from its goal of stopping dangerous levels of warming\u003c/a>, developing countries say that wealthier nations should pay for the inevitable “loss and damage” they’ll experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, richer countries have delayed committing funds, though they’ve agreed to take up the issue at the COP27 climate negotiations now getting underway in Egypt. At last year’s summit, nations agreed to start a dialogue about loss and damage, a process that developing countries say has fallen far short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Biden administration has signaled its support for addressing loss and damage. But dollar amounts are still elusive, and it’s not clear how payments might be delivered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talks about money at COP27 are happening as richer countries face their own economic turmoil, including inflation, possible recession and energy upheaval stemming from the Russian war in Ukraine. But without progress on loss and damage, the chances get a lot slimmer that the world can stick together on an already difficult path to cutting emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some group of developing countries, for them it could be the last straw,” says Preety Bhandari, senior advisor on climate finance at the World Resources Institute. “It really could be the last straw and they might be ready to walk out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>$177 million: Vanuatu’s starting point for climate compensation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For Vanuatu, a South Pacific nation made up of 82 small islands, few people are insulated from a changing climate. Agriculture there largely depends on rainfall patterns. Fishing is a vital industry. Many people live close to the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country’s leaders have made it clear that climate change threatens Vanuatu’s very survival. To advance the conversation at COP27, Vanuatu has \u003ca href=\"https://www.vanuatuicj.com/NDC\">laid out a starting point for its loss and damage needs\u003c/a>, totaling $177 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is happening now is affecting human lives and human rights,” says Bakoa Kaltongga, Vanuatu’s climate envoy. “We small islands and people of the small islands have every right to exist in the world, just as all you major nations of the north.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan doesn’t include disaster relief from cyclones, which are getting stronger and more intense as global temperatures rise. An international system of humanitarian aid generally kicks into gear after a crisis, though it often falls short of supporting a full recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vanuatu’s leaders say it’s the slower-moving climate impacts that are hard to get help with, like rising oceans. On Vanuatu’s coast, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/15_PCCSP_Vanuatu_8pp.pdf\">water is rising at a faster rate than the global average\u003c/a>. Many coastal communities may need to be relocated, a fraught and challenging process in any part of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bulk of Vanuatu’s proposal would go to creating a loss and damage fund, so residents could receive compensation quickly. Other funding would go to setting up systems to help with relocation efforts and support displaced people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s to ensure that as we relocate populations, that we do that in an advance-planned way so people can move with dignity and not be scrambling at the last minute without the basic services and protections that we deserve,” Bartlett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Loss and damage also means paying for what can’t be replaced\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While communities can potentially be rebuilt in new places, some of what’s lost can’t be regained. Important cultural sites may disappear under rising water. In Vanuatu, burial grounds are at risk, so some funding would also go to community-led discussions about how best to preserve their connection to ancestors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t tell you how many times when entering the community that you see graves and grave sites half exposed to the rising tides,” Bartlett says. “And it’s devastating because that’s such an important connection to history and ancestry here in the Pacific.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/08/1052198840/1-5-degrees-warming-climate-change\">coral reefs are also at risk of collapsing\u003c/a>. Oceans are getting warmer and more acidic, which can cause corals to bleach, turning a ghostly white. After repeated marine heat waves, corals simply can’t bounce back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Losing reefs would be fundamentally destabilizing, both as an ecological change and for the many local fishermen who depend on them for their livelihoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Debate remains over how loss and damage payments would work\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, the toll of loss and damage is expected to balloon as the climate gets hotter. \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5_14\">One study shows\u003c/a> that costs from loss and damage could reach $290 billion to $580 billion in 2030 and rise to more than $1 trillion per year in 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At last year’s climate talks in Glasgow, a bloc of developing nations asked for a fund or “facility” to be set up to disburse loss and damage funds. But as negotiations wore on, they settled on a three-year dialogue, which developing countries say lacks a clear decision-making mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this year’s negotiations in Egypt, the debate is expected to continue over whether a new fund should be set up. Some support using existing humanitarian aid networks. Others have suggested that countries should have international loans forgiven, if it’s linked to their climate vulnerability. Many countries have already taken on more debt after major disasters hit, on top of international loans they have for broader societal development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these countries are burdened by debt,” says U.S. special climate envoy John Kerry. “They are greatly impacted by what happens with respect to the crisis, the climate. And then they turn around and the west or the north offers them more debt. That isn’t going to work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talks this year could take on new urgency, however, after the unprecedented damage in Pakistan from extreme floods. Millions of people were displaced, with damage totaling more than $30 billion dollars. At least 1500 people were killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The recent floods in Pakistan have clearly shown what loss and damage can look like and what the toll could be,” Bhandari says. “Not only in terms of human lives and economic losses, but also in terms of all the development gains which are being lost in countries which are really trying to leapfrog into the next level of development.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Developing+countries+want+climate+reparations.+Here%27s+what+it+could+cost&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Voting in the 2022 midterms has been going on for weeks. The pandemic expanded options in many states, but voters who want to cast their ballot on Election Day still have to go to the polls on a Tuesday, and may have to take time off of work to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats have long led the push for an Election Day holiday, but in the last two years Republicans have put forward at least seven of their own bills as well. An NPR investigation found that sponsors of GOP bills in Arizona and Missouri met or appeared with prominent election deniers, and the influence of election misinformation can be seen in their other proposed election reforms – including limiting mail-in ballots and ending the use of voting machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asides with specific hand-picked posts:\u003cbr>\n[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11927742\"]Election Day holiday bills from each party show their different visions for the future of American elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats favor reforms like mail-in voting and automatic absentee balloting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the case for Florida State Representative Geraldine Thompson, who said she wants to make voting easier for people who are weighing the demands of work and civic duty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have to go to work,” Thompson said. “And so I think making Election Day a holiday will allow more people to participate in our democracy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thompson sponsored a bill to make Election Day a holiday in her state — the bill contained additional reforms like pre-paid postage on mail-in ballots. In New Mexico, another voting holiday bill went even further, lowering the voting age to 16 in local elections, re-enfranchising people with felony convictions, and making voter registration automatic through the DMV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Mexico State Senator Peter Wirth sponsored that bill, which was killed by a filibuster. He told NPR the bill’s hearing was “contentious,” and that it seemed like word had been sent out that the bill’s provisions to expand voting access were “dangerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican bills to give voters the day off don’t make it part of a list of reforms to expand voting options. Instead, they often seek to limit voting access to in-person, Election Day ballots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seth Keshel is a prominent election denier who travels the country touting a ten-point plan for voting policy, and he shared one of those points on the right-wing Stew Peters Show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So go ahead and tell the left that we want to turn Election Day into a national holiday and see how they are going to oppose that. But for us we are going to be able to press the measures we need – like restricting mail-in ballots, restricting early voting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These proposed restrictions are based on misinformation lingering from former President Donald Trump’s loss in the 2020 election. Election deniers, including some Republican politicians and their supporters, claim almost any voting expansion — like mail-in voting and drop boxes — is prone to fraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keshel’s philosophy shows up in legislation in Arizona, Missouri, and Washington. He and other election deniers have met or appeared with three of the Republicans who have sponsored bills to make Election Day a holiday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Representative Ann Kelley sponsored a Missouri bill to make Election Day a holiday. She told NPR by email she wanted to have more people available to staff elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some counties,” Kelley wrote, “it is difficult to even find a place to vote, so this would potentially open up school buildings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelley’s bill would have done much more than close schools and give workers the day off. The proposed legislation includes ending electronic voting entirely, a ban on sending unsolicited absentee ballot request forms, and additional provisions for Missouri’s voter ID law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Election Day holiday bills came with similar restrictions. An Arizona bill would have repealed the authorization for voting locations to be used as early voting sites, and limited voting centers to Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And proposals linked to a bill in Washington would have added a new photo ID provision and limited early voting to just two weekends, rather than an 18-day voting period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Alvarez is professor of political science at Caltech and he’s been studying the idea of an Election Day holiday and other reforms to make voting more convenient since the aftermath of the 2000 election. His research is focused on voter behavior and which reforms increase turnout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvarez told NPR the idea for a voting holiday has been around for a while, mostly put forward by Democrats seeking to expand access for voters. But in Republican legislation, he says, the idea is part of a list of reforms that would ultimately narrow voting options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is likely at this point in time being used by those who are opposed to allowing voting for an extended period of time,” Alvarez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also bemoaned the politicization of voting reform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that one of the unfortunate realities of America today is that a lot of these really well-intentioned reforms are being talked about in political and highly polarized ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says an Election Day holiday is a good idea, but there are downsides too. He’s spoken with parents who worry having their kids out of school would make it harder, not easier, for them to get to the polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His philosophy for voting reform is focused on expanding voters’ options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Concentrating on this one day,” Alvarez said, “even if we try to make this one day a day off for many if not most people, is not as good an idea as concentrating on trying to make voting accessible during a broader period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those options have a real world impact as voters evaluate their schedules in the lead up to Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yolande Vincent’s employer gives her time off to vote on Election Day. For her, that’s easier than voting early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do IT for a living, so it’s really hard to predict when I’m going to have a moment to come and vote, so I have to wait until the day of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vincent said for her, a holiday on Election Day wouldn’t make much of a difference, but she says it would be “tremendously” helpful for her kids, who work blue collar jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You say ‘Well, it’s only gonna take you possibly two, maybe three hours tops,'” Vincent said, “But for a lot of people, that’s a big deal to be missing out of your paycheck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Vincent expects her daughter will vote by mail to avoid any last minute problems, while her sons will likely go to the polls after work on Election Day. However it happens, she’s confident they’ll vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was mandatory when my kids turned 18, let’s go register to have you vote because, there’s people that died for you to have this opportunity and chance, so you’re gonna do it,” Vincent said. “So my grandkids, as soon as they turned 18 they started voting. So it continues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+voting+day+be+a+holiday%3F+Some+election+deniers+say+yes&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Republicans have proposed seven bills in the last two years to give voters the day off to cast their ballot. The legislation often comes with measures drawn from election denier talking points.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Voting in the 2022 midterms has been going on for weeks. The pandemic expanded options in many states, but voters who want to cast their ballot on Election Day still have to go to the polls on a Tuesday, and may have to take time off of work to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats have long led the push for an Election Day holiday, but in the last two years Republicans have put forward at least seven of their own bills as well. An NPR investigation found that sponsors of GOP bills in Arizona and Missouri met or appeared with prominent election deniers, and the influence of election misinformation can be seen in their other proposed election reforms – including limiting mail-in ballots and ending the use of voting machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asides with specific hand-picked posts:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Election Day holiday bills from each party show their different visions for the future of American elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats favor reforms like mail-in voting and automatic absentee balloting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the case for Florida State Representative Geraldine Thompson, who said she wants to make voting easier for people who are weighing the demands of work and civic duty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have to go to work,” Thompson said. “And so I think making Election Day a holiday will allow more people to participate in our democracy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thompson sponsored a bill to make Election Day a holiday in her state — the bill contained additional reforms like pre-paid postage on mail-in ballots. In New Mexico, another voting holiday bill went even further, lowering the voting age to 16 in local elections, re-enfranchising people with felony convictions, and making voter registration automatic through the DMV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Mexico State Senator Peter Wirth sponsored that bill, which was killed by a filibuster. He told NPR the bill’s hearing was “contentious,” and that it seemed like word had been sent out that the bill’s provisions to expand voting access were “dangerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican bills to give voters the day off don’t make it part of a list of reforms to expand voting options. Instead, they often seek to limit voting access to in-person, Election Day ballots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seth Keshel is a prominent election denier who travels the country touting a ten-point plan for voting policy, and he shared one of those points on the right-wing Stew Peters Show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So go ahead and tell the left that we want to turn Election Day into a national holiday and see how they are going to oppose that. But for us we are going to be able to press the measures we need – like restricting mail-in ballots, restricting early voting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These proposed restrictions are based on misinformation lingering from former President Donald Trump’s loss in the 2020 election. Election deniers, including some Republican politicians and their supporters, claim almost any voting expansion — like mail-in voting and drop boxes — is prone to fraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keshel’s philosophy shows up in legislation in Arizona, Missouri, and Washington. He and other election deniers have met or appeared with three of the Republicans who have sponsored bills to make Election Day a holiday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Representative Ann Kelley sponsored a Missouri bill to make Election Day a holiday. She told NPR by email she wanted to have more people available to staff elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some counties,” Kelley wrote, “it is difficult to even find a place to vote, so this would potentially open up school buildings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelley’s bill would have done much more than close schools and give workers the day off. The proposed legislation includes ending electronic voting entirely, a ban on sending unsolicited absentee ballot request forms, and additional provisions for Missouri’s voter ID law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Election Day holiday bills came with similar restrictions. An Arizona bill would have repealed the authorization for voting locations to be used as early voting sites, and limited voting centers to Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And proposals linked to a bill in Washington would have added a new photo ID provision and limited early voting to just two weekends, rather than an 18-day voting period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Alvarez is professor of political science at Caltech and he’s been studying the idea of an Election Day holiday and other reforms to make voting more convenient since the aftermath of the 2000 election. His research is focused on voter behavior and which reforms increase turnout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvarez told NPR the idea for a voting holiday has been around for a while, mostly put forward by Democrats seeking to expand access for voters. But in Republican legislation, he says, the idea is part of a list of reforms that would ultimately narrow voting options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is likely at this point in time being used by those who are opposed to allowing voting for an extended period of time,” Alvarez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also bemoaned the politicization of voting reform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that one of the unfortunate realities of America today is that a lot of these really well-intentioned reforms are being talked about in political and highly polarized ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says an Election Day holiday is a good idea, but there are downsides too. He’s spoken with parents who worry having their kids out of school would make it harder, not easier, for them to get to the polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His philosophy for voting reform is focused on expanding voters’ options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Concentrating on this one day,” Alvarez said, “even if we try to make this one day a day off for many if not most people, is not as good an idea as concentrating on trying to make voting accessible during a broader period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those options have a real world impact as voters evaluate their schedules in the lead up to Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yolande Vincent’s employer gives her time off to vote on Election Day. For her, that’s easier than voting early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do IT for a living, so it’s really hard to predict when I’m going to have a moment to come and vote, so I have to wait until the day of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vincent said for her, a holiday on Election Day wouldn’t make much of a difference, but she says it would be “tremendously” helpful for her kids, who work blue collar jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You say ‘Well, it’s only gonna take you possibly two, maybe three hours tops,'” Vincent said, “But for a lot of people, that’s a big deal to be missing out of your paycheck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Vincent expects her daughter will vote by mail to avoid any last minute problems, while her sons will likely go to the polls after work on Election Day. However it happens, she’s confident they’ll vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was mandatory when my kids turned 18, let’s go register to have you vote because, there’s people that died for you to have this opportunity and chance, so you’re gonna do it,” Vincent said. “So my grandkids, as soon as they turned 18 they started voting. So it continues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+voting+day+be+a+holiday%3F+Some+election+deniers+say+yes&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How to Avoid Sharing False or Misleading News About the Election",
"title": "How to Avoid Sharing False or Misleading News About the Election",
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"content": "\u003cp>As Election Day approaches and the rhetoric and vitriol increase, it's useful to remember the wise and immortal words of Smokey the Bear: \"Only you can prevent wildfires.\" That's because anyone who's online and shares information plays some role in shaping whether falsehoods gain traction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now you may ask, \"But I'm just one person — what about Twitter? What about Facebook? And what about politicians with huge followings who spread falsehoods and misleading claims all the time?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's true that our society and many others around the world are facing what some researchers call \"truth decay.\" Bad actors \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/10/29/774541010/fake-news-is-scary-heres-how-to-spot-misinformation\">can and do game social and traditional media\u003c/a> in order to flood the zone with conspiracy theories that sometimes promote \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/02/1132822805/election-violence-concerns-voting-threats\">violent and extremist agendas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the past decade or so, the way people consume information has radically changed thanks to social media. And you, the user, have some influence over the algorithms that serve you posts, videos and news stories in your feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, here are several things to consider when sharing news of all kinds, but especially election news.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Consider the source\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This is probably the most important one. How does the person posting about this story know what is happening? Is it an election official explaining the process? Is it a reporter from a trusted news organization who's on the ground? Is it an account or a news outlet you've never heard of before? \u003ca href=\"https://newslit.org/tips-tools/news-lit-quiz-is-it-legit-vetting-news-sources-for-credibility/\">Here's a quiz\u003c/a> from the nonprofit News Literacy Project you can take to help evaluate if a news source is credible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relying on local election officials and local journalists who understand the ins and outs of how people in your community vote will generally yield better-quality information than, say, random Twitter accounts with large followings. Election officials are particularly important for helping explain changing voting procedures and how ballots are collected and counted, as opposed to political candidates, who may try to spin or exaggerate what is happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you see a piece of news circulating that seems surprising or off in some way, it's worth checking to see if other news outlets are reporting the same thing. Are they confirming the news themselves or merely attributing it to another source? Is the source that's being attributed credible?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The pace of election results likely reflects different rules\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Elections in the United States are incredibly decentralized. It's both a strength and weakness of our democracy. Election rules and procedures vary state by state and sometimes even county by county. Some states allow mail-in ballots received before Election Day to be processed, sometimes even counted, in advance. Others leave the processing and counting of mail-in ballots \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/vopp-table-16-when-absentee-mail-ballot-processing-and-counting-can-begin.aspx\">until after the polls close\u003c/a>. Local election officials have been explaining their counting process in advance and trying to set voters' expectations around the pace with which results will come out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results could also shift dramatically over the course of election night depending on which ballots are counted first. With Republicans increasingly focused on voting in-person on Election Day, while many Democrats vote early or by mail, the results could swing from one party to the other depending on the batch of ballots that has been tabulated. It's not a sign that the results have been tampered with, merely an indication that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/28/1128695831/united-states-2022-patterns-mail-early-voting\">the ways people vote has become polarized\u003c/a> and with it, the way the results come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many voters watch election night coverage on TV and get the impression that the TV networks have some role in determining the outcome when they make race calls. That's not true. What the networks are actually doing is making projections about the winner based on the public vote counts released by local and state election officials. State election officials are the only ones who officially declare a winner in a process that can take days or weeks after Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR relies on The Associated Press for its vote count data and uses that organization's race calls. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/about/our-role-in-elections/how-we-call-races\">The AP says it makes a call\u003c/a> only when it \"is fully confident a race has been won — defined most simply as the moment a trailing candidate no longer has a path to victory.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Be wary of what photos and videos purport to show\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>You could see photos and videos alleging nefarious behavior or a gross injustice. Look for a difference between what the post says you're seeing and what the video or photo actually shows. Often, a photo or video is grainy, magnified or altogether not clear. Sometimes \u003ca href=\"https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/how-to-do-a-reverse-image-search-from-your-phone\">a reverse image search\u003c/a> will reveal that the picture is years old or from another country! In many cases, there's no evidence in the post or allegation to support the premise that someone is, for example, casting a ballot illegally, mishandling a ballot or being denied the right to vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/03/1133686674/how-documentary-style-films-turn-conspiracy-theories-into-a-call-to-action\">a recent documentary-style film\u003c/a> that alleged widespread fraud during 2020 used still images of a man casting a ballot in a Georgia drop box to claim the man was voting illegally. In fact, the man was voting legally and is \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/10/27/2020-election-fraud-claims-voting/\">suing the filmmakers for defamation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Documented cases of election fraud are extremely rare\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The 2020 election was the most-scrutinized election in U.S. history. There were \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_interest/election_law/litigation/\">dozens of federal and state lawsuits\u003c/a> challenging various aspects of how the election was conducted and in some instances, asserting organized election fraud. None of those claims was corroborated. None of the suits led to changes in the outcome of the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most cases of ballot and election fraud tend to involve an extremely small number of ballots and are quickly identified. The most significant case of election fraud in the past 40 years took place in Bladen County, N.C., in 2018 when the state \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsbe.gov/news/press-releases/2019/02/25/state-board-unanimously-orders-new-election-9th-congressional-district\">refused to certify the results of a U.S. House race\u003c/a> after investigators revealed that a political operative working for the Republican candidate had mishandled a significant number of absentee ballots he had collected. The results of that contest were called into question \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/01/672531061/amid-fraud-allegations-state-election-board-wont-certify-north-carolina-house-ra\">within weeks of Election Day\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the broadest database of election fraud cases collected by the conservative \u003ca href=\"https://www.heritage.org/voterfraud/search\">Heritage Foundation\u003c/a> shows about 750 cases of documented voter fraud involving approximately 1,100 people over 40 years and billions of ballots cast. Many election researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.brennancenter.org/issues/ensure-every-american-can-vote/vote-suppression/myth-voter-fraud\">take issue with the organization's methodology\u003c/a>, which they view as overly expansive.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Election workers are your neighbors\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The people at your polling place and the people handling and counting ballots \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/05/1115262313/research-how-to-fight-election-misinformation?utm_source=npr_newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=20221103&utm_term=7474261&utm_campaign=the-new-normal&utm_id=25461078&orgid=309&utm_att1=\">live in your city or county\u003c/a>. Many are \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2018/10/22/few-people-want-to-be-poll-workers-and-thats-a-problem\">volunteers or paid relatively little\u003c/a>. Many work in offices that are understaffed. Many do the job because they \u003ca href=\"https://democracyfund.org/idea/understanding-the-career-journeys-of-todays-local-election-officials-and-anticipating-tomorrows-potential-shortage/\">believe it's important and work hard to be scrupulously nonpartisan\u003c/a>. Sharing material that names and accuses election workers of illegal behavior could lead to that person facing harassment, even death threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It turned my life upside down,\" said Georgia election worker \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/22/1106459556/shaye-moss-staffed-an-election-office-in-georgia-then-she-was-targeted-by-trump\">Shaye Moss\u003c/a> during testimony before the U.S. House committee investigating the Jan. 6 insurrection at the U.S. Capitol, referring to conspiracy theories that targeted her and her mother, Ruby Freeman. \"I don't want anyone knowing my name.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Election workers are also human and can make mistakes. But in today's environment, a mistake of any kind can become fodder for \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/14/1128968745/how-quotation-marks-turned-a-story-about-a-clerical-error-into-one-about-voter-f\">a conspiratorial narrative\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>If a news story gives you an emotional response, pause\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It's OK to react emotionally to the news! There are a lot of things happening in the world that many people find upsetting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in our highly polarized society, many actors try to capitalize on tribal political identities. They share falsehoods and misrepresentations that will incite an emotional response and short-circuit the instinct to consider whether something can be true, or even plausible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't fall prey to their tactics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you encounter a story like that, take a deep breath and ask yourself whether it's worth sharing and contributing further to the wildfires on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+to+avoid+sharing+false+or+misleading+news+about+the+election&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As Election Day approaches and the rhetoric and vitriol increase, it's useful to remember the wise and immortal words of Smokey the Bear: \"Only you can prevent wildfires.\" That's because anyone who's online and shares information plays some role in shaping whether falsehoods gain traction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now you may ask, \"But I'm just one person — what about Twitter? What about Facebook? And what about politicians with huge followings who spread falsehoods and misleading claims all the time?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's true that our society and many others around the world are facing what some researchers call \"truth decay.\" Bad actors \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/10/29/774541010/fake-news-is-scary-heres-how-to-spot-misinformation\">can and do game social and traditional media\u003c/a> in order to flood the zone with conspiracy theories that sometimes promote \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/02/1132822805/election-violence-concerns-voting-threats\">violent and extremist agendas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the past decade or so, the way people consume information has radically changed thanks to social media. And you, the user, have some influence over the algorithms that serve you posts, videos and news stories in your feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, here are several things to consider when sharing news of all kinds, but especially election news.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Consider the source\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This is probably the most important one. How does the person posting about this story know what is happening? Is it an election official explaining the process? Is it a reporter from a trusted news organization who's on the ground? Is it an account or a news outlet you've never heard of before? \u003ca href=\"https://newslit.org/tips-tools/news-lit-quiz-is-it-legit-vetting-news-sources-for-credibility/\">Here's a quiz\u003c/a> from the nonprofit News Literacy Project you can take to help evaluate if a news source is credible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relying on local election officials and local journalists who understand the ins and outs of how people in your community vote will generally yield better-quality information than, say, random Twitter accounts with large followings. Election officials are particularly important for helping explain changing voting procedures and how ballots are collected and counted, as opposed to political candidates, who may try to spin or exaggerate what is happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you see a piece of news circulating that seems surprising or off in some way, it's worth checking to see if other news outlets are reporting the same thing. Are they confirming the news themselves or merely attributing it to another source? Is the source that's being attributed credible?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The pace of election results likely reflects different rules\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Elections in the United States are incredibly decentralized. It's both a strength and weakness of our democracy. Election rules and procedures vary state by state and sometimes even county by county. Some states allow mail-in ballots received before Election Day to be processed, sometimes even counted, in advance. Others leave the processing and counting of mail-in ballots \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/vopp-table-16-when-absentee-mail-ballot-processing-and-counting-can-begin.aspx\">until after the polls close\u003c/a>. Local election officials have been explaining their counting process in advance and trying to set voters' expectations around the pace with which results will come out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results could also shift dramatically over the course of election night depending on which ballots are counted first. With Republicans increasingly focused on voting in-person on Election Day, while many Democrats vote early or by mail, the results could swing from one party to the other depending on the batch of ballots that has been tabulated. It's not a sign that the results have been tampered with, merely an indication that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/28/1128695831/united-states-2022-patterns-mail-early-voting\">the ways people vote has become polarized\u003c/a> and with it, the way the results come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many voters watch election night coverage on TV and get the impression that the TV networks have some role in determining the outcome when they make race calls. That's not true. What the networks are actually doing is making projections about the winner based on the public vote counts released by local and state election officials. State election officials are the only ones who officially declare a winner in a process that can take days or weeks after Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR relies on The Associated Press for its vote count data and uses that organization's race calls. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/about/our-role-in-elections/how-we-call-races\">The AP says it makes a call\u003c/a> only when it \"is fully confident a race has been won — defined most simply as the moment a trailing candidate no longer has a path to victory.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Be wary of what photos and videos purport to show\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>You could see photos and videos alleging nefarious behavior or a gross injustice. Look for a difference between what the post says you're seeing and what the video or photo actually shows. Often, a photo or video is grainy, magnified or altogether not clear. Sometimes \u003ca href=\"https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/how-to-do-a-reverse-image-search-from-your-phone\">a reverse image search\u003c/a> will reveal that the picture is years old or from another country! In many cases, there's no evidence in the post or allegation to support the premise that someone is, for example, casting a ballot illegally, mishandling a ballot or being denied the right to vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/03/1133686674/how-documentary-style-films-turn-conspiracy-theories-into-a-call-to-action\">a recent documentary-style film\u003c/a> that alleged widespread fraud during 2020 used still images of a man casting a ballot in a Georgia drop box to claim the man was voting illegally. In fact, the man was voting legally and is \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/10/27/2020-election-fraud-claims-voting/\">suing the filmmakers for defamation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Documented cases of election fraud are extremely rare\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The 2020 election was the most-scrutinized election in U.S. history. There were \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_interest/election_law/litigation/\">dozens of federal and state lawsuits\u003c/a> challenging various aspects of how the election was conducted and in some instances, asserting organized election fraud. None of those claims was corroborated. None of the suits led to changes in the outcome of the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most cases of ballot and election fraud tend to involve an extremely small number of ballots and are quickly identified. The most significant case of election fraud in the past 40 years took place in Bladen County, N.C., in 2018 when the state \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsbe.gov/news/press-releases/2019/02/25/state-board-unanimously-orders-new-election-9th-congressional-district\">refused to certify the results of a U.S. House race\u003c/a> after investigators revealed that a political operative working for the Republican candidate had mishandled a significant number of absentee ballots he had collected. The results of that contest were called into question \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/01/672531061/amid-fraud-allegations-state-election-board-wont-certify-north-carolina-house-ra\">within weeks of Election Day\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the broadest database of election fraud cases collected by the conservative \u003ca href=\"https://www.heritage.org/voterfraud/search\">Heritage Foundation\u003c/a> shows about 750 cases of documented voter fraud involving approximately 1,100 people over 40 years and billions of ballots cast. Many election researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.brennancenter.org/issues/ensure-every-american-can-vote/vote-suppression/myth-voter-fraud\">take issue with the organization's methodology\u003c/a>, which they view as overly expansive.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Election workers are your neighbors\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The people at your polling place and the people handling and counting ballots \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/05/1115262313/research-how-to-fight-election-misinformation?utm_source=npr_newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=20221103&utm_term=7474261&utm_campaign=the-new-normal&utm_id=25461078&orgid=309&utm_att1=\">live in your city or county\u003c/a>. Many are \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2018/10/22/few-people-want-to-be-poll-workers-and-thats-a-problem\">volunteers or paid relatively little\u003c/a>. Many work in offices that are understaffed. Many do the job because they \u003ca href=\"https://democracyfund.org/idea/understanding-the-career-journeys-of-todays-local-election-officials-and-anticipating-tomorrows-potential-shortage/\">believe it's important and work hard to be scrupulously nonpartisan\u003c/a>. Sharing material that names and accuses election workers of illegal behavior could lead to that person facing harassment, even death threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It turned my life upside down,\" said Georgia election worker \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/22/1106459556/shaye-moss-staffed-an-election-office-in-georgia-then-she-was-targeted-by-trump\">Shaye Moss\u003c/a> during testimony before the U.S. House committee investigating the Jan. 6 insurrection at the U.S. Capitol, referring to conspiracy theories that targeted her and her mother, Ruby Freeman. \"I don't want anyone knowing my name.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Election workers are also human and can make mistakes. But in today's environment, a mistake of any kind can become fodder for \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/14/1128968745/how-quotation-marks-turned-a-story-about-a-clerical-error-into-one-about-voter-f\">a conspiratorial narrative\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>If a news story gives you an emotional response, pause\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It's OK to react emotionally to the news! There are a lot of things happening in the world that many people find upsetting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in our highly polarized society, many actors try to capitalize on tribal political identities. They share falsehoods and misrepresentations that will incite an emotional response and short-circuit the instinct to consider whether something can be true, or even plausible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't fall prey to their tactics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you encounter a story like that, take a deep breath and ask yourself whether it's worth sharing and contributing further to the wildfires on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+to+avoid+sharing+false+or+misleading+news+about+the+election&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Election Day is Tuesday, but with early voting, the more accepted use of mail voting and the prospect of razor-thin races, it’s really Election Season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Tuesday only marks the beginning of the next phase in that season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gird for many of these elections to go on for days, if not weeks. This is all perfectly normal when there are close elections. It doesn’t mean that there is fraud — despite the lies about his 2020 loss that former President Donald Trump has pushed and so many candidates he’s backed have promulgated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans need a net gain of just five seats to take back the House. They’re in the driver’s seat and widely expected to reach that and then some. But the full extent of a GOP wave, if there is one, or whether Democrats pull off the surprise and hold the House, won’t be known for a while.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these races are expected to be close and will take a while to count all the vote. There are lots of competitive seats in California, for example. California polls don’t close until 11 p.m. ET, so don’t expect many of those to be known on election night. In past years, that’s been the case, and it’s taken a long time to know results — days and weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Senate, all eyes are going to be on four states — Pennsylvania and Georgia in the East and Arizona and Nevada in the West. In Georgia, there’s a libertarian on the ballot, who very likely will serve as a place for protest vote — meaning neither the Democrat nor Republican in the race might surpass the 50% threshold required to win the election outright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that happens, the election would go to a Dec. 6 runoff, which means control of the Senate quite possibly won’t be known for a month after Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Election results often require patience. This one is no different.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11931340\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11931340\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-800x490.jpg\" alt=\"people wait line to vote at a polling place\" width=\"800\" height=\"490\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-800x490.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-1020x624.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-1536x940.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People wait in line to vote Saturday at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina. \u003ccite>(Sean Rayford/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent years have seen \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/28/1128695831/united-states-2022-patterns-mail-early-voting\">a rise in mail voting\u003c/a>, and states have different rules for when those mail ballots are due. States have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/vopp-table-16-when-absentee-mail-ballot-processing-and-counting-can-begin.aspx?utm_source=Iterable&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=campaign_emailThreeThings\">different procedures\u003c/a> for when those ballots can be taken out of their envelopes to be processed and tallied, and this can lengthen the count.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s look at five states, all with crucial Senate races, where there could be delays and confusion:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pennsylvania \u003c/strong>is one of the places we’re expecting to see a pretty dramatic shift on Election Night. Vote tallying should be faster this year than in 2020, considering there will be fewer mail-in ballots likely, but those mail ballots will still take longer and will lead to confusion. Beware a “Red Mirage” and a later “\u003ca href=\"https://www.inquirer.com/politics/election/pennsylvania-2022-election-results-vote-count-timing-20221020.html\">Blue Shift\u003c/a>.” Lots of mail-in ballots will be reported early, and we know that Democrats have been far more likely to say they will be voting early or by mail. That could initially make it look like a Democratic lead, but then in-person ballot results will come in, likely showing Republicans pulling ahead in a close race. Then the rest of the mail ballot results will trickle in later in the evening because they take longer to tabulate and will likely favor Democrats and shift things even more. And Philadelphia simply takes a very long time to report its results. This is what always happens. It is not nefarious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wisconsin\u003c/strong> doesn’t allow election officials to begin processing mail ballots until polls open on Election Day. Also, if Milwaukee (high concentration of Black voters) and Dane (University of Wisconsin, younger and more liberal voters) take a longer time to report, then you could see another Red Mirage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Arizona \u003c/strong>saw a slow trickle in Trump’s favor in 2020 as the hours went on. But others years have seen the opposite. It’s unclear which way the shift will go this year, but there will probably be one. The 2020 presidential was called at almost 3 a.m. ET, but the vote counting continued for days and Biden’s lead, though it held up, continued to shrink. Ultimately, the state was decided by just 0.3 percentage points, and Arizona has recently switched to automatic recounts for any contest that’s separated by 0.5% or less. Arizona has been ground zero for election denialism with counts and recounts and an attempt at putting a fake slate of electors up in favor of Trump. So in addition to the close vote, the challenges and noise that will happen around the legitimacy of the vote could cause even more chaos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Georgia \u003c/strong>has seen a huge population shift in Atlanta and the surrounding suburbs that have tilted the political hue bluer in recent years. And those suburbs report their results later than rural counties — so again there could be another Red Mirage here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nevada\u003c/strong> is a similar story to Georgia. It’s a growth state, and most of that boom has been in Las Vegas, which is in Clark County, the largest population center in the state and where almost 70% of all the state’s votes came from in 2020. Clark and Washoe (Reno), which went for Biden in 2020, count more slowly than the more rural counties that will overwhelmingly favor Republicans. Also, post-pandemic, Nevada is one state that has moved toward mail voting. People still have the option to vote in person, but every resident in the state was mailed a ballot unless they chose to opt out of receiving one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind also that election officials first report unofficial results. Certified results come days, if not weeks, later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal challenges and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/automatic-recount-thresholds.aspx\">recounts\u003c/a> can also lengthen the time before a winner is determined. Expect that this will go on a while, so patience will be needed in this impatient time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Be+patient%3A+This+election+is+probably+going+to+go+on+a+while&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Election Day is Tuesday, but with early voting, the more accepted use of mail voting and the prospect of razor-thin races, it’s really Election Season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Tuesday only marks the beginning of the next phase in that season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gird for many of these elections to go on for days, if not weeks. This is all perfectly normal when there are close elections. It doesn’t mean that there is fraud — despite the lies about his 2020 loss that former President Donald Trump has pushed and so many candidates he’s backed have promulgated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans need a net gain of just five seats to take back the House. They’re in the driver’s seat and widely expected to reach that and then some. But the full extent of a GOP wave, if there is one, or whether Democrats pull off the surprise and hold the House, won’t be known for a while.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these races are expected to be close and will take a while to count all the vote. There are lots of competitive seats in California, for example. California polls don’t close until 11 p.m. ET, so don’t expect many of those to be known on election night. In past years, that’s been the case, and it’s taken a long time to know results — days and weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Senate, all eyes are going to be on four states — Pennsylvania and Georgia in the East and Arizona and Nevada in the West. In Georgia, there’s a libertarian on the ballot, who very likely will serve as a place for protest vote — meaning neither the Democrat nor Republican in the race might surpass the 50% threshold required to win the election outright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that happens, the election would go to a Dec. 6 runoff, which means control of the Senate quite possibly won’t be known for a month after Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Election results often require patience. This one is no different.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11931340\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11931340\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-800x490.jpg\" alt=\"people wait line to vote at a polling place\" width=\"800\" height=\"490\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-800x490.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-1020x624.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85-1536x940.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/11/gettyimages-1244529992_custom-8b1ed49be13526df00c585d337c136b726d3bba4-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People wait in line to vote Saturday at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina. \u003ccite>(Sean Rayford/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent years have seen \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/28/1128695831/united-states-2022-patterns-mail-early-voting\">a rise in mail voting\u003c/a>, and states have different rules for when those mail ballots are due. States have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/vopp-table-16-when-absentee-mail-ballot-processing-and-counting-can-begin.aspx?utm_source=Iterable&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=campaign_emailThreeThings\">different procedures\u003c/a> for when those ballots can be taken out of their envelopes to be processed and tallied, and this can lengthen the count.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s look at five states, all with crucial Senate races, where there could be delays and confusion:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pennsylvania \u003c/strong>is one of the places we’re expecting to see a pretty dramatic shift on Election Night. Vote tallying should be faster this year than in 2020, considering there will be fewer mail-in ballots likely, but those mail ballots will still take longer and will lead to confusion. Beware a “Red Mirage” and a later “\u003ca href=\"https://www.inquirer.com/politics/election/pennsylvania-2022-election-results-vote-count-timing-20221020.html\">Blue Shift\u003c/a>.” Lots of mail-in ballots will be reported early, and we know that Democrats have been far more likely to say they will be voting early or by mail. That could initially make it look like a Democratic lead, but then in-person ballot results will come in, likely showing Republicans pulling ahead in a close race. Then the rest of the mail ballot results will trickle in later in the evening because they take longer to tabulate and will likely favor Democrats and shift things even more. And Philadelphia simply takes a very long time to report its results. This is what always happens. It is not nefarious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wisconsin\u003c/strong> doesn’t allow election officials to begin processing mail ballots until polls open on Election Day. Also, if Milwaukee (high concentration of Black voters) and Dane (University of Wisconsin, younger and more liberal voters) take a longer time to report, then you could see another Red Mirage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Arizona \u003c/strong>saw a slow trickle in Trump’s favor in 2020 as the hours went on. But others years have seen the opposite. It’s unclear which way the shift will go this year, but there will probably be one. The 2020 presidential was called at almost 3 a.m. ET, but the vote counting continued for days and Biden’s lead, though it held up, continued to shrink. Ultimately, the state was decided by just 0.3 percentage points, and Arizona has recently switched to automatic recounts for any contest that’s separated by 0.5% or less. Arizona has been ground zero for election denialism with counts and recounts and an attempt at putting a fake slate of electors up in favor of Trump. So in addition to the close vote, the challenges and noise that will happen around the legitimacy of the vote could cause even more chaos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Georgia \u003c/strong>has seen a huge population shift in Atlanta and the surrounding suburbs that have tilted the political hue bluer in recent years. And those suburbs report their results later than rural counties — so again there could be another Red Mirage here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nevada\u003c/strong> is a similar story to Georgia. It’s a growth state, and most of that boom has been in Las Vegas, which is in Clark County, the largest population center in the state and where almost 70% of all the state’s votes came from in 2020. Clark and Washoe (Reno), which went for Biden in 2020, count more slowly than the more rural counties that will overwhelmingly favor Republicans. Also, post-pandemic, Nevada is one state that has moved toward mail voting. People still have the option to vote in person, but every resident in the state was mailed a ballot unless they chose to opt out of receiving one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind also that election officials first report unofficial results. Certified results come days, if not weeks, later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal challenges and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/automatic-recount-thresholds.aspx\">recounts\u003c/a> can also lengthen the time before a winner is determined. Expect that this will go on a while, so patience will be needed in this impatient time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Be+patient%3A+This+election+is+probably+going+to+go+on+a+while&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>How can car owners protect themselves from the wave of catalytic converter theft that has swept the country?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Claims for stolen catalytic converters doubled in the year ending June 2022, \u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.statefarm.com/continued-surge-in-catalytic-converter-theft/\">according to State Farm\u003c/a>, the largest auto insurer in the U.S., whose customers reported more than 43,200 stolen converters that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since 2019, converter theft has risen 1,215%, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nicb.org/news/blog/rise-vehicle-theft\">according to the National Insurance Crime Bureau\u003c/a>, an industry group that tracks insurance-related crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/03/1133788485/catalytic-converters-theft-ring-federal-fbi\">the Department of Justice announced the arrest of 21 people\u003c/a> in connection with a crime ring accused of making $545 million by trafficking stolen catalytic converters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catalytic converters — which helps a car clean its exhaust — have become a target for theft in large part because of the price of precious metals, like palladium and platinum, that are used in the parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, crucially, their location on the exterior of a car’s underside makes them easy to steal, David Glawe of the NCIB \u003ca href=\"https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2022/04/22/catalytic-converters-cars-theft\">told NPR earlier this year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stealing a converter takes just a few minutes and a battery-operated saw. “You slide under the car, slice through your exhaust system, and you’re in and out usually within 30 seconds to a minute,” Glawe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Especially at risk are cars with enough tire clearance for a thief to easily slide underneath, like SUVs and pickup trucks. Hybrids are also attractive targets because their converters contain even more precious metals.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Todd Foreman, director of law enforcement outreach, Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries\"]‘It’s happening because people go to the hospital and either park and visit, or they’re in the hospital for a long period of time, and their car sits there.’[/pullquote]Replacing a stolen converter can cost thousands. Here are some precautions you can take:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How can I protect my car from catalytic converter theft?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Insurance companies, mechanics and police departments have recommended a wide range of anti-theft measures designed to deter a would-be thief. “It’s a holistic approach,” said Glawe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The simplest solution is to keep your car away from public access when you’re not using it. If you have access to a garage, keep your car there. Those without a garage should try to park their car in a well-lit area, or somewhere you can install a security camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even a garage might not be enough to protect your car. Public parking spots of all kinds have become a target for daytime theft, the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, a recycling industry trade group, has warned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[At] hospitals, it’s happening because people go to the hospital and either park and visit, or they’re in the hospital for a long period of time, and their car sits there,” said Todd Foreman, the group’s director of law enforcement outreach. “It’s happening to big trucks, to churches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities have hosted workshops in which car owners can get their vehicle identification numbers engraved on their catalytic converter for free — an indication to would-be buyers that the converter has been stolen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foreman also recommends painting your converter with brightly colored, high-temperature paint, which can put off a thief who’d have to scrape it all off before selling. “If they climb under a car and see it’s spray-painted,” he said, “they know they’re more likely to be caught stealing those catalytic converters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other solutions might cost a bit of money: Owners can attach alarm systems that are triggered by the vibration of a thief’s saw. Other, more expensive anti-theft devices are designed to make a converter more cumbersome to remove. Mechanics can also weld on metal plates or rebar to shield the converter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What should I do if it’s been stolen?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If your converter has been stolen, you’re likely to notice right away: Without the converter, your car will be much noisier than usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most cars will run without a catalytic converter, though it’s inadvisable to do so for longer than necessary. Because the purpose of a catalytic converter is to reduce harmful emissions, cars without one will pollute much more heavily than an intact car, and you could fail an emissions inspection in states that require them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When thieves use a saw to remove a catalytic converter, they can also cause damage to nearby parts of your car, like the alternator or fuel lines. It’s best to get your car checked out by a mechanic as soon as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And check your car insurance. Comprehensive coverage on an auto insurance policy will cover damage to your car that occurs outside of a collision — including theft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How can car owners protect themselves from the wave of catalytic converter theft that has swept the country?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Claims for stolen catalytic converters doubled in the year ending June 2022, \u003ca href=\"https://newsroom.statefarm.com/continued-surge-in-catalytic-converter-theft/\">according to State Farm\u003c/a>, the largest auto insurer in the U.S., whose customers reported more than 43,200 stolen converters that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since 2019, converter theft has risen 1,215%, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nicb.org/news/blog/rise-vehicle-theft\">according to the National Insurance Crime Bureau\u003c/a>, an industry group that tracks insurance-related crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/03/1133788485/catalytic-converters-theft-ring-federal-fbi\">the Department of Justice announced the arrest of 21 people\u003c/a> in connection with a crime ring accused of making $545 million by trafficking stolen catalytic converters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catalytic converters — which helps a car clean its exhaust — have become a target for theft in large part because of the price of precious metals, like palladium and platinum, that are used in the parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, crucially, their location on the exterior of a car’s underside makes them easy to steal, David Glawe of the NCIB \u003ca href=\"https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2022/04/22/catalytic-converters-cars-theft\">told NPR earlier this year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stealing a converter takes just a few minutes and a battery-operated saw. “You slide under the car, slice through your exhaust system, and you’re in and out usually within 30 seconds to a minute,” Glawe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Especially at risk are cars with enough tire clearance for a thief to easily slide underneath, like SUVs and pickup trucks. Hybrids are also attractive targets because their converters contain even more precious metals.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Replacing a stolen converter can cost thousands. Here are some precautions you can take:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How can I protect my car from catalytic converter theft?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Insurance companies, mechanics and police departments have recommended a wide range of anti-theft measures designed to deter a would-be thief. “It’s a holistic approach,” said Glawe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The simplest solution is to keep your car away from public access when you’re not using it. If you have access to a garage, keep your car there. Those without a garage should try to park their car in a well-lit area, or somewhere you can install a security camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even a garage might not be enough to protect your car. Public parking spots of all kinds have become a target for daytime theft, the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, a recycling industry trade group, has warned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[At] hospitals, it’s happening because people go to the hospital and either park and visit, or they’re in the hospital for a long period of time, and their car sits there,” said Todd Foreman, the group’s director of law enforcement outreach. “It’s happening to big trucks, to churches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities have hosted workshops in which car owners can get their vehicle identification numbers engraved on their catalytic converter for free — an indication to would-be buyers that the converter has been stolen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foreman also recommends painting your converter with brightly colored, high-temperature paint, which can put off a thief who’d have to scrape it all off before selling. “If they climb under a car and see it’s spray-painted,” he said, “they know they’re more likely to be caught stealing those catalytic converters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other solutions might cost a bit of money: Owners can attach alarm systems that are triggered by the vibration of a thief’s saw. Other, more expensive anti-theft devices are designed to make a converter more cumbersome to remove. Mechanics can also weld on metal plates or rebar to shield the converter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What should I do if it’s been stolen?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If your converter has been stolen, you’re likely to notice right away: Without the converter, your car will be much noisier than usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most cars will run without a catalytic converter, though it’s inadvisable to do so for longer than necessary. Because the purpose of a catalytic converter is to reduce harmful emissions, cars without one will pollute much more heavily than an intact car, and you could fail an emissions inspection in states that require them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When thieves use a saw to remove a catalytic converter, they can also cause damage to nearby parts of your car, like the alternator or fuel lines. It’s best to get your car checked out by a mechanic as soon as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And check your car insurance. Comprehensive coverage on an auto insurance policy will cover damage to your car that occurs outside of a collision — including theft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm?s_cid=rr7103a1_w\">new guidance \u003c/a>for clinicians on how and when to prescribe opioids for pain. Released Thursday, this revamps the agency’s 2016 recommendations which some doctors and patients have criticized for promoting a culture of austerity around opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC officials say that doctors, insurers, pharmacies and regulators sometimes misapplied the older guidelines, causing some patients significant harm, including “untreated and undertreated pain, serious withdrawal symptoms, worsening pain outcomes, psychological distress, overdose, and [suicide],” according to the updated guidance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 100-page document and its topline recommendation serve as a roadmap for prescribers who are navigating the thorny issue of treating pain, including advice on handling pain relief after surgery and managing chronic pain conditions, which are estimated to affect as many as one in every five people in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2016 guidelines proved immensely influential in shaping policy — fueling a push by insurers, state medical boards, politicians and federal law enforcement to curb prescribing of opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fallout, doctors and researchers say, is hard to overstate: a crisis of untreated pain. Many patients with severe chronic pain saw their longstanding prescriptions rapidly reduced or cut off altogether, sometimes with dire consequences, like suicide or overdose as they turned to the tainted supply of illicit drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal agencies had tried to course correct, making it clear that the older voluntary guidelines were not intended to become strict policies or laws. But doctors and patient advocates also held out hope that the CDC’s updated guidelines would undo some of the unintended consequences of the earlier guidance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was clearly on the mind of CDC health officials when they announced the new clinical guidelines on Thursday.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Dr. Samer Narouze, president, American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine\"]‘You can tell the culture around the 2016 guidelines was just to cut down opioids, that opioids are bad. It’s the opposite here, you can sense they are more caring more about patients living in pain. It’s directed more towards relieving their pain and their suffering.’[/pullquote]“The guideline recommendations are voluntary and meant to guide shared decision-making between a clinician and patient,” said Christopher Jones, acting head of the CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control and a co-author of the updated guidelines, during a media briefing. “It’s not meant to be implemented as absolute limits of policy or practice by clinicians, health systems, insurance companies, governmental entities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change in outlook is evident all over the new guidelines, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.asra.com/about-asra\">Dr. Samer Narouze\u003c/a>, the president of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell the culture around the 2016 guidelines was just to cut down opioids, that opioids are bad,” he says. “It’s the opposite here, you can sense they are more caring more about patients living in pain. It’s directed more towards relieving their pain and their suffering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A new focus on individualized care\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Opioid prescribing started to decline in 2012 and that trend continued after the 2016 guidelines were released. There’s widespread agreement that opioids should be used cautiously because of the risks associated with addiction and overdose. But today, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2022/202205.htm\">majority of overdose deaths\u003c/a> are not due to prescription opioids, but rather illicit fentanyl and other illegal drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Battling the street drugs driving the overdose crisis today is “not the aim of this guideline,” Jones said, describing those efforts as a separate but parallel “whole of government” approach. Instead, the focus is on pain patients. “The goal is to advance pain, function and quality of life [for patients] while also reducing misuse, diversion, consequences of prescription opioid misuse,” Jones said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new guidelines still emphasize that opioids should not be the go-to treatment in many cases, pointing to evidence that other treatments and approaches are often comparable for improving pain and function. However, the recommendations make clear the guidance should not replace clinical judgment and that clinicians can work with patients who are in pain, even if that means continuing them on opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every patient is a different story and deserves individualized care,” says Narouze. “This is what I like most about the new guidelines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More work to be done\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While the voluntary guidelines are a welcome step, their impact depends largely on how state and federal agencies and other authorities respond to them, says \u003ca href=\"https://law.northeastern.edu/faculty/beletsky/\">Leo Beletsky\u003c/a>, professor of law and health sciences at Northeastern University and director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthinjustice.org/\">Health in Justice Action Lab\u003c/a> there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CDC needs to be a lot more proactive than just putting out this update and trying to walk back some of the misinterpretation of the previous version,” he says. The agency needs to work with other federal agencies, he says, including Health and Human Services and the Drug Enforcement Administration, as well as law enforcement to implement these guidelines.[aside label='Related Articles' tag='opioid']For example, Beletsky points to how the definition of high-dosage opioid use — described as 90 or more \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/Guidelines_At-A-Glance-508.pdf\">morphine milligram equivalents (PDF)\u003c/a> daily \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6501e1.htm\">in the 2016 recommendations\u003c/a> — was used to establish legal limits. “The [2016] guideline itself was clear that this was not a bright line rule,” he says, “But it became a de facto label, separating appropriate and inappropriate prescribing,” he says. And this led law enforcement in some states to use the limit “as a sword to go after prescribers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These doses and limits — set without much scientific evidence to back them up — have had a chilling effect on doctors, says \u003ca href=\"https://uspainfoundation.org/about-us/our-team/\">Cindy Steinberg\u003c/a>, a patient advocate with U.S. Pain Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people that I know — and I know a lot of people living with chronic pain — have already been taken off their medication. Doctors are incredibly fearful of prescribing at all.” From Steinberg’s perspective, the new CDC guidelines remain overly restrictive and won’t make much difference to the patients who have already been harmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Specific dose and duration limits are out\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The most consequential changes in the new guidance come in the form of 12 bullet points that lay out general principles related to prescribing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the 2016 version, those takeaways no longer include specific limits on the dose and duration of an opioid prescription that a patient can take, although deeper in the document it does warn against prescribing above a certain threshold. The new recommendations also explicitly caution physicians against rapidly tapering or discontinuing the prescriptions of patients who are already taking opioids — unless there are indications of a life-threatening issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think they are very comprehensive and compassionate,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwh.org/find-a-doctor/find-a-doctor-profile/antje-barreveld-m-md\">Dr. Antje Barreveld\u003c/a>, medical director of the Pain Management Services at Newton Wellesley Hospital. “Those arbitrary marks of what’s acceptable and not acceptable is what got us into trouble with the 2016 guidelines, because it made this blanket cutoff for our patients and that’s not what pain management is about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The direction on reducing opioids when possible still raises some concerns for clinicians like \u003ca href=\"https://www.uab.edu/news/experts/all-experts-category/item/4678-kertesz-stefan\">Stefan Kertesz\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would emphasize that when you take a stable patient and reduce [their prescription], you’re engaged in an experiment,” says Kertesz. “Dose reduction is simply an uncertain intervention that sometimes helps and sometimes causes the patient to die. So I would rather they have said, ‘Look, this is an uncertain intervention.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, he adds that the strength of the new guidance is its repeated emphasis that a specific dose should not be used by agencies, law enforcement and payers to enforce a one-size fits all approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Unravelling rigid opioid prescribing policies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s uncertain if the new guidance will translate into substantive changes for patients who are struggling to have their pain treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many patients currently can’t find treatment, in the aftermath of the 2016 guidelines, says Barreveld, because doctors are wary of prescribing at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She remembers one recent instance when an elderly patient of hers was suffering from severe arthritis in her neck and knees. “I recommended to the primary care doctor to start low-dose opioids and the primary care doctor said ‘no,'” Barreveld says. “What happened? The patient was admitted to the hospital, thousands of dollars a day for eight days, and what was she discharged on? Two to three pills of an opioid a day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The previous guidelines led to restrictions on prescribing being codified as policy or law. It’s not clear those rules will be re-written in light of the new guidelines even though they state they’re “not intended to be implemented as absolute limits for policy or practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is a good idea, and it will have absolutely no effect unless three major agencies take action immediately,” says Kertesz. “The DEA, the National Committee for Quality Assurance, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, all three agencies use the dose thresholds from the 2016 guideline as the basis for payment quality metrics and legal investigation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to coordinate and fix the harms that came from the 2016 guidance relies on leadership from the CDC — an agency whose credibility and authority has taken a hit during the COVID-19 pandemic, Beletsky says. Still, the agency has learned from the criticisms and harms from the last round of guidance. “So my hope is that CDC is now better equipped and prepared to take the guideline and translate it to the ground level,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quality of life for many patients living with chronic pain will depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm?s_cid=rr7103a1_w\">new guidance \u003c/a>for clinicians on how and when to prescribe opioids for pain. Released Thursday, this revamps the agency’s 2016 recommendations which some doctors and patients have criticized for promoting a culture of austerity around opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC officials say that doctors, insurers, pharmacies and regulators sometimes misapplied the older guidelines, causing some patients significant harm, including “untreated and undertreated pain, serious withdrawal symptoms, worsening pain outcomes, psychological distress, overdose, and [suicide],” according to the updated guidance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 100-page document and its topline recommendation serve as a roadmap for prescribers who are navigating the thorny issue of treating pain, including advice on handling pain relief after surgery and managing chronic pain conditions, which are estimated to affect as many as one in every five people in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2016 guidelines proved immensely influential in shaping policy — fueling a push by insurers, state medical boards, politicians and federal law enforcement to curb prescribing of opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fallout, doctors and researchers say, is hard to overstate: a crisis of untreated pain. Many patients with severe chronic pain saw their longstanding prescriptions rapidly reduced or cut off altogether, sometimes with dire consequences, like suicide or overdose as they turned to the tainted supply of illicit drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal agencies had tried to course correct, making it clear that the older voluntary guidelines were not intended to become strict policies or laws. But doctors and patient advocates also held out hope that the CDC’s updated guidelines would undo some of the unintended consequences of the earlier guidance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was clearly on the mind of CDC health officials when they announced the new clinical guidelines on Thursday.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“The guideline recommendations are voluntary and meant to guide shared decision-making between a clinician and patient,” said Christopher Jones, acting head of the CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control and a co-author of the updated guidelines, during a media briefing. “It’s not meant to be implemented as absolute limits of policy or practice by clinicians, health systems, insurance companies, governmental entities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change in outlook is evident all over the new guidelines, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.asra.com/about-asra\">Dr. Samer Narouze\u003c/a>, the president of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell the culture around the 2016 guidelines was just to cut down opioids, that opioids are bad,” he says. “It’s the opposite here, you can sense they are more caring more about patients living in pain. It’s directed more towards relieving their pain and their suffering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A new focus on individualized care\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Opioid prescribing started to decline in 2012 and that trend continued after the 2016 guidelines were released. There’s widespread agreement that opioids should be used cautiously because of the risks associated with addiction and overdose. But today, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2022/202205.htm\">majority of overdose deaths\u003c/a> are not due to prescription opioids, but rather illicit fentanyl and other illegal drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Battling the street drugs driving the overdose crisis today is “not the aim of this guideline,” Jones said, describing those efforts as a separate but parallel “whole of government” approach. Instead, the focus is on pain patients. “The goal is to advance pain, function and quality of life [for patients] while also reducing misuse, diversion, consequences of prescription opioid misuse,” Jones said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new guidelines still emphasize that opioids should not be the go-to treatment in many cases, pointing to evidence that other treatments and approaches are often comparable for improving pain and function. However, the recommendations make clear the guidance should not replace clinical judgment and that clinicians can work with patients who are in pain, even if that means continuing them on opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every patient is a different story and deserves individualized care,” says Narouze. “This is what I like most about the new guidelines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More work to be done\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While the voluntary guidelines are a welcome step, their impact depends largely on how state and federal agencies and other authorities respond to them, says \u003ca href=\"https://law.northeastern.edu/faculty/beletsky/\">Leo Beletsky\u003c/a>, professor of law and health sciences at Northeastern University and director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthinjustice.org/\">Health in Justice Action Lab\u003c/a> there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CDC needs to be a lot more proactive than just putting out this update and trying to walk back some of the misinterpretation of the previous version,” he says. The agency needs to work with other federal agencies, he says, including Health and Human Services and the Drug Enforcement Administration, as well as law enforcement to implement these guidelines.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>For example, Beletsky points to how the definition of high-dosage opioid use — described as 90 or more \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/Guidelines_At-A-Glance-508.pdf\">morphine milligram equivalents (PDF)\u003c/a> daily \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6501e1.htm\">in the 2016 recommendations\u003c/a> — was used to establish legal limits. “The [2016] guideline itself was clear that this was not a bright line rule,” he says, “But it became a de facto label, separating appropriate and inappropriate prescribing,” he says. And this led law enforcement in some states to use the limit “as a sword to go after prescribers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These doses and limits — set without much scientific evidence to back them up — have had a chilling effect on doctors, says \u003ca href=\"https://uspainfoundation.org/about-us/our-team/\">Cindy Steinberg\u003c/a>, a patient advocate with U.S. Pain Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people that I know — and I know a lot of people living with chronic pain — have already been taken off their medication. Doctors are incredibly fearful of prescribing at all.” From Steinberg’s perspective, the new CDC guidelines remain overly restrictive and won’t make much difference to the patients who have already been harmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Specific dose and duration limits are out\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The most consequential changes in the new guidance come in the form of 12 bullet points that lay out general principles related to prescribing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the 2016 version, those takeaways no longer include specific limits on the dose and duration of an opioid prescription that a patient can take, although deeper in the document it does warn against prescribing above a certain threshold. The new recommendations also explicitly caution physicians against rapidly tapering or discontinuing the prescriptions of patients who are already taking opioids — unless there are indications of a life-threatening issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think they are very comprehensive and compassionate,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwh.org/find-a-doctor/find-a-doctor-profile/antje-barreveld-m-md\">Dr. Antje Barreveld\u003c/a>, medical director of the Pain Management Services at Newton Wellesley Hospital. “Those arbitrary marks of what’s acceptable and not acceptable is what got us into trouble with the 2016 guidelines, because it made this blanket cutoff for our patients and that’s not what pain management is about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The direction on reducing opioids when possible still raises some concerns for clinicians like \u003ca href=\"https://www.uab.edu/news/experts/all-experts-category/item/4678-kertesz-stefan\">Stefan Kertesz\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would emphasize that when you take a stable patient and reduce [their prescription], you’re engaged in an experiment,” says Kertesz. “Dose reduction is simply an uncertain intervention that sometimes helps and sometimes causes the patient to die. So I would rather they have said, ‘Look, this is an uncertain intervention.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, he adds that the strength of the new guidance is its repeated emphasis that a specific dose should not be used by agencies, law enforcement and payers to enforce a one-size fits all approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Unravelling rigid opioid prescribing policies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s uncertain if the new guidance will translate into substantive changes for patients who are struggling to have their pain treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many patients currently can’t find treatment, in the aftermath of the 2016 guidelines, says Barreveld, because doctors are wary of prescribing at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She remembers one recent instance when an elderly patient of hers was suffering from severe arthritis in her neck and knees. “I recommended to the primary care doctor to start low-dose opioids and the primary care doctor said ‘no,'” Barreveld says. “What happened? The patient was admitted to the hospital, thousands of dollars a day for eight days, and what was she discharged on? Two to three pills of an opioid a day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The previous guidelines led to restrictions on prescribing being codified as policy or law. It’s not clear those rules will be re-written in light of the new guidelines even though they state they’re “not intended to be implemented as absolute limits for policy or practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is a good idea, and it will have absolutely no effect unless three major agencies take action immediately,” says Kertesz. “The DEA, the National Committee for Quality Assurance, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, all three agencies use the dose thresholds from the 2016 guideline as the basis for payment quality metrics and legal investigation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to coordinate and fix the harms that came from the 2016 guidance relies on leadership from the CDC — an agency whose credibility and authority has taken a hit during the COVID-19 pandemic, Beletsky says. Still, the agency has learned from the criticisms and harms from the last round of guidance. “So my hope is that CDC is now better equipped and prepared to take the guideline and translate it to the ground level,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quality of life for many patients living with chronic pain will depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When does a crowd become dangerous? Should you push back in a crush of people? Those are some of the questions you might be asking yourself after recent tragedies in Indonesia, where \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/04/1126721839/indonesia-soccer-stadium-stampede-gates-small\">more than 130 people died near the gates at a soccer stadium \u003c/a> earlier this month, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/29/1132615973/seoul-crowd-surge-halloween\">in South Korea, where over 100 people died while celebrating Halloween\u003c/a> in a narrow city street on Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Jump straight to: \u003ca href=\"#crowdtips\">8 tips to follow if you’re trapped in a crushing crowd\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The crowd surges put a spotlight on \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/08/1053548075/live-nation-a-company-behind-astroworld-has-a-long-history-of-safety-violations\">how organizers and emergency staff handled the event\u003c/a>. But it also raises direct and personal questions about what we should do to avoid an unsafe crowd — and how you can help yourself and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the time what we do is we give advice to organizers” about managing crowds, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mehdimoussaid.com/en/\">Mehdi Moussaïd, a research scientist in Berlin who studies crowd behavior\u003c/a>. “But actually, we don’t give so often advice to the people that are in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking to help the average person, Moussaïd, who works at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development, came up with “tips to survive” a dangerous crowd situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We should note that while Moussaïd has studied a number of cases where crowds became deadly, he’s not afraid to be in a crowded environment, like at a concert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I actually like it,” he says. “I used to be afraid of crowds, before I was a scientist in this domain. But I think that was mostly because I didn’t know how the crowd works and what the behavioral mechanisms are. Now that I know how it functions, I feel kind of comfortable. So yeah, I’m not afraid anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moussaïd, who wrote a book called \u003ca href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/58744458-fouloscopie\">\u003cem>Fouloscopie: Ce que la foule dit de nous\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, or\u003cem> Crowd study: What crowds say about us\u003c/em>, compiled his tips for \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/ten-tips-for-surviving-a-crowd-crush-112169\">a widely cited article in The Conversation\u003c/a>. In an interview with NPR, he expands on his advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview has been edited and condensed.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"crowdtips\">\u003c/a>Interview highlights\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keep your eyes open for danger signs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you’re in a crowd and you start feeling the pressure, I’m afraid it’s almost already too late to act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best thing you can do is to try not to put yourself in this critical situation. The thing is, most people don’t realize that it’s dangerous. We don’t have this culture of being aware of the dangers of the crowd. And yes, indeed, it’s dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important advice is to be aware there could be a danger if the crowd is too dense around you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Leave as soon as you sense the crowd getting too dense\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you start feeling uncomfortable, but you still have time and some freedom of movement — then just go away. It’s something that people don’t have in mind. They’re like, “Oh, I don’t feel good, but the concert is nice, so I’m going to just keep pushing and go toward the concert.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, don’t do that. If you feel bad, it means that really it’s dangerous. Just move away and keep yourself safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stay standing, and don’t put a backpack on the ground\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staying on your feet is important because if you fall, it’s going to be really difficult to stand up again, precisely because there are too many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also helps others because if you fall, you’re going to be an obstacle for your neighbors who are most likely going to fall in turn — possibly on your body — and this will create a chain reaction, a snowball effect. You don’t want to be under this big pack of people. That’s absolutely dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obstacles are terrible. It could be a body in this worst-case scenario, but even just a backpack left on the ground would be an obstacle that increases the risk that somebody would fall on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lack of oxygen is the killer in crowds, so preserve space around your chest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People often ask me, “Why do we die in a crowd? What’s the cause of death?” Well, the cause is not enough oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re so densely packed that your lungs don’t have enough space to do their job, and to keep you breathing. That’s one thing that is superuseful that people should be aware of: The problem is going to be breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can maintain sufficient space for you to breathe, you’re going to be OK. Put your arms out just in front of your chest and hold them there. In this position, you would have some space, just a little bit, to push for half a centimeter or just 1 centimeter — enough for you to keep breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not going to be comfortable. You’re going to be feeling really bad, but at least you’ll survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don’t push. Move with the crowd\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a crowd, everything is about chain reactions. When you push your neighbors, they’re going to push their own neighbors and it eventually hits an obstacle. Then the pushing is amplified — and it’s going to come back to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you feel a push, don’t push back. Don’t amplify this wave. Just go with the flow. It’s not going to be comfortable, you’re not going to like it, but it’s the best way to behave in this situation. Don’t add pressure in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the worst moments, you have multiple pushing waves at once. This is what we call crowd turbulence. You don’t want to be where two waves cross, because the pressures come from opposite directions, and that’s really dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we observe crowd turbulence, we see death, a tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid walls and solid objects\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we look at where the injuries and fatalities happen in a tragedy, most of the time they happen along solid obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes sense, because if you go with the flow of pushing waves, you’re fine. But if you’re next to a wall, you cannot just go along, because the wall is preventing you. So the wave is going to crush you against the wall. That’s where you don’t want to be — so avoid obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn to detect crowd density\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Density is really the critical variable, that’s the first thing we measure. It’s expressed as the number of people per square meter, and there are some thresholds:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below five people per square meter [about 10.7 square feet], it’s fine. Maybe not comfortable, but it’s fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Above six persons per square meter, it starts becoming dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eight people per square meter: Most of the time there are injuries or worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s superuseful to have a sense of that density, but it’s not intuitive. Here’s a tip: If you feel that people are touching you on both shoulders or on several places on your body at the same time, the density is probably around six or above. If you still have time and can move, get away. That’s an alarm signal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If a crowd gets unsafe, look out for others\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helping behaviors and altruistic behaviors are kind of contagious in crowds. The same applies to individualistic or selfish behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you try to help your neighbors, they’re going to help you, or they’re going to help their own neighbors. If this spreads, it creates a positive, helping atmosphere. It’s going to make things less bad. So definitely, helping behavior is something you should adopt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=8+tips+to+follow+if+you%27re+trapped+in+a+crushing+crowd&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When does a crowd become dangerous? Should you push back in a crush of people? Those are some of the questions you might be asking yourself after recent tragedies in Indonesia, where \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/04/1126721839/indonesia-soccer-stadium-stampede-gates-small\">more than 130 people died near the gates at a soccer stadium \u003c/a> earlier this month, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/29/1132615973/seoul-crowd-surge-halloween\">in South Korea, where over 100 people died while celebrating Halloween\u003c/a> in a narrow city street on Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Jump straight to: \u003ca href=\"#crowdtips\">8 tips to follow if you’re trapped in a crushing crowd\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The crowd surges put a spotlight on \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/08/1053548075/live-nation-a-company-behind-astroworld-has-a-long-history-of-safety-violations\">how organizers and emergency staff handled the event\u003c/a>. But it also raises direct and personal questions about what we should do to avoid an unsafe crowd — and how you can help yourself and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the time what we do is we give advice to organizers” about managing crowds, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mehdimoussaid.com/en/\">Mehdi Moussaïd, a research scientist in Berlin who studies crowd behavior\u003c/a>. “But actually, we don’t give so often advice to the people that are in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking to help the average person, Moussaïd, who works at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development, came up with “tips to survive” a dangerous crowd situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We should note that while Moussaïd has studied a number of cases where crowds became deadly, he’s not afraid to be in a crowded environment, like at a concert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I actually like it,” he says. “I used to be afraid of crowds, before I was a scientist in this domain. But I think that was mostly because I didn’t know how the crowd works and what the behavioral mechanisms are. Now that I know how it functions, I feel kind of comfortable. So yeah, I’m not afraid anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moussaïd, who wrote a book called \u003ca href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/58744458-fouloscopie\">\u003cem>Fouloscopie: Ce que la foule dit de nous\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, or\u003cem> Crowd study: What crowds say about us\u003c/em>, compiled his tips for \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/ten-tips-for-surviving-a-crowd-crush-112169\">a widely cited article in The Conversation\u003c/a>. In an interview with NPR, he expands on his advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview has been edited and condensed.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"crowdtips\">\u003c/a>Interview highlights\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keep your eyes open for danger signs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you’re in a crowd and you start feeling the pressure, I’m afraid it’s almost already too late to act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best thing you can do is to try not to put yourself in this critical situation. The thing is, most people don’t realize that it’s dangerous. We don’t have this culture of being aware of the dangers of the crowd. And yes, indeed, it’s dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important advice is to be aware there could be a danger if the crowd is too dense around you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Leave as soon as you sense the crowd getting too dense\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you start feeling uncomfortable, but you still have time and some freedom of movement — then just go away. It’s something that people don’t have in mind. They’re like, “Oh, I don’t feel good, but the concert is nice, so I’m going to just keep pushing and go toward the concert.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, don’t do that. If you feel bad, it means that really it’s dangerous. Just move away and keep yourself safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stay standing, and don’t put a backpack on the ground\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staying on your feet is important because if you fall, it’s going to be really difficult to stand up again, precisely because there are too many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also helps others because if you fall, you’re going to be an obstacle for your neighbors who are most likely going to fall in turn — possibly on your body — and this will create a chain reaction, a snowball effect. You don’t want to be under this big pack of people. That’s absolutely dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obstacles are terrible. It could be a body in this worst-case scenario, but even just a backpack left on the ground would be an obstacle that increases the risk that somebody would fall on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lack of oxygen is the killer in crowds, so preserve space around your chest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People often ask me, “Why do we die in a crowd? What’s the cause of death?” Well, the cause is not enough oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re so densely packed that your lungs don’t have enough space to do their job, and to keep you breathing. That’s one thing that is superuseful that people should be aware of: The problem is going to be breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you can maintain sufficient space for you to breathe, you’re going to be OK. Put your arms out just in front of your chest and hold them there. In this position, you would have some space, just a little bit, to push for half a centimeter or just 1 centimeter — enough for you to keep breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not going to be comfortable. You’re going to be feeling really bad, but at least you’ll survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don’t push. Move with the crowd\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a crowd, everything is about chain reactions. When you push your neighbors, they’re going to push their own neighbors and it eventually hits an obstacle. Then the pushing is amplified — and it’s going to come back to you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you feel a push, don’t push back. Don’t amplify this wave. Just go with the flow. It’s not going to be comfortable, you’re not going to like it, but it’s the best way to behave in this situation. Don’t add pressure in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the worst moments, you have multiple pushing waves at once. This is what we call crowd turbulence. You don’t want to be where two waves cross, because the pressures come from opposite directions, and that’s really dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we observe crowd turbulence, we see death, a tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid walls and solid objects\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we look at where the injuries and fatalities happen in a tragedy, most of the time they happen along solid obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes sense, because if you go with the flow of pushing waves, you’re fine. But if you’re next to a wall, you cannot just go along, because the wall is preventing you. So the wave is going to crush you against the wall. That’s where you don’t want to be — so avoid obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn to detect crowd density\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Density is really the critical variable, that’s the first thing we measure. 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The same applies to individualistic or selfish behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Here's How Far Behind the World Is on Reining in Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>World leaders will begin climate talks in Egypt in a little over a week, and tensions are expected to run high in the negotiations to reduce heat-trapping emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, new research shows the world has already fallen drastically behind in adopting the changes needed to avoid a future with even more extreme storms, heat waves and floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, countries have promised to reduce heat-trapping emissions by about 3% by 2030, compared to 2020 levels. That’s far from the 45% drop that’s needed, according to a new report from the United Nations Environment Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cutting emissions nearly in half by the end of the decade would put the world on track to limiting warming to 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 degrees Celsius) by 2100. But at the current pace of emissions, the planet would heat up by 5 degrees Fahrenheit, leading to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/08/1052198840/1-5-degrees-warming-climate-change\">more deadly heat waves and storms and the flooding of coastal cities due to polar ice melt\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At last year’s climate summit in Glasgow, Scotland, world \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/13/1055542738/cop26-climate-summit-final-decision\">leaders agreed to strengthen their commitments\u003c/a> to cut emissions rapidly. But as of late September, only 24 out of 193 countries submitted more ambitious climate goals, according to a recent \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/news/climate-plans-remain-insufficient-more-ambitious-action-needed-now\">report by another UN body\u003c/a>, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expectations are low that countries will make new, bolder pledges at the upcoming climate meeting in Egypt. The war in Ukraine and inflation are drawing governments’ focus, and climate talks have been frozen in recent months between the two largest emitters, the United States and China.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Emissions are still rising but they need to fall 45% by 2030\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At the 2015 Paris climate summit, world leaders agreed that limiting climate change to 1.5 degrees Celsius was a critical target. Extreme hurricanes, floods and heat waves could displace billions of people around the globe, making their lives and livelihoods untenable where they reside now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the new UN report shows that current climate pledges, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), are substantially short of that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reality, most countries are already falling behind on their pledges. After a short dip during the pandemic, emissions are on the rise again and are expected to keep rising through 2030. In 2021, emissions from burning coal reached their highest levels in history, \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/news/global-co2-emissions-rebounded-to-their-highest-level-in-history-in-2021\">largely driven by China\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"climate-change\"]Strengthening national pledges is on the agenda for discussion at the upcoming COP27 talks in Egypt, but major emitters aren’t expected to make dramatically larger commitments. The European Union announced it could update its climate goals only \u003ca href=\"https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/10/24/council-sets-out-eu-position-for-un-climate-summit-in-sharm-el-sheikh-cop27/\">after the negotiations are complete\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the US committed to \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/22/fact-sheet-president-biden-sets-2030-greenhouse-gas-pollution-reduction-target-aimed-at-creating-good-paying-union-jobs-and-securing-u-s-leadership-on-clean-energy-technologies/\">reducing emissions 50-52% by 2030\u003c/a>, a goal that was bolstered recently by the passage of the Inflation Reduction Act, which provides billions of dollars for electric cars and more efficient buildings and homes. The administration has not signaled that it’s considering a stronger target. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the COP to make sure that everybody understands we’re doing the things necessary to keep 1.5 degrees alive,” US special climate envoy John Kerry said this week. “We need to have the NDCs, not just of developed countries, but developing countries around the world, need to step up and put in their NDCs because everybody needs to do their part here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>The transition from fossil fuels to renewables isn’t fast enough\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The world’s largest emitter, China, will continue to increase its greenhouse gas emissions until 2030 under its national plan. India, the third-largest source of emissions, is planning to do the same. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While both countries are rolling out significant amounts of renewable energy, they’re still building new coal-fired power plants, too. At last year’s summit, the two countries joined others in \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/13/1055542738/cop26-climate-summit-final-decision\">pushing back against policies\u003c/a> that would phase out the use of coal, arguing that developing economies have the right to use it as richer nations have done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the cost of solar and wind often cheaper than building new fossil fuel power plants, renewable energy has grown by leaps and bounds. From 2019 to 2021, solar grew by 47%. But the transition to cleaner energy sources needs to speed up six times faster, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/research/state-climate-action-2022\">new report\u003c/a> from a number of climate think tanks, including the World Resources Institute. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Action is lagging on many other fronts, too. The report found the rate of deforestation needs to slow down by 2.5 times. Electric cars need to be adopted five times faster than they are now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never known more about the climate crisis, and we’ve never known more about what we need to do about it and how,” says Claire Fyson of Climate Analytics. “This global report card about climate action makes clear that we’re not moving fast enough.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Here%27s+how+far+behind+the+world+is+on+reining+in+climate+change&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>World leaders will begin climate talks in Egypt in a little over a week, and tensions are expected to run high in the negotiations to reduce heat-trapping emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, new research shows the world has already fallen drastically behind in adopting the changes needed to avoid a future with even more extreme storms, heat waves and floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, countries have promised to reduce heat-trapping emissions by about 3% by 2030, compared to 2020 levels. That’s far from the 45% drop that’s needed, according to a new report from the United Nations Environment Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cutting emissions nearly in half by the end of the decade would put the world on track to limiting warming to 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 degrees Celsius) by 2100. But at the current pace of emissions, the planet would heat up by 5 degrees Fahrenheit, leading to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/08/1052198840/1-5-degrees-warming-climate-change\">more deadly heat waves and storms and the flooding of coastal cities due to polar ice melt\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At last year’s climate summit in Glasgow, Scotland, world \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/13/1055542738/cop26-climate-summit-final-decision\">leaders agreed to strengthen their commitments\u003c/a> to cut emissions rapidly. But as of late September, only 24 out of 193 countries submitted more ambitious climate goals, according to a recent \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/news/climate-plans-remain-insufficient-more-ambitious-action-needed-now\">report by another UN body\u003c/a>, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expectations are low that countries will make new, bolder pledges at the upcoming climate meeting in Egypt. The war in Ukraine and inflation are drawing governments’ focus, and climate talks have been frozen in recent months between the two largest emitters, the United States and China.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Emissions are still rising but they need to fall 45% by 2030\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At the 2015 Paris climate summit, world leaders agreed that limiting climate change to 1.5 degrees Celsius was a critical target. Extreme hurricanes, floods and heat waves could displace billions of people around the globe, making their lives and livelihoods untenable where they reside now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the new UN report shows that current climate pledges, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), are substantially short of that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reality, most countries are already falling behind on their pledges. After a short dip during the pandemic, emissions are on the rise again and are expected to keep rising through 2030. In 2021, emissions from burning coal reached their highest levels in history, \u003ca href=\"https://www.iea.org/news/global-co2-emissions-rebounded-to-their-highest-level-in-history-in-2021\">largely driven by China\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Strengthening national pledges is on the agenda for discussion at the upcoming COP27 talks in Egypt, but major emitters aren’t expected to make dramatically larger commitments. The European Union announced it could update its climate goals only \u003ca href=\"https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/10/24/council-sets-out-eu-position-for-un-climate-summit-in-sharm-el-sheikh-cop27/\">after the negotiations are complete\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the US committed to \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/22/fact-sheet-president-biden-sets-2030-greenhouse-gas-pollution-reduction-target-aimed-at-creating-good-paying-union-jobs-and-securing-u-s-leadership-on-clean-energy-technologies/\">reducing emissions 50-52% by 2030\u003c/a>, a goal that was bolstered recently by the passage of the Inflation Reduction Act, which provides billions of dollars for electric cars and more efficient buildings and homes. The administration has not signaled that it’s considering a stronger target. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want the COP to make sure that everybody understands we’re doing the things necessary to keep 1.5 degrees alive,” US special climate envoy John Kerry said this week. “We need to have the NDCs, not just of developed countries, but developing countries around the world, need to step up and put in their NDCs because everybody needs to do their part here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>The transition from fossil fuels to renewables isn’t fast enough\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The world’s largest emitter, China, will continue to increase its greenhouse gas emissions until 2030 under its national plan. India, the third-largest source of emissions, is planning to do the same. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While both countries are rolling out significant amounts of renewable energy, they’re still building new coal-fired power plants, too. At last year’s summit, the two countries joined others in \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/13/1055542738/cop26-climate-summit-final-decision\">pushing back against policies\u003c/a> that would phase out the use of coal, arguing that developing economies have the right to use it as richer nations have done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the cost of solar and wind often cheaper than building new fossil fuel power plants, renewable energy has grown by leaps and bounds. From 2019 to 2021, solar grew by 47%. But the transition to cleaner energy sources needs to speed up six times faster, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/research/state-climate-action-2022\">new report\u003c/a> from a number of climate think tanks, including the World Resources Institute. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Action is lagging on many other fronts, too. The report found the rate of deforestation needs to slow down by 2.5 times. Electric cars need to be adopted five times faster than they are now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never known more about the climate crisis, and we’ve never known more about what we need to do about it and how,” says Claire Fyson of Climate Analytics. “This global report card about climate action makes clear that we’re not moving fast enough.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Here%27s+how+far+behind+the+world+is+on+reining+in+climate+change&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "end-of-nationwide-federal-free-lunch-program-has-some-states-scrambling",
"title": "End of Nationwide Federal Free Lunch Program Has Some States Scrambling",
"publishDate": 1666829943,
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"headTitle": "End of Nationwide Federal Free Lunch Program Has Some States Scrambling | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>During the height of the pandemic, the federal government made lunch free to all 50.6 million public school students nationwide. That program expired Sept. 30, leaving many families, school districts, and legislators scrambling to deal with the new financial burden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California and Maine saw what was coming and passed bills in 2021 ensuring all students had free school meals. Now Colorado and 8 other states are working to do the same. An additional two states have extended the program through the end of this school year, but don’t have any pending legislation for beyond that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to give a precise number [on how many families will be affected],” said Krista Ruffini, an assistant professor at Georgetown University who specializes in government policies that affect labor market, education, and health outcomes. “But before the pandemic, about 25% of students were attending a school that offered schoolwide free meals through the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fns.usda.gov/cn/community-eligibility-provision\">Community Eligibility Provision\u003c/a> or related programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means many families across the nation will likely need to start paying for school meals again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Colorado, a coalition of parents, teachers and anti-hunger advocates worked with legislators to get the \u003ca href=\"https://www.schoolmealsforco.org/\">Healthy School Meals for All\u003c/a> proposal on the Nov. 8 ballot, so voters can decide whether to bring universal free school lunch back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GlendaRika Garcia, a mom who helps people obtain food assistance through Hunger Free Colorado, believes it’s an educational issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that the kids being able to eat for free at school is really important, for all families, all kids,” said Garcia, a widow and a single mom of four boys. “Kids can’t learn if they don’t have good nutrition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"free-school-meals\"]If Colorado voters approve \u003ca href=\"https://leg.colorado.gov/content/initiatives/initiatives-blue-book-overview/ballot-information-booklet-blue-book\">Prop FF\u003c/a>, it would create a program that would offer free meals to all public school students and help schools pay for them. It would also fund pay increases for frontline school cafeteria workers, helping schools dealing with staff shortages. The measure also would incentivize schools to buy Colorado products by providing them grants to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a recipient of free school lunch when I was younger,” Garcia said, “and oftentimes, before my mom even qualified for that, we didn’t have enough for lunch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ruffini said the most vulnerable group is likely families with incomes slightly above the cutoff for free or reduced-price school meals who aren’t attending a Community Eligibility Provision school. Students with family income above 185% of the federal poverty\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.healthcare.gov/glossary/federal-poverty-level-fpl/__;!!Iwwt!XuAhr4p9vjDfTwrUROxrGJMYlRf7Mo3spqVLw-_LTvSTnWPxL7bq77n8jbzDvQeHyEO8xqz0dfNwVeZG7Q%24\"> line\u003c/a> — about $42,600 for a single parent with 2 children or $51,300 for a family of 4 – pay the full price for school meals. Depending on her job, Garcia at times qualified and at times didn’t, a blow to her budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of times, it’s a financial burden for the parents,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another issue, Garcia said, is that some students bully others for getting a free lunch. It happened to her as a kid; it happened to one of her sons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They know that people can identify if they can’t afford it. It hurts my heart,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her son Alonzo said that at his high school some students avoid the lunchroom rather than admit they qualify for free lunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that they get embarrassed because they can’t afford it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other states have seen the problem, and similar to Colorado, have been working to solve it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massachusetts, Vermont, and Nevada have extended universal free school lunch through the 2022-23 school year, but Vermont and Nevada have not introduced any legislation to make it permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maine and California passed bills in 2021 making universal free school lunch permanent, similar to what Colorado is trying to do. Both measures took effect this school year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2021/07/09/california-roars-back-governor-newsom-signs-historic-education-package-to-reimagine-public-schools/\">California allocated $650 million\u003c/a> from its state budget to fund and support its universal free school meals program for the 2022-23 school year. Maine’s program was estimated by lawmakers to cost \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/31/1120223479/maine-makes-free-school-lunches-permanent-after-federal-funding-ends\">around $34 million a year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other states are working to do the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, and North Carolina introduced bills similar to the one on the Colorado ballot, most of them during the current legislative session. All of them are still in committee and have yet to go up for a vote. Colorado is the only state that has put the measure onto a ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some states are working to ensure students receive access to free meals, most states are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Colorado, low-income students will still keep receiving free meals whether the proposal passes or not. There’s no organized opposition to Prop FF, but that doesn’t mean no one is opposed to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody wants to be evil enough to say it, but this is a really stupid idea,” said Jon Caldara, president of the \u003ca href=\"https://i2i.org/\">Independence Institute\u003c/a>, a libertarian think tank. “Most kids in Colorado do not need this. And in fact, those who do, already have this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group’s voter’s guide \u003ca href=\"https://i2i.org/guide-2022/?mc_cid=b534161e10&mc_eid=8e016bedb2\">recommends a no vote\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it passes, the Colorado measure would raise $100 million a year by increasing state taxable income, but only for the 3 percent or 4 percent who make at least $300,000 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This proposal is, ‘Hey, let’s get the rich guys to buy our kids lunch,’ ” Caldara said. “This is another expansion of state bureaucracy that is just not necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue of cost may be driving further skepticism for universal free school lunch. Boston NPR affiliate \u003ca href=\"https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2022/07/07/lessons-from-americas-brief-experiment-with-universal-free-school-meals\">WBUR reported that the USDA has spent $30 billion\u003c/a> since 2020 on the program of subsidized meals for everyone, $11 billion more than it normally would spend on its income-based school lunch program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite opposition to cost, universal free school lunch appears popular throughout the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2021/6/24/voters-support-a-permanent-extension-of-the-universal-free-school-lunch-policy\">A 2021 poll\u003c/a> by Data For Progress, a progressive polling firm, found that 74% of Americans support making universal free school meals permanent nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/2022-06/The%20Majority%20of%20Adults%20Support%20Permanent%2C%20Free%20School%20Meals%20for%20All%20Students%20.pdf\">Another poll, taken in June 2022\u003c/a> by the Urban institute, a nonpartisan think tank focused on social and economic research, found that 76% of adults living with children enrolled in public school and 67% of adults not living with children enrolled in public school supported permanent free school meals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=End+of+nationwide+federal+free+lunch+program+has+some+states+scrambling&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Colorado voters will decide next month whether to offer the free lunch program to every student. Eight other states are considering legislation to do so too.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>During the height of the pandemic, the federal government made lunch free to all 50.6 million public school students nationwide. That program expired Sept. 30, leaving many families, school districts, and legislators scrambling to deal with the new financial burden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California and Maine saw what was coming and passed bills in 2021 ensuring all students had free school meals. Now Colorado and 8 other states are working to do the same. An additional two states have extended the program through the end of this school year, but don’t have any pending legislation for beyond that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to give a precise number [on how many families will be affected],” said Krista Ruffini, an assistant professor at Georgetown University who specializes in government policies that affect labor market, education, and health outcomes. “But before the pandemic, about 25% of students were attending a school that offered schoolwide free meals through the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fns.usda.gov/cn/community-eligibility-provision\">Community Eligibility Provision\u003c/a> or related programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means many families across the nation will likely need to start paying for school meals again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Colorado, a coalition of parents, teachers and anti-hunger advocates worked with legislators to get the \u003ca href=\"https://www.schoolmealsforco.org/\">Healthy School Meals for All\u003c/a> proposal on the Nov. 8 ballot, so voters can decide whether to bring universal free school lunch back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GlendaRika Garcia, a mom who helps people obtain food assistance through Hunger Free Colorado, believes it’s an educational issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that the kids being able to eat for free at school is really important, for all families, all kids,” said Garcia, a widow and a single mom of four boys. “Kids can’t learn if they don’t have good nutrition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>If Colorado voters approve \u003ca href=\"https://leg.colorado.gov/content/initiatives/initiatives-blue-book-overview/ballot-information-booklet-blue-book\">Prop FF\u003c/a>, it would create a program that would offer free meals to all public school students and help schools pay for them. It would also fund pay increases for frontline school cafeteria workers, helping schools dealing with staff shortages. The measure also would incentivize schools to buy Colorado products by providing them grants to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a recipient of free school lunch when I was younger,” Garcia said, “and oftentimes, before my mom even qualified for that, we didn’t have enough for lunch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ruffini said the most vulnerable group is likely families with incomes slightly above the cutoff for free or reduced-price school meals who aren’t attending a Community Eligibility Provision school. Students with family income above 185% of the federal poverty\u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.healthcare.gov/glossary/federal-poverty-level-fpl/__;!!Iwwt!XuAhr4p9vjDfTwrUROxrGJMYlRf7Mo3spqVLw-_LTvSTnWPxL7bq77n8jbzDvQeHyEO8xqz0dfNwVeZG7Q%24\"> line\u003c/a> — about $42,600 for a single parent with 2 children or $51,300 for a family of 4 – pay the full price for school meals. Depending on her job, Garcia at times qualified and at times didn’t, a blow to her budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of times, it’s a financial burden for the parents,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another issue, Garcia said, is that some students bully others for getting a free lunch. It happened to her as a kid; it happened to one of her sons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They know that people can identify if they can’t afford it. It hurts my heart,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her son Alonzo said that at his high school some students avoid the lunchroom rather than admit they qualify for free lunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that they get embarrassed because they can’t afford it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other states have seen the problem, and similar to Colorado, have been working to solve it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massachusetts, Vermont, and Nevada have extended universal free school lunch through the 2022-23 school year, but Vermont and Nevada have not introduced any legislation to make it permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maine and California passed bills in 2021 making universal free school lunch permanent, similar to what Colorado is trying to do. Both measures took effect this school year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2021/07/09/california-roars-back-governor-newsom-signs-historic-education-package-to-reimagine-public-schools/\">California allocated $650 million\u003c/a> from its state budget to fund and support its universal free school meals program for the 2022-23 school year. Maine’s program was estimated by lawmakers to cost \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/31/1120223479/maine-makes-free-school-lunches-permanent-after-federal-funding-ends\">around $34 million a year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other states are working to do the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, and North Carolina introduced bills similar to the one on the Colorado ballot, most of them during the current legislative session. All of them are still in committee and have yet to go up for a vote. Colorado is the only state that has put the measure onto a ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some states are working to ensure students receive access to free meals, most states are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Colorado, low-income students will still keep receiving free meals whether the proposal passes or not. There’s no organized opposition to Prop FF, but that doesn’t mean no one is opposed to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody wants to be evil enough to say it, but this is a really stupid idea,” said Jon Caldara, president of the \u003ca href=\"https://i2i.org/\">Independence Institute\u003c/a>, a libertarian think tank. “Most kids in Colorado do not need this. And in fact, those who do, already have this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group’s voter’s guide \u003ca href=\"https://i2i.org/guide-2022/?mc_cid=b534161e10&mc_eid=8e016bedb2\">recommends a no vote\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it passes, the Colorado measure would raise $100 million a year by increasing state taxable income, but only for the 3 percent or 4 percent who make at least $300,000 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This proposal is, ‘Hey, let’s get the rich guys to buy our kids lunch,’ ” Caldara said. “This is another expansion of state bureaucracy that is just not necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue of cost may be driving further skepticism for universal free school lunch. Boston NPR affiliate \u003ca href=\"https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2022/07/07/lessons-from-americas-brief-experiment-with-universal-free-school-meals\">WBUR reported that the USDA has spent $30 billion\u003c/a> since 2020 on the program of subsidized meals for everyone, $11 billion more than it normally would spend on its income-based school lunch program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite opposition to cost, universal free school lunch appears popular throughout the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2021/6/24/voters-support-a-permanent-extension-of-the-universal-free-school-lunch-policy\">A 2021 poll\u003c/a> by Data For Progress, a progressive polling firm, found that 74% of Americans support making universal free school meals permanent nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/2022-06/The%20Majority%20of%20Adults%20Support%20Permanent%2C%20Free%20School%20Meals%20for%20All%20Students%20.pdf\">Another poll, taken in June 2022\u003c/a> by the Urban institute, a nonpartisan think tank focused on social and economic research, found that 76% of adults living with children enrolled in public school and 67% of adults not living with children enrolled in public school supported permanent free school meals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=End+of+nationwide+federal+free+lunch+program+has+some+states+scrambling&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Omicron Keeps Finding New Evolutionary Tricks to Outsmart Our Immunity",
"title": "Omicron Keeps Finding New Evolutionary Tricks to Outsmart Our Immunity",
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"content": "\u003cp>Throughout the pandemic, the virus that causes COVID-19 has been evolving fast, blindsiding the world with one variant after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the World Health Organization hasn't given a SARS-CoV-2 variant a Greek name in almost a year, a move that's reserved for new variants that do or could have significant public health impacts, such as being more transmissible or causing more severe disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That raises the question: Has the evolution of the virus finally started to ebb, possibly making it more predictable?[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Manon Ragonnet-Cronin, viral genetics researcher, University of Chicago\"]'We have what people are calling a swarm of omicron viruses, which have different ancestries within omicron, but which have the same set of mutations.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer — according to a dozen evolutionary biologists, virologists and immunologists interviewed by NPR — is no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SARS-CoV-2 is continuing to evolve extremely rapidly,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.fredhutch.org/en/faculty-lab-directory/bedford-trevor.html\">Trevor Bedford\u003c/a>, a computational biologist who studies the evolution of viruses at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle. \"There's no evidence that the evolution is slowing down.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the most consequential evolutionary changes have stayed confined to the omicron family, rather than appearing in entirely new variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whereas alpha, beta, gamma and the other named variants sprouted new branches on the SARS-CoV-2 family tree, those limbs were dwarfed by the omicron bough, which is now studded with a plethora of subvariant stems.[aside postID=\"news_11919290,news_11928768\" label=\"Related Posts\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The children of omicron — so the many direct children and cousins within the diverse omicron family — those have displaced each other\" as the dominant strains driving the pandemic, says \u003ca href=\"http://emmahodcroft.com/\">Emma Hodcroft\u003c/a>, a molecular epidemiologist at the University of Bern. \"But that same family has been dominating\" by outcompeting other strains.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>One variant to rule them all\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The ever-expanding omicron brood has maintained its dominance through what's known as \"convergent\" evolution — when entities independently develop similar traits because of similar environmental pressures, according to \u003ca href=\"https://directory.uchicago.edu/individuals/1340463201\">Manon Ragonnet-Cronin\u003c/a>, who studies viral genetics at the University of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We seem to be seeing for the first time evidence of widescale convergent evolution,\" Ragonnet-Cronin says. \"We have what people are calling a swarm of omicron viruses, which have different ancestries within omicron, but which have the same set of mutations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those mutations endow these omicron offspring with the one power they need most right now: the ability to sneak past the immunity that people have built up from getting infected, vaccinated, or both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you see convergence in evolution that's evolution's way of saying 'this mutation is repeatedly getting selected over and over again because it's really helpful,'\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.fredhutch.org/en/faculty-lab-directory/bloom-jesse.html\">Jesse Bloom\u003c/a>, a computational biologist at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those mutations in the virus's spike protein have been increasing its ability to evade protective antibodies and continue infecting massive numbers of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This virus is getting a lot of lottery tickets if you will. And it looks like, with these new variants, these new mutations are like the jackpot,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.lsuhs.edu/departments/school-of-graduate-studies/microbiology-and-immunology/research/kamil-lab\">Jeremy Kamil\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Louisiana State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery#variant-proportions\">tracking more than a dozen omicron subvariants right now\u003c/a>, including BF.7, BQ.1 and BQ.1.1, some of which appear to be among the most immune-evasive yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, the immunity people have built up from vaccination and infection still appears to be protecting most from serious illness and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the newer highly contagious omicron subvariants could help drive yet another surge. They also give the virus many chances to reproduce, mutate and evolve even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A family tree still full of surprises?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While all this sounds dire, omicron's long period of dominance is giving some scientists some hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus could, in one relatively optimistic scenario, keep evolving this way for a long time, drifting in more subtle evolutionary directions like the flu, without sudden shifts in how it behaves that make it more dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that we've perhaps stepped out of a phase [in the pandemic] where we're getting completely new viruses from different parts of the tree sweeping in and dominating might be a sign that we're moving towards a more kind of stable future for the virus,\" Hodcroft says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that would mean large numbers of people would still catch the virus. Many would still get seriously ill, die, or be left with long COVID. And because the virus is still so new, it's impossible to know how the virus might evolve in the future, experts tell NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are literally dealing with a completely novel virus here,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.scripps.edu/faculty/andersen/\">Kristian Andersen\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Scripps Research. \"We don't know how many other paths this particular virus might have. We just don't know at this stage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no way to rule out, for example, the possibility that a dramatically different variant might emerge yet again, perhaps after simmering inside someone with a compromised immune system that can't drive out the virus. That lets the virus extensively interact with the human immune system and find even more advantageous mutations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I guarantee you that there are people who have been persistently infected with delta and alpha who have some really weird combinations of mutations,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://eeb.arizona.edu/person/michael-worobey\">Michael Worobey\u003c/a>, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Arizona. \"And I'm fully prepared for a delta-based or alpha-based omicron-like event where one of those zombie viruses that's been cooking away within someone emerges.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Omicron+keeps+finding+new+evolutionary+tricks+to+outsmart+our+immunity&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Throughout the pandemic, the virus that causes COVID-19 has been evolving fast, blindsiding the world with one variant after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the World Health Organization hasn't given a SARS-CoV-2 variant a Greek name in almost a year, a move that's reserved for new variants that do or could have significant public health impacts, such as being more transmissible or causing more severe disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That raises the question: Has the evolution of the virus finally started to ebb, possibly making it more predictable?\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "'We have what people are calling a swarm of omicron viruses, which have different ancestries within omicron, but which have the same set of mutations.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer — according to a dozen evolutionary biologists, virologists and immunologists interviewed by NPR — is no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SARS-CoV-2 is continuing to evolve extremely rapidly,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.fredhutch.org/en/faculty-lab-directory/bedford-trevor.html\">Trevor Bedford\u003c/a>, a computational biologist who studies the evolution of viruses at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle. \"There's no evidence that the evolution is slowing down.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the most consequential evolutionary changes have stayed confined to the omicron family, rather than appearing in entirely new variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whereas alpha, beta, gamma and the other named variants sprouted new branches on the SARS-CoV-2 family tree, those limbs were dwarfed by the omicron bough, which is now studded with a plethora of subvariant stems.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The children of omicron — so the many direct children and cousins within the diverse omicron family — those have displaced each other\" as the dominant strains driving the pandemic, says \u003ca href=\"http://emmahodcroft.com/\">Emma Hodcroft\u003c/a>, a molecular epidemiologist at the University of Bern. \"But that same family has been dominating\" by outcompeting other strains.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>One variant to rule them all\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The ever-expanding omicron brood has maintained its dominance through what's known as \"convergent\" evolution — when entities independently develop similar traits because of similar environmental pressures, according to \u003ca href=\"https://directory.uchicago.edu/individuals/1340463201\">Manon Ragonnet-Cronin\u003c/a>, who studies viral genetics at the University of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We seem to be seeing for the first time evidence of widescale convergent evolution,\" Ragonnet-Cronin says. \"We have what people are calling a swarm of omicron viruses, which have different ancestries within omicron, but which have the same set of mutations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those mutations endow these omicron offspring with the one power they need most right now: the ability to sneak past the immunity that people have built up from getting infected, vaccinated, or both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you see convergence in evolution that's evolution's way of saying 'this mutation is repeatedly getting selected over and over again because it's really helpful,'\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.fredhutch.org/en/faculty-lab-directory/bloom-jesse.html\">Jesse Bloom\u003c/a>, a computational biologist at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those mutations in the virus's spike protein have been increasing its ability to evade protective antibodies and continue infecting massive numbers of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This virus is getting a lot of lottery tickets if you will. And it looks like, with these new variants, these new mutations are like the jackpot,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.lsuhs.edu/departments/school-of-graduate-studies/microbiology-and-immunology/research/kamil-lab\">Jeremy Kamil\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Louisiana State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery#variant-proportions\">tracking more than a dozen omicron subvariants right now\u003c/a>, including BF.7, BQ.1 and BQ.1.1, some of which appear to be among the most immune-evasive yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, the immunity people have built up from vaccination and infection still appears to be protecting most from serious illness and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the newer highly contagious omicron subvariants could help drive yet another surge. They also give the virus many chances to reproduce, mutate and evolve even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A family tree still full of surprises?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While all this sounds dire, omicron's long period of dominance is giving some scientists some hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus could, in one relatively optimistic scenario, keep evolving this way for a long time, drifting in more subtle evolutionary directions like the flu, without sudden shifts in how it behaves that make it more dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that we've perhaps stepped out of a phase [in the pandemic] where we're getting completely new viruses from different parts of the tree sweeping in and dominating might be a sign that we're moving towards a more kind of stable future for the virus,\" Hodcroft says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that would mean large numbers of people would still catch the virus. Many would still get seriously ill, die, or be left with long COVID. And because the virus is still so new, it's impossible to know how the virus might evolve in the future, experts tell NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are literally dealing with a completely novel virus here,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.scripps.edu/faculty/andersen/\">Kristian Andersen\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Scripps Research. \"We don't know how many other paths this particular virus might have. We just don't know at this stage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no way to rule out, for example, the possibility that a dramatically different variant might emerge yet again, perhaps after simmering inside someone with a compromised immune system that can't drive out the virus. That lets the virus extensively interact with the human immune system and find even more advantageous mutations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I guarantee you that there are people who have been persistently infected with delta and alpha who have some really weird combinations of mutations,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://eeb.arizona.edu/person/michael-worobey\">Michael Worobey\u003c/a>, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Arizona. \"And I'm fully prepared for a delta-based or alpha-based omicron-like event where one of those zombie viruses that's been cooking away within someone emerges.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Omicron+keeps+finding+new+evolutionary+tricks+to+outsmart+our+immunity&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The vast majority of plastic that people put into recycling bins is headed to landfills, or worse, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/circular-claims-fall-flat-again/\">report\u003c/a> from Greenpeace on the state of plastic recycling in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report cites separate \u003ca href=\"https://www.lastbeachcleanup.org/_files/ugd/dba7d7_9450ed6b848d4db098de1090df1f9e99.pdf\">data \u003c/a>published this May which revealed that the amount of plastic actually turned into new things has fallen to new lows of around 5%. That number is expected to drop further as more plastic is produced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenpeace found that no plastic — not even soda bottles, one of the most prolific items thrown into recycling bins — meets the threshold to be called “recyclable” according to \u003ca href=\"https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/plastics/overview\">standards\u003c/a> set by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation New Plastic Economy Initiative. Plastic must have a recycling rate of 30% to reach that standard; no plastic has ever been recycled and reused close to that rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More plastic is being produced, and an even smaller percentage of it is being recycled,” says Lisa Ramsden, senior plastic campaigner for Greenpeace USA. “The crisis just gets worse and worse, and without drastic change will continue to worsen, as the industry plans to triple plastic production by 2050.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waste management experts say the problem with plastic is that it is expensive to collect and sort. There are now thousands of different types of plastic, and none of them can be melted down together. Plastic also degrades after one or two uses. Greenpeace found the more plastic is reused the more toxic it becomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New plastic, on the other hand, is cheap and easy to produce. The result is that plastic trash has few markets — a reality the public has not wanted to hear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trent Carpenter, the general manager of Southern Oregon Sanitation, says when they told customers a couple years ago that they could no longer take any plastic trash other than soda bottles and jugs — like milk containers and detergent bottles — people were upset. They wanted to put their strawberry containers, bags, yogurt cups and all manner of plastic trash in their recycling bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to re-educate individuals that a great deal of that material is ending up in a landfill,” Carpenter said. “It’s not going to a recycling facility and being recycled. It’s going to a recycling facility and being landfilled someplace else because [you] can’t do anything with that material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That message has been difficult for the public to absorb with so many different bins in public spaces, and their own communities telling them to put their plastic in recycling containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carpenter says they wanted to be transparent with their customers and tell them the truth, unlike companies that continue to tell customers that plastic, such as bags and containers, is being turned into new things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Politically it’s easier to just say ‘Gosh, we’re going to take everything and we think we can get it recycled,’ and then look the other way,” Carpenter said of the other companies. “That’s greenwashing at its best.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Lisa Ramsden, senior plastic campaigner, Greenpeace USA\"]‘The crisis just gets worse and worse, and without drastic change will continue to worsen, as the industry plans to triple plastic production by 2050.’[/pullquote]Greenpeace found a couple facilities are trying to reprocess cups and containers — sometimes called “number 5s” because of the markings on the containers. But the numbers are low. While 52 percent of recycling facilities in the U.S. accept that kind of plastic, the report found less than 5% of it is actually repurposed — and the rest is put into a landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low reprocessing rates are at odds with plans from the oil and gas industry. Industry lobbyists say they plan to recycle every piece of plastic they make into something new by 2040. In interviews with NPR, industry officials were unable to explain how they planned to reach a 100% recycling rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR investigative \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/09/11/897692090/how-big-oil-misled-the-public-into-believing-plastic-would-be-recycled\">report\u003c/a> found in 2020 that industry officials misled the public about the recyclability of plastic even though their own reports showed they knew as early as the 1970s and 1980s that plastic could not be economically recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Chemistry Council, an industry lobby group, did not respond to NPR’s request for comment on the Greenpeace report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists and lawmakers in some states are now pushing for legislation that bans single use plastics, and for “bottle bills” which pay customers to bring back their plastic bottles. The bills have led to successful recycling rates for plastic bottles in places like Oregon and Michigan, but have faced steep resistance from plastic and oil industry lobbyists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real solution is to switch to systems of reuse and refill,” Ramsden said. “We are at a decision point on plastic pollution. It is time for corporations to turn off the plastic tap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of embracing plastic recycling, many environmental groups say they hope the public will finally see plastic for what they say it is — trash — and that people will ask themselves if there is something else they could be using instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Recycling+plastic+is+practically+impossible+%E2%80%93+and+the+problem+is+getting+worse&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The vast majority of plastic that people put into recycling bins is headed to landfills, or worse, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/circular-claims-fall-flat-again/\">report\u003c/a> from Greenpeace on the state of plastic recycling in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report cites separate \u003ca href=\"https://www.lastbeachcleanup.org/_files/ugd/dba7d7_9450ed6b848d4db098de1090df1f9e99.pdf\">data \u003c/a>published this May which revealed that the amount of plastic actually turned into new things has fallen to new lows of around 5%. That number is expected to drop further as more plastic is produced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenpeace found that no plastic — not even soda bottles, one of the most prolific items thrown into recycling bins — meets the threshold to be called “recyclable” according to \u003ca href=\"https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/plastics/overview\">standards\u003c/a> set by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation New Plastic Economy Initiative. Plastic must have a recycling rate of 30% to reach that standard; no plastic has ever been recycled and reused close to that rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More plastic is being produced, and an even smaller percentage of it is being recycled,” says Lisa Ramsden, senior plastic campaigner for Greenpeace USA. “The crisis just gets worse and worse, and without drastic change will continue to worsen, as the industry plans to triple plastic production by 2050.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waste management experts say the problem with plastic is that it is expensive to collect and sort. There are now thousands of different types of plastic, and none of them can be melted down together. Plastic also degrades after one or two uses. Greenpeace found the more plastic is reused the more toxic it becomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New plastic, on the other hand, is cheap and easy to produce. The result is that plastic trash has few markets — a reality the public has not wanted to hear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trent Carpenter, the general manager of Southern Oregon Sanitation, says when they told customers a couple years ago that they could no longer take any plastic trash other than soda bottles and jugs — like milk containers and detergent bottles — people were upset. They wanted to put their strawberry containers, bags, yogurt cups and all manner of plastic trash in their recycling bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to re-educate individuals that a great deal of that material is ending up in a landfill,” Carpenter said. “It’s not going to a recycling facility and being recycled. It’s going to a recycling facility and being landfilled someplace else because [you] can’t do anything with that material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That message has been difficult for the public to absorb with so many different bins in public spaces, and their own communities telling them to put their plastic in recycling containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carpenter says they wanted to be transparent with their customers and tell them the truth, unlike companies that continue to tell customers that plastic, such as bags and containers, is being turned into new things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Politically it’s easier to just say ‘Gosh, we’re going to take everything and we think we can get it recycled,’ and then look the other way,” Carpenter said of the other companies. “That’s greenwashing at its best.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Greenpeace found a couple facilities are trying to reprocess cups and containers — sometimes called “number 5s” because of the markings on the containers. But the numbers are low. While 52 percent of recycling facilities in the U.S. accept that kind of plastic, the report found less than 5% of it is actually repurposed — and the rest is put into a landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low reprocessing rates are at odds with plans from the oil and gas industry. Industry lobbyists say they plan to recycle every piece of plastic they make into something new by 2040. In interviews with NPR, industry officials were unable to explain how they planned to reach a 100% recycling rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An NPR investigative \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/09/11/897692090/how-big-oil-misled-the-public-into-believing-plastic-would-be-recycled\">report\u003c/a> found in 2020 that industry officials misled the public about the recyclability of plastic even though their own reports showed they knew as early as the 1970s and 1980s that plastic could not be economically recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Chemistry Council, an industry lobby group, did not respond to NPR’s request for comment on the Greenpeace report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists and lawmakers in some states are now pushing for legislation that bans single use plastics, and for “bottle bills” which pay customers to bring back their plastic bottles. The bills have led to successful recycling rates for plastic bottles in places like Oregon and Michigan, but have faced steep resistance from plastic and oil industry lobbyists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real solution is to switch to systems of reuse and refill,” Ramsden said. “We are at a decision point on plastic pollution. It is time for corporations to turn off the plastic tap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of embracing plastic recycling, many environmental groups say they hope the public will finally see plastic for what they say it is — trash — and that people will ask themselves if there is something else they could be using instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Recycling+plastic+is+practically+impossible+%E2%80%93+and+the+problem+is+getting+worse&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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