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"disqusTitle": "How Millennials Voted in the 2016 Presidential Election (with Lesson Plan)",
"title": "How Millennials Voted in the 2016 Presidential Election (with Lesson Plan)",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Voter-turnout-lesson-plan_final-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Voter Turnout (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Of the estimated 24 million people under 30 who voted in the 2016 presidential election, a large majority supported Hillary Clinton. But Clinton received notably less support from young voters (18-29) than Barack Obama did in 2008 and 2012, particularly in the crucial battleground states she lost to Donald Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's according to an analysis of 2016 exit poll data by \u003ca href=\"http://civicyouth.org/\" target=\"_blank\">the Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE)\u003c/a>, a nonpartisan research organization at Tufts University. (And yes, we acknowledge the irony of putting faith in any kind of polling data after the monumental failure of most pre-election polls in predicting the winner this year. More on that in a minute.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half the number of eligible voters between the ages of 18 and 29 (whom we'll refer to as \"millennials,\" although millennials also include people in their early-to-mid-30s) cast ballots in this election. That rate falls well below the estimated general voter turnout rate of roughly 58 percent. About 55 percent of those millennial voters supported Clinton, as compared to the 60 percent who supported Obama in 2012, according to CIRCLE's analysis. Conversely, youth support from Republicans remained relatively constant: Trump got about 37 percent of the youth vote, roughly equivalent to what Mitt Romney received in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"//e.infogr.am/b47abcec-83f7-4260-a874-6c5ae2412499?src=embed\" title=\"2016 voter turnout\" width=\"600\" height=\"672\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's clear that Clinton did not maintain the same level of enthusiasm among young people that Obama did in 2008 and 2012. That gap in millennial support this year is evident in the increase in support for third-party candidates (from 3 percent nationally in 2012 to 8 percent this year) and potentially lower voter turnout, particularly in swing states. Although millennials nationwide still favored Democrats by 18 points, that margin of support was 5 percentage points lower than in 2012, and more than 20 points lower in some of the swing states that Obama won and Clinton lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/14/501727488/millennials-just-didnt-love-hillary-clinton-the-way-they-loved-barack-obama\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24479\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM.png\" alt=\"screen-shot-2016-11-15-at-8-08-43-am\" width=\"782\" height=\"631\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM.png 782w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-160x129.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-768x620.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-240x194.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-375x303.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-520x420.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIRCLE's analysis of the national exit poll data also suggests that levels of racial and ethnic diversity among the youth electorate were consistent with the previous two presidential elections: overall, millennial voters are more diverse than the rest of the electorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"//e.infogr.am/c03c5638-451e-48fe-b790-0e6287ea6b85?src=embed\" title=\"Young voter diversity\" width=\"600\" height=\"617\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, however, there appears to have been a higher percentage of youth with at least some college education. Additionally, in contrast to recent elections, young white men made up a larger proportion of the white youth electorate than young white women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://civicyouth.org/more-young-white-men-more-college-grads-among-2016-youth-electorate/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24493\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu.jpeg\" alt=\"circle_edu\" width=\"874\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu.jpeg 874w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-160x119.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-800x595.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-768x571.jpeg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-240x178.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-375x279.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-520x387.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 874px) 100vw, 874px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A brief note on exit polls:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exit polls are surveys given to a sample of voters across the country after they leave their polling places. A sample of people who vote early and absentee/by mail (who now make up about 35-40 percent of the electorate) are surveyed by phone, and included in the general poll results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"selectionShareable\">The official national exit poll is conducted by\u003ca href=\"http://www.edisonresearch.com/election-polling/\"> Edison Research\u003c/a>, a nonpartisan polling firm that has conducted exit polls for the National Election Pool (a consortium of ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, Fox and The Associated Press) since 2003. In addition to surveying about 16,000 early/absentee voters by phone, the firm said it interviewed roughly 85,000 voters on Election Day at nearly 1,000 polling places in 28 states. And like any poll, there is some margin of error (in other words, take it with a grain of salt). \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/02/just-how-does-the-general-election-exit-poll-work-anyway/\" target=\"_blank\">Click here\u003c/a> to learn more about the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"selectionShareable\">CIRCLE also included the following disclaimer about its analysis of exit polling data:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"No national official count of voters by age is immediately available after an election. Therefore, any statistic on youth voter turnout is an estimate based on survey data. Like any survey, the National Exit Poll uses methods that may introduce sampling bias. In past years, our estimates of youth turnout from the National Exit Poll (shown above) have produced a trend that very closely tracks the turnout trend in the Census Current Population Survey (CPS), which is the other major source for estimating youth turnout once it is released in the Spring. These estimates diverged slightly in 2012, although both showed a decrease.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Voter-turnout-lesson-plan_final-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Voter Turnout (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Of the estimated 24 million people under 30 who voted in the 2016 presidential election, a large majority supported Hillary Clinton. But Clinton received notably less support from young voters (18-29) than Barack Obama did in 2008 and 2012, particularly in the crucial battleground states she lost to Donald Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's according to an analysis of 2016 exit poll data by \u003ca href=\"http://civicyouth.org/\" target=\"_blank\">the Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE)\u003c/a>, a nonpartisan research organization at Tufts University. (And yes, we acknowledge the irony of putting faith in any kind of polling data after the monumental failure of most pre-election polls in predicting the winner this year. More on that in a minute.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half the number of eligible voters between the ages of 18 and 29 (whom we'll refer to as \"millennials,\" although millennials also include people in their early-to-mid-30s) cast ballots in this election. That rate falls well below the estimated general voter turnout rate of roughly 58 percent. About 55 percent of those millennial voters supported Clinton, as compared to the 60 percent who supported Obama in 2012, according to CIRCLE's analysis. Conversely, youth support from Republicans remained relatively constant: Trump got about 37 percent of the youth vote, roughly equivalent to what Mitt Romney received in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"//e.infogr.am/b47abcec-83f7-4260-a874-6c5ae2412499?src=embed\" title=\"2016 voter turnout\" width=\"600\" height=\"672\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's clear that Clinton did not maintain the same level of enthusiasm among young people that Obama did in 2008 and 2012. That gap in millennial support this year is evident in the increase in support for third-party candidates (from 3 percent nationally in 2012 to 8 percent this year) and potentially lower voter turnout, particularly in swing states. Although millennials nationwide still favored Democrats by 18 points, that margin of support was 5 percentage points lower than in 2012, and more than 20 points lower in some of the swing states that Obama won and Clinton lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/14/501727488/millennials-just-didnt-love-hillary-clinton-the-way-they-loved-barack-obama\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24479\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM.png\" alt=\"screen-shot-2016-11-15-at-8-08-43-am\" width=\"782\" height=\"631\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM.png 782w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-160x129.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-768x620.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-240x194.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-375x303.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-520x420.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIRCLE's analysis of the national exit poll data also suggests that levels of racial and ethnic diversity among the youth electorate were consistent with the previous two presidential elections: overall, millennial voters are more diverse than the rest of the electorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"//e.infogr.am/c03c5638-451e-48fe-b790-0e6287ea6b85?src=embed\" title=\"Young voter diversity\" width=\"600\" height=\"617\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, however, there appears to have been a higher percentage of youth with at least some college education. Additionally, in contrast to recent elections, young white men made up a larger proportion of the white youth electorate than young white women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://civicyouth.org/more-young-white-men-more-college-grads-among-2016-youth-electorate/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24493\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu.jpeg\" alt=\"circle_edu\" width=\"874\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu.jpeg 874w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-160x119.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-800x595.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-768x571.jpeg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-240x178.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-375x279.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-520x387.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 874px) 100vw, 874px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A brief note on exit polls:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exit polls are surveys given to a sample of voters across the country after they leave their polling places. A sample of people who vote early and absentee/by mail (who now make up about 35-40 percent of the electorate) are surveyed by phone, and included in the general poll results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"selectionShareable\">The official national exit poll is conducted by\u003ca href=\"http://www.edisonresearch.com/election-polling/\"> Edison Research\u003c/a>, a nonpartisan polling firm that has conducted exit polls for the National Election Pool (a consortium of ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, Fox and The Associated Press) since 2003. In addition to surveying about 16,000 early/absentee voters by phone, the firm said it interviewed roughly 85,000 voters on Election Day at nearly 1,000 polling places in 28 states. And like any poll, there is some margin of error (in other words, take it with a grain of salt). \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/02/just-how-does-the-general-election-exit-poll-work-anyway/\" target=\"_blank\">Click here\u003c/a> to learn more about the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"selectionShareable\">CIRCLE also included the following disclaimer about its analysis of exit polling data:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"No national official count of voters by age is immediately available after an election. Therefore, any statistic on youth voter turnout is an estimate based on survey data. Like any survey, the National Exit Poll uses methods that may introduce sampling bias. In past years, our estimates of youth turnout from the National Exit Poll (shown above) have produced a trend that very closely tracks the turnout trend in the Census Current Population Survey (CPS), which is the other major source for estimating youth turnout once it is released in the Spring. These estimates diverged slightly in 2012, although both showed a decrease.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's here. It's finally here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Polling-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Political Polling (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>When it comes down to it, Election Day is the \u003cem>ultimate\u003c/em> political poll -- the definitive survey -- when millions of campaign-weary Americans finally get to cast their ballots and (hopefully) lay to rest this bitter, exhaustive presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the results filter in, it's also a good moment to consider the accuracy and influence of that massive tsunami of polling data that we've been inundated with for the last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polls generally refer to surveys of public opinions and forecasts of election results. And since the 1990s, when major news organization began conducting their own polls, the polling business has been booming. Today it's a billion-dollar industry with an army of polling firms cranking out thousands of surveys each year. Political candidates and elected officials also now typically commission their own polls to gauge approval ratings and messaging impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't always like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern polling was pioneered in the 1930s by George Gallup, a statistician who began conducting surveys using a statistical model he called \"quota sampling\" to predict election outcomes and measure public opinion. As Harvard historian Jill Lepore explains in her \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/politics-and-the-new-machine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New Yorker article\u003c/a>, the relatively small group of respondents that Gallup selected to randomly sample for each pollreflected a mini-electorate, demographically proportionate and representative of the larger voting population (same percentages of men, women, black, white, young, old, conservative, liberal, etc.). Lepore says that Gallup believed polling was essential to democracy as a tool to gauge the will of the people. And for decades, Gallup's organization, and a small group of others, were among the only firms producing these kinds of polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lepore notes that back then, the response rate among those surveyed was remarkably high, at roughly 90 percent. Today, however, the average poll response rate is in the single digits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the biggest factors at play, she says, is the widespread adoption of mobile phones and the move away from landlines. The majority of polls are still conducted by phone. And because federal law prevents auto-dialing to cell phones, it's become significantly harder and costlier to reach the adequate number respondents necessary to generate a representative sample of the electorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, a growing number of polls are conducted through websites and social media platforms. These are usually opt-in polls, in which site visitors actively choose to participate (as opposed to being randomly called on), and are generally considered less reliable Those who choose to respond to online polls are rarely representative of the larger electorate, and so results can be biased and misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of a \"sample\" as a small model of the larger population. The goal in sampling is to use that smaller subset to represent the larger whole. Random sampling simply means that each member of the larger population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Generally (although not always), the larger the sample size, the more accurate the poll. The average poll has a sample size of 1000 adults, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pollingreport.com/ncpp.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Council on Public Polls\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYi6Ibf3e0o\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most polls also include a margin or error, a +/- figure that's a measure of the pollster's confidence that the sample accurately represents the whole population. The larger that margin of error, the less accurate the poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today's electorate is also more diverse than ever before, and many polls don't reach the sample populations that reflect this diversity, especially if there are language barriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, it's important to remember that pollsters with specific agendas can easily manipulate how they conduct polls in order to produce outcomes favorable to their interests (a conservative polling firm typically produces results that skew conservative, and vice versa for a liberal polling firm). Doing so can make candidates or issues appear more popular than they actually are, and ultimately influence voter decisions. Which is why, as a consumer of polling data, it's so important to pay attention to who conducted the poll, why they conducted it, how they conducted it and what questions they asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncpp.org/files/20%20Questions%203rd%20edition_Web%20ver_2006.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">20 questions a journalist should ask about poll results\u003c/a>,\" published by the NCPP, is a good guide for helping to decide if a poll is worth its weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data news site \u003ca href=\"http://fivethirtyeight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FiveThirtyEight \u003c/a>continuously updates its election predictions by aggregating hundreds of poll results. Each poll is weighted based on a rating system that considers the pollster's methodology and track record. Check out its rankings of some of the major polling firms \u003ca href=\"http://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/pollster-ratings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's here. It's finally here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Polling-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Political Polling (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>When it comes down to it, Election Day is the \u003cem>ultimate\u003c/em> political poll -- the definitive survey -- when millions of campaign-weary Americans finally get to cast their ballots and (hopefully) lay to rest this bitter, exhaustive presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the results filter in, it's also a good moment to consider the accuracy and influence of that massive tsunami of polling data that we've been inundated with for the last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polls generally refer to surveys of public opinions and forecasts of election results. And since the 1990s, when major news organization began conducting their own polls, the polling business has been booming. Today it's a billion-dollar industry with an army of polling firms cranking out thousands of surveys each year. Political candidates and elected officials also now typically commission their own polls to gauge approval ratings and messaging impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't always like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern polling was pioneered in the 1930s by George Gallup, a statistician who began conducting surveys using a statistical model he called \"quota sampling\" to predict election outcomes and measure public opinion. As Harvard historian Jill Lepore explains in her \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/politics-and-the-new-machine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New Yorker article\u003c/a>, the relatively small group of respondents that Gallup selected to randomly sample for each pollreflected a mini-electorate, demographically proportionate and representative of the larger voting population (same percentages of men, women, black, white, young, old, conservative, liberal, etc.). Lepore says that Gallup believed polling was essential to democracy as a tool to gauge the will of the people. And for decades, Gallup's organization, and a small group of others, were among the only firms producing these kinds of polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lepore notes that back then, the response rate among those surveyed was remarkably high, at roughly 90 percent. Today, however, the average poll response rate is in the single digits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the biggest factors at play, she says, is the widespread adoption of mobile phones and the move away from landlines. The majority of polls are still conducted by phone. And because federal law prevents auto-dialing to cell phones, it's become significantly harder and costlier to reach the adequate number respondents necessary to generate a representative sample of the electorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, a growing number of polls are conducted through websites and social media platforms. These are usually opt-in polls, in which site visitors actively choose to participate (as opposed to being randomly called on), and are generally considered less reliable Those who choose to respond to online polls are rarely representative of the larger electorate, and so results can be biased and misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of a \"sample\" as a small model of the larger population. The goal in sampling is to use that smaller subset to represent the larger whole. Random sampling simply means that each member of the larger population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Generally (although not always), the larger the sample size, the more accurate the poll. The average poll has a sample size of 1000 adults, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pollingreport.com/ncpp.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Council on Public Polls\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/gYi6Ibf3e0o'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/gYi6Ibf3e0o'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Most polls also include a margin or error, a +/- figure that's a measure of the pollster's confidence that the sample accurately represents the whole population. The larger that margin of error, the less accurate the poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today's electorate is also more diverse than ever before, and many polls don't reach the sample populations that reflect this diversity, especially if there are language barriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, it's important to remember that pollsters with specific agendas can easily manipulate how they conduct polls in order to produce outcomes favorable to their interests (a conservative polling firm typically produces results that skew conservative, and vice versa for a liberal polling firm). Doing so can make candidates or issues appear more popular than they actually are, and ultimately influence voter decisions. Which is why, as a consumer of polling data, it's so important to pay attention to who conducted the poll, why they conducted it, how they conducted it and what questions they asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncpp.org/files/20%20Questions%203rd%20edition_Web%20ver_2006.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">20 questions a journalist should ask about poll results\u003c/a>,\" published by the NCPP, is a good guide for helping to decide if a poll is worth its weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data news site \u003ca href=\"http://fivethirtyeight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FiveThirtyEight \u003c/a>continuously updates its election predictions by aggregating hundreds of poll results. Each poll is weighted based on a rating system that considers the pollster's methodology and track record. Check out its rankings of some of the major polling firms \u003ca href=\"http://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/pollster-ratings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Should California Raise Tobacco Taxes? (Includes Lesson Plan)",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on what voters decide next week, smoking in California could soon become a much pricier habit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Tobacco-Tax-Lesson-Plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Tobacco Taxes (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/measure/2019/info/proposition-56\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 56\u003c/a>, one of 17 statewide measures on the ballot this November, would increase the state's tobacco tax by $2 per pack, a huge leap from the current rate of 87 cents. The new $2.87 tax would also be levied on other tobacco products, including e-cigarettes (which now are taxed at a much lower rate than regular cigarettes).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Proposition 56 succeeds, the new tax would take effect April 1, 2017. It's expected to generate $1.2 billion to $1.6 billion in its first year, according to analysis by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/BallotAnalysis/Proposition?number=56&year=2016\" target=\"_blank\">Legislative Analyst's Office\u003c/a>. While some of this new revenue is earmarked for smoking prevention and cessation programs, the majority of it will go to Medi-Cal, the state's health insurance program for low-income residents, which covers roughly one in three Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_56,_Tobacco_Tax_Increase_%282016%29#Opposition\">The No on 56\u003c/a> campaign has out-raised supporters by roughly 2-1, with most of the $71 million war chest funded by two of the nation's largest cigarette manufactures: \u003ca title=\"Philip Morris USA\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/Philip_Morris_USA\">Philip Morris USA\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/R.J._Reynolds_Tobacco_Company\">R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co\u003c/a>., and their affiliates . The biggest donor to \u003ca href=\"http://www.yeson56.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Yes on 56\u003c/a> is billionaire \u003ca class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Tom Steyer\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/Tom_Steyer\">Tom Steyer\u003c/a>, who has contributed more than $11 million. The latest \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_56,_Tobacco_Tax_Increase_%282016%29#Polls\">polls\u003c/a> show support for Proposition 56 at around 60 percent, with \u003ca class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"California Democratic Party\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Democratic_Party\">California's Democratic Party\u003c/a> backing it and the state's\u003ca class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"California Republican Party\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Republican_Party\"> Republican Party\u003c/a> opposing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of Proposition 56 say the higher tax will raise millions of dollars for crucial state smoking prevention programs and health care services, while helping to potentially encourage smokers to quit and actively discouraging young people from taking up smoking in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents claim that the hike would be regressive -- disproportionately hurting low-income smokers. They also argue that the measure is a tax grab by health insurance companies, labor unions and hospitals, with just a fraction of the revenue going to actual smoking prevention programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How does California's tobacco tax compare to other states?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>California's current cigarette excise tax (a tax levied on specific commodities) is pretty low compared to most other states - 35 out of 50, to be precise. The average state tobacco tax is $1.65.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.carto.com/viz/ea712400-a15f-11e6-9fa1-0e233c30368f/embed_map\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In fact, California's tobacco tax hasn't been raised since 1998; a [contextly_sidebar id=\"XxmEDmEESVj09Uc8HJCgVWAA56J7A2Sk\"]2012 proposition to increase it by $1 per pack failed by less than 1 percent of the vote. Opponents of the measure put up close to $47 million to defeat it, nearly four times what supporters spent. The current proposed increase would make California's tobacco tax among the highest in the nation (although still far short of New York's, which stands alone at $4.35 per pack).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smokers in the U.S. also pay a federal excise tax of about $1 a pack on top of state taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2016, the California legislature \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-jerry-brown-smoking-bills-20160504-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">voted to raise\u003c/a> the state's smoking age from 18 to 21, the second state in the nation to do so (after Hawaii). The new rules went into effect in June. The legislature also moved to restrict the use of electronic cigarettes in certain public places, including school grounds and hospitals and restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How does California's smoking rate measure up?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Despite its low taxes, California actually has the second-lowest smoking rate in the country: just north of 12 percent of adults. Compare that to the national rate of nearly 20 percent or one in five (the smoking rate among California's youth is slightly higher than it is among adults, but still far below the national average). The state's adult smoking rate has declined consistently over the last two decades, sparing more than 1 million lives and $86 billion, according to state health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, California's smoking rate reached a record low of 11.9 percent (it has risen slightly since then), down from almost 26 percent in 1984. The most significant decrease occurred among adults ages 25 to 44. But while California's current smoking rate is significantly lower than in many other parts of the country, there still are roughly 4.5 million adult smokers statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Why is California's smoking rate so comparatively low?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">There's obviously no single answer, but a number of policy measures have received a lot of credit. California has long been a trendsetter in local and state government smoking reduction efforts. In 1995 it placed a statewide ban on smoking in restaurants and workplaces, the first state to do so. Three years later, the ban was extended to bars. California has also spearheaded significant smoking prevention and education efforts, particularly geared toward youth. A 25-cent cigarette tax in 1998 created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/tobacco/pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">California Tobacco Control Program\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>the first of its kind in the nation, charged with leading aggressive anti-smoking campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What's the history of tobacco taxes in California?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>1959: The state's first tobacco tax was passed by the Legislature. It added 10 cents to the cost of a pack of cigarettes. The revenue went straight into the general fund.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1988: Voters approved Proposition 99, which added an additional 25-cent tax to fund tobacco prevention, education and research programs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1993: A 2-cent tax enacted by the Legislature created a fund for breast cancer research.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1998: Voters approved Proposition 10, adding a 50-cent tax to fund early child development programs.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Last year, total state revenues from taxes on tobacco products were just over $900 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24372\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101.png\" alt=\"smokingratechartadults20101\" width=\"1449\" height=\"788\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101.png 1449w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-160x87.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-800x435.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-768x418.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-1020x555.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-1180x642.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-960x522.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-240x131.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-375x204.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-520x283.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1449px) 100vw, 1449px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Does raising taxes on tobacco products actually reduce smoking?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2227\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/youthsmoking.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-2227 size-full\" title=\"youthsmoking\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/youthsmoking.png\" width=\"364\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/youthsmoking.png 364w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/youthsmoking-320x208.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 364px) 100vw, 364px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: California Department of Public Health\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yes, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/mmwrnews/2012/0329.html#1\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. \"Increasing the price of cigarettes is one of the most reliable and effective ways to reduce smoking and prevent youth initiation,\" the agency reported in it Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report on March 29, 2012. The report added: \"The evidence indicates that further increases in cigarette excise taxes would continue to reduce the demand for cigarettes, thereby preventing youth initiation, reducing cigarette consumption, and decreasing the prevalence of smoking, particularly among youth and young adults. States can reduce cigarette use even further by investing excise tax revenue in tobacco prevention and control.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some economists, however, argue that high cigarette taxes can do more harm than good, drawing smokers to buy cigarettes in nearby states with significantly lower taxes and resulting in lost tax revenue for California. High costs, it's been noted, could also encourage a black market in cigarette sales, as has become common practice in \u003ca href=\"http://observer.com/2011/11/22/the-war-on-cigarette-taxation-and-why-the-city-is-losing/\" target=\"_blank\">New York City\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on what voters decide next week, smoking in California could soon become a much pricier habit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Tobacco-Tax-Lesson-Plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Tobacco Taxes (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/measure/2019/info/proposition-56\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 56\u003c/a>, one of 17 statewide measures on the ballot this November, would increase the state's tobacco tax by $2 per pack, a huge leap from the current rate of 87 cents. The new $2.87 tax would also be levied on other tobacco products, including e-cigarettes (which now are taxed at a much lower rate than regular cigarettes).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Proposition 56 succeeds, the new tax would take effect April 1, 2017. It's expected to generate $1.2 billion to $1.6 billion in its first year, according to analysis by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/BallotAnalysis/Proposition?number=56&year=2016\" target=\"_blank\">Legislative Analyst's Office\u003c/a>. While some of this new revenue is earmarked for smoking prevention and cessation programs, the majority of it will go to Medi-Cal, the state's health insurance program for low-income residents, which covers roughly one in three Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_56,_Tobacco_Tax_Increase_%282016%29#Opposition\">The No on 56\u003c/a> campaign has out-raised supporters by roughly 2-1, with most of the $71 million war chest funded by two of the nation's largest cigarette manufactures: \u003ca title=\"Philip Morris USA\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/Philip_Morris_USA\">Philip Morris USA\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/R.J._Reynolds_Tobacco_Company\">R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co\u003c/a>., and their affiliates . The biggest donor to \u003ca href=\"http://www.yeson56.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Yes on 56\u003c/a> is billionaire \u003ca class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Tom Steyer\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/Tom_Steyer\">Tom Steyer\u003c/a>, who has contributed more than $11 million. The latest \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_56,_Tobacco_Tax_Increase_%282016%29#Polls\">polls\u003c/a> show support for Proposition 56 at around 60 percent, with \u003ca class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"California Democratic Party\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Democratic_Party\">California's Democratic Party\u003c/a> backing it and the state's\u003ca class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"California Republican Party\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Republican_Party\"> Republican Party\u003c/a> opposing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of Proposition 56 say the higher tax will raise millions of dollars for crucial state smoking prevention programs and health care services, while helping to potentially encourage smokers to quit and actively discouraging young people from taking up smoking in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents claim that the hike would be regressive -- disproportionately hurting low-income smokers. They also argue that the measure is a tax grab by health insurance companies, labor unions and hospitals, with just a fraction of the revenue going to actual smoking prevention programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How does California's tobacco tax compare to other states?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>California's current cigarette excise tax (a tax levied on specific commodities) is pretty low compared to most other states - 35 out of 50, to be precise. The average state tobacco tax is $1.65.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.carto.com/viz/ea712400-a15f-11e6-9fa1-0e233c30368f/embed_map\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In fact, California's tobacco tax hasn't been raised since 1998; a \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>2012 proposition to increase it by $1 per pack failed by less than 1 percent of the vote. Opponents of the measure put up close to $47 million to defeat it, nearly four times what supporters spent. The current proposed increase would make California's tobacco tax among the highest in the nation (although still far short of New York's, which stands alone at $4.35 per pack).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smokers in the U.S. also pay a federal excise tax of about $1 a pack on top of state taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2016, the California legislature \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-jerry-brown-smoking-bills-20160504-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">voted to raise\u003c/a> the state's smoking age from 18 to 21, the second state in the nation to do so (after Hawaii). The new rules went into effect in June. The legislature also moved to restrict the use of electronic cigarettes in certain public places, including school grounds and hospitals and restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How does California's smoking rate measure up?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Despite its low taxes, California actually has the second-lowest smoking rate in the country: just north of 12 percent of adults. Compare that to the national rate of nearly 20 percent or one in five (the smoking rate among California's youth is slightly higher than it is among adults, but still far below the national average). The state's adult smoking rate has declined consistently over the last two decades, sparing more than 1 million lives and $86 billion, according to state health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, California's smoking rate reached a record low of 11.9 percent (it has risen slightly since then), down from almost 26 percent in 1984. The most significant decrease occurred among adults ages 25 to 44. But while California's current smoking rate is significantly lower than in many other parts of the country, there still are roughly 4.5 million adult smokers statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Why is California's smoking rate so comparatively low?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">There's obviously no single answer, but a number of policy measures have received a lot of credit. California has long been a trendsetter in local and state government smoking reduction efforts. In 1995 it placed a statewide ban on smoking in restaurants and workplaces, the first state to do so. Three years later, the ban was extended to bars. California has also spearheaded significant smoking prevention and education efforts, particularly geared toward youth. A 25-cent cigarette tax in 1998 created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/tobacco/pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">California Tobacco Control Program\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>the first of its kind in the nation, charged with leading aggressive anti-smoking campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What's the history of tobacco taxes in California?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>1959: The state's first tobacco tax was passed by the Legislature. It added 10 cents to the cost of a pack of cigarettes. The revenue went straight into the general fund.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1988: Voters approved Proposition 99, which added an additional 25-cent tax to fund tobacco prevention, education and research programs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1993: A 2-cent tax enacted by the Legislature created a fund for breast cancer research.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1998: Voters approved Proposition 10, adding a 50-cent tax to fund early child development programs.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Last year, total state revenues from taxes on tobacco products were just over $900 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24372\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101.png\" alt=\"smokingratechartadults20101\" width=\"1449\" height=\"788\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101.png 1449w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-160x87.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-800x435.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-768x418.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-1020x555.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-1180x642.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-960x522.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-240x131.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-375x204.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-520x283.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1449px) 100vw, 1449px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Does raising taxes on tobacco products actually reduce smoking?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2227\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/youthsmoking.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-2227 size-full\" title=\"youthsmoking\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/youthsmoking.png\" width=\"364\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/youthsmoking.png 364w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/youthsmoking-320x208.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 364px) 100vw, 364px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: California Department of Public Health\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yes, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/mmwrnews/2012/0329.html#1\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. \"Increasing the price of cigarettes is one of the most reliable and effective ways to reduce smoking and prevent youth initiation,\" the agency reported in it Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report on March 29, 2012. The report added: \"The evidence indicates that further increases in cigarette excise taxes would continue to reduce the demand for cigarettes, thereby preventing youth initiation, reducing cigarette consumption, and decreasing the prevalence of smoking, particularly among youth and young adults. States can reduce cigarette use even further by investing excise tax revenue in tobacco prevention and control.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some economists, however, argue that high cigarette taxes can do more harm than good, drawing smokers to buy cigarettes in nearby states with significantly lower taxes and resulting in lost tax revenue for California. High costs, it's been noted, could also encourage a black market in cigarette sales, as has become common practice in \u003ca href=\"http://observer.com/2011/11/22/the-war-on-cigarette-taxation-and-why-the-city-is-losing/\" target=\"_blank\">New York City\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "VIDEO: Should San Francisco Lower Its Voting Age? (with Lesson Plan)",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nThey pay taxes. They have to abide by the same laws as everyone else. And many are old enough to work and get behind the wheel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for teens under 18, the right to vote is still out of reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Lowering-the-youth-voting-age-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Lowering the voting age (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And that’s not fair, say a number of youth rights groups, who for years have pushed to lower America's voting age to 16. In a nation with notoriously low voter turnout -- particularly \u003ca href=\"http://www.electproject.org/home/voter-turnout/demographics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">among 18- to 24-year-olds\u003c/a> -- allowing more young people to vote, advocates claim, would boost civic participation and give students a voice in local public affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some local campaigns to lower the voting age in various cities around the country have started to gain traction, as have the broader efforts of national youth civics groups like \u003ca href=\"http://www.generationcitizen.org/vote16usa-a-campaign-to-lower-the-voting-age/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Generation Citizen\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youthrights.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Youth Rights Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, San Francisco supervisors approved \u003ca href=\"http://sfpublicpress.org/election2016/prop-f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Proposition F\u003c/a> for the November 2016 ballot. The measure would lower the city's voting age for local elections, allowing 16- and 17-year-olds to vote for mayor and other city officials, as well as school board and citywide initiatives. It follows a multi-year organizing effort by \u003ca href=\"http://vote16sf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Vote16 SF\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbos.org/index.aspx?page=5585\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Youth Commission.\u003c/a> If the measure passes, San Francisco would become the first major city in the country to extend voting rights to 16- and 17-year-olds (effective for the next municipal election).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar initiative in Berkeley -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailycal.org/2016/10/27/measure-y1-could-implement-lower-voting-age-for-certain-elections-in-berkeley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Measure Y1\u003c/a> -- would allow16- and 17-year-olds to vote, but only for school board members. There are also \u003ca href=\"http://www.youthrights.org/issues/voting-age/voting-age-status-report/#success\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">efforts to get similar measures\u003c/a> up for a vote in states across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/291237947&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nNationwide, only two municipalities -- the Maryland cities of Hyattsville and Tacoma Park -- have passed ordinances lowering their voting ages to 16 for local elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the voting age is still 18 in a majority of the world's democracies, several nations including Austria, Argentina, Brazil, and Nicaragua have already lowered the voting age for national elections to 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Not everyone agrees ...\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Skeptics, however, argue that too many young people simply lack the life experience and knowledge to make informed decisions in the voting booth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's a dumb idea,\" argued \u003ca href=\"http://csaelectorate.blogspot.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Curtis Gans\u003c/a>, former director of the Committee for the Study of the American Electorate at American University. \"The voting age was set at 18 because that's the age at which people could be drafted and die for their country. [Those under 18] don't have enough life experience or history and don't know the issues in enough detail.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, opponents argue, the nation's minimum voting age often sets the precedent for other age ceilings. Sexual consent and criminal responsibility age limits, for instance, vary state by state but never exceed 18. If the voting age were lowered to 16, some fear, states could start treating 16-year-olds as adults in matters of consent and criminal prosecution.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The slow path to the ballot\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Throughout U.S. history, voting has gradually grown more inclusive, a result of hard-fought political battles waged by disenfranchised populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon adoption of the U.S. Constitution, voting in most states was reserved for white male property owners. In fact, the nation's founding document, as originally drafted, never explicitly guarantees the right to vote to anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the mid-Nineteenth Century, most states had dropped property requirements. And with the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, voting rights were granted to all male citizens, 21 and older, regardless of color. It took another half-century before the passage of the 19th Amendment, extending the vote to women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24280\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24280 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg\" alt=\"Young people in Seattle march in support of lowering the national voting age to 18.\" width=\"450\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg 450w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-240x161.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-375x252.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young people in Seattle march in support of lowering the national voting age to 18 (1969). \u003ccite>(Post-Intelligencer Collection, Museum of History & Industry )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't until 1971 that America lowered its voting age to 18. The 26th Amendment was ratified largely as a result of heated student opposition to the Vietnam War and the contention that if an 18-year-old was old enough to be drafted into the military and fight for his country, he should also be considered mature enough to influence political outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Old enough to fight, old enough to vote,” became the movement's campaign slogan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort extended suffrage to millions of 18-20-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nThey pay taxes. They have to abide by the same laws as everyone else. And many are old enough to work and get behind the wheel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for teens under 18, the right to vote is still out of reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Lowering-the-youth-voting-age-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Lowering the voting age (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And that’s not fair, say a number of youth rights groups, who for years have pushed to lower America's voting age to 16. In a nation with notoriously low voter turnout -- particularly \u003ca href=\"http://www.electproject.org/home/voter-turnout/demographics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">among 18- to 24-year-olds\u003c/a> -- allowing more young people to vote, advocates claim, would boost civic participation and give students a voice in local public affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some local campaigns to lower the voting age in various cities around the country have started to gain traction, as have the broader efforts of national youth civics groups like \u003ca href=\"http://www.generationcitizen.org/vote16usa-a-campaign-to-lower-the-voting-age/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Generation Citizen\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youthrights.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Youth Rights Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, San Francisco supervisors approved \u003ca href=\"http://sfpublicpress.org/election2016/prop-f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Proposition F\u003c/a> for the November 2016 ballot. The measure would lower the city's voting age for local elections, allowing 16- and 17-year-olds to vote for mayor and other city officials, as well as school board and citywide initiatives. It follows a multi-year organizing effort by \u003ca href=\"http://vote16sf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Vote16 SF\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbos.org/index.aspx?page=5585\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Youth Commission.\u003c/a> If the measure passes, San Francisco would become the first major city in the country to extend voting rights to 16- and 17-year-olds (effective for the next municipal election).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar initiative in Berkeley -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailycal.org/2016/10/27/measure-y1-could-implement-lower-voting-age-for-certain-elections-in-berkeley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Measure Y1\u003c/a> -- would allow16- and 17-year-olds to vote, but only for school board members. There are also \u003ca href=\"http://www.youthrights.org/issues/voting-age/voting-age-status-report/#success\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">efforts to get similar measures\u003c/a> up for a vote in states across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/291237947&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nNationwide, only two municipalities -- the Maryland cities of Hyattsville and Tacoma Park -- have passed ordinances lowering their voting ages to 16 for local elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the voting age is still 18 in a majority of the world's democracies, several nations including Austria, Argentina, Brazil, and Nicaragua have already lowered the voting age for national elections to 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Not everyone agrees ...\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Skeptics, however, argue that too many young people simply lack the life experience and knowledge to make informed decisions in the voting booth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's a dumb idea,\" argued \u003ca href=\"http://csaelectorate.blogspot.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Curtis Gans\u003c/a>, former director of the Committee for the Study of the American Electorate at American University. \"The voting age was set at 18 because that's the age at which people could be drafted and die for their country. [Those under 18] don't have enough life experience or history and don't know the issues in enough detail.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, opponents argue, the nation's minimum voting age often sets the precedent for other age ceilings. Sexual consent and criminal responsibility age limits, for instance, vary state by state but never exceed 18. If the voting age were lowered to 16, some fear, states could start treating 16-year-olds as adults in matters of consent and criminal prosecution.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The slow path to the ballot\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Throughout U.S. history, voting has gradually grown more inclusive, a result of hard-fought political battles waged by disenfranchised populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon adoption of the U.S. Constitution, voting in most states was reserved for white male property owners. In fact, the nation's founding document, as originally drafted, never explicitly guarantees the right to vote to anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the mid-Nineteenth Century, most states had dropped property requirements. And with the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, voting rights were granted to all male citizens, 21 and older, regardless of color. It took another half-century before the passage of the 19th Amendment, extending the vote to women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24280\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24280 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg\" alt=\"Young people in Seattle march in support of lowering the national voting age to 18.\" width=\"450\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full.jpg 450w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-240x161.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/05/Student_march_full-375x252.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young people in Seattle march in support of lowering the national voting age to 18 (1969). \u003ccite>(Post-Intelligencer Collection, Museum of History & Industry )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't until 1971 that America lowered its voting age to 18. The 26th Amendment was ratified largely as a result of heated student opposition to the Vietnam War and the contention that if an 18-year-old was old enough to be drafted into the military and fight for his country, he should also be considered mature enough to influence political outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Old enough to fight, old enough to vote,” became the movement's campaign slogan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort extended suffrage to millions of 18-20-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Missed the first two presidential debates?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't fret. There's still one more to go, and plenty of mud left to sling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/Debate-lesson-plan1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: History of Debates (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Presidental-debate-bingo.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Presidential Debate Bingo! (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-third-presidential-debate-229804\" target=\"_blank\">face off again\u003c/a> on Wednesday night at the University of Nevada in Las Vegas (UNLV). Their third and final debate runs 90 minutes, commercial-free (starting at 6 p.m. E.T.), and will be split into six 15-minute segments. Both candidates will be given two minutes to respond to questions and follow-up opportunity to respond to their opponent. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate will be hosted by Chris Wallace, the anchor of Fox News Sunday, whose questions are expected to address topics ranging from immigration, the Supreme Court, the economy and foreign policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A record \u003ca href=\"http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2016/first-presidential-debate-of-2016-draws-84-million-viewers.html\" target=\"_blank\">84 million viewers\u003c/a> tuned into the first debate on Sept. 26. Viewership decreased but remained impressively high for the second debate on Oct. 9, a \u003ca href=\"//www.politico.com/story/2016/10/everything-you-need-to-know-second-presidential-debate-229235#ixzz4MMfGvHfo\" target=\"_blank\">town hall-style format\u003c/a> that included questions asked by undecided voters in the audience. Typically, the third presidential debate draws less attention than the first two. But this election is anything but typical, and the final candidate will likely attract an impressive number of eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Some debate history\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/LY1GvXXWdHA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first-ever televised presidential debate didn't happen until 1960. Candidates Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy squared off -- just once -- in front of the camera, an event that proved extremely beneficial to the smoother and more youthful Kennedy, who went on to win the election against his stodgier opponent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took another 16 years for the next presidential debate to happen. In the 1976 election, when President Gerald Ford faced off against his Democratic challenger, Jimmy Carter, he made a notorious gaffe about the Soviet Union, an oversight that proved detrimental to his campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since, debates have become a fixture of U.S. presidential elections. It's now standard protocol for candidates to face off three times in the grueling months leading up to Election Day, providing Americans with a rare, unscripted glimpse of their personalities and how they handle themselves under pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the debate system and full-length videos and transcripts of past debates, go to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.debates.org\" target=\"_blank\">Commission on Presidential Debates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://vimeo.com/179463321\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Missed the first two presidential debates?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't fret. There's still one more to go, and plenty of mud left to sling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/Debate-lesson-plan1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: History of Debates (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Presidental-debate-bingo.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Presidential Debate Bingo! (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-third-presidential-debate-229804\" target=\"_blank\">face off again\u003c/a> on Wednesday night at the University of Nevada in Las Vegas (UNLV). Their third and final debate runs 90 minutes, commercial-free (starting at 6 p.m. E.T.), and will be split into six 15-minute segments. Both candidates will be given two minutes to respond to questions and follow-up opportunity to respond to their opponent. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate will be hosted by Chris Wallace, the anchor of Fox News Sunday, whose questions are expected to address topics ranging from immigration, the Supreme Court, the economy and foreign policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A record \u003ca href=\"http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2016/first-presidential-debate-of-2016-draws-84-million-viewers.html\" target=\"_blank\">84 million viewers\u003c/a> tuned into the first debate on Sept. 26. Viewership decreased but remained impressively high for the second debate on Oct. 9, a \u003ca href=\"//www.politico.com/story/2016/10/everything-you-need-to-know-second-presidential-debate-229235#ixzz4MMfGvHfo\" target=\"_blank\">town hall-style format\u003c/a> that included questions asked by undecided voters in the audience. Typically, the third presidential debate draws less attention than the first two. But this election is anything but typical, and the final candidate will likely attract an impressive number of eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Some debate history\u003c/h4>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/LY1GvXXWdHA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/LY1GvXXWdHA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first-ever televised presidential debate didn't happen until 1960. Candidates Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy squared off -- just once -- in front of the camera, an event that proved extremely beneficial to the smoother and more youthful Kennedy, who went on to win the election against his stodgier opponent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took another 16 years for the next presidential debate to happen. In the 1976 election, when President Gerald Ford faced off against his Democratic challenger, Jimmy Carter, he made a notorious gaffe about the Soviet Union, an oversight that proved detrimental to his campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since, debates have become a fixture of U.S. presidential elections. It's now standard protocol for candidates to face off three times in the grueling months leading up to Election Day, providing Americans with a rare, unscripted glimpse of their personalities and how they handle themselves under pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the debate system and full-length videos and transcripts of past debates, go to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.debates.org\" target=\"_blank\">Commission on Presidential Debates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "VIDEO: Should California Abolish the Death Penalty or Make It Easier to Execute?",
"title": "VIDEO: Should California Abolish the Death Penalty or Make It Easier to Execute?",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nAmong the heap of statewide propositions California voters weigh in on next month, two are literally life and death decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cfont size=\"5\" color=\"#993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/font>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Proposition-62-and-66-lesson-plan-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: California's Death Penalty Debate (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED's statewide voter guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/measure/2025/info/proposition-62\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 62\u003c/a> would abolish capital punishment in California, making life without the possibility of parole the maximum punishment for murder. The \u003ca href=\"http://yeson62.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Yes on 62 \u003c/a>campaign argues that the death penalty in California is a failed, immoral and incredibly expensive system, costing taxpayers upwards of $150 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, \u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/measure/2025/info/proposition-66\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 66\u003c/a> would not only keep the state's death penalty intact, it would speed up the notoriously long appeals process for those cases, potentially accelerating the rate of executions. The \u003ca href=\"http://noprop62yesprop66.com/2016/07/yes-on-prop-66-death-penalty-reform-fixing-californias-broken-system/\" target=\"_blank\">Yes on 66 campaign\u003c/a> advocates for reforming the system by making it more efficient. \"Mend, don't end, California's death penalty\" is its slogan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the extreme unlikelihood that both measures receive more than 50 percent approval, only the one with the most votes would be enacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>An Indecisive History\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>California has had a tough time making up its mind about the death penalty. In 1872, the state authorized capital punishment in its penal code (until then, executions were generally conducted by county sheriffs). 23 years later, a guy named Jose Gabriel, convicted of murdering an elderly couple, was hung inside San Quentin Prison, marking California’s first official execution at the hands of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next 75-odd years, California executed nearly 500 inmates, four of them women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then things got really confusing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early 1972, the California Supreme Court ruled that the state’s death penalty law constituted cruel and unusual punishment.. But just nine months later, California voters approved a ballot initiative that amended the state constitution to make capital punishment permissible. A year later, the state passed legislation that actually made the death penalty mandatory for certain crimes. But once again, the state Supreme Court struck back, ruling that law unconstitutional as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward six years. In 1978, California voters approved \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/California_Proposition_7,_the_Death_Penalty_Act_%281978%29\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 7\u003c/a> by a whopping 70 percent. The initiative not only reinstated the state's death penalty, but also broadened the list of circumstances under which a convicted prisoner could receive a death sentence. It also increased prison terms for first and second degree murder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And its this law that currently stands in California. The last attempt to abolish capital punishment in California came in 2012, when voters narrowly defeated \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_34,_the_End_the_Death_Penalty_Initiative_(2012)\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 34\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Slow and expensive\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Since 1978, the state has only executed 13 prisoners (a 14th was convicted in California but executed in Missouri). More death row inmates in California have died from natural causes than been executed. The last execution - of \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jan/17/local/me-allen17\" target=\"_blank\">Clarence Ray Allen\u003c/a> - in January 2006. There are nearly 750 prisoners currently residing on California's death row, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwiGiuPwwOXPAhXJhlQKHYd8BigQFggeMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdcr.ca.gov%2Fcapital_punishment%2Fdocs%2Fcondemnedinmatelistsecure.pdf&usg=AFQjCNHf-XW9urxRM87uMh7B1QqSYnsfpA&sig2=VEuKpiWwFE3G3qtuQfpahg&cad=rja\" target=\"_blank\">California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation\u003c/a>. The vast majority of them are men housed at San Quentin State Prison in Marin County, less than 20 miles from downtown San Francisco. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, many capital punishment opponents in California argue for repealing the death penalty largely on economic grounds. They contend that the current system is horribly inefficient and a financial burden to the already cash-strapped state. Due to the number of legal appeals and required long-term special supervision for death row inmates, the financial costs of executing a prisoner far outweigh that of life imprisonment. Repealing the death penalty would save the state an estimated $100 million a year, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/laoapp/ballot_source/Propositions.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Legislative Analyst's Office\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But supporters of the death penalty argue that criminals convicted of the most heinous crimes deserve to be put to death. Some believe the death penalty deters criminal behavior, and for the families and friends of victims, is the only way that justice can be truly served.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The U.S. stands alone\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Among western democracies, the U.S. stands alone in its continued use of capital punishment. Since 1976, when the Supreme Court ended a brief moratorium, \u003ca href=\"http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/number-executions-state-and-region-1976\" target=\"_blank\">more than 1400 inmates\u003c/a> have been executed. Of these, Texas has led the way, executing nearly 540 inmates in the last four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"650\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/c4163d48-0559-11e5-a30f-0e018d66dc29/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The death penalty is legal in 31 states, including California, where a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2012/10/23/should-california-kill-its-death-penalty/\" target=\"_blank\">2012 voter initiative\u003c/a> to abolish it was narrowly defeated. 17 states have had executions in the last five years. However, executions have been idled in a growing number of states with large death row populations, including California and Pennsylvania, due to ongoing appeals and other legal constraints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice also remains legal in the federal justice system, as evidenced by the recent death sentence of Boston Marathon bomber \u003cspan class=\"_dwd st s std\">Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. But he now joins more than 60 other death row inmates in a federal system that has conducted only three executions in the last half century. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a series of factors, including recent high-profile botched executions, lethal injection drug shortages, last minute exonerations, evidence of racial discrimination in sentencing, huge legal costs and dropping crime rates have all contributed to a growing uneasiness with capital punishment among both liberals and a growing number of conservatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although a solid majority of Americans still believe that convicted murderers should be executed, support has waned considerably in recent decades, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/1606/death-penalty.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">recent polls\u003c/a>. Of the 19 states (and Washington D.C.) that have abolished the death penalty, six have done so in the last ten years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the filmmaker\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Jazmin Jones is a filmmaker and graduate of the Bay Area Video Coalition's Digital Pathways Program. She studied at the City College of San Francisco.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nAmong the heap of statewide propositions California voters weigh in on next month, two are literally life and death decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cfont size=\"5\" color=\"#993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/font>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Proposition-62-and-66-lesson-plan-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: California's Death Penalty Debate (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED's statewide voter guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/measure/2025/info/proposition-62\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 62\u003c/a> would abolish capital punishment in California, making life without the possibility of parole the maximum punishment for murder. The \u003ca href=\"http://yeson62.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Yes on 62 \u003c/a>campaign argues that the death penalty in California is a failed, immoral and incredibly expensive system, costing taxpayers upwards of $150 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, \u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/measure/2025/info/proposition-66\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 66\u003c/a> would not only keep the state's death penalty intact, it would speed up the notoriously long appeals process for those cases, potentially accelerating the rate of executions. The \u003ca href=\"http://noprop62yesprop66.com/2016/07/yes-on-prop-66-death-penalty-reform-fixing-californias-broken-system/\" target=\"_blank\">Yes on 66 campaign\u003c/a> advocates for reforming the system by making it more efficient. \"Mend, don't end, California's death penalty\" is its slogan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the extreme unlikelihood that both measures receive more than 50 percent approval, only the one with the most votes would be enacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>An Indecisive History\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>California has had a tough time making up its mind about the death penalty. In 1872, the state authorized capital punishment in its penal code (until then, executions were generally conducted by county sheriffs). 23 years later, a guy named Jose Gabriel, convicted of murdering an elderly couple, was hung inside San Quentin Prison, marking California’s first official execution at the hands of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next 75-odd years, California executed nearly 500 inmates, four of them women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then things got really confusing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early 1972, the California Supreme Court ruled that the state’s death penalty law constituted cruel and unusual punishment.. But just nine months later, California voters approved a ballot initiative that amended the state constitution to make capital punishment permissible. A year later, the state passed legislation that actually made the death penalty mandatory for certain crimes. But once again, the state Supreme Court struck back, ruling that law unconstitutional as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward six years. In 1978, California voters approved \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/California_Proposition_7,_the_Death_Penalty_Act_%281978%29\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 7\u003c/a> by a whopping 70 percent. The initiative not only reinstated the state's death penalty, but also broadened the list of circumstances under which a convicted prisoner could receive a death sentence. It also increased prison terms for first and second degree murder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And its this law that currently stands in California. The last attempt to abolish capital punishment in California came in 2012, when voters narrowly defeated \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_34,_the_End_the_Death_Penalty_Initiative_(2012)\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 34\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Slow and expensive\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Since 1978, the state has only executed 13 prisoners (a 14th was convicted in California but executed in Missouri). More death row inmates in California have died from natural causes than been executed. The last execution - of \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jan/17/local/me-allen17\" target=\"_blank\">Clarence Ray Allen\u003c/a> - in January 2006. There are nearly 750 prisoners currently residing on California's death row, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwiGiuPwwOXPAhXJhlQKHYd8BigQFggeMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdcr.ca.gov%2Fcapital_punishment%2Fdocs%2Fcondemnedinmatelistsecure.pdf&usg=AFQjCNHf-XW9urxRM87uMh7B1QqSYnsfpA&sig2=VEuKpiWwFE3G3qtuQfpahg&cad=rja\" target=\"_blank\">California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation\u003c/a>. The vast majority of them are men housed at San Quentin State Prison in Marin County, less than 20 miles from downtown San Francisco. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, many capital punishment opponents in California argue for repealing the death penalty largely on economic grounds. They contend that the current system is horribly inefficient and a financial burden to the already cash-strapped state. Due to the number of legal appeals and required long-term special supervision for death row inmates, the financial costs of executing a prisoner far outweigh that of life imprisonment. Repealing the death penalty would save the state an estimated $100 million a year, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/laoapp/ballot_source/Propositions.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Legislative Analyst's Office\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But supporters of the death penalty argue that criminals convicted of the most heinous crimes deserve to be put to death. Some believe the death penalty deters criminal behavior, and for the families and friends of victims, is the only way that justice can be truly served.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The U.S. stands alone\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Among western democracies, the U.S. stands alone in its continued use of capital punishment. Since 1976, when the Supreme Court ended a brief moratorium, \u003ca href=\"http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/number-executions-state-and-region-1976\" target=\"_blank\">more than 1400 inmates\u003c/a> have been executed. Of these, Texas has led the way, executing nearly 540 inmates in the last four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"800\" height=\"650\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/c4163d48-0559-11e5-a30f-0e018d66dc29/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The death penalty is legal in 31 states, including California, where a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2012/10/23/should-california-kill-its-death-penalty/\" target=\"_blank\">2012 voter initiative\u003c/a> to abolish it was narrowly defeated. 17 states have had executions in the last five years. However, executions have been idled in a growing number of states with large death row populations, including California and Pennsylvania, due to ongoing appeals and other legal constraints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice also remains legal in the federal justice system, as evidenced by the recent death sentence of Boston Marathon bomber \u003cspan class=\"_dwd st s std\">Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. But he now joins more than 60 other death row inmates in a federal system that has conducted only three executions in the last half century. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a series of factors, including recent high-profile botched executions, lethal injection drug shortages, last minute exonerations, evidence of racial discrimination in sentencing, huge legal costs and dropping crime rates have all contributed to a growing uneasiness with capital punishment among both liberals and a growing number of conservatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although a solid majority of Americans still believe that convicted murderers should be executed, support has waned considerably in recent decades, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/1606/death-penalty.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">recent polls\u003c/a>. Of the 19 states (and Washington D.C.) that have abolished the death penalty, six have done so in the last ten years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>About the filmmaker\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Jazmin Jones is a filmmaker and graduate of the Bay Area Video Coalition's Digital Pathways Program. She studied at the City College of San Francisco.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "VIDEO: What's the Actual Job Description of The President of the United States?",
"title": "VIDEO: What's the Actual Job Description of The President of the United States?",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->For what is arguably the most powerful job in the world, the position of President of the United States comes with a surprisingly brief description and strikingly few prerequisites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Download a new lesson plan every Monday, with suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/The-powers-of-the-president-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan:The Powers of the President (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And amid all the hoopla of the presidential election, with so much attention focused on the latest soundbites, gaffes and most recent polling numbers, it's easy to lose sight of what the president is actually supposed to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basics of the job are spelled out in \u003ca href=\"http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii\" target=\"_blank\">Article II\u003c/a> of the U.S. Constitution. To start, you must be at least 35 years old, a native-born citizen and have lived in the United States for a minimum of 14 years. The term is four years, with a chance for another go-around if things work out. And yes, it comes with pretty decent compensation (current salary: $400,000/year).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Constitution goes on to identify the president's two main roles: as chief executive of the federal government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, with the authority to send troops into combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As head of the Executive Branch of the federal government, he (or she) enforces U.S. laws, treaties, and court rulings, has the power to make treaties (with two-thirds support of the Senate); can grant reprieves or pardons and appoints federal officials, including Supreme Court justices. The president is also charged with signing legislation from Congress into law, or vetoing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's about all that is set it stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the modern presidency has evolved just a bit from how it was in the early days of the republic. As Joel Achenbach of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/25/AR2008042503098_pf.html\" target=\"_blank\">Washington Post\u003c/a> notes, early presidents had almost no staff (let alone indoor plumbing). It wasn't until 1857 that Congress appropriated funding for the president to even hire his own secretary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the nature of the presidency changed dramatically in the 1930s under Franklin D. Roosevelt and the implementation of the New Deal programs. The vastly expanded bureaucracy turned the position into a far more complicated job, requiring a formidable support staff. Today, about 3,000 staffers work in the president's office, not including the 15 departments run by cabinet secretaries and other agencies (CIA , NASA, etc.) that are part of the Executive Branch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So sure, the job comes with a huge amount of power and responsibility. But can a president really do all the myriad things that the current candidates are pledging to make happen if elected? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probably not. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as these two Crash Course videos explain, the presidency comes with both formal and informal powers, and that leaves a good part of the job open to interpretation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/5l02sK5LovI\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/fnHb-zyWh14\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->For what is arguably the most powerful job in the world, the position of President of the United States comes with a surprisingly brief description and strikingly few prerequisites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Download a new lesson plan every Monday, with suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/The-powers-of-the-president-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan:The Powers of the President (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>And amid all the hoopla of the presidential election, with so much attention focused on the latest soundbites, gaffes and most recent polling numbers, it's easy to lose sight of what the president is actually supposed to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basics of the job are spelled out in \u003ca href=\"http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii\" target=\"_blank\">Article II\u003c/a> of the U.S. Constitution. To start, you must be at least 35 years old, a native-born citizen and have lived in the United States for a minimum of 14 years. The term is four years, with a chance for another go-around if things work out. And yes, it comes with pretty decent compensation (current salary: $400,000/year).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Constitution goes on to identify the president's two main roles: as chief executive of the federal government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, with the authority to send troops into combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As head of the Executive Branch of the federal government, he (or she) enforces U.S. laws, treaties, and court rulings, has the power to make treaties (with two-thirds support of the Senate); can grant reprieves or pardons and appoints federal officials, including Supreme Court justices. The president is also charged with signing legislation from Congress into law, or vetoing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's about all that is set it stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the modern presidency has evolved just a bit from how it was in the early days of the republic. As Joel Achenbach of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/25/AR2008042503098_pf.html\" target=\"_blank\">Washington Post\u003c/a> notes, early presidents had almost no staff (let alone indoor plumbing). It wasn't until 1857 that Congress appropriated funding for the president to even hire his own secretary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the nature of the presidency changed dramatically in the 1930s under Franklin D. Roosevelt and the implementation of the New Deal programs. The vastly expanded bureaucracy turned the position into a far more complicated job, requiring a formidable support staff. Today, about 3,000 staffers work in the president's office, not including the 15 departments run by cabinet secretaries and other agencies (CIA , NASA, etc.) that are part of the Executive Branch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So sure, the job comes with a huge amount of power and responsibility. But can a president really do all the myriad things that the current candidates are pledging to make happen if elected? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Probably not. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as these two Crash Course videos explain, the presidency comes with both formal and informal powers, and that leaves a good part of the job open to interpretation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/5l02sK5LovI\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/fnHb-zyWh14'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/fnHb-zyWh14'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A History of Arguing: The Greatest Hits (and misses) of U.S. Presidential Debates",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/LY1GvXXWdHA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get ready to rumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/Debate-lesson-plan1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: History of Debates (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/Presidental-debate-bingo.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Presidential Debate Bingo! (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The first presidential debate between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton takes place Monday night at Hofstra University in New York. It's a highly anticipated face off between two very different candidates who have talked a lot of trash about each other but have yet to engage in direct combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some observers predict this debate will \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/296818-trump-clinton-debate-expected-to-shatter-ratings-records\" target=\"_blank\">shatter viewership records\u003c/a>, as millions of Americans tune in to see how these two strong but strikingly divergent personalities measure up against each other when questioned on some of the most pressing national issues. It also marks the first U.S. presidential debate in history to include a women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first of three debates (the other two are on Oct. 9 and Oct. 19), the showdown will be moderated by NBC News anchor Lester Holt, who is expected to divide the 90-minute session into \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/09/19/494621392/first-presidential-debate-to-focus-on-prosperity-security-and-nations-direction\" target=\"_blank\">three different topical segments\u003c/a>: the Direction of America, Achieving Prosperity and Securing America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first ever televised presidential debate didn't happen until 1960. Candidates Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy squared off -- just once -- in front of the camera, an event that proved extremely beneficial to the smoother and more youthful Kennedy, who went on to win the election against his stodgier opponent. It took another 16 years for the next presidential debate to happen. In the 1976 election, when President Gerald Ford faced off against his Democratic challenger Jimmy Carter, he made a notorious gaffe about the Soviet Union, an oversight that proved detrimental to his campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since, debates have become a fixture of U.S. presidential elections. It's now standard protocol for candidates to face off three times in the grueling months leading up to Election Day, providing Americans with a rare, unscripted glimpse of their personalities and how they handle themselves under pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the debate system and full-length videos and transcripts of past debates, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.debates.org\" target=\"_blank\">Commission on Presidential Debates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/LY1GvXXWdHA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/LY1GvXXWdHA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Get ready to rumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/Debate-lesson-plan1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: History of Debates (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/Presidental-debate-bingo.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Presidential Debate Bingo! (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The first presidential debate between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton takes place Monday night at Hofstra University in New York. It's a highly anticipated face off between two very different candidates who have talked a lot of trash about each other but have yet to engage in direct combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some observers predict this debate will \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/296818-trump-clinton-debate-expected-to-shatter-ratings-records\" target=\"_blank\">shatter viewership records\u003c/a>, as millions of Americans tune in to see how these two strong but strikingly divergent personalities measure up against each other when questioned on some of the most pressing national issues. It also marks the first U.S. presidential debate in history to include a women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first of three debates (the other two are on Oct. 9 and Oct. 19), the showdown will be moderated by NBC News anchor Lester Holt, who is expected to divide the 90-minute session into \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/09/19/494621392/first-presidential-debate-to-focus-on-prosperity-security-and-nations-direction\" target=\"_blank\">three different topical segments\u003c/a>: the Direction of America, Achieving Prosperity and Securing America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first ever televised presidential debate didn't happen until 1960. Candidates Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy squared off -- just once -- in front of the camera, an event that proved extremely beneficial to the smoother and more youthful Kennedy, who went on to win the election against his stodgier opponent. It took another 16 years for the next presidential debate to happen. In the 1976 election, when President Gerald Ford faced off against his Democratic challenger Jimmy Carter, he made a notorious gaffe about the Soviet Union, an oversight that proved detrimental to his campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since, debates have become a fixture of U.S. presidential elections. It's now standard protocol for candidates to face off three times in the grueling months leading up to Election Day, providing Americans with a rare, unscripted glimpse of their personalities and how they handle themselves under pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the debate system and full-length videos and transcripts of past debates, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.debates.org\" target=\"_blank\">Commission on Presidential Debates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Where America's Third Parties Stand on the Big Issues of the 2016 Election (with Lesson Plan)",
"title": "Where America's Third Parties Stand on the Big Issues of the 2016 Election (with Lesson Plan)",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/rqhw6W0K5t0\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cfont size=\"5\">\u003cfont color=\"#993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/font>\u003c/font>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/Third-party-platform-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Third Party Platforms Lesson Plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The epic perennial battle between Republicans and Democrats that defines America's two-party political system makes it all-too-easy to forget that there are actually other parties out there crusading in the political wilderness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although largely overlooked today in mainstream political circles, third parties -- or minority parties -- have historically played a significant role in national politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the third-party candidates this year mustered the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/09/16/494284705/johnson-stein-officially-dont-make-the-presidential-debate-cut\" target=\"_blank\">requisite polling percentages\u003c/a> (15 percent or higher) to qualify to participate in the upcoming presidential debates. However, thanks largely to the general unpopularity of Democrat Hillary Clinton and Republican Donald Trump -- and the ongoing influence of former candidate Bernie Sanders, who railed against the two-party system -- some third party candidates are getting a bit more attention than usual in this election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"HgIu6NsbL3VYk4GquuPxtlQ6Yk3RfQxR\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, nearly 30 minority parties achieved ballot access in at least one state (including the \u003ca href=\"http://ballot-access.org/2016/02/26/american-shopping-party-qualifies-in-hawaii/\" target=\"_blank\">American Shopping Party\u003c/a>, which will be on the ballot in Hawaii).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only three of them, however, are recognized in more than a handful of states:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The Libertarian Party, the largest third party, advocates for personal freedom and very limited government. This year, the party \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/Ballot_access_for_presidential_candidates\" target=\"_blank\">qualified to be on the ballot\u003c/a> in every state. Its presidential nominee is \u003ca href=\"https://www.johnsonweld.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Gary Johnson\u003c/a> (who also ran in 2012), the former governor of New Mexico.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The Green Party, a left-leaning environmental and social justice party, has so far qualified to be on the ballot in 44 states. Its nominee is \u003ca href=\"http://www.jill2016.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Jill Stein\u003c/a> (who ran in 2012 as well), a physician from Massachusetts.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The Constitution Party, a right wing, religious-based party that believes in a literal interpretation of the Constitution, has so far qualified to be on the ballot in 24 states. Its nominee is \u003ca href=\"http://castle2016.com/home/\" target=\"_blank\">Darrell Castle\u003c/a>, an attorney from Tennessee.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Each party is wholly unique, but they all share a staunch belief in the need for alternatives to the presiding two-party system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Embedded below, (and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/09/ThirdPartyChart.pdf\">downloadable here as a PDF\u003c/a>), this chart compares the positions of America’s three largest minority parties on 12 key national issues. Excerpts are taken directly from each party's most recent platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Article continues below chart ...]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://drive.google.com/a/kqed.org/file/d/0B2-1-PoBoCHiM1hQYU9FZ1J2dms/preview\" width=\"700\" height=\"600\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Few and far between\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It’s been a hot minute since anyone besides a Republican or Democrat was president of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not since 1853, in fact, when Millard Fillmore of the Whig Party departed the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, third parties are relegated to the sidelines of the U.S. politics. Currently, only two U.S. senators identify as independent, including former presidential candidate Bernie Sanders from Vermont. The U.S. House of Representatives is currently composed of only Democrats and Republicans. And of the more than \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/State_legislative_elections,_2016\" target=\"_blank\">7,000 representatives and senators\u003c/a> in state legislatures across the country, a tiny fraction are neither Republican or Democrat (most are independents). And among governors, only Bill Walker of Alaska identifies as an independent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/177284/americans-continue-say-third-political-party-needed.aspx\">2014 Gallup poll\u003c/a>, 58 percent of adults said that a third major U.S. political party is necessary because Republicans and Democrats “'do such a poor job’ representing the American people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Winner-take-all\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So when Election Day rolls around, why do so few people usually vote for third party candidates?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, the U.S. electoral system is winner-take-all. And that doesn’t make it too easy for the little guy to get anywhere (but home). It also dissuades voters from supporting a third party candidate they may support, as it may seem like a wasted vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and other parliamentary governments, \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation\">proportional representation\u003c/a> opens the door for members of smaller political parties to win seats in government and gain influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not so much in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Notable efforts\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>America’s two-party mold, though, hasn’t prevented some notable third party efforts. Most recently, Ralph Nader’s 2000 presidential run as the Green Party candidate landed him a substantial 2.8 million votes. It’s widely believed that Nader’s relatively successful campaign took away critical votes from Al Gore, contributing to the Democratic candidate's loss in Florida, which ultimately cost him the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, in the 1992 presidential election, many believe that wealthy independent candidate Ross Perot hurt President George H.W. Bush’s re-election bid against Bill Clinton. Using his personal fortune to fund sprawling political infomercials, Perot was the last third party candidate to get high enough poll numbers to participate in the presidential debates. In the end, he amassed nearly 20 million votes – close to 19 percent of the electorate – many of whom would likely have otherwise voted for Bush. It marked the most successful third party run in recent history, inadvertently helping Clinton reach the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The once mighty Whigs\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There are several third parties that have historically had significant influence in national politics. Among them, the Socialist and Progressive parties of the early 1900s, both of whom championed labor rights and women’s suffrage. President Fillmore’s Whig Party, which rose to prominence in the 1830’s in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson, won three presidential elections in the 1840s and 50s (although Fillmore was the fourth Whig president, he didn’t actually win an election – he was Zachary Taylor’s vice president and took the helm after Taylor's death).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Whig Party ultimately disintegrated in 1854, though, fracturing in large part over the increasingly divisive issue of slavery. The party’s demise led to the eventual emergence of the Republican Party, which under President Abraham Lincoln, became the most dominant force in American politics until the 1930s.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/rqhw6W0K5t0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/rqhw6W0K5t0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cfont size=\"5\">\u003cfont color=\"#993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/font>\u003c/font>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/Third-party-platform-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Third Party Platforms Lesson Plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The epic perennial battle between Republicans and Democrats that defines America's two-party political system makes it all-too-easy to forget that there are actually other parties out there crusading in the political wilderness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although largely overlooked today in mainstream political circles, third parties -- or minority parties -- have historically played a significant role in national politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the third-party candidates this year mustered the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/09/16/494284705/johnson-stein-officially-dont-make-the-presidential-debate-cut\" target=\"_blank\">requisite polling percentages\u003c/a> (15 percent or higher) to qualify to participate in the upcoming presidential debates. However, thanks largely to the general unpopularity of Democrat Hillary Clinton and Republican Donald Trump -- and the ongoing influence of former candidate Bernie Sanders, who railed against the two-party system -- some third party candidates are getting a bit more attention than usual in this election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, nearly 30 minority parties achieved ballot access in at least one state (including the \u003ca href=\"http://ballot-access.org/2016/02/26/american-shopping-party-qualifies-in-hawaii/\" target=\"_blank\">American Shopping Party\u003c/a>, which will be on the ballot in Hawaii).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only three of them, however, are recognized in more than a handful of states:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The Libertarian Party, the largest third party, advocates for personal freedom and very limited government. This year, the party \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/Ballot_access_for_presidential_candidates\" target=\"_blank\">qualified to be on the ballot\u003c/a> in every state. Its presidential nominee is \u003ca href=\"https://www.johnsonweld.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Gary Johnson\u003c/a> (who also ran in 2012), the former governor of New Mexico.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The Green Party, a left-leaning environmental and social justice party, has so far qualified to be on the ballot in 44 states. Its nominee is \u003ca href=\"http://www.jill2016.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Jill Stein\u003c/a> (who ran in 2012 as well), a physician from Massachusetts.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The Constitution Party, a right wing, religious-based party that believes in a literal interpretation of the Constitution, has so far qualified to be on the ballot in 24 states. Its nominee is \u003ca href=\"http://castle2016.com/home/\" target=\"_blank\">Darrell Castle\u003c/a>, an attorney from Tennessee.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Each party is wholly unique, but they all share a staunch belief in the need for alternatives to the presiding two-party system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Embedded below, (and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/09/ThirdPartyChart.pdf\">downloadable here as a PDF\u003c/a>), this chart compares the positions of America’s three largest minority parties on 12 key national issues. Excerpts are taken directly from each party's most recent platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Article continues below chart ...]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://drive.google.com/a/kqed.org/file/d/0B2-1-PoBoCHiM1hQYU9FZ1J2dms/preview\" width=\"700\" height=\"600\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Few and far between\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It’s been a hot minute since anyone besides a Republican or Democrat was president of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not since 1853, in fact, when Millard Fillmore of the Whig Party departed the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, third parties are relegated to the sidelines of the U.S. politics. Currently, only two U.S. senators identify as independent, including former presidential candidate Bernie Sanders from Vermont. The U.S. House of Representatives is currently composed of only Democrats and Republicans. And of the more than \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/State_legislative_elections,_2016\" target=\"_blank\">7,000 representatives and senators\u003c/a> in state legislatures across the country, a tiny fraction are neither Republican or Democrat (most are independents). And among governors, only Bill Walker of Alaska identifies as an independent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/177284/americans-continue-say-third-political-party-needed.aspx\">2014 Gallup poll\u003c/a>, 58 percent of adults said that a third major U.S. political party is necessary because Republicans and Democrats “'do such a poor job’ representing the American people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Winner-take-all\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So when Election Day rolls around, why do so few people usually vote for third party candidates?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, the U.S. electoral system is winner-take-all. And that doesn’t make it too easy for the little guy to get anywhere (but home). It also dissuades voters from supporting a third party candidate they may support, as it may seem like a wasted vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and other parliamentary governments, \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation\">proportional representation\u003c/a> opens the door for members of smaller political parties to win seats in government and gain influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not so much in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Notable efforts\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>America’s two-party mold, though, hasn’t prevented some notable third party efforts. Most recently, Ralph Nader’s 2000 presidential run as the Green Party candidate landed him a substantial 2.8 million votes. It’s widely believed that Nader’s relatively successful campaign took away critical votes from Al Gore, contributing to the Democratic candidate's loss in Florida, which ultimately cost him the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, in the 1992 presidential election, many believe that wealthy independent candidate Ross Perot hurt President George H.W. Bush’s re-election bid against Bill Clinton. Using his personal fortune to fund sprawling political infomercials, Perot was the last third party candidate to get high enough poll numbers to participate in the presidential debates. In the end, he amassed nearly 20 million votes – close to 19 percent of the electorate – many of whom would likely have otherwise voted for Bush. It marked the most successful third party run in recent history, inadvertently helping Clinton reach the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The once mighty Whigs\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There are several third parties that have historically had significant influence in national politics. Among them, the Socialist and Progressive parties of the early 1900s, both of whom championed labor rights and women’s suffrage. President Fillmore’s Whig Party, which rose to prominence in the 1830’s in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson, won three presidential elections in the 1840s and 50s (although Fillmore was the fourth Whig president, he didn’t actually win an election – he was Zachary Taylor’s vice president and took the helm after Taylor's death).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Whig Party ultimately disintegrated in 1854, though, fracturing in large part over the increasingly divisive issue of slavery. The party’s demise led to the eventual emergence of the Republican Party, which under President Abraham Lincoln, became the most dominant force in American politics until the 1930s.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has long been a destination for immigrants seeking a better life. Yet, newcomers haven't always been welcomed with open arms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the nation's history, immigrants have consistently been blamed for societal problems, commonly viewed with suspicion and fear and accused of lowering the quality of life for established residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an issue playing out in the 2016 presidential election, with calls from Republican candidate Donald Trump to deport large numbers of undocumented residents, build a border wall and crack down on Muslim communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As comic journalist Andy Warner explains, the current anti-immigrant rhetoric follows a long tradition of nativist sentiment in America. And take a look at our accompanying \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/History-of-Nativism-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/nativism.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30721\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/nativism.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"5709\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/nativism.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/nativism-160x1522.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/nativism-126x1200.png 126w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/nativism-240x2284.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/nativism-375x3568.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/nativism-520x4948.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has long been a destination for immigrants seeking a better life. Yet, newcomers haven't always been welcomed with open arms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the nation's history, immigrants have consistently been blamed for societal problems, commonly viewed with suspicion and fear and accused of lowering the quality of life for established residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an issue playing out in the 2016 presidential election, with calls from Republican candidate Donald Trump to deport large numbers of undocumented residents, build a border wall and crack down on Muslim communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As comic journalist Andy Warner explains, the current anti-immigrant rhetoric follows a long tradition of nativist sentiment in America. And take a look at our accompanying \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/09/History-of-Nativism-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's the final stretch of the 2016 presidential election season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/The-Anatomy-of-a-Political-Ad-lesson-plan-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Anatomy of a political ad lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/The-Anatomy-of-a-Political-Ad-graphic-organizer-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Political ads graphic organizer\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>So brace yourself for that last inescapable flood of campaign commercials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't always like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1948 less than one percent of U.S. homes had TVs. By 1954 - a mere six years later - more than half of all American's had a boob-tube in the house. By 1958, that rate had soared to over 80 percent, and today hovers at about 97 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's according to University of Wisconsin Journalism Professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.niu.edu/1993/ihy930341.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James L. Baughman\u003c/a>, who documents the rapid rise of TV in American life. \"No other household technology,\" he writes, \"not the telephone or indoor plumbing, had ever spread so rapidly into so many homes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It didn't take political campaigns long to catch on to the enormous potential this new technology offered: a green light to instantly infiltrate the living rooms of millions of Americans, more directly, personally, and visually than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very first televised campaign ads were launched in the 1952 presidential race. Leading the charge was Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower (and his running mate Richard Nixon). The campaign spent roughly $1.5 million on ads, twice that of Democratic opponent Adlai Stevenson. The first series of spot ads, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1952\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"Eisenhower Answers America,\" \u003c/a>featured a seemingly average citizen asking a laughably scripted, leading question, to which Eisenhower frankly responded, staring directly into the camera, utterly devoid of emotion or charisma. The campaign soon followed up with the now legendary \"I Like Ike\" animation, which gave the candidate a major edge in the race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.livingroomcandidate.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Living Room Candidate\u003c/a>, a project of the Museum of the Moving Image, is an impressively thorough and well curated repository of presidential campaign ads in every election since 1952. Here are 10 of the heaviest hitters (note the wide variations between negative/fear-inducing and euphorically positive):\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Dwight D. Eisenhower's \"Ike for President\" (1952)\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9RAxAgksSE&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seemingly quaint commercial helped Eisenhower trounce his Democratic opponent Adlai Stevenson. The first Republican to win the White House in 20 years, Eisenhower got 83 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>John F. Kennedy's \"Kennedy For Me\" (1960)\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/OldTwzN7hKk\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 43, John F. Kennedy was to become the youngest elected candidate in U.S. history. Attacked by his opponent Richard Nixon as inexperienced, this jingle ad helped turn Kennedy's youth into an asset, someone who is “old enough to know and young enough to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kennedy won with 56 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Lyndon B. Johnson's \"Daisy Girl\" (1964)\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/dDTBnsqxZ3k\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 re-election bid, in the midst of the Cold War, this ad is among the most famous campaign commercials of all time. It ran only once, during an NBC broadcast of Monday Night at the Movies on September 7, 1964. But that was enough to scare the pants off an already skittish electorate, by painting his Republican opponent, Barry Goldwater, as a dangerous right-wing extremist who'd bring the world to the brink of disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson won the election with 90 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Hubert H. Humphrey's \"Laughter\" (1968)\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/Qwk_epMblW4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Democrat Hubert H. Humphrey ended up losing the 1968 presidential race to Richard Nixon, this ad still packed a punch by portraying Spiro Agnew, Nixon's relatively unknown running mate, as a political neophyte, so inexperienced as to be, literally, laughable. The ad was created by Tony Schwartz, who also made Johnson's \"Daisy\" ad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nixon still beat Humphrey, with nearly 56 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Richard Nixon's \"McGovern Defense\" (1972)\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/qVcFUIXEDZ8\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This ad aired during Richard Nixon's re-election bid against Democratic challenger George McGovern in 1972. With the U.S. military still deeply engaged in the Vietnam War, Nixon's campaign sought to portray Democrats as weak on national defense, with policies that would place the nation in peril. It was sponsored by a group called \"Democrats for Nixon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nixon won with a whopping 97 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Ronald Reagan's \"Morning In America\" (1984)\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/EU-IBF8nwSY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of a series of 1984 Reagan campaign ads collectively known as \"Morning in America,\" this commercial effectively highlights idyllic scenes of productivity and suburban life to suggest that President Reagan had successfully restored American optimism and revived the economy from the prolonged period of high inflation and unemployment that had persisted under his Democratic predecessor Jimmy Carter. The ads helped Reagan handily defeat his Democratic opponent Walter Mondale, with 98 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>George H.W. Bush's \"Revolving Door\" (1988)\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/PmwhdDv8VrM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This crushing ad attacked a program that Democratic presidential challenger Michael Dukakis had supported while he was governor of Massachusetts, allowing prisoners to be released on weekend furloughs. The ad capitalized on the case of Willie Horton, a Massachusetts state prison inmate and one of the program's participants, who in 1987 raped a woman while on weekend furlough. The black-and-white ad successfully cast doubt on Dukakis' ability to govern and protect public safety, striking a major blow to his campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bush won with 80 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Bill Clinton's \"Man From Hope\" (1992)\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xq_x3JUwrU0&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An edited down version of a much longer biographical film shown at the 1992 Democratic Convention, this commercial widely considered among the most compelling biographical ads ever made. Emphasizing Clinton's small town roots it conveys the candidate's strong work ethic, wisdom and sense of humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinton defeated Republican incumbent George H.W. Bush with 69 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>George W. Bush's \"Windsurfing\" (2004)\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbdzMLk9wHQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most effective and memorable ad of the 2004 election, this drove home the Bush campaign's consistent allegation that Democratic challenger John Kerry was a “flip-flopper” who merely tailed the political winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bush won with 53 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Barack Obama's \"Yes We Can\" Web Ad (2008)\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjXyqcx-mYY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most unconventional campaign ads to date, this was only available on the web. Produced by Will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas and Jesse Dylan (Bob Dylan's son), the ad put music to Obama's New Hampshire primary concession speech (after he lost the state to Hilary Clinton). It features a succession of over 30 celebrity performers singing his words. First posted on YouTube, the video quickly went viral, with over 26 million views in just a few days. It led to an online fundraising boom and a new wave of momentum for Obama's campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama beat his Republican challenger John McCain with 68 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's the final stretch of the 2016 presidential election season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/The-Anatomy-of-a-Political-Ad-lesson-plan-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Anatomy of a political ad lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/The-Anatomy-of-a-Political-Ad-graphic-organizer-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Political ads graphic organizer\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>So brace yourself for that last inescapable flood of campaign commercials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't always like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1948 less than one percent of U.S. homes had TVs. By 1954 - a mere six years later - more than half of all American's had a boob-tube in the house. By 1958, that rate had soared to over 80 percent, and today hovers at about 97 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's according to University of Wisconsin Journalism Professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.niu.edu/1993/ihy930341.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James L. Baughman\u003c/a>, who documents the rapid rise of TV in American life. \"No other household technology,\" he writes, \"not the telephone or indoor plumbing, had ever spread so rapidly into so many homes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It didn't take political campaigns long to catch on to the enormous potential this new technology offered: a green light to instantly infiltrate the living rooms of millions of Americans, more directly, personally, and visually than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very first televised campaign ads were launched in the 1952 presidential race. Leading the charge was Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower (and his running mate Richard Nixon). The campaign spent roughly $1.5 million on ads, twice that of Democratic opponent Adlai Stevenson. The first series of spot ads, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1952\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"Eisenhower Answers America,\" \u003c/a>featured a seemingly average citizen asking a laughably scripted, leading question, to which Eisenhower frankly responded, staring directly into the camera, utterly devoid of emotion or charisma. The campaign soon followed up with the now legendary \"I Like Ike\" animation, which gave the candidate a major edge in the race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.livingroomcandidate.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Living Room Candidate\u003c/a>, a project of the Museum of the Moving Image, is an impressively thorough and well curated repository of presidential campaign ads in every election since 1952. Here are 10 of the heaviest hitters (note the wide variations between negative/fear-inducing and euphorically positive):\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Dwight D. Eisenhower's \"Ike for President\" (1952)\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Y9RAxAgksSE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Y9RAxAgksSE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>This seemingly quaint commercial helped Eisenhower trounce his Democratic opponent Adlai Stevenson. The first Republican to win the White House in 20 years, Eisenhower got 83 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>John F. Kennedy's \"Kennedy For Me\" (1960)\u003c/h4>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/OldTwzN7hKk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/OldTwzN7hKk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>At 43, John F. Kennedy was to become the youngest elected candidate in U.S. history. Attacked by his opponent Richard Nixon as inexperienced, this jingle ad helped turn Kennedy's youth into an asset, someone who is “old enough to know and young enough to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kennedy won with 56 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Lyndon B. Johnson's \"Daisy Girl\" (1964)\u003c/h4>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/dDTBnsqxZ3k'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/dDTBnsqxZ3k'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Part of Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 re-election bid, in the midst of the Cold War, this ad is among the most famous campaign commercials of all time. It ran only once, during an NBC broadcast of Monday Night at the Movies on September 7, 1964. But that was enough to scare the pants off an already skittish electorate, by painting his Republican opponent, Barry Goldwater, as a dangerous right-wing extremist who'd bring the world to the brink of disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson won the election with 90 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Hubert H. Humphrey's \"Laughter\" (1968)\u003c/h4>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Qwk_epMblW4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Qwk_epMblW4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Although Democrat Hubert H. Humphrey ended up losing the 1968 presidential race to Richard Nixon, this ad still packed a punch by portraying Spiro Agnew, Nixon's relatively unknown running mate, as a political neophyte, so inexperienced as to be, literally, laughable. The ad was created by Tony Schwartz, who also made Johnson's \"Daisy\" ad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nixon still beat Humphrey, with nearly 56 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Richard Nixon's \"McGovern Defense\" (1972)\u003c/h4>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/qVcFUIXEDZ8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/qVcFUIXEDZ8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>This ad aired during Richard Nixon's re-election bid against Democratic challenger George McGovern in 1972. With the U.S. military still deeply engaged in the Vietnam War, Nixon's campaign sought to portray Democrats as weak on national defense, with policies that would place the nation in peril. It was sponsored by a group called \"Democrats for Nixon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nixon won with a whopping 97 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Ronald Reagan's \"Morning In America\" (1984)\u003c/h4>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/EU-IBF8nwSY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/EU-IBF8nwSY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Part of a series of 1984 Reagan campaign ads collectively known as \"Morning in America,\" this commercial effectively highlights idyllic scenes of productivity and suburban life to suggest that President Reagan had successfully restored American optimism and revived the economy from the prolonged period of high inflation and unemployment that had persisted under his Democratic predecessor Jimmy Carter. The ads helped Reagan handily defeat his Democratic opponent Walter Mondale, with 98 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>George H.W. Bush's \"Revolving Door\" (1988)\u003c/h4>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/PmwhdDv8VrM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/PmwhdDv8VrM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>This crushing ad attacked a program that Democratic presidential challenger Michael Dukakis had supported while he was governor of Massachusetts, allowing prisoners to be released on weekend furloughs. The ad capitalized on the case of Willie Horton, a Massachusetts state prison inmate and one of the program's participants, who in 1987 raped a woman while on weekend furlough. The black-and-white ad successfully cast doubt on Dukakis' ability to govern and protect public safety, striking a major blow to his campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bush won with 80 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Bill Clinton's \"Man From Hope\" (1992)\u003c/h4>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Xq_x3JUwrU0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Xq_x3JUwrU0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>An edited down version of a much longer biographical film shown at the 1992 Democratic Convention, this commercial widely considered among the most compelling biographical ads ever made. Emphasizing Clinton's small town roots it conveys the candidate's strong work ethic, wisdom and sense of humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinton defeated Republican incumbent George H.W. Bush with 69 percent of the electoral vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>George W. 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"content": "\u003cp>The United States prides itself as a beacon of democracy on the world stage. But universal suffrage has been elusive throughout its history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan>Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/Voting-rights-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Voting rights history lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>From the early years of the republic, when voting was almost exclusively reserved for propertied white men, the right to vote has very gradually grown more inclusive, expanding to an ever broader cross-section of the American public. But this progress has almost always been hard fought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scroll thorough this timeline to learn about some of the key moments in America's long struggle for voting rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width:100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1YVRHsHPjqxad11TL7QC2LAq7jXYH45sOjh-ahB0nfaU&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&height=650\" height=\"700\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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