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"content": "\u003cp>How's this for a rude awakening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average adolescent in the U.S. is \"chronically sleep deprived and pathologically tired.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout aligncenter\">\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown and Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium\">Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond: \u003c/strong>Should school start later in the morning?\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium\">\u003cem>[Tell us what you think in the \u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comments section\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2016/09/02/should-schools-start-later-to-improve-academic-performance-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Youth media: Article from students at Cal Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/Lesson-Plan-School-Start-Times-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/Source-List-School-Start-Times.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>That's according to a 2014 report from the American Academy of Pediatrics, which describes an \"epidemic\" of sleep deprivation among America's middle and high school students. Roughly 70 percent of U.S. teenagers don't get anywhere near the recommended nightly minimum of 8.5 hours each night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such deprivation, sleep researchers argue, can affect academic performance and contribute to the prevalence of serious health problems like depression, obesity and car crashes -- the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-auto-accidents-top-teen-killer-20140603-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">number one killer\u003c/a> of teens in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chronic sleep loss in children and adolescents is one of the most common – and easily fixable – public health issues in the U.S. today,” said pediatrician Judith Owens, lead author of the AAP's “\u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2014/08/19/peds.2014-1697\">School Start Times for Adolescents\u003c/a>” report, which recommends that middle and high schools push back start times to 8:30 a.m. or later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Studies have shown that delaying early school start times is one key factor that can help adolescents get the sleep they need to grow and learn,\" she writes. Doing so would align to the biological sleep rhythms of adolescents, whose sleep-wake cycles -- or circadian rhythms -- shift up to two hours later when puberty begins. For more on this, check out our \u003cem>totally energizing\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Above the Noise video\u003c/a> (better than a shot of espresso, I promise).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The APP's recommendation, supported by a growing number of other public health groups, is the basis for new California legislation that would mandate publicly funded middle and high schools throughout the state to push back their school start times to 8:30 a.m. or later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill -- \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB328\">SB 328\u003c/a> -- which already passed in the state Senate and now heads to the Assembly, is the first statewide bill of its kind in the country. Districts would have until July 2020 to adjust their schedules. Most would presumably end the school day later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it passes, the bill would delay the start of first period for the more than 3 million middle and high school students in California, where schools now abide by a hodgepodge of start times. The average high school starts at 8:07 a.m., as compared to the national average of 8:03 a.m., according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have the science that says this is a public health issue and a public health crisis, \" said state Sen. Anthony Portantino a Democrat representing the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valley in Southern California, who introduced the bill earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The morning sleep is the most therapeutic, healthy sleep for teenagers,\" he told \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/08/07/bill-for-late-school-start-passes-senate-heads-to-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED's Forum\u003c/a>. \"And what we do as a society, we wake them up in the middle of that healthy sleep and send them to school too early when they're sleep deprived.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roughly 400 school districts nationwide that have already pushed back their start times have seen overwhelmingly positive results, he said, with boosts in academic performance, attendance and graduation rates, and a decrease in car accidents and suicide attempts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill, though, faces strong opposition, particularly among many districts, school boards and even teachers who argue these decisions should be made at a local level, given the diverse needs of each community. The delayed schedule would likely lead to lengthy renegotiations with teacher unions and could require additional funding for the necessary changes in bus transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents have also raised concerns that later start times will cause serious disruptions, making it harder to drop off kids in the morning before work. And later school dismissal times, they add, could disrupt afterschool sports activities, pushing practices even later into the evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We oppose this bill because it imposes a one-size-fits-all approach that we don't actually think will result in kids getting more sleep,\" said Nancy Chaires Espinoza, a legislative advocate for the California School Boards Association, which opposes the measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many school districts have determined that a better way of increasing the amount of sleep students get is to minimize their homework load so they can go to bed earlier, Espinoza said in an interview on WBUR's \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2017/08/14/school-start-times-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Here and Now\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's why school times should be a local decision informed by parents and teachers, those who know the students and the community best,\" she added. \"And unfortunately this bill would negate the entire public decision-making process. And we just don't think that's the best way to do right by kids.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nBut Portantino counters that this argument flies in the face of basic biology: Most teenagers, he argues, are simply hardwired to stay up late, until at least 11 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All the arguments against it are adult-based arguments, not kid-based arguments,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How's this for a rude awakening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average adolescent in the U.S. is \"chronically sleep deprived and pathologically tired.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout aligncenter\">\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown and Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium\">Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond: \u003c/strong>Should school start later in the morning?\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium\">\u003cem>[Tell us what you think in the \u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comments section\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2016/09/02/should-schools-start-later-to-improve-academic-performance-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Youth media: Article from students at Cal Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/Lesson-Plan-School-Start-Times-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/Source-List-School-Start-Times.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>That's according to a 2014 report from the American Academy of Pediatrics, which describes an \"epidemic\" of sleep deprivation among America's middle and high school students. Roughly 70 percent of U.S. teenagers don't get anywhere near the recommended nightly minimum of 8.5 hours each night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such deprivation, sleep researchers argue, can affect academic performance and contribute to the prevalence of serious health problems like depression, obesity and car crashes -- the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-auto-accidents-top-teen-killer-20140603-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">number one killer\u003c/a> of teens in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chronic sleep loss in children and adolescents is one of the most common – and easily fixable – public health issues in the U.S. today,” said pediatrician Judith Owens, lead author of the AAP's “\u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2014/08/19/peds.2014-1697\">School Start Times for Adolescents\u003c/a>” report, which recommends that middle and high schools push back start times to 8:30 a.m. or later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Studies have shown that delaying early school start times is one key factor that can help adolescents get the sleep they need to grow and learn,\" she writes. Doing so would align to the biological sleep rhythms of adolescents, whose sleep-wake cycles -- or circadian rhythms -- shift up to two hours later when puberty begins. For more on this, check out our \u003cem>totally energizing\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Above the Noise video\u003c/a> (better than a shot of espresso, I promise).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The APP's recommendation, supported by a growing number of other public health groups, is the basis for new California legislation that would mandate publicly funded middle and high schools throughout the state to push back their school start times to 8:30 a.m. or later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill -- \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB328\">SB 328\u003c/a> -- which already passed in the state Senate and now heads to the Assembly, is the first statewide bill of its kind in the country. Districts would have until July 2020 to adjust their schedules. Most would presumably end the school day later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it passes, the bill would delay the start of first period for the more than 3 million middle and high school students in California, where schools now abide by a hodgepodge of start times. The average high school starts at 8:07 a.m., as compared to the national average of 8:03 a.m., according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have the science that says this is a public health issue and a public health crisis, \" said state Sen. Anthony Portantino a Democrat representing the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valley in Southern California, who introduced the bill earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The morning sleep is the most therapeutic, healthy sleep for teenagers,\" he told \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/08/07/bill-for-late-school-start-passes-senate-heads-to-assembly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED's Forum\u003c/a>. \"And what we do as a society, we wake them up in the middle of that healthy sleep and send them to school too early when they're sleep deprived.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roughly 400 school districts nationwide that have already pushed back their start times have seen overwhelmingly positive results, he said, with boosts in academic performance, attendance and graduation rates, and a decrease in car accidents and suicide attempts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill, though, faces strong opposition, particularly among many districts, school boards and even teachers who argue these decisions should be made at a local level, given the diverse needs of each community. The delayed schedule would likely lead to lengthy renegotiations with teacher unions and could require additional funding for the necessary changes in bus transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents have also raised concerns that later start times will cause serious disruptions, making it harder to drop off kids in the morning before work. And later school dismissal times, they add, could disrupt afterschool sports activities, pushing practices even later into the evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We oppose this bill because it imposes a one-size-fits-all approach that we don't actually think will result in kids getting more sleep,\" said Nancy Chaires Espinoza, a legislative advocate for the California School Boards Association, which opposes the measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many school districts have determined that a better way of increasing the amount of sleep students get is to minimize their homework load so they can go to bed earlier, Espinoza said in an interview on WBUR's \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2017/08/14/school-start-times-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Here and Now\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's why school times should be a local decision informed by parents and teachers, those who know the students and the community best,\" she added. \"And unfortunately this bill would negate the entire public decision-making process. And we just don't think that's the best way to do right by kids.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nBut Portantino counters that this argument flies in the face of basic biology: Most teenagers, he argues, are simply hardwired to stay up late, until at least 11 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All the arguments against it are adult-based arguments, not kid-based arguments,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How North Korea Became One Of America's Biggest Security Threats (with Lesson Plan)",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/1g9j_ZkuJig\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/North-Korea-in-Context-lesson-plan1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: History of North Korea (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>North Korea, the cloistered, enigmatic nation nearly 7,000 miles from Washington, D.C., has again emerged as one of the biggest national security threats to the United States and its Asian allies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late July, North Korea reportedly \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-idUSKBN1AD1ZB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tested\u003c/a> an intercontinental ballistic missile that experts say could be capable of reaching Los Angeles and other West Coast cities. It's the second long-range missile launched by the government in the last month, elevating its threat level and prompting the U.S. and South Korea to stage a joint missile exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most repressive, isolated and impoverished nations on earth, North Korea has nonetheless managed to successfully develop a huge army with an arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles. And under the notoriously erratic direction of its young leader, Kim Jong-un, the nation has repeatedly threatened to strike U.S. allies in the region, including South Korea and Japan, where thousands of American troops are stationed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to rising tensions, Vice President Mike Pence in April visited South Korean and warned North Korea that the \"era of strategic patience is over.\" And later that month, top Trump administration officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-house-briefs-senators-on-very-grave-threat-from-north-korea/2017/04/26/12a5c21a-2a9e-11e7-be51-b3fc6ff7faee_story.html?utm_term=.67c9a1b64aff\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">held a rare meeting\u003c/a> at the White House to brief the entire U.S. Senate on what one senior aide called \"a very grave threat\" posed by North Korea. The administration, though, offered few details on how it planned to address the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days later, in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-exclusive-idUSKBN17U04E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">interview with Reuters\u003c/a>, Trump said: \"There is a chance that we could end up having a major, major conflict with North Korea.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added, however that he'd prefer to peacefully resolve the crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bordering South Korea, one of Asia's most robust economies, North Korea has been walled for decades, a nation of roughly 25 million that's existed under the brutal totalitarian rule of the Kim family for three generations. Although reports of massive prison camps, food shortages, grinding poverty and shocking human rights violations elicit horror from outside observers, North Korea has also become a source of international intrigue as one of the world's last hermit kingdoms, a secretive society that few outsiders have ever set foot in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did it get like this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/v70-fi6PPU0\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1910-1945:\u003c/strong> Japanese colonization\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Japan colonizes Korea (north and south), beginning a 35-year period of often brutal military rule that include efforts to wipe out Korea’s language and cultural identity. The Japanese also introduce modern industrial development, especially in the north where coal and hydroelectric power resources are plentiful, prompting a mass exodus from the countryside to cities. Japanese rule ends in 1945, when U.S. and Russian forces capture the peninsula at the conclusion of World War II. By then, Korea is the second-most industrialized nation in Asia (after Japan). During this period, Kim Il-sung, the future leader of North Korea, emerges as a prominent guerrilla fighter in the colonial resistance movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1945-1948:\u003c/strong> The 38th parallel\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27737\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27737 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"281\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808.jpg 456w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-160x164.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-240x246.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-375x385.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Split at the 38th parallel \u003ccite>(ourtimebd.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the end of World War II, Japan surrenders to the Allies and relinquishes its control of Korea. The Soviet Union and United States agree to temporarily split postwar control of the peninsula until an independent and unified Korean government can be established. The Soviets occupy everything north of the 38th parallel. But as tensions grow between the two nations, efforts to forge a unified Korean government fall apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1948: \u003c/strong>North and South Korea form distinct states\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>By August 1948, the pro-U.S. Republic of Korea (South Korea) is established in Seoul, led by Syngman Rhee, a staunch anti-communist. Just three weeks later, the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) emerges in Pyongyang, with communist guerrilla leader Kim Il-sung assuming power. Both leaders assert jurisdiction over the entire Korean peninsula and its people.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1950-1953:\u003c/strong> The Korean War\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On June 25, 1950, North Korean military forces, supported by the Soviet Union and China, invade the South in an effort to unify Korea under the leadership of Kim Il-sung. The U.S. comes to the aid of the South. Three years of intense fighting result in vast physical destruction and as many as 3 million casualties, including roughly 35,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27738\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27738\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-160x116.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-240x174.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-375x271.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hundreds of thousands of Koreans flee south during the war after the North Korean army crosses the 38th Parallel. \u003ccite>(U.S. Defense Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1953, both sides sign an armistice with a cease-fire line -- the demilitarized zone (DMZ) -– into approximately equal-sized territories. The now-heavily fortified border is in roughly the same position -- on the 38\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> parallel -- almost exactly where it was before the war started. The armistice is intended as a temporary measure, but a formal peace treaty ending the war is never actually signed (which means the war never technically ended).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1953–1970s:\u003c/strong> Building a Stalinist state\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Under Kim Il-sung’s leadership, North Korea becomes a self-defined workers' state. It implements Juche, an ideology of self-reliance promoting Korean autonomy. The country institutes a command economy, a system in which the government, rather than the free market, determines production. The state seizes control of all private property and organizations, officially taking ownership of everything, including people’s homes, businesses, and even the clothes on their back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27741\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27741\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Koreans bowing in front of the statues of Kim Il-sung (left) and Kim Jong-il at the Mansudae Grand Monument in Pyongyang. \u003ccite>(J.A. de Roo/Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Land and agriculture are collectivized under state control. The regime rebuilds Pyongyang as a socialist capital, erecting numerous monuments to Kim Il-sung as part of a sweeping effort to build a cult of personality. It also takes over control of the media, restricts international travel and squashes any form of opposition, forcing dissenters into harsh prison camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With major backing from the Soviet Union during the postwar reconstruction period, North Korea invests in mineral extraction and other heavy industries, rapidly developing its civilian and military economy at a rate that initially appears to outpace its rival to the south. For a time, urbanization continues to increase, as does school enrollment and infrastructure development. North Korea is billed a “workers’ paradise” by the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also during this period that the Soviet Union helps North Korea build nuclear reactors for energy production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But huge inequalities begin to surface, as the regime implements the songbun system that divides the population is divided into different social classes according to perceived loyalty. The new order dictates where people can live, what jobs they can have and where children can attend school.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Late 1970s–1990s: Isolation\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>By the 1980s, though, as the South Korean economy begins to boom, North Korea stagnates; it continues to focus heavily on mining and steel production and fails to sufficiently innovate and diversify its industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27742\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27742 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1020x1101.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"691\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1020x1101.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-160x173.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-800x864.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-768x829.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1180x1274.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-960x1036.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-240x259.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-375x405.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-520x561.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg 1345w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Satellite image of the Korean Peninsula at night, showing North Korea in almost complete darkness. The one small bright spot is Pyongyang, the capital. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The economy is also dramatically impacted by the economic decline of the Soviet Union and Eastern bloc, its primary source of aid and trade. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 leaves North Korea politically, economically and militarily isolated, with China as its only major remaining ally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 1994, amid this steep decline, Kim Il-sung dies of a sudden heart attack and is succeeded by his son, Kim Jong-il. The following year, widespread flooding destroys crops and infrastructure, prompting a three-year famine when the state-run economy fails to produce enough food. Hundreds of thousands of people die of starvation, while scores of survivors, particularly children, suffer severe malnutrition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the state rationing system crumbles, a major \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKCN0SN00320151029http:/www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKCN0SN00320151029\">black market economy\u003c/a> emerges, with millions of North Koreans making or smuggling whatever they can sell or barter to survive. This underground economy takes root, and eventually forces the government to take marginal steps toward economic liberalization.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>1994 – 2016: The nuclear era\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Increasingly isolated, and without the protection of the Soviet Union, Kim Jong-il’s government announces a new policy called “Songun,\" or \"Military First.” It makes the Korean People’s Army the state’s most powerful political and economic force in the nation, and the largest recipient of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under this new system, North Korea uses its nuclear reactors to begin developing a nuclear weapons program. By 2003, it withdraws from the 1995 Nuclear Proliferation Treaty. Three years later, North Korea claims to have successfully tested its first nuclear weapon, prompting the U.N. Security Council to impose a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/10/14/nkorea.sanctions/\">broad array\u003c/a> of trade and travel sanctions. Despite U.S. and international efforts to halt its nuclear ambitions, North Korea continues to develop its arsenal and conducts subsequent tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27743\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27743\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Korea’s leader, Kim Jong-un, watches a military drill in this image provided by the state’s Korean Central News Agency. \u003ccite>(KNCN via Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the death of Kim Jong-il in 2011, his son Kim Jong-un, still in his mid-20s, takes over as North Korea’s third supreme leader. Portraying himself as a modern version of his grandfather, he purges, demotes and, in several instances, executes regime officials to further secure his power base. The new regime cracks down on border crossings and further limits access to foreign media and internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite initial hopes from outside observers that Kim will take steps to mend his nation’s frayed relations with the West, he continues to consolidate power threaten other nations – most notably South Korea and the U.S. – and accelerates the development and testing of nuclear weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography\">http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-north-korea-history/\">http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-north-korea-history/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/1g9j_ZkuJig'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/1g9j_ZkuJig'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/North-Korea-in-Context-lesson-plan1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: History of North Korea (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>North Korea, the cloistered, enigmatic nation nearly 7,000 miles from Washington, D.C., has again emerged as one of the biggest national security threats to the United States and its Asian allies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late July, North Korea reportedly \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-idUSKBN1AD1ZB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tested\u003c/a> an intercontinental ballistic missile that experts say could be capable of reaching Los Angeles and other West Coast cities. It's the second long-range missile launched by the government in the last month, elevating its threat level and prompting the U.S. and South Korea to stage a joint missile exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most repressive, isolated and impoverished nations on earth, North Korea has nonetheless managed to successfully develop a huge army with an arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles. And under the notoriously erratic direction of its young leader, Kim Jong-un, the nation has repeatedly threatened to strike U.S. allies in the region, including South Korea and Japan, where thousands of American troops are stationed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to rising tensions, Vice President Mike Pence in April visited South Korean and warned North Korea that the \"era of strategic patience is over.\" And later that month, top Trump administration officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-house-briefs-senators-on-very-grave-threat-from-north-korea/2017/04/26/12a5c21a-2a9e-11e7-be51-b3fc6ff7faee_story.html?utm_term=.67c9a1b64aff\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">held a rare meeting\u003c/a> at the White House to brief the entire U.S. Senate on what one senior aide called \"a very grave threat\" posed by North Korea. The administration, though, offered few details on how it planned to address the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days later, in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-exclusive-idUSKBN17U04E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">interview with Reuters\u003c/a>, Trump said: \"There is a chance that we could end up having a major, major conflict with North Korea.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added, however that he'd prefer to peacefully resolve the crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bordering South Korea, one of Asia's most robust economies, North Korea has been walled for decades, a nation of roughly 25 million that's existed under the brutal totalitarian rule of the Kim family for three generations. Although reports of massive prison camps, food shortages, grinding poverty and shocking human rights violations elicit horror from outside observers, North Korea has also become a source of international intrigue as one of the world's last hermit kingdoms, a secretive society that few outsiders have ever set foot in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did it get like this?\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/v70-fi6PPU0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/v70-fi6PPU0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1910-1945:\u003c/strong> Japanese colonization\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Japan colonizes Korea (north and south), beginning a 35-year period of often brutal military rule that include efforts to wipe out Korea’s language and cultural identity. The Japanese also introduce modern industrial development, especially in the north where coal and hydroelectric power resources are plentiful, prompting a mass exodus from the countryside to cities. Japanese rule ends in 1945, when U.S. and Russian forces capture the peninsula at the conclusion of World War II. By then, Korea is the second-most industrialized nation in Asia (after Japan). During this period, Kim Il-sung, the future leader of North Korea, emerges as a prominent guerrilla fighter in the colonial resistance movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1945-1948:\u003c/strong> The 38th parallel\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27737\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27737 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"281\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808.jpg 456w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-160x164.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-240x246.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-375x385.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Split at the 38th parallel \u003ccite>(ourtimebd.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the end of World War II, Japan surrenders to the Allies and relinquishes its control of Korea. The Soviet Union and United States agree to temporarily split postwar control of the peninsula until an independent and unified Korean government can be established. The Soviets occupy everything north of the 38th parallel. But as tensions grow between the two nations, efforts to forge a unified Korean government fall apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1948: \u003c/strong>North and South Korea form distinct states\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>By August 1948, the pro-U.S. Republic of Korea (South Korea) is established in Seoul, led by Syngman Rhee, a staunch anti-communist. Just three weeks later, the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) emerges in Pyongyang, with communist guerrilla leader Kim Il-sung assuming power. Both leaders assert jurisdiction over the entire Korean peninsula and its people.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1950-1953:\u003c/strong> The Korean War\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On June 25, 1950, North Korean military forces, supported by the Soviet Union and China, invade the South in an effort to unify Korea under the leadership of Kim Il-sung. The U.S. comes to the aid of the South. Three years of intense fighting result in vast physical destruction and as many as 3 million casualties, including roughly 35,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27738\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27738\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-160x116.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-240x174.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-375x271.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hundreds of thousands of Koreans flee south during the war after the North Korean army crosses the 38th Parallel. \u003ccite>(U.S. Defense Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1953, both sides sign an armistice with a cease-fire line -- the demilitarized zone (DMZ) -– into approximately equal-sized territories. The now-heavily fortified border is in roughly the same position -- on the 38\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> parallel -- almost exactly where it was before the war started. The armistice is intended as a temporary measure, but a formal peace treaty ending the war is never actually signed (which means the war never technically ended).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1953–1970s:\u003c/strong> Building a Stalinist state\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Under Kim Il-sung’s leadership, North Korea becomes a self-defined workers' state. It implements Juche, an ideology of self-reliance promoting Korean autonomy. The country institutes a command economy, a system in which the government, rather than the free market, determines production. The state seizes control of all private property and organizations, officially taking ownership of everything, including people’s homes, businesses, and even the clothes on their back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27741\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27741\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Koreans bowing in front of the statues of Kim Il-sung (left) and Kim Jong-il at the Mansudae Grand Monument in Pyongyang. \u003ccite>(J.A. de Roo/Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Land and agriculture are collectivized under state control. The regime rebuilds Pyongyang as a socialist capital, erecting numerous monuments to Kim Il-sung as part of a sweeping effort to build a cult of personality. It also takes over control of the media, restricts international travel and squashes any form of opposition, forcing dissenters into harsh prison camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With major backing from the Soviet Union during the postwar reconstruction period, North Korea invests in mineral extraction and other heavy industries, rapidly developing its civilian and military economy at a rate that initially appears to outpace its rival to the south. For a time, urbanization continues to increase, as does school enrollment and infrastructure development. North Korea is billed a “workers’ paradise” by the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also during this period that the Soviet Union helps North Korea build nuclear reactors for energy production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But huge inequalities begin to surface, as the regime implements the songbun system that divides the population is divided into different social classes according to perceived loyalty. The new order dictates where people can live, what jobs they can have and where children can attend school.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Late 1970s–1990s: Isolation\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>By the 1980s, though, as the South Korean economy begins to boom, North Korea stagnates; it continues to focus heavily on mining and steel production and fails to sufficiently innovate and diversify its industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27742\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27742 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1020x1101.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"691\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1020x1101.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-160x173.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-800x864.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-768x829.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1180x1274.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-960x1036.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-240x259.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-375x405.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-520x561.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg 1345w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Satellite image of the Korean Peninsula at night, showing North Korea in almost complete darkness. The one small bright spot is Pyongyang, the capital. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The economy is also dramatically impacted by the economic decline of the Soviet Union and Eastern bloc, its primary source of aid and trade. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 leaves North Korea politically, economically and militarily isolated, with China as its only major remaining ally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 1994, amid this steep decline, Kim Il-sung dies of a sudden heart attack and is succeeded by his son, Kim Jong-il. The following year, widespread flooding destroys crops and infrastructure, prompting a three-year famine when the state-run economy fails to produce enough food. Hundreds of thousands of people die of starvation, while scores of survivors, particularly children, suffer severe malnutrition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the state rationing system crumbles, a major \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKCN0SN00320151029http:/www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKCN0SN00320151029\">black market economy\u003c/a> emerges, with millions of North Koreans making or smuggling whatever they can sell or barter to survive. This underground economy takes root, and eventually forces the government to take marginal steps toward economic liberalization.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>1994 – 2016: The nuclear era\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Increasingly isolated, and without the protection of the Soviet Union, Kim Jong-il’s government announces a new policy called “Songun,\" or \"Military First.” It makes the Korean People’s Army the state’s most powerful political and economic force in the nation, and the largest recipient of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under this new system, North Korea uses its nuclear reactors to begin developing a nuclear weapons program. By 2003, it withdraws from the 1995 Nuclear Proliferation Treaty. Three years later, North Korea claims to have successfully tested its first nuclear weapon, prompting the U.N. Security Council to impose a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/10/14/nkorea.sanctions/\">broad array\u003c/a> of trade and travel sanctions. Despite U.S. and international efforts to halt its nuclear ambitions, North Korea continues to develop its arsenal and conducts subsequent tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27743\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27743\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Korea’s leader, Kim Jong-un, watches a military drill in this image provided by the state’s Korean Central News Agency. \u003ccite>(KNCN via Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the death of Kim Jong-il in 2011, his son Kim Jong-un, still in his mid-20s, takes over as North Korea’s third supreme leader. Portraying himself as a modern version of his grandfather, he purges, demotes and, in several instances, executes regime officials to further secure his power base. The new regime cracks down on border crossings and further limits access to foreign media and internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite initial hopes from outside observers that Kim will take steps to mend his nation’s frayed relations with the West, he continues to consolidate power threaten other nations – most notably South Korea and the U.S. – and accelerates the development and testing of nuclear weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography\">http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-north-korea-history/\">http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-north-korea-history/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Summer of Rage: Lessons from the Race Riots in Detroit and Newark 50 Years Ago",
"title": "The Summer of Rage: Lessons from the Race Riots in Detroit and Newark 50 Years Ago",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“This is our basic conclusion: Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white -- separate and unequal.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>-- Kerner Commission report, 1968\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown!\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Ideas for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/Kerner_LessonPlan-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kerner Commission Lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/Primary-Docs_Kerner-and-Ferguson-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Primary source docs (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>While the Summer of Love swept through San Francisco 50 years ago this summer, scores of inner-city neighborhoods across the country burned with rage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what was dubbed the “long, hot summer,\" more than 100 poor, largely black communities were rocked by violent incidents in 1967. Some labelled them riots, others called them uprisings and rebellions. Erupting primarily in East Coast and Midwestern cities, including Milwaukee, Buffalo, Tampa and Cincinnati, the incidents resulted in more than 100 deaths, hundreds of millions of dollars in property damage and scores of burned-out neighborhoods, some of which never fully recovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unrest was a reaction to a larger problem: deep-seated anger and hopelessness simmering in many disenfranchised, urban communities where rates of poverty, joblessness and crime were disproportionately high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nearly every instance of unrest was ignited by the same kind of spark: an individual local incident involving an unarmed black man (or men) beaten or killed by white police officers for a seemingly minor infraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And two of the most devastating riots occurred back-to-back that July.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Newark and Detroit\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In Newark, NJ two white police officers severely beat a black cab driver after stopping him for a minor traffic violation. As word of the incident spread, thousands of residents rioted in the streets, looting businesses and prompting the deployment of several thousand police officers and National Guardsmen. The violence raged for six days, leaving 26 people dead, scores more injured and tens of millions of dollars in property damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/2n0e3_vD-xE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just two weeks later in \u003ca href=\"http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2016/03/a_quick_guide_to_the_1967_detr.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Detroit\u003c/a>, a police raid on an unlicensed bar in the largely black Virginia Park neighborhood sparked an even more devastating riot. Looters raided shops and set buildings on fire. Panic ensued amid rumors of snipers on rooftops. Roughly 17,000 law local and national law enforcement officials, including the National Guard and US Army paratroopers, were sent in to quell the unrest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of five bloody, chaotic days, 43 people were killed and more a thousand injured -- mostly black men at the hands of law enforcement. More than 7,000 arrests were made, and an estimated 2,500 stores were looted or burned, leaving large swaths of Detroit’s inner-city in ruins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It marked Detroit's \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/3880177/detroit-race-riots-1943-photos-from-a-city-in-turmoil-during-wwii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">second major riot\u003c/a> in just 24 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/33221356\" width=\"640\" height=\"368\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newark and Detroit were not isolated incidents. Two years before, a confrontation between a young black man and a police officer in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles resulted in \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRDvY_anJdc\">days of rioting\u003c/a> that left 34 people dead. Violent unrest continued in 1966 in poor sections of cities like Chicago, Cleveland, New York and \u003ca href=\"http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=Hunter%27s_Point_riot_by_Fleming\">San Francisco\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As wealthier, largely white communities increasingly flocked to the suburbs, the remaining inner-city neighborhood were often thrust into deeper states of prolonged economic isolation, Over the following decades, jobs and home values in these areas continued to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nber.org/digest/sep04/w10243.html\">drop\u003c/a> sharply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/qxli_aCSKbg\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The Kerner Commission\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In the immediate wake of the riots, President Johnson established a bipartisan task force: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/kerner.pdf\">National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,\u003c/a> known as the Kerner Commission, named after its chair, Illinois Governor Otto Kerner. The group was tasked with addressing three major questions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What happened? Why did it happen? What can be done to prevent it happening again?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22824\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/detroit_race_riot_1967.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-22824\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/detroit_race_riot_1967.jpg\" alt=\"Rioting in Detroit.\" width=\"500\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/detroit_race_riot_1967.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/detroit_race_riot_1967-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rioting in Detroit. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Detroit Free Press)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In his televised address announcing the commission, Johnson began:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have endured a week such as no nation should live through: a time of violence and tragedy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He then proclaimed:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not even the sternest police action nor the most effective federal troops can every create lasting peace in our cities. The only genuine long-range solution for what has happened, lies in an attack, mounted at every level, upon the conditions that breed despair and breed violence. All of us, I think, know what those conditions are: ignorance, discrimination, slums, poverty, disease, not enough jobs ... There is simply no other way to achieve a decent and orderly society in America.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/ZoU4cmRULKY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next six months, members of the commission visited inner-city neighborhoods throughout the country, interviewing residents, police officers, and local officials. They drew on the research of social scientists and analyzed media coverage of the recent violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 11-member commission was not politically radical in any sense of the word: It included four members of Congress, the mayor of New York, Atlanta’s police chief, and union and industry representatives. Only two members were black.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the commission’s \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/documents_us/Kerner%20Report.htm\">final report\u003c/a> was blunt, and to many Americans, shocking:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our basic conclusion: Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white -- separate and unequal. White racism is essentially responsible for the explosive mixture which has been accumulating in our cities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report's direct reference to white racism as a root cause of the riots was particularly controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"\u003c/strong>We used the word racism. And on the commission, we had two or three people say, 'Should we use that word, racism?'\" former Senator Fred Harris (D-Okla.), who served on the commission, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/03282008/watch.html\">told Bill Moyers\u003c/a> in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22815\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/8073NCJRS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-22815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/kerner-report-400x225.png\" alt=\"Courtesy Bill Moyers Journal\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/kerner-report-400x225.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/kerner-report.png 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to download part of the original text (Photo courtesy Bill Moyers Journal\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"\u003c/strong>We felt that it was very important ... to say it. Because what we know is that oppressed people often come to believe about themselves the same bad stereotypes that the dominant society has. Our saying racism, I think, was very important to a lot of black people who said, 'Well, maybe it's not just me. Maybe I'm not, by myself, at fault here. Maybe there's something else going on.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report elaborated on the often explosive relationship between local police forces and the black communities they patrolled:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>The police are not merely a “spark” factor. To some Negroes police have come to symbolize white power, white racism and white repression. And the fact is that many police do reflect and express these white attitudes. The atmosphere of hostility and cynicism is reinforced by a widespread belief among Negroes in the existence of police brutality and in a “double standard” of justice and protection—one for Negroes and one for whites.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, many observers believed that the unrest was the work of “\u003ca href=\"blank\">outside agitators\u003c/a>,” radical groups traveling from city to city, intent on sowing chaos and disorder. The commission, though, found no evidence of conspiracy or premeditated plans. Although it stopped short of labelling the riots a flat-out rebellion against racial oppression, it underscored that the conflicts were an indication of the deep frustration stemming from a host of social problems afflicting inner city communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Topping that list was police brutality, unemployment, and an inadequate supply of affordable housing. The commission stated, in no uncertain terms, that white America was directly implicated in creating these problems:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What white Americans have never fully understood—but what the Negro can never forget—is that white society is deeply implicated in the ghetto. White institutions created it, white institutions maintain it, and white society condones it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long list of sweeping policy recommendations included :\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Creating two million new jobs and six million new affordable housing units\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Revamping the welfare system\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Eliminating de facto school segregation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Eliminating “abrasive” police practices and establishing redress mechanisms\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Improving news coverage of the problems facing black Americans\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Making local government more responsive to inner city communities\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The 426-page report, published in March 1968, sold \u003ca href=\"http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/the-kerner-commission-report\">over two million copies\u003c/a> and earned a spot on the nonfiction \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=4il1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT453&lpg=PT453&dq=new+york+times+bestseller+list+nonfiction+1968+kerner&source=bl&ots=iUXvd_Hwq1&sig=AdfVX8Yc9xYLAIaoWtD1ckwUjIM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIz4rKhI-9yAIVwbgeCh1DWQXU#v=onepage&q&f=false\">bestseller list\u003c/a> of the New York Times, which called it a “stinging indictment of white society.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, it all but disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Johnson Administration countered that the commission \u003ca href=\"http://backstoryradio.org/2014/10/02/the-report-that-could-have-stopped-ferguson/\">hadn’t given the president enough credit\u003c/a> for past civil rights legislation, and Johnson later refused to support further research or even meet with the commissioners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report noted that in order to improve conditions, “hard choices must be made, and, if necessary, new taxes enacted.” But there was little political will to do so, particularly as the nation planted itself deeper into the incredibly costly conflict in Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And less than a month after its publication, Martin Luther King, Jr.’s assassination sparked another string of violent riots in poor, urban communities across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>From Kerner to Ferguson\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>After the Michael Brown shooting in 2014 and the unrest that followed, a new commission was formed to study a similar issue. Chaired by Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush, the group was tasked with identifying the underlying causes of the unrest. Its \u003ca href=\"http://forwardthroughferguson.org/report/executive-summary/\">final report\u003c/a>, while much smaller in scope, bears some resemblance to the Kerner findings. The series of recommendations, modest in comparison to the Kerner report, included:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Reducing the use of force by police officers\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reforming sentencing laws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Improving the health and education of children and young people\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Increasing access to affordable housing and public transit\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Expanding Medicaid\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Like the Kerner report, the Ferguson analysis identifies racial inequality as the primary problem. But the language and tone is strikingly different: far less piercing, accusatory and urgent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not pointing fingers and calling individual people racist,” the report states. “We are not even suggesting that institutions or existing systems intend to be racist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original members of the Kerner commission may have foreseen this. They concluded their report by quoting the testimony of psychologist Kenneth Clark\u003ci>. \u003c/i>Clark – whose famous \u003ca href=\"http://www.naacpldf.org/brown-at-60-the-doll-test\">doll tests\u003c/a> were cited in \u003ci>Brown v. Board of Education\u003c/i> – reminded his audience of the many previous commissions assembled to study incidents of racial unrest: Chicago in 1919, Harlem in 1935 and 1943, Los Angeles in 1965. Testifying before the Kerner Commission, he said, was a kind of Alice in Wonderland experience: he watched the same images flickering past, sat listening to the same analysis and the same recommendations – and it all culminated, finally, in the same inaction. The commissioners quoted his words:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is time now to end the destruction and the violence.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "While the Summer of Love swept through San Francisco 50 years ago this summer, scores of inner-city neighborhoods across the country burned with rage.",
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"title": "The Summer of Rage: Lessons from the Race Riots in Detroit and Newark 50 Years Ago | KQED",
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"headline": "The Summer of Rage: Lessons from the Race Riots in Detroit and Newark 50 Years Ago",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“This is our basic conclusion: Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white -- separate and unequal.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>-- Kerner Commission report, 1968\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown!\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Ideas for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/Kerner_LessonPlan-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kerner Commission Lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/Primary-Docs_Kerner-and-Ferguson-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Primary source docs (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>While the Summer of Love swept through San Francisco 50 years ago this summer, scores of inner-city neighborhoods across the country burned with rage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what was dubbed the “long, hot summer,\" more than 100 poor, largely black communities were rocked by violent incidents in 1967. Some labelled them riots, others called them uprisings and rebellions. Erupting primarily in East Coast and Midwestern cities, including Milwaukee, Buffalo, Tampa and Cincinnati, the incidents resulted in more than 100 deaths, hundreds of millions of dollars in property damage and scores of burned-out neighborhoods, some of which never fully recovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unrest was a reaction to a larger problem: deep-seated anger and hopelessness simmering in many disenfranchised, urban communities where rates of poverty, joblessness and crime were disproportionately high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nearly every instance of unrest was ignited by the same kind of spark: an individual local incident involving an unarmed black man (or men) beaten or killed by white police officers for a seemingly minor infraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And two of the most devastating riots occurred back-to-back that July.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Newark and Detroit\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In Newark, NJ two white police officers severely beat a black cab driver after stopping him for a minor traffic violation. As word of the incident spread, thousands of residents rioted in the streets, looting businesses and prompting the deployment of several thousand police officers and National Guardsmen. The violence raged for six days, leaving 26 people dead, scores more injured and tens of millions of dollars in property damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/2n0e3_vD-xE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/2n0e3_vD-xE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Just two weeks later in \u003ca href=\"http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2016/03/a_quick_guide_to_the_1967_detr.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Detroit\u003c/a>, a police raid on an unlicensed bar in the largely black Virginia Park neighborhood sparked an even more devastating riot. Looters raided shops and set buildings on fire. Panic ensued amid rumors of snipers on rooftops. Roughly 17,000 law local and national law enforcement officials, including the National Guard and US Army paratroopers, were sent in to quell the unrest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of five bloody, chaotic days, 43 people were killed and more a thousand injured -- mostly black men at the hands of law enforcement. More than 7,000 arrests were made, and an estimated 2,500 stores were looted or burned, leaving large swaths of Detroit’s inner-city in ruins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It marked Detroit's \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/3880177/detroit-race-riots-1943-photos-from-a-city-in-turmoil-during-wwii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">second major riot\u003c/a> in just 24 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/33221356\" width=\"640\" height=\"368\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newark and Detroit were not isolated incidents. Two years before, a confrontation between a young black man and a police officer in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles resulted in \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRDvY_anJdc\">days of rioting\u003c/a> that left 34 people dead. Violent unrest continued in 1966 in poor sections of cities like Chicago, Cleveland, New York and \u003ca href=\"http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=Hunter%27s_Point_riot_by_Fleming\">San Francisco\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As wealthier, largely white communities increasingly flocked to the suburbs, the remaining inner-city neighborhood were often thrust into deeper states of prolonged economic isolation, Over the following decades, jobs and home values in these areas continued to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nber.org/digest/sep04/w10243.html\">drop\u003c/a> sharply.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/qxli_aCSKbg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/qxli_aCSKbg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>The Kerner Commission\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In the immediate wake of the riots, President Johnson established a bipartisan task force: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/kerner.pdf\">National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders,\u003c/a> known as the Kerner Commission, named after its chair, Illinois Governor Otto Kerner. The group was tasked with addressing three major questions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What happened? Why did it happen? What can be done to prevent it happening again?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22824\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/detroit_race_riot_1967.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-22824\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/detroit_race_riot_1967.jpg\" alt=\"Rioting in Detroit.\" width=\"500\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/detroit_race_riot_1967.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/detroit_race_riot_1967-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rioting in Detroit. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Detroit Free Press)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In his televised address announcing the commission, Johnson began:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have endured a week such as no nation should live through: a time of violence and tragedy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He then proclaimed:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not even the sternest police action nor the most effective federal troops can every create lasting peace in our cities. The only genuine long-range solution for what has happened, lies in an attack, mounted at every level, upon the conditions that breed despair and breed violence. All of us, I think, know what those conditions are: ignorance, discrimination, slums, poverty, disease, not enough jobs ... There is simply no other way to achieve a decent and orderly society in America.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ZoU4cmRULKY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ZoU4cmRULKY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Over the next six months, members of the commission visited inner-city neighborhoods throughout the country, interviewing residents, police officers, and local officials. They drew on the research of social scientists and analyzed media coverage of the recent violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 11-member commission was not politically radical in any sense of the word: It included four members of Congress, the mayor of New York, Atlanta’s police chief, and union and industry representatives. Only two members were black.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the commission’s \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/documents_us/Kerner%20Report.htm\">final report\u003c/a> was blunt, and to many Americans, shocking:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our basic conclusion: Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white -- separate and unequal. White racism is essentially responsible for the explosive mixture which has been accumulating in our cities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report's direct reference to white racism as a root cause of the riots was particularly controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"\u003c/strong>We used the word racism. And on the commission, we had two or three people say, 'Should we use that word, racism?'\" former Senator Fred Harris (D-Okla.), who served on the commission, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/03282008/watch.html\">told Bill Moyers\u003c/a> in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22815\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/8073NCJRS.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-22815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/kerner-report-400x225.png\" alt=\"Courtesy Bill Moyers Journal\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/kerner-report-400x225.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/kerner-report.png 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to download part of the original text (Photo courtesy Bill Moyers Journal\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"\u003c/strong>We felt that it was very important ... to say it. Because what we know is that oppressed people often come to believe about themselves the same bad stereotypes that the dominant society has. Our saying racism, I think, was very important to a lot of black people who said, 'Well, maybe it's not just me. Maybe I'm not, by myself, at fault here. Maybe there's something else going on.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report elaborated on the often explosive relationship between local police forces and the black communities they patrolled:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>The police are not merely a “spark” factor. To some Negroes police have come to symbolize white power, white racism and white repression. And the fact is that many police do reflect and express these white attitudes. The atmosphere of hostility and cynicism is reinforced by a widespread belief among Negroes in the existence of police brutality and in a “double standard” of justice and protection—one for Negroes and one for whites.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, many observers believed that the unrest was the work of “\u003ca href=\"blank\">outside agitators\u003c/a>,” radical groups traveling from city to city, intent on sowing chaos and disorder. The commission, though, found no evidence of conspiracy or premeditated plans. Although it stopped short of labelling the riots a flat-out rebellion against racial oppression, it underscored that the conflicts were an indication of the deep frustration stemming from a host of social problems afflicting inner city communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Topping that list was police brutality, unemployment, and an inadequate supply of affordable housing. The commission stated, in no uncertain terms, that white America was directly implicated in creating these problems:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What white Americans have never fully understood—but what the Negro can never forget—is that white society is deeply implicated in the ghetto. White institutions created it, white institutions maintain it, and white society condones it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long list of sweeping policy recommendations included :\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Creating two million new jobs and six million new affordable housing units\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Revamping the welfare system\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Eliminating de facto school segregation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Eliminating “abrasive” police practices and establishing redress mechanisms\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Improving news coverage of the problems facing black Americans\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Making local government more responsive to inner city communities\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The 426-page report, published in March 1968, sold \u003ca href=\"http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/the-kerner-commission-report\">over two million copies\u003c/a> and earned a spot on the nonfiction \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=4il1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT453&lpg=PT453&dq=new+york+times+bestseller+list+nonfiction+1968+kerner&source=bl&ots=iUXvd_Hwq1&sig=AdfVX8Yc9xYLAIaoWtD1ckwUjIM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMIz4rKhI-9yAIVwbgeCh1DWQXU#v=onepage&q&f=false\">bestseller list\u003c/a> of the New York Times, which called it a “stinging indictment of white society.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, it all but disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Johnson Administration countered that the commission \u003ca href=\"http://backstoryradio.org/2014/10/02/the-report-that-could-have-stopped-ferguson/\">hadn’t given the president enough credit\u003c/a> for past civil rights legislation, and Johnson later refused to support further research or even meet with the commissioners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report noted that in order to improve conditions, “hard choices must be made, and, if necessary, new taxes enacted.” But there was little political will to do so, particularly as the nation planted itself deeper into the incredibly costly conflict in Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And less than a month after its publication, Martin Luther King, Jr.’s assassination sparked another string of violent riots in poor, urban communities across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>From Kerner to Ferguson\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>After the Michael Brown shooting in 2014 and the unrest that followed, a new commission was formed to study a similar issue. Chaired by Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush, the group was tasked with identifying the underlying causes of the unrest. Its \u003ca href=\"http://forwardthroughferguson.org/report/executive-summary/\">final report\u003c/a>, while much smaller in scope, bears some resemblance to the Kerner findings. The series of recommendations, modest in comparison to the Kerner report, included:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Reducing the use of force by police officers\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reforming sentencing laws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Improving the health and education of children and young people\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Increasing access to affordable housing and public transit\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Expanding Medicaid\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Like the Kerner report, the Ferguson analysis identifies racial inequality as the primary problem. But the language and tone is strikingly different: far less piercing, accusatory and urgent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not pointing fingers and calling individual people racist,” the report states. “We are not even suggesting that institutions or existing systems intend to be racist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original members of the Kerner commission may have foreseen this. They concluded their report by quoting the testimony of psychologist Kenneth Clark\u003ci>. \u003c/i>Clark – whose famous \u003ca href=\"http://www.naacpldf.org/brown-at-60-the-doll-test\">doll tests\u003c/a> were cited in \u003ci>Brown v. Board of Education\u003c/i> – reminded his audience of the many previous commissions assembled to study incidents of racial unrest: Chicago in 1919, Harlem in 1935 and 1943, Los Angeles in 1965. Testifying before the Kerner Commission, he said, was a kind of Alice in Wonderland experience: he watched the same images flickering past, sat listening to the same analysis and the same recommendations – and it all culminated, finally, in the same inaction. The commissioners quoted his words:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Strange Geometry of Gerrymandering (with Lesson Plan)",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/03/Gerrymandering-lesson-plan-updated.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Redistricting and Gerrymandering (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/07/Above-the-Noise-Classroom-Guide.pdf\" target=\"new\">Above the Noise Classroom Discussion Guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/07/Above-the-Noise-Student-Viewing-Notes.pdf\" target=\"new\">Student Video Viewing Notes Handout\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Should politicians be able to create state voting districts that benefit their own parties?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the key question the Supreme Court \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-to-hear-potentially-landmark-case-on-partisan-gerrymandering/2017/06/19/d525237e-5435-11e7-b38e-35fd8e0c288f_story.html?utm_term=.135f76c788c6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">will take up\u003c/a> during its next term, which begins in October. At stake is the future of gerrymandering, an entrenched electoral tactic practiced in most states wherein the majority party redraws district lines every 10 years to consolidate power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In several recent cases, the High Court has prohibited state parties from considering the racial makeup of communities when drawing district maps. But it has not ruled against straight-up partisan gerrymandering: when parties draw lines for pure political advantage. The court's decision could reshape how U.S. elections are conducted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In separate opinions in May and June, the court \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-election-idUSKBN18W1TF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">struck down\u003c/a> two North Carolina congressional districts and 28 state legislative districts, ruling that race played a major role in drawing the lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">The court also recently invalidated how the Republican-controlled legislatures in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/26/us/supreme-court-rules-against-alabama-in-redistricting-case.html\">Alabama\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/us/politics/supreme-court-virginia-house-delegates-gerrymandering.html\">Virginia\u003c/a> drew some of their legislative districts, determining that, as in North Carolina, black voters were intentionally packed into a handful of districts, unconstitutionally weakening the power of their vote. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.texastribune.org/2017/05/01/federal-court-sets-july-trial-date-texas-redistricting-case/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Texas legislature\u003c/a> has faced similar setbacks: A federal court in March determined that Republican lawmakers there drew the state's congressional map in a way that also intentionally discriminated against minority voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2250\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 565px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/06/gerrymandering-e1432169819715.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-2250\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/06/gerrymandering-e1432169819715.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"565\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/06/gerrymandering-e1432169819715.png 565w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/06/gerrymandering-e1432169819715-400x239.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 565px) 100vw, 565px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A political cartoon from 1812 criticizing Massachusetts state senate electoral districts drawn by the legislature to favor candidates in Gov. Elbridge Gerry's party. \u003ccite>(Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Gerrymandering dates back to Massachusetts Gov. Elbridge Gerry, who in 1812 engineered the drafting of his state's electoral districts to directly benefit his own party. The strange shapes of the new district maps, it was said, resembled a salamander. Hence ... the gerrymander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's par for the course in the opaque ritual known as redistricting. Following the census every 10 years, states redraw their congressional and legislative boundaries so that all districts have roughly equal populations. But as long as they contain the same number of people, those districts can be reconfigured in any number of ways, shapes and forms. If you put your mind to it, you can come up with some seriously creative cartography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\">\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Test out your district drawing chops\u003ca href=\"http://polytrope.com/district/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-27291 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"256\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256.jpg 256w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256-160x160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256-240x240.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256-50x50.jpg 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 256px) 100vw, 256px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In a whopping \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/State-by-state_redistricting_procedures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">37 states\u003c/a>, the party that controls the statehouse also controls the redistricting process, something that sets the U.S. apart from virtually every other democracy in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This, of course, guarantees some degree of seemingly unfair partisan edge. The party in control is likely to redraw district lines in a way that ensures they'll control the most seats, even if they win fewer overall votes. But here's the rub: Partisan gerrymandering is generally permitted as long as there's no evidence that it discriminates against specific populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states under recent legal scrutiny all argued, albeit unsuccessfully, that, while their district maps were drawn to give the majority party a clear electoral advantage, there was no intent to racially discriminate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Common gerrymandering tactics\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cracking\u003c/strong>: Splitting a community into multiple districts to reduce its political influence. Prior to the 1965 Voting Rights Act, African-Americans throughout the South were frequently split apart by district lines in order to prevent them from electing their own candidates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Packing\u003c/strong>: Isolating “unfriendly” voters into one political district to minimize their influence in neighboring district races. When racially motivated, this process is called “bleaching.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hijacking\u003c/strong>: Intentionally drawing lines that put two unfavorable incumbents into the same district to compete against each other.\u003cstrong>Kidnapping\u003c/strong>: Intentionally drawing new district lines that place an unwanted incumbent in a district where he/she doesn’t live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/_-p66V9VsZM\" width=\"380\" height=\"214\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>This process has huge impact on the balance of power in our political system and plays a large role in determining how much our votes actually count on Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the 2014 midterms. It was a rough one for Democrats. They lost their Senate majority, slipped further into the minority in the House and got clobbered in \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2014/11/democrats-lose-big-in-statehouses-too-112650?o=0\">state elections\u003c/a>, where Republicans took 31 out of 50 governorships and secured a record 68 state legislatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Evan Bonsall and Victor Agbafe write in the \u003ca href=\"http://harvardpolitics.com/united-states/redrawing-america-gerrymandering-matters/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Harvard Political Review\u003c/a>, a quick voting analysis suggests there was some serious political rigging at play. Looking at total votes cast nationwide in the 2014 U.S. House elections, they found that Democrats actually received \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2013/nov/26/lloyd-doggett/democrats-outpolled-republicans-who-landed-33-seat/\">1.4 million more votes\u003c/a> than Republicans, even though Republicans won 46 more seats. These disparities were similar in state legislative elections, where Republicans won 948 more \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/Documents/Elections/Legis_Control_2015_Feb4_11am.pdf\">statehouse seats\u003c/a> despite receiving fewer popular votes overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors note that Democrats are far from blameless. Election results were often skewed in their favor from the 1960s to the 1990s, and states like Illinois and Maryland are still heavily gerrymandered to protect Democratic majorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So prevalent is the process that former President Barack Obama is teaming up with Eric Holder, his old attorney general, to try to change how political districts are formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With an eye on 2021, when states next redraw their lines, Holder has stepped up to lead the \u003ca href=\"https://democraticredistricting.com/\">National Democratic Redistricting Committee\u003c/a>, a newly formed political group pushing redistricting reform. He argues that redistricting efforts are often unfair and undemocratic, orchestrated by Republicans to help solidify their power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Obama] thinks, and I think, that this is something that threatens our democracy,” Holder \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/us/eric-holder-to-lead-democrats-attack-on-republican-gerrymandering.html\">told the New York Times\u003c/a>. “We have a system now where the politicians are picking their voters, as opposed to voters making selections about who they want to represent them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the strange geometry of redistricting and gerrymandering, check out this great interactive by Newsbound. Note that this resource was originally produced for \u003ca href=\"http://www.changeil.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Change Illinois\u003c/a>, a group that advocates for state political reform (hence the Illinois references). It's since been updated -- with editorial input from yours truly -- to present a more balanced analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you're still hungry for more, check out \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/politics-and-elections/redistricting/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this related collection\u003c/a> of Lowdown posts from 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" src=\"//content.newsbound.com/public/redistrict/redistrict_us/index.html?embed=true\" name=\"nb-stack\" class=\"newsbound-embedded\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/03/Gerrymandering-lesson-plan-updated.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Redistricting and Gerrymandering (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/07/Above-the-Noise-Classroom-Guide.pdf\" target=\"new\">Above the Noise Classroom Discussion Guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/07/Above-the-Noise-Student-Viewing-Notes.pdf\" target=\"new\">Student Video Viewing Notes Handout\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Should politicians be able to create state voting districts that benefit their own parties?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the key question the Supreme Court \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-to-hear-potentially-landmark-case-on-partisan-gerrymandering/2017/06/19/d525237e-5435-11e7-b38e-35fd8e0c288f_story.html?utm_term=.135f76c788c6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">will take up\u003c/a> during its next term, which begins in October. At stake is the future of gerrymandering, an entrenched electoral tactic practiced in most states wherein the majority party redraws district lines every 10 years to consolidate power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In several recent cases, the High Court has prohibited state parties from considering the racial makeup of communities when drawing district maps. But it has not ruled against straight-up partisan gerrymandering: when parties draw lines for pure political advantage. The court's decision could reshape how U.S. elections are conducted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In separate opinions in May and June, the court \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-election-idUSKBN18W1TF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">struck down\u003c/a> two North Carolina congressional districts and 28 state legislative districts, ruling that race played a major role in drawing the lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">The court also recently invalidated how the Republican-controlled legislatures in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/26/us/supreme-court-rules-against-alabama-in-redistricting-case.html\">Alabama\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/us/politics/supreme-court-virginia-house-delegates-gerrymandering.html\">Virginia\u003c/a> drew some of their legislative districts, determining that, as in North Carolina, black voters were intentionally packed into a handful of districts, unconstitutionally weakening the power of their vote. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.texastribune.org/2017/05/01/federal-court-sets-july-trial-date-texas-redistricting-case/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Texas legislature\u003c/a> has faced similar setbacks: A federal court in March determined that Republican lawmakers there drew the state's congressional map in a way that also intentionally discriminated against minority voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2250\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 565px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/06/gerrymandering-e1432169819715.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-2250\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/06/gerrymandering-e1432169819715.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"565\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/06/gerrymandering-e1432169819715.png 565w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/06/gerrymandering-e1432169819715-400x239.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 565px) 100vw, 565px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A political cartoon from 1812 criticizing Massachusetts state senate electoral districts drawn by the legislature to favor candidates in Gov. Elbridge Gerry's party. \u003ccite>(Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Gerrymandering dates back to Massachusetts Gov. Elbridge Gerry, who in 1812 engineered the drafting of his state's electoral districts to directly benefit his own party. The strange shapes of the new district maps, it was said, resembled a salamander. Hence ... the gerrymander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's par for the course in the opaque ritual known as redistricting. Following the census every 10 years, states redraw their congressional and legislative boundaries so that all districts have roughly equal populations. But as long as they contain the same number of people, those districts can be reconfigured in any number of ways, shapes and forms. If you put your mind to it, you can come up with some seriously creative cartography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\">\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Test out your district drawing chops\u003ca href=\"http://polytrope.com/district/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-27291 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"256\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256.jpg 256w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256-160x160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256-240x240.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256-50x50.jpg 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/district_256-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 256px) 100vw, 256px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In a whopping \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/State-by-state_redistricting_procedures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">37 states\u003c/a>, the party that controls the statehouse also controls the redistricting process, something that sets the U.S. apart from virtually every other democracy in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This, of course, guarantees some degree of seemingly unfair partisan edge. The party in control is likely to redraw district lines in a way that ensures they'll control the most seats, even if they win fewer overall votes. But here's the rub: Partisan gerrymandering is generally permitted as long as there's no evidence that it discriminates against specific populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states under recent legal scrutiny all argued, albeit unsuccessfully, that, while their district maps were drawn to give the majority party a clear electoral advantage, there was no intent to racially discriminate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Common gerrymandering tactics\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cracking\u003c/strong>: Splitting a community into multiple districts to reduce its political influence. Prior to the 1965 Voting Rights Act, African-Americans throughout the South were frequently split apart by district lines in order to prevent them from electing their own candidates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Packing\u003c/strong>: Isolating “unfriendly” voters into one political district to minimize their influence in neighboring district races. When racially motivated, this process is called “bleaching.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hijacking\u003c/strong>: Intentionally drawing lines that put two unfavorable incumbents into the same district to compete against each other.\u003cstrong>Kidnapping\u003c/strong>: Intentionally drawing new district lines that place an unwanted incumbent in a district where he/she doesn’t live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/_-p66V9VsZM\" width=\"380\" height=\"214\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>This process has huge impact on the balance of power in our political system and plays a large role in determining how much our votes actually count on Election Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the 2014 midterms. It was a rough one for Democrats. They lost their Senate majority, slipped further into the minority in the House and got clobbered in \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2014/11/democrats-lose-big-in-statehouses-too-112650?o=0\">state elections\u003c/a>, where Republicans took 31 out of 50 governorships and secured a record 68 state legislatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Evan Bonsall and Victor Agbafe write in the \u003ca href=\"http://harvardpolitics.com/united-states/redrawing-america-gerrymandering-matters/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Harvard Political Review\u003c/a>, a quick voting analysis suggests there was some serious political rigging at play. Looking at total votes cast nationwide in the 2014 U.S. House elections, they found that Democrats actually received \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2013/nov/26/lloyd-doggett/democrats-outpolled-republicans-who-landed-33-seat/\">1.4 million more votes\u003c/a> than Republicans, even though Republicans won 46 more seats. These disparities were similar in state legislative elections, where Republicans won 948 more \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/Documents/Elections/Legis_Control_2015_Feb4_11am.pdf\">statehouse seats\u003c/a> despite receiving fewer popular votes overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors note that Democrats are far from blameless. Election results were often skewed in their favor from the 1960s to the 1990s, and states like Illinois and Maryland are still heavily gerrymandered to protect Democratic majorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So prevalent is the process that former President Barack Obama is teaming up with Eric Holder, his old attorney general, to try to change how political districts are formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With an eye on 2021, when states next redraw their lines, Holder has stepped up to lead the \u003ca href=\"https://democraticredistricting.com/\">National Democratic Redistricting Committee\u003c/a>, a newly formed political group pushing redistricting reform. He argues that redistricting efforts are often unfair and undemocratic, orchestrated by Republicans to help solidify their power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Obama] thinks, and I think, that this is something that threatens our democracy,” Holder \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/us/eric-holder-to-lead-democrats-attack-on-republican-gerrymandering.html\">told the New York Times\u003c/a>. “We have a system now where the politicians are picking their voters, as opposed to voters making selections about who they want to represent them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the strange geometry of redistricting and gerrymandering, check out this great interactive by Newsbound. Note that this resource was originally produced for \u003ca href=\"http://www.changeil.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Change Illinois\u003c/a>, a group that advocates for state political reform (hence the Illinois references). It's since been updated -- with editorial input from yours truly -- to present a more balanced analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you're still hungry for more, check out \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/politics-and-elections/redistricting/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this related collection\u003c/a> of Lowdown posts from 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" src=\"//content.newsbound.com/public/redistrict/redistrict_us/index.html?embed=true\" name=\"nb-stack\" class=\"newsbound-embedded\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Lesson Plan: The Trials of Marvin Mutch",
"title": "Lesson Plan: The Trials of Marvin Mutch",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/218367252?title=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marvin Mutch spent 41 years in prison for a crime he insists he didn't commit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1975, The 19-year-old Bay Area native was convicted on circumstantial evidence of murdering a young girl in Union City, and sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"wrxRJ2jUgqETej1YkxX0w1CeMnVAJWmA\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mutch had a rocky start behind bars, but eventually became a mentor to his fellow inmates and an advocate for prison rights. Despite his exemplary behavior, he was repeatedly denied parole, in large part because of his adamant refusal to confess to the crime he'd been convicted of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, with legal assistance from the Northern California Innocence Project and support from high-ranking prison officials, Mutch was granted parole. But that decision was rescinded by Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, who did not to be accused of allowing someone convicted of murder back on the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until 2016, at the age of 59, when Mutch finally re-entered society. His release was partly the result of an earlier court-mandated change to state parole rules making it harder to deny parole to inmates no longer considered dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Mutch remains under parole supervision and continues his prison advocacy work. The Trials of Marvin Mutch, a KQED News documentary by Adam Grossberg and Alex Emslie, investigates the complex details of the original trial, and follows Mutch today as he adjusts to freedom for the first time in four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/the-trials-of-marvin-mutch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">RELATED: Film landing page and related podcast series\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Opening\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> quick write prompt:\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Do you think someone convicted of a heinous crime can be rehabilitated and should regain freedom? Why or why not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A quick write allows students to write down their thoughts before discussing the opening question in order to increase participation and make the discussion more accessible to English Language Learners. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Objective\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Students will analyze and evaluate the case of Marvin Mutch, including his arrest and conviction, and the issues surrounding his eventual release from prison.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students will investigate and reflect on the theme of justice, rehabilitation and parole policy, as well as the role of groups that advocate for the wrongfully convicted.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Essential question\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Who should be in charge of deciding if and when convicted criminals should be granted parole? How can justice be better served and wrongful convictions avoided? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Key vocabulary\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Pre-teach key vocabulary before students do the activity, especially if you have English Language Learners. After going over the simple definition, consider providing a visual aid or having students draw one. More ideas for how to pre-teach vocabulary can be found \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.colorincolorado.org/article/vocabulary-development\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable width=\"320\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">\u003cstrong>Word\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">\u003cstrong>Simple definition\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">Circumstantial (adj.)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">Pointing indirectly to someone's guilt, but not conclusively proving it.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">Confluence (n.)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">When two or more things occur at the same time\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">Heinous (adj.)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">Very bad or evil, deserving of contempt\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">Parole (n.)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">The release of a prisoner, on condition of good behavior, before completion of a full sentence\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">Predecessor (n.)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">Someone who had a job or role before somebody else\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">Rehabilitate (v.)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">To restore someone to a safe and healthy state\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">Truancy (n.)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">The act of skipping school without permission\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Direct instruction and guided practice \u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Discuss the quick-write prompt to gauge how students generally feel about the concept of rehabilitation and parole.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ask follow-up questions to explore the question in greater depth. (\u003cem>Note: Students can answer as a think-pair-share or in a whole-class discussion\u003c/em>): Who should decide if a convicted criminal is no longer dangerous? What if that person is now much older and doesn’t seem to pose a serious threat to society? What if the person maintains his or her innocence?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Explain that students will watch a film about Marvin Mutch, a man who was recently freed after serving 41 years in prison for a murder he insists he never committed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Before watching:\u003c/strong> Brainstorm a list of all the things students can think of that have changed in our society since 1975, when Mutch was convicted at the age of 19 and sent to prison. Ask: What do you think the experience has been like for him to re-enter society after so long?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>While watching\u003c/strong>: As a class or in small groups, watch the documentary \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/the-trials-of-marvin-mutch/\">The Trials of Marvin Mutch\u003c/a>. (\u003cem>Note: Use a platform like \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://edpuzzle.com/\">\u003cem>EdPuzzle\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> or \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.playposit.com/\">\u003cem>PlayPosIt\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to insert questions directly into the video. Find strategies for how to make classroom videos interactive \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/learning/2016/08/23/watch-think-write-and-other-proven-strategies-for-using-video-in-the-classroom/\">\u003cem>HERE\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>) Stop the video at the following time marks to ask these questions:\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n- 3:55:\u003c/strong> What did Mutch do the day he got out of prison? What would you have done in that situation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- 5:33: What challenges did Marvin experience in his childhood? Do you think his troubles with the police were serious? Why/why not? (Be sure students know the definitions of \u003cem>profane language\u003c/em> and \u003cem>truancy.\u003c/em>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> - 10:49:\u003c/strong> Why was Marvin arrested for Cassie’s murder? Do you agree with his statement of innocence? Why/why not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> - 24:10:\u003c/strong> What were the issues with testimony of Marvin’s sister? If you were Marvin, how would you feel about your sister’s actions? At this point, do you believe Marvin is innocent or guilty? Why/why not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> - 30:00:\u003c/strong> Would you have made the same choice as Marvin and lied to the parole board in the hope of winning release? Why or why not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> - 35:04:\u003c/strong> How did Marvin show leadership in prison? Do you think his actions were genuine or did he have ulterior motives? Why/why not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> - 40:07:\u003c/strong> What evidence does Jill Klinge (the assistant district attorney) use to explain why Marvin’s supporters built a case for parole? What evidence do Marvin’s supporters use to explain why he should get parole? Which explanation do you agree with? Explain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> - 44:28:\u003c/strong> What changed with California’s parole policies that led to Marvin finally being granted parole in 2016 after being denied 10 years earlier? How did that additional 10 years in prison affect Marvin’s life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> - At the end:\u003c/strong> How would you describe Marvin’s life now? In your opinion, why do you think he forgave his sister? Why do you think he doesn’t appear to be bitter at all about what happened to him?\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Transition to independent practice: Ask students to put themselves into groups based on interest in one of the following central questions in the film:\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Has justice been served in the case of Marvin Mutch? Why or why not?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Should convicted criminals be able to regain their freedom if they can show they are no longer a danger to society? Why/why not?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do you think legal groups like the Northern California Innocence Project will always be necessary, or do you think the criminal justice system will eventually stop convicting innocent people? Explain.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Encourage groups or individual students to pose their own questions about this topic if there is another aspect they want to explore.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Independent practice \u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Students should prepare to present their answer and evidence to the class in the format of their choice. \u003ca href=\"https://spark.adobe.com/\">AdobeSpark\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://piktochart.com/\">piktochart\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://prezi.com/\">Prezi\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.canva.com/\">Canva\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.thinglink.com/\">Thinglink\u003c/a> are all free, online tools that can be used for infographics, posters or presentations.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Assessment/Reflection \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Small groups present their findings to the class orally or in a gallery walk.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After the presentations, students reflect individually in writing in response to the following question:What two or three factors do you think contributed most to Marvin Mutch’s conviction and decades spent behind bars? (Example: His troubled youth, his sister’s testimony, the lack of DNA evidence, the rules of the parole board, etc.)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.colorincolorado.org/article/increase-student-interaction-think-pair-shares-and-circle-chats\">\u003cem>Circle chats\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, small-group discussions and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.colorincolorado.org/article/increase-student-interaction-think-pair-shares-and-circle-chats\">\u003cem>think-pair-share\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> provide a safer space for students to practice speaking and listening, and also boost participation during whole-class discussions. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Extension/Homework\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Write/speak locally:\u003c/strong> Students research ways to share their poster or presentation with the community. (Example: Presenting during the public comment section of a city council meeting, posting on an online forum, etc.) For a list of how to contact local officials in your area, check out \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/learning/2017/02/07/local-election-toolkit/\">KQED Learning’s Local Election Toolkit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Common Core Standards\u003c/h4>\n\u003ctable width=\"320\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/CCRA/R/1/\">CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.1\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/CCRA/R/7/\">CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.7\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse media and formats, including visually and quantitatively, as well as in words.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"> \u003ca href=\"http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/CCRA/W/6/\">CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.W.6\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and to interact and collaborate with others.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/CCRA/W/8/\">CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.W.8\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, assess the credibility and accuracy of each source, and integrate the information while avoiding plagiarism.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/218367252?title=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marvin Mutch spent 41 years in prison for a crime he insists he didn't commit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1975, The 19-year-old Bay Area native was convicted on circumstantial evidence of murdering a young girl in Union City, and sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mutch had a rocky start behind bars, but eventually became a mentor to his fellow inmates and an advocate for prison rights. Despite his exemplary behavior, he was repeatedly denied parole, in large part because of his adamant refusal to confess to the crime he'd been convicted of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, with legal assistance from the Northern California Innocence Project and support from high-ranking prison officials, Mutch was granted parole. But that decision was rescinded by Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, who did not to be accused of allowing someone convicted of murder back on the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until 2016, at the age of 59, when Mutch finally re-entered society. His release was partly the result of an earlier court-mandated change to state parole rules making it harder to deny parole to inmates no longer considered dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Mutch remains under parole supervision and continues his prison advocacy work. The Trials of Marvin Mutch, a KQED News documentary by Adam Grossberg and Alex Emslie, investigates the complex details of the original trial, and follows Mutch today as he adjusts to freedom for the first time in four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/the-trials-of-marvin-mutch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">RELATED: Film landing page and related podcast series\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Opening\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> quick write prompt:\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Do you think someone convicted of a heinous crime can be rehabilitated and should regain freedom? Why or why not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A quick write allows students to write down their thoughts before discussing the opening question in order to increase participation and make the discussion more accessible to English Language Learners. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Objective\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Students will analyze and evaluate the case of Marvin Mutch, including his arrest and conviction, and the issues surrounding his eventual release from prison.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students will investigate and reflect on the theme of justice, rehabilitation and parole policy, as well as the role of groups that advocate for the wrongfully convicted.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Essential question\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Who should be in charge of deciding if and when convicted criminals should be granted parole? How can justice be better served and wrongful convictions avoided? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Key vocabulary\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Pre-teach key vocabulary before students do the activity, especially if you have English Language Learners. After going over the simple definition, consider providing a visual aid or having students draw one. More ideas for how to pre-teach vocabulary can be found \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.colorincolorado.org/article/vocabulary-development\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable width=\"320\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">\u003cstrong>Word\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">\u003cstrong>Simple definition\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">Circumstantial (adj.)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">Pointing indirectly to someone's guilt, but not conclusively proving it.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">Confluence (n.)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">When two or more things occur at the same time\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">Heinous (adj.)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">Very bad or evil, deserving of contempt\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">Parole (n.)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">The release of a prisoner, on condition of good behavior, before completion of a full sentence\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">Predecessor (n.)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">Someone who had a job or role before somebody else\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">Rehabilitate (v.)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">To restore someone to a safe and healthy state\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">Truancy (n.)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">The act of skipping school without permission\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Direct instruction and guided practice \u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Discuss the quick-write prompt to gauge how students generally feel about the concept of rehabilitation and parole.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ask follow-up questions to explore the question in greater depth. (\u003cem>Note: Students can answer as a think-pair-share or in a whole-class discussion\u003c/em>): Who should decide if a convicted criminal is no longer dangerous? What if that person is now much older and doesn’t seem to pose a serious threat to society? What if the person maintains his or her innocence?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Explain that students will watch a film about Marvin Mutch, a man who was recently freed after serving 41 years in prison for a murder he insists he never committed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Before watching:\u003c/strong> Brainstorm a list of all the things students can think of that have changed in our society since 1975, when Mutch was convicted at the age of 19 and sent to prison. Ask: What do you think the experience has been like for him to re-enter society after so long?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>While watching\u003c/strong>: As a class or in small groups, watch the documentary \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/the-trials-of-marvin-mutch/\">The Trials of Marvin Mutch\u003c/a>. (\u003cem>Note: Use a platform like \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://edpuzzle.com/\">\u003cem>EdPuzzle\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> or \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.playposit.com/\">\u003cem>PlayPosIt\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to insert questions directly into the video. Find strategies for how to make classroom videos interactive \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/learning/2016/08/23/watch-think-write-and-other-proven-strategies-for-using-video-in-the-classroom/\">\u003cem>HERE\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>) Stop the video at the following time marks to ask these questions:\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n- 3:55:\u003c/strong> What did Mutch do the day he got out of prison? What would you have done in that situation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- 5:33: What challenges did Marvin experience in his childhood? Do you think his troubles with the police were serious? Why/why not? (Be sure students know the definitions of \u003cem>profane language\u003c/em> and \u003cem>truancy.\u003c/em>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> - 10:49:\u003c/strong> Why was Marvin arrested for Cassie’s murder? Do you agree with his statement of innocence? Why/why not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> - 24:10:\u003c/strong> What were the issues with testimony of Marvin’s sister? If you were Marvin, how would you feel about your sister’s actions? At this point, do you believe Marvin is innocent or guilty? Why/why not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> - 30:00:\u003c/strong> Would you have made the same choice as Marvin and lied to the parole board in the hope of winning release? Why or why not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> - 35:04:\u003c/strong> How did Marvin show leadership in prison? Do you think his actions were genuine or did he have ulterior motives? Why/why not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> - 40:07:\u003c/strong> What evidence does Jill Klinge (the assistant district attorney) use to explain why Marvin’s supporters built a case for parole? What evidence do Marvin’s supporters use to explain why he should get parole? Which explanation do you agree with? Explain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> - 44:28:\u003c/strong> What changed with California’s parole policies that led to Marvin finally being granted parole in 2016 after being denied 10 years earlier? How did that additional 10 years in prison affect Marvin’s life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> - At the end:\u003c/strong> How would you describe Marvin’s life now? In your opinion, why do you think he forgave his sister? Why do you think he doesn’t appear to be bitter at all about what happened to him?\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Transition to independent practice: Ask students to put themselves into groups based on interest in one of the following central questions in the film:\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Has justice been served in the case of Marvin Mutch? Why or why not?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Should convicted criminals be able to regain their freedom if they can show they are no longer a danger to society? Why/why not?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do you think legal groups like the Northern California Innocence Project will always be necessary, or do you think the criminal justice system will eventually stop convicting innocent people? Explain.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Encourage groups or individual students to pose their own questions about this topic if there is another aspect they want to explore.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Independent practice \u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Students should prepare to present their answer and evidence to the class in the format of their choice. \u003ca href=\"https://spark.adobe.com/\">AdobeSpark\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://piktochart.com/\">piktochart\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://prezi.com/\">Prezi\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.canva.com/\">Canva\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.thinglink.com/\">Thinglink\u003c/a> are all free, online tools that can be used for infographics, posters or presentations.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Assessment/Reflection \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Small groups present their findings to the class orally or in a gallery walk.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After the presentations, students reflect individually in writing in response to the following question:What two or three factors do you think contributed most to Marvin Mutch’s conviction and decades spent behind bars? (Example: His troubled youth, his sister’s testimony, the lack of DNA evidence, the rules of the parole board, etc.)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.colorincolorado.org/article/increase-student-interaction-think-pair-shares-and-circle-chats\">\u003cem>Circle chats\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, small-group discussions and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.colorincolorado.org/article/increase-student-interaction-think-pair-shares-and-circle-chats\">\u003cem>think-pair-share\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> provide a safer space for students to practice speaking and listening, and also boost participation during whole-class discussions. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Extension/Homework\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Write/speak locally:\u003c/strong> Students research ways to share their poster or presentation with the community. (Example: Presenting during the public comment section of a city council meeting, posting on an online forum, etc.) For a list of how to contact local officials in your area, check out \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/learning/2017/02/07/local-election-toolkit/\">KQED Learning’s Local Election Toolkit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Common Core Standards\u003c/h4>\n\u003ctable width=\"320\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/CCRA/R/1/\">CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.1\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/CCRA/R/7/\">CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.7\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse media and formats, including visually and quantitatively, as well as in words.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"> \u003ca href=\"http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/CCRA/W/6/\">CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.W.6\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and to interact and collaborate with others.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/CCRA/W/8/\">CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.W.8\u003c/a>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"200\">Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, assess the credibility and accuracy of each source, and integrate the information while avoiding plagiarism.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Youth Activists Behind the Standing Rock Resistance (with Lesson Plan)",
"title": "The Youth Activists Behind the Standing Rock Resistance (with Lesson Plan)",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/Yb9HHtye1Tk\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Youth-of-Standing-Rock-lesson-plan.pdf\">Lesson Plan: The Youth Activists of Standing Rock (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Next week: The parole system\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>At first glance, it's easy to consider the dramatic effort to block construction of an oil pipeline near the Standing Rock reservation a defeat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just over a year since the protests began, the fiercely contested Dakota Access Pipeline is near completion. Long-stalled construction resumed in February, following an \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/24/presidential-memorandum-regarding-construction-dakota-access-pipeline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">order\u003c/a> by President Trump within his first days in office. And the once-vibrant, sprawling protest camps that dotted the North Dakota plains and came to symbolize an internationally recognized struggle for native rights and environmental justice have all but disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the small group of often overlooked native youth who started the movement, the experience was transformational.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This has changed my life completely,\" said Jasilyn Charger, 20, of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, who first helped organize the protest. \"I will never be the same girl I was when I first came to camp. ... My people gave me courage. And I'm going to continue this fight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1TV_z8JHkK4TvJHYhVzMPIB0wOo4AVZ1G90TFIi5ZNS8&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&height=800\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/standing-rock-and-beyond/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent episode\u003c/a> of Reveal, produced by the Center for Investigative Reporting, reporter Leigh Paterson of the public media project \u003ca href=\"http://insideenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Inside Energy\u003c/a> returned to the Standing Rock reservation and reconnected with some of the youth leaders who played a crucial role in sparking the resistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/322192173&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Never in my wildest dreams did I ever think that Standing Rock would be put on such a large world stage,\" Dana Yellow Fat, a member of the tribal council, told Paterson. And it was the young people who put it there, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon after the pipeline broke ground in January 2016, he said, \"a group of youth approached us and asked for help. ... They wanted our help as elected officials to bring awareness to as many people as they could.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27090\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27090\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/run_for_peace-620x412.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/run_for_peace-620x412.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/run_for_peace-620x412-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/run_for_peace-620x412-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/run_for_peace-620x412-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/run_for_peace-620x412-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Standing Rock youth running East towards D.C. \u003ccite>(ReZpect our Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Calling themselves the One Mind Youth Movement, Jasilyn Charger's small group set up a tiny \"prayer camp\" on the still-frozen ground last spring on the northernmost edge of the Standing Rock reservation. It was one of the first actions to block construction of the pipeline, a project slated to move half a million barrels of oil a day under the nearby Missouri River, which the tribe said threatened its main water supply and desecrated sacred ancestral lands. In August, the group also organized a nearly 2,000-mile relay-style run to Washington, D.C., to bring those concerns directly to federal officials and draw more national attention to the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within months, thousands of protesters from around the world joined the sprawling camp near the river, an improbable movement uniting conservative farmers, urban environmentalists and members of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/12/us/12tribes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hundreds of American Indian tribes\u003c/a> from around the country, in what became one of the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/12/13/the-significance-of-standing-rock-with-lesson-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">largest native resistance efforts\u003c/a> in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/5k6X3tFipqw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numbering just over 8,000, the Standing Rock Sioux live on a stretch of plains that reaches across state lines from North to South Dakota. The reservation was once part of a far more vast expanse of land controlled by a confederation of Sioux tribes, including the Lakota and Dakota. That territory was dramatically whittled down in 1868 to an area of roughly 25 million acres, encompassing most of modern western South Dakota, when the federal government via treaty consolidated the tribes into the Great Sioux Reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27080\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27080\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Partitioning of the Great Sioux Reservation \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Kmusser\" title=\"User:Kmusser\">Kmusser/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But with the discovery of gold in the Black Hills in the late 1800s and impending statehood for the Dakotas, the government again went back on former treaties and partitioned the area into much smaller isolated reservations, including Standing Rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many kids growing up on the Standing Rock reservation are no strangers to struggle. Roughly half of the families here live in poverty, a rate nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.census.gov/tribal/?eml=gd&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">three times the national average. \u003c/a>The unemployment rate is officially about 35 percent, but many say it is much higher. Drug use, alcoholism and domestic violence plague the community, as do high rates of nutrition-related diseases like obesity and diabetes, making it one of the most unhealthy places in the country to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama visited Standing Rock in 2014 and met with some local youth leaders. It was his first visit to an Indian reservation. Reflecting on his experience, he later said: \"We walked away shaken, because some of these kids were carrying burdens no young people should ever have to carry and it was heartbreaking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And similar to many other reservations, the rate of suicide in Standing Rock, especially among young people, is strikingly high: about 1.5 times the national average. For young men, it climbs even higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the biggest things and biggest fears that I have is our youth taking their own lives, and it’s happened a lot on Standing Rock,\" said Yellow Fat. \"It was a national story. That’s what we were known for.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aliya Eagle, Yellow Fat's 17-year-old stepdaughter, can speak of these tragedies firsthand. Several years ago her cousin committed suicide and just three days later her brother was murdered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"After all of that happened, I didn’t really want anything to do with anybody,\" she said. \"And I couldn’t be in a public setting for a long time or a short time without feeling like the world was going to crash on me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Eagle and many of the other young people involved in the protest, the fight against the pipeline was also a fight against many of the demons haunting the reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can say it was pretty amazing,\" she added. \"It really helped me gain people skills and just enjoy being in a public setting again.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lasting impact that the resistance movement has had on the reservation's youth is impossible to quantify. But Monique Runnels, Standing Rock's wellness director, collects suicide-related data and told Paterson that she's observed a notable decrease in the number of referrals and attempts, a trend she hopes will continue now that the camps are gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, oil will begin flowing through the completed pipeline, under Lake Oahe, just north of the reservation. For some, it will be a bitter reminder of an ultimately unsuccessful resistance, another failed native resistance effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Tokata Iron Eyes, the 13-year-old president of the Standing Rock Youth Council, sees it a differently. Although certainly not satisfied with the outcome, she says the movement turned into something bigger than just stopping the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Those camps and this whole movement gave our youth something to do that's occupied time where they could have been drinking, doing drugs. And so I think it was a really positive movement for a really long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our communities have such a hard time. But we don’t want to be victims anymore. Because we’ve been victims for a really long time. Now, with this generation, with the youth, we’re just trying to pick ourselves up and start over and live in a good way.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Yb9HHtye1Tk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Yb9HHtye1Tk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Youth-of-Standing-Rock-lesson-plan.pdf\">Lesson Plan: The Youth Activists of Standing Rock (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Next week: The parole system\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>At first glance, it's easy to consider the dramatic effort to block construction of an oil pipeline near the Standing Rock reservation a defeat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just over a year since the protests began, the fiercely contested Dakota Access Pipeline is near completion. Long-stalled construction resumed in February, following an \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/24/presidential-memorandum-regarding-construction-dakota-access-pipeline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">order\u003c/a> by President Trump within his first days in office. And the once-vibrant, sprawling protest camps that dotted the North Dakota plains and came to symbolize an internationally recognized struggle for native rights and environmental justice have all but disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the small group of often overlooked native youth who started the movement, the experience was transformational.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This has changed my life completely,\" said Jasilyn Charger, 20, of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, who first helped organize the protest. \"I will never be the same girl I was when I first came to camp. ... My people gave me courage. And I'm going to continue this fight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1TV_z8JHkK4TvJHYhVzMPIB0wOo4AVZ1G90TFIi5ZNS8&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&height=800\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/standing-rock-and-beyond/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent episode\u003c/a> of Reveal, produced by the Center for Investigative Reporting, reporter Leigh Paterson of the public media project \u003ca href=\"http://insideenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Inside Energy\u003c/a> returned to the Standing Rock reservation and reconnected with some of the youth leaders who played a crucial role in sparking the resistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/322192173&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Never in my wildest dreams did I ever think that Standing Rock would be put on such a large world stage,\" Dana Yellow Fat, a member of the tribal council, told Paterson. And it was the young people who put it there, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon after the pipeline broke ground in January 2016, he said, \"a group of youth approached us and asked for help. ... They wanted our help as elected officials to bring awareness to as many people as they could.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27090\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27090\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/run_for_peace-620x412.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/run_for_peace-620x412.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/run_for_peace-620x412-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/run_for_peace-620x412-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/run_for_peace-620x412-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/run_for_peace-620x412-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Standing Rock youth running East towards D.C. \u003ccite>(ReZpect our Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Calling themselves the One Mind Youth Movement, Jasilyn Charger's small group set up a tiny \"prayer camp\" on the still-frozen ground last spring on the northernmost edge of the Standing Rock reservation. It was one of the first actions to block construction of the pipeline, a project slated to move half a million barrels of oil a day under the nearby Missouri River, which the tribe said threatened its main water supply and desecrated sacred ancestral lands. In August, the group also organized a nearly 2,000-mile relay-style run to Washington, D.C., to bring those concerns directly to federal officials and draw more national attention to the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within months, thousands of protesters from around the world joined the sprawling camp near the river, an improbable movement uniting conservative farmers, urban environmentalists and members of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/12/us/12tribes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hundreds of American Indian tribes\u003c/a> from around the country, in what became one of the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/12/13/the-significance-of-standing-rock-with-lesson-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">largest native resistance efforts\u003c/a> in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/5k6X3tFipqw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/5k6X3tFipqw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Numbering just over 8,000, the Standing Rock Sioux live on a stretch of plains that reaches across state lines from North to South Dakota. The reservation was once part of a far more vast expanse of land controlled by a confederation of Sioux tribes, including the Lakota and Dakota. That territory was dramatically whittled down in 1868 to an area of roughly 25 million acres, encompassing most of modern western South Dakota, when the federal government via treaty consolidated the tribes into the Great Sioux Reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27080\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27080\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Siouxreservationmap-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Partitioning of the Great Sioux Reservation \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Kmusser\" title=\"User:Kmusser\">Kmusser/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But with the discovery of gold in the Black Hills in the late 1800s and impending statehood for the Dakotas, the government again went back on former treaties and partitioned the area into much smaller isolated reservations, including Standing Rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many kids growing up on the Standing Rock reservation are no strangers to struggle. Roughly half of the families here live in poverty, a rate nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.census.gov/tribal/?eml=gd&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">three times the national average. \u003c/a>The unemployment rate is officially about 35 percent, but many say it is much higher. Drug use, alcoholism and domestic violence plague the community, as do high rates of nutrition-related diseases like obesity and diabetes, making it one of the most unhealthy places in the country to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama visited Standing Rock in 2014 and met with some local youth leaders. It was his first visit to an Indian reservation. Reflecting on his experience, he later said: \"We walked away shaken, because some of these kids were carrying burdens no young people should ever have to carry and it was heartbreaking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And similar to many other reservations, the rate of suicide in Standing Rock, especially among young people, is strikingly high: about 1.5 times the national average. For young men, it climbs even higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the biggest things and biggest fears that I have is our youth taking their own lives, and it’s happened a lot on Standing Rock,\" said Yellow Fat. \"It was a national story. That’s what we were known for.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aliya Eagle, Yellow Fat's 17-year-old stepdaughter, can speak of these tragedies firsthand. Several years ago her cousin committed suicide and just three days later her brother was murdered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"After all of that happened, I didn’t really want anything to do with anybody,\" she said. \"And I couldn’t be in a public setting for a long time or a short time without feeling like the world was going to crash on me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Eagle and many of the other young people involved in the protest, the fight against the pipeline was also a fight against many of the demons haunting the reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can say it was pretty amazing,\" she added. \"It really helped me gain people skills and just enjoy being in a public setting again.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lasting impact that the resistance movement has had on the reservation's youth is impossible to quantify. But Monique Runnels, Standing Rock's wellness director, collects suicide-related data and told Paterson that she's observed a notable decrease in the number of referrals and attempts, a trend she hopes will continue now that the camps are gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, oil will begin flowing through the completed pipeline, under Lake Oahe, just north of the reservation. For some, it will be a bitter reminder of an ultimately unsuccessful resistance, another failed native resistance effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Tokata Iron Eyes, the 13-year-old president of the Standing Rock Youth Council, sees it a differently. Although certainly not satisfied with the outcome, she says the movement turned into something bigger than just stopping the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Those camps and this whole movement gave our youth something to do that's occupied time where they could have been drinking, doing drugs. And so I think it was a really positive movement for a really long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our communities have such a hard time. But we don’t want to be victims anymore. Because we’ve been victims for a really long time. Now, with this generation, with the youth, we’re just trying to pick ourselves up and start over and live in a good way.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "GRAPHIC: Who's Who in the President's Cabinet? (with Lesson Plan)",
"title": "GRAPHIC: Who's Who in the President's Cabinet? (with Lesson Plan)",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Trump-cabinet-lesson-plan-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: The President's Cabinet (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With all the drama surrounding the White House right now, it's easy to lose track of what's going in the rest of the vast executive branch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cabinet secretaries head up their own executive departments and serve as the president’s advisers on major policy issues. There are 16 official Cabinet positions (including vice president) and eight Cabinet-level positions, all of which require Senate confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New presidents must also \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/trump-administration-appointee-tracker/database/?tid=graphics-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nominate about 1,200\u003c/a> other lower-level executive branch positions, including deputy and assistant secretaries, heads of agencies and ambassadors. All of them require Senate confirmation as well. As of mid-May, the Trump administration had still not even chosen nominees for a strikingly large number of these still-vacant positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president also appoints key advisers to the White House staff who don’t require Senate confirmation, including chief of staff, press secretary and major strategists (like Steve Bannon and Jared Kushner).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the executive branch, members of the president’s Cabinet don't make any laws. They do, however, oversee massive government departments with thousands of employees and multi-billion dollar budgets, thereby shaping how laws and regulations are implemented and enforced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a third of those serving in President Trump’s Cabinet do not have any government experience. And several of those who do -- including Energy Department nominee Rick Perry and Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt -- have openly expressed disdain for the departments they’re now preparing to lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's Cabinet is the whitest, most male-dominated group in decades. It's also the wealthiest Cabinet in history, with close ties to Wall Street and corporate America, including two billionaires and at least a dozen millionaires, with a \u003ca href=\"http://st%20a%20dozen%20millionaires,%20with%20a%20combined%20net%20worth%20of%20about%20%246.1%20billion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">combined net worth\u003c/a> of about $6.1 billion. Many faced tough questioning from Democrats about their complex financial and political connections. It wasn't until late April, more than three months after Trump's inauguration, that the Senate confirmed the last of nominees was confirmed, rounding out the Cabinet.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"Issues\">\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Cabinet and Cabinet-Level Positions\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: large;\">(Note: this is the original list of confirmed appointees; recent changes are mentioned below)\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#Tillerson\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26006 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson-160x223.png\" alt=\"Tillerson\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Zinke\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26095 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke-1-160x223.png\" alt=\"Zinke\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke-1-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke-1-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke-1.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Shulkin\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26004 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin-160x223.png\" alt=\"Shulkin\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Sessions\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26003 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions-160x223.png\" alt=\"Sessions\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Ross\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26014 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_Updated-160x223.png\" alt=\"Ross_Updated\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_Updated-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_Updated-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_Updated.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Price\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25999 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price-160x223.png\" alt=\"Price\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Chao\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25986 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao-160x223.png\" alt=\"Chao\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Acosta\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26963\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta-3-160x223.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"158\" height=\"220\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta-3-160x223.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta-3-240x334.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta-3.jpg 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 158px) 100vw, 158px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Perry\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-26105\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry-1-160x223.png\" alt=\"Perry\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry-1-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry-1-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry-1.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Perdue\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26956 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue-1-160x223.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue-1-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue-1-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue-1.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#DeVos\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25988 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/DeVos-160x223.png\" alt=\"DeVos\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/DeVos-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/DeVos-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/DeVos.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Carson\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-26092\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson-1-160x223.png\" alt=\"Carson\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson-1-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson-1-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson-1.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Mattis\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25992 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis-160x223.png\" alt=\"Mattis\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Kelly\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25990 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly-160x223.png\" alt=\"Kelly\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Pruitt\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26001 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt-160x223.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#McMahon\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25993 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/McMahon-160x223.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/McMahon-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/McMahon-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/McMahon.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Pompeo\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25998 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo-160x223.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Haley\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25989 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley-160x223.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Lighthizer\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-27007\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer-160x222.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"222\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer-160x222.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer-240x333.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer.png 257w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Coats\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-27009\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats-160x222.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"222\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats-160x222.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats-240x333.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats.png 257w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Tillerson\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26042\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1.png\" alt=\"Tillerson_Profile1\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secretary of state is the highest-ranking member in the Cabinet, and as the nation's top diplomat, is responsible for advising the president on foreign matters, and carrying out the administration’s foreign policy through the U.S. Department of State and the Foreign Service. This position oversees 30,000 employees in almost every country in the world, with a budget of roughly $35 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the face of U.S. foreign policy, the secretary of state often plays a key role negotiating international agreements on a wide range of issues, including the environment, security and nuclear weapons. As secretary of state under President Obama, John Kerry played a large role advancing international climate change policies -- including the 2015 Paris climate agreement -- as well as negotiating a major nuclear deal with Iran.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his Senate confirmation hearing, Tillerson was questioned about his ties to Russian President Vladimir Putin, and potential conflicts of interest he could face as the former CEO of the world’s largest oil and gas company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the first Cabinet members to be confirmed, Tillerson must now perform a tricky balancing act in maintaining strong relations among America’s allies while also representing a president whose support of isolationist policies has ruffled feathers around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Tillerson does side with Trump on many issues, he did express divergent views from his boss during his confirmation hearing, voicing support for NATO, action on climate change and continued economic sanctions against Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Mnuchin\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26030\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile.png\" alt=\"Mnuchin_profile\" width=\"1000\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile.png 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile-800x320.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile-768x307.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile-960x384.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile-375x150.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile-520x208.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the principal economic adviser to the president, the Treasury secretary tracks money and financial matters of national interest. Among other duties, the secretary is a key adviser and spokesman on trade deals, the public debt and tax reform. He manages 10 special bureaus, including the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the U.S. Mint (the secretary’s signature is on all new printed money), and oversees more than 100,000 employees and a budget of roughly $13 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This position is often in the spotlight in times of financial crisis, as was the case during the economic recession in 2008-2009 and the decision to bail out the banks. Alexander Hamilton served as America’s first (and arguably most famous) Treasury secretary, responsible for consolidating the debt of the 13 colonies after the Revolutionary War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Tillerson, Mnuchin was also probed by the Senate on his business dealings and personal finances. Among other things, he was strongly criticized by Democrats for his failure to disclose nearly $100 million in assets, as well as profits he made on foreclosures during the 2008-2009 economic collapse. Democrats on the Senate Finance Committee twice boycotted a vote on his confirmation – but in a rare move, Republicans sent his nomination to the full Senate without their approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Mnuchin doesn’t have any prior experience in government, he will likely have a strong hand in the president’s plans to rewrite the tax code, roll back financial regulations and renegotiate international trade policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26028\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile.png\" alt=\"Mattis_profile\" width=\"1000\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile.png 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile-800x320.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile-768x307.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile-960x384.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile-375x150.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile-520x208.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSecond only to the president in military authority, the Defense secretary exercises “command and control” over the U.S. Armed forces (Army, Marine Corps, Navy and Air Force). The position oversees the Department of Defense, the largest U.S. government agency, with more than two million soldiers and civilians around the world and a budget of roughly $600 billion per year (the largest of any military force in the world) -- which Trump wants to increase by $54 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top adviser on decisions regarding U.S. military strategy and actions, this position is particularly important during times of war. Under President George W. Bush, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld led the planning and execution of the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan (immediately following the Sept.11 terror attacks) and the 2003 invasion of Iraq.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattis, a retired 4-star general, is one of only a small handful of Trump’s Cabinet nominees to receive broad bipartisan support. During his confirmation hearing in the Senate Armed Forces Committee, he advocated stepping up military attacks on ISIS in the Middle East, in line with Trump’s proposed policies. However, he broke with the president in declaring Russia a major threat to U.S. security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattis recently traveled to Brussels to advance Trump’s plan to reform NATO, an international military alliance. The administration is threatening to alter the U.S. relationship with the organization if other countries do not increase their spending budgets to 2 percent of total GDP, as promised. The U.S. currently spends more than twice as much as all other NATO countries combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Sessions\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile.png\" alt=\"Sessions_Profile\" width=\"1000\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile.png 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile-800x320.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile-768x307.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile-960x384.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile-375x150.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile-520x208.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the nation’s chief law enforcement officer and lawyer, the attorney general oversees the U.S. Department of Justice, which is comprised of 40 agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Investigations, the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the Drug Enforcement Agency and immigration courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attorney general has oversight on a wide range of federal crimes, and as such can play a broad role in shaping national policy. During the Obama administration, the attorney general’s office (led by Eric Holder and Loretta Lynch) prioritized its focus on criminal justice reform by investigating multiple police departments, reducing the enforcement of certain drug laws and phasing out the federal use of private prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his Senate hearing, Sessions faced intense opposition from Democrats, mostly because of his staunch conservatism and mixed record on civil rights. Most notably, as a U.S. attorney in Alabama in 1985, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/09/magazine/the-voter-fraud-case-jeff-sessions-lost-and-cant-escape.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">he prosecuted\u003c/a> three African-American civil rights activists, accusing them of voter fraud. The following year he was nominated to be a federal district judge, but rejected by the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As attorney general, Sessions will be in charge of advancing and defending key aspects of Trump’s “law and order” criminal justice platform and enforcing his tough immigration policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Sessions’ first actions was to reverse the Obama administration’s plan to end private prisons. He has also hinted at more support for law enforcement officials and tougher enforcement of drug laws, including heightened enforcement of marijuana (which is legal, to varying degrees, in 28 states), though no official plans have been released to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a month into the job, though, Sessions found himself under fire following a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/sessions-spoke-twice-with-russian-ambassador-during-trumps-presidential-campaign-justice-officials-say/2017/03/01/77205eda-feac-11e6-99b4-9e613afeb09f_story.html?hpid=hp_hp-top-table-main_no-name%3Ahomepage%2Fstory&tid=a_inl&utm_term=.56eae0665fc0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Washington Post report\u003c/a> that he met twice last year with Russia's ambassador to the United States, a nugget he failed to disclose during his confirmation hearing. Amid mounting pressure, Sessions on March 2 announced that he was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/02/us/politics/jeff-sessions-russia-trump-investigation-democrats.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recusing himself\u003c/a> from any current or future investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election. Meanwhile, top Democratic leaders, including Nancy Pelosi and Chuck Schumer -- the House and Senate minority leaders -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/03/01/politics/jeff-sessions-russian-ambassador-meetings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">called \u003c/a>for Sessions to resign.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Zinke\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26094\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile.png\" alt=\"Zinke_Profile\" width=\"1000\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile.png 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile-800x320.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile-768x307.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile-960x384.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile-375x150.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile-520x208.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe Department of Interior is the principal conservation agency of the United States. The secretary oversees management and conservation of millions of acres of federal land and natural resources (about 20 percent of all U.S. land) through agencies including the Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Park Service. The department has a budget of roughly $16 billion, although it also raises billions from activities such as “energy, mineral, grazing and timber leases as well as recreational permits and land sales.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secretary plays a key role in controlling development of the county’s natural resources - over 20 percent of natural gas and oil and 40 percent of the nation’s coal is mined from federal lands. The secretary is also a key communicator with the public in regard to the administration’s official policy positions on issues like climate change and natural resource management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke was confirmed by the Senate on March 1 with less rancor than some of Trump's other nominees. At his \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2017/1/nomination-hearing-of-the-honorable-ryan-zinke-to-be-the-secretary-of-the-interior\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">confirmation hearing\u003c/a>, the former Montana congressman, who has \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/01/17/ryan-zinke-says-humans-influence-climate-change-scientists-say-were-the-dominant-cause/?utm_term=.41e691cda8ce\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">previously questioned\u003c/a> climate science, said he now believes that humans do have an \"influence\" on climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also said he opposes selling federal land to states or private owners, even though he voted in Congress to ease those same rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zinke also made his support quite clear for expanding leases to oil and gas development on public land as a way of boosting domestic energy production, a clear departure from the Obama administration's efforts to scale back drilling on federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Ross\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile.png\" alt=\"Ross_profile\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Commerce secretary is in charge of promoting U.S. business interests domestically and abroad and “promoting economic development and technological innovation.” With 38,000 employees and a budget of roughly $6.5 billion, the department includes 12 special bureaus with wide-ranging duties, from economic and demographic data collection (U.S. Census Bureau) to weather monitoring (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penny Pritzker, former Commerce secretary under Obama, advanced a number of public-private partnerships in an effort to boost U.S. manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At his Senate subcommittee hearing, Ross largely backed President Trump’s stance on trade, despite having made much of his fortune by opening factories overseas. He says that as Commerce secretary, he’ll support Trump’s agenda to toughen international trade policies and craft agreements that protect and create more jobs for American workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross also wants to crack down on what he calls China’s unfair trade practices and, like the president, pledges to make bold changes to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). At his confirmation hearing, Ross said: “We cannot afford trade that is inherently bad for American workers and for American businesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, the Commerce secretary has less influence on economic policy than the Treasury secretary and other White House economic staff. Many political observers, though, predict that Ross will take on an expanded role in the Trump administration, given the president’s focus on redrawing trade agreements.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Acosta\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_Profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26973 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1.png 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1-800x320.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1-768x307.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1-960x384.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1-375x150.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1-520x208.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Labor secretary heads a department that oversees workplace standards, worker protections, job training programs and employment statistics (Bureau of Labor Statistics).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secretary can be involved in mediation between large employers and their employees - for example, Labor Secretary Tom Perez (under Obama) settled a dispute between workers, unions and management at \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/newsroom/releases/opa/opa20160527\">Verizon\u003c/a> during his tenure. Perez also proposed \u003ca href=\"https://mic.com/articles/159787/what-does-the-secretary-of-labor-do-5-things-you-should-know#.5kOvwRgEr\">changes\u003c/a> to the Fair Labor Standards Act, which establishes minimum wage, overtime pay and other important employment standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acosta is Trump’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/16/us/politics/alexander-acosta-labor-secretary-trump.html\">second pick\u003c/a> for the post - Andrew Pudzer, the first, withdrew his nomination amid controversy. Considered a more moderate candidate with broader bipartisan support, Acosta is in charge of advancing \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/trump-unions-war-232382\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Trump’s agenda\u003c/a> to boost job development and reduce workplace regulations and union influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Formerly the dean of Florida International University’s law school, Acosta was also briefly a member of the National Labor Relations Board under President George W. Bush and then went on to serve as U.S. attorney in the Bush's Justice Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acosta is the only Latino member of Trump's Cabinet.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Price\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26035\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile.png\" alt=\"Price_profile\" width=\"1000\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile.png 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile-800x320.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile-768x307.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile-960x384.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile-375x150.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile-520x208.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATE (Sept. 29)\u003c/strong>: \u003cem>Tom Price \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/09/29/trump-to-decide-friday-night-whether-to-fire-hhs-secretary-price/?utm_term=.b249ec1e7281\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">resigned on Sept. 29\u003c/a>, amid sharp criticism over spending hundreds of thousands of taxpayer dollars on private charter flights. In January 2018, the Senate confirmed Alex Azar, the former president of the U.S. arm of pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly & Co. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/01/24/580381981/former-drug-industry-executive-will-lead-dept-of-health-and-human-services\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to NPR\u003c/a>: \"Azar will oversee the Food and Drug Administration, which regulates prescription drugs including those produced by his former employer. He'll also oversee Medicare and Medicaid, which together spend hundreds of billions of dollars each year on prescription medications.\" \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Health and Human Services secretary is responsible for carrying out the administration’s plans on health, welfare and other income security programs. The post oversees a huge budget of over $1 trillion and 11 operating divisions including the Food & Drug Administration, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (which administers health care for over 130 million Americans).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Affordable Care Act, or \"Obamacare,\" greatly \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/hhs-secretary-tom-price-significant-powers-change-health-care/\">expanded the powers\u003c/a> of this position, allowing the secretary to influence the implementation of important details of the law, including how Medicaid funds are distributed to the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among other duties, Price will be tasked with implementing Trump’s plan to “repeal and replace” Obamacare. Although he has been a strong critic of the law in the past, and advocates for “free-market” solutions, he has not revealed a comprehensive plan for reform to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Carson\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26093 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1.png\" alt=\"Carson_Profile\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secretary leads the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), which oversees public housing, fair-housing laws, home loan programs for lower- and middle-income families, and administers community development grants. The department operates on an annual budget of nearly $50 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bulk of the department’s \u003ca href=\"https://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/documents/huddoc?id=ProposedFY17FactSheet.pdf\">budget\u003c/a> goes toward providing housing assistance, including public housing, to over 4.5 million low-income families across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carson, a retired neurosurgeon, who made his own bid for president last year, grew up in a low-income neighborhood in Detroit (though, not public housing) and is Trump’s only African-American Cabinet pick. He was confirmed by the Senate on March 2, despite being criticized by Democrats for having no prior experience in government or housing policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although known for his comments urging an end to reliance on \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/us/politics/ben-carsons-hud-housing-nominee-hearing.html\">public assistance\u003c/a>, Carson acknowledged the importance of “safety net” programs during his Senate hearing. His vision for the agency includes expanding private sector involvement in public housing and community development programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Chao\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26022\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile.png\" alt=\"Chao_profile\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Transportation secretary heads -- you guessed it -- the Department of Transportation. With a budget of nearly $100 billion, the department includes the Federal Aviation Agency, Federal Highway Association, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and eight other transportation agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.transportation.gov/fastlane/recovery-act-still-paying-dividends\">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act\u003c/a>, which Obama signed into law in 2009 to help jump-start the free-falling economy, the department received a major boost for road and bridge repair projects, transit expansion and new transportation facilities. A major aspect of the secretary’s job involves \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/29/us/politics/elaine-chao-transportation-trump.html\">allocating funds\u003c/a>, setting timelines and proposing financing options for transportation projects across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wife of Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY), Chao is one of the few Cabinet members who received \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/trumps-transportation-secretary-pick-elaine-chao-confirmed-in-senate-with-some-top-democrats-balking/2017/01/31/a15c7604-df42-11e6-ad42-f3375f271c9c_story.html?utm_term=.0f2aaf62afc8\">broad support\u003c/a> in the Senate, largely due to her experience as Labor secretary under President George W. Bush. As Transportation secretary, Chao will be one of the key members of Trump’s cabinet tasked with advancing his campaign pledge to invest $1 trillion into roads, bridges and other infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"DeVos\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26024\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile.png\" alt=\"Devos_profile\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the head of the Department of Education (the smallest cabinet-level department), the Education secretary advises the president on federal education policies and administers federal aid to local schools. The DOE also administers Pell Grants, which account for the largest share of the department’s budget, a nearly $23 billion program that provides financial aids to lower-income college students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most public and charter k-12 schools receive the brunt of their funding from local and state taxes, a small but notable amount comes from the federal government (and is largely directed at low-income families). The DOE is also tasked with handling \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/what-does-secretary-of-education-do-betsy-devos-2017-2\">discrimination cases\u003c/a> though its Office of Civil Rights. Notably, the ACLU sued the department in 2014 on behalf of a transgender student who was blocked by his school from using the bathroom that corresponded with his gender identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeVos, a billionaire philanthropist, was sharply criticized during her Senate hearing for her lack of experience and knowledge of public education standards. Her confirmation has been regarded as the most controversial of Trump’s picks to date, with Vice President Mike Pence breaking a Senate tie to cast the deciding vote in her favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has repeatedly suggested reducing or \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/what-the-department-of-education-does-2016-11\">eliminating\u003c/a> the Department of Education, favoring state and local administration of schools (rather than federal). While it appears the department will remain for now, DeVos is not supportive of traditional public education; she strongly advocates for school voucher programs, which would expand alternatives to public education (like charter schools), and allow K-12 students to attend private and religious schools funded with public dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Perry\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26104\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1.png\" alt=\"Perry_profile\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">The secretary leads the Department of Energy, with a focus on promoting new technologies, providing related education and overseeing nuclear energy programs. The secretary also works with heads of federal intelligence agencies to closely monitor compliance with domestic and international nuclear agreements. The majority of the department's budget is allocated to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-does-energy-department-do/\">national security\u003c/a> (i.e. nuclear weapon programs).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department was created in the early 1970s (under President Jimmy Carter) in response to an oil embargo that nearly quadrupled the price of oil, sending the global and national energy sectors into shock. President’s generally set the agenda for Energy secretaries - under Obama, the department focused on \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/271364-obamas-energy-efficiency-rules-will-last-secretary-says\">clean energy\u003c/a> research and development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his 2012 presidential run, Perry actually vowed to eliminate the Energy Department (and notoriously forgot the name of it during a primary debate). More recently, he's demonstrated \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/18/us/politics/rick-perry-energy-secretary-donald-trump.html\">apparent confusion\u003c/a> about the responsibilities he would have as secretary. Nevertheless, Perry \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/rick-perry-confirmation-vote-former-texas-governor-heads-to-full-senate/\">cleared\u003c/a> the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and was confirmed by the full Senate on March 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Governor of Texas, Perry was an advocate for the fossil fuel industry and maintains strong personal and business ties to major Texas \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/perry-oil-industry-energy-department/\">oil companies\u003c/a>. He was, however, also supportive of some renewable energy development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In keeping with Trump's priorities to expand domestic energy production by increasing fossil fuel production, Perry will likely steer the department away from the larger Obama-era focus on renewable energy development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Shulkin\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26040\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile.png\" alt=\"Shulkin_profile\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the head of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the secretary oversees health care and other benefits for people who have served in the military. The VA employs roughly 300,000 employees and controls a budget of about $150 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department was created in 1930 (12 years after World War I) and grew exponentially following a sharp rise in the number of U.S. veterans after World War II. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.va.gov/health/findcare.asp\">VA health care system\u003c/a> (one of three subdivisions of the department) is the largest integrated health care system in the U.S., providing care for roughly 9 million veterans each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A holdover from the Obama administration, Shulkin is Trump’s only nominee to date approved unanimously by the Senate. As secretary, he will be tasked with improving care for veterans, which Trump says was sorely neglected under the Obama administration. Shulkin has promised “major reform and transformation of the VA” including increased options for veterans to receive \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/02/01/david-shulkin-veterans-affairs-nominee-faster-change-more-choice-veterans/97348212/\">private sector\u003c/a> medical care.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Kelly\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26026\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile.png\" alt=\"Kelly_profile\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>UPDATE (July 28)\u003c/strong>\u003cem>: After a short stint leading the Department of Homeland Security, Kelly was \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/07/28/trump-names-homeland-security-secretary-john-kelly-as-white-house-chief-of-staff-ousting-reince-priebus/?utm_term=.ebdaff753dc2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">appointed by Trump\u003c/a> to be White House chief of staff, replacing Reince Priebus. \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/person/elaine-c-duke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elaine Duke\u003c/a> initially served as acting secretary of the department. On Dec. 5, the Senate confirmed \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/363399-senate-confirms-trumps-homeland-security-secretary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kirstjen Nielsen\u003c/a> by a vote of 62-37. Nielsen previously served on George W. Bush’s homeland security council, worked under Kelly at the DHS earlier this year, and most recently was his chief of staff at the White House.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As head of the Department of Homeland Security, the secretary is responsible for protecting domestic safety. The department’s broad responsibilities include fighting terrorism, securing the border, immigration and customs enforcement, cybersecurity, and disaster prevention and management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department was created under President George W. Bush to consolidate homeland security efforts after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. It’s comprised of seven agencies, including Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the Transportation Security Administration (airport security).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelly will oversee the third largest federal department, and be responsible for advancing some of Trump’s controversial actions on immigration and border security. During his confirmation \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/10/509128004/trumps-homeland-security-pick-faces-confirmation-hearing-today\">hearing\u003c/a> however, Kelly appeared to break with his boss, downplaying the importance of a U.S.- Mexico border wall and pushing back on proposed policies to restrict immigration of Muslims and to revive \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/10/politics/john-kelly-homeland-security-senate-confirmation-hearing/\">torture\u003c/a> techniques in the fight against terrorism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also recently promised more \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/26/politics/kelly-travel-immigration-governors/\">moderate \u003c/a>laws on deportations and travel following public outcry in response to a series of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/26/politics/executive-orders-presidents-actions-presidential-memoranda/\">executive orders \u003c/a>signed last month by Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Perdue\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26974\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003cbr>\nThe Department of Agriculture oversees the country’s massive farming industry. Among other things, the department provides subsidies and support to farmers and agribusiness, nutritional aid to low-income families and it administers agricultural trade policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 80 percent of the department’s budget goes to food assistance programs (formerly known as food stamps) which provide for more than 40 million low-income people across the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department also oversees the U.S. Forest Service, which manages nearly 200 million acres of public land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As head of the department, Perdue, a former agricultural businessman, will likely look to reduce \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/nikolaikuznetsov/2017/02/10/the-next-agriculture-secretary-could-be-great-for-agribusinesses/#6b89f10530d5\">farming industry regulations \u003c/a>and renegotiate agricultural trade agreements.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Pruitt\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26037\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA administrator is responsible for guiding federal environmental policy and enforcing the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts and other environmental regulations. Under the Obama administration, the agency took steps to combat climate change by trying to regulate carbon emissions and promote renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt is a \u003ca href=\"http://web.archive.org/web/20170108114336/https:/www.ok.gov/oag/Media/About_the_AG/\">self-described\u003c/a> “leading advocate against the EPA activist agenda.” As Oklahoma attorney general, he sued the agency multiple times, and has made it clear that he wants to reform the agency by significantly reducing its reach. Pruitt also has strong ties to the fossil fuel industry, and says he wants to roll back federal environmental regulations, particularly when they hinder domestic energy production. He is a strong advocate for state and local control over environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"McMahon\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-27011\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"996\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile.png 996w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile-960x387.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile-240x97.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 996px) 100vw, 996px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Small Business Administration is responsible for providing loans, securing government contract work and generally advocating for small business interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The former CEO of World Wrestling Entertainment, McMahon is a billionaire businesswoman with no government experience. A key player on Trump’s economic team, she is tasked with cutting back \u003ca href=\"https://www.yahoo.com/news/exclusive-trump-chooses-pro-wrestling-magnate-linda-mcmahon-213126676--finance.html\">federal regulations\u003c/a> on small businesses, promoting job growth and supporting entrepreneurship.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Pompeo\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26034\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The head of the CIA oversees a huge network of intelligence agents positioned around the world, with the intent of protecting national security. The director is responsible for providing regular intelligence briefings to the president and his staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pompeo took over the CIA in the midst of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/trumps-relationship-intelligence-community-off-rocky-start/\">strained relationship\u003c/a> between the agency and the White House. Trump had initially dismissed agency intelligence reports that Russian agents likely hacked the U.S. presidential election. While supportive of the president in general, Pompeo says he backs the CIA’s Russia findings. During his confirmation hearings, Pompeo also said that he would not resume the use of enhanced interrogation techniques (like waterboarding) that Trump has advocated for.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Haley\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26025\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003cbr>\nAlthough the secretary of state takes the lead on establishing foreign policy, the UN ambassador is responsible for interpreting U.S. policy positions and building international support in the UN’s General Assembly and Security Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike many of Trump’s nominees, Haley received \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/as-us-ambassador-to-un-nikki-haley-would-face-worlds-most-intractable-conflicts/2016/11/23/4ae99573-7661-416a-97d7-dee36793ae10_story.html?utm_term=.a78c1f36747c\">broad support\u003c/a> in the Senate and was confirmed quickly, despite her lack of foreign policy experience. Although she agrees with Trump on a number of key foreign policy issues, including opposition to the Iran Nuclear deal, she has also shown a willingness to disagree with him on certain issues, including her denunciation of Russian President Vladimir Putin’s “acts of aggression” in Eastern Ukraine.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Lighthizer\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-27008\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"996\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile.png 996w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile-800x321.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile-768x308.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 996px) 100vw, 996px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trade representative is member of the president’s economic team, advises on domestic and international trade policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighthizer shares Trump’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/03/us/politics/trump-robert-lighthizer-trade-mexico.html\">protectionist approach\u003c/a> to the U.S. economy. With the goal of protecting American jobs, he is tasked with negotiating and enforcing existing trade agreements, forging new ones, and potentially raising import taxes. Lighthizer will likely play a key role in Trump’s promise to renegotiate the terms of the North American Free Trade Agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Coats\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-27010\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"996\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile.png 996w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile-960x387.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile-240x97.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 996px) 100vw, 996px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intelligence director is responsible for coordinating the intelligence gathering and analysis of the country’s 16 civilian and military spy agencies, including the CIA, NSA and FBI. Created in 2004, partly in in reaction to criticism that the nation’s spy agencies had failed to detect and prevent the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the post is intended to be the president's primary interpreter on national intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confirmed with broad bipartisan support, Coats served as a two-time Republican Senator from Indiana, where he was a member of the Senate Intelligence Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Trump-cabinet-lesson-plan-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: The President's Cabinet (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With all the drama surrounding the White House right now, it's easy to lose track of what's going in the rest of the vast executive branch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cabinet secretaries head up their own executive departments and serve as the president’s advisers on major policy issues. There are 16 official Cabinet positions (including vice president) and eight Cabinet-level positions, all of which require Senate confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New presidents must also \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/trump-administration-appointee-tracker/database/?tid=graphics-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nominate about 1,200\u003c/a> other lower-level executive branch positions, including deputy and assistant secretaries, heads of agencies and ambassadors. All of them require Senate confirmation as well. As of mid-May, the Trump administration had still not even chosen nominees for a strikingly large number of these still-vacant positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president also appoints key advisers to the White House staff who don’t require Senate confirmation, including chief of staff, press secretary and major strategists (like Steve Bannon and Jared Kushner).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the executive branch, members of the president’s Cabinet don't make any laws. They do, however, oversee massive government departments with thousands of employees and multi-billion dollar budgets, thereby shaping how laws and regulations are implemented and enforced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a third of those serving in President Trump’s Cabinet do not have any government experience. And several of those who do -- including Energy Department nominee Rick Perry and Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt -- have openly expressed disdain for the departments they’re now preparing to lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's Cabinet is the whitest, most male-dominated group in decades. It's also the wealthiest Cabinet in history, with close ties to Wall Street and corporate America, including two billionaires and at least a dozen millionaires, with a \u003ca href=\"http://st%20a%20dozen%20millionaires,%20with%20a%20combined%20net%20worth%20of%20about%20%246.1%20billion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">combined net worth\u003c/a> of about $6.1 billion. Many faced tough questioning from Democrats about their complex financial and political connections. It wasn't until late April, more than three months after Trump's inauguration, that the Senate confirmed the last of nominees was confirmed, rounding out the Cabinet.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"Issues\">\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Cabinet and Cabinet-Level Positions\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: large;\">(Note: this is the original list of confirmed appointees; recent changes are mentioned below)\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#Tillerson\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26006 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson-160x223.png\" alt=\"Tillerson\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Zinke\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26095 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke-1-160x223.png\" alt=\"Zinke\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke-1-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke-1-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke-1.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Shulkin\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26004 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin-160x223.png\" alt=\"Shulkin\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Sessions\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26003 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions-160x223.png\" alt=\"Sessions\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Ross\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26014 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_Updated-160x223.png\" alt=\"Ross_Updated\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_Updated-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_Updated-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_Updated.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Price\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25999 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price-160x223.png\" alt=\"Price\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Chao\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25986 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao-160x223.png\" alt=\"Chao\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Acosta\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26963\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta-3-160x223.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"158\" height=\"220\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta-3-160x223.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta-3-240x334.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta-3.jpg 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 158px) 100vw, 158px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Perry\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-26105\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry-1-160x223.png\" alt=\"Perry\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry-1-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry-1-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry-1.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Perdue\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26956 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue-1-160x223.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue-1-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue-1-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue-1.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#DeVos\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25988 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/DeVos-160x223.png\" alt=\"DeVos\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/DeVos-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/DeVos-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/DeVos.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Carson\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-26092\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson-1-160x223.png\" alt=\"Carson\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson-1-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson-1-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson-1.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Mattis\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25992 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis-160x223.png\" alt=\"Mattis\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Kelly\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25990 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly-160x223.png\" alt=\"Kelly\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Pruitt\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26001 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt-160x223.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#McMahon\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25993 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/McMahon-160x223.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/McMahon-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/McMahon-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/McMahon.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Pompeo\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25998 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo-160x223.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Haley\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25989 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley-160x223.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley-160x223.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley-240x334.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Lighthizer\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-27007\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer-160x222.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"222\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer-160x222.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer-240x333.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer.png 257w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"#Coats\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-27009\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats-160x222.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"222\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats-160x222.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats-240x333.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats.png 257w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Tillerson\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26042\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1.png\" alt=\"Tillerson_Profile1\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Tillerson_Profile1-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secretary of state is the highest-ranking member in the Cabinet, and as the nation's top diplomat, is responsible for advising the president on foreign matters, and carrying out the administration’s foreign policy through the U.S. Department of State and the Foreign Service. This position oversees 30,000 employees in almost every country in the world, with a budget of roughly $35 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the face of U.S. foreign policy, the secretary of state often plays a key role negotiating international agreements on a wide range of issues, including the environment, security and nuclear weapons. As secretary of state under President Obama, John Kerry played a large role advancing international climate change policies -- including the 2015 Paris climate agreement -- as well as negotiating a major nuclear deal with Iran.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his Senate confirmation hearing, Tillerson was questioned about his ties to Russian President Vladimir Putin, and potential conflicts of interest he could face as the former CEO of the world’s largest oil and gas company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the first Cabinet members to be confirmed, Tillerson must now perform a tricky balancing act in maintaining strong relations among America’s allies while also representing a president whose support of isolationist policies has ruffled feathers around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Tillerson does side with Trump on many issues, he did express divergent views from his boss during his confirmation hearing, voicing support for NATO, action on climate change and continued economic sanctions against Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Mnuchin\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26030\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile.png\" alt=\"Mnuchin_profile\" width=\"1000\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile.png 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile-800x320.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile-768x307.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile-960x384.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile-375x150.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mnuchin_profile-520x208.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the principal economic adviser to the president, the Treasury secretary tracks money and financial matters of national interest. Among other duties, the secretary is a key adviser and spokesman on trade deals, the public debt and tax reform. He manages 10 special bureaus, including the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the U.S. Mint (the secretary’s signature is on all new printed money), and oversees more than 100,000 employees and a budget of roughly $13 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This position is often in the spotlight in times of financial crisis, as was the case during the economic recession in 2008-2009 and the decision to bail out the banks. Alexander Hamilton served as America’s first (and arguably most famous) Treasury secretary, responsible for consolidating the debt of the 13 colonies after the Revolutionary War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Tillerson, Mnuchin was also probed by the Senate on his business dealings and personal finances. Among other things, he was strongly criticized by Democrats for his failure to disclose nearly $100 million in assets, as well as profits he made on foreclosures during the 2008-2009 economic collapse. Democrats on the Senate Finance Committee twice boycotted a vote on his confirmation – but in a rare move, Republicans sent his nomination to the full Senate without their approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Mnuchin doesn’t have any prior experience in government, he will likely have a strong hand in the president’s plans to rewrite the tax code, roll back financial regulations and renegotiate international trade policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26028\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile.png\" alt=\"Mattis_profile\" width=\"1000\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile.png 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile-800x320.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile-768x307.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile-960x384.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile-375x150.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Mattis_profile-520x208.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSecond only to the president in military authority, the Defense secretary exercises “command and control” over the U.S. Armed forces (Army, Marine Corps, Navy and Air Force). The position oversees the Department of Defense, the largest U.S. government agency, with more than two million soldiers and civilians around the world and a budget of roughly $600 billion per year (the largest of any military force in the world) -- which Trump wants to increase by $54 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top adviser on decisions regarding U.S. military strategy and actions, this position is particularly important during times of war. Under President George W. Bush, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld led the planning and execution of the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan (immediately following the Sept.11 terror attacks) and the 2003 invasion of Iraq.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattis, a retired 4-star general, is one of only a small handful of Trump’s Cabinet nominees to receive broad bipartisan support. During his confirmation hearing in the Senate Armed Forces Committee, he advocated stepping up military attacks on ISIS in the Middle East, in line with Trump’s proposed policies. However, he broke with the president in declaring Russia a major threat to U.S. security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattis recently traveled to Brussels to advance Trump’s plan to reform NATO, an international military alliance. The administration is threatening to alter the U.S. relationship with the organization if other countries do not increase their spending budgets to 2 percent of total GDP, as promised. The U.S. currently spends more than twice as much as all other NATO countries combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Sessions\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26039\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile.png\" alt=\"Sessions_Profile\" width=\"1000\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile.png 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile-800x320.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile-768x307.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile-960x384.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile-375x150.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sessions_Profile-520x208.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the nation’s chief law enforcement officer and lawyer, the attorney general oversees the U.S. Department of Justice, which is comprised of 40 agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Investigations, the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the Drug Enforcement Agency and immigration courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attorney general has oversight on a wide range of federal crimes, and as such can play a broad role in shaping national policy. During the Obama administration, the attorney general’s office (led by Eric Holder and Loretta Lynch) prioritized its focus on criminal justice reform by investigating multiple police departments, reducing the enforcement of certain drug laws and phasing out the federal use of private prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his Senate hearing, Sessions faced intense opposition from Democrats, mostly because of his staunch conservatism and mixed record on civil rights. Most notably, as a U.S. attorney in Alabama in 1985, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/09/magazine/the-voter-fraud-case-jeff-sessions-lost-and-cant-escape.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">he prosecuted\u003c/a> three African-American civil rights activists, accusing them of voter fraud. The following year he was nominated to be a federal district judge, but rejected by the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As attorney general, Sessions will be in charge of advancing and defending key aspects of Trump’s “law and order” criminal justice platform and enforcing his tough immigration policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Sessions’ first actions was to reverse the Obama administration’s plan to end private prisons. He has also hinted at more support for law enforcement officials and tougher enforcement of drug laws, including heightened enforcement of marijuana (which is legal, to varying degrees, in 28 states), though no official plans have been released to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a month into the job, though, Sessions found himself under fire following a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/sessions-spoke-twice-with-russian-ambassador-during-trumps-presidential-campaign-justice-officials-say/2017/03/01/77205eda-feac-11e6-99b4-9e613afeb09f_story.html?hpid=hp_hp-top-table-main_no-name%3Ahomepage%2Fstory&tid=a_inl&utm_term=.56eae0665fc0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Washington Post report\u003c/a> that he met twice last year with Russia's ambassador to the United States, a nugget he failed to disclose during his confirmation hearing. Amid mounting pressure, Sessions on March 2 announced that he was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/02/us/politics/jeff-sessions-russia-trump-investigation-democrats.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recusing himself\u003c/a> from any current or future investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election. Meanwhile, top Democratic leaders, including Nancy Pelosi and Chuck Schumer -- the House and Senate minority leaders -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/03/01/politics/jeff-sessions-russian-ambassador-meetings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">called \u003c/a>for Sessions to resign.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Zinke\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26094\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile.png\" alt=\"Zinke_Profile\" width=\"1000\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile.png 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile-800x320.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile-768x307.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile-960x384.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile-375x150.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Zinke_Profile-520x208.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe Department of Interior is the principal conservation agency of the United States. The secretary oversees management and conservation of millions of acres of federal land and natural resources (about 20 percent of all U.S. land) through agencies including the Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Park Service. The department has a budget of roughly $16 billion, although it also raises billions from activities such as “energy, mineral, grazing and timber leases as well as recreational permits and land sales.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secretary plays a key role in controlling development of the county’s natural resources - over 20 percent of natural gas and oil and 40 percent of the nation’s coal is mined from federal lands. The secretary is also a key communicator with the public in regard to the administration’s official policy positions on issues like climate change and natural resource management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke was confirmed by the Senate on March 1 with less rancor than some of Trump's other nominees. At his \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2017/1/nomination-hearing-of-the-honorable-ryan-zinke-to-be-the-secretary-of-the-interior\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">confirmation hearing\u003c/a>, the former Montana congressman, who has \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/01/17/ryan-zinke-says-humans-influence-climate-change-scientists-say-were-the-dominant-cause/?utm_term=.41e691cda8ce\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">previously questioned\u003c/a> climate science, said he now believes that humans do have an \"influence\" on climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also said he opposes selling federal land to states or private owners, even though he voted in Congress to ease those same rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zinke also made his support quite clear for expanding leases to oil and gas development on public land as a way of boosting domestic energy production, a clear departure from the Obama administration's efforts to scale back drilling on federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Ross\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile.png\" alt=\"Ross_profile\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Ross_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Commerce secretary is in charge of promoting U.S. business interests domestically and abroad and “promoting economic development and technological innovation.” With 38,000 employees and a budget of roughly $6.5 billion, the department includes 12 special bureaus with wide-ranging duties, from economic and demographic data collection (U.S. Census Bureau) to weather monitoring (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penny Pritzker, former Commerce secretary under Obama, advanced a number of public-private partnerships in an effort to boost U.S. manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At his Senate subcommittee hearing, Ross largely backed President Trump’s stance on trade, despite having made much of his fortune by opening factories overseas. He says that as Commerce secretary, he’ll support Trump’s agenda to toughen international trade policies and craft agreements that protect and create more jobs for American workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross also wants to crack down on what he calls China’s unfair trade practices and, like the president, pledges to make bold changes to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). At his confirmation hearing, Ross said: “We cannot afford trade that is inherently bad for American workers and for American businesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, the Commerce secretary has less influence on economic policy than the Treasury secretary and other White House economic staff. Many political observers, though, predict that Ross will take on an expanded role in the Trump administration, given the president’s focus on redrawing trade agreements.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Acosta\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_Profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26973 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1.png 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1-800x320.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1-768x307.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1-960x384.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1-375x150.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Acosta_profile-1-520x208.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Labor secretary heads a department that oversees workplace standards, worker protections, job training programs and employment statistics (Bureau of Labor Statistics).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secretary can be involved in mediation between large employers and their employees - for example, Labor Secretary Tom Perez (under Obama) settled a dispute between workers, unions and management at \u003ca href=\"https://www.dol.gov/newsroom/releases/opa/opa20160527\">Verizon\u003c/a> during his tenure. Perez also proposed \u003ca href=\"https://mic.com/articles/159787/what-does-the-secretary-of-labor-do-5-things-you-should-know#.5kOvwRgEr\">changes\u003c/a> to the Fair Labor Standards Act, which establishes minimum wage, overtime pay and other important employment standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acosta is Trump’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/16/us/politics/alexander-acosta-labor-secretary-trump.html\">second pick\u003c/a> for the post - Andrew Pudzer, the first, withdrew his nomination amid controversy. Considered a more moderate candidate with broader bipartisan support, Acosta is in charge of advancing \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/trump-unions-war-232382\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Trump’s agenda\u003c/a> to boost job development and reduce workplace regulations and union influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Formerly the dean of Florida International University’s law school, Acosta was also briefly a member of the National Labor Relations Board under President George W. Bush and then went on to serve as U.S. attorney in the Bush's Justice Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acosta is the only Latino member of Trump's Cabinet.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Price\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26035\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile.png\" alt=\"Price_profile\" width=\"1000\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile.png 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile-800x320.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile-768x307.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile-960x384.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile-375x150.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Price_profile-520x208.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATE (Sept. 29)\u003c/strong>: \u003cem>Tom Price \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/09/29/trump-to-decide-friday-night-whether-to-fire-hhs-secretary-price/?utm_term=.b249ec1e7281\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">resigned on Sept. 29\u003c/a>, amid sharp criticism over spending hundreds of thousands of taxpayer dollars on private charter flights. In January 2018, the Senate confirmed Alex Azar, the former president of the U.S. arm of pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly & Co. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/01/24/580381981/former-drug-industry-executive-will-lead-dept-of-health-and-human-services\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to NPR\u003c/a>: \"Azar will oversee the Food and Drug Administration, which regulates prescription drugs including those produced by his former employer. He'll also oversee Medicare and Medicaid, which together spend hundreds of billions of dollars each year on prescription medications.\" \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Health and Human Services secretary is responsible for carrying out the administration’s plans on health, welfare and other income security programs. The post oversees a huge budget of over $1 trillion and 11 operating divisions including the Food & Drug Administration, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (which administers health care for over 130 million Americans).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Affordable Care Act, or \"Obamacare,\" greatly \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/hhs-secretary-tom-price-significant-powers-change-health-care/\">expanded the powers\u003c/a> of this position, allowing the secretary to influence the implementation of important details of the law, including how Medicaid funds are distributed to the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among other duties, Price will be tasked with implementing Trump’s plan to “repeal and replace” Obamacare. Although he has been a strong critic of the law in the past, and advocates for “free-market” solutions, he has not revealed a comprehensive plan for reform to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Carson\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-26093 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1.png\" alt=\"Carson_Profile\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Carson_Profile-1-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secretary leads the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), which oversees public housing, fair-housing laws, home loan programs for lower- and middle-income families, and administers community development grants. The department operates on an annual budget of nearly $50 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bulk of the department’s \u003ca href=\"https://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/documents/huddoc?id=ProposedFY17FactSheet.pdf\">budget\u003c/a> goes toward providing housing assistance, including public housing, to over 4.5 million low-income families across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carson, a retired neurosurgeon, who made his own bid for president last year, grew up in a low-income neighborhood in Detroit (though, not public housing) and is Trump’s only African-American Cabinet pick. He was confirmed by the Senate on March 2, despite being criticized by Democrats for having no prior experience in government or housing policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although known for his comments urging an end to reliance on \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/us/politics/ben-carsons-hud-housing-nominee-hearing.html\">public assistance\u003c/a>, Carson acknowledged the importance of “safety net” programs during his Senate hearing. His vision for the agency includes expanding private sector involvement in public housing and community development programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Chao\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26022\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile.png\" alt=\"Chao_profile\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Chao_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Transportation secretary heads -- you guessed it -- the Department of Transportation. With a budget of nearly $100 billion, the department includes the Federal Aviation Agency, Federal Highway Association, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and eight other transportation agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.transportation.gov/fastlane/recovery-act-still-paying-dividends\">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act\u003c/a>, which Obama signed into law in 2009 to help jump-start the free-falling economy, the department received a major boost for road and bridge repair projects, transit expansion and new transportation facilities. A major aspect of the secretary’s job involves \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/29/us/politics/elaine-chao-transportation-trump.html\">allocating funds\u003c/a>, setting timelines and proposing financing options for transportation projects across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wife of Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY), Chao is one of the few Cabinet members who received \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/trumps-transportation-secretary-pick-elaine-chao-confirmed-in-senate-with-some-top-democrats-balking/2017/01/31/a15c7604-df42-11e6-ad42-f3375f271c9c_story.html?utm_term=.0f2aaf62afc8\">broad support\u003c/a> in the Senate, largely due to her experience as Labor secretary under President George W. Bush. As Transportation secretary, Chao will be one of the key members of Trump’s cabinet tasked with advancing his campaign pledge to invest $1 trillion into roads, bridges and other infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"DeVos\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26024\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile.png\" alt=\"Devos_profile\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Devos_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the head of the Department of Education (the smallest cabinet-level department), the Education secretary advises the president on federal education policies and administers federal aid to local schools. The DOE also administers Pell Grants, which account for the largest share of the department’s budget, a nearly $23 billion program that provides financial aids to lower-income college students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most public and charter k-12 schools receive the brunt of their funding from local and state taxes, a small but notable amount comes from the federal government (and is largely directed at low-income families). The DOE is also tasked with handling \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/what-does-secretary-of-education-do-betsy-devos-2017-2\">discrimination cases\u003c/a> though its Office of Civil Rights. Notably, the ACLU sued the department in 2014 on behalf of a transgender student who was blocked by his school from using the bathroom that corresponded with his gender identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeVos, a billionaire philanthropist, was sharply criticized during her Senate hearing for her lack of experience and knowledge of public education standards. Her confirmation has been regarded as the most controversial of Trump’s picks to date, with Vice President Mike Pence breaking a Senate tie to cast the deciding vote in her favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has repeatedly suggested reducing or \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/what-the-department-of-education-does-2016-11\">eliminating\u003c/a> the Department of Education, favoring state and local administration of schools (rather than federal). While it appears the department will remain for now, DeVos is not supportive of traditional public education; she strongly advocates for school voucher programs, which would expand alternatives to public education (like charter schools), and allow K-12 students to attend private and religious schools funded with public dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Perry\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26104\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1.png\" alt=\"Perry_profile\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perry_profile-1-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">The secretary leads the Department of Energy, with a focus on promoting new technologies, providing related education and overseeing nuclear energy programs. The secretary also works with heads of federal intelligence agencies to closely monitor compliance with domestic and international nuclear agreements. The majority of the department's budget is allocated to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-does-energy-department-do/\">national security\u003c/a> (i.e. nuclear weapon programs).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department was created in the early 1970s (under President Jimmy Carter) in response to an oil embargo that nearly quadrupled the price of oil, sending the global and national energy sectors into shock. President’s generally set the agenda for Energy secretaries - under Obama, the department focused on \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/271364-obamas-energy-efficiency-rules-will-last-secretary-says\">clean energy\u003c/a> research and development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his 2012 presidential run, Perry actually vowed to eliminate the Energy Department (and notoriously forgot the name of it during a primary debate). More recently, he's demonstrated \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/18/us/politics/rick-perry-energy-secretary-donald-trump.html\">apparent confusion\u003c/a> about the responsibilities he would have as secretary. Nevertheless, Perry \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/rick-perry-confirmation-vote-former-texas-governor-heads-to-full-senate/\">cleared\u003c/a> the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and was confirmed by the full Senate on March 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Governor of Texas, Perry was an advocate for the fossil fuel industry and maintains strong personal and business ties to major Texas \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/perry-oil-industry-energy-department/\">oil companies\u003c/a>. He was, however, also supportive of some renewable energy development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In keeping with Trump's priorities to expand domestic energy production by increasing fossil fuel production, Perry will likely steer the department away from the larger Obama-era focus on renewable energy development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Shulkin\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26040\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile.png\" alt=\"Shulkin_profile\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Shulkin_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the head of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the secretary oversees health care and other benefits for people who have served in the military. The VA employs roughly 300,000 employees and controls a budget of about $150 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department was created in 1930 (12 years after World War I) and grew exponentially following a sharp rise in the number of U.S. veterans after World War II. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.va.gov/health/findcare.asp\">VA health care system\u003c/a> (one of three subdivisions of the department) is the largest integrated health care system in the U.S., providing care for roughly 9 million veterans each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A holdover from the Obama administration, Shulkin is Trump’s only nominee to date approved unanimously by the Senate. As secretary, he will be tasked with improving care for veterans, which Trump says was sorely neglected under the Obama administration. Shulkin has promised “major reform and transformation of the VA” including increased options for veterans to receive \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/02/01/david-shulkin-veterans-affairs-nominee-faster-change-more-choice-veterans/97348212/\">private sector\u003c/a> medical care.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Kelly\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26026\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile.png\" alt=\"Kelly_profile\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Kelly_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>UPDATE (July 28)\u003c/strong>\u003cem>: After a short stint leading the Department of Homeland Security, Kelly was \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/07/28/trump-names-homeland-security-secretary-john-kelly-as-white-house-chief-of-staff-ousting-reince-priebus/?utm_term=.ebdaff753dc2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">appointed by Trump\u003c/a> to be White House chief of staff, replacing Reince Priebus. \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/person/elaine-c-duke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elaine Duke\u003c/a> initially served as acting secretary of the department. On Dec. 5, the Senate confirmed \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/363399-senate-confirms-trumps-homeland-security-secretary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kirstjen Nielsen\u003c/a> by a vote of 62-37. Nielsen previously served on George W. Bush’s homeland security council, worked under Kelly at the DHS earlier this year, and most recently was his chief of staff at the White House.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As head of the Department of Homeland Security, the secretary is responsible for protecting domestic safety. The department’s broad responsibilities include fighting terrorism, securing the border, immigration and customs enforcement, cybersecurity, and disaster prevention and management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department was created under President George W. Bush to consolidate homeland security efforts after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. It’s comprised of seven agencies, including Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the Transportation Security Administration (airport security).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelly will oversee the third largest federal department, and be responsible for advancing some of Trump’s controversial actions on immigration and border security. During his confirmation \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/10/509128004/trumps-homeland-security-pick-faces-confirmation-hearing-today\">hearing\u003c/a> however, Kelly appeared to break with his boss, downplaying the importance of a U.S.- Mexico border wall and pushing back on proposed policies to restrict immigration of Muslims and to revive \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/10/politics/john-kelly-homeland-security-senate-confirmation-hearing/\">torture\u003c/a> techniques in the fight against terrorism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also recently promised more \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/26/politics/kelly-travel-immigration-governors/\">moderate \u003c/a>laws on deportations and travel following public outcry in response to a series of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/26/politics/executive-orders-presidents-actions-presidential-memoranda/\">executive orders \u003c/a>signed last month by Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Perdue\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26974\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Perdue_profile-2-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003cbr>\nThe Department of Agriculture oversees the country’s massive farming industry. Among other things, the department provides subsidies and support to farmers and agribusiness, nutritional aid to low-income families and it administers agricultural trade policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 80 percent of the department’s budget goes to food assistance programs (formerly known as food stamps) which provide for more than 40 million low-income people across the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department also oversees the U.S. Forest Service, which manages nearly 200 million acres of public land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As head of the department, Perdue, a former agricultural businessman, will likely look to reduce \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/nikolaikuznetsov/2017/02/10/the-next-agriculture-secretary-could-be-great-for-agribusinesses/#6b89f10530d5\">farming industry regulations \u003c/a>and renegotiate agricultural trade agreements.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Pruitt\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26037\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pruitt_Profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA administrator is responsible for guiding federal environmental policy and enforcing the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts and other environmental regulations. Under the Obama administration, the agency took steps to combat climate change by trying to regulate carbon emissions and promote renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt is a \u003ca href=\"http://web.archive.org/web/20170108114336/https:/www.ok.gov/oag/Media/About_the_AG/\">self-described\u003c/a> “leading advocate against the EPA activist agenda.” As Oklahoma attorney general, he sued the agency multiple times, and has made it clear that he wants to reform the agency by significantly reducing its reach. Pruitt also has strong ties to the fossil fuel industry, and says he wants to roll back federal environmental regulations, particularly when they hinder domestic energy production. He is a strong advocate for state and local control over environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"McMahon\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-27011\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"996\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile.png 996w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile-960x387.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile-240x97.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/McMahon_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 996px) 100vw, 996px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Small Business Administration is responsible for providing loans, securing government contract work and generally advocating for small business interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The former CEO of World Wrestling Entertainment, McMahon is a billionaire businesswoman with no government experience. A key player on Trump’s economic team, she is tasked with cutting back \u003ca href=\"https://www.yahoo.com/news/exclusive-trump-chooses-pro-wrestling-magnate-linda-mcmahon-213126676--finance.html\">federal regulations\u003c/a> on small businesses, promoting job growth and supporting entrepreneurship.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Pompeo\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26034\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Pompeo_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The head of the CIA oversees a huge network of intelligence agents positioned around the world, with the intent of protecting national security. The director is responsible for providing regular intelligence briefings to the president and his staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pompeo took over the CIA in the midst of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/trumps-relationship-intelligence-community-off-rocky-start/\">strained relationship\u003c/a> between the agency and the White House. Trump had initially dismissed agency intelligence reports that Russian agents likely hacked the U.S. presidential election. While supportive of the president in general, Pompeo says he backs the CIA’s Russia findings. During his confirmation hearings, Pompeo also said that he would not resume the use of enhanced interrogation techniques (like waterboarding) that Trump has advocated for.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Haley\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26025\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"995\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile.png 995w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Haley_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\">\u003cbr>\nAlthough the secretary of state takes the lead on establishing foreign policy, the UN ambassador is responsible for interpreting U.S. policy positions and building international support in the UN’s General Assembly and Security Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike many of Trump’s nominees, Haley received \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/as-us-ambassador-to-un-nikki-haley-would-face-worlds-most-intractable-conflicts/2016/11/23/4ae99573-7661-416a-97d7-dee36793ae10_story.html?utm_term=.a78c1f36747c\">broad support\u003c/a> in the Senate and was confirmed quickly, despite her lack of foreign policy experience. Although she agrees with Trump on a number of key foreign policy issues, including opposition to the Iran Nuclear deal, she has also shown a willingness to disagree with him on certain issues, including her denunciation of Russian President Vladimir Putin’s “acts of aggression” in Eastern Ukraine.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Lighthizer\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-27008\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"996\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile.png 996w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile-800x321.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile-768x308.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile-960x386.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile-240x96.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Lighthizer_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 996px) 100vw, 996px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trade representative is member of the president’s economic team, advises on domestic and international trade policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighthizer shares Trump’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/03/us/politics/trump-robert-lighthizer-trade-mexico.html\">protectionist approach\u003c/a> to the U.S. economy. With the goal of protecting American jobs, he is tasked with negotiating and enforcing existing trade agreements, forging new ones, and potentially raising import taxes. Lighthizer will likely play a key role in Trump’s promise to renegotiate the terms of the North American Free Trade Agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Coats\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-27010\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"996\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile.png 996w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile-160x64.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile-800x322.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile-768x309.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile-960x387.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile-240x97.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile-375x151.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Coats_profile-520x209.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 996px) 100vw, 996px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intelligence director is responsible for coordinating the intelligence gathering and analysis of the country’s 16 civilian and military spy agencies, including the CIA, NSA and FBI. Created in 2004, partly in in reaction to criticism that the nation’s spy agencies had failed to detect and prevent the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the post is intended to be the president's primary interpreter on national intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confirmed with broad bipartisan support, Coats served as a two-time Republican Senator from Indiana, where he was a member of the Senate Intelligence Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to the Cabinet\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Should Public Funds Be Used to Send Kids to Private Schools? (with Lesson Plan)",
"title": "Should Public Funds Be Used to Send Kids to Private Schools? (with Lesson Plan)",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/oYztfAf1Oyg\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/School-voucher-lesson-plan.pdf\">Lesson Plan: School vouchers (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Next week: Beyond Standing Rock\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>If parents aren't satisfied with the quality of their children's designated public schools, should they get public funding to send them to private schools instead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the underlying question in the debate over \"school choice,\" and specifically school voucher programs, an increasingly popular strategy among conservative education reformers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26950\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/interactive-guide-to-school-choice.aspx#/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-26950\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/voucher-states.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/voucher-states.png 673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/voucher-states-160x118.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/voucher-states-240x177.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/voucher-states-375x276.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/voucher-states-520x383.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">14 states and Washington, D.C. have some form of school voucher program. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/interactive-guide-to-school-choice.aspx#/\" target=\"_blank\">National Conference of State Legislatures)\u003c/a>\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Currently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/school-choice-vouchers.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">14 states and Washington, D.C.\u003c/a>, offer some form of school voucher program, in which qualifying students can receive state-funded scholarships to attend private schools, including religious (parochial) schools, using public dollars. Funding for the vouchers generally comes directly out of the state's public education budget. In most of these states, the programs are primarily geared toward lower-income students in chronically low-performing public schools, although some states, like Indiana, have expanded options to a wider population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most states, though, including California, still don't offer school vouchers because their constitutions specifically prohibit the use of public dollars to fund schools with religious affiliations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump insists that school vouchers and other \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.ecs.org/ec-content/uploads/School_Choice_Glossary-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">school choice\u003c/a>\" options -- including scholarship tax credits and charter schools -- are a necessary, cost-effective approach to leveling the playing field and closing the vast achievement gap that still exists in the nation's education system. He's gone so far as framing it as a civil rights initiative meant to help the most disadvantaged children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the legal guarantee of an equal education for all, gaping disparities exist in America’s education system, with poverty and race still the key determinants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/2016/04/29/local-education-inequities-across-u-s-revealed-new-stanford-data-set/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford analysis\u003c/a> of nationwide academic performance found that the achievement gaps between more affluent and less privileged children is wider than ever, with students in the highest poverty districts testing more than four grade levels below students in the wealthiest ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within individual districts, schools are still often largely segregated, and the academic performance of white students as compared to black and Hispanic students is dramatic: On average, test scores of white students are two grade levels higher than those of black students in the same district, and one- and-a-half grade levels higher than those of Hispanic students, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[See how your district compares in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/04/29/upshot/money-race-and-success-how-your-school-district-compares.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NY Times interactive\u003c/a> visualizing the study's findings.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/trump-seeks-to-slash-education-department-but-make-big-push-for-school-choice/2017/03/15/63b8b6f8-09a1-11e7-b77c-0047d15a24e0_story.html?utm_term=.59efbdb43f3e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">budget proposal \u003c/a>calls for an unprecedented federal investment of $1.4 billion for school choice programs, while simultaneously slashing the Education Department's total budget by a sweeping $9.2 billion — or 13.5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His education secretary, Betsy DeVos, a billionaire Republican donor and longtime school choice evangelist, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2017/03/29/devos-picking-a-school-should-be-like-choosing-among-uber-lyft-or-a-taxi/?utm_term=.ceaff4f40ad8\">compared\u003c/a> private schools to ride-hailing apps like Uber and public schools to traditional taxis. Where one is nimble, competitive and efficient, she says, the other is rickety, expensive and outdated. Simply pouring more money into failing public schools has consistently proved ineffective, she says. (DeVos also recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2017/03/04/517695605/betsy-devos-school-choice-controversy-historically-black-colleges-and-more\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">referred\u003c/a> to historically black colleges as \"pioneers\" of school choice, a statement that didn't go over too well.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you think ride sharing is the best option for you, the government shouldn’t get in your way,\" she said in March. \"We celebrate the benefits of choices in transportation and lodging. But doesn’t that pale in comparison to the importance of educating the future of our country? Why do we not allow parents to exercise that same right to choice in the education of their child?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/528502918/528502919\" width=\"620\" height=\"200\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of vouchers contend that when given options, parents will choose the highest-performing schools for their children. Competition will force low-performing public schools to improve or risk losing students and funding. Private schools, they argue, are free of many of the bureaucratic and staffing hurdles that traditional public schools contend with, and can operate more independently and cost effectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, though, school voucher programs have proved quite controversial. Opponents argue that they siphon much-needed state funding away from public schools and only benefit a select few at the expense of the majority, while largely excluding students with the highest needs. Rather than divert funds from troubled schools, they contend, why not invest in those schools and help them improve?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents also note that there's \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/2017/02/28/vouchers-not-improve-student-achievement-stanford-researcher-finds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">little evidence\u003c/a> to suggest that students in voucher programs outperform their counterparts. Additionally, critics commonly view government incentives to attend private religious schools as a violation of the separation of church and state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of \u003cem>The California Report's\u003c/em> \"\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/trump-ed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Trump Ed\u003c/a>\" series, reporters John Sepulvado and Ana Tintocalis \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/05/what-are-your-questions-about-education-in-the-era-of-trump/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recently sat down \u003c/a>with a class of students at Sacred Heart Cathedral High School in San Francisco, the kind of school that a student at a nearby underperforming public school might choose to go to if given the opportunity. When asked if they supported the idea of greater school choice, students offered a range of responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/322735570\" params=\"auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"200\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/oYztfAf1Oyg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/oYztfAf1Oyg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/School-voucher-lesson-plan.pdf\">Lesson Plan: School vouchers (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Next week: Beyond Standing Rock\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>If parents aren't satisfied with the quality of their children's designated public schools, should they get public funding to send them to private schools instead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the underlying question in the debate over \"school choice,\" and specifically school voucher programs, an increasingly popular strategy among conservative education reformers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26950\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/interactive-guide-to-school-choice.aspx#/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-26950\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/voucher-states.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/voucher-states.png 673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/voucher-states-160x118.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/voucher-states-240x177.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/voucher-states-375x276.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/voucher-states-520x383.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">14 states and Washington, D.C. have some form of school voucher program. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/interactive-guide-to-school-choice.aspx#/\" target=\"_blank\">National Conference of State Legislatures)\u003c/a>\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Currently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/school-choice-vouchers.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">14 states and Washington, D.C.\u003c/a>, offer some form of school voucher program, in which qualifying students can receive state-funded scholarships to attend private schools, including religious (parochial) schools, using public dollars. Funding for the vouchers generally comes directly out of the state's public education budget. In most of these states, the programs are primarily geared toward lower-income students in chronically low-performing public schools, although some states, like Indiana, have expanded options to a wider population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most states, though, including California, still don't offer school vouchers because their constitutions specifically prohibit the use of public dollars to fund schools with religious affiliations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump insists that school vouchers and other \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.ecs.org/ec-content/uploads/School_Choice_Glossary-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">school choice\u003c/a>\" options -- including scholarship tax credits and charter schools -- are a necessary, cost-effective approach to leveling the playing field and closing the vast achievement gap that still exists in the nation's education system. He's gone so far as framing it as a civil rights initiative meant to help the most disadvantaged children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the legal guarantee of an equal education for all, gaping disparities exist in America’s education system, with poverty and race still the key determinants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/2016/04/29/local-education-inequities-across-u-s-revealed-new-stanford-data-set/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford analysis\u003c/a> of nationwide academic performance found that the achievement gaps between more affluent and less privileged children is wider than ever, with students in the highest poverty districts testing more than four grade levels below students in the wealthiest ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within individual districts, schools are still often largely segregated, and the academic performance of white students as compared to black and Hispanic students is dramatic: On average, test scores of white students are two grade levels higher than those of black students in the same district, and one- and-a-half grade levels higher than those of Hispanic students, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[See how your district compares in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/04/29/upshot/money-race-and-success-how-your-school-district-compares.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NY Times interactive\u003c/a> visualizing the study's findings.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/trump-seeks-to-slash-education-department-but-make-big-push-for-school-choice/2017/03/15/63b8b6f8-09a1-11e7-b77c-0047d15a24e0_story.html?utm_term=.59efbdb43f3e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">budget proposal \u003c/a>calls for an unprecedented federal investment of $1.4 billion for school choice programs, while simultaneously slashing the Education Department's total budget by a sweeping $9.2 billion — or 13.5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His education secretary, Betsy DeVos, a billionaire Republican donor and longtime school choice evangelist, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2017/03/29/devos-picking-a-school-should-be-like-choosing-among-uber-lyft-or-a-taxi/?utm_term=.ceaff4f40ad8\">compared\u003c/a> private schools to ride-hailing apps like Uber and public schools to traditional taxis. Where one is nimble, competitive and efficient, she says, the other is rickety, expensive and outdated. Simply pouring more money into failing public schools has consistently proved ineffective, she says. (DeVos also recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2017/03/04/517695605/betsy-devos-school-choice-controversy-historically-black-colleges-and-more\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">referred\u003c/a> to historically black colleges as \"pioneers\" of school choice, a statement that didn't go over too well.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you think ride sharing is the best option for you, the government shouldn’t get in your way,\" she said in March. \"We celebrate the benefits of choices in transportation and lodging. But doesn’t that pale in comparison to the importance of educating the future of our country? Why do we not allow parents to exercise that same right to choice in the education of their child?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/528502918/528502919\" width=\"620\" height=\"200\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of vouchers contend that when given options, parents will choose the highest-performing schools for their children. Competition will force low-performing public schools to improve or risk losing students and funding. Private schools, they argue, are free of many of the bureaucratic and staffing hurdles that traditional public schools contend with, and can operate more independently and cost effectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, though, school voucher programs have proved quite controversial. Opponents argue that they siphon much-needed state funding away from public schools and only benefit a select few at the expense of the majority, while largely excluding students with the highest needs. Rather than divert funds from troubled schools, they contend, why not invest in those schools and help them improve?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents also note that there's \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/2017/02/28/vouchers-not-improve-student-achievement-stanford-researcher-finds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">little evidence\u003c/a> to suggest that students in voucher programs outperform their counterparts. Additionally, critics commonly view government incentives to attend private religious schools as a violation of the separation of church and state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of \u003cem>The California Report's\u003c/em> \"\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/trump-ed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Trump Ed\u003c/a>\" series, reporters John Sepulvado and Ana Tintocalis \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/05/what-are-your-questions-about-education-in-the-era-of-trump/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recently sat down \u003c/a>with a class of students at Sacred Heart Cathedral High School in San Francisco, the kind of school that a student at a nearby underperforming public school might choose to go to if given the opportunity. When asked if they supported the idea of greater school choice, students offered a range of responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='200'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/322735570&visual=true&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/322735570'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "QUIZ: How Good Are You At Detecting Bias? (with Lesson Plan)",
"title": "QUIZ: How Good Are You At Detecting Bias? (with Lesson Plan)",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>https://youtu.be/dNmwvntMF5A\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of a normal day you make hundreds, even thousands, of decisions. What shoes to wear, what news to pay attention to, what time to go to bed ... you get the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some of these decisions are guided by logic, the direction we end up going can just as easily be shaped by a powerful force called cognitive bias. It's the tendency we humans all have to sometimes leave logic and objective reasoning at the door and make choices based on ideas that don't necessarily make a ton of sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Everyone is entitled to his own opinion, but not to his own facts.” – Daniel Patrick Moynihan\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Can-You-Beat-Cognitive-Bias-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: How to Recognize Bias (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive bias is basically a mental stumbling block, a kind of brain glitch that can cause flaws in our judgement. And it's the key reason that hard facts and evidence are sometimes not convincing enough to change our minds about certain deeply-held positions and beliefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Five common types of cognitive bias\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-26845\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-1180x1180.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-960x960.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anchoring bias \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nRelying too heavily on the first piece of information you come across\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-26848\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-1180x1180.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-960x960.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blind-spot bias\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nRecognizing bias in others, but failing to recognize it in yourself\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-26851\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-1180x1180.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-960x960.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Confirmation bias\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nListening to and trusting only information that confirms your beliefs (like maybe your Facebook news feed!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-26846\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-1180x1180.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-960x960.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Negativity bias\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFocusing on negative events at the expense of positive or neutral events\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-26852\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-1180x1180.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-960x960.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Outcome bias\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMaking a decision based on the outcome of a previous event without any regard to other factors involved\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take this quiz to test how adept you are at recognizing five of the most common forms of cognitive bias that most likely influence your daily decision-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe id=\"quizWidget-409783\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700px\" frameborder=\"0\" border=\"none\" src=\"https://www.qzzr.com/widget/quiz/fi9xdWl6emVzLzQwOTc4Mw\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/dNmwvntMF5A'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/dNmwvntMF5A'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Over the course of a normal day you make hundreds, even thousands, of decisions. What shoes to wear, what news to pay attention to, what time to go to bed ... you get the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some of these decisions are guided by logic, the direction we end up going can just as easily be shaped by a powerful force called cognitive bias. It's the tendency we humans all have to sometimes leave logic and objective reasoning at the door and make choices based on ideas that don't necessarily make a ton of sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Everyone is entitled to his own opinion, but not to his own facts.” – Daniel Patrick Moynihan\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Can-You-Beat-Cognitive-Bias-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: How to Recognize Bias (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive bias is basically a mental stumbling block, a kind of brain glitch that can cause flaws in our judgement. And it's the key reason that hard facts and evidence are sometimes not convincing enough to change our minds about certain deeply-held positions and beliefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Five common types of cognitive bias\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-26845\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-1180x1180.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-960x960.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_1016333.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anchoring bias \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nRelying too heavily on the first piece of information you come across\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-26848\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-1180x1180.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-960x960.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_5030.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blind-spot bias\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nRecognizing bias in others, but failing to recognize it in yourself\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-26851\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-1180x1180.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-960x960.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_754614.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Confirmation bias\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nListening to and trusting only information that confirms your beliefs (like maybe your Facebook news feed!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-26846\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-1180x1180.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-960x960.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_899087.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Negativity bias\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFocusing on negative events at the expense of positive or neutral events\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-26852\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-800x800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-1020x1020.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-1180x1180.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-960x960.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/noun_71823.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Outcome bias\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMaking a decision based on the outcome of a previous event without any regard to other factors involved\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take this quiz to test how adept you are at recognizing five of the most common forms of cognitive bias that most likely influence your daily decision-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe id=\"quizWidget-409783\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700px\" frameborder=\"0\" border=\"none\" src=\"https://www.qzzr.com/widget/quiz/fi9xdWl6emVzLzQwOTc4Mw\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/BgbF4unoUSI\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Undocumented-immigrants-pay-taxes-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Undocumented immigrants and taxes (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Next week: Confirmation bias\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>It's a common refrain among tough-on-immigration advocates that undocumented immigrants use up valuable public services while paying next to nothing in taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the argument goes, this population of 11 million people living in the U.S. without legal status are essentially freeloading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump, among others, has long espoused this view. As a candidate he told \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1511/12/cg.02.html\" target=\"_blank\">CNN\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Do you think an illegal immigrant getting money is going to be paying taxes? Sure, some probably do only because employers are insisting on it. But there's very little percentage wise very little, probably 5 percent, 10 percent. It's a very small amount pay taxes ... Look, they're here illegally. They're not paying taxes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the surface, the claim seems plausible. This is a population that largely lives in the shadows. And it's fair to assume that many undocumented workers are paid under the table, with little incentive to report their earnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while this may be the case for some, it certainly does not hold true for the majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, tax records show that the federal government receives billions of dollars each year from undocumented workers who pay income taxes and payroll taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010 alone, more than 3 million undocumented workers contributed as much as $13 billion to Social Security, even though most won’t be eligible to receive those retirement benefits, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ssa.gov/oact/NOTES/pdf_notes/note151.pdf\">Social Security Administration\u003c/a> report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many undocumented workers have \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/09/undocumented-immigrants-and-taxes/499604/\">fake Social Security cards\u003c/a> that they show their employers, who in turn submit W-2 forms and federal tax payments on their behalf. Even if the Social Security numbers don’t actually link to anyone on file, the government gladly accepts the payroll taxes it receives, no questions asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We estimate that earnings by unauthorized immigrants result in a net positive effect on Social Security financial status generally, and that this effect contributed roughly $12 billion to the cash flow of the program for 2010,” the report concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A large number of undocumented workers without Social Security numbers also pay federal income taxes through an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number, or ITIN, that the Internal Revenue Service issues regardless of immigration status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the IRS received \u003ca href=\"https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-utl/20-Immigration%20and%20Taxation.pdf\">$9 billion\u003c/a> in payroll taxes from about \u003ca href=\"http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/677548.pdf\">4 million people \u003c/a>filing ITINs, the vast majority of whom were undocumented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to federal tax contributions, the undocumented population also contributes a sizeable portion of state and local taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/05/05/do-undocumented-immigrants-pay-taxes-with-lesson-plan/\" target=\"_blank\"> report\u003c/a> from the left-leaning Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy found that undocumented immigrants in 2013 also contributed an estimated $11.6 billion in taxes to state and local governments, mostly through sales and property taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/9iKKbujuihY\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/BgbF4unoUSI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/BgbF4unoUSI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/05/Undocumented-immigrants-pay-taxes-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Undocumented immigrants and taxes (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Next week: Confirmation bias\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>It's a common refrain among tough-on-immigration advocates that undocumented immigrants use up valuable public services while paying next to nothing in taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the argument goes, this population of 11 million people living in the U.S. without legal status are essentially freeloading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump, among others, has long espoused this view. As a candidate he told \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1511/12/cg.02.html\" target=\"_blank\">CNN\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Do you think an illegal immigrant getting money is going to be paying taxes? Sure, some probably do only because employers are insisting on it. But there's very little percentage wise very little, probably 5 percent, 10 percent. It's a very small amount pay taxes ... Look, they're here illegally. They're not paying taxes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the surface, the claim seems plausible. This is a population that largely lives in the shadows. And it's fair to assume that many undocumented workers are paid under the table, with little incentive to report their earnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while this may be the case for some, it certainly does not hold true for the majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, tax records show that the federal government receives billions of dollars each year from undocumented workers who pay income taxes and payroll taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010 alone, more than 3 million undocumented workers contributed as much as $13 billion to Social Security, even though most won’t be eligible to receive those retirement benefits, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ssa.gov/oact/NOTES/pdf_notes/note151.pdf\">Social Security Administration\u003c/a> report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many undocumented workers have \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/09/undocumented-immigrants-and-taxes/499604/\">fake Social Security cards\u003c/a> that they show their employers, who in turn submit W-2 forms and federal tax payments on their behalf. Even if the Social Security numbers don’t actually link to anyone on file, the government gladly accepts the payroll taxes it receives, no questions asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We estimate that earnings by unauthorized immigrants result in a net positive effect on Social Security financial status generally, and that this effect contributed roughly $12 billion to the cash flow of the program for 2010,” the report concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A large number of undocumented workers without Social Security numbers also pay federal income taxes through an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number, or ITIN, that the Internal Revenue Service issues regardless of immigration status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the IRS received \u003ca href=\"https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-utl/20-Immigration%20and%20Taxation.pdf\">$9 billion\u003c/a> in payroll taxes from about \u003ca href=\"http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/677548.pdf\">4 million people \u003c/a>filing ITINs, the vast majority of whom were undocumented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to federal tax contributions, the undocumented population also contributes a sizeable portion of state and local taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/05/05/do-undocumented-immigrants-pay-taxes-with-lesson-plan/\" target=\"_blank\"> report\u003c/a> from the left-leaning Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy found that undocumented immigrants in 2013 also contributed an estimated $11.6 billion in taxes to state and local governments, mostly through sales and property taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/9iKKbujuihY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/9iKKbujuihY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nDid you hear that Pope Francis endorsed Donald Trump for president?\u003cbr>\nOr that \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/http:/www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/\">Hillary Clinton sold weapons to ISIS\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Fake-news-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: How to Fight Fake News (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Crazy, right?\u003cbr>\nAnd … 100 percent false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you were one of the millions of people drawn to a bogus headline in your Facebook feed -- or other social media platform of choice -- and found yourself reading an article on what seemed like a legitimate news site (something like, say, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/http:/www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/\">The Political Insider\u003c/a>, which “reported” the Clinton-ISIS story), then why wouldn’t you believe it? I mean, people you supposedly trust shared it with you and it ranked high in the Google search. How could it be made-up information?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the world of “fake news.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Digital deception\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It comes as little surprise that the web is chock full of commercial click-bait hoaxes: get-rich-quick schemes, free Caribbean cruises, erectile dysfunction treatments ... you name it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as it turns out, the internet is also teeming with bogus information sites that masquerade as real news. And in the run-up to the 2016 election, many of these hoax news posts spread like wildfire. [Snopes, a fact-checking site, maintains \u003ca href=\"http://www.snopes.com/2016/01/14/fake-news-sites/\">a comprehensive and growing list of fake news outlets\u003c/a>.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump's contempt for \"the mainstream media,\" an industry he uniformly dismisses as a corrupt, lying \"bunch of phony lowlifes,\" has further obscured the boundaries between fact and fiction. So, too, has his use of Twitter to widely disseminate unsubstantiated allegations and, on numerous occasions, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/personalities/donald-trump/statements/byruling/false/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downright falsehoods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even President Obama weighed in (while still president), assailing the rapid accumulation of fake news as a \"dust cloud of nonsense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we are not serious about facts, if we can't discriminate between serious arguments and propaganda, than we have problems,\" he said at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/nov/17/barack-obama-fake-news-facebook-social-media\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent press conference\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Fake news, real profit, serious consequences\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In fact, a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.de3beM1nN#.kikAXPpjm\">BuzzFeed News\u003c/a> analysis of election-related web articles published in the three months before Election Day found that the 20 most popular fake news stories generated significantly more engagement on Facebook (shares, reactions, comments) than did the top 20 real news stories from major news outlets like the Washington Post and New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course, the more engagement, the more ad revenue; a major financial incentive for unethical folks with overactive imaginations to whip up ever more outlandish, attention-grabbing conspiracy theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the analysis, the majority of the most popular and prolific purveyors of fake news -- websites like \u003ca href=\"http://endingthefed.com/\">Ending the Fed\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.infowars.com\">InfoWars\u003c/a> -- are either full-on hoax sites or “hyperpartisan” right-wing platforms that creatively obscure the truth (a handful of left-wing sites were also in the mix).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?attachment_id=24721\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24721\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3.jpg\" alt=\"sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3.jpg 625w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homepage of \"Ending the Fed,\" a \"hyperpartisan\" right-wing website chock full of fake news stories.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strangely, BuzzFeed also found \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/how-macedonia-became-a-global-hub-for-pro-trump-misinfo\">more than 100 U.S. politics websites\u003c/a> run out of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, usually authored by web-savvy, entrepreneurial young people -- \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/how-macedonia-became-a-global-hub-for-pro-trump-misinfo?utm_term=.uoNgBO3Qr#.llVwaxWvM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">including teenagers\u003c/a> -- trying to make a fast buck by creatively duping American media consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One recent notably viral fake news headline espoused an utterly baseless conspiracy theory that a Washington, D.C. family-friendly pizza place was actually a front for a child sex ring run by Hillary Clinton's campaign manager. Michael Flynn, Jr., son of retired U.S. Army Lt. Gen. Michael Flynn -- Trump's pick for national security adviser, and a Clinton-related conspiracy theorist himself -- further promoted the story, while serving on Trump's transition team, by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?in_reply_to=805611056009768960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sharing it\u003c/a> with his thousands of Twitter followers. The younger Flynn has since been removed from the transition team due to his aggressive trolling habit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bogus rumor, which became known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/dec/05/how-pizzagate-went-fake-news-real-problem-dc-busin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pizzagate\u003c/a>, had some serious ramifications when a man armed with an assault rifle \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2016/12/04/d-c-police-respond-to-report-of-a-man-with-a-gun-at-comet-ping-pong-restaurant/?utm_term=.da23f8cb9a1d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">entered the restaurant\u003c/a> on Sunday, Dec. 4 and fired several shots in what he later told police was an attempt to \"self-investigate\" the claim (there were no reported injuries).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And no, you really can't make this stuff up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To what degree the overall proliferation of fake news affected the election results remains unclear. But it almost certainly did have some impact, particularly on undecided voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After initially deflecting criticism that his company bore some level of responsibility for the dramatic spread of political misinformation, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10103253901916271\">published a post\u003c/a> (on Facebook, of course) less than a week after the election, stating: “We have already launched work enabling our community to flag hoaxes and fake news, and there is more we can do here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days later, both Google and Facebook \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-alphabet-advertising-idUSKBN1392MM\">announced\u003c/a> new efforts to prevent identifiable fake news sites from using their respective advertising networks to generate revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Fake news is nothing new\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Fake news \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/11/fake-news-media-facebook-214459\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has long had a presence in\u003c/a> America's media landscape: Since the colonial period, various news outlets have played fast and loose with the truth for commercial or political gain. A particularly notorious era of journalistic misinformation emerged in the 1890s when competing newspapers owned by rival media titans William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer fought mercilessly for the attention of readers by liberally embellishing stories to sell more papers, a style that became known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_journalism.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">yellow journalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the sheer volume of information at our fingertips (and thumbs) today, and the ease with which we can inadvertently spread falsehoods with the simple click of a \"share\" button, puts us in uncharted territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Impressionable young minds\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Young people are among the most vulnerable and impressionable consumers of this kind of misinformation, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/V3LessonPlans/Executive%20Summary%2011.21.16.pdf\">recently released study \u003c/a>by Stanford’s History Education Group. Researchers collected nearly 8,000 responses from middle school, high school and college students -- aka \"digital natives\" -- around the country who were asked to evaluate online information presented in tweets, comments and articles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Overall, young people’s ability to reason about the information on the Internet can be summed up in one word: \u003cem>bleak\u003c/em>,\" the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our 'digital natives' may be able to flit between Facebook and Twitter while simultaneously uploading a selfie to Instagram and texting a friend. But when it comes to evaluating information that flows through social media channels, they are easily duped.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers were consistently \"shocked\" by the number of students who couldn’t effectively evaluate the credibility of the information they were presented with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/UYc-hd1QSwA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 80 percent of middle schoolers in the study believed that “native ads” resembling articles were actually real news stories, even though they were labeled “sponsored content.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High school students were asked to evaluate a post from a popular image-sharing site featuring a picture of unusually formed daisies and titled \"Fukushima Nuclear Flowers: Not much more to say, this is what happens when flowers get nuclear birth defects.\" Despite the complete lack of attribution or evidence, most students accepted the picture at face value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"imgur-embed-pub\" lang=\"en\" data-id=\"a/BZWWx\">\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//imgur.com/BZWWx\">Fukushima Nuclear Flowers\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//s.imgur.com/min/embed.js\" async=\"\" charset=\"utf-8\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They didn't ask where it came from. They didn't verify it. They simply accepted the picture as fact,\" Sam Wineburg, a history and education professor at Stanford University, and the lead author of the study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/23/503129818/study-finds-students-have-dismaying-inability-to-tell-fake-news-from-real\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told NPR\u003c/a> in a recent interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the high school students in the study also couldn't tell the difference between real and fake news sources in their Facebook feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, most college students in the study didn't suspect any kind of bias in a tweet from a left-leaning activist group that cited a public opinion survey on gun ownership and background checks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>New polling shows the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NRA\">@NRA\u003c/a> is out of touch with gun owners and their own members \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/wm6weuaCbd\">https://t.co/wm6weuaCbd\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/NRAfail?src=hash\">#NRAfail\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/y4K4r5EcYX\">pic.twitter.com/y4K4r5EcYX\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— MoveOn.org (@MoveOn) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MoveOn/status/666772893846675456\">November 18, 2015\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>It's incumbent on educators, the study authors note, to show students how to be more discerning about the information they consume. In other words, how to identify fact from fiction and not to be a sucker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the only way we can deal with these kinds of issues are through educational programs and recognizing that the kinds of things that we worry about, the ability to determine what is reliable and not reliable, that is the new basic skill in our society,” said Wineburg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along those lines, WNYC's \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/shows/otm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">On the Media\u003c/a> made this nifty cheat sheet, which combined with an array of excellent, non-partisan political \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailydot.com/layer8/best-fact-checking-websites/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fact-check sites\u003c/a>, provide the necessary tools to weed out the fake and focus on what's really going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-24720 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png\" alt=\"otm_consumer_handbook_fakenewsedition_800\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/otm/#file=/audio/json/684562/&share=1\" width=\"100%\" height=\"130\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nDid you hear that Pope Francis endorsed Donald Trump for president?\u003cbr>\nOr that \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/http:/www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/\">Hillary Clinton sold weapons to ISIS\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Fake-news-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: How to Fight Fake News (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Crazy, right?\u003cbr>\nAnd … 100 percent false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you were one of the millions of people drawn to a bogus headline in your Facebook feed -- or other social media platform of choice -- and found yourself reading an article on what seemed like a legitimate news site (something like, say, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/http:/www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/\">The Political Insider\u003c/a>, which “reported” the Clinton-ISIS story), then why wouldn’t you believe it? I mean, people you supposedly trust shared it with you and it ranked high in the Google search. How could it be made-up information?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the world of “fake news.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Digital deception\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It comes as little surprise that the web is chock full of commercial click-bait hoaxes: get-rich-quick schemes, free Caribbean cruises, erectile dysfunction treatments ... you name it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as it turns out, the internet is also teeming with bogus information sites that masquerade as real news. And in the run-up to the 2016 election, many of these hoax news posts spread like wildfire. [Snopes, a fact-checking site, maintains \u003ca href=\"http://www.snopes.com/2016/01/14/fake-news-sites/\">a comprehensive and growing list of fake news outlets\u003c/a>.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump's contempt for \"the mainstream media,\" an industry he uniformly dismisses as a corrupt, lying \"bunch of phony lowlifes,\" has further obscured the boundaries between fact and fiction. So, too, has his use of Twitter to widely disseminate unsubstantiated allegations and, on numerous occasions, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/personalities/donald-trump/statements/byruling/false/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downright falsehoods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even President Obama weighed in (while still president), assailing the rapid accumulation of fake news as a \"dust cloud of nonsense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we are not serious about facts, if we can't discriminate between serious arguments and propaganda, than we have problems,\" he said at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/nov/17/barack-obama-fake-news-facebook-social-media\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent press conference\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Fake news, real profit, serious consequences\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In fact, a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.de3beM1nN#.kikAXPpjm\">BuzzFeed News\u003c/a> analysis of election-related web articles published in the three months before Election Day found that the 20 most popular fake news stories generated significantly more engagement on Facebook (shares, reactions, comments) than did the top 20 real news stories from major news outlets like the Washington Post and New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course, the more engagement, the more ad revenue; a major financial incentive for unethical folks with overactive imaginations to whip up ever more outlandish, attention-grabbing conspiracy theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the analysis, the majority of the most popular and prolific purveyors of fake news -- websites like \u003ca href=\"http://endingthefed.com/\">Ending the Fed\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.infowars.com\">InfoWars\u003c/a> -- are either full-on hoax sites or “hyperpartisan” right-wing platforms that creatively obscure the truth (a handful of left-wing sites were also in the mix).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?attachment_id=24721\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24721\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3.jpg\" alt=\"sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3.jpg 625w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homepage of \"Ending the Fed,\" a \"hyperpartisan\" right-wing website chock full of fake news stories.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strangely, BuzzFeed also found \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/how-macedonia-became-a-global-hub-for-pro-trump-misinfo\">more than 100 U.S. politics websites\u003c/a> run out of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, usually authored by web-savvy, entrepreneurial young people -- \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/how-macedonia-became-a-global-hub-for-pro-trump-misinfo?utm_term=.uoNgBO3Qr#.llVwaxWvM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">including teenagers\u003c/a> -- trying to make a fast buck by creatively duping American media consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One recent notably viral fake news headline espoused an utterly baseless conspiracy theory that a Washington, D.C. family-friendly pizza place was actually a front for a child sex ring run by Hillary Clinton's campaign manager. Michael Flynn, Jr., son of retired U.S. Army Lt. Gen. Michael Flynn -- Trump's pick for national security adviser, and a Clinton-related conspiracy theorist himself -- further promoted the story, while serving on Trump's transition team, by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?in_reply_to=805611056009768960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sharing it\u003c/a> with his thousands of Twitter followers. The younger Flynn has since been removed from the transition team due to his aggressive trolling habit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bogus rumor, which became known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/dec/05/how-pizzagate-went-fake-news-real-problem-dc-busin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pizzagate\u003c/a>, had some serious ramifications when a man armed with an assault rifle \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2016/12/04/d-c-police-respond-to-report-of-a-man-with-a-gun-at-comet-ping-pong-restaurant/?utm_term=.da23f8cb9a1d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">entered the restaurant\u003c/a> on Sunday, Dec. 4 and fired several shots in what he later told police was an attempt to \"self-investigate\" the claim (there were no reported injuries).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And no, you really can't make this stuff up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To what degree the overall proliferation of fake news affected the election results remains unclear. But it almost certainly did have some impact, particularly on undecided voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After initially deflecting criticism that his company bore some level of responsibility for the dramatic spread of political misinformation, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10103253901916271\">published a post\u003c/a> (on Facebook, of course) less than a week after the election, stating: “We have already launched work enabling our community to flag hoaxes and fake news, and there is more we can do here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days later, both Google and Facebook \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-alphabet-advertising-idUSKBN1392MM\">announced\u003c/a> new efforts to prevent identifiable fake news sites from using their respective advertising networks to generate revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Fake news is nothing new\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Fake news \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/11/fake-news-media-facebook-214459\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has long had a presence in\u003c/a> America's media landscape: Since the colonial period, various news outlets have played fast and loose with the truth for commercial or political gain. A particularly notorious era of journalistic misinformation emerged in the 1890s when competing newspapers owned by rival media titans William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer fought mercilessly for the attention of readers by liberally embellishing stories to sell more papers, a style that became known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_journalism.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">yellow journalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the sheer volume of information at our fingertips (and thumbs) today, and the ease with which we can inadvertently spread falsehoods with the simple click of a \"share\" button, puts us in uncharted territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Impressionable young minds\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Young people are among the most vulnerable and impressionable consumers of this kind of misinformation, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/V3LessonPlans/Executive%20Summary%2011.21.16.pdf\">recently released study \u003c/a>by Stanford’s History Education Group. Researchers collected nearly 8,000 responses from middle school, high school and college students -- aka \"digital natives\" -- around the country who were asked to evaluate online information presented in tweets, comments and articles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Overall, young people’s ability to reason about the information on the Internet can be summed up in one word: \u003cem>bleak\u003c/em>,\" the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our 'digital natives' may be able to flit between Facebook and Twitter while simultaneously uploading a selfie to Instagram and texting a friend. But when it comes to evaluating information that flows through social media channels, they are easily duped.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers were consistently \"shocked\" by the number of students who couldn’t effectively evaluate the credibility of the information they were presented with.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/UYc-hd1QSwA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/UYc-hd1QSwA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>More than 80 percent of middle schoolers in the study believed that “native ads” resembling articles were actually real news stories, even though they were labeled “sponsored content.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High school students were asked to evaluate a post from a popular image-sharing site featuring a picture of unusually formed daisies and titled \"Fukushima Nuclear Flowers: Not much more to say, this is what happens when flowers get nuclear birth defects.\" Despite the complete lack of attribution or evidence, most students accepted the picture at face value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"imgur-embed-pub\" lang=\"en\" data-id=\"a/BZWWx\">\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//imgur.com/BZWWx\">Fukushima Nuclear Flowers\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//s.imgur.com/min/embed.js\" async=\"\" charset=\"utf-8\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They didn't ask where it came from. They didn't verify it. They simply accepted the picture as fact,\" Sam Wineburg, a history and education professor at Stanford University, and the lead author of the study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/23/503129818/study-finds-students-have-dismaying-inability-to-tell-fake-news-from-real\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told NPR\u003c/a> in a recent interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the high school students in the study also couldn't tell the difference between real and fake news sources in their Facebook feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, most college students in the study didn't suspect any kind of bias in a tweet from a left-leaning activist group that cited a public opinion survey on gun ownership and background checks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>New polling shows the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NRA\">@NRA\u003c/a> is out of touch with gun owners and their own members \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/wm6weuaCbd\">https://t.co/wm6weuaCbd\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/NRAfail?src=hash\">#NRAfail\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/y4K4r5EcYX\">pic.twitter.com/y4K4r5EcYX\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— MoveOn.org (@MoveOn) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MoveOn/status/666772893846675456\">November 18, 2015\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>It's incumbent on educators, the study authors note, to show students how to be more discerning about the information they consume. In other words, how to identify fact from fiction and not to be a sucker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the only way we can deal with these kinds of issues are through educational programs and recognizing that the kinds of things that we worry about, the ability to determine what is reliable and not reliable, that is the new basic skill in our society,” said Wineburg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along those lines, WNYC's \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/shows/otm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">On the Media\u003c/a> made this nifty cheat sheet, which combined with an array of excellent, non-partisan political \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailydot.com/layer8/best-fact-checking-websites/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fact-check sites\u003c/a>, provide the necessary tools to weed out the fake and focus on what's really going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-24720 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png\" alt=\"otm_consumer_handbook_fakenewsedition_800\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Brief History of North Korea and How it Became One of America's Biggest Threats (with Lesson Plan)",
"title": "A Brief History of North Korea and How it Became One of America's Biggest Threats (with Lesson Plan)",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nhttps://youtu.be/1g9j_ZkuJig\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/North-Korea-in-Context-lesson-plan1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: History of North Korea (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In late July, the North Korean government is reported to \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-idUSKBN1AD1ZB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">have tested\u003c/a> an intercontinental ballistic missile that experts say could be capable of reaching Los Angeles and other West Coast cities. It's the second long range missile launched in the last month, elevating the threat level and prompting the U.S. and South Korea to stage a joint missile exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most repressive, isolated and impoverished nations on earth, North Korea has nonetheless managed to successfully develop a huge army with an arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles that pose a direct threat to the U.S. and its Asian allies. And under the notoriously erratic direction of its young leader, Kim Jong-un, the nation has repeatedly threatened to strike U.S. allies in the region, including South Korea and Japan, where thousands of American troops are stationed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to rising tensions, Vice President Mike Pence in April visited South Korean and warned North Korea that the \"era of strategic patience is over.\" And later that month, top Trump administration officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-house-briefs-senators-on-very-grave-threat-from-north-korea/2017/04/26/12a5c21a-2a9e-11e7-be51-b3fc6ff7faee_story.html?utm_term=.67c9a1b64aff\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">held a rare meeting\u003c/a> at the White House to brief the entire U.S. Senate on what one senior aide called \"a very grave threat\" posed by North Korea. The administration, though, offered few details on how it planned to address the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days later, in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-exclusive-idUSKBN17U04E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">interview with Reuters\u003c/a>, Trump said: \"There is a chance that we could end up having a major, major conflict with North Korea.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added, however that he'd prefer to peacefully resolve the crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bordering South Korea, one of Asia's most robust economies, North Korea has been walled for decades, a nation of roughly 25 million that's existed under the brutal totalitarian rule of the Kim family for three generations. Although reports of massive prison camps, food shortages, grinding poverty and shocking human rights violations elicit horror from outside observers, North Korea has also become a source of international intrigue as one of the world's last hermit kingdoms, a secretive society that few outsiders have ever set foot in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did it get like this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/v70-fi6PPU0\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1910-1945:\u003c/strong> Japanese colonization\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Japan colonizes Korea (north and south), beginning a 35-year period of often brutal military rule that include efforts to wipe out Korea’s language and cultural identity. The Japanese also introduce modern industrial development, especially in the north where coal and hydroelectric power resources are plentiful, prompting a mass exodus from the countryside to cities. Japanese rule ends in 1945, when U.S. and Russian forces capture the peninsula at the conclusion of World War II. By then, Korea is the second-most industrialized nation in Asia (after Japan). During this period, Kim Il-sung, the future leader of North Korea, emerges as a prominent guerrilla fighter in the colonial resistance movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1945-1948:\u003c/strong> The 38th parallel\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27737\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27737 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"281\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808.jpg 456w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-160x164.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-240x246.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-375x385.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Split at the 38th parallel \u003ccite>(ourtimebd.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the end of World War II, Japan surrenders to the Allies and relinquishes its control of Korea. The Soviet Union and United States agree to temporarily split postwar control of the peninsula until an independent and unified Korean government can be established. The Soviets occupy everything north of the 38th parallel. But as tensions grow between the two nations, efforts to forge a unified Korean government fall apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1948: \u003c/strong>North and South Korea form distinct states\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>By August 1948, the pro-U.S. Republic of Korea (South Korea) is established in Seoul, led by Syngman Rhee, a staunch anti-communist. Just three weeks later, the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) emerges in Pyongyang, with communist guerrilla leader Kim Il-sung assuming power. Both leaders assert jurisdiction over the entire Korean peninsula and its people.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1950-1953:\u003c/strong> The Korean War\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On June 25, 1950, North Korean military forces, supported by the Soviet Union and China, invade the South in an effort to unify Korea under the leadership of Kim Il-sung. The U.S. comes to the aid of the South. Three years of intense fighting result in vast physical destruction and as many as 3 million casualties, including roughly 35,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27738\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27738\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-160x116.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-240x174.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-375x271.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hundreds of thousands of Koreans flee to the south during the war after the North Korean army crosses the 38th Parallel. \u003ccite>(U.S. Defense Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1953, both sides sign an armistice with a cease-fire line -- the demilitarized zone (DMZ) – into approximately equal-sized territories. The now-heavily fortified border is in roughly the same position -- on the 38\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> parallel -- almost exactly where it was before the war started. The armistice is intended as a temporary measure, but a formal peace treaty ending the war is never actually signed (which means the war never technically ended).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1953–1970s:\u003c/strong> Building a Stalinist state\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Under Kim Il-sung’s leadership, North Korea becomes a self-defined workers' state. It implements Juche, an ideology of self-reliance promoting Korean autonomy. The country institutes a command economy, a system in which the government, rather than the free market, determines production. The state seizes control of all private property and organizations, officially taking ownership of everything, including people’s homes, businesses, and even the clothes on their back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27741\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27741\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Koreans bowing in front of the statues of Kim Il-sung (left) and Kim Jong-il at the Mansudae Grand Monument in Pyongyang. \u003ccite>(J.A. de Roo/Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Land and agriculture are collectivized under state control. The regime rebuilds Pyongyang as a socialist capital, erecting numerous monuments to Kim Il-sung as part of a sweeping effort to build a cult of personality. It also takes over control of the media, restricts international travel and squashes any form of opposition, forcing dissenters into harsh prison camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With major backing from the Soviet Union during the postwar reconstruction period, North Korea invests in mineral extraction and other heavy industries, rapidly developing its civilian and military economy at a rate that initially appears to outpace its rival to the south. For a time, urbanization continues to increase, as does school enrollment and infrastructure development. North Korea is billed a “workers’ paradise” by the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also during this period that the Soviet Union helps North Korea build nuclear reactors for energy production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But huge inequalities begin to surface, as the regime implements the songbun system that divides the population is divided into different social classes according to perceived loyalty. The new order dictates where people can live, what jobs they can have and where children can attend school.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Late 1970s–1990s: Isolation\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>By the 1980s, though, as the South Korean economy begins to boom, North Korea stagnates; it continues to focus heavily on mining and steel production and fails to sufficiently innovate and diversify its industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27742\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27742 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1020x1101.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"691\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1020x1101.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-160x173.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-800x864.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-768x829.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1180x1274.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-960x1036.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-240x259.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-375x405.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-520x561.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg 1345w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Satellite image of the Korean Peninsula at night, showing North Korea in almost complete darkness. The one small bright spot is Pyongyang, the capital. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The economy is also dramatically impacted by the economic decline of the Soviet Union and Eastern bloc, its primary source of aid and trade. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 leaves North Korea politically, economically and militarily isolated, with China as its only major remaining ally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 1994, amid this steep decline, Kim Il-sung dies of a sudden heart attack and is succeeded by his son, Kim Jong-il. The following year, widespread flooding destroys crops and infrastructure, prompting a three-year famine when the state-run economy fails to produce enough food. Hundreds of thousands of people die of starvation, while scores of survivors, particularly children, suffer severe malnutrition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the state rationing system crumbles, a major \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKCN0SN00320151029http:/www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKCN0SN00320151029\">black market economy\u003c/a> emerges, with millions of North Koreans making or smuggling whatever they can sell or barter to survive. This underground economy takes root, and eventually forces the government to take marginal steps toward economic liberalization.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>1994 – 2016: The nuclear era\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Increasingly isolated, and with the loss of protection from the Soviet Union, Kim Jong-il’s government announces a new policy called “Songun,\" or \"Military First.” It makes the Korean People’s Army the state’s most powerful political and economic force in the nation, and the largest recipient of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under this new system, North Korea uses its nuclear reactors to begin developing a nuclear weapons program. By 2003, it withdraws from the 1995 Nuclear Proliferation Treaty. Three years later, North Korea claims to have successfully tested its first nuclear weapon, prompting the U.N. Security Council to impose a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/10/14/nkorea.sanctions/\">broad array\u003c/a> of trade and travel sanctions. Despite U.S. and international efforts to halt its nuclear ambitions, North Korea continues to develop its arsenal and conducts subsequent tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the death of Kim Jong-il in 2011, his son Kim Jong-un, still in his mid-20s, takes over as North Korea’s third supreme leader. Portraying himself as a modern version of his grandfather, Jong-il purges, demotes and, in several instances, executes regime officials to further secure his power base. The new regime cracks down on border crossings and further limits access to foreign media and internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27743\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27743\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Korea’s leader Kim Jong Un watches a military drill in this handout photo by North Korea’s Korean Central News Agency. \u003ccite>(KNCN via Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite initial hopes from outside observers that Jong-un will take steps to mend his nation’s frayed relations with the West, he continues to consolidate power threaten other nations – most notably South Korea and the U.S. – and accelerates the development and testing of nuclear weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography\">http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-north-korea-history/\">http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-north-korea-history/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/1g9j_ZkuJig'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/1g9j_ZkuJig'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/North-Korea-in-Context-lesson-plan1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: History of North Korea (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In late July, the North Korean government is reported to \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-idUSKBN1AD1ZB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">have tested\u003c/a> an intercontinental ballistic missile that experts say could be capable of reaching Los Angeles and other West Coast cities. It's the second long range missile launched in the last month, elevating the threat level and prompting the U.S. and South Korea to stage a joint missile exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most repressive, isolated and impoverished nations on earth, North Korea has nonetheless managed to successfully develop a huge army with an arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles that pose a direct threat to the U.S. and its Asian allies. And under the notoriously erratic direction of its young leader, Kim Jong-un, the nation has repeatedly threatened to strike U.S. allies in the region, including South Korea and Japan, where thousands of American troops are stationed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to rising tensions, Vice President Mike Pence in April visited South Korean and warned North Korea that the \"era of strategic patience is over.\" And later that month, top Trump administration officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-house-briefs-senators-on-very-grave-threat-from-north-korea/2017/04/26/12a5c21a-2a9e-11e7-be51-b3fc6ff7faee_story.html?utm_term=.67c9a1b64aff\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">held a rare meeting\u003c/a> at the White House to brief the entire U.S. Senate on what one senior aide called \"a very grave threat\" posed by North Korea. The administration, though, offered few details on how it planned to address the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days later, in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-exclusive-idUSKBN17U04E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">interview with Reuters\u003c/a>, Trump said: \"There is a chance that we could end up having a major, major conflict with North Korea.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added, however that he'd prefer to peacefully resolve the crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bordering South Korea, one of Asia's most robust economies, North Korea has been walled for decades, a nation of roughly 25 million that's existed under the brutal totalitarian rule of the Kim family for three generations. Although reports of massive prison camps, food shortages, grinding poverty and shocking human rights violations elicit horror from outside observers, North Korea has also become a source of international intrigue as one of the world's last hermit kingdoms, a secretive society that few outsiders have ever set foot in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did it get like this?\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/v70-fi6PPU0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/v70-fi6PPU0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1910-1945:\u003c/strong> Japanese colonization\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Japan colonizes Korea (north and south), beginning a 35-year period of often brutal military rule that include efforts to wipe out Korea’s language and cultural identity. The Japanese also introduce modern industrial development, especially in the north where coal and hydroelectric power resources are plentiful, prompting a mass exodus from the countryside to cities. Japanese rule ends in 1945, when U.S. and Russian forces capture the peninsula at the conclusion of World War II. By then, Korea is the second-most industrialized nation in Asia (after Japan). During this period, Kim Il-sung, the future leader of North Korea, emerges as a prominent guerrilla fighter in the colonial resistance movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1945-1948:\u003c/strong> The 38th parallel\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27737\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27737 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"281\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808.jpg 456w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-160x164.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-240x246.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-375x385.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/38th-our-time-e1501282787808-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Split at the 38th parallel \u003ccite>(ourtimebd.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the end of World War II, Japan surrenders to the Allies and relinquishes its control of Korea. The Soviet Union and United States agree to temporarily split postwar control of the peninsula until an independent and unified Korean government can be established. The Soviets occupy everything north of the 38th parallel. But as tensions grow between the two nations, efforts to forge a unified Korean government fall apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1948: \u003c/strong>North and South Korea form distinct states\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>By August 1948, the pro-U.S. Republic of Korea (South Korea) is established in Seoul, led by Syngman Rhee, a staunch anti-communist. Just three weeks later, the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) emerges in Pyongyang, with communist guerrilla leader Kim Il-sung assuming power. Both leaders assert jurisdiction over the entire Korean peninsula and its people.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1950-1953:\u003c/strong> The Korean War\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On June 25, 1950, North Korean military forces, supported by the Soviet Union and China, invade the South in an effort to unify Korea under the leadership of Kim Il-sung. The U.S. comes to the aid of the South. Three years of intense fighting result in vast physical destruction and as many as 3 million casualties, including roughly 35,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27738\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27738\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-160x116.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-240x174.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-375x271.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/South_Korean_refugees_mid-1950-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hundreds of thousands of Koreans flee to the south during the war after the North Korean army crosses the 38th Parallel. \u003ccite>(U.S. Defense Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1953, both sides sign an armistice with a cease-fire line -- the demilitarized zone (DMZ) – into approximately equal-sized territories. The now-heavily fortified border is in roughly the same position -- on the 38\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> parallel -- almost exactly where it was before the war started. The armistice is intended as a temporary measure, but a formal peace treaty ending the war is never actually signed (which means the war never technically ended).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>1953–1970s:\u003c/strong> Building a Stalinist state\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Under Kim Il-sung’s leadership, North Korea becomes a self-defined workers' state. It implements Juche, an ideology of self-reliance promoting Korean autonomy. The country institutes a command economy, a system in which the government, rather than the free market, determines production. The state seizes control of all private property and organizations, officially taking ownership of everything, including people’s homes, businesses, and even the clothes on their back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27741\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27741\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/1024px-The_statues_of_Kim_Il_Sung_and_Kim_Jong_Il_on_Mansu_Hill_in_Pyongyang_april_2012.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Koreans bowing in front of the statues of Kim Il-sung (left) and Kim Jong-il at the Mansudae Grand Monument in Pyongyang. \u003ccite>(J.A. de Roo/Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Land and agriculture are collectivized under state control. The regime rebuilds Pyongyang as a socialist capital, erecting numerous monuments to Kim Il-sung as part of a sweeping effort to build a cult of personality. It also takes over control of the media, restricts international travel and squashes any form of opposition, forcing dissenters into harsh prison camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With major backing from the Soviet Union during the postwar reconstruction period, North Korea invests in mineral extraction and other heavy industries, rapidly developing its civilian and military economy at a rate that initially appears to outpace its rival to the south. For a time, urbanization continues to increase, as does school enrollment and infrastructure development. North Korea is billed a “workers’ paradise” by the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also during this period that the Soviet Union helps North Korea build nuclear reactors for energy production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But huge inequalities begin to surface, as the regime implements the songbun system that divides the population is divided into different social classes according to perceived loyalty. The new order dictates where people can live, what jobs they can have and where children can attend school.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Late 1970s–1990s: Isolation\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>By the 1980s, though, as the South Korean economy begins to boom, North Korea stagnates; it continues to focus heavily on mining and steel production and fails to sufficiently innovate and diversify its industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27742\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-27742 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1020x1101.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"691\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1020x1101.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-160x173.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-800x864.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-768x829.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-1180x1274.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-960x1036.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-240x259.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-375x405.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space-520x561.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg 1345w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Satellite image of the Korean Peninsula at night, showing North Korea in almost complete darkness. The one small bright spot is Pyongyang, the capital. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The economy is also dramatically impacted by the economic decline of the Soviet Union and Eastern bloc, its primary source of aid and trade. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 leaves North Korea politically, economically and militarily isolated, with China as its only major remaining ally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 1994, amid this steep decline, Kim Il-sung dies of a sudden heart attack and is succeeded by his son, Kim Jong-il. The following year, widespread flooding destroys crops and infrastructure, prompting a three-year famine when the state-run economy fails to produce enough food. Hundreds of thousands of people die of starvation, while scores of survivors, particularly children, suffer severe malnutrition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the state rationing system crumbles, a major \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKCN0SN00320151029http:/www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-change-insight-idUSKCN0SN00320151029\">black market economy\u003c/a> emerges, with millions of North Koreans making or smuggling whatever they can sell or barter to survive. This underground economy takes root, and eventually forces the government to take marginal steps toward economic liberalization.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>1994 – 2016: The nuclear era\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Increasingly isolated, and with the loss of protection from the Soviet Union, Kim Jong-il’s government announces a new policy called “Songun,\" or \"Military First.” It makes the Korean People’s Army the state’s most powerful political and economic force in the nation, and the largest recipient of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under this new system, North Korea uses its nuclear reactors to begin developing a nuclear weapons program. By 2003, it withdraws from the 1995 Nuclear Proliferation Treaty. Three years later, North Korea claims to have successfully tested its first nuclear weapon, prompting the U.N. Security Council to impose a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/10/14/nkorea.sanctions/\">broad array\u003c/a> of trade and travel sanctions. Despite U.S. and international efforts to halt its nuclear ambitions, North Korea continues to develop its arsenal and conducts subsequent tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the death of Kim Jong-il in 2011, his son Kim Jong-un, still in his mid-20s, takes over as North Korea’s third supreme leader. Portraying himself as a modern version of his grandfather, Jong-il purges, demotes and, in several instances, executes regime officials to further secure his power base. The new regime cracks down on border crossings and further limits access to foreign media and internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27743\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27743\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/04/jong-il.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Korea’s leader Kim Jong Un watches a military drill in this handout photo by North Korea’s Korean Central News Agency. \u003ccite>(KNCN via Reuters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite initial hopes from outside observers that Jong-un will take steps to mend his nation’s frayed relations with the West, he continues to consolidate power threaten other nations – most notably South Korea and the U.S. – and accelerates the development and testing of nuclear weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography\">http://asiasociety.org/education/korean-history-and-political-geography\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-north-korea-history/\">http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-north-korea-history/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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