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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cem>This video is part of \"Stepping Up,\" a short video series featuring four impressive young people working for change in their communities and explaining what sparked them to action. Watch all four videos \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/09/27/stepping-up-four-high-school-activists-on-what-moved-them-to-action-video/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2017/09/27/fall-2017-youth-media-challenge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Youth Media Challenge\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Youth-Media-Challenge-classroom-guide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Classroom guide (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Stepping-Up-Student-Viewing-handout.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Student viewing handout\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\"When it's time to step up and be a leader, that's what I'm always going to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meet Veronica S., a 17-year-old high school student and community activist from Richmond, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veronica is no stranger to tough times. As a kid, her father was sentenced to prison, leaving her family scambling to find stable housing. For years, they moved from one relative's house to another. At times, when no other options were available, they hopped between cheap hotel rooms and even slept in their car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I know a lot of people are going through the same thing as me and probably even worse,\" Veronica said. \"That really motivated me to start doing what I do now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found her calling as a community activist after a school counselor referred her to \u003ca href=\"https://rysecenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RYSE\u003c/a>, a local youth center. There she met other young people who had also overcome difficult experiences and were engaged in inspiring community projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veronica says she loves Richmond, but admits it has serious problems. The small industrial city across the bay from San Francisco has long struggled with high rates of poverty and violent crime. Because of limited access to healthy food and poor air quality (the Chevron refinery is right next door), large numbers of residents, including many children, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/19/opinion/a-focus-on-health-to-resolve-urban-ills.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">struggle with health ailments\u003c/a> like asthma and diet-related diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guided by her mentors at RYSE, Veronica dove head first into tackling some of theses issues, becoming involved in various local youth-led campaigns to improve community health and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We do a lot for our community,\" she said. \"We're trying to get more youth centers around Richmond so we can have more resources for low-income children like me and my brother and my sisters.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After graduating from high school, Veronica hopes to attend San Francisco State University, but says she plans to eventually come back to Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I want to explore more but I'll always know that Richmond is where I came from. 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"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->In a way it was the perfect crime: using American-made social media tools to subvert American democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to testifying before congressional committees last month, legal representatives from Facebook, Twitter and Google -- all headquartered in the Bay Area -- revealed that an ongoing Russian-connected disinformation campaign that used their platforms to try to smear Hillary Clinton, manipulate political opinion and generally inflame tensions was significantly larger in scope (and presumably impact) than initially reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with The Lowdown and ATN\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/When-disaster-strikes-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-28156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"90\" height=\"90\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 90px) 100vw, 90px\">\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond:\u003c/strong> How do you identify propaganda online and protect your own information? \u003cspan style=\"font-size: small;\">\u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28155 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\">\u003cstrong>Youth media\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZbLiozzw6A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A PBS Student Reporting Labs video\u003c/a> on the spread of misinformation (also embedded below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28152 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"90\" height=\"90\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 90px) 100vw, 90px\">\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/Lesson-Plan_-Cybersecurity-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An original lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/Source-List_-Cybersecurity.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a>. And use \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2017/11/15/protecting-students-online-privacy-in-the-classroom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this handy primer\u003c/a> to teach students how to protect their online privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As many as \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2017/10/31/facebook-google-and-twitter-are-set-to-testify-on-capitol-hill-heres-what-to-expect/?utm_term=.e9978929f0f6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">126 million Facebook users\u003c/a> over the last two years may have viewed posts clandestinely produced and circulated by Russian operatives, the social media giant reported. Twitter, meanwhile, acknowledged it had identified 2,752 accounts controlled by Russians, and found that roughly 36,000 Russian bots had tweeted 1.4 million times in the runup to the election in an effort to generate trending hashtags. And Google said it had found more than 1,110 YouTube videos, amounting to about 43 hours of content, that were related to the Russian subversion efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russian operatives also purchased more than $100,000 of targeted ads on the platforms, the tech companies revealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his Oct. 31 testimony before a separate House intelligence committee, Facebook general counsel Colin Stretch said: \"They were able to develop a significant following for a relatively small amount of money. It was undertaken by people I think who understand social media. These people were not amateurs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats on the House Intelligence Committee released a large sampling of the Russian-linked ads, event notifications, memes, pages and petitions that had been widely shared on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram before and after the election. See some of the original posts \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2017/11/here_are_the_facebook_posts_russia_used_to_meddle_in_the_2016_election.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As this related \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> video explains, much of the issue comes down to online security and the increasing challenge of knowing the source of your online information and protecting yourself from being scammed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/VlYjtWg4Thw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Russian-related messages in question were primarily posted from the social media accounts of fabricated individuals and organizations. Much of the content attacked Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party, often promulgating wildly unfounded conspiracy theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, one ad placed in July 2016 by a made-up Facebook user called \"Being Patriotic\" showed a picture of Clinton's face covered with a black X, and read: \"Hillary Clinton is the co-author of Obama's anti-police and anti-Constitutional propaganda.\" Targeted at Trump supporters in New York, it urged them to attend an upcoming rally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ad has since been traced back to a Kremlin-backed group in St. Petersburg, Russia, that paid Facebook for it in Russian rubles for the equivalent of about $250, \u003ca href=\"http://beta.latimes.com/nation/la-na-social-media-russia-20171101-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to data\u003c/a> Facebook provided to the House committee. As many as 15,255 Facebook users saw the ad in their news feed and 1,312 clicked on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29045\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-29045\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"471\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan.png 590w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan-160x215.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan-240x323.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan-375x504.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan-520x699.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screenshot of an anti-Clinton post from the fake account of\"Army of Jesus,\" which tried to appeal to evangelical Christians.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another particularly colorful one equated Clinton to Satan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/11/15/video-how-russian-bots-and-trolls-undermined-the-2016-election-and-compromised-u-s-democracy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RELATED: The U.S. Has Its Own Long History of Meddling in Foreign Elections [Timeline] \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the made-up Russian posts, tweets and videos didn't actually mention either candidate, but were rather efforts to stir up and further widen deep-seated divisions on a wide range of explosive political issues, including immigration, racial justice and religion. The ads targeted specific groups of people in strategic voting locations. The Russian-backed propaganda effort also \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-backed-facebook-accounts-organized-events-on-all-sides-of-polarizing-issues-1509355801\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">publicized or financed\u003c/a> at least 60 different controversial events around the country related to some of the most politically polarizing issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cheader class=\"article_header module\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"zonedModule\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/header>\n\u003cp>Some posts received only limited visibility; other were viewed hundreds of thousands of times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Russian-authored fake Facebook group called Blacktivist urged people to rise up and retaliate against police violence, espousing “an eye for an eye.\" Another group, targeting white conservatives, insisted that Black Lives Matter activists should “be immediately shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-29044\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede.png 590w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede-160x192.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede-240x288.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede-375x450.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede-520x624.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A post from a made-up group called \"Heart of Texas,\" which reportedly urged members of a real Texas secessionist group to attend anti-Clinton rallies.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another Facebook ad from \"Secured Borders\" had an image of a sign on what looked like the southwest border that read: \"No Invaders Allowed.\" Facebook reported that the ad was purchased in Russian rubles, for about $1,600, and was viewed by as many as 97,000 users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICA_2017_01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. intelligence agencies\u003c/a> have long known “with high confidence” that Russia's \"influence campaign\" attempted to undermine U.S. democracy and help Trump beat Clinton in the election. But not until these most recent disclosures was the sprawling extent of Russian social media infiltration fully understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/V_UlDQo0-JE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Scott Shane of the New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/07/us/politics/russia-facebook-twitter-election.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote\u003c/a> in September (before the full extent of the impact had been revealed):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Russian information attack on the election did not stop with the hacking and leaking of Democratic emails or the fire hose of stories, true, false and in between, that battered Mrs. Clinton on Russian outlets like RT and Sputnik. Far less splashy, and far more difficult to trace, was Russia’s experimentation on Facebook and Twitter, the American companies that essentially invented the tools of social media and, in this case, did not stop them from being turned into engines of deception and propaganda.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif), a member of the Senate panel, gave the three social media companies a stern warning that they needed to be more vigilant at stopping illicit foreign use of their platforms — or Congress would be forced to get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You bear this responsibility. You created these platforms and now they are being misused,\" she said. \"You have to be the ones to do something about it or we will.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WATCH: \u003c/strong>\u003cem>What teenagers should know about bots, produced by Jacqueline Kao of the PBS Newshour Student Reporting Lab program at San Mateo High School.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/BZbLiozzw6A\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->In a way it was the perfect crime: using American-made social media tools to subvert American democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to testifying before congressional committees last month, legal representatives from Facebook, Twitter and Google -- all headquartered in the Bay Area -- revealed that an ongoing Russian-connected disinformation campaign that used their platforms to try to smear Hillary Clinton, manipulate political opinion and generally inflame tensions was significantly larger in scope (and presumably impact) than initially reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with The Lowdown and ATN\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/When-disaster-strikes-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-28156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"90\" height=\"90\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 90px) 100vw, 90px\">\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond:\u003c/strong> How do you identify propaganda online and protect your own information? \u003cspan style=\"font-size: small;\">\u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28155 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\">\u003cstrong>Youth media\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZbLiozzw6A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A PBS Student Reporting Labs video\u003c/a> on the spread of misinformation (also embedded below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28152 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"90\" height=\"90\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 90px) 100vw, 90px\">\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/Lesson-Plan_-Cybersecurity-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An original lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/Source-List_-Cybersecurity.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a>. And use \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2017/11/15/protecting-students-online-privacy-in-the-classroom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this handy primer\u003c/a> to teach students how to protect their online privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As many as \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2017/10/31/facebook-google-and-twitter-are-set-to-testify-on-capitol-hill-heres-what-to-expect/?utm_term=.e9978929f0f6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">126 million Facebook users\u003c/a> over the last two years may have viewed posts clandestinely produced and circulated by Russian operatives, the social media giant reported. Twitter, meanwhile, acknowledged it had identified 2,752 accounts controlled by Russians, and found that roughly 36,000 Russian bots had tweeted 1.4 million times in the runup to the election in an effort to generate trending hashtags. And Google said it had found more than 1,110 YouTube videos, amounting to about 43 hours of content, that were related to the Russian subversion efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russian operatives also purchased more than $100,000 of targeted ads on the platforms, the tech companies revealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his Oct. 31 testimony before a separate House intelligence committee, Facebook general counsel Colin Stretch said: \"They were able to develop a significant following for a relatively small amount of money. It was undertaken by people I think who understand social media. These people were not amateurs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats on the House Intelligence Committee released a large sampling of the Russian-linked ads, event notifications, memes, pages and petitions that had been widely shared on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram before and after the election. See some of the original posts \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2017/11/here_are_the_facebook_posts_russia_used_to_meddle_in_the_2016_election.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As this related \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> video explains, much of the issue comes down to online security and the increasing challenge of knowing the source of your online information and protecting yourself from being scammed.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/VlYjtWg4Thw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/VlYjtWg4Thw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The Russian-related messages in question were primarily posted from the social media accounts of fabricated individuals and organizations. Much of the content attacked Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party, often promulgating wildly unfounded conspiracy theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, one ad placed in July 2016 by a made-up Facebook user called \"Being Patriotic\" showed a picture of Clinton's face covered with a black X, and read: \"Hillary Clinton is the co-author of Obama's anti-police and anti-Constitutional propaganda.\" Targeted at Trump supporters in New York, it urged them to attend an upcoming rally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ad has since been traced back to a Kremlin-backed group in St. Petersburg, Russia, that paid Facebook for it in Russian rubles for the equivalent of about $250, \u003ca href=\"http://beta.latimes.com/nation/la-na-social-media-russia-20171101-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to data\u003c/a> Facebook provided to the House committee. As many as 15,255 Facebook users saw the ad in their news feed and 1,312 clicked on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29045\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-29045\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"471\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan.png 590w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan-160x215.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan-240x323.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan-375x504.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/satan-520x699.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screenshot of an anti-Clinton post from the fake account of\"Army of Jesus,\" which tried to appeal to evangelical Christians.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another particularly colorful one equated Clinton to Satan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/11/15/video-how-russian-bots-and-trolls-undermined-the-2016-election-and-compromised-u-s-democracy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RELATED: The U.S. Has Its Own Long History of Meddling in Foreign Elections [Timeline] \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the made-up Russian posts, tweets and videos didn't actually mention either candidate, but were rather efforts to stir up and further widen deep-seated divisions on a wide range of explosive political issues, including immigration, racial justice and religion. The ads targeted specific groups of people in strategic voting locations. The Russian-backed propaganda effort also \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-backed-facebook-accounts-organized-events-on-all-sides-of-polarizing-issues-1509355801\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">publicized or financed\u003c/a> at least 60 different controversial events around the country related to some of the most politically polarizing issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cheader class=\"article_header module\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"zonedModule\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/header>\n\u003cp>Some posts received only limited visibility; other were viewed hundreds of thousands of times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Russian-authored fake Facebook group called Blacktivist urged people to rise up and retaliate against police violence, espousing “an eye for an eye.\" Another group, targeting white conservatives, insisted that Black Lives Matter activists should “be immediately shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-29044\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede.png 590w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede-160x192.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede-240x288.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede-375x450.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/texas-secede-520x624.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A post from a made-up group called \"Heart of Texas,\" which reportedly urged members of a real Texas secessionist group to attend anti-Clinton rallies.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another Facebook ad from \"Secured Borders\" had an image of a sign on what looked like the southwest border that read: \"No Invaders Allowed.\" Facebook reported that the ad was purchased in Russian rubles, for about $1,600, and was viewed by as many as 97,000 users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICA_2017_01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. intelligence agencies\u003c/a> have long known “with high confidence” that Russia's \"influence campaign\" attempted to undermine U.S. democracy and help Trump beat Clinton in the election. But not until these most recent disclosures was the sprawling extent of Russian social media infiltration fully understood.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/V_UlDQo0-JE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/V_UlDQo0-JE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>As Scott Shane of the New York Times \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/07/us/politics/russia-facebook-twitter-election.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote\u003c/a> in September (before the full extent of the impact had been revealed):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Russian information attack on the election did not stop with the hacking and leaking of Democratic emails or the fire hose of stories, true, false and in between, that battered Mrs. Clinton on Russian outlets like RT and Sputnik. Far less splashy, and far more difficult to trace, was Russia’s experimentation on Facebook and Twitter, the American companies that essentially invented the tools of social media and, in this case, did not stop them from being turned into engines of deception and propaganda.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif), a member of the Senate panel, gave the three social media companies a stern warning that they needed to be more vigilant at stopping illicit foreign use of their platforms — or Congress would be forced to get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You bear this responsibility. You created these platforms and now they are being misused,\" she said. \"You have to be the ones to do something about it or we will.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WATCH: \u003c/strong>\u003cem>What teenagers should know about bots, produced by Jacqueline Kao of the PBS Newshour Student Reporting Lab program at San Mateo High School.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/BZbLiozzw6A'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/BZbLiozzw6A'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "WATCH: This SF High School Student Started A Latino Marching Band to Fight for Immigrant Rights",
"title": "WATCH: This SF High School Student Started A Latino Marching Band to Fight for Immigrant Rights",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cem>This video is part of \"Stepping Up,\" a short video series featuring four impressive young people working for change in their communities and explaining what sparked them to action. Watch all four videos \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/09/27/stepping-up-four-high-school-activists-on-what-moved-them-to-action-video/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2017/09/27/fall-2017-youth-media-challenge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Youth Media Challenge\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Youth-Media-Challenge-classroom-guide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Classroom guide (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Stepping-Up-Student-Viewing-handout.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Student viewing handout\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>For Walter Diaz, the message is in the music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid heightened fears of federal immigration crackdowns that rattled undocumented communities after Donald Trump's unexpected election victory last November, Diaz took action in the most effective way he knew how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then a senior at Lincoln High School in San Francisco, the 19-year-old immigrant from El Salvador started a Latino marching band with his classmates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the school year, Diaz developed the sprawling band, leading it on occasional marches through the long hallways of his school, culminating with performances in the main courtyard. As they played Latin-tinged melodies, band members proudly donned flags of their native countries, held pro-immigrant placards and passed out fliers to fellow classmates about immigration resources and legal rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They've since gone on to march in other San Francisco schools and perform in several community festivals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We created the band as a club to share with people who are not familiar with our culture, with our music,\" said Diaz. \"To create a band was create strength among different nationalities and show that we are all humans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diaz fled El Salvador when he was 17 after his family was threatened by a violent gang that his brother had once been involved with. He and his family traveled through Mexico and then tried crossing illegally into the U.S., but were apprehended by immigration officials. Diaz says that because of his tenuous situation, he was able to secure a visa, allowing him to settle in the U.S. as a legal resident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, \"I am still not at ease since many others don't have that opportunity. Many people are being deported. Many families are being separated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The marching band is Diaz's unique form of activism, a way to celebrate and shine light on communities that are often relegated to the shadows. He's since graduated from Lincoln High and gone on to attend community college but returns regularly to help lead the band he started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find Walter and the three other students in our Stepping Up series, we searched across the Bay Area for a diverse array of young activists representing different cities and different perspectives who had inspiring stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AND we want to hear from you! Let us know if you have a story to share. Are you a young person who's passionate about a social or political issue and taken action? Or do you know some who fits that description? Submit your video, audio or written piece to KQED Education's Fall Youth Media Challenge. \u003ca href=\"https://wp.me/p6Uslp-2dhX\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Go here\u003c/a> for submission guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cem>This video is part of \"Stepping Up,\" a short video series featuring four impressive young people working for change in their communities and explaining what sparked them to action. Watch all four videos \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/09/27/stepping-up-four-high-school-activists-on-what-moved-them-to-action-video/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2017/09/27/fall-2017-youth-media-challenge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Youth Media Challenge\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Youth-Media-Challenge-classroom-guide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Classroom guide (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Stepping-Up-Student-Viewing-handout.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Student viewing handout\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>For Walter Diaz, the message is in the music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid heightened fears of federal immigration crackdowns that rattled undocumented communities after Donald Trump's unexpected election victory last November, Diaz took action in the most effective way he knew how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then a senior at Lincoln High School in San Francisco, the 19-year-old immigrant from El Salvador started a Latino marching band with his classmates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the school year, Diaz developed the sprawling band, leading it on occasional marches through the long hallways of his school, culminating with performances in the main courtyard. As they played Latin-tinged melodies, band members proudly donned flags of their native countries, held pro-immigrant placards and passed out fliers to fellow classmates about immigration resources and legal rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They've since gone on to march in other San Francisco schools and perform in several community festivals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We created the band as a club to share with people who are not familiar with our culture, with our music,\" said Diaz. \"To create a band was create strength among different nationalities and show that we are all humans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diaz fled El Salvador when he was 17 after his family was threatened by a violent gang that his brother had once been involved with. He and his family traveled through Mexico and then tried crossing illegally into the U.S., but were apprehended by immigration officials. Diaz says that because of his tenuous situation, he was able to secure a visa, allowing him to settle in the U.S. as a legal resident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, \"I am still not at ease since many others don't have that opportunity. Many people are being deported. Many families are being separated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The marching band is Diaz's unique form of activism, a way to celebrate and shine light on communities that are often relegated to the shadows. He's since graduated from Lincoln High and gone on to attend community college but returns regularly to help lead the band he started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find Walter and the three other students in our Stepping Up series, we searched across the Bay Area for a diverse array of young activists representing different cities and different perspectives who had inspiring stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AND we want to hear from you! Let us know if you have a story to share. Are you a young person who's passionate about a social or political issue and taken action? Or do you know some who fits that description? Submit your video, audio or written piece to KQED Education's Fall Youth Media Challenge. \u003ca href=\"https://wp.me/p6Uslp-2dhX\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Go here\u003c/a> for submission guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Why Are Some Deadly Attacks Considered Terrorism, But Not Others?",
"title": "Why Are Some Deadly Attacks Considered Terrorism, But Not Others?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->When a lone gunman stormed into a church in Sutherland Springs, Texas, on Nov. 5 and murdered 26 people attending Sunday services, it was called a mass shooting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, after a sniper killed 58 people in Las Vegas on Oct. 1, the deadliest mass shooting in modern U.S. history, a morbidly familiar debate arose over whether or not to call it\"domestic terrorism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/What-Counts-As-Terrorism-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: Terrorism defined (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\"It was an act of pure evil,\" President Trump remarked. But he joined law enforcement officials in refraining from calling it a terrorist action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump and other officials took a strikingly different tone after an attack in New York on Oct. 31, when a truck driven by a legal U.S. resident, originally from Uzbekistan, raced down a bike lane, killing eight people. The incident was quickly labeled an act of terror by the president and New York officials, and is being investigated as such.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just hours after the incident, Trump tweeted: “I have just ordered homeland security to step up our already extreme vetting program. Being politically correct is fine, but not for this!” He also called for an end to the diversity immigrant visa lottery, the program through which the perpetrator received his green card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three incidents caused horrific death and destruction and were perpetrated by men who, it can be safely presumed, were severely troubled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why the difference in terminology?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cem>In a nutshell: Defining terrorism from NowThis World\u003c/em>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3XzlmwYnXE]\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>From a legal standpoint, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/02/555170250/what-is-and-isnt-considered-domestic-terrorism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">explains\u003c/a> NPR's national security correspondent Greg Myre, much of the distinction comes down to motive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.crf-usa.org/america-responds-to-terrorism/the-patriot-act.html\">The Patriot Act\u003c/a>, enacted in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, defines domestic terrorism -- like international terrorism -- as an attempt to \"intimidate or coerce a civilian population; to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike international terrorism, there's no actual federal charge of \"domestic terrorism.\" According to the Justice Department, the government can't file domestic terrorism charges against someone because no such law actually exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alleged perpetrators, Myre notes, can be charged with federal terrorism only when they are suspected of acting on behalf of one of almost 60 groups labeled by the State Department as a foreign terrorist organization. Some of these have virtually become household names, groups like the Islamic State and al-Qaida. Others are far more obscure. Almost all are Islamic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's the primary reason why authorities were so quick to call the New York incident a terrorist attack. Sayfullo Saipov, who is Muslim, \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/f8e93a80080f424c899859e0037d7fca/The-Latest:-Official-says-NY-attacker-shouted-'Allahu-akbar'\">reportedly\u003c/a> yelled “Allahu Akbar,” Arabic for “God is great,\" during the attack. He also claimed he was \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/nov/01/new-york-attack-sayfullo-saipov-terrorism-charges\">inspired\u003c/a> by ISIS videos and requested to have an ISIS flag in his hospital room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That embrace of ISIS, regardless of how strong the connection really was, served from a legal standpoint as enough of a motive for federal authorities to charge Saipov with committing an act of terror.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, because the motives of the shooters in the two other incidents remain ambiguous, and neither appear to have had any affiliations with foreign \"terrorist\" groups, the suggestion of terrorism was quickly dismissed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A person who carries out a mass attack and survives can face a range of charges, but unless the person is linked to one of the banned groups, a federal terrorism charge won't be one of them,\" writes Myre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/08/14/543462676/why-the-govt-cant-bring-terrorism-charges-in-charlottesville\">James Alex Fields,\u003c/a> a suspected white supremacist who is accused of driving his car into a crowd in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August, killing a female demonstrator. He faces state murder charges but not terrorism charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also why \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/10/523279175/dylann-roof-pleads-guilty-to-state-murder-charges-for-charleston-church-attack\">Dylann Roof\u003c/a>, who murdered nine African-American worshipers at a Charleston, South Carolina, church in 2015 with the stated goal of starting a race war, was sentenced to death for a range of federal and state crimes, but was not charged with terrorism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/04/19/400813055/two-decades-later-168-victims-of-oklahoma-city-attack-are-remembered\"> Timothy McVeigh\u003c/a>, who killed 168 people in the 1995 bombing of a federal building in Oklahoma City, an attack he said was motivated by his hatred for the government, and which is widely considered the nation's deadliest act of domestic terrorism, was ultimately tried and executed for the murder of federal officers, but not for terrorism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing number of voices are calling for acts of domestic extremism, especially those stemming from white supremacist ideologies, to be charged as terrorism. But there's little indication that this will legally change anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The roots of a loaded charge\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The term terrorism has its roots in the \"Reign of Terror\" during the French Revolution, in which the newly empowered government publicly executed thousands of suspected dissenters and opponents in an effort to stem resistance. The term referred to the government committing violent acts against its own people as a means of political control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his famous \u003ca href=\"https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1794robespierre.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1794 address\u003c/a>, the French leader \u003cspan class=\"H_Title\">Maximilien Robespierre argued that government-sponsored terror was a necessary tactic in strengthening and sustaining democracy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Terror is nothing more than speedy, severe and inflexible justice; it is thus an emanation of virtue; it is less a principle in itself, than a consequence of the general principle of democracy, applied to the most pressing needs of the \u003ci>patrie\u003c/i> (homeland).\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Terrorism and Islam\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In more recent times, though, the meaning of terrorism flipped, referring instead to violent actions committed against the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since the al-Qaida attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, many Americans think of terrorism as synonymous with Islamist extremism, even though the definition is much broader. The association has contributed to a notable rise in \u003ca href=\"http://news.gallup.com/poll/157082/islamophobia-understanding-anti-muslim-sentiment-west.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Islamophobia\u003c/a> in the U.S. and other nations that have experienced recent attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2017 Georgia State University \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2928138\">study\u003c/a> examined why some terrorist attacks receive so much more media attention than others, and concluded that social identity is the largest predictor of news coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Muslim perpetrators received, on average, 449% more coverage than other attacks,” the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/06/20/533619763/hidden-brain-terror-attacks\">interview\u003c/a> with NPR’s Shankar Vedantam, a researcher from the study, Erin Kearns, said that “when the perpetrator was Muslim, people were much more likely to consider it to be terrorism than when the perpetrator was not Muslim. In those cases, people are more likely to say that perhaps it's a hate crime or not be sure how to classify it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->When a lone gunman stormed into a church in Sutherland Springs, Texas, on Nov. 5 and murdered 26 people attending Sunday services, it was called a mass shooting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, after a sniper killed 58 people in Las Vegas on Oct. 1, the deadliest mass shooting in modern U.S. history, a morbidly familiar debate arose over whether or not to call it\"domestic terrorism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/What-Counts-As-Terrorism-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: Terrorism defined (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\"It was an act of pure evil,\" President Trump remarked. But he joined law enforcement officials in refraining from calling it a terrorist action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump and other officials took a strikingly different tone after an attack in New York on Oct. 31, when a truck driven by a legal U.S. resident, originally from Uzbekistan, raced down a bike lane, killing eight people. The incident was quickly labeled an act of terror by the president and New York officials, and is being investigated as such.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just hours after the incident, Trump tweeted: “I have just ordered homeland security to step up our already extreme vetting program. Being politically correct is fine, but not for this!” He also called for an end to the diversity immigrant visa lottery, the program through which the perpetrator received his green card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three incidents caused horrific death and destruction and were perpetrated by men who, it can be safely presumed, were severely troubled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why the difference in terminology?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cem>In a nutshell: Defining terrorism from NowThis World\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/c3XzlmwYnXE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/c3XzlmwYnXE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>From a legal standpoint, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/02/555170250/what-is-and-isnt-considered-domestic-terrorism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">explains\u003c/a> NPR's national security correspondent Greg Myre, much of the distinction comes down to motive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.crf-usa.org/america-responds-to-terrorism/the-patriot-act.html\">The Patriot Act\u003c/a>, enacted in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, defines domestic terrorism -- like international terrorism -- as an attempt to \"intimidate or coerce a civilian population; to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike international terrorism, there's no actual federal charge of \"domestic terrorism.\" According to the Justice Department, the government can't file domestic terrorism charges against someone because no such law actually exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alleged perpetrators, Myre notes, can be charged with federal terrorism only when they are suspected of acting on behalf of one of almost 60 groups labeled by the State Department as a foreign terrorist organization. Some of these have virtually become household names, groups like the Islamic State and al-Qaida. Others are far more obscure. Almost all are Islamic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's the primary reason why authorities were so quick to call the New York incident a terrorist attack. Sayfullo Saipov, who is Muslim, \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/f8e93a80080f424c899859e0037d7fca/The-Latest:-Official-says-NY-attacker-shouted-'Allahu-akbar'\">reportedly\u003c/a> yelled “Allahu Akbar,” Arabic for “God is great,\" during the attack. He also claimed he was \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/nov/01/new-york-attack-sayfullo-saipov-terrorism-charges\">inspired\u003c/a> by ISIS videos and requested to have an ISIS flag in his hospital room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That embrace of ISIS, regardless of how strong the connection really was, served from a legal standpoint as enough of a motive for federal authorities to charge Saipov with committing an act of terror.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, because the motives of the shooters in the two other incidents remain ambiguous, and neither appear to have had any affiliations with foreign \"terrorist\" groups, the suggestion of terrorism was quickly dismissed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A person who carries out a mass attack and survives can face a range of charges, but unless the person is linked to one of the banned groups, a federal terrorism charge won't be one of them,\" writes Myre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/08/14/543462676/why-the-govt-cant-bring-terrorism-charges-in-charlottesville\">James Alex Fields,\u003c/a> a suspected white supremacist who is accused of driving his car into a crowd in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August, killing a female demonstrator. He faces state murder charges but not terrorism charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also why \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/10/523279175/dylann-roof-pleads-guilty-to-state-murder-charges-for-charleston-church-attack\">Dylann Roof\u003c/a>, who murdered nine African-American worshipers at a Charleston, South Carolina, church in 2015 with the stated goal of starting a race war, was sentenced to death for a range of federal and state crimes, but was not charged with terrorism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/04/19/400813055/two-decades-later-168-victims-of-oklahoma-city-attack-are-remembered\"> Timothy McVeigh\u003c/a>, who killed 168 people in the 1995 bombing of a federal building in Oklahoma City, an attack he said was motivated by his hatred for the government, and which is widely considered the nation's deadliest act of domestic terrorism, was ultimately tried and executed for the murder of federal officers, but not for terrorism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing number of voices are calling for acts of domestic extremism, especially those stemming from white supremacist ideologies, to be charged as terrorism. But there's little indication that this will legally change anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The roots of a loaded charge\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The term terrorism has its roots in the \"Reign of Terror\" during the French Revolution, in which the newly empowered government publicly executed thousands of suspected dissenters and opponents in an effort to stem resistance. The term referred to the government committing violent acts against its own people as a means of political control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his famous \u003ca href=\"https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1794robespierre.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1794 address\u003c/a>, the French leader \u003cspan class=\"H_Title\">Maximilien Robespierre argued that government-sponsored terror was a necessary tactic in strengthening and sustaining democracy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Terror is nothing more than speedy, severe and inflexible justice; it is thus an emanation of virtue; it is less a principle in itself, than a consequence of the general principle of democracy, applied to the most pressing needs of the \u003ci>patrie\u003c/i> (homeland).\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Terrorism and Islam\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In more recent times, though, the meaning of terrorism flipped, referring instead to violent actions committed against the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since the al-Qaida attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, many Americans think of terrorism as synonymous with Islamist extremism, even though the definition is much broader. The association has contributed to a notable rise in \u003ca href=\"http://news.gallup.com/poll/157082/islamophobia-understanding-anti-muslim-sentiment-west.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Islamophobia\u003c/a> in the U.S. and other nations that have experienced recent attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2017 Georgia State University \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2928138\">study\u003c/a> examined why some terrorist attacks receive so much more media attention than others, and concluded that social identity is the largest predictor of news coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Muslim perpetrators received, on average, 449% more coverage than other attacks,” the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/06/20/533619763/hidden-brain-terror-attacks\">interview\u003c/a> with NPR’s Shankar Vedantam, a researcher from the study, Erin Kearns, said that “when the perpetrator was Muslim, people were much more likely to consider it to be terrorism than when the perpetrator was not Muslim. In those cases, people are more likely to say that perhaps it's a hate crime or not be sure how to classify it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Twisted Roots of America’s Immigration System (with Lesson Plan)",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://youtu.be/CpD2gp3Rgl0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. immigration is some seriously complicated business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contrary to what politicians from both parties often say, there isn't a single line you can just wait in to get a green card and become a permanent resident. As this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> video makes clear, the process can take years, even an entire lifetime, depending on where you're from, who you know, what skills you have and even how big your bank account is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the idea of \"going to the back of the line\" and waiting your turn doesn't even remotely reflect the reality of what the immigration process actually looks like for most people trying to come here legally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout aligncenter\">\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown and Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: large\">Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive here\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond:\u003c/strong> What are your suggestions for a fairer, more efficient immigration process? \u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium\">\u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Youth media\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/201750294\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A PBS Student Reporting Labs video\u003c/a> on a program for recent youth arrivals (part of the \u003ca href=\"https://srlnewamericans.tumblr.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Americans\u003c/a> series).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/Immigration-lesson-plan-final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An original lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/Immigration-line-source-list.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a> for introducing this topic in the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>It doesn't help that immigration is among the most explosively divisive issues in America, one that's easily misunderstood and often exploited for political gain. But there is one thing that almost everyone across the political spectrum -- from President Trump to pro-immigration advocates -- does actually agree on: America's immigration system is sorely outdated and in dire need of serious overhaul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did the system get like this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scroll through the timeline below to follow the tangled history of America's ever-changing immigration policies. (\u003ca href=\"http://embed.verite.co/timeline/?source=0Ark5K5szJsMSdDVpVVM2bHZ6UV9TRW5FajJXVmF3UkE&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Easiest to view in full-screen mode\u003c/a>) The interactive chart beneath it shows rates of legal immigration from 1820 to the present (use the scroll bar to zoom into specific chunks of time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been four major waves of immigration to America, the last of which -- mainly from Mexico, other Latin American countries, and Asia -- continues today. Several themes play out consistently in all four chapters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Each successive wave of immigrants has been, to some extent, a reflection of social and economic conditions elsewhere in the world, and within the U.S. itself.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Nearly every cycle of newcomers has faced animosity and backlash from already assimilated communities.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The history of America's immigration policy is a swinging door that often opens during periods of economic prosperity and slams shut when times get tough.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width:100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1XSCmSJvVdD4UVRxPK_6JG1gUuaEyeeydAaefh96v8Zo&\" width=\"1100\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Immigrants obtaining legal permanent residency, 1820 to 2015\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Note: In 1820, 8,385 immigrants legally entered the United States. The Census from that same year listed the total U.S. population at 9,638,453 (of which 1,538,022 were slaves.) In 2015, the U.S. population was roughly 321 million, and there were more than 1 million legal immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width:100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=GVIZ&t=LINE_AGGREGATE&containerId=gviz_canvas&isXyPlot=true&bsize=0&q=select+col0%2C+col1+from+11uDFhDigXHfCbMLwSfydx4rngE3r22hLboJ5-PI&qrs=+where+col0+%3E%3D+&qre=+and+col0+%3C%3D+&qe=+order+by+col0+asc&width=1000&height=400\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"1000\" height=\"400\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/CpD2gp3Rgl0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/CpD2gp3Rgl0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>U.S. immigration is some seriously complicated business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contrary to what politicians from both parties often say, there isn't a single line you can just wait in to get a green card and become a permanent resident. As this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> video makes clear, the process can take years, even an entire lifetime, depending on where you're from, who you know, what skills you have and even how big your bank account is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the idea of \"going to the back of the line\" and waiting your turn doesn't even remotely reflect the reality of what the immigration process actually looks like for most people trying to come here legally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout aligncenter\">\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown and Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: large\">Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive here\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond:\u003c/strong> What are your suggestions for a fairer, more efficient immigration process? \u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium\">\u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Youth media\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/201750294\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A PBS Student Reporting Labs video\u003c/a> on a program for recent youth arrivals (part of the \u003ca href=\"https://srlnewamericans.tumblr.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Americans\u003c/a> series).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/Immigration-lesson-plan-final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An original lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/11/Immigration-line-source-list.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a> for introducing this topic in the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>It doesn't help that immigration is among the most explosively divisive issues in America, one that's easily misunderstood and often exploited for political gain. But there is one thing that almost everyone across the political spectrum -- from President Trump to pro-immigration advocates -- does actually agree on: America's immigration system is sorely outdated and in dire need of serious overhaul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did the system get like this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scroll through the timeline below to follow the tangled history of America's ever-changing immigration policies. (\u003ca href=\"http://embed.verite.co/timeline/?source=0Ark5K5szJsMSdDVpVVM2bHZ6UV9TRW5FajJXVmF3UkE&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Easiest to view in full-screen mode\u003c/a>) The interactive chart beneath it shows rates of legal immigration from 1820 to the present (use the scroll bar to zoom into specific chunks of time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been four major waves of immigration to America, the last of which -- mainly from Mexico, other Latin American countries, and Asia -- continues today. Several themes play out consistently in all four chapters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Each successive wave of immigrants has been, to some extent, a reflection of social and economic conditions elsewhere in the world, and within the U.S. itself.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Nearly every cycle of newcomers has faced animosity and backlash from already assimilated communities.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The history of America's immigration policy is a swinging door that often opens during periods of economic prosperity and slams shut when times get tough.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width:100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1XSCmSJvVdD4UVRxPK_6JG1gUuaEyeeydAaefh96v8Zo&\" width=\"1100\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Immigrants obtaining legal permanent residency, 1820 to 2015\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Note: In 1820, 8,385 immigrants legally entered the United States. The Census from that same year listed the total U.S. population at 9,638,453 (of which 1,538,022 were slaves.) In 2015, the U.S. population was roughly 321 million, and there were more than 1 million legal immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width:100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=GVIZ&t=LINE_AGGREGATE&containerId=gviz_canvas&isXyPlot=true&bsize=0&q=select+col0%2C+col1+from+11uDFhDigXHfCbMLwSfydx4rngE3r22hLboJ5-PI&qrs=+where+col0+%3E%3D+&qre=+and+col0+%3C%3D+&qe=+order+by+col0+asc&width=1000&height=400\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"1000\" height=\"400\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most schools have reopened in the North Bay communities that were devastated by October's massive wildfires. Many students and teachers, though, are returning to class holding on to the intense, often traumatic experiences of recent weeks.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/When-disaster-strikes-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/When-disaster-strikes-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: When Disaster Strikes (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Even communities that didn't have severe fire damage were forced to close schools during the disaster. Sonoma County was hit particularly hard, where nearly 7,000 homes and other structures were destroyed, including\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/16/after-fires-tragedy-teachers-ask-how-do-i-get-to-normal/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">several school sites\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"Being in this kind of situation kind of takes it out of you,\" said Michael, a 10th-grader at Rancho Cotate High School in Rohnert Park, whose family was forced to evacuate. \"The stress of everything going on. You see all these people hurrying to get out. Then you see the dense amount of smoke and you can smell it in the air. It’s frightening.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For Devin, an eighth-grader at Kenilworth Junior High School in Petaluma, it was a stark realization of how fast a disaster like this can completely level an entire community. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“It’s just crazy that this can happen in a such a short period of time and it can cause this much destruction,” he said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">About\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/23/california-wildfires-have-disrupted-school-for-260000-students/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">400 students and 200 staff members\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have already reported losing their homes, said Sonoma County schools superintendent Steve Herrington, noting that the number is almost certain to grow.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"There will be a real need to address the trauma and long-term displacement that so many of our students, their families and their teachers have experienced,” Herrington said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"All my kids were impacted,\" said Chloe Fischbach, a special education teacher at Rancho Cotate, where many students were forced to evacuate. And that, she adds, can actually make for a good teaching opportunity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"I think that the school has kind of learned from this and is really talking about how to make crisis a more teachable subject for kids so that they do understand \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/07/19/burned-out-why-wildfires-in-the-west-have-gotten-so-much-worse-comic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">what happens\u003c/a> and how it works,\" said Fischbach, a Santa Rosa resident who remains uncertain if she'll be able to return to her own apartment, which incurred severe smoke damage.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fischbach notes that even though most of her students didn't lose their houses in the fire, everyone knew someone who did.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"I want my kids to know that you can prepare yourself for these kinds of things,\" she said. \"We talked about making lists and understanding what are the important things in life. What do we need to grab? Is it really important that you grab the PS4 game? Probably not. But do you want to grab that picture of you and your grandpa on the wall that you love to look at? Probably.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;\">What's in your go bag?\u003c/span>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>“Things you cannot live without,” Capt. Erica Arteseros of San Francisco’s Fire Department \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/10/heres-what-you-should-have-in-your-emergency-bag/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told KQED's Erika Aguilar\u003c/a>. Arteseros emphasized the importance of also having an evacuation plan in place, which includes knowing exactly where to go and how to get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28691\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 468px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28691\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-1020x1175.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"468\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-1020x1175.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-160x184.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-800x922.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-768x885.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-1180x1359.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-960x1106.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-240x276.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-375x432.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-520x599.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Produced by KQED's social media team\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“In the future, we’d like to have a whole closet full of emergency stuff and just know where everything is and stay organized,\" said Stormy, a 12th-grader at Rancho Cotate who stayed in her home without power for over a week while her father helped bulldoze a fire line around their property on the border of Santa Rosa and Rohnert Park. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"I was calm this time, but I know I'll be calmer next time and just be more prepared and have a set plan.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stella, a seventh-grader at Kenilworth, also noted the importance of photos and other irreplaceable memorabilia: \"If your house does burn, you can get new clothes and build a house, but it’s hard to remake memories.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"It made me realize how little in my room I actually care about,\" said Carissa, an eighth-grader at Kenilworth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And Rysean, also a Kenilworth eighth-grader, had his own list: “The stuff I would bring is really specific. Like a basketball. Which is weird. But then, that's just what I want.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How to help\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Many teachers have used this and other recent disasters as an opportunity to discuss ways to help those in need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/08/29/546866561/responding-to-harvey-will-be-long-term-issue-plan-cash-donations-to-match\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most experts say\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that donating money to victims of disasters is generally the most useful thing to do, but for students who want to get involved and don't often have a ton of cash to contribute, public service can be a powerful experience.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"I think kids struggle the most with feeling useless, like no one really wants their help,\" said Fischbach, the Rancho Cotate teacher. \"And so I think giving them the opportunity to feel like they're making an impact and doing something instead of just watching it from the sidelines is really important.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is real value, she notes, in introducing tangible things that young people can do to make a real difference to those in need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among other things, Fischbach had students write thank-you notes to firefighters and donate clothing.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"We're working on making them feel involved so that they feel like they're having impact moving forward.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“It made me feel really good inside because I’m doing something not just for my sake but for people I don’t know, random strangers. \" said Lily, an eighth-grader at Kenilworth. \"Helping them get through the tough times when they were losing everything that they had.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And for Jocelynne, also an eighth-grader at Kenilworth, the experience has made her feel that much closer to people affected by disasters in more distant locations. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“When we used to hear about hurricanes, I would feel bad for them. But it never really affected me or anyone I knew. So it didn’t exactly feel like it was happening. But this definitely had a huge impact on us. So now every time a fire or a hurricane happens (elsewhere), I’ll remember how I felt during this period.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thank you to teachers Kirk Amos and Chloe Fischbach at Rancho Cotate High School, Laura Bradley at Kenilworth Junior High School and Dan Rosales at American Canyon High School for their help with this post and lesson plan.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most schools have reopened in the North Bay communities that were devastated by October's massive wildfires. Many students and teachers, though, are returning to class holding on to the intense, often traumatic experiences of recent weeks.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/When-disaster-strikes-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/When-disaster-strikes-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: When Disaster Strikes (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Even communities that didn't have severe fire damage were forced to close schools during the disaster. Sonoma County was hit particularly hard, where nearly 7,000 homes and other structures were destroyed, including\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/16/after-fires-tragedy-teachers-ask-how-do-i-get-to-normal/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">several school sites\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"Being in this kind of situation kind of takes it out of you,\" said Michael, a 10th-grader at Rancho Cotate High School in Rohnert Park, whose family was forced to evacuate. \"The stress of everything going on. You see all these people hurrying to get out. Then you see the dense amount of smoke and you can smell it in the air. It’s frightening.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For Devin, an eighth-grader at Kenilworth Junior High School in Petaluma, it was a stark realization of how fast a disaster like this can completely level an entire community. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“It’s just crazy that this can happen in a such a short period of time and it can cause this much destruction,” he said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">About\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/23/california-wildfires-have-disrupted-school-for-260000-students/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">400 students and 200 staff members\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have already reported losing their homes, said Sonoma County schools superintendent Steve Herrington, noting that the number is almost certain to grow.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"There will be a real need to address the trauma and long-term displacement that so many of our students, their families and their teachers have experienced,” Herrington said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"All my kids were impacted,\" said Chloe Fischbach, a special education teacher at Rancho Cotate, where many students were forced to evacuate. And that, she adds, can actually make for a good teaching opportunity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"I think that the school has kind of learned from this and is really talking about how to make crisis a more teachable subject for kids so that they do understand \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/07/19/burned-out-why-wildfires-in-the-west-have-gotten-so-much-worse-comic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">what happens\u003c/a> and how it works,\" said Fischbach, a Santa Rosa resident who remains uncertain if she'll be able to return to her own apartment, which incurred severe smoke damage.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fischbach notes that even though most of her students didn't lose their houses in the fire, everyone knew someone who did.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"I want my kids to know that you can prepare yourself for these kinds of things,\" she said. \"We talked about making lists and understanding what are the important things in life. What do we need to grab? Is it really important that you grab the PS4 game? Probably not. But do you want to grab that picture of you and your grandpa on the wall that you love to look at? Probably.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;\">What's in your go bag?\u003c/span>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>“Things you cannot live without,” Capt. Erica Arteseros of San Francisco’s Fire Department \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/10/heres-what-you-should-have-in-your-emergency-bag/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told KQED's Erika Aguilar\u003c/a>. Arteseros emphasized the importance of also having an evacuation plan in place, which includes knowing exactly where to go and how to get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28691\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 468px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28691\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-1020x1175.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"468\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-1020x1175.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-160x184.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-800x922.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-768x885.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-1180x1359.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-960x1106.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-240x276.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-375x432.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o-520x599.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/22291543_1631229680284756_390584336675607135_o.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Produced by KQED's social media team\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“In the future, we’d like to have a whole closet full of emergency stuff and just know where everything is and stay organized,\" said Stormy, a 12th-grader at Rancho Cotate who stayed in her home without power for over a week while her father helped bulldoze a fire line around their property on the border of Santa Rosa and Rohnert Park. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"I was calm this time, but I know I'll be calmer next time and just be more prepared and have a set plan.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stella, a seventh-grader at Kenilworth, also noted the importance of photos and other irreplaceable memorabilia: \"If your house does burn, you can get new clothes and build a house, but it’s hard to remake memories.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"It made me realize how little in my room I actually care about,\" said Carissa, an eighth-grader at Kenilworth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And Rysean, also a Kenilworth eighth-grader, had his own list: “The stuff I would bring is really specific. Like a basketball. Which is weird. But then, that's just what I want.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How to help\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Many teachers have used this and other recent disasters as an opportunity to discuss ways to help those in need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/08/29/546866561/responding-to-harvey-will-be-long-term-issue-plan-cash-donations-to-match\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most experts say\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that donating money to victims of disasters is generally the most useful thing to do, but for students who want to get involved and don't often have a ton of cash to contribute, public service can be a powerful experience.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"I think kids struggle the most with feeling useless, like no one really wants their help,\" said Fischbach, the Rancho Cotate teacher. \"And so I think giving them the opportunity to feel like they're making an impact and doing something instead of just watching it from the sidelines is really important.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is real value, she notes, in introducing tangible things that young people can do to make a real difference to those in need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among other things, Fischbach had students write thank-you notes to firefighters and donate clothing.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\"We're working on making them feel involved so that they feel like they're having impact moving forward.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“It made me feel really good inside because I’m doing something not just for my sake but for people I don’t know, random strangers. \" said Lily, an eighth-grader at Kenilworth. \"Helping them get through the tough times when they were losing everything that they had.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And for Jocelynne, also an eighth-grader at Kenilworth, the experience has made her feel that much closer to people affected by disasters in more distant locations. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“When we used to hear about hurricanes, I would feel bad for them. But it never really affected me or anyone I knew. So it didn’t exactly feel like it was happening. But this definitely had a huge impact on us. So now every time a fire or a hurricane happens (elsewhere), I’ll remember how I felt during this period.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thank you to teachers Kirk Amos and Chloe Fischbach at Rancho Cotate High School, Laura Bradley at Kenilworth Junior High School and Dan Rosales at American Canyon High School for their help with this post and lesson plan.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "'Sanctuary Cities' Explained",
"title": "'Sanctuary Cities' Explained",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sanctuary cities have long been in President Donald Trump's crosshairs. The term refers to the scores of cities and counties across the United States that limit their cooperation with federal immigration authorities by refusing most requests to detain, pursue or report undocumented immigrants (those here illegally) who have had contact with local law enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sanctuary-City-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: Sanctuary Cities (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Just days after taking office, Trump signed a sweeping \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/25/presidential-executive-order-enhancing-public-safety-interior-united\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive order\u003c/a> making good on his key campaign pledge to crack down on illegal immigration. In addition to authorizing the construction of a border wall with Mexico and beefing up immigration enforcement, the order also threatens to cut billions of dollars in federal funds from so-called sanctuary cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sanctuary jurisdictions across the United States willfully violate Federal law in an attempt to shield aliens from removal from the United States,\" the order states. It warns that those jurisdictions that don't comply with federal immigration enforcement efforts will lose federal funding. \"These jurisdictions have caused immeasurable harm to the American people and to the very fabric of our Republic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's order instructs federal immigration authorities to target a broader group of immigrants for deportation. It calls for the removal of immigrants \"who have committed acts that constitute a chargeable criminal offense\" or pose a public safety risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to Trump's 2016 election victory, mayors and police chiefs in more than 10 major cities, including San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles, New York, Chicago and Washington, D.C., reaffirmed their commitment to upholding sanctuary policies, and have continued to stand by those positions in the face of the recent order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'll proudly stand as a sanctuary city -- protecting our residents from what we deem unjust federal immigration laws -- fight all forms of bigotry and advance our commitment to equity even more passionately,\" Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/oakland-mayor-libby-schaaf-on-president-trump-move-beyond-anger-to-action/Content?oid=5034459\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stated \u003c/a>shortly after the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee reiterated that sentiment on Jan. 26 in his \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/26/mayor-ed-lee-reinforces-sanctuary-city-commitment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the City\u003c/a> address: “We are a sanctuary city now, tomorrow, forever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Jan. 31, San Francisco became the first city \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/31/s-f-files-suit-against-trump-saying-punishing-sanctuary-cities-is-illegal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to sue Trump \u003c/a>over his order to defund sanctuary jurisdictions. The lawsuit argues that the order is an unconstitutional overreach of the president's power, in violation of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/tenth_amendment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10th Amendment\u003c/a>, which it says protects the sovereignty of local jurisdictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“President Trump’s executive order tries to turn city and state employees into federal immigration officers. That is unconstitutional,” San Francisco City Attorney Dennis Herrera said when announcing the suit. “No president can commandeer the local police force and turn it into the deportation arm of the federal government.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco receives \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/SF-preparing-in-case-Trump-cuts-federal-funds-10607210.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly $500 million a year\u003c/a> in federal funds, which would be at risk if Trump's order survives in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) relies on local authorities to help enforce immigration laws, a 2013 federal appeals court \u003ca href=\"http://www2.ca3.uscourts.gov/opinarch/123991p.pdf#page=13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">decision\u003c/a> concluded that those local agencies are not legally required to detain undocumented immigrants when requested to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants currently reside in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What are sanctuary cities?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There's no official legal definition, and what it means varies from place to place. Generally speaking, local law enforcement in sanctuary cities or counties don't ask or report the immigration status of people they come into contact with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sanctuary jurisdiction typically refuses requests from federal immigration authorities to detain undocumented immigrants apprehended for low-level offenses. For example, when someone gets arrested for a DUI, he or she might spend the night in jail, get processed and then released. If this person is undocumented, though, federal immigration authorities would be alerted and may ask local officials to hold this person for longer, and possibly deport them. A city or county with a sanctuary policy would generally deny that request unless legally mandated to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How many sanctuary cities are there?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Depends who you ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2006 \u003ca href=\"http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2006,0912-crs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Congressional Research Service report \u003c/a>listed 32 counties and cities with explicit sanctuary ordinances. A number of cities have adopted similar resolutions since then, including Berkeley, Oakland and East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an analysis of data from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilrc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Immigrant Legal Resource Center\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/02/us/sanctuary-cities.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York Times\u003c/a> tallied 39 cities and 364 counties across the country that in some way limit how much local law enforcement can cooperate with federal detention requests. It's unclear, however, how much action some of these jurisdictions have taken, other than officially expressing opposition to what they consider harsh federal or state immigration laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And organizations in some municipalities even challenge the label. In 2011, for instance, the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/26/opinion/la-ed-sanctuary-20110825\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Los Angeles Times editorial board\u003c/a> denied that Los Angeles was a sanctuary city, even though in 1979 the city had enacted a \u003ca href=\"http://assets.lapdonline.org/assets/pdf/SO_40.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">measure \u003c/a>to keep local police from inquiring about the immigration status of those arrested, one of the first cities in the country to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10961044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/FT_17.01.31_unauthorizedMetros_map.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10961044 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/FT_17.01.31_unauthorizedMetros_map.png\" width=\"640\" height=\"483\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Note: not all metro areas shown here are necessarily sanctuary cities.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Four states --\u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/13-14/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_4_bill_20130916_enrolled.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California\u003c/a>, Rhode Island, Vermont and Connecticut -- have also enacted ordinances in recent years that limit compliance with federal immigration officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A least \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2014/04/federal_ruling_sparks_halt_on.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nine Oregon counties\u003c/a> in 2014 stopped complying with ICE requests to hold undocumented immigrants in jail for the sole purpose of deportation. The change came after a federal judge ruled that one of those counties violated a woman’s Fourth Amendment rights by detaining her without probable cause. Some legal experts say the ruling may spur more local sanctuary policies across the state and possibly nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Are sanctuary cities more dangerous?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On the campaign trail, and now as president, Trump has consistently \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2017/02/08/trumps-claim-that-sanctuary-cities-breed-crime/?utm_term=.9f83a4c2d5d1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">claimed\u003c/a> that sanctuary cities \"breed crime\" and have resulted in \"so many needless deaths,\" with the underlying suggestion that undocumented immigrants are more prone to violent criminal activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The language in his recent executive order underscores this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many aliens who illegally enter the United States and those who overstay or otherwise violate the terms of their visas present a significant threat to national security and public safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crime statistics, however, suggest otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/reports/2017/01/26/297366/the-effects-of-sanctuary-policies-on-crime-and-the-economy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent analysis\u003c/a> of FBI crime data by UC San Diego political science professor Tom Wong found that most counties considered “sanctuary” jurisdictions have notably lower rates of all types of crime, including homicide, than comparable non-sanctuary counties. In 2015, large metro sanctuary counties had 654 crimes fewer crimes per 100,000 people than large central metro non-sanctuary counties, the report found. That's nearly 15 percent less crime in sanctuary counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In smaller counties, the discrepancy was similar. The main exception, the report found, was in medium metro areas and counties bordering on large metro areas, where crime rates in sanctuary jurisdictions were slightly higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, it should be noted, was published by the Center for American Progress, a progressive policy organization. And it shows correlation, not causation. In other words, there no definitive proof that sanctuary policies actually \u003cem>cause\u003c/em> lower crime rates (it could just be a coincidence).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/criminalization-immigration-united-states\">study\u003c/a> by the American Immigration Council, a pro-immigrant group, analyzed FBI and census data from 1980 through 2010. It found that among men ages 18 to 49, immigrants (both legal and illegal) were far less likely than native-born Americans to engage in criminal behavior or to be incarcerated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now keep in mind that both of these studies were conducted by left-leaning organizations with progressive agendas. And even though the conclusions are based squarely on federal statistics, skeptics are likely to counter that the authors used selective data to produce desired results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, several national policing associations seem to have embraced these findings. As the Washington Post \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/01/27/trump-says-sanctuary-cities-are-hotbeds-of-crime-data-say-the-opposite/?utm_term=.76296b4c8be2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently reported\u003c/a>, the Major Cities Chiefs Association, representing the 63 largest urban areas in the nation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.majorcitieschiefs.com/pdf/news/MCC_Position_Statement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stated in a 2006 report,\u003c/a> that “immigration enforcement by local police would likely negatively affect and undermine the level of trust and cooperation between local police and immigrant communities,” which would “would result in increased crime against immigrants and in the broader community, create a class of silent victims and eliminate the potential for assistance from immigrants in solving crimes or preventing future terroristic acts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Association of Chiefs of Police reiterated this position, \u003ca href=\"http://www.theiacp.org/portals/0/pdfs/publications/immigrationenforcementconf.pdf\">writing that \u003c/a>“state and local law enforcement should not be involved in the enforcement of civil immigration laws since such involvement would likely have a chilling effect on both legal and illegal aliens reporting criminal activity or assisting police in criminal investigations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Which California cities have \"sanctuary\" policies?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Although some of these cities may not explicitly identify as \"sanctuary cities,\" they've all adopted some type of policy (an ordinance, resolution or law enforcement directive) that limits how much local law enforcement officials can cooperate with federal immigration enforcement efforts. This is not necessarily a complete list - it only includes those cities for which official documentation could be found.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/f606fe7c-24fe-11e5-873a-0e853d047bba/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What's the history?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The roots of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2011,0106-crs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">modern sanctuary movement\u003c/a> date back to the 1980s. U.S. churches, synagogues and other religious institutions began to provide refuge and services to thousands of undocumented immigrants from Guatemala and El Salvador who had fled civil unrest at home but were denied sanctuary in the U.S., largely due to Cold War politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort became known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/CommunityPolicingPaper3-09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sanctuary Movement\u003c/a>, and as it spread, a number of cities throughout the country joined in solidarity, passing resolutions to overlook the immigration status of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What are the arguments for and against these policies?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Supporters argue that cities have bigger public safety priorities and too few resources to handle immigration enforcement. Additionally, many local policymakers and law enforcement agencies argue that immigration enforcement is not their responsibility, and that cracking down on undocumented residents would undermine community relations, disrupt services and dissuade those residents from cooperating with crime prevention effort. They also note that none of their protective policies in any way prevent local police from pursuing immigrants suspected of committing crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump is among a large number of mostly Republicans opposed to sanctuary policies, arguing that they encourage illegal immigration, undermine federal enforcement efforts and severely compromise public safety, resulting in crimes that could have been avoided through deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What's unique about San Francisco's law?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Although the majority of sanctuary cities don't ask residents about their immigration status and refuse to share information with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), San Francisco is among a handful of localities that take things a bit further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://sfgsa.org/index.aspx?page=1069\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">City and County of Refuge ordinance\u003c/a>, adopted in 1989, prohibits the city from using any \"funds or resources to assist in the enforcement of federal immigration law or to gather or disseminate information regarding the immigration status\" of residents unless explicitly required by federal or state law or court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The motion was further emphasized by a 2007 \u003ca href=\"http://sf311.org/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=426\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive directive \u003c/a>prohibiting city employees or agencies from assisting in any ICE investigation, detention or arrest proceeding unless required by federal law. And a section in the city's \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbos.org/ftp/uploadedfiles/bdsupvrs/bosagendas/materials/bag100113_130764.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">administrative code \u003c/a>prevents any city law enforcement officer from detaining an individual \"on the basis of a civil immigration detainer after that individual becomes eligible for release from custody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar to other sanctuary cities, exceptions apply to individuals convicted of violent felonies within the past seven years or in custody for another violent felony.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The murder of a young women in San Francisco in 2015 sparked a nationwide uproar among hard-line immigration proponents over sanctuary cities.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sanctuary cities have long been in President Donald Trump's crosshairs. The term refers to the scores of cities and counties across the United States that limit their cooperation with federal immigration authorities by refusing most requests to detain, pursue or report undocumented immigrants (those here illegally) who have had contact with local law enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sanctuary-City-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: Sanctuary Cities (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Just days after taking office, Trump signed a sweeping \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/25/presidential-executive-order-enhancing-public-safety-interior-united\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive order\u003c/a> making good on his key campaign pledge to crack down on illegal immigration. In addition to authorizing the construction of a border wall with Mexico and beefing up immigration enforcement, the order also threatens to cut billions of dollars in federal funds from so-called sanctuary cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sanctuary jurisdictions across the United States willfully violate Federal law in an attempt to shield aliens from removal from the United States,\" the order states. It warns that those jurisdictions that don't comply with federal immigration enforcement efforts will lose federal funding. \"These jurisdictions have caused immeasurable harm to the American people and to the very fabric of our Republic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's order instructs federal immigration authorities to target a broader group of immigrants for deportation. It calls for the removal of immigrants \"who have committed acts that constitute a chargeable criminal offense\" or pose a public safety risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to Trump's 2016 election victory, mayors and police chiefs in more than 10 major cities, including San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles, New York, Chicago and Washington, D.C., reaffirmed their commitment to upholding sanctuary policies, and have continued to stand by those positions in the face of the recent order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'll proudly stand as a sanctuary city -- protecting our residents from what we deem unjust federal immigration laws -- fight all forms of bigotry and advance our commitment to equity even more passionately,\" Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/oakland-mayor-libby-schaaf-on-president-trump-move-beyond-anger-to-action/Content?oid=5034459\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stated \u003c/a>shortly after the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee reiterated that sentiment on Jan. 26 in his \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/26/mayor-ed-lee-reinforces-sanctuary-city-commitment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the City\u003c/a> address: “We are a sanctuary city now, tomorrow, forever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Jan. 31, San Francisco became the first city \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/31/s-f-files-suit-against-trump-saying-punishing-sanctuary-cities-is-illegal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to sue Trump \u003c/a>over his order to defund sanctuary jurisdictions. The lawsuit argues that the order is an unconstitutional overreach of the president's power, in violation of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/tenth_amendment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10th Amendment\u003c/a>, which it says protects the sovereignty of local jurisdictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“President Trump’s executive order tries to turn city and state employees into federal immigration officers. That is unconstitutional,” San Francisco City Attorney Dennis Herrera said when announcing the suit. “No president can commandeer the local police force and turn it into the deportation arm of the federal government.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco receives \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/SF-preparing-in-case-Trump-cuts-federal-funds-10607210.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly $500 million a year\u003c/a> in federal funds, which would be at risk if Trump's order survives in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) relies on local authorities to help enforce immigration laws, a 2013 federal appeals court \u003ca href=\"http://www2.ca3.uscourts.gov/opinarch/123991p.pdf#page=13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">decision\u003c/a> concluded that those local agencies are not legally required to detain undocumented immigrants when requested to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants currently reside in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What are sanctuary cities?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There's no official legal definition, and what it means varies from place to place. Generally speaking, local law enforcement in sanctuary cities or counties don't ask or report the immigration status of people they come into contact with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sanctuary jurisdiction typically refuses requests from federal immigration authorities to detain undocumented immigrants apprehended for low-level offenses. For example, when someone gets arrested for a DUI, he or she might spend the night in jail, get processed and then released. If this person is undocumented, though, federal immigration authorities would be alerted and may ask local officials to hold this person for longer, and possibly deport them. A city or county with a sanctuary policy would generally deny that request unless legally mandated to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How many sanctuary cities are there?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Depends who you ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2006 \u003ca href=\"http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2006,0912-crs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Congressional Research Service report \u003c/a>listed 32 counties and cities with explicit sanctuary ordinances. A number of cities have adopted similar resolutions since then, including Berkeley, Oakland and East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an analysis of data from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilrc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Immigrant Legal Resource Center\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/02/us/sanctuary-cities.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York Times\u003c/a> tallied 39 cities and 364 counties across the country that in some way limit how much local law enforcement can cooperate with federal detention requests. It's unclear, however, how much action some of these jurisdictions have taken, other than officially expressing opposition to what they consider harsh federal or state immigration laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And organizations in some municipalities even challenge the label. In 2011, for instance, the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/26/opinion/la-ed-sanctuary-20110825\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Los Angeles Times editorial board\u003c/a> denied that Los Angeles was a sanctuary city, even though in 1979 the city had enacted a \u003ca href=\"http://assets.lapdonline.org/assets/pdf/SO_40.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">measure \u003c/a>to keep local police from inquiring about the immigration status of those arrested, one of the first cities in the country to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10961044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/FT_17.01.31_unauthorizedMetros_map.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10961044 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/FT_17.01.31_unauthorizedMetros_map.png\" width=\"640\" height=\"483\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Note: not all metro areas shown here are necessarily sanctuary cities.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Four states --\u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/13-14/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_4_bill_20130916_enrolled.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California\u003c/a>, Rhode Island, Vermont and Connecticut -- have also enacted ordinances in recent years that limit compliance with federal immigration officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A least \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2014/04/federal_ruling_sparks_halt_on.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nine Oregon counties\u003c/a> in 2014 stopped complying with ICE requests to hold undocumented immigrants in jail for the sole purpose of deportation. The change came after a federal judge ruled that one of those counties violated a woman’s Fourth Amendment rights by detaining her without probable cause. Some legal experts say the ruling may spur more local sanctuary policies across the state and possibly nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Are sanctuary cities more dangerous?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On the campaign trail, and now as president, Trump has consistently \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2017/02/08/trumps-claim-that-sanctuary-cities-breed-crime/?utm_term=.9f83a4c2d5d1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">claimed\u003c/a> that sanctuary cities \"breed crime\" and have resulted in \"so many needless deaths,\" with the underlying suggestion that undocumented immigrants are more prone to violent criminal activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The language in his recent executive order underscores this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many aliens who illegally enter the United States and those who overstay or otherwise violate the terms of their visas present a significant threat to national security and public safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crime statistics, however, suggest otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/reports/2017/01/26/297366/the-effects-of-sanctuary-policies-on-crime-and-the-economy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent analysis\u003c/a> of FBI crime data by UC San Diego political science professor Tom Wong found that most counties considered “sanctuary” jurisdictions have notably lower rates of all types of crime, including homicide, than comparable non-sanctuary counties. In 2015, large metro sanctuary counties had 654 crimes fewer crimes per 100,000 people than large central metro non-sanctuary counties, the report found. That's nearly 15 percent less crime in sanctuary counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In smaller counties, the discrepancy was similar. The main exception, the report found, was in medium metro areas and counties bordering on large metro areas, where crime rates in sanctuary jurisdictions were slightly higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, it should be noted, was published by the Center for American Progress, a progressive policy organization. And it shows correlation, not causation. In other words, there no definitive proof that sanctuary policies actually \u003cem>cause\u003c/em> lower crime rates (it could just be a coincidence).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/criminalization-immigration-united-states\">study\u003c/a> by the American Immigration Council, a pro-immigrant group, analyzed FBI and census data from 1980 through 2010. It found that among men ages 18 to 49, immigrants (both legal and illegal) were far less likely than native-born Americans to engage in criminal behavior or to be incarcerated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now keep in mind that both of these studies were conducted by left-leaning organizations with progressive agendas. And even though the conclusions are based squarely on federal statistics, skeptics are likely to counter that the authors used selective data to produce desired results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, several national policing associations seem to have embraced these findings. As the Washington Post \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/01/27/trump-says-sanctuary-cities-are-hotbeds-of-crime-data-say-the-opposite/?utm_term=.76296b4c8be2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently reported\u003c/a>, the Major Cities Chiefs Association, representing the 63 largest urban areas in the nation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.majorcitieschiefs.com/pdf/news/MCC_Position_Statement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stated in a 2006 report,\u003c/a> that “immigration enforcement by local police would likely negatively affect and undermine the level of trust and cooperation between local police and immigrant communities,” which would “would result in increased crime against immigrants and in the broader community, create a class of silent victims and eliminate the potential for assistance from immigrants in solving crimes or preventing future terroristic acts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Association of Chiefs of Police reiterated this position, \u003ca href=\"http://www.theiacp.org/portals/0/pdfs/publications/immigrationenforcementconf.pdf\">writing that \u003c/a>“state and local law enforcement should not be involved in the enforcement of civil immigration laws since such involvement would likely have a chilling effect on both legal and illegal aliens reporting criminal activity or assisting police in criminal investigations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Which California cities have \"sanctuary\" policies?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Although some of these cities may not explicitly identify as \"sanctuary cities,\" they've all adopted some type of policy (an ordinance, resolution or law enforcement directive) that limits how much local law enforcement officials can cooperate with federal immigration enforcement efforts. This is not necessarily a complete list - it only includes those cities for which official documentation could be found.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/f606fe7c-24fe-11e5-873a-0e853d047bba/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What's the history?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The roots of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2011,0106-crs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">modern sanctuary movement\u003c/a> date back to the 1980s. U.S. churches, synagogues and other religious institutions began to provide refuge and services to thousands of undocumented immigrants from Guatemala and El Salvador who had fled civil unrest at home but were denied sanctuary in the U.S., largely due to Cold War politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort became known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/CommunityPolicingPaper3-09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sanctuary Movement\u003c/a>, and as it spread, a number of cities throughout the country joined in solidarity, passing resolutions to overlook the immigration status of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What are the arguments for and against these policies?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Supporters argue that cities have bigger public safety priorities and too few resources to handle immigration enforcement. Additionally, many local policymakers and law enforcement agencies argue that immigration enforcement is not their responsibility, and that cracking down on undocumented residents would undermine community relations, disrupt services and dissuade those residents from cooperating with crime prevention effort. They also note that none of their protective policies in any way prevent local police from pursuing immigrants suspected of committing crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump is among a large number of mostly Republicans opposed to sanctuary policies, arguing that they encourage illegal immigration, undermine federal enforcement efforts and severely compromise public safety, resulting in crimes that could have been avoided through deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What's unique about San Francisco's law?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Although the majority of sanctuary cities don't ask residents about their immigration status and refuse to share information with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), San Francisco is among a handful of localities that take things a bit further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://sfgsa.org/index.aspx?page=1069\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">City and County of Refuge ordinance\u003c/a>, adopted in 1989, prohibits the city from using any \"funds or resources to assist in the enforcement of federal immigration law or to gather or disseminate information regarding the immigration status\" of residents unless explicitly required by federal or state law or court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The motion was further emphasized by a 2007 \u003ca href=\"http://sf311.org/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=426\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive directive \u003c/a>prohibiting city employees or agencies from assisting in any ICE investigation, detention or arrest proceeding unless required by federal law. And a section in the city's \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbos.org/ftp/uploadedfiles/bdsupvrs/bosagendas/materials/bag100113_130764.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">administrative code \u003c/a>prevents any city law enforcement officer from detaining an individual \"on the basis of a civil immigration detainer after that individual becomes eligible for release from custody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar to other sanctuary cities, exceptions apply to individuals convicted of violent felonies within the past seven years or in custody for another violent felony.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>On the campaign trail, President Trump repeatedly insisted that \"stop-and-frisk\" policing was among the most effective strategies for driving down violent crime. And following his boss' lead, Attorney General Jeff Sessions has shown strong support for helping city police departments revive the controversial tactic, in which officers stop and sometimes search people they think look suspicious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/Stop-and-Frisk-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Stop-and-Frisk Policing (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Advocates say it's a way to stop crime before it happens, particularly in urban areas where it's often most rampant. Opponents, though, counter that it gives police license to racially profile people, and that minority residents are disproportionately targeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This interactive explainer, produced by Newsbound's Josh Kalven, explores the evolution of stop-and-frisk policing and the heated legal battles that have long surrounded it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv style=\"width:100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1280\" height=\"650\" src=\"//view.stacker.cc/KQEDLowdown/stop_frisk/index.html?embed=true\" name=\"nb-stack\" class=\"newsbound-embedded\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On the campaign trail, President Trump repeatedly insisted that \"stop-and-frisk\" policing was among the most effective strategies for driving down violent crime. And following his boss' lead, Attorney General Jeff Sessions has shown strong support for helping city police departments revive the controversial tactic, in which officers stop and sometimes search people they think look suspicious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/Stop-and-Frisk-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Stop-and-Frisk Policing (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Advocates say it's a way to stop crime before it happens, particularly in urban areas where it's often most rampant. Opponents, though, counter that it gives police license to racially profile people, and that minority residents are disproportionately targeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This interactive explainer, produced by Newsbound's Josh Kalven, explores the evolution of stop-and-frisk policing and the heated legal battles that have long surrounded it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv style=\"width:100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1280\" height=\"650\" src=\"//view.stacker.cc/KQEDLowdown/stop_frisk/index.html?embed=true\" name=\"nb-stack\" class=\"newsbound-embedded\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Can Virtual Reality Make Us More Compassionate?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Reading, watching or listening to a well-told story about people undergoing trauma or persecution can certainly build compassion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just telling the story, no matter how compelling, may still fall short of providing audiences with a visceral glimpse into other people's realities, an understanding of what they're seeing and feeling that's impactful enough to inspire empathy and action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout aligncenter\">\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown and Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: large;\">Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive here\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-28156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond:\u003c/strong> Can VR really make people more compassionate and encourage acts of kindness?\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28155 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"69\" height=\"69\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 69px) 100vw, 69px\">\u003cstrong>Youth media\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-52deHCPO4&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A short video\u003c/a> produced by students from BAYCAT about the VR experience\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28152 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\">\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/Lesson-Plan-Virtual-Reality.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An original lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/Source-List-Virtual-Reality.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a> for introducing this topic in the classroom\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>That’s where virtual reality can play an integral role, argue proponents of the technology. Beyond just an immersive experience for gamers or an influential tool for advertisers, VR can be a powerful empathy machine, as this latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ/about?sub_confirmation=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> video explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that we can change minds with this machine,” says video artist Chris Milk, a champion of VR’s potential for spreading empathy and inspiring meaningful change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Milk and his team visited a refugee camp in Jordan and used a 360-degree camera system to capture the day-to-day life of a 12-year-old Syrian girl. The VR experience was later shown to attendees at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. These are people who may never know what it’s like to be in a tent in a refugee camp in Jordan, Milk explains in his \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/09/11/439199892/what-happens-when-we-step-inside-the-screen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 TED talk\u003c/a>, but who make decisions that ultimately affect millions of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It connects humans to other humans in a profound way that I've never seen before in any other form of media. And it can change people's perceptions of each other. And that's how I think virtual reality has the potential to actually change the world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a position that a growing number of humanitarian organizations have \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/01/09/508617333/can-virtual-reality-make-you-more-empathetic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">begun to adopt\u003c/a> as a way of expanding their donor bases. And more social science researchers have also started exploring VR’s potential to actually change the perceptions and behaviors of viewers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy Bailenson, who heads the \u003ca href=\"https://vhil.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Virtual Human Interaction Laboratory\u003c/a> at Stanford University, has explored the issue in depth for more than a decade, conducting tests that enable viewers to, among other things, look into virtual mirrors and to see themselves reflected as members of different races, ages and physical abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His work has shown that VR can trick the senses and give users the ability to identify with completely different types of people. The process, he argues, can be impactful enough to alter users’ beliefs and behavior, at least in the short run and potentially longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, though, there are many skeptics of VR’s transformative power, and some have expressed concern with the technology’s potential to be used more as machine to manipulate viewers into believing or buying things, rather than a benign mechanism to spread truth and empathy and encourage acts of compassion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“VR is far from the moral game changer that some make it out to be,” insists Paul Bloom, a psychology professor at Yale University. In an \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/02/virtual-reality-wont-make-you-more-empathetic/515511/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article for the Atlantic\u003c/a>, Bloom argues that VR “doesn’t actually help you appreciate what it’s like to be a refugee, homeless or disabled. In fact, it can be dangerously misleading.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He argues that these VR experiences do a good job in presenting glimpses of the physical environments of the people they focus on, but are largely ineffective at conveying the long-term experiences and psychological impacts of their conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The awfulness of the refugee experience isn’t about the sights and sounds of a refugee camp. It has more to do with the fear and anxiety of having to escape your country and relocate yourself in a strange land,” he says, noting that when users have control over the duration of the experience and the ability to turn it on and off, the experience becomes fundamentally different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not hard to try out certain short-term experiences, such as dealing with a crying baby for a few minutes, sitting alone in a closet, or having strangers gawk at you on the street. But you can’t extrapolate from these to learn what it’s like to be a single parent, a prisoner in solitary confinement, or a famous movie star. You can’t take an event of minutes and hours and generalize to months and years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Reading, watching or listening to a well-told story about people undergoing trauma or persecution can certainly build compassion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just telling the story, no matter how compelling, may still fall short of providing audiences with a visceral glimpse into other people's realities, an understanding of what they're seeing and feeling that's impactful enough to inspire empathy and action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout aligncenter\">\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown and Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: large;\">Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive here\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-28156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond:\u003c/strong> Can VR really make people more compassionate and encourage acts of kindness?\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28155 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"69\" height=\"69\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 69px) 100vw, 69px\">\u003cstrong>Youth media\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-52deHCPO4&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A short video\u003c/a> produced by students from BAYCAT about the VR experience\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28152 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\">\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/Lesson-Plan-Virtual-Reality.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An original lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/Source-List-Virtual-Reality.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a> for introducing this topic in the classroom\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>That’s where virtual reality can play an integral role, argue proponents of the technology. Beyond just an immersive experience for gamers or an influential tool for advertisers, VR can be a powerful empathy machine, as this latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ/about?sub_confirmation=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> video explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that we can change minds with this machine,” says video artist Chris Milk, a champion of VR’s potential for spreading empathy and inspiring meaningful change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Milk and his team visited a refugee camp in Jordan and used a 360-degree camera system to capture the day-to-day life of a 12-year-old Syrian girl. The VR experience was later shown to attendees at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. These are people who may never know what it’s like to be in a tent in a refugee camp in Jordan, Milk explains in his \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/09/11/439199892/what-happens-when-we-step-inside-the-screen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 TED talk\u003c/a>, but who make decisions that ultimately affect millions of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It connects humans to other humans in a profound way that I've never seen before in any other form of media. And it can change people's perceptions of each other. And that's how I think virtual reality has the potential to actually change the world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a position that a growing number of humanitarian organizations have \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/01/09/508617333/can-virtual-reality-make-you-more-empathetic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">begun to adopt\u003c/a> as a way of expanding their donor bases. And more social science researchers have also started exploring VR’s potential to actually change the perceptions and behaviors of viewers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy Bailenson, who heads the \u003ca href=\"https://vhil.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Virtual Human Interaction Laboratory\u003c/a> at Stanford University, has explored the issue in depth for more than a decade, conducting tests that enable viewers to, among other things, look into virtual mirrors and to see themselves reflected as members of different races, ages and physical abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His work has shown that VR can trick the senses and give users the ability to identify with completely different types of people. The process, he argues, can be impactful enough to alter users’ beliefs and behavior, at least in the short run and potentially longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, though, there are many skeptics of VR’s transformative power, and some have expressed concern with the technology’s potential to be used more as machine to manipulate viewers into believing or buying things, rather than a benign mechanism to spread truth and empathy and encourage acts of compassion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“VR is far from the moral game changer that some make it out to be,” insists Paul Bloom, a psychology professor at Yale University. In an \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/02/virtual-reality-wont-make-you-more-empathetic/515511/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article for the Atlantic\u003c/a>, Bloom argues that VR “doesn’t actually help you appreciate what it’s like to be a refugee, homeless or disabled. In fact, it can be dangerously misleading.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He argues that these VR experiences do a good job in presenting glimpses of the physical environments of the people they focus on, but are largely ineffective at conveying the long-term experiences and psychological impacts of their conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The awfulness of the refugee experience isn’t about the sights and sounds of a refugee camp. It has more to do with the fear and anxiety of having to escape your country and relocate yourself in a strange land,” he says, noting that when users have control over the duration of the experience and the ability to turn it on and off, the experience becomes fundamentally different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not hard to try out certain short-term experiences, such as dealing with a crying baby for a few minutes, sitting alone in a closet, or having strangers gawk at you on the street. But you can’t extrapolate from these to learn what it’s like to be a single parent, a prisoner in solitary confinement, or a famous movie star. You can’t take an event of minutes and hours and generalize to months and years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Should Underage Sexting Be Considered A Crime? (with Lesson Plan)",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teens who send sexually explicit selfies might find themselves in uncomfortably hot water with the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout aligncenter\">\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown and Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-28156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond: \u003c/strong>Should teens be legally allowed to text explicit photos of themselves? Why or why not? \u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28152 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\">\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Should-Underage-Sexting-Be-A-Crime-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An original lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Source-List-Sexting.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a> for introducing this topic in the classroom\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>That's because in most states, while it's legal for teenagers close in age to have consensual sex, if those same teens create and text sexually explicit images of themselves -- known as \"sexting\" -- they could be violating child pornography laws. In fact, most states \u003ca class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/802238c3b59e4ee09fdfabf77199ca58/sexting-case-highlights-quandary-over-child-porn-laws\">have not updated their decades-old child pornography laws\u003c/a> to include exceptions for when teenagers are the \"perpetrators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both existing child pornography laws and more recent state sexting-specific legislation criminalize a trend that's more common among teenagers than many adults might choose to believe. As this\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Above the Noise\u003c/a> video notes, one \u003ca href=\"http://drexel.edu/now/archive/2014/June/Sexting-Study/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study on sexting behavior\u003c/a> found that more than 50 percent of college students reported that they had, as minors, exchanged sexually explicit text messages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue was thrust into the national spotlight in 2015 when two 16-year-olds in North Carolina who were dating and had sent nude selfies to each other were charged with multiple counts of \u003ca class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/802238c3b59e4ee09fdfabf77199ca58/sexting-case-highlights-quandary-over-child-porn-laws\">sexual exploitation of a minor\u003c/a>. Both of the teens involved were considered perpetrators and victims. If convicted, they would have been labeled sex offenders for decades. The charges were eventually \u003ca class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/14/us/prosecutors-in-teenage-sexting-cases-ask-foolishness-or-a-felony.html?_r=0\">reduced to misdemeanors\u003c/a>, and the teens were put on probation for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a federal bill that \u003ca href=\"http://reason.com/blog/2017/05/31/house-overwhelmingly-supports-bill-subje\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">passed the House\u003c/a> in May seeks to up the ante for punishment even further. Under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1761/text\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Protecting Against Child Exploitation Act of 2017\u003c/a>, introduced by Rep. Mike Johnson (R-Louisiana), teens caught sexting could be sentenced to a minimum of 15 years in prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I, for one, believe we have a moral obligation, as any just government should, to defend the defenseless,\" said Johnson, a first-term congressman (and vocal Trump supporter), who dismissed the \u003ca href=\"http://reason.com/blog/2017/05/31/house-overwhelmingly-supports-bill-subje\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">adamant opposition \u003c/a>raised by some Democratic lawmakers who warned that the bill could have disastrous unintended consequences for young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“That’s the absurdity of these laws,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://amyhasinoff.wordpress.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Amy Adele Hasinoff\u003c/a>, a communications professor at the University of Colorado, Denver, and author of \"Sexting Panic: Rethinking Criminalization, Privacy, and Consent.\" \"Teens can have sex but they can’t photograph it.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Any kind of distribution of a sexual image of a teenager is considered illegal, she notes, regardless of whether it's a teenager \"consensually sending a nude selfie to a partner\" or maliciously sharing someone's private photo without consent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">And while prosecution of teens for child pornography is certainly not the norm, she adds, it's also not all that uncommon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp id=\"p-9\">In \u003ca href=\"http://jaapl.org/content/44/1/73#ref-7\">one study\u003c/a> from 2013, researchers interviewed nearly 400 state prosecutors who had worked on technology-facilitated crimes against children, and found that 62 percent had handled a sexting case involving juveniles. 36 percent of those prosecutors said they had filed charges, and 21 percent had filed felony charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these juvenile sexting-related cases, though, involved \u003ca href=\"http://jaapl.org/content/44/1/73#ref-8\">exacerbating circumstances\u003c/a>, including malicious intent, bullying, coercion or harassment. And the majority were resolved by plea agreements or juvenile court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">In an effort to legally differentiate between teen sexting and child pornography, nearly \u003ca href=\"http://cyberbullying.org/state-sexting-laws.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">two dozen states\u003c/a>, including, most recently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.canoncitydailyrecord.com/news/colorado/ci_30971680/colorado-teen-sexting-bill-heads-gov-hickenlooper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Colorado\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/26/new-mexico-legalizes-teen-sexting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New Mexico\u003c/a>, have enacted legislation intended to shield teens from criminal prosecution. The laws typically give prosecutors discretion to seek less severe penalties, like misdemeanors and mandatory participation in sexual education programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">[No such law exists yet in California, although the state \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2536\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">enacted legislation\u003c/a> last year that gives schools the right to expel or suspend students for sending sexually explicit photos and images electronically “with the purpose or effect of humiliating or harassing a pupil.”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">But, Hasinoff argues, such legislation may do little to discourage prosecutors from pressing charges against teens caught sexting. Under the new laws, even teens who are consensually sexting can still be charged with misdemeanors and swept up in the criminal justice system. And because it's reduced from a felony, she notes, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">prosecutors may be more likely to use it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">A better approach, Hasinoff says, would be to \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">add statutory rape language to child pornography laws that \u003c/span>exempts teenagers who are close in age and consensually produce and share sexual images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Any laws that try to broadly discourage teen sexting are tantamount to abstinence-only education, which has consistently proved to be ineffective, she argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">The best way to address this, she adds, is with good sex education programs in schools that touch on issues around sexting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teens who send sexually explicit selfies might find themselves in uncomfortably hot water with the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout aligncenter\">\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown and Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-28156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond: \u003c/strong>Should teens be legally allowed to text explicit photos of themselves? Why or why not? \u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28152 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\">\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Should-Underage-Sexting-Be-A-Crime-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An original lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Source-List-Sexting.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a> for introducing this topic in the classroom\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>That's because in most states, while it's legal for teenagers close in age to have consensual sex, if those same teens create and text sexually explicit images of themselves -- known as \"sexting\" -- they could be violating child pornography laws. In fact, most states \u003ca class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/802238c3b59e4ee09fdfabf77199ca58/sexting-case-highlights-quandary-over-child-porn-laws\">have not updated their decades-old child pornography laws\u003c/a> to include exceptions for when teenagers are the \"perpetrators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both existing child pornography laws and more recent state sexting-specific legislation criminalize a trend that's more common among teenagers than many adults might choose to believe. As this\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Above the Noise\u003c/a> video notes, one \u003ca href=\"http://drexel.edu/now/archive/2014/June/Sexting-Study/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study on sexting behavior\u003c/a> found that more than 50 percent of college students reported that they had, as minors, exchanged sexually explicit text messages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue was thrust into the national spotlight in 2015 when two 16-year-olds in North Carolina who were dating and had sent nude selfies to each other were charged with multiple counts of \u003ca class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/802238c3b59e4ee09fdfabf77199ca58/sexting-case-highlights-quandary-over-child-porn-laws\">sexual exploitation of a minor\u003c/a>. Both of the teens involved were considered perpetrators and victims. If convicted, they would have been labeled sex offenders for decades. The charges were eventually \u003ca class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/14/us/prosecutors-in-teenage-sexting-cases-ask-foolishness-or-a-felony.html?_r=0\">reduced to misdemeanors\u003c/a>, and the teens were put on probation for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a federal bill that \u003ca href=\"http://reason.com/blog/2017/05/31/house-overwhelmingly-supports-bill-subje\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">passed the House\u003c/a> in May seeks to up the ante for punishment even further. Under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1761/text\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Protecting Against Child Exploitation Act of 2017\u003c/a>, introduced by Rep. Mike Johnson (R-Louisiana), teens caught sexting could be sentenced to a minimum of 15 years in prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I, for one, believe we have a moral obligation, as any just government should, to defend the defenseless,\" said Johnson, a first-term congressman (and vocal Trump supporter), who dismissed the \u003ca href=\"http://reason.com/blog/2017/05/31/house-overwhelmingly-supports-bill-subje\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">adamant opposition \u003c/a>raised by some Democratic lawmakers who warned that the bill could have disastrous unintended consequences for young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“That’s the absurdity of these laws,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://amyhasinoff.wordpress.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Amy Adele Hasinoff\u003c/a>, a communications professor at the University of Colorado, Denver, and author of \"Sexting Panic: Rethinking Criminalization, Privacy, and Consent.\" \"Teens can have sex but they can’t photograph it.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Any kind of distribution of a sexual image of a teenager is considered illegal, she notes, regardless of whether it's a teenager \"consensually sending a nude selfie to a partner\" or maliciously sharing someone's private photo without consent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">And while prosecution of teens for child pornography is certainly not the norm, she adds, it's also not all that uncommon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp id=\"p-9\">In \u003ca href=\"http://jaapl.org/content/44/1/73#ref-7\">one study\u003c/a> from 2013, researchers interviewed nearly 400 state prosecutors who had worked on technology-facilitated crimes against children, and found that 62 percent had handled a sexting case involving juveniles. 36 percent of those prosecutors said they had filed charges, and 21 percent had filed felony charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these juvenile sexting-related cases, though, involved \u003ca href=\"http://jaapl.org/content/44/1/73#ref-8\">exacerbating circumstances\u003c/a>, including malicious intent, bullying, coercion or harassment. And the majority were resolved by plea agreements or juvenile court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">In an effort to legally differentiate between teen sexting and child pornography, nearly \u003ca href=\"http://cyberbullying.org/state-sexting-laws.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">two dozen states\u003c/a>, including, most recently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.canoncitydailyrecord.com/news/colorado/ci_30971680/colorado-teen-sexting-bill-heads-gov-hickenlooper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Colorado\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/26/new-mexico-legalizes-teen-sexting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New Mexico\u003c/a>, have enacted legislation intended to shield teens from criminal prosecution. The laws typically give prosecutors discretion to seek less severe penalties, like misdemeanors and mandatory participation in sexual education programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">[No such law exists yet in California, although the state \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2536\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">enacted legislation\u003c/a> last year that gives schools the right to expel or suspend students for sending sexually explicit photos and images electronically “with the purpose or effect of humiliating or harassing a pupil.”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">But, Hasinoff argues, such legislation may do little to discourage prosecutors from pressing charges against teens caught sexting. Under the new laws, even teens who are consensually sexting can still be charged with misdemeanors and swept up in the criminal justice system. And because it's reduced from a felony, she notes, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">prosecutors may be more likely to use it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">A better approach, Hasinoff says, would be to \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">add statutory rape language to child pornography laws that \u003c/span>exempts teenagers who are close in age and consensually produce and share sexual images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Any laws that try to broadly discourage teen sexting are tantamount to abstinence-only education, which has consistently proved to be ineffective, she argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">The best way to address this, she adds, is with good sex education programs in schools that touch on issues around sexting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "13-years-later-four-major-lasting-impacts-of-911",
"title": "How 9/11 Changed America: Four Major Lasting Impacts (with Lesson Plan)",
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"content": "\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>TEACHERS: Your students are too young to have lived through the 9/11 attack, but that doesn’t mean it hasn’t impacted their lives. The \u003ca href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/challenges/teachers/perspectives/?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=lowdown\">Perspectives Youth Media Challenge\u003c/a> offers them a chance to tell their stories. Maybe they have a parent, older sibling or cousin who served in Afghanistan. Maybe they have seen anti-Muslim sentiment in their own communities. Invite them to share how 9/11 has affected their lives with the Perspectives Challenge. (Preview the \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/challenges/curriculum/perspectives/?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=lowdown\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">curriculum here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Sept. 10, 2024\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-three years ago, the United States wasn’t officially engaged in any wars. Few of us had ever heard of al-Qaeda or Osama bin Laden, and ISIS didn’t even exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We deported half the number of people we do today. Our surveillance state was a fraction of its current size. And — perhaps hardest to believe — we didn’t have to take off our shoes to go through airport security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America’s involvement in the War on Terror — prompted by the 9/11 terrorist attacks — resulted in a dramatic change in our nation’s attitudes and concerns about safety, vigilance and privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It ushered in a new generation of policies like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/terrorism/homeland/patriotact.html\">USA Patriot Act\u003c/a>, prioritizing national security and defense, often at the expense of civil liberties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Sept-11-lesson-plan-2017-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lasting impacts of 9/11 lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>These changes continue to have ripple effects across the globe, particularly in the Middle East, where American-led military operations helped foment rebellions and ongoing warfare throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are four of the many dramatic impacts — nationwide and in California — resulting from the events of that one tragic day.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>I. ‘Forever Wars’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Less than a month after 9/11, U.S. troops invaded Afghanistan in an attempt to dismantle al-Qaeda — the terrorist group that claimed responsibility for the attacks — and remove the Taliban government harboring it. Two years later, in March 2003, the United States invaded Iraq and deposed President Saddam Hussein. Although not directly linked to the terrorist attacks, Hussein was suspected of producing weapons of mass destruction (none were ever found). The invasion was a key part of America’s newly launched War on Terror, under the leadership of President George W. Bush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our military involvement in Afghanistan — which just ended calamitously last year, with the Taliban reclaiming control of the country — was the longest war in American history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zS0qENVESv0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2011, remaining U.S. troops were pulled out of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/iraq/timeline-iraq-war/p18876\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Iraq\u003c/a>, leaving that nation in a far more volatile state than when military operations first began in 2003. But the U.S. soon after resumed intermittent air strikes following the emergence of the Islamic State extremist group, which sprouted from the chaos of war and terrorized the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, the Bush Administration also opened the Guantanamo Bay detention center in Cuba, where it began sending suspected enemy combatants. Held indefinitely, prisoners were denied access to trials or legal representation, and were subject to brutal interrogation techniques. There were more than 650 foreign inmates at the facility by 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics have long pushed to shut down the Guantanamo facility, calling it a gross violation of basic human rights and a stain on America’s image abroad. And although early in his first term, Obama vowed to close it — and significantly reduced the population\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/guantanamo/detainees?mcubz=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> \u003c/a>— he failed to completely shut it down. Former President Donald Trump was intent on keeping it open, and even sought, unsuccessfully, to refill it. Today, Guantanamo has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/guantanamo-bay-detainees.html?mcubz=1\">fewer than 40 prisoners\u003c/a>, but still remains operational.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 9/11, budgets for defense-related agencies skyrocketed: Homeland Security’s discretionary budget jumped from about $16 billion in 2002 to \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/budget-bib-fy2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than $43 billion\u003c/a> in 2011. Meanwhile, the budgets of the Coast Guard, Transportation Security Administration and Border Patrol have all more than doubled since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, millions of young U.S. soldiers have been deployed overseas, thousands have been killed and many have returned home with debilitating physical and mental injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the start of post-9/11 U.S. military operations, some 7,000 American troops have been killed in Afghanistan and Iraq, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf\">the latest figures\u003c/a> from the U.S. Department of Defense. That marks just a tiny fraction of total casualties in the two conflicts, which have claimed the lives of \u003ca href=\"https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2019/direct-war-death-toll-2001-801000\">hundreds of thousands\u003c/a> of Iraqi and Afghan civilians, as well as contractors, journalists, allied troops and opposition fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, more than 52,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan and Iraq have been wounded in action over the last 20 years. And many more have returned home physically intact but suffering from severe long-term mental health issues, like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and psychological ailments linked to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Thousands of veterans of the two conflicts have taken their own lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is second only to Texas in its contribution of recruits to the U.S. military.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this year, 776 men and women from across the state have been killed in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2001, accounting for 11% of total U.S. casualties — more than any other state — according to an\u003ca href=\"http://projects.latimes.com/wardead/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> LA Times database\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Times reports, “Nearly 20% of California’s war dead were old enough to die for their country but too young to buy a drink. They left behind 453 children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of the 13 U.S. troops killed In the \u003ca class=\"link\" href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-08-26/us-troops-killed-afghanistan-airport-bombing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aug. 26 suicide bombing\u003c/a> at the Kabul airport gate were Marines from California. Occurring just days before the official end of U.S. military operations in Afghanistan, the attack also killed dozens of Afghan civilians — one of the deadliest bombings in the almost two decades since the U.S.-led invasion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/iNUX8W5_oxk\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>II. Immigration and Deportation\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Bush Administration created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Homeland Security\u003c/a> in 2002, a cabinet-level office that merged 22 government agencies. The Immigration and Naturalization Service and the U.S. Customs Service — both formerly part of the Department of Justice — were consolidated into the newly formed \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"https://www.ice.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)\u003c/a>. The agency has overseen a massive increase in deportations; they have nearly doubled since 9/11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Department of Homeland Security’s\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fyearbook-immigration-statistics&ei=NKxPUPu5K87hiwKn14HADQ&usg=AFQjCNFZCr-MNftShOtU3Ycc8HPUr1M1Zg&sig2=agIJsVoj7kiDoBqPasJOQQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Yearbook of Immigration Statistics\u003c/a>, there were roughly 200,000 annual deportations a year between 1999 and 2001. While that number dropped slightly in 2002, it began to steadily climb the following year. In the first two years of the Obama Administration (2009 – 2010), deportations hit a record high: nearly 400,000 annually. About half of those deported during that period were convicted of a criminal offense, although mostly low-level, non-violent crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ice.gov/secure_communities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Secure Communities\u003c/a> program, established in 2008 and officially phased out in 2014, allowed local law enforcement to check the immigration status of every person booked in a county or local jail — even if not ultimately convicted of a crime — by comparing fingerprints against federal immigration records. The program resulted in numerous instances of undocumented immigrants entering deportation proceedings after being stopped for minor infractions (like not using a turn signal while driving).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2014, when Obama announced plans to phase out the program, ICE had established Secure Communities partnerships with every single\u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/doclib/secure-communities/pdf/sc-activated.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> law enforcement jurisdiction \u003c/a>in the nation (all 3,181 of them).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Jerry Brown — then California’s Attorney General — agreed to implement the Secure Communities. As of 2012, ICE reported it had taken nearly 48,000 “convicted criminal aliens” in California into custody. Almost half of them were deported, even though less than a quarter had been convicted of offenses considered “serious or violent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the primary destination for foreign nationals entering the country, and home to a quarter of America’s immigrant population. Of the nearly 10 million immigrants (both naturalized and undocumented) residing in the state, an estimated 4.3 million are Mexican, 28% of whom are naturalized, according to the \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/XrKd_2MoKpE\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>III. The Friendly-ish Skies\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Long airport lines, full body scans, the occasional pat-down (for the lucky ones). It’s all par for the course when you fly these days. But not so long ago, it wasn’t unusual to show up at the airport a half-hour before a domestic flight, keep your shoes tied tight, and skip through the metal detector while sipping a Big Gulp, all without ever having to show an ID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the advent of color-coded security threat warnings, pat downs were rare, liquids were allowed, and the notion of having to go through full-body scanners was the stuff of science fiction. Heck, prior to 9/11, some airport security teams even allowed passengers to take box cutters aboard (the supposed weapon used by the 9/11 hijackers). Any knife with a blade up to four inches long was permitted. And cigarette lighters? No problem!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the terrorist attacks, airport security underwent a series of major overhauls. And a service that was once largely provided by private companies is now primarily overseen by the massive \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Transportation Security Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Created in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, the TSA is tasked with instituting new security procedures and managing screenings at every commercial airport checkpoint in the country (although, private contractors still operate at some airports). It marks the single largest federal start-up since the days of World War II. The agency is authorized to refer to watch lists of individuals who could pose flight safety risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although advocates argue that the changes have made air travel safer, the additional security steps have also tacked on a significant amount of travel time for the average passenger, while sometimes infringing on privacy rights and, in many instances, increasing scrutiny of minority travelers, particularly those of Middle Eastern descent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/HsDAvCOFT9M\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>IV. Big surveillance\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The U.S. intelligence state boomed in the wake of 9/11. The growth resulted in a marked increase in government oversight, primarily through a vast, clandestine network of phone and web surveillance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classified documents that were leaked in 2013 by former government contractor Edward Snowden detail the expansion of a colossal surveillance state that’s seeped into the lives of millions of ordinary Americans. The exponential growth of this apparatus — armed with a $52.6 billion budget in 2013 — was brought to light when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Washington Post\u003c/a> obtained a “black budget” report from Snowden, detailing the bureaucratic and operational landscape of the 16 spy agencies and more than 107,000 employees that now make up the U.S. intelligence community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further audits reveal that the National Security Agency alone has annually scooped up as many as 56,000 emails and other communications by Americans with no connection to terrorism, and in doing so, had violated privacy laws thousands of times per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/S61eL_06RZ4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>TEACHERS: Your students are too young to have lived through the 9/11 attack, but that doesn’t mean it hasn’t impacted their lives. The \u003ca href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/challenges/teachers/perspectives/?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=lowdown\">Perspectives Youth Media Challenge\u003c/a> offers them a chance to tell their stories. Maybe they have a parent, older sibling or cousin who served in Afghanistan. Maybe they have seen anti-Muslim sentiment in their own communities. Invite them to share how 9/11 has affected their lives with the Perspectives Challenge. (Preview the \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/challenges/curriculum/perspectives/?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=lowdown\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">curriculum here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Sept. 10, 2024\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-three years ago, the United States wasn’t officially engaged in any wars. Few of us had ever heard of al-Qaeda or Osama bin Laden, and ISIS didn’t even exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We deported half the number of people we do today. Our surveillance state was a fraction of its current size. And — perhaps hardest to believe — we didn’t have to take off our shoes to go through airport security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America’s involvement in the War on Terror — prompted by the 9/11 terrorist attacks — resulted in a dramatic change in our nation’s attitudes and concerns about safety, vigilance and privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It ushered in a new generation of policies like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/terrorism/homeland/patriotact.html\">USA Patriot Act\u003c/a>, prioritizing national security and defense, often at the expense of civil liberties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Sept-11-lesson-plan-2017-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lasting impacts of 9/11 lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>These changes continue to have ripple effects across the globe, particularly in the Middle East, where American-led military operations helped foment rebellions and ongoing warfare throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are four of the many dramatic impacts — nationwide and in California — resulting from the events of that one tragic day.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>I. ‘Forever Wars’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Less than a month after 9/11, U.S. troops invaded Afghanistan in an attempt to dismantle al-Qaeda — the terrorist group that claimed responsibility for the attacks — and remove the Taliban government harboring it. Two years later, in March 2003, the United States invaded Iraq and deposed President Saddam Hussein. Although not directly linked to the terrorist attacks, Hussein was suspected of producing weapons of mass destruction (none were ever found). The invasion was a key part of America’s newly launched War on Terror, under the leadership of President George W. Bush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our military involvement in Afghanistan — which just ended calamitously last year, with the Taliban reclaiming control of the country — was the longest war in American history.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/zS0qENVESv0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/zS0qENVESv0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>In December 2011, remaining U.S. troops were pulled out of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/iraq/timeline-iraq-war/p18876\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Iraq\u003c/a>, leaving that nation in a far more volatile state than when military operations first began in 2003. But the U.S. soon after resumed intermittent air strikes following the emergence of the Islamic State extremist group, which sprouted from the chaos of war and terrorized the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, the Bush Administration also opened the Guantanamo Bay detention center in Cuba, where it began sending suspected enemy combatants. Held indefinitely, prisoners were denied access to trials or legal representation, and were subject to brutal interrogation techniques. There were more than 650 foreign inmates at the facility by 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics have long pushed to shut down the Guantanamo facility, calling it a gross violation of basic human rights and a stain on America’s image abroad. And although early in his first term, Obama vowed to close it — and significantly reduced the population\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/guantanamo/detainees?mcubz=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> \u003c/a>— he failed to completely shut it down. Former President Donald Trump was intent on keeping it open, and even sought, unsuccessfully, to refill it. Today, Guantanamo has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/guantanamo-bay-detainees.html?mcubz=1\">fewer than 40 prisoners\u003c/a>, but still remains operational.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 9/11, budgets for defense-related agencies skyrocketed: Homeland Security’s discretionary budget jumped from about $16 billion in 2002 to \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/budget-bib-fy2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than $43 billion\u003c/a> in 2011. Meanwhile, the budgets of the Coast Guard, Transportation Security Administration and Border Patrol have all more than doubled since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, millions of young U.S. soldiers have been deployed overseas, thousands have been killed and many have returned home with debilitating physical and mental injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the start of post-9/11 U.S. military operations, some 7,000 American troops have been killed in Afghanistan and Iraq, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf\">the latest figures\u003c/a> from the U.S. Department of Defense. That marks just a tiny fraction of total casualties in the two conflicts, which have claimed the lives of \u003ca href=\"https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2019/direct-war-death-toll-2001-801000\">hundreds of thousands\u003c/a> of Iraqi and Afghan civilians, as well as contractors, journalists, allied troops and opposition fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, more than 52,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan and Iraq have been wounded in action over the last 20 years. And many more have returned home physically intact but suffering from severe long-term mental health issues, like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and psychological ailments linked to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Thousands of veterans of the two conflicts have taken their own lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is second only to Texas in its contribution of recruits to the U.S. military.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this year, 776 men and women from across the state have been killed in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2001, accounting for 11% of total U.S. casualties — more than any other state — according to an\u003ca href=\"http://projects.latimes.com/wardead/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> LA Times database\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Times reports, “Nearly 20% of California’s war dead were old enough to die for their country but too young to buy a drink. They left behind 453 children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of the 13 U.S. troops killed In the \u003ca class=\"link\" href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-08-26/us-troops-killed-afghanistan-airport-bombing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aug. 26 suicide bombing\u003c/a> at the Kabul airport gate were Marines from California. Occurring just days before the official end of U.S. military operations in Afghanistan, the attack also killed dozens of Afghan civilians — one of the deadliest bombings in the almost two decades since the U.S.-led invasion.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/iNUX8W5_oxk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/iNUX8W5_oxk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>II. Immigration and Deportation\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Bush Administration created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Homeland Security\u003c/a> in 2002, a cabinet-level office that merged 22 government agencies. The Immigration and Naturalization Service and the U.S. Customs Service — both formerly part of the Department of Justice — were consolidated into the newly formed \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"https://www.ice.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)\u003c/a>. The agency has overseen a massive increase in deportations; they have nearly doubled since 9/11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Department of Homeland Security’s\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fyearbook-immigration-statistics&ei=NKxPUPu5K87hiwKn14HADQ&usg=AFQjCNFZCr-MNftShOtU3Ycc8HPUr1M1Zg&sig2=agIJsVoj7kiDoBqPasJOQQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Yearbook of Immigration Statistics\u003c/a>, there were roughly 200,000 annual deportations a year between 1999 and 2001. While that number dropped slightly in 2002, it began to steadily climb the following year. In the first two years of the Obama Administration (2009 – 2010), deportations hit a record high: nearly 400,000 annually. About half of those deported during that period were convicted of a criminal offense, although mostly low-level, non-violent crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ice.gov/secure_communities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Secure Communities\u003c/a> program, established in 2008 and officially phased out in 2014, allowed local law enforcement to check the immigration status of every person booked in a county or local jail — even if not ultimately convicted of a crime — by comparing fingerprints against federal immigration records. The program resulted in numerous instances of undocumented immigrants entering deportation proceedings after being stopped for minor infractions (like not using a turn signal while driving).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2014, when Obama announced plans to phase out the program, ICE had established Secure Communities partnerships with every single\u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/doclib/secure-communities/pdf/sc-activated.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> law enforcement jurisdiction \u003c/a>in the nation (all 3,181 of them).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Jerry Brown — then California’s Attorney General — agreed to implement the Secure Communities. As of 2012, ICE reported it had taken nearly 48,000 “convicted criminal aliens” in California into custody. Almost half of them were deported, even though less than a quarter had been convicted of offenses considered “serious or violent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the primary destination for foreign nationals entering the country, and home to a quarter of America’s immigrant population. Of the nearly 10 million immigrants (both naturalized and undocumented) residing in the state, an estimated 4.3 million are Mexican, 28% of whom are naturalized, according to the \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XrKd_2MoKpE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XrKd_2MoKpE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>III. The Friendly-ish Skies\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Long airport lines, full body scans, the occasional pat-down (for the lucky ones). It’s all par for the course when you fly these days. But not so long ago, it wasn’t unusual to show up at the airport a half-hour before a domestic flight, keep your shoes tied tight, and skip through the metal detector while sipping a Big Gulp, all without ever having to show an ID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the advent of color-coded security threat warnings, pat downs were rare, liquids were allowed, and the notion of having to go through full-body scanners was the stuff of science fiction. Heck, prior to 9/11, some airport security teams even allowed passengers to take box cutters aboard (the supposed weapon used by the 9/11 hijackers). Any knife with a blade up to four inches long was permitted. And cigarette lighters? No problem!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the terrorist attacks, airport security underwent a series of major overhauls. And a service that was once largely provided by private companies is now primarily overseen by the massive \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Transportation Security Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Created in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, the TSA is tasked with instituting new security procedures and managing screenings at every commercial airport checkpoint in the country (although, private contractors still operate at some airports). It marks the single largest federal start-up since the days of World War II. The agency is authorized to refer to watch lists of individuals who could pose flight safety risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although advocates argue that the changes have made air travel safer, the additional security steps have also tacked on a significant amount of travel time for the average passenger, while sometimes infringing on privacy rights and, in many instances, increasing scrutiny of minority travelers, particularly those of Middle Eastern descent.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/HsDAvCOFT9M'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/HsDAvCOFT9M'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>IV. Big surveillance\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The U.S. intelligence state boomed in the wake of 9/11. The growth resulted in a marked increase in government oversight, primarily through a vast, clandestine network of phone and web surveillance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classified documents that were leaked in 2013 by former government contractor Edward Snowden detail the expansion of a colossal surveillance state that’s seeped into the lives of millions of ordinary Americans. The exponential growth of this apparatus — armed with a $52.6 billion budget in 2013 — was brought to light when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Washington Post\u003c/a> obtained a “black budget” report from Snowden, detailing the bureaucratic and operational landscape of the 16 spy agencies and more than 107,000 employees that now make up the U.S. intelligence community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further audits reveal that the National Security Agency alone has annually scooped up as many as 56,000 emails and other communications by Americans with no connection to terrorism, and in doing so, had violated privacy laws thousands of times per year.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/S61eL_06RZ4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/S61eL_06RZ4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Is Climate Change to Blame for Hurricane Harvey and Other Extreme Weather Disasters?",
"title": "Is Climate Change to Blame for Hurricane Harvey and Other Extreme Weather Disasters?",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of just four days in late August, Hurricane Harvey drenched a massive swath of Southeast Texas, flooding much of Houston and the surrounding region with more than 50 inches of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/08/31/harvey-is-a-1000-year-flood-event-unprecedented-in-scale/?utm_term=.ab93df36d768\"> recent analysis\u003c/a> identified the record rainfall as a 1-in-1,000-year flood, or the kind of extreme weather event that has a 0.1 percent chance of happening in any given year. In other words, unprecedented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout aligncenter\">\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown and Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-28156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond: \u003c/strong>What does (or could) extreme weather look like where you live? \u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28155 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"69\" height=\"69\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 69px) 100vw, 69px\">\u003cstrong>Youth media\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://letters2president.org/letters/38\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Student video responses \u003c/a>from the Letters to the Next President project\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28152 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\">\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-Plan-Extreme-Weather-for-the-Lowdown.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An original lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Source-List-Extreme-Weather.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a> for introducing this topic in the classroom\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But that may come as cold comfort to waterlogged Houstonians, who already experienced a pair of other major deluges in the last two years, both of which were labelled \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/08/29/houston-is-experiencing-its-third-500-year-flood-in-3-years-how-is-that-possible/\">500-year floods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with forecasters now shifting their attention to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/07/us/hurricane-irma-florida-latest/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hurricane Irma\u003c/a> -- one of the most powerful storm's on record that's already terrorized parts of the Caribbean en route to Puerto Rico and Florida -- these “unprecedented,\" once-in-a-lifetime disasters of biblical proportions are starting to seem a lot less extraordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just consider the United States, where the rate of large, costly natural disasters has increased markedly over the last three decades, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/time-series\">according to data\u003c/a> compiled by the National Centers for Environmental Information. Explore \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/maps/extreme-weather\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this interactive map\u003c/a> of billion-dollar weather events in the U.S. since 2000 .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Screen-Shot-2017-09-06-at-9.28.06-PM.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-28127 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Screen-Shot-2017-09-06-at-9.28.06-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"777\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Screen-Shot-2017-09-06-at-9.28.06-PM.png 777w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Screen-Shot-2017-09-06-at-9.28.06-PM-160x84.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Screen-Shot-2017-09-06-at-9.28.06-PM-768x401.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Screen-Shot-2017-09-06-at-9.28.06-PM-240x125.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Screen-Shot-2017-09-06-at-9.28.06-PM-375x196.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Screen-Shot-2017-09-06-at-9.28.06-PM-520x272.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And worldwide, the number of natural disasters has quadrupled since 1970, United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2017/09/05/world/asia/ap-un-united-nations-climate-change.html?mcubz=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recently told reporters\u003c/a>. In 2016 alone, 24.2 million people were displaced by sudden natural disasters, he added, which is \"three times as many as by conflict and violence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's going on here? Why are these so-called extreme weather events -- things like catastrophic flooding, heatwaves, droughts and even prolonged winter storms -- happening so much more frequently?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> video explains, there's an overwhelming body of \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/\">scientific evidence\u003c/a> that points to climate change as a major culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global average temperatures have risen significantly in recent decades, in large part due to human activities, namely the burning of fossil fuels. In fact, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/10-hottest-years-on-record\">10 hottest years\u003c/a> ever recorded since global record-keeping began in the late 1800s, all occurred in the last two decades. 2016 went down as the hottest year on record, surpassing the 2015 record, and the one set before that in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists are generally quick to note that no single weather event can be solely blamed on climate change. After all, major hurricanes, droughts and other kinds of extreme weather are nothing new - they’ve been wreaking havoc for millennia. But the science clearly shows that a warming planet unquestionably contributes to more severe events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, Guterres noted, \"are equally clear that such extreme weather is precisely what their models predict will be the new normal of a warming world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28122\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/1309_consensus-graphic-2015-768px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-28122\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/1309_consensus-graphic-2015-768px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/1309_consensus-graphic-2015-768px.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/1309_consensus-graphic-2015-768px-160x97.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/1309_consensus-graphic-2015-768px-240x146.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/1309_consensus-graphic-2015-768px-375x228.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/1309_consensus-graphic-2015-768px-520x316.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Global temperature data compiled from four international science institutions. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take the increasing frequency of major tropical storms and floods, which scientists say are often exacerbated by warmer ocean surface temperatures and rising sea levels. Without climate change, a severe hurricane like Harvey may well still have been impressively destructive. But the ample vapor from warming surface waters in the Gulf of Mexico -- now as as much as seven degrees warmer than the long-term average -- contributed to the unbelievable volume of rain that the storm collected and then dumped on Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Atlantic was primed for an event like this,” Kevin Trenberth, a scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, \u003ca class=\"ArticleBody__link___1FS03\" href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/30/tropical-storm-harvey-climate-change-conservatives-donald-trump?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-reactid=\"161\">told the Guardian\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, climate change didn't necessarily cause Harvey, but evidence clearly shows that it made the storm more destructive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Harvey, like every extreme weather event, occurs due to a pile up of random accidents in the atmosphere. Climate change can at most push the odds a little bit in one direction,” Adam Lobel, director of Columbia University's Initiative on Extreme Weather, said in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/story/global-warmings-role-hurricane-harvey/\">an interview with The Takeaway\u003c/a> radio show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When extreme weather events are directly linked to temperature, he said, it becomes easier to make connection to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost any heat wave that happens on the earth now can be said to be more probable as a result of global warming,\" he said. \"Heavy rain events are not quite that simple but they’re not that much more complicated because the relationship of water vapor to temperature is pretty basic physics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of evidence, climate change still remains a highly politicized issue in the U.S., often falling along partisan lines, with key members of the Trump administration and various other Republican leaders downplaying its significance, or in some cases, denying its existence altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mediamatters.org/video/2017/08/29/breitbart-radio-host-pushes-trump-s-epa-chief-deny-link-between-hurricane-harvey-and-climate-change/217797\">Interviewed in the wake of Harvey,\u003c/a> Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt told Breitbart News that the media was being “opportunistic” in linking Hurricane Harvey to climate change. It was doing so, he said, “without basis or support, just to simply engage in a cause and effect type of discussion, and not focus upon the needs of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a statement that still appears on his own agency’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate\">website\u003c/a>, (written under the previous administration) offers a different take: “[R]ising global average temperature is associated with widespread changes in weather patterns. Scientific studies indicate that extreme weather events such as heat waves and large storms are likely to become more frequent or more intense with human-induced climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt's sentiment, though, was echoed by a number of conservative policy organizations who were quick to question any link between major storms like Harvey and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is unfortunate, but not surprising, that the left is exploiting Hurricane Harvey to try and advance their political agenda, but it won’t work,\" Thomas Pyle, president of the \u003ca href=\"http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Institute for Energy Research\u003c/a>, who led Trump’s transition team for the Department of Energy, told the Guardian. “When everything is a problem related to climate change, the solutions no longer become attainable. That is their fundamental problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To this argument, Adam Lobel of Columbia counters that those who insist it’s not the right time to bring up climate change are the people who never want to talk about it, particularly conservative political leaders. He notes recent efforts by the Trump administration to rescind Obama-era climate change policies, including a withdrawal from the Paris climate accord and the rollback of regulations to limit greenhouse gas emissions from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is exactly the right time. It’s the only time the media will pay attention to the issue … And so this is a moment when people see the potential consequences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following interactive map, produced by the British organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-how-climate-change-affects-extreme-weather-around-the-world?utm_content=bufferdb0ec&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer\">Carbon Brief\u003c/a> (and embedded with permission), shows 144 extreme weather events around the world that scientists published studies about in peer-reviewed journals. Nearly two-thirds of these events were made more likely or more severe by human-caused climate change, according to the authors of the studies. Heatwaves accounted for almost half of these events, followed by droughts (21%) and heavy rainfall or floods account (14%). Read the full analysis \u003ca href=\"https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-how-climate-change-affects-extreme-weather-around-the-world?utm_content=bufferdb0ec&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://carbonbrief.github.io/bams-map/\" width=\"1000\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of just four days in late August, Hurricane Harvey drenched a massive swath of Southeast Texas, flooding much of Houston and the surrounding region with more than 50 inches of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/08/31/harvey-is-a-1000-year-flood-event-unprecedented-in-scale/?utm_term=.ab93df36d768\"> recent analysis\u003c/a> identified the record rainfall as a 1-in-1,000-year flood, or the kind of extreme weather event that has a 0.1 percent chance of happening in any given year. In other words, unprecedented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"callout aligncenter\">\n\u003ch4>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown and Above the Noise\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28023 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/08/hands.png\" width=\"600\" height=\"100\">\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium;\">Ideas for analysis, discussion and multimedia projects. Browse our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lesson archive\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-28156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/36843_comments-icon.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\">\u003cstrong>Read-Think-Respond: \u003c/strong>What does (or could) extreme weather look like where you live? \u003cspan style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u003cem>[\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">comment here\u003c/a>]\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28155 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-160x160.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"69\" height=\"69\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download-150x150.png 150w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Video-Icon-PNG-Free-Download.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 69px) 100vw, 69px\">\u003cstrong>Youth media\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://letters2president.org/letters/38\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Student video responses \u003c/a>from the Letters to the Next President project\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-28152 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan.png 200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-plan-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\">\u003cstrong>Teach\u003c/strong>: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Lesson-Plan-Extreme-Weather-for-the-Lowdown.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An original lesson plan\u003c/a> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Source-List-Extreme-Weather.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list of sources\u003c/a> for introducing this topic in the classroom\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But that may come as cold comfort to waterlogged Houstonians, who already experienced a pair of other major deluges in the last two years, both of which were labelled \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/08/29/houston-is-experiencing-its-third-500-year-flood-in-3-years-how-is-that-possible/\">500-year floods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with forecasters now shifting their attention to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/07/us/hurricane-irma-florida-latest/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hurricane Irma\u003c/a> -- one of the most powerful storm's on record that's already terrorized parts of the Caribbean en route to Puerto Rico and Florida -- these “unprecedented,\" once-in-a-lifetime disasters of biblical proportions are starting to seem a lot less extraordinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just consider the United States, where the rate of large, costly natural disasters has increased markedly over the last three decades, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/time-series\">according to data\u003c/a> compiled by the National Centers for Environmental Information. Explore \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/maps/extreme-weather\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this interactive map\u003c/a> of billion-dollar weather events in the U.S. since 2000 .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Screen-Shot-2017-09-06-at-9.28.06-PM.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-28127 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Screen-Shot-2017-09-06-at-9.28.06-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"777\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Screen-Shot-2017-09-06-at-9.28.06-PM.png 777w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Screen-Shot-2017-09-06-at-9.28.06-PM-160x84.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Screen-Shot-2017-09-06-at-9.28.06-PM-768x401.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Screen-Shot-2017-09-06-at-9.28.06-PM-240x125.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Screen-Shot-2017-09-06-at-9.28.06-PM-375x196.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Screen-Shot-2017-09-06-at-9.28.06-PM-520x272.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And worldwide, the number of natural disasters has quadrupled since 1970, United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2017/09/05/world/asia/ap-un-united-nations-climate-change.html?mcubz=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recently told reporters\u003c/a>. In 2016 alone, 24.2 million people were displaced by sudden natural disasters, he added, which is \"three times as many as by conflict and violence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's going on here? Why are these so-called extreme weather events -- things like catastrophic flooding, heatwaves, droughts and even prolonged winter storms -- happening so much more frequently?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Above the Noise\u003c/a> video explains, there's an overwhelming body of \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/\">scientific evidence\u003c/a> that points to climate change as a major culprit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global average temperatures have risen significantly in recent decades, in large part due to human activities, namely the burning of fossil fuels. In fact, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/10-hottest-years-on-record\">10 hottest years\u003c/a> ever recorded since global record-keeping began in the late 1800s, all occurred in the last two decades. 2016 went down as the hottest year on record, surpassing the 2015 record, and the one set before that in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists are generally quick to note that no single weather event can be solely blamed on climate change. After all, major hurricanes, droughts and other kinds of extreme weather are nothing new - they’ve been wreaking havoc for millennia. But the science clearly shows that a warming planet unquestionably contributes to more severe events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, Guterres noted, \"are equally clear that such extreme weather is precisely what their models predict will be the new normal of a warming world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28122\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/1309_consensus-graphic-2015-768px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-28122\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/1309_consensus-graphic-2015-768px.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/1309_consensus-graphic-2015-768px.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/1309_consensus-graphic-2015-768px-160x97.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/1309_consensus-graphic-2015-768px-240x146.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/1309_consensus-graphic-2015-768px-375x228.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/1309_consensus-graphic-2015-768px-520x316.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Global temperature data compiled from four international science institutions. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take the increasing frequency of major tropical storms and floods, which scientists say are often exacerbated by warmer ocean surface temperatures and rising sea levels. Without climate change, a severe hurricane like Harvey may well still have been impressively destructive. But the ample vapor from warming surface waters in the Gulf of Mexico -- now as as much as seven degrees warmer than the long-term average -- contributed to the unbelievable volume of rain that the storm collected and then dumped on Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Atlantic was primed for an event like this,” Kevin Trenberth, a scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, \u003ca class=\"ArticleBody__link___1FS03\" href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/30/tropical-storm-harvey-climate-change-conservatives-donald-trump?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-reactid=\"161\">told the Guardian\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, climate change didn't necessarily cause Harvey, but evidence clearly shows that it made the storm more destructive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Harvey, like every extreme weather event, occurs due to a pile up of random accidents in the atmosphere. Climate change can at most push the odds a little bit in one direction,” Adam Lobel, director of Columbia University's Initiative on Extreme Weather, said in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/story/global-warmings-role-hurricane-harvey/\">an interview with The Takeaway\u003c/a> radio show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When extreme weather events are directly linked to temperature, he said, it becomes easier to make connection to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost any heat wave that happens on the earth now can be said to be more probable as a result of global warming,\" he said. \"Heavy rain events are not quite that simple but they’re not that much more complicated because the relationship of water vapor to temperature is pretty basic physics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of evidence, climate change still remains a highly politicized issue in the U.S., often falling along partisan lines, with key members of the Trump administration and various other Republican leaders downplaying its significance, or in some cases, denying its existence altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mediamatters.org/video/2017/08/29/breitbart-radio-host-pushes-trump-s-epa-chief-deny-link-between-hurricane-harvey-and-climate-change/217797\">Interviewed in the wake of Harvey,\u003c/a> Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt told Breitbart News that the media was being “opportunistic” in linking Hurricane Harvey to climate change. It was doing so, he said, “without basis or support, just to simply engage in a cause and effect type of discussion, and not focus upon the needs of people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a statement that still appears on his own agency’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate\">website\u003c/a>, (written under the previous administration) offers a different take: “[R]ising global average temperature is associated with widespread changes in weather patterns. Scientific studies indicate that extreme weather events such as heat waves and large storms are likely to become more frequent or more intense with human-induced climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt's sentiment, though, was echoed by a number of conservative policy organizations who were quick to question any link between major storms like Harvey and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is unfortunate, but not surprising, that the left is exploiting Hurricane Harvey to try and advance their political agenda, but it won’t work,\" Thomas Pyle, president of the \u003ca href=\"http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Institute for Energy Research\u003c/a>, who led Trump’s transition team for the Department of Energy, told the Guardian. “When everything is a problem related to climate change, the solutions no longer become attainable. That is their fundamental problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To this argument, Adam Lobel of Columbia counters that those who insist it’s not the right time to bring up climate change are the people who never want to talk about it, particularly conservative political leaders. He notes recent efforts by the Trump administration to rescind Obama-era climate change policies, including a withdrawal from the Paris climate accord and the rollback of regulations to limit greenhouse gas emissions from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is exactly the right time. It’s the only time the media will pay attention to the issue … And so this is a moment when people see the potential consequences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following interactive map, produced by the British organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-how-climate-change-affects-extreme-weather-around-the-world?utm_content=bufferdb0ec&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer\">Carbon Brief\u003c/a> (and embedded with permission), shows 144 extreme weather events around the world that scientists published studies about in peer-reviewed journals. Nearly two-thirds of these events were made more likely or more severe by human-caused climate change, according to the authors of the studies. Heatwaves accounted for almost half of these events, followed by droughts (21%) and heavy rainfall or floods account (14%). Read the full analysis \u003ca href=\"https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-how-climate-change-affects-extreme-weather-around-the-world?utm_content=bufferdb0ec&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://carbonbrief.github.io/bams-map/\" width=\"1000\" height=\"800\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
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