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"content": "\u003cp>California’s health care industry is a data-security laggard, failing to sufficiently protect sensitive information stored on lost or stolen laptops, smartphones and flash drives, according to state Attorney General Kamala Harris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just personal records. Hackers have begun threatening the basic day-to-day functioning of hospitals and other health care facilities, made vivid by the Feb. 5 ransomware attack on Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that attack, hackers encrypted critical files on the center’s computer system and demanded $17,000 in ransom for the digital key to make them readable again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a controversial move, the hospital sent the unidentified hackers the money in a digital currency known as Bitcoin — tough, if not impossible, to trace. Critics said paying the ransom would only invite more attacks, but hospital executives, who noted employees had turned to pen and paper for record keeping, insisted they needed to get the center running again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now that organizations rely increasingly on the collection and use of personal information and criminals take advantage of security weaknesses to obtain and profit from that same information, it is more important than ever that all of us redouble our efforts to ensure that this data does not end up in the wrong hands,” Harris wrote the report, which covers reported data breaches across all industries in California from 2012 to 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over those years, the number of Californians whose personal records were breached through loss or theft grew from 2.6 million in 2012 to 24 million in 2015, whether at hospitals, insurers, retailers, financial institutions or other places where sensitive data is stores. Health care and insurers played a big role, though: That 24 million includes 10.4 million breached in a hack attack on health insurer Anthem, and 4.5 million in another attack on UCLA Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The health sector has improved its use of strong encryption on hardware devices, the report notes, and while those kind of breaches have declined, health care still is “lagging behind other sectors” in securing devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cyberattacks on large databases are growing in all industry sectors, with far more personal records available than might be found on a smartphone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cybersecurity challenges in health care aren’t just confined to California — hospitals, insurers, doctors’ offices, pharmacies, and medical device manufacturers all face the possibility of data breaches. A security firm recently reported that its team was able to hack into patient monitors and medicine-delivery systems at hospitals in the Baltimore and Washington, D.C. region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health organizations face a unique challenge when it comes to shoring up their cybersecurity, said Dan McWhorter, vice president and chief intelligence strategist at Fire Eye, a cybersecurity firm based in Milpitas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health care providers and insurers keep on hand massive amounts of highly sensitive personal medical data as well as financial data. Breaching that data can result in serious violations of privacy, economic harm and even physical harm to patients, if treatment technology is compromised. These organizations need to protect that confidential information while simultaneously sharing it with other providers to coordinate patient care and payment, McWhorter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health care mergers that involve combining data among large companies have made data protection even more complicated, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, hospitals have many visitors, in contrast to other companies that can limit access only to employees. And they work with many “trusted third parties” such as insurers and medical device manufacturers, with online connections to their data, McWhorter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McWhorter said he was able to compromise the website of an infusion pump manufacturer, giving him potential access to 15 different medical organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are industries that are more heavily targeted (by cybercriminals) than health care, but the impact (on people) is much, much greater,” McWhorter said. “What’s happening is that cyber-attacks are becoming a better way to do malicious things without risk, rather than running into a shopping center and shooting people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes \u003ca href=\"http://californiahealthline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">California Healthline\u003c/a>, a service of the California Health Care Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s health care industry is a data-security laggard, failing to sufficiently protect sensitive information stored on lost or stolen laptops, smartphones and flash drives, according to state Attorney General Kamala Harris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just personal records. Hackers have begun threatening the basic day-to-day functioning of hospitals and other health care facilities, made vivid by the Feb. 5 ransomware attack on Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that attack, hackers encrypted critical files on the center’s computer system and demanded $17,000 in ransom for the digital key to make them readable again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a controversial move, the hospital sent the unidentified hackers the money in a digital currency known as Bitcoin — tough, if not impossible, to trace. Critics said paying the ransom would only invite more attacks, but hospital executives, who noted employees had turned to pen and paper for record keeping, insisted they needed to get the center running again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now that organizations rely increasingly on the collection and use of personal information and criminals take advantage of security weaknesses to obtain and profit from that same information, it is more important than ever that all of us redouble our efforts to ensure that this data does not end up in the wrong hands,” Harris wrote the report, which covers reported data breaches across all industries in California from 2012 to 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over those years, the number of Californians whose personal records were breached through loss or theft grew from 2.6 million in 2012 to 24 million in 2015, whether at hospitals, insurers, retailers, financial institutions or other places where sensitive data is stores. Health care and insurers played a big role, though: That 24 million includes 10.4 million breached in a hack attack on health insurer Anthem, and 4.5 million in another attack on UCLA Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The health sector has improved its use of strong encryption on hardware devices, the report notes, and while those kind of breaches have declined, health care still is “lagging behind other sectors” in securing devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cyberattacks on large databases are growing in all industry sectors, with far more personal records available than might be found on a smartphone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cybersecurity challenges in health care aren’t just confined to California — hospitals, insurers, doctors’ offices, pharmacies, and medical device manufacturers all face the possibility of data breaches. A security firm recently reported that its team was able to hack into patient monitors and medicine-delivery systems at hospitals in the Baltimore and Washington, D.C. region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health organizations face a unique challenge when it comes to shoring up their cybersecurity, said Dan McWhorter, vice president and chief intelligence strategist at Fire Eye, a cybersecurity firm based in Milpitas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health care providers and insurers keep on hand massive amounts of highly sensitive personal medical data as well as financial data. Breaching that data can result in serious violations of privacy, economic harm and even physical harm to patients, if treatment technology is compromised. These organizations need to protect that confidential information while simultaneously sharing it with other providers to coordinate patient care and payment, McWhorter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health care mergers that involve combining data among large companies have made data protection even more complicated, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, hospitals have many visitors, in contrast to other companies that can limit access only to employees. And they work with many “trusted third parties” such as insurers and medical device manufacturers, with online connections to their data, McWhorter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McWhorter said he was able to compromise the website of an infusion pump manufacturer, giving him potential access to 15 different medical organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are industries that are more heavily targeted (by cybercriminals) than health care, but the impact (on people) is much, much greater,” McWhorter said. “What’s happening is that cyber-attacks are becoming a better way to do malicious things without risk, rather than running into a shopping center and shooting people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes \u003ca href=\"http://californiahealthline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">California Healthline\u003c/a>, a service of the California Health Care Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>We know we should put the cigarettes away or make use of that gym membership but in the moment, we just don't do it. There is a cluster of neurons in our brain critical for motivation, though. What if you could hack them to motivate yourself?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Some people sang Queen songs to themselves or imagined having an angry coach yell at them.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These neurons are located in the middle of the brain, in a region called the ventral tegmental area. A paper published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em> suggests that we can activate the region with a little bit of training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers stuck 73 people into an fMRI, a scanner that can detect what part of the brain is most active, and focused on that area associated with motivation. When the researchers said, motivate yourself and make this part of your brain light up, people couldn't really do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They weren't that reliable when we said, 'Go! Get psyched. Turn on your VTA,' \" says \u003ca href=\"https://web.duke.edu/adcocklab/people_files/people.html\">Dr. Alison Adcock\u003c/a>, a psychiatrist at Duke and senior author on the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That changed when the participants were allowed to watch a neurofeedback meter that displayed activity in their ventral tegmental area. When activity ramps up, the participants see the meter heat up while they're in the fMRI tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Your whole mind is allowed to speak to a specific part of your brain in a way you never imagined before. Then you get feedback that helps you discover how to turn that part of the brain up or down,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://mcgovern.mit.edu/principal-investigators/john-gabrieli\">John Gabrieli\u003c/a>, a neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who was not involved with the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using an fMRI for this kind of brain feedback is more effective than other, older tools like placing electrodes on the skull or EEG, Gabrieli says. \"MRI lets you target a specific brain system or structure. EEG does not. When we're measuring electrical activity, we don't know really where it's coming from.\" He says he hasn't seen compelling evidence that EEG feedback, which is commercially available, has helped people change their behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the researchers, \u003ca href=\"https://www.neuro.duke.edu/people/students-and-postdocs/kathryn-dickerson\">Kathryn Dickerson\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.neuro.duke.edu/people/students-and-postdocs/jeff-macinnes\">Jeff MacInnes\u003c/a>, tried the system out on themselves. Not everything worked. Dickerson said she tried thinking about different memories that left the feedback meter cold. \"Zip lining was super fun, but [thinking about that] was just terrible and not effective at all.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she switched strategies and tried giving herself a pep talk in the scanner. \"I was like, 'Come on Katie. Move the thermometer. Just do it and move it.' And I just pumped myself up. That was very effective,\" she says. \"It was exhilarating.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it was also exhausting, MacInnes says. \"The experience of the task was very difficult. You're being asked to generate these intense motivational states for 20 seconds over multiple periods. It was very fatiguing for people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study participants had a similar experience, Adcock says. Some people sang Queen songs to themselves or imagined having an angry coach yell at them. \"My personal favorite was running down a line with everyone giving you high fives,\" Adcock says. When she took the feedback meter away, the participants were still able to light up their ventral tegmental area by thinking about the same things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People really are changing their mood when they're doing this, Adcock thinks. They're really becoming more focused and eager. And it seems the effect begins reaching out to parts of the brain involved with learning and memory,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think that's exciting because it shows after this training, something changed, Dickerson says. \"The brain isn't quite the same.\" She thinks people might be achieving a state of mind that's more conducive to learning and motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that's true, it would be extraordinarily useful, Gabrieli says. Using MRIs to exert control over certain parts of our brain has been done before, he says. \"[But this] is the first study to show it can be applied to the most important brain structure for human motivation. That could be very valuable for things people want to accomplish in life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it might be applied to habits that are really hard to start or break, Gabrieli says. \"The hugely exciting piece of this is whether now people can use this upcoming research to gain control of behaviors that are challenging,\" he says. \"Healthy habits, eating habits, stopping to smoke and can a person with addiction use this successfully?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it might someday be a clinical tool. For instance, this particular cluster of neurons in the midbrain is part of the dopamine system. Adcock thinks activating them in this way might also be releasing dopamine that could replace drug therapy for certain disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In ADHD, for example, we use stimulants that result in the same kind of release of brain chemicals,\" Adcock says. \"Does this technique generate that same kind of release of dopamine that a stimulant does? If we teach people to use it successfully, we could impact attention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nobody knows if this actually changes brain chemistry. MacInnes says there are more experiments and tests they need to see if the brain activation they're seeing actually does release dopamine or other neurochemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if it does, Adcock says it's definitely not affecting neurochemicals as much as a medication like Adderall, which is used to treat ADHD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Adcock didn't study if anyone actually changed their behavior after the sessions in the MRI yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the study, people have been trying the same strategies to motivate themselves in their daily lives, according to Adcock. If it's working, brain training in an MRI might be a way for us to tap into our mind's circuitry for willpower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That, Gabrieli says, would be terrific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Could+You+Hack+Your+Brain+To+Get+More+Motivated%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We know we should put the cigarettes away or make use of that gym membership but in the moment, we just don't do it. There is a cluster of neurons in our brain critical for motivation, though. What if you could hack them to motivate yourself?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Some people sang Queen songs to themselves or imagined having an angry coach yell at them.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These neurons are located in the middle of the brain, in a region called the ventral tegmental area. A paper published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em> suggests that we can activate the region with a little bit of training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers stuck 73 people into an fMRI, a scanner that can detect what part of the brain is most active, and focused on that area associated with motivation. When the researchers said, motivate yourself and make this part of your brain light up, people couldn't really do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They weren't that reliable when we said, 'Go! Get psyched. Turn on your VTA,' \" says \u003ca href=\"https://web.duke.edu/adcocklab/people_files/people.html\">Dr. Alison Adcock\u003c/a>, a psychiatrist at Duke and senior author on the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That changed when the participants were allowed to watch a neurofeedback meter that displayed activity in their ventral tegmental area. When activity ramps up, the participants see the meter heat up while they're in the fMRI tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Your whole mind is allowed to speak to a specific part of your brain in a way you never imagined before. Then you get feedback that helps you discover how to turn that part of the brain up or down,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://mcgovern.mit.edu/principal-investigators/john-gabrieli\">John Gabrieli\u003c/a>, a neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who was not involved with the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using an fMRI for this kind of brain feedback is more effective than other, older tools like placing electrodes on the skull or EEG, Gabrieli says. \"MRI lets you target a specific brain system or structure. EEG does not. When we're measuring electrical activity, we don't know really where it's coming from.\" He says he hasn't seen compelling evidence that EEG feedback, which is commercially available, has helped people change their behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the researchers, \u003ca href=\"https://www.neuro.duke.edu/people/students-and-postdocs/kathryn-dickerson\">Kathryn Dickerson\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.neuro.duke.edu/people/students-and-postdocs/jeff-macinnes\">Jeff MacInnes\u003c/a>, tried the system out on themselves. Not everything worked. Dickerson said she tried thinking about different memories that left the feedback meter cold. \"Zip lining was super fun, but [thinking about that] was just terrible and not effective at all.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she switched strategies and tried giving herself a pep talk in the scanner. \"I was like, 'Come on Katie. Move the thermometer. Just do it and move it.' And I just pumped myself up. That was very effective,\" she says. \"It was exhilarating.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it was also exhausting, MacInnes says. \"The experience of the task was very difficult. You're being asked to generate these intense motivational states for 20 seconds over multiple periods. It was very fatiguing for people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study participants had a similar experience, Adcock says. Some people sang Queen songs to themselves or imagined having an angry coach yell at them. \"My personal favorite was running down a line with everyone giving you high fives,\" Adcock says. When she took the feedback meter away, the participants were still able to light up their ventral tegmental area by thinking about the same things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People really are changing their mood when they're doing this, Adcock thinks. They're really becoming more focused and eager. And it seems the effect begins reaching out to parts of the brain involved with learning and memory,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think that's exciting because it shows after this training, something changed, Dickerson says. \"The brain isn't quite the same.\" She thinks people might be achieving a state of mind that's more conducive to learning and motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that's true, it would be extraordinarily useful, Gabrieli says. Using MRIs to exert control over certain parts of our brain has been done before, he says. \"[But this] is the first study to show it can be applied to the most important brain structure for human motivation. That could be very valuable for things people want to accomplish in life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it might be applied to habits that are really hard to start or break, Gabrieli says. \"The hugely exciting piece of this is whether now people can use this upcoming research to gain control of behaviors that are challenging,\" he says. \"Healthy habits, eating habits, stopping to smoke and can a person with addiction use this successfully?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it might someday be a clinical tool. For instance, this particular cluster of neurons in the midbrain is part of the dopamine system. Adcock thinks activating them in this way might also be releasing dopamine that could replace drug therapy for certain disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In ADHD, for example, we use stimulants that result in the same kind of release of brain chemicals,\" Adcock says. \"Does this technique generate that same kind of release of dopamine that a stimulant does? If we teach people to use it successfully, we could impact attention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nobody knows if this actually changes brain chemistry. MacInnes says there are more experiments and tests they need to see if the brain activation they're seeing actually does release dopamine or other neurochemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if it does, Adcock says it's definitely not affecting neurochemicals as much as a medication like Adderall, which is used to treat ADHD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Adcock didn't study if anyone actually changed their behavior after the sessions in the MRI yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the study, people have been trying the same strategies to motivate themselves in their daily lives, according to Adcock. If it's working, brain training in an MRI might be a way for us to tap into our mind's circuitry for willpower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That, Gabrieli says, would be terrific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Could+You+Hack+Your+Brain+To+Get+More+Motivated%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Yes, Even CRISPR Pioneer Jennifer Doudna Experiences Gender Bias",
"title": "Yes, Even CRISPR Pioneer Jennifer Doudna Experiences Gender Bias",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>A Google search for the exact phrase \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=%22barriers+to+women+in+science%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">barriers to women in science\u003c/a>\" brings up 85,000 results. \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=%22barriers+for+women+in+science%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barriers for women in science\u003c/a>\" fetches another 30k and change.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"I've gotten to a point where I do now see signs of the glass ceiling.\"\u003ccite>Jennifer Doudna\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Here's a 2010 \u003ca href=\"http://www.aauw.org/files/2013/02/Why-So-Few-Women-in-Science-Technology-Engineering-and-Mathematics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> from the American Association of University Women that found negative stereotypes contributing to implicit bias against females in the STEM fields. This 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0102172\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey\u003c/a> found 70 percent of female scientist trainees doing fieldwork had experienced sexual harassment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So no, it's not a new concept. And yet, it was still a little unnerving to hear someone as prestigious as Jennifer Doudna -- a pioneer of the gene-editing technique CRISPR whom \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/12/science/jennifer-doudna-crispr-cas9-genetic-engineering.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The New York Times\u003c/a> said \"helped make one of the most monumental discoveries in biology\" -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201602151000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">say on KQED Forum recently\u003c/a> that she, too, was hitting the proverbial glass ceiling. When asked if she'd ever experienced gender discrimination, she told host Michael Krasny:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"This topic comes up a lot and I have to say, earlier in my career, honestly, I never gave it a thought. I didn't think about my gender, I pursued my passion for science and research. But I do have to tell you, as I've gone on in my career, particularly the last 10 years or so, I've gotten to a point where I do now see signs of the glass ceiling. I don't think it's always intentional bias, but ... I do experience bias against women in some settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that what we're seeing is that it's very difficult for women to break into the top echelons of leadership in science. I'm not talking so much here about university leadership, but more leadership in the highest levels of public policy and the government, as well as in company board rooms.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/247244078\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Overcoming Bias\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna is not alone. Last month, a panel at the Women in Science Summit in San Francisco shared personal experiences of gender discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All along the way I would hear about my opportunities in science,\" said oceanographer Anne Russell. \"For example, ‘You could marry this guy, he’s a really good hydrologist.' [Or] you’d be talking to someone about your ideas and then he puts his arm around you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russell now runs her own lab. But she is still aware of the potential for being minimized. When the press covers her research, she said, she makes sure she is the one piloting the boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn Wright, chief scientist at the Environmental System Research Institute, said she was once on a months-long expedition at sea where she was one of five women on board, and the only woman of color. Despite her trepidation, she became friends with a male oil driller who had never worked with an African-American, let alone one who was a female scientist. She urged her colleagues, outnumbered in the male-dominated sciences, to persevere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is peril out there; we can't avoid it,\" she said. \"But there are really, really good things that can come from it as well if we continue to be courageous.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally there was Jonathan Eisen, a microbiologist at the University of California, Davis who has become an outspoken critic on social media of the lack of diversity at scientific conferences. He said his awareness about barriers to women's participation started when he saw a nanny watching a baby outside a scientific conference; she'd been hired so the infant's mother could attend the conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was literally one of those light bulb epiphany moments where my privilege in my life came front and center to me, because it had never occurred to me to that this would be an issue for anybody,” Eisen said. “I changed on that day from being an oblivious, privileged person to being a little less oblivious, privileged person,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A Google search for the exact phrase \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=%22barriers+to+women+in+science%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">barriers to women in science\u003c/a>\" brings up 85,000 results. \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=%22barriers+for+women+in+science%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barriers for women in science\u003c/a>\" fetches another 30k and change.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"I've gotten to a point where I do now see signs of the glass ceiling.\"\u003ccite>Jennifer Doudna\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Here's a 2010 \u003ca href=\"http://www.aauw.org/files/2013/02/Why-So-Few-Women-in-Science-Technology-Engineering-and-Mathematics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> from the American Association of University Women that found negative stereotypes contributing to implicit bias against females in the STEM fields. This 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0102172\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey\u003c/a> found 70 percent of female scientist trainees doing fieldwork had experienced sexual harassment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So no, it's not a new concept. And yet, it was still a little unnerving to hear someone as prestigious as Jennifer Doudna -- a pioneer of the gene-editing technique CRISPR whom \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/12/science/jennifer-doudna-crispr-cas9-genetic-engineering.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The New York Times\u003c/a> said \"helped make one of the most monumental discoveries in biology\" -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201602151000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">say on KQED Forum recently\u003c/a> that she, too, was hitting the proverbial glass ceiling. When asked if she'd ever experienced gender discrimination, she told host Michael Krasny:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"This topic comes up a lot and I have to say, earlier in my career, honestly, I never gave it a thought. I didn't think about my gender, I pursued my passion for science and research. But I do have to tell you, as I've gone on in my career, particularly the last 10 years or so, I've gotten to a point where I do now see signs of the glass ceiling. I don't think it's always intentional bias, but ... I do experience bias against women in some settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that what we're seeing is that it's very difficult for women to break into the top echelons of leadership in science. I'm not talking so much here about university leadership, but more leadership in the highest levels of public policy and the government, as well as in company board rooms.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/247244078&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/247244078'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Overcoming Bias\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna is not alone. Last month, a panel at the Women in Science Summit in San Francisco shared personal experiences of gender discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All along the way I would hear about my opportunities in science,\" said oceanographer Anne Russell. \"For example, ‘You could marry this guy, he’s a really good hydrologist.' [Or] you’d be talking to someone about your ideas and then he puts his arm around you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russell now runs her own lab. But she is still aware of the potential for being minimized. When the press covers her research, she said, she makes sure she is the one piloting the boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn Wright, chief scientist at the Environmental System Research Institute, said she was once on a months-long expedition at sea where she was one of five women on board, and the only woman of color. Despite her trepidation, she became friends with a male oil driller who had never worked with an African-American, let alone one who was a female scientist. She urged her colleagues, outnumbered in the male-dominated sciences, to persevere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is peril out there; we can't avoid it,\" she said. \"But there are really, really good things that can come from it as well if we continue to be courageous.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally there was Jonathan Eisen, a microbiologist at the University of California, Davis who has become an outspoken critic on social media of the lack of diversity at scientific conferences. He said his awareness about barriers to women's participation started when he saw a nanny watching a baby outside a scientific conference; she'd been hired so the infant's mother could attend the conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was literally one of those light bulb epiphany moments where my privilege in my life came front and center to me, because it had never occurred to me to that this would be an issue for anybody,” Eisen said. “I changed on that day from being an oblivious, privileged person to being a little less oblivious, privileged person,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Meet the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsfmissionbayhospitals.org/articles/high-tech-tug-robots-do-heavy-lifting-at-mission-bay.html\" target=\"_blank\">Tugs\u003c/a> — a team of 27 robots now zooming around the hallways of the new University of California-San Francisco hospital at Mission Bay. They look a bit like R2D2, dragging a platform around behind them. Instead of drones, think of them more as little flatbed trucks, ferrying carts of stuff around the vast hospital complex — food, linens, medications, medical waste and garbage. And they do it more efficiently than humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">Using TUG robots allowed UCSF to hire about 30 fewer workers during an expansion.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This one is going up to one of the floors. It’s carrying meals that were ordered in probably the last 20 minutes,” said Dan Henroid, who is in charge of this elite fleet, as he pointed to a robot motoring by him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henroid, who is also director of nutrition and food services for the USCF Medical Center, says each Tug travels about 35 miles each day. Over the past year, they have made more than 157,000 trips through the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henroid said no one in the hospital has lost a job to the robots. UCSF was in the midst of a hiring spree for the new hospital, and the Tugs allowed him to hire about 30 fewer workers than he would have otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that the robots are really just carting things from one point to another, something most humans would not find particularly rewarding. “The Tug has a job to do, and it’s sort of a thankless job. So, I think, better to have a robot doing it, perhaps, than a human.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone in the hospital is such a big fan of the Tugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think they’re helpful. I think they’re also kind of a pain,” said Mardi Thompson, a nurse in the neonatal intensive care unit. “I’ve seen them run into computers; I’ve seen them run into glass doors; I’ve seen them run into each other.” Sometimes, she said, two Tugs get stuck near the nurses’ station, each one waiting for the other to pass. The nurses call that a “Tug of war.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says over the past year, the robots have gotten better. But for Thompson, there’s still the issue of jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Definitely there are jobs lost, which is kind of interesting to me because with the economy the way it is, you’d think people need jobs. And then we have these robots doing them,” said Thompson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_121045\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-121045\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/tug-3.jpg\" alt=\"The UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital in San Francisco, Calif., is experimenting with different types of skins on the tugs. (Heidi de Marco/KHN)\" width=\"370\" height=\"554\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital in San Francisco, Calif., is experimenting with different types of skins on the tugs. (Heidi de Marco/KHN) \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Overall, the Tug program has cost UCSF about $6 million, including the changes required to hospital infrastructure to accommodate the robots. But Henroid said they have still saved the hospital money. “The cost of transporting materials and supplies waste is an overhead cost. So the more you can do you that efficiently, the less cost you have,” he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 120 hospitals throughout the U.S. are using Tugs, according to manufacturer \u003ca href=\"http://www.aethon.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Aethon\u003c/a> in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some departments, such as the bustling hospital kitchen where the Tugs pick up carts loaded with trays of food and drop off dirty dishes, employees have eagerly adopted their automated co-workers. “In nutrition food services, we named all of ours for fruit — so we have Apple, Pear, Blueberry, Orange and Grape,” explained Henroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tugs are kind of cute, but also a little unnerving, as they shuttle past other hospital workers like they own the joint. Each one is carefully programmed to stay out of the way, said Henroid, but sometimes it feels as if one could mow down a bystander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment of bravery, a visitor decided to step in a Tug’s path. It headed straight for her, but stopped suddenly a safe distance away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REEzJfGRaZE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henroid seemed pleased: “You have faith! See, it stopped 2 feet away from you. You thought it was gonna run into you.” The Tugs have sensors along their base that can tell if anything is in their way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robots have very little contact with patients. They mostly stay in the hallways or nurses’ stations, where human workers pick up their goods and deliver them to patients in person. When the kids in the children’s hospital catch a glance, however, it’s quite a scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical-surgical unit coordinator Michael Eckenrode pointed out a half dozen plastic toy vehicles nearby, including a cab and a bike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The children like to climb aboard and ride them around the unit. “When the robots come the kids start screaming ‘Robots’ and they follow them down the hall. And it goes down around the corner and opens the elevator and gets on by itself. So that’s like a magic thing for them,” said Eckenrode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogelio Diaz-Ramirez, an adorable three-year-old, was in the hospital with a lung infection, but he couldn’t stop smiling at just the thought of seeing a robot for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to search for a robot!” said nurse Sonia Salinas in Spanish, as she took Rogelio’s hand and led him through the hallway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salinas spotted a Tug coming down the corridor. “Robot! Come on! Run, Run!” she told Rogelio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he caught up, Rogelio looked awestruck. Salinas showed him how to press the big green and red buttons on top that make the Tug go and stop. Until it’s time for the Tug to attend to its next assignment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Say Goodbye. Goodbye, Tuggy!” she told him. “Adios!” said Rogelio with a wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced in collaboration with APM’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.marketplace.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Marketplace\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> “This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes California Healthline, a service of the California Health Care Foundation.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Meet the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsfmissionbayhospitals.org/articles/high-tech-tug-robots-do-heavy-lifting-at-mission-bay.html\" target=\"_blank\">Tugs\u003c/a> — a team of 27 robots now zooming around the hallways of the new University of California-San Francisco hospital at Mission Bay. They look a bit like R2D2, dragging a platform around behind them. Instead of drones, think of them more as little flatbed trucks, ferrying carts of stuff around the vast hospital complex — food, linens, medications, medical waste and garbage. And they do it more efficiently than humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">Using TUG robots allowed UCSF to hire about 30 fewer workers during an expansion.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This one is going up to one of the floors. It’s carrying meals that were ordered in probably the last 20 minutes,” said Dan Henroid, who is in charge of this elite fleet, as he pointed to a robot motoring by him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henroid, who is also director of nutrition and food services for the USCF Medical Center, says each Tug travels about 35 miles each day. Over the past year, they have made more than 157,000 trips through the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henroid said no one in the hospital has lost a job to the robots. UCSF was in the midst of a hiring spree for the new hospital, and the Tugs allowed him to hire about 30 fewer workers than he would have otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that the robots are really just carting things from one point to another, something most humans would not find particularly rewarding. “The Tug has a job to do, and it’s sort of a thankless job. So, I think, better to have a robot doing it, perhaps, than a human.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone in the hospital is such a big fan of the Tugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think they’re helpful. I think they’re also kind of a pain,” said Mardi Thompson, a nurse in the neonatal intensive care unit. “I’ve seen them run into computers; I’ve seen them run into glass doors; I’ve seen them run into each other.” Sometimes, she said, two Tugs get stuck near the nurses’ station, each one waiting for the other to pass. The nurses call that a “Tug of war.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says over the past year, the robots have gotten better. But for Thompson, there’s still the issue of jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Definitely there are jobs lost, which is kind of interesting to me because with the economy the way it is, you’d think people need jobs. And then we have these robots doing them,” said Thompson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_121045\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-121045\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/tug-3.jpg\" alt=\"The UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital in San Francisco, Calif., is experimenting with different types of skins on the tugs. (Heidi de Marco/KHN)\" width=\"370\" height=\"554\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital in San Francisco, Calif., is experimenting with different types of skins on the tugs. (Heidi de Marco/KHN) \u003ccite>(Heidi de Marco/KHN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Overall, the Tug program has cost UCSF about $6 million, including the changes required to hospital infrastructure to accommodate the robots. But Henroid said they have still saved the hospital money. “The cost of transporting materials and supplies waste is an overhead cost. So the more you can do you that efficiently, the less cost you have,” he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 120 hospitals throughout the U.S. are using Tugs, according to manufacturer \u003ca href=\"http://www.aethon.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Aethon\u003c/a> in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some departments, such as the bustling hospital kitchen where the Tugs pick up carts loaded with trays of food and drop off dirty dishes, employees have eagerly adopted their automated co-workers. “In nutrition food services, we named all of ours for fruit — so we have Apple, Pear, Blueberry, Orange and Grape,” explained Henroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tugs are kind of cute, but also a little unnerving, as they shuttle past other hospital workers like they own the joint. Each one is carefully programmed to stay out of the way, said Henroid, but sometimes it feels as if one could mow down a bystander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment of bravery, a visitor decided to step in a Tug’s path. It headed straight for her, but stopped suddenly a safe distance away.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/REEzJfGRaZE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/REEzJfGRaZE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Henroid seemed pleased: “You have faith! See, it stopped 2 feet away from you. You thought it was gonna run into you.” The Tugs have sensors along their base that can tell if anything is in their way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robots have very little contact with patients. They mostly stay in the hallways or nurses’ stations, where human workers pick up their goods and deliver them to patients in person. When the kids in the children’s hospital catch a glance, however, it’s quite a scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical-surgical unit coordinator Michael Eckenrode pointed out a half dozen plastic toy vehicles nearby, including a cab and a bike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The children like to climb aboard and ride them around the unit. “When the robots come the kids start screaming ‘Robots’ and they follow them down the hall. And it goes down around the corner and opens the elevator and gets on by itself. So that’s like a magic thing for them,” said Eckenrode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogelio Diaz-Ramirez, an adorable three-year-old, was in the hospital with a lung infection, but he couldn’t stop smiling at just the thought of seeing a robot for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to search for a robot!” said nurse Sonia Salinas in Spanish, as she took Rogelio’s hand and led him through the hallway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salinas spotted a Tug coming down the corridor. “Robot! Come on! Run, Run!” she told Rogelio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he caught up, Rogelio looked awestruck. Salinas showed him how to press the big green and red buttons on top that make the Tug go and stop. Until it’s time for the Tug to attend to its next assignment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Say Goodbye. Goodbye, Tuggy!” she told him. “Adios!” said Rogelio with a wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced in collaboration with APM’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.marketplace.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Marketplace\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> “This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes California Healthline, a service of the California Health Care Foundation.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Back when the iPhone first became a gleam in Steve Jobs' eye, it's possible, but not probable, the ability to provide thousands of people with visual access to the inside of someone's colon was high on his functionality wish list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, today the Mayo Clinic fulfilled yet another promise of the smartphone revolution, by live-streaming one man's colonoscopy on the mobile app Periscope. The patient was Lee Aase, director of the Mayo Clinic Social Media Network. The project was part of the Mayo Clinic's collaboration with the advocacy organization Fight Colorectal Cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our previous promotions included live patient events, a music video and a social media campaign,\" Aase wrote before the procedure. \"As we discussed plans for our 2016 promotion, I received a reminder for my colonoscopy, so we decided to take this opportunity to demystify the process by live-streaming the procedure on Periscope.\" (The live colonoscopy, by the way, has already made inroads on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLAPQdlXgdU\" target=\"_blank\">national TV\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And live-stream they did. While the colonoscopy was being performed by one doctor, another answered questions from Periscope viewers, who numbered over 3,000. Aase was awake and on sedatives the entire time. The procedure did not find anything of concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The video archive will be available until early Wednesday morning. \u003ca href=\"https://www.periscope.tv/MayoClinic/1DXxyzWyPWNKM\" target=\"_blank\">Click here\u003c/a> or on the photo below to watch\u003c/strong>. Anatomy fans -- not to mention the squeamish -- take note: You can see a scope's-eye view of the proceedings starting around 18 minutes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.periscope.tv/MayoClinic/1DXxyzWyPWNKM\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-121201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy.jpg\" alt=\"colonoscopy\" width=\"1037\" height=\"603\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy.jpg 1037w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy-400x233.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy-800x465.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy-768x447.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy-960x558.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1037px) 100vw, 1037px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should be noted that a 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/02/health/colonoscopies-explain-why-us-leads-the-world-in-health-expenditures.html?pagewanted=all\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times investigation\u003c/a> found colonoscopies were overprescribed and overpriced. KQED State of Health's PriceCheck last year found a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/05/27/pricecheck-how-much-does-a-colonoscopy-cost/\" target=\"_blank\">wide variation\u003c/a> in the cost of the procedure. The American Cancer Society recommends colorectal cancer screening for men and women at average risk, and there are multiple \u003ca href=\"http://fightcolorectalcancer.org/prevent-it/screening-options/#OptionsScreened\" target=\"_blank\">screening methods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Back when the iPhone first became a gleam in Steve Jobs' eye, it's possible, but not probable, the ability to provide thousands of people with visual access to the inside of someone's colon was high on his functionality wish list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, today the Mayo Clinic fulfilled yet another promise of the smartphone revolution, by live-streaming one man's colonoscopy on the mobile app Periscope. The patient was Lee Aase, director of the Mayo Clinic Social Media Network. The project was part of the Mayo Clinic's collaboration with the advocacy organization Fight Colorectal Cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our previous promotions included live patient events, a music video and a social media campaign,\" Aase wrote before the procedure. \"As we discussed plans for our 2016 promotion, I received a reminder for my colonoscopy, so we decided to take this opportunity to demystify the process by live-streaming the procedure on Periscope.\" (The live colonoscopy, by the way, has already made inroads on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLAPQdlXgdU\" target=\"_blank\">national TV\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And live-stream they did. While the colonoscopy was being performed by one doctor, another answered questions from Periscope viewers, who numbered over 3,000. Aase was awake and on sedatives the entire time. The procedure did not find anything of concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The video archive will be available until early Wednesday morning. \u003ca href=\"https://www.periscope.tv/MayoClinic/1DXxyzWyPWNKM\" target=\"_blank\">Click here\u003c/a> or on the photo below to watch\u003c/strong>. Anatomy fans -- not to mention the squeamish -- take note: You can see a scope's-eye view of the proceedings starting around 18 minutes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.periscope.tv/MayoClinic/1DXxyzWyPWNKM\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-121201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy.jpg\" alt=\"colonoscopy\" width=\"1037\" height=\"603\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy.jpg 1037w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy-400x233.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy-800x465.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy-768x447.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/colonoscopy-960x558.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1037px) 100vw, 1037px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should be noted that a 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/02/health/colonoscopies-explain-why-us-leads-the-world-in-health-expenditures.html?pagewanted=all\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times investigation\u003c/a> found colonoscopies were overprescribed and overpriced. KQED State of Health's PriceCheck last year found a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/05/27/pricecheck-how-much-does-a-colonoscopy-cost/\" target=\"_blank\">wide variation\u003c/a> in the cost of the procedure. The American Cancer Society recommends colorectal cancer screening for men and women at average risk, and there are multiple \u003ca href=\"http://fightcolorectalcancer.org/prevent-it/screening-options/#OptionsScreened\" target=\"_blank\">screening methods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>We all know ancestors give us our hair color, but the roots of gray hair have been less clear. Is it genetics, or stress?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marie Antoinette supposedly went completely white the night before they lopped off her head. And our presidents seem to go gray much faster than those of us with less weighty roles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out you can blame Mom and Dad, at least a bit. Scientists say they've identified the first gene for gray hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The variant, dubbed IRF4, is also associated with blonde or lighter-colored hair. That makes sense, because melanin is the pigment that paints hair with the chestnut, golden or raven hues of youth. With age, the melanocytes that produce the color in hair follicles can slow down. And you start going gray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You think about hair graying as the absence of melanin,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://iris.ucl.ac.uk/iris/browse/profile?upi=KADHI79\">Kaustubh Adhikari\u003c/a>, a statistical genetics postdoc at University College London and lead author of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160301/ncomms10815/full/ncomms10815.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160301/ncomms10815/full/ncomms10815.html\">study\u003c/a>, which was published Tuesday in \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gray hair is more common in people of European origin, as is lighter hair. That makes sense, Adhikari says. \"You would sort of think of hair graying as an unintended consequence of selecting for this hair color.\" In other words, if you decide to marry a blonde, don't be surprised if your kids someday turn gray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People of Asian and African ancestry also go gray, but less often than do Europeans. \"You would expect that they would have genes that influence graying,\" Adhikari says. \"We just haven't found them yet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists discovered the gray gene by studying the scalp and facial hair of 6,630 volunteers in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Mexico and Peru. The researchers took photographs and asked about natural hair color. The participants had a mix of European, Native American and African ancestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the scientists performed genetic analyses called genome-wide association scans that look for common variants, and matched them with appearance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten new variants popped out; gray hair was matched with one. Others influence unibrow, balding, eyebrow thickness and hair structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, genetics isn't necessarily destiny; Kaustubh figures that the IRF4 variant accounts for about 30 percent of gray hair, with environmental factors including perhaps stress accounting for the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=This+Gene+Could+Turn+Your+Hair+Gray&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We all know ancestors give us our hair color, but the roots of gray hair have been less clear. Is it genetics, or stress?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marie Antoinette supposedly went completely white the night before they lopped off her head. And our presidents seem to go gray much faster than those of us with less weighty roles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out you can blame Mom and Dad, at least a bit. Scientists say they've identified the first gene for gray hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The variant, dubbed IRF4, is also associated with blonde or lighter-colored hair. That makes sense, because melanin is the pigment that paints hair with the chestnut, golden or raven hues of youth. With age, the melanocytes that produce the color in hair follicles can slow down. And you start going gray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You think about hair graying as the absence of melanin,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://iris.ucl.ac.uk/iris/browse/profile?upi=KADHI79\">Kaustubh Adhikari\u003c/a>, a statistical genetics postdoc at University College London and lead author of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160301/ncomms10815/full/ncomms10815.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/ncomms/2016/160301/ncomms10815/full/ncomms10815.html\">study\u003c/a>, which was published Tuesday in \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gray hair is more common in people of European origin, as is lighter hair. That makes sense, Adhikari says. \"You would sort of think of hair graying as an unintended consequence of selecting for this hair color.\" In other words, if you decide to marry a blonde, don't be surprised if your kids someday turn gray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People of Asian and African ancestry also go gray, but less often than do Europeans. \"You would expect that they would have genes that influence graying,\" Adhikari says. \"We just haven't found them yet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists discovered the gray gene by studying the scalp and facial hair of 6,630 volunteers in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Mexico and Peru. The researchers took photographs and asked about natural hair color. The participants had a mix of European, Native American and African ancestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the scientists performed genetic analyses called genome-wide association scans that look for common variants, and matched them with appearance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten new variants popped out; gray hair was matched with one. Others influence unibrow, balding, eyebrow thickness and hair structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, genetics isn't necessarily destiny; Kaustubh figures that the IRF4 variant accounts for about 30 percent of gray hair, with environmental factors including perhaps stress accounting for the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=This+Gene+Could+Turn+Your+Hair+Gray&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Once Again, Reminder for the Sleepless: Quit Checking Your Email",
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"content": "\u003cp>Look, aside from infants, who \u003cem>is\u003c/em> getting enough sleep these days? You probably didn't need the feds to tell you 1 in 3 adults suffer from a lack of zzzs, a ratio the CDC discovered via a recent study. The news was announced in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p0215-enough-sleep.html\" target=\"_blank\">press release\u003c/a> that simultaneously called on the nation to get to bed, already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a nation we are not getting enough sleep,” bemoaned Wayne Giles, M.D., director of CDC’s Division of Population Health, a declaration we like to imagine was accompanied by a finger wag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, a few days after the study's release, KQED's Forum radio program tackled the subject of sleep deprivation, hosting a trio of experts. One of them was Shelley Zak, a neurologist and University of California sleep specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/248380036\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the things she spoke about, in no uncertain terms, is something you no doubt have heard by now but perhaps are having a hard time putting into practice. And that is: Engaging with all our favorite electronic activities is a surefire way to inhibit sleep. Zak said she takes a \"hard line\" when it comes to interacting with screens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My sense is that electronics are very much impeding sleep,\" she said. \"What I call iPad insomnia.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason, Zak said, is too much light stimulation. \"We are, at base, animals. Our biological clocks are affected by what we see. The later you have light, your body is going to assume you need to be up later.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from producing light just when you don't need it, online activity also stimulates your brain in a way that reading a book doesn't. \"You go here, you go there, your mind is constantly racing, and how can you possibly get to sleep if you're actually being alerted and maintaining alertness?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zak said people with insomnia are making it worse by using electronics close to bedtime or in the middle of the night. \"And people who did not used to have insomnia are curtailing their sleep times artificially and detrimentally by staying on electronics late into the night,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, a\u003ca href=\"https://sleepfoundation.org/media-center/press-release/annual-sleep-america-poll-exploring-connections-communications-technology-use-\" target=\"_blank\"> study\u003c/a> by the National Sleep Foundation found an astounding 95 percent of people used an electronic device (including watching TV) within an hour of going to bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that was \u003cem>five years\u003c/em> ago, when only around 35 percent of adults owned a smartphone. By the fall of last year, that number \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/10/29/technology-device-ownership-2015/\" target=\"_blank\">had increased to 65 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Olga Khazan in The Atlantic wrote about the effect of \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/02/how-smartphones-are-ruining-our-sleep/385792/\" target=\"_blank\">smartphones on sleep\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Smartphones and tablets disrupt sleep, in part, because they emit what's known as \"blue\" light. This light is picked up by special cells behind our eyeballs, and it communicates to the brain that it's morning. (Red light, meanwhile, signals that it's time to go to sleep).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this blue light suppresses melatonin, a hormone that helps with sleep timing and circadian rhythms. At night, our melatonin levels are supposed to rise in anticipation of sleep. ... The harm caused by blue light has been replicated over and over. In another study, a group of Harvard researchers compared the effect of 6.5 hours of exposure to blue light, to similarly bright green light. The blue light suppressed melatonin for twice as long, and it shifted sleep schedules by three hours, compared to an hour and a half.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Here, this video explains what's going on. Watch it. But not after 9 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnDfPpUC_jg&w=560&h=315]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Look, aside from infants, who \u003cem>is\u003c/em> getting enough sleep these days? You probably didn't need the feds to tell you 1 in 3 adults suffer from a lack of zzzs, a ratio the CDC discovered via a recent study. The news was announced in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p0215-enough-sleep.html\" target=\"_blank\">press release\u003c/a> that simultaneously called on the nation to get to bed, already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a nation we are not getting enough sleep,” bemoaned Wayne Giles, M.D., director of CDC’s Division of Population Health, a declaration we like to imagine was accompanied by a finger wag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, a few days after the study's release, KQED's Forum radio program tackled the subject of sleep deprivation, hosting a trio of experts. One of them was Shelley Zak, a neurologist and University of California sleep specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/248380036&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/248380036'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the things she spoke about, in no uncertain terms, is something you no doubt have heard by now but perhaps are having a hard time putting into practice. And that is: Engaging with all our favorite electronic activities is a surefire way to inhibit sleep. Zak said she takes a \"hard line\" when it comes to interacting with screens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My sense is that electronics are very much impeding sleep,\" she said. \"What I call iPad insomnia.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason, Zak said, is too much light stimulation. \"We are, at base, animals. Our biological clocks are affected by what we see. The later you have light, your body is going to assume you need to be up later.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from producing light just when you don't need it, online activity also stimulates your brain in a way that reading a book doesn't. \"You go here, you go there, your mind is constantly racing, and how can you possibly get to sleep if you're actually being alerted and maintaining alertness?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zak said people with insomnia are making it worse by using electronics close to bedtime or in the middle of the night. \"And people who did not used to have insomnia are curtailing their sleep times artificially and detrimentally by staying on electronics late into the night,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, a\u003ca href=\"https://sleepfoundation.org/media-center/press-release/annual-sleep-america-poll-exploring-connections-communications-technology-use-\" target=\"_blank\"> study\u003c/a> by the National Sleep Foundation found an astounding 95 percent of people used an electronic device (including watching TV) within an hour of going to bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that was \u003cem>five years\u003c/em> ago, when only around 35 percent of adults owned a smartphone. By the fall of last year, that number \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/10/29/technology-device-ownership-2015/\" target=\"_blank\">had increased to 65 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Olga Khazan in The Atlantic wrote about the effect of \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/02/how-smartphones-are-ruining-our-sleep/385792/\" target=\"_blank\">smartphones on sleep\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Smartphones and tablets disrupt sleep, in part, because they emit what's known as \"blue\" light. This light is picked up by special cells behind our eyeballs, and it communicates to the brain that it's morning. (Red light, meanwhile, signals that it's time to go to sleep).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this blue light suppresses melatonin, a hormone that helps with sleep timing and circadian rhythms. At night, our melatonin levels are supposed to rise in anticipation of sleep. ... The harm caused by blue light has been replicated over and over. In another study, a group of Harvard researchers compared the effect of 6.5 hours of exposure to blue light, to similarly bright green light. The blue light suppressed melatonin for twice as long, and it shifted sleep schedules by three hours, compared to an hour and a half.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Here, this video explains what's going on. Watch it. But not after 9 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mnDfPpUC_jg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mnDfPpUC_jg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>One of the best ways to understand Zika virus might be to deliberately inject it into volunteers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Scientists are trying to decide whether it's ethical to ask volunteers to take a shot of Zika virus to help search for a vaccine.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That idea may sound a little crazy, but it's not unprecedented. And some researchers are hoping the approach could help speed up the search for an effective Zika vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, a bunch of labs are pursuing different ways of making a vaccine against Zika, mostly because of the concern that the virus might be linked to the birth defect called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html\">microcephaly\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/organization/vrc/pages/default.aspx/Pages/default.aspx\">Vaccine Research Center\u003c/a> at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Maryland, scientists are creating different versions of a DNA-based vaccine. \"Which one is the best one? We are testing it in animals, using that to select our top candidate,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.niaid.nih.gov/labsandresources/labs/aboutlabs/vrc/virology/pages/virologycore.aspx\">Wing-Pui Kong\u003c/a>, a virologist at the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If any vaccine candidate looks good in animal tests, it could then go for initial safety testing in people. After that, scientists somehow have to show that the immune response elicited by the vaccine will actually protect people from getting infected with Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's no easy task, and no one can say for sure how long it will take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most vaccine development efforts are measured in decades,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.niaid.nih.gov/labsandresources/labs/aboutlabs/vrc/viralpathogenesislaboratory/pages/graham.aspx\">Dr. Barney Graham\u003c/a>, deputy director of the NIAID vaccine research center. \"Almost every vaccine we have for a viral disease has come several decades after the discovery of the virus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New technology does make it much easier to quickly develop a vaccine concept and test it in animals, he notes, \"but you can't really have it for public use and distribution until you're able to prove efficacy. Proving that a vaccine works often takes very large organized field trials.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those kinds of field trials are difficult, time-consuming, and sometimes just impossible. By the time an Ebola vaccine was ready to go into a large study, for example, the outbreak in West Africa was winding down. Not enough people were being exposed to Ebola to prove that a vaccine would protect them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's more, when researchers do manage to do a big clinical trial, it frequently reveals that their vaccine is a dud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, to see if a potential Zika vaccine really can protect people, scientists would like to do this: Give volunteers a candidate vaccine, and then later inject Zika virus into them, to see what happens. That could produce real answers fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The limitations would be you'd have to do this in young people who were volunteering to do this and who were not going to get pregnant,\" says Graham.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, this is a blast from the past. In the 1950s, soon after Zika was discovered, one intrepid scientist injected it into his arm, to see if it could make people sick. He just got a slight fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, if you're not pregnant, \"Zika itself is a pretty mild illness,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.jhsph.edu/faculty/directory/profile/1358/anna-durbin\">Dr. Anna Durbin\u003c/a>, an expert on vaccine clinical trials at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This fall, we'll likely see safety tests of a potential Zika vaccine in about 20 to 50 people here in the United States. \"And then the big question is, what is our next step?\" says Durbin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, she says, you could ask for volunteers to be exposed to Zika in a controlled setting. Researchers could compare two groups: people who get the virus alone compared to people who get a candidate vaccine and then the virus later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We would admit them to our inpatient unit, where they have 24-hour care,\" says Durbin. And they'd use a low dose of the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her group has already done this kind of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26424605\">study\u003c/a> to evaluate a potential vaccine for dengue, a closely related virus. Dengue can cause serious illness, but one particular dengue virus just causes a rash. And people did agree to be injected with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That let Durbin and her colleagues show that the dengue vaccine really seemed to protect people from infection, making them feel more confident about moving forward with larger trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We would like to develop a similar model for Zika,\" Durbin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the situation with Zika is a little more complicated. That's because, in addition to the possible connection with microcephaly in fetuses, Zika infection in adults may be linked to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/gbs/detail_gbs.htm#3139_1\">Guillain-Barre syndrome\u003c/a> — a disorder in which the immune system attacks the nervous system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We do not want to put people at risk for that,\" says Durbin, \"because these are normal, healthy people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, people already face a small risk of getting Guillain-Barre from more mundane infections, like diarrheal diseases or the flu. And it's still unclear how often this actually happens with Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's something scientists are trying to understand now, to help them figure out whether it would be ethical to ask people to take a shot of Zika virus to help search for a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+Scientists+Hope+To+Inject+Some+People+With+Zika+Virus&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of the best ways to understand Zika virus might be to deliberately inject it into volunteers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Scientists are trying to decide whether it's ethical to ask volunteers to take a shot of Zika virus to help search for a vaccine.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That idea may sound a little crazy, but it's not unprecedented. And some researchers are hoping the approach could help speed up the search for an effective Zika vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, a bunch of labs are pursuing different ways of making a vaccine against Zika, mostly because of the concern that the virus might be linked to the birth defect called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html\">microcephaly\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/organization/vrc/pages/default.aspx/Pages/default.aspx\">Vaccine Research Center\u003c/a> at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Maryland, scientists are creating different versions of a DNA-based vaccine. \"Which one is the best one? We are testing it in animals, using that to select our top candidate,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.niaid.nih.gov/labsandresources/labs/aboutlabs/vrc/virology/pages/virologycore.aspx\">Wing-Pui Kong\u003c/a>, a virologist at the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If any vaccine candidate looks good in animal tests, it could then go for initial safety testing in people. After that, scientists somehow have to show that the immune response elicited by the vaccine will actually protect people from getting infected with Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's no easy task, and no one can say for sure how long it will take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most vaccine development efforts are measured in decades,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.niaid.nih.gov/labsandresources/labs/aboutlabs/vrc/viralpathogenesislaboratory/pages/graham.aspx\">Dr. Barney Graham\u003c/a>, deputy director of the NIAID vaccine research center. \"Almost every vaccine we have for a viral disease has come several decades after the discovery of the virus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New technology does make it much easier to quickly develop a vaccine concept and test it in animals, he notes, \"but you can't really have it for public use and distribution until you're able to prove efficacy. Proving that a vaccine works often takes very large organized field trials.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those kinds of field trials are difficult, time-consuming, and sometimes just impossible. By the time an Ebola vaccine was ready to go into a large study, for example, the outbreak in West Africa was winding down. Not enough people were being exposed to Ebola to prove that a vaccine would protect them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's more, when researchers do manage to do a big clinical trial, it frequently reveals that their vaccine is a dud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, to see if a potential Zika vaccine really can protect people, scientists would like to do this: Give volunteers a candidate vaccine, and then later inject Zika virus into them, to see what happens. That could produce real answers fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The limitations would be you'd have to do this in young people who were volunteering to do this and who were not going to get pregnant,\" says Graham.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, this is a blast from the past. In the 1950s, soon after Zika was discovered, one intrepid scientist injected it into his arm, to see if it could make people sick. He just got a slight fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, if you're not pregnant, \"Zika itself is a pretty mild illness,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.jhsph.edu/faculty/directory/profile/1358/anna-durbin\">Dr. Anna Durbin\u003c/a>, an expert on vaccine clinical trials at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This fall, we'll likely see safety tests of a potential Zika vaccine in about 20 to 50 people here in the United States. \"And then the big question is, what is our next step?\" says Durbin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, she says, you could ask for volunteers to be exposed to Zika in a controlled setting. Researchers could compare two groups: people who get the virus alone compared to people who get a candidate vaccine and then the virus later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We would admit them to our inpatient unit, where they have 24-hour care,\" says Durbin. And they'd use a low dose of the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her group has already done this kind of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26424605\">study\u003c/a> to evaluate a potential vaccine for dengue, a closely related virus. Dengue can cause serious illness, but one particular dengue virus just causes a rash. And people did agree to be injected with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That let Durbin and her colleagues show that the dengue vaccine really seemed to protect people from infection, making them feel more confident about moving forward with larger trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We would like to develop a similar model for Zika,\" Durbin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the situation with Zika is a little more complicated. That's because, in addition to the possible connection with microcephaly in fetuses, Zika infection in adults may be linked to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/gbs/detail_gbs.htm#3139_1\">Guillain-Barre syndrome\u003c/a> — a disorder in which the immune system attacks the nervous system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We do not want to put people at risk for that,\" says Durbin, \"because these are normal, healthy people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, people already face a small risk of getting Guillain-Barre from more mundane infections, like diarrheal diseases or the flu. And it's still unclear how often this actually happens with Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's something scientists are trying to understand now, to help them figure out whether it would be ethical to ask people to take a shot of Zika virus to help search for a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+Scientists+Hope+To+Inject+Some+People+With+Zika+Virus&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26858415\">new study \u003c/a>from researchers at the University of Oxford has essentially taken genetic snapshots of the sperm in the testicles of 14 men of various ages. The results give us a clearer picture of why the children of older dads are at a higher risk for genetic diseases like schizophrenia, autism, dwarfism and even some late-onset cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A clearer picture of why children of older men are at higher risk for autism, dwarfism and other diseases.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It has been known for a while that the older a man gets, the more genetic differences or mutations crop up in his sperm's DNA. This is because men make sperm at a furious rate, with sperm cells dividing constantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As new sperm cells are made, their DNA needs to be copied. And while astonishingly accurate, the machinery is not perfect, resulting in an occasional mistake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the new study helps to explain is why some of these mistakes are more common than others. It turns out that \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask411\">natural selection\u003c/a> of sperm in the testicle plays a big role in at least some of these errors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s a Jungle in There\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_118645\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-118645\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/WinnerSperm-800x447.jpg\" alt=\"The most competitive sperm may not be the best one for the future health of the resulting child.\" width=\"800\" height=\"447\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/WinnerSperm-800x447.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/WinnerSperm-400x224.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/WinnerSperm-768x429.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/WinnerSperm-1180x659.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/WinnerSperm.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/WinnerSperm-960x537.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The most competitive sperm may not be the best one for the future health of the resulting child. \u003ccite>(Pixabay)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inside the testicle there is a set of stem cells that eventually become sperm. These are the cells that need to keep dividing to produce the \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/100318-men-sperm-1500-stem-cells-second-male-birth-control/\">1,500 sperm\u003c/a> that the average male makes each \u003cem>second\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After these cells split, they need to grow big enough to divide again. This is where the trouble can start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If one of these stem cells happens to pick up a mutation that makes it grow a bit faster than the other stem cells around it, then that stem cell will become more common over time. It will divide faster and outcompete its non-mutated brethren.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seems to be what is happening in a slew of rarer genetic conditions like dwarfism, and syndromes like Apert, Crouzon, and Pfeiffer. Each is caused by a mutation in a gene that makes the stem cell divide more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this is one reason these mutations are more common in the sperm of older men. The longer the mutated stem cell has to grow and divide, the more of them there will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words: the older the man, the higher the concentration of mutant stem cells in his testicles, the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the more of these mutated sperm cells there are, the higher the risk that one will eventually fertilize an egg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Men Are From Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is important to note that all men pass on mutated DNA to their kids. It is just that older men pass on DNA with \u003cem>more\u003c/em> mutations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is very different from women. They too pass on mutated DNA, but the amount doesn’t really change much with age. A 20-year-old mother and a 40-year-old mother will pass on the same number of DNA changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because while sperm are constantly being made, eggs are not. A woman is most likely born with all the eggs she will ever have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means the eggs of a 20-year-old mom have undergone the same amount of DNA copying as that of a 40-year-old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now of course that is not to say the children of older moms are not at higher risk for genetic problems. In older mothers, an extra or missing chromosome can lead to genetic conditions like Down syndrome or Turner syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26858415\">new study \u003c/a>from researchers at the University of Oxford has essentially taken genetic snapshots of the sperm in the testicles of 14 men of various ages. The results give us a clearer picture of why the children of older dads are at a higher risk for genetic diseases like schizophrenia, autism, dwarfism and even some late-onset cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A clearer picture of why children of older men are at higher risk for autism, dwarfism and other diseases.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It has been known for a while that the older a man gets, the more genetic differences or mutations crop up in his sperm's DNA. This is because men make sperm at a furious rate, with sperm cells dividing constantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As new sperm cells are made, their DNA needs to be copied. And while astonishingly accurate, the machinery is not perfect, resulting in an occasional mistake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the new study helps to explain is why some of these mistakes are more common than others. It turns out that \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask411\">natural selection\u003c/a> of sperm in the testicle plays a big role in at least some of these errors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s a Jungle in There\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_118645\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-118645\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/WinnerSperm-800x447.jpg\" alt=\"The most competitive sperm may not be the best one for the future health of the resulting child.\" width=\"800\" height=\"447\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/WinnerSperm-800x447.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/WinnerSperm-400x224.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/WinnerSperm-768x429.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/WinnerSperm-1180x659.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/WinnerSperm.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/WinnerSperm-960x537.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The most competitive sperm may not be the best one for the future health of the resulting child. \u003ccite>(Pixabay)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inside the testicle there is a set of stem cells that eventually become sperm. These are the cells that need to keep dividing to produce the \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/100318-men-sperm-1500-stem-cells-second-male-birth-control/\">1,500 sperm\u003c/a> that the average male makes each \u003cem>second\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After these cells split, they need to grow big enough to divide again. This is where the trouble can start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If one of these stem cells happens to pick up a mutation that makes it grow a bit faster than the other stem cells around it, then that stem cell will become more common over time. It will divide faster and outcompete its non-mutated brethren.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seems to be what is happening in a slew of rarer genetic conditions like dwarfism, and syndromes like Apert, Crouzon, and Pfeiffer. Each is caused by a mutation in a gene that makes the stem cell divide more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this is one reason these mutations are more common in the sperm of older men. The longer the mutated stem cell has to grow and divide, the more of them there will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words: the older the man, the higher the concentration of mutant stem cells in his testicles, the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the more of these mutated sperm cells there are, the higher the risk that one will eventually fertilize an egg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Men Are From Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is important to note that all men pass on mutated DNA to their kids. It is just that older men pass on DNA with \u003cem>more\u003c/em> mutations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is very different from women. They too pass on mutated DNA, but the amount doesn’t really change much with age. A 20-year-old mother and a 40-year-old mother will pass on the same number of DNA changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because while sperm are constantly being made, eggs are not. A woman is most likely born with all the eggs she will ever have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means the eggs of a 20-year-old mom have undergone the same amount of DNA copying as that of a 40-year-old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now of course that is not to say the children of older moms are not at higher risk for genetic problems. In older mothers, an extra or missing chromosome can lead to genetic conditions like Down syndrome or Turner syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Don't Worry, Our Brains Will Be Able to Handle Teleportation",
"title": "Don't Worry, Our Brains Will Be Able to Handle Teleportation",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Given \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2015/07/29/427161157/beam-me-up-teleporting-is-real-even-if-trekkie-transport-isnt\">recent advances\u003c/a> in teleportation, it's reassuring to know that the human brain's navigation system appears to work just fine when we're beamed from place to place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who experienced virtual teleportation in a video game were able to mentally navigate to known destinations without relying on visual information or perceived motion, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(16)00092-1\">study\u003c/a> published Thursday by the journal \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em>. And during \"teleportation,\" their brains produced a distinctive electrical signal that's associated with navigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if teleporters do start showing up, don't worry. \"Our brain will be OK with that,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://mindbrain.ucdavis.edu/people/ekstrom\">Arne Ekstrom\u003c/a>, an associate professor of psychology at the University of California, Davis and the study's senior author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was part of an effort to understand the role of a distinctive low-frequency electrical oscillation in the hippocampus, a part of the brain that plays an important role in navigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's been all these studies over decades trying to figure out what this signal does,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://lindsayvass.com/\">Lindsay Vass\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral scholar at UC Davis and the study's lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oscillation occurs when a person or animal is traveling from one place to another. When the person or animal stops, so does the oscillation. But it's never been clear whether the signal is truly helping with navigation or just a related function, like movement or processing visual information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you're walking around the world you have all this incoming information,\" Vass says. \"You have your feet moving and stepping on the ground. You've got landmarks and buildings that you recognize and street signs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the UC Davis team designed an experiment that allowed them to eliminate all that information by having people travel in a virtual environment via teleporter. \"With teleportation, you don't see anything,\" Vass says. \"And nobody feels anything. You're not walking anywhere.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet you are still traveling. So your brain still needs to somehow navigate itself to a particular place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team figured that if the slow oscillations in the hippocampus were associated with movement or sensory information, they would stop during teleportation. But if they were involved in navigation, they would continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, the team recruited three volunteers who were awaiting surgery for severe epilepsy. As part of the treatment, surgeons had temporarily placed wires in the patient's brains that monitored electrical activity. This let the UC Davis team measure low frequency oscillations coming from the hippocampus as they happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The volunteers were asked to navigate from place to place in a virtual town. One option was to walk. But in several spots, players could enter a teleportation port that would act as a short cut to a specific spot in town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They would pop out of the teleporter, and we would give them a new place to find,\" Vass says. \"So we would say OK, now go find the pet store. And they have to know, 'OK, based on the direction I'm facing now, do I need to turn to the right or the left or is it behind me?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/468110269/468149490\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As expected, the brain oscillations in the hippocampus were present while players were moving about in the virtual environment and absent when they stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So the critical question for us was what happens as soon as you enter the teleporter,\" Vass says. \"What happens to the oscillation? And what we found was it was still present.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's more, the oscillation changed a bit depending on whether the person had been teleported a long distance or a short one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, when the volunteers arrived, they knew where they were. During teleportation, their brains had successfully navigated to the new destination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is what we call mental navigation,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.buzsakilab.com/\">Gyorgy Buzsaki\u003c/a>, a brain scientist at New York University who wasn't involved in the teleportation study. \"Somehow the brain can disengage from the environment and we are still navigating mentally.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the study's results suggest those low frequency oscillations are coordinating the activity of neurons involved in mental navigation, Buzsaki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Beam+Me+Up%2C+Scotty%3F+Turns+Out+Your+Brain+Is+Ready+For+Teleportation&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Given \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2015/07/29/427161157/beam-me-up-teleporting-is-real-even-if-trekkie-transport-isnt\">recent advances\u003c/a> in teleportation, it's reassuring to know that the human brain's navigation system appears to work just fine when we're beamed from place to place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who experienced virtual teleportation in a video game were able to mentally navigate to known destinations without relying on visual information or perceived motion, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(16)00092-1\">study\u003c/a> published Thursday by the journal \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em>. And during \"teleportation,\" their brains produced a distinctive electrical signal that's associated with navigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if teleporters do start showing up, don't worry. \"Our brain will be OK with that,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://mindbrain.ucdavis.edu/people/ekstrom\">Arne Ekstrom\u003c/a>, an associate professor of psychology at the University of California, Davis and the study's senior author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was part of an effort to understand the role of a distinctive low-frequency electrical oscillation in the hippocampus, a part of the brain that plays an important role in navigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's been all these studies over decades trying to figure out what this signal does,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://lindsayvass.com/\">Lindsay Vass\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral scholar at UC Davis and the study's lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oscillation occurs when a person or animal is traveling from one place to another. When the person or animal stops, so does the oscillation. But it's never been clear whether the signal is truly helping with navigation or just a related function, like movement or processing visual information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you're walking around the world you have all this incoming information,\" Vass says. \"You have your feet moving and stepping on the ground. You've got landmarks and buildings that you recognize and street signs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the UC Davis team designed an experiment that allowed them to eliminate all that information by having people travel in a virtual environment via teleporter. \"With teleportation, you don't see anything,\" Vass says. \"And nobody feels anything. You're not walking anywhere.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet you are still traveling. So your brain still needs to somehow navigate itself to a particular place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team figured that if the slow oscillations in the hippocampus were associated with movement or sensory information, they would stop during teleportation. But if they were involved in navigation, they would continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, the team recruited three volunteers who were awaiting surgery for severe epilepsy. As part of the treatment, surgeons had temporarily placed wires in the patient's brains that monitored electrical activity. This let the UC Davis team measure low frequency oscillations coming from the hippocampus as they happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The volunteers were asked to navigate from place to place in a virtual town. One option was to walk. But in several spots, players could enter a teleportation port that would act as a short cut to a specific spot in town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They would pop out of the teleporter, and we would give them a new place to find,\" Vass says. \"So we would say OK, now go find the pet store. And they have to know, 'OK, based on the direction I'm facing now, do I need to turn to the right or the left or is it behind me?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/468110269/468149490\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As expected, the brain oscillations in the hippocampus were present while players were moving about in the virtual environment and absent when they stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So the critical question for us was what happens as soon as you enter the teleporter,\" Vass says. \"What happens to the oscillation? And what we found was it was still present.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's more, the oscillation changed a bit depending on whether the person had been teleported a long distance or a short one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, when the volunteers arrived, they knew where they were. During teleportation, their brains had successfully navigated to the new destination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is what we call mental navigation,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.buzsakilab.com/\">Gyorgy Buzsaki\u003c/a>, a brain scientist at New York University who wasn't involved in the teleportation study. \"Somehow the brain can disengage from the environment and we are still navigating mentally.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the study's results suggest those low frequency oscillations are coordinating the activity of neurons involved in mental navigation, Buzsaki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Beam+Me+Up%2C+Scotty%3F+Turns+Out+Your+Brain+Is+Ready+For+Teleportation&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How CRISPR Made it Onto 'The X-Files'",
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"content": "\u003cp>\"The X-Files\" revival has gotten some \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/27/arts/television/x-files-ratings-stay-strong.html\" target=\"_blank\">big ratings\u003c/a>. Clearly a lot of fans (if \u003ca href=\"http://variety.com/2016/tv/features/the-x-files-season-finale-review-my-struggle-ii-1201712181/\" target=\"_blank\">not\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2016/2/24/11104426/the-x-files-finale-recap-bad\" target=\"_blank\">critics\u003c/a>) are over the moon at its return, as this Twitter search on \"\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/search?q=x-files%20best%20show%20ever&src=typd\" target=\"_blank\">X-Files Best Show Ever\u003c/a>\" will attest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much as we'd love to jump on the bandwagon and cover the infiltration of alien DNA in our genome, the funding isn't quite there, yet. Luckily, the inclusion of CRISPR/Cas9 as a major plot point in the season finale Monday does give us a convenient excuse to get in on the action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9, as we have been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/tag/crispr/\" target=\"_blank\">writing about\u003c/a>, is a cutting-edge gene-editing technique that has been heralded as a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/CRISPR%3A-What-You-Need-to-Know-About-the-Medical-Science-%27Breakthrough-of-the-Year%27\" target=\"_blank\">breakthrough technology\u003c/a>, inspiring \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/22/gene-editing-coming-to-a-kitchen-counter-near-you/\" target=\"_blank\">high expectations for\u003c/a> -- as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/feb/12/rogue-scientists-could-exploit-gene-editing-technology-experts-warn\" target=\"_blank\">warnings about\u003c/a> -- potential uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_118123\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-118123 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-338x600.jpg\" alt=\"X-Files science advisor Anne Simon and David Duchovny in Vancouver, August 2015.\" width=\"338\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-338x600.jpg 338w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-400x711.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-768x1365.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-664x1180.jpg 664w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-960x1707.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 338px) 100vw, 338px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">X-Files science advisor Anne Simon and David Duchovny in Vancouver, August 2015. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Anne Simon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anne Simon, a University of Maryland virologist who also happens to be a science advisor on \"The X-Files,\" has taken note. She co-wrote the finale's story, along with microbiologist Margaret Fearon and show creator Chris Carter. The plot involves humans who are stripped of their immune systems. This is accomplished via CRISPR/Cas9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He asked me to come up with something that would kill off everybody,\" she said of Carter Wednesday. \"That took a lot of thought. It had to be something simple enough to get across to the public. I began thinking if you just got rid of the \u003ca href=\"http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/ADA\" target=\"_blank\">ADA gene\u003c/a> -- I teach this -- you would not have an immune system. That’s the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/CRISPR%3A-What-You-Need-to-Know-About-the-Medical-Science-%27Breakthrough-of-the-Year%27\" target=\"_blank\">Boy in the Bubble syndrome\u003c/a>. The idea is that a long time ago [the aliens and human conspirators] must have put something in our genome that would get rid of the gene.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(In the show, the mechanism for introducing alien DNA into the human genome is the smallpox vaccine, which \"doubtless made \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/jenny-mccarthy-were-not-an-anti-vaccine-movement-were-pro-safe-vaccine/\" target=\"_blank\">Jenny McCarthy\u003c/a> the happiest 'X-Files' viewer of the night,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.yahoo.com/tv/x-files-finale-review-ep-6-my-struggle-141222649.html\" target=\"_blank\">wrote\u003c/a> a Yahoo! TV critic.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon said she and co-writer Fearon had to do a lot of explaining to Carter as to how CRISPR works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/CRISPR-is-Here.jpg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Between the two of us we’re trying to explain it to him on the phone and showing him YouTube videos and stuff, and he \u003cem>kind\u003c/em> of gets it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said she looked at the script every day to check on the science. \"It really is accurate. I was happy at the end.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Accurate within the bounds of sci-fi/conspiracy theory, of course. Simon said she suggested the story have the mass gene deletion triggered by the increase in CO2 -- global warming. But Carter opted to make the triggering mechanism ... \u003ca href=\"http://thevane.gawker.com/why-i-write-about-and-debunk-the-chemtrail-conspiracy-1581896346\" target=\"_blank\">chemtrails\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Chris wanted to use chemtrails, which is \u003ca href=\"http://thevane.gawker.com/why-i-write-about-and-debunk-the-chemtrail-conspiracy-1581896346\" target=\"_blank\">big in conspiracy theories\u003c/a>. I don’t even know what it is,\" Simon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She first connected with Carter, back in the day, through a family connection. \"He needed to talk to a biologist. I thought, 'We'll get the microscopes right.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point, Carter named a character after Simon, but her fictional self was short-lived. \"I had visions of her being Scully and Mulder’s partner, and helping them solve cases scientifically. And then I get killed off. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She thinks the character of Dana Scully has been great for encouraging female scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She has been a wonderful draw for young people. I hear from so many people over Twitter who say they went into science because of 'The X-Files.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether the show comes back for more episodes is still an open question. But the signs are \u003ca href=\"http://www.ew.com/article/2016/01/29/x-files-ratings\" target=\"_blank\">encouraging\u003c/a>. FOX, no doubt, is suggesting we all stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\"The X-Files\" revival has gotten some \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/27/arts/television/x-files-ratings-stay-strong.html\" target=\"_blank\">big ratings\u003c/a>. Clearly a lot of fans (if \u003ca href=\"http://variety.com/2016/tv/features/the-x-files-season-finale-review-my-struggle-ii-1201712181/\" target=\"_blank\">not\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2016/2/24/11104426/the-x-files-finale-recap-bad\" target=\"_blank\">critics\u003c/a>) are over the moon at its return, as this Twitter search on \"\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/search?q=x-files%20best%20show%20ever&src=typd\" target=\"_blank\">X-Files Best Show Ever\u003c/a>\" will attest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much as we'd love to jump on the bandwagon and cover the infiltration of alien DNA in our genome, the funding isn't quite there, yet. Luckily, the inclusion of CRISPR/Cas9 as a major plot point in the season finale Monday does give us a convenient excuse to get in on the action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9, as we have been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/tag/crispr/\" target=\"_blank\">writing about\u003c/a>, is a cutting-edge gene-editing technique that has been heralded as a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/CRISPR%3A-What-You-Need-to-Know-About-the-Medical-Science-%27Breakthrough-of-the-Year%27\" target=\"_blank\">breakthrough technology\u003c/a>, inspiring \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/22/gene-editing-coming-to-a-kitchen-counter-near-you/\" target=\"_blank\">high expectations for\u003c/a> -- as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/feb/12/rogue-scientists-could-exploit-gene-editing-technology-experts-warn\" target=\"_blank\">warnings about\u003c/a> -- potential uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_118123\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-118123 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-338x600.jpg\" alt=\"X-Files science advisor Anne Simon and David Duchovny in Vancouver, August 2015.\" width=\"338\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-338x600.jpg 338w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-400x711.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-768x1365.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-664x1180.jpg 664w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504-960x1707.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/duchovny-e1456426674504.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 338px) 100vw, 338px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">X-Files science advisor Anne Simon and David Duchovny in Vancouver, August 2015. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Anne Simon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anne Simon, a University of Maryland virologist who also happens to be a science advisor on \"The X-Files,\" has taken note. She co-wrote the finale's story, along with microbiologist Margaret Fearon and show creator Chris Carter. The plot involves humans who are stripped of their immune systems. This is accomplished via CRISPR/Cas9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He asked me to come up with something that would kill off everybody,\" she said of Carter Wednesday. \"That took a lot of thought. It had to be something simple enough to get across to the public. I began thinking if you just got rid of the \u003ca href=\"http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/ADA\" target=\"_blank\">ADA gene\u003c/a> -- I teach this -- you would not have an immune system. That’s the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/CRISPR%3A-What-You-Need-to-Know-About-the-Medical-Science-%27Breakthrough-of-the-Year%27\" target=\"_blank\">Boy in the Bubble syndrome\u003c/a>. The idea is that a long time ago [the aliens and human conspirators] must have put something in our genome that would get rid of the gene.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(In the show, the mechanism for introducing alien DNA into the human genome is the smallpox vaccine, which \"doubtless made \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/jenny-mccarthy-were-not-an-anti-vaccine-movement-were-pro-safe-vaccine/\" target=\"_blank\">Jenny McCarthy\u003c/a> the happiest 'X-Files' viewer of the night,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.yahoo.com/tv/x-files-finale-review-ep-6-my-struggle-141222649.html\" target=\"_blank\">wrote\u003c/a> a Yahoo! TV critic.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon said she and co-writer Fearon had to do a lot of explaining to Carter as to how CRISPR works.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\"Between the two of us we’re trying to explain it to him on the phone and showing him YouTube videos and stuff, and he \u003cem>kind\u003c/em> of gets it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said she looked at the script every day to check on the science. \"It really is accurate. I was happy at the end.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Accurate within the bounds of sci-fi/conspiracy theory, of course. Simon said she suggested the story have the mass gene deletion triggered by the increase in CO2 -- global warming. But Carter opted to make the triggering mechanism ... \u003ca href=\"http://thevane.gawker.com/why-i-write-about-and-debunk-the-chemtrail-conspiracy-1581896346\" target=\"_blank\">chemtrails\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Chris wanted to use chemtrails, which is \u003ca href=\"http://thevane.gawker.com/why-i-write-about-and-debunk-the-chemtrail-conspiracy-1581896346\" target=\"_blank\">big in conspiracy theories\u003c/a>. I don’t even know what it is,\" Simon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She first connected with Carter, back in the day, through a family connection. \"He needed to talk to a biologist. I thought, 'We'll get the microscopes right.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point, Carter named a character after Simon, but her fictional self was short-lived. \"I had visions of her being Scully and Mulder’s partner, and helping them solve cases scientifically. And then I get killed off. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She thinks the character of Dana Scully has been great for encouraging female scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She has been a wonderful draw for young people. I hear from so many people over Twitter who say they went into science because of 'The X-Files.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether the show comes back for more episodes is still an open question. But the signs are \u003ca href=\"http://www.ew.com/article/2016/01/29/x-files-ratings\" target=\"_blank\">encouraging\u003c/a>. FOX, no doubt, is suggesting we all stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Do We Need Another Steve Jobs to Fix Health Care?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Yes, says one founder of a digital health company, on the birthday of the man who could eventually replace someone on Mount Rushmore if this \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=steve+jobs+hero+worship\" target=\"_blank\">hero worship\u003c/a> keeps up. (With a little creative chiseling and some black paint for the mock turtle, we're looking at you, \u003ca href=\"https://adventuresofacouchsurfer.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/img_8363-jefferson.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Thomas Jefferson\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Damon Ramsey, in today's STAT, takes a potshot or two at the contemporary health care industry. He writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"With its labyrinths of regulation deeply entrenched and antiquated information systems, and monopolies built upon thrones of indifference to the consumer experience, the health care industry has chained itself to archaic and inefficient processes while resisting its own rescue.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Only Jobsian disruption can fix this beast, Ramsey concludes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, not all disruptors are created equal, one might keep in mind. In 2014, Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes enjoyed the imprimatur of a\u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/12/15/blood-simpler\" target=\"_blank\"> flattering profile\u003c/a> in The New Yorker. A year later, one tech \u003ca href=\"http://www.theverge.com/2015/12/29/10642070/2015-theranos-venture-capital-tech-bubble-disruption\" target=\"_blank\">headline\u003c/a> dubbed the company's secret blood-testing technology \"pseudoscience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read Ramsey's commentary at STAT, below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.statnews.com/2016/02/24/steve-jobs-health-care/\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Yes, says one founder of a digital health company, on the birthday of the man who could eventually replace someone on Mount Rushmore if this \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=steve+jobs+hero+worship\" target=\"_blank\">hero worship\u003c/a> keeps up. (With a little creative chiseling and some black paint for the mock turtle, we're looking at you, \u003ca href=\"https://adventuresofacouchsurfer.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/img_8363-jefferson.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Thomas Jefferson\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Damon Ramsey, in today's STAT, takes a potshot or two at the contemporary health care industry. He writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"With its labyrinths of regulation deeply entrenched and antiquated information systems, and monopolies built upon thrones of indifference to the consumer experience, the health care industry has chained itself to archaic and inefficient processes while resisting its own rescue.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Only Jobsian disruption can fix this beast, Ramsey concludes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, not all disruptors are created equal, one might keep in mind. In 2014, Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes enjoyed the imprimatur of a\u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/12/15/blood-simpler\" target=\"_blank\"> flattering profile\u003c/a> in The New Yorker. A year later, one tech \u003ca href=\"http://www.theverge.com/2015/12/29/10642070/2015-theranos-venture-capital-tech-bubble-disruption\" target=\"_blank\">headline\u003c/a> dubbed the company's secret blood-testing technology \"pseudoscience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read Ramsey's commentary at STAT, below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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"tagline": "True-life supernatural stories",
"info": "",
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