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"disqusTitle": "How the Electoral College Could -- But Won't -- Stop Trump from Becoming President (with Lesson Plan)",
"title": "How the Electoral College Could -- But Won't -- Stop Trump from Becoming President (with Lesson Plan)",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Electoral-college-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Debating the Electoral College (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">The real presidential election happens on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">No foolin'!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's when 538 members of the Electoral College meet in their respective state capitols to cast votes for the next president. It's these folks, not the presidential candidates, who we actually voted for on Election Day; they're the ones charged with representing the lot of us in picking the next president. The winner is then officially declared during a joint session of Congress on January 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During most election years, this process is little more than a blip on the radar, a largely symbolic event that receives little public attention. Typically, the electors merely reaffirm the will of the voters and make the results official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the 2016 Election has been anything but typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To start, President-elect Donald Trump didn't win the popular vote; nearly 3 million more people voted for his opponent Hillary Clinton. Trump was also an unusually controversial and divisive candidate, whose fiery, racially-infused campaign rhetoric emboldened white nationalists and other hate groups. Critics label him a dangerous trickster with no government experience and deep financial conflicts of interest who poses a serious threat to America's democratic institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to this, the flurry of recent headlines pointing to further evidence that Russia did indeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/clinton-blames-putins-personal-grudge-against-her-for-election-interference/2016/12/16/12f36250-c3be-11e6-8422-eac61c0ef74d_story.html?utm_term=.d290f248b12b\" target=\"_blank\">interfere in the election\u003c/a>, in part to help Donald Trump win the White House, a longstanding allegation now supported by both the CIA and FBI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As such, opponents are waging a last-ditch effort to block Trump's election, imploring electors to vote their conscience and choose someone -- anyone -- other than him. For weeks, electors have been besieged by emails, phone calls and even a \u003ca href=\"http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/12/14/celebrities_led_by_martin_sheen_beg_republican_electors_not_to_vote_for_trump.html\" target=\"_blank\">celebrity video plea\u003c/a>. But for that to happen, at least 37 electors in states that Trump won would have to abandon their party's nominee, denying him the requisite 270 electoral votes he needs to win the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Republican elector in Texas has already publicly announced \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/07/politics/texas-elector-says-he-still-wont-vote-trump/\" target=\"_blank\">his decision \u003c/a>to not support Trump. And electors in three states have gone to court for the authority to vote as they please.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the prospect of that many electors turning their backs on Trump is highly unlikely. But constitutionally, it remains possible. And that's giving Trump's opponents enough hope to keep fighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some background ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The electoral college is a disaster for a democracy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/266038556504494082\" target=\"_blank\">tweet\u003c/a> from Donald Trump on the eve of the 2012 election after it was predicted that President Obama would win the electoral vote despite possibly losing the popular vote to Mitt Romney (which he didn't).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also tweeted: \"We can't let this happen. We should march on Washington and stop this travesty. Our nation is totally divided!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The electoral college is a disaster for a democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/266038556504494082\">November 7, 2012\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\" async=\"\" charset=\"utf-8\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what a difference four years can make. Trump has since had a dramatic change of heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>The Electoral College is actually genius in that it brings all states, including the smaller ones, into play. Campaigning is much different!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/798521053551140864\">November 15, 2016\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>After all, he has the Electoral College to thank for his unexpected victory, one of the biggest political upsets in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump won the race despite losing the popular vote to Hillary Clinton by what will likely be more than 2 million votes, after all the returns are counted, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/opinion/clintons-substantial-popular-vote-win.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times estimate\u003c/a>. As of Tuesday, Clinton was ahead by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/22/503052632/two-weeks-after-election-day-california-continues-counting-ballots\" target=\"_blank\">almost 1.75 million votes\u003c/a>, with at least 2 million ballots still to be counted in Democrat-heavy California. That makes Trump the unlikely beneficiary of a confounding election process that, as a candidate, he consistently claimed was \"rigged\" against him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/UvzARzuxvbM\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Electoral math\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So how, in the most famous democracy in the world, where everyone's vote is considered equal and the majority supposedly rules, is the loser of the national popular vote able to win the presidency?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line, Trump might not have gotten the most votes, but he won them in the places that counted most -- albeit, by razor-thin margins. At the end of the day, Trump prevailed in most of the large, crucial battleground states, including Florida, Pennsylvania and Ohio, all of which went for Obama in the last two presidential elections. It’s no coincidence that the candidates spent an inordinate amount of time on the campaign trail in this handful of “swing states,” which ultimately decided the election. So, at the end of the day, regardless of how many more popular votes Clinton received, she won only 232 electoral votes to Trump’s 306 (assuming Michigan, which still hasn’t finalized its vote count, goes his way).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is only the fifth time that the winner of the presidential election has lost the popular vote, but it’s also the second in less than 20 years: The last time, of course, was the hotly contested 2000 election, which Al Gore narrowly lost to George W. Bush despite winning more popular votes. And as happened then, the outcome of the 2016 contest has again renewed a chorus of demands to reform or flat-out eliminate a system that critics consider outdated and squarely undemocratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Some democracy, but not too much\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The electoral process is all based on a set of rules drawn up more than 200 years ago by the founding fathers, a group of brilliant, wealthy white men who sought to create a system of government that reflected the will of the people ... but only up to a point. Give the voters (who at that point were limited to other wealthy white men) decision-making power, but keep that power in check in case they don't choose wisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/Z9v9PEng7Xo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the framers were pretty apprehensive about the idea of a direct democracy; the people should have power but not too much power. In the Constitution, they laid out a system of representative democracy, in which the people don’t make the big decisions themselves, but rather vote for qualified representatives to decide for them. As it is with Congress and the Senate, it's also the rationale behind the Electoral College, the system we still use to elect the president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the breakout Broadway star and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton wrote in \"\u003ca href=\"http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed68.asp\">The Federalist Papers: No. 68\u003c/a>,\" the purpose of the Electoral College is to preserve “the sense of the people,” while also ensuring that a president is chosen “by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station, and acting under circumstances favorable to deliberation, and to a judicious combination of all the reasons and inducements which were proper to govern their choice. A small number of persons, selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass, will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He continues: “The process of election affords a moral certainty, that the office of President will never fall to the lot of any man who is not in an eminent degree endowed with the requisite qualifications. Talents for low intrigue, and the little arts of popularity, may alone suffice to elevate a man to the first honors in a single State; but it will require other talents, and a different kind of merit, to establish him in the esteem and confidence of the whole Union, or of so considerable a portion of it as would be necessary to make him a successful candidate for the distinguished office of President of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Vestige of slavery\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Some constitutional scholars note that slavery was also a major impetus for the creation of the Electoral College and the method of legislative apportionment. When the Constitution was drafted in 1787, a large majority of the nation’s fledgling citizenry lived in northern cities like Philadelphia and Boston, dwarfing the white population of the agrarian South. To give the South more influence, James Madison and other influential slave-holding members of the Constitutional Convention advocated for counting slaves, who made up an \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&lpg=RA3-PA358&dq=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&pg=RA3-PA358#v=onepage&q=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&f=falsehttp://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/the-constitution-and-slavery\" target=\"_blank\">estimated 40 percent\u003c/a> of the South’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Michael Klarman, a Harvard Law School professor, explains in \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Framers-Coup-Making-United-Constitution/dp/019994203X\" target=\"_blank\">The Framer’s Coup\u003c/a>,\" the framers “rejected direct election of the president mostly because they distrusted the people and because Southern slaves would not count in a direct vote.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the famously reached compromise, the framers determined that each slave would be counted as \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/electoral-college-has-been-divisive-day-one-180961171/\" target=\"_blank\">three-fifths\u003c/a> of a person, a major power grab for Southern states, which were guaranteed much stronger national influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Klarman concludes: “The malapportionment in the Electoral College, which never had a very good justification, continues to exert influence today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>A brief electoral refresher\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>OK, so if you happened to snooze through high school government class, here’s a quick and dirty Electoral College refresher (for a more detailed explainer on the process, check out \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/10/13/what-is-the-electoral-college-and-is-it-time-to-get-rid-of-it/\" target=\"_blank\">this earlier piece\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Americans go to the polls to “elect” a president, they’re not actually voting for the president, but rather a particular \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/thepeoplewhopickthepresident/2016\" target=\"_blank\">slate of electors\u003c/a>, a somewhat random assortment of state party insiders, donors, and in some cases, fringe activists who have pledged to support the candidate from their party who wins the most votes in that state. The magic number is 270: Get that many electoral votes and you’re in the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of electors in each state is based on the size of its congressional delegation (U.S. senators and representatives), which in turn is based on the state’s population. However, this has become a point of contention. Because every state, no matter how small, is guaranteed at least three electors (based on a minimum of two senators and one representative), a vote in sparsely populated states like Wyoming or North Dakota is technically worth more than a vote in crowded states like California or New York. (\u003ca href=\"https://thenib.com/the-electoral-college-isn-t-working-here-s-how-it-might-die\" target=\"_blank\">This cartoon\u003c/a> by Andy Warner nicely illustrates the concept).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The electors then meet in their respective states 41 days after the general election (this year, it will be on Dec. 19), where they cast a ballot for the president and a second for vice president. As expressed by Hamilton, the founders envisioned the Electoral College consisting of statewide groups of deliberative bodies who would carefully consider the wisdom of the people’s choice, but be willing and empowered to change course if they deemed that choice foolhardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In modern-day elections, however, this process has largely become a formality. Unlike Hamilton's vision, the electors who represent us today are all but anonymous; even the most informed voters would likely be hard-pressed to know who their state electors are. (If you are curious about this, check out Politico's interesting guide to \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/thepeoplewhopickthepresident/2016\" target=\"_blank\">The People Who Pick the President\u003c/a>\".) In fact, it can be argued that much of today's system bears little resemblance to the way the founders envisioned it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In every state except for Maine and Nebraska, the candidate who wins the most votes (that is, a plurality) is supposed to receive all of that state’s electoral votes, regardless of how narrow the victory. It’s a winner-take-all system, which means that candidates may win some states by wide margins (as did Donald Trump in most Southern states like Tennessee and Alabama) and others by very slim ones (as he did in Florida, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin). And that’s what made it possible for Trump to win the Electoral College but lose the popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Defenders of the Electoral College argue that it forces candidates to pay attention to a wider swath of the country rather than focusing exclusively on densely populated urban centers. Advocates also say that the electoral system keeps presidential elections efficient, preventing the massive task of having to conduct a national recount in a close race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/takeaway/#file=/audio/json/680147/&share=1\" width=\"100%\" height=\"130\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003ch4>Calls for reform\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>But in the wake of this election, a growing chorus of discontented citizens are pushing against the status quo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://www.change.org/p/electoral-college-electors-electoral-college-make-hillary-clinton-president-on-december-19\" target=\"_blank\">online petition\u003c/a> has already gathered more than 4.5 million signatures since the election. It urges electors from some of the states Trump won to cast their electoral votes for Hillary Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mr. Trump is unfit to serve,” the petition states. “Secretary Clinton WON THE POPULAR VOTE and should be President.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although electors in some states are required to take a pledge to support their party’s presidential and vice presidential nominees – and some states can even replace or fine so-called faithless electors up to $1,000 for not voting for in line, there is no actual “Constitutional provision or Federal law that requires Electors to vote according to the results of the popular vote in their states,” according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/electors.html\" target=\"_blank\">National Archives and Records Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been a total of 157 faithless electors in U.S. history, according to the group \u003ca href=\"http://www.fairvote.org/faithless_electors\">FairVote\u003c/a> (which notes that 71 of those votes were changed because the original candidate died before the votes were cast). None has ever been prosecuted for failing to vote as pledged. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.factcheck.org/2016/11/could-electoral-college-elect-clinton/\">more than 20 states\u003c/a> have no state law or required pledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So technically, this could happen. But don’t hold your breath. At least 38 Republican electors would need to switch party allegiances to give Clinton the necessary 270 votes. You probably have a better chance of winning the Powerball lottery than seeing that happen. And even if there were enough Republican defectors to deny Trump the necessary 270 votes, they almost certainly would vote for another Republican candidate over Clinton. On the incredibly slight off-chance that neither candidate won 270 votes, the election would be decided by the Republican-controlled Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the growing cadre of Electoral College critics (who are mostly Democrats), many are calling for changes to future elections. They include outgoing Sen. Barbara Boxer (D-California) who last week introduced \"Hail Mary\" legislation to eliminate the Electoral College altogether in favor of the popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the only office in the land where you can get more votes and still lose the presidency,\" she said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.boxer.senate.gov/?p=release&id=3355http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/opinion/clintons-substantial-popular-vote-win.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">a press release\u003c/a>. \"The Electoral College is an outdated, undemocratic system that does not reflect our modern society, and it needs to change immediately. Every American should be guaranteed that their vote counts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation calls for amending the Constitution, which would require a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate, and ratification by three-fourths of the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not likely to happen anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such discontent with the system is nothing new. There have been more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/faq.html\" target=\"_blank\">700 proposed constitutional amendments\u003c/a> to either “reform or eliminate” the Electoral College in the last 200 years. Obviously, none have been successful. But some have come close: In 1969, an \u003ca href=\"https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal70-1291702\" target=\"_blank\">amendment \u003c/a>to abolish was endorsed by President Richard Nixon, and passed overwhelmingly in the House (338 to 70), but was ultimately filibustered and killed in the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>State's take action\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most realistic hopes for reformers is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalpopularvote.com/\">National Popular Vote Interstate Compact\u003c/a>, an agreement among states to give all their respective electoral votes to whichever presidential candidate wins the national popular vote. Since 2006, when the agreement was drafted, 10 mostly Democratic states and the District of Columbia have joined, amounting to 165 electoral votes. Legislation is also pending in Michigan and Pennsylvania (which would add another 36 votes). The agreement, though, would only take effect when enough states sign on to amount to 270 electoral votes, guaranteeing that the winner of the popular vote would also win the election.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Electoral-college-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Debating the Electoral College (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">The real presidential election happens on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">No foolin'!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's when 538 members of the Electoral College meet in their respective state capitols to cast votes for the next president. It's these folks, not the presidential candidates, who we actually voted for on Election Day; they're the ones charged with representing the lot of us in picking the next president. The winner is then officially declared during a joint session of Congress on January 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During most election years, this process is little more than a blip on the radar, a largely symbolic event that receives little public attention. Typically, the electors merely reaffirm the will of the voters and make the results official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the 2016 Election has been anything but typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To start, President-elect Donald Trump didn't win the popular vote; nearly 3 million more people voted for his opponent Hillary Clinton. Trump was also an unusually controversial and divisive candidate, whose fiery, racially-infused campaign rhetoric emboldened white nationalists and other hate groups. Critics label him a dangerous trickster with no government experience and deep financial conflicts of interest who poses a serious threat to America's democratic institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to this, the flurry of recent headlines pointing to further evidence that Russia did indeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/clinton-blames-putins-personal-grudge-against-her-for-election-interference/2016/12/16/12f36250-c3be-11e6-8422-eac61c0ef74d_story.html?utm_term=.d290f248b12b\" target=\"_blank\">interfere in the election\u003c/a>, in part to help Donald Trump win the White House, a longstanding allegation now supported by both the CIA and FBI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As such, opponents are waging a last-ditch effort to block Trump's election, imploring electors to vote their conscience and choose someone -- anyone -- other than him. For weeks, electors have been besieged by emails, phone calls and even a \u003ca href=\"http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/12/14/celebrities_led_by_martin_sheen_beg_republican_electors_not_to_vote_for_trump.html\" target=\"_blank\">celebrity video plea\u003c/a>. But for that to happen, at least 37 electors in states that Trump won would have to abandon their party's nominee, denying him the requisite 270 electoral votes he needs to win the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Republican elector in Texas has already publicly announced \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/07/politics/texas-elector-says-he-still-wont-vote-trump/\" target=\"_blank\">his decision \u003c/a>to not support Trump. And electors in three states have gone to court for the authority to vote as they please.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the prospect of that many electors turning their backs on Trump is highly unlikely. But constitutionally, it remains possible. And that's giving Trump's opponents enough hope to keep fighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some background ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The electoral college is a disaster for a democracy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/266038556504494082\" target=\"_blank\">tweet\u003c/a> from Donald Trump on the eve of the 2012 election after it was predicted that President Obama would win the electoral vote despite possibly losing the popular vote to Mitt Romney (which he didn't).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also tweeted: \"We can't let this happen. We should march on Washington and stop this travesty. Our nation is totally divided!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The electoral college is a disaster for a democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/266038556504494082\">November 7, 2012\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\" async=\"\" charset=\"utf-8\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what a difference four years can make. Trump has since had a dramatic change of heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>The Electoral College is actually genius in that it brings all states, including the smaller ones, into play. Campaigning is much different!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/798521053551140864\">November 15, 2016\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>After all, he has the Electoral College to thank for his unexpected victory, one of the biggest political upsets in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump won the race despite losing the popular vote to Hillary Clinton by what will likely be more than 2 million votes, after all the returns are counted, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/opinion/clintons-substantial-popular-vote-win.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times estimate\u003c/a>. As of Tuesday, Clinton was ahead by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/22/503052632/two-weeks-after-election-day-california-continues-counting-ballots\" target=\"_blank\">almost 1.75 million votes\u003c/a>, with at least 2 million ballots still to be counted in Democrat-heavy California. That makes Trump the unlikely beneficiary of a confounding election process that, as a candidate, he consistently claimed was \"rigged\" against him.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/UvzARzuxvbM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/UvzARzuxvbM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>Electoral math\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So how, in the most famous democracy in the world, where everyone's vote is considered equal and the majority supposedly rules, is the loser of the national popular vote able to win the presidency?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line, Trump might not have gotten the most votes, but he won them in the places that counted most -- albeit, by razor-thin margins. At the end of the day, Trump prevailed in most of the large, crucial battleground states, including Florida, Pennsylvania and Ohio, all of which went for Obama in the last two presidential elections. It’s no coincidence that the candidates spent an inordinate amount of time on the campaign trail in this handful of “swing states,” which ultimately decided the election. So, at the end of the day, regardless of how many more popular votes Clinton received, she won only 232 electoral votes to Trump’s 306 (assuming Michigan, which still hasn’t finalized its vote count, goes his way).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is only the fifth time that the winner of the presidential election has lost the popular vote, but it’s also the second in less than 20 years: The last time, of course, was the hotly contested 2000 election, which Al Gore narrowly lost to George W. Bush despite winning more popular votes. And as happened then, the outcome of the 2016 contest has again renewed a chorus of demands to reform or flat-out eliminate a system that critics consider outdated and squarely undemocratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Some democracy, but not too much\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The electoral process is all based on a set of rules drawn up more than 200 years ago by the founding fathers, a group of brilliant, wealthy white men who sought to create a system of government that reflected the will of the people ... but only up to a point. Give the voters (who at that point were limited to other wealthy white men) decision-making power, but keep that power in check in case they don't choose wisely.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Z9v9PEng7Xo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Z9v9PEng7Xo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>In other words, the framers were pretty apprehensive about the idea of a direct democracy; the people should have power but not too much power. In the Constitution, they laid out a system of representative democracy, in which the people don’t make the big decisions themselves, but rather vote for qualified representatives to decide for them. As it is with Congress and the Senate, it's also the rationale behind the Electoral College, the system we still use to elect the president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the breakout Broadway star and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton wrote in \"\u003ca href=\"http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed68.asp\">The Federalist Papers: No. 68\u003c/a>,\" the purpose of the Electoral College is to preserve “the sense of the people,” while also ensuring that a president is chosen “by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station, and acting under circumstances favorable to deliberation, and to a judicious combination of all the reasons and inducements which were proper to govern their choice. A small number of persons, selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass, will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He continues: “The process of election affords a moral certainty, that the office of President will never fall to the lot of any man who is not in an eminent degree endowed with the requisite qualifications. Talents for low intrigue, and the little arts of popularity, may alone suffice to elevate a man to the first honors in a single State; but it will require other talents, and a different kind of merit, to establish him in the esteem and confidence of the whole Union, or of so considerable a portion of it as would be necessary to make him a successful candidate for the distinguished office of President of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Vestige of slavery\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Some constitutional scholars note that slavery was also a major impetus for the creation of the Electoral College and the method of legislative apportionment. When the Constitution was drafted in 1787, a large majority of the nation’s fledgling citizenry lived in northern cities like Philadelphia and Boston, dwarfing the white population of the agrarian South. To give the South more influence, James Madison and other influential slave-holding members of the Constitutional Convention advocated for counting slaves, who made up an \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&lpg=RA3-PA358&dq=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&pg=RA3-PA358#v=onepage&q=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&f=falsehttp://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/the-constitution-and-slavery\" target=\"_blank\">estimated 40 percent\u003c/a> of the South’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Michael Klarman, a Harvard Law School professor, explains in \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Framers-Coup-Making-United-Constitution/dp/019994203X\" target=\"_blank\">The Framer’s Coup\u003c/a>,\" the framers “rejected direct election of the president mostly because they distrusted the people and because Southern slaves would not count in a direct vote.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the famously reached compromise, the framers determined that each slave would be counted as \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/electoral-college-has-been-divisive-day-one-180961171/\" target=\"_blank\">three-fifths\u003c/a> of a person, a major power grab for Southern states, which were guaranteed much stronger national influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Klarman concludes: “The malapportionment in the Electoral College, which never had a very good justification, continues to exert influence today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>A brief electoral refresher\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>OK, so if you happened to snooze through high school government class, here’s a quick and dirty Electoral College refresher (for a more detailed explainer on the process, check out \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/10/13/what-is-the-electoral-college-and-is-it-time-to-get-rid-of-it/\" target=\"_blank\">this earlier piece\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Americans go to the polls to “elect” a president, they’re not actually voting for the president, but rather a particular \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/thepeoplewhopickthepresident/2016\" target=\"_blank\">slate of electors\u003c/a>, a somewhat random assortment of state party insiders, donors, and in some cases, fringe activists who have pledged to support the candidate from their party who wins the most votes in that state. The magic number is 270: Get that many electoral votes and you’re in the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of electors in each state is based on the size of its congressional delegation (U.S. senators and representatives), which in turn is based on the state’s population. However, this has become a point of contention. Because every state, no matter how small, is guaranteed at least three electors (based on a minimum of two senators and one representative), a vote in sparsely populated states like Wyoming or North Dakota is technically worth more than a vote in crowded states like California or New York. (\u003ca href=\"https://thenib.com/the-electoral-college-isn-t-working-here-s-how-it-might-die\" target=\"_blank\">This cartoon\u003c/a> by Andy Warner nicely illustrates the concept).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The electors then meet in their respective states 41 days after the general election (this year, it will be on Dec. 19), where they cast a ballot for the president and a second for vice president. As expressed by Hamilton, the founders envisioned the Electoral College consisting of statewide groups of deliberative bodies who would carefully consider the wisdom of the people’s choice, but be willing and empowered to change course if they deemed that choice foolhardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In modern-day elections, however, this process has largely become a formality. Unlike Hamilton's vision, the electors who represent us today are all but anonymous; even the most informed voters would likely be hard-pressed to know who their state electors are. (If you are curious about this, check out Politico's interesting guide to \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/thepeoplewhopickthepresident/2016\" target=\"_blank\">The People Who Pick the President\u003c/a>\".) In fact, it can be argued that much of today's system bears little resemblance to the way the founders envisioned it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In every state except for Maine and Nebraska, the candidate who wins the most votes (that is, a plurality) is supposed to receive all of that state’s electoral votes, regardless of how narrow the victory. It’s a winner-take-all system, which means that candidates may win some states by wide margins (as did Donald Trump in most Southern states like Tennessee and Alabama) and others by very slim ones (as he did in Florida, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin). And that’s what made it possible for Trump to win the Electoral College but lose the popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Defenders of the Electoral College argue that it forces candidates to pay attention to a wider swath of the country rather than focusing exclusively on densely populated urban centers. Advocates also say that the electoral system keeps presidential elections efficient, preventing the massive task of having to conduct a national recount in a close race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/takeaway/#file=/audio/json/680147/&share=1\" width=\"100%\" height=\"130\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003ch4>Calls for reform\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>But in the wake of this election, a growing chorus of discontented citizens are pushing against the status quo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://www.change.org/p/electoral-college-electors-electoral-college-make-hillary-clinton-president-on-december-19\" target=\"_blank\">online petition\u003c/a> has already gathered more than 4.5 million signatures since the election. It urges electors from some of the states Trump won to cast their electoral votes for Hillary Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mr. Trump is unfit to serve,” the petition states. “Secretary Clinton WON THE POPULAR VOTE and should be President.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although electors in some states are required to take a pledge to support their party’s presidential and vice presidential nominees – and some states can even replace or fine so-called faithless electors up to $1,000 for not voting for in line, there is no actual “Constitutional provision or Federal law that requires Electors to vote according to the results of the popular vote in their states,” according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/electors.html\" target=\"_blank\">National Archives and Records Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been a total of 157 faithless electors in U.S. history, according to the group \u003ca href=\"http://www.fairvote.org/faithless_electors\">FairVote\u003c/a> (which notes that 71 of those votes were changed because the original candidate died before the votes were cast). None has ever been prosecuted for failing to vote as pledged. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.factcheck.org/2016/11/could-electoral-college-elect-clinton/\">more than 20 states\u003c/a> have no state law or required pledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So technically, this could happen. But don’t hold your breath. At least 38 Republican electors would need to switch party allegiances to give Clinton the necessary 270 votes. You probably have a better chance of winning the Powerball lottery than seeing that happen. And even if there were enough Republican defectors to deny Trump the necessary 270 votes, they almost certainly would vote for another Republican candidate over Clinton. On the incredibly slight off-chance that neither candidate won 270 votes, the election would be decided by the Republican-controlled Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the growing cadre of Electoral College critics (who are mostly Democrats), many are calling for changes to future elections. They include outgoing Sen. Barbara Boxer (D-California) who last week introduced \"Hail Mary\" legislation to eliminate the Electoral College altogether in favor of the popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the only office in the land where you can get more votes and still lose the presidency,\" she said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.boxer.senate.gov/?p=release&id=3355http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/opinion/clintons-substantial-popular-vote-win.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">a press release\u003c/a>. \"The Electoral College is an outdated, undemocratic system that does not reflect our modern society, and it needs to change immediately. Every American should be guaranteed that their vote counts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation calls for amending the Constitution, which would require a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate, and ratification by three-fourths of the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not likely to happen anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such discontent with the system is nothing new. There have been more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/faq.html\" target=\"_blank\">700 proposed constitutional amendments\u003c/a> to either “reform or eliminate” the Electoral College in the last 200 years. Obviously, none have been successful. But some have come close: In 1969, an \u003ca href=\"https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal70-1291702\" target=\"_blank\">amendment \u003c/a>to abolish was endorsed by President Richard Nixon, and passed overwhelmingly in the House (338 to 70), but was ultimately filibustered and killed in the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>State's take action\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most realistic hopes for reformers is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalpopularvote.com/\">National Popular Vote Interstate Compact\u003c/a>, an agreement among states to give all their respective electoral votes to whichever presidential candidate wins the national popular vote. Since 2006, when the agreement was drafted, 10 mostly Democratic states and the District of Columbia have joined, amounting to 165 electoral votes. Legislation is also pending in Michigan and Pennsylvania (which would add another 36 votes). The agreement, though, would only take effect when enough states sign on to amount to 270 electoral votes, guaranteeing that the winner of the popular vote would also win the election.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "'Sanctuary Cities' Explained",
"title": "'Sanctuary Cities' Explained",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sanctuary cities have long been in President Donald Trump's crosshairs. The term refers to the scores of cities and counties across the United States that limit their cooperation with federal immigration authorities by refusing most requests to detain, pursue or report undocumented immigrants (those here illegally) who have had contact with local law enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sanctuary-City-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: Sanctuary Cities (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Just days after taking office, Trump signed a sweeping \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/25/presidential-executive-order-enhancing-public-safety-interior-united\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive order\u003c/a> making good on his key campaign pledge to crack down on illegal immigration. In addition to authorizing the construction of a border wall with Mexico and beefing up immigration enforcement, the order also threatens to cut billions of dollars in federal funds from so-called sanctuary cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sanctuary jurisdictions across the United States willfully violate Federal law in an attempt to shield aliens from removal from the United States,\" the order states. It warns that those jurisdictions that don't comply with federal immigration enforcement efforts will lose federal funding. \"These jurisdictions have caused immeasurable harm to the American people and to the very fabric of our Republic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's order instructs federal immigration authorities to target a broader group of immigrants for deportation. It calls for the removal of immigrants \"who have committed acts that constitute a chargeable criminal offense\" or pose a public safety risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to Trump's 2016 election victory, mayors and police chiefs in more than 10 major cities, including San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles, New York, Chicago and Washington, D.C., reaffirmed their commitment to upholding sanctuary policies, and have continued to stand by those positions in the face of the recent order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'll proudly stand as a sanctuary city -- protecting our residents from what we deem unjust federal immigration laws -- fight all forms of bigotry and advance our commitment to equity even more passionately,\" Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/oakland-mayor-libby-schaaf-on-president-trump-move-beyond-anger-to-action/Content?oid=5034459\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stated \u003c/a>shortly after the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee reiterated that sentiment on Jan. 26 in his \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/26/mayor-ed-lee-reinforces-sanctuary-city-commitment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the City\u003c/a> address: “We are a sanctuary city now, tomorrow, forever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Jan. 31, San Francisco became the first city \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/31/s-f-files-suit-against-trump-saying-punishing-sanctuary-cities-is-illegal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to sue Trump \u003c/a>over his order to defund sanctuary jurisdictions. The lawsuit argues that the order is an unconstitutional overreach of the president's power, in violation of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/tenth_amendment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10th Amendment\u003c/a>, which it says protects the sovereignty of local jurisdictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“President Trump’s executive order tries to turn city and state employees into federal immigration officers. That is unconstitutional,” San Francisco City Attorney Dennis Herrera said when announcing the suit. “No president can commandeer the local police force and turn it into the deportation arm of the federal government.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco receives \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/SF-preparing-in-case-Trump-cuts-federal-funds-10607210.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly $500 million a year\u003c/a> in federal funds, which would be at risk if Trump's order survives in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) relies on local authorities to help enforce immigration laws, a 2013 federal appeals court \u003ca href=\"http://www2.ca3.uscourts.gov/opinarch/123991p.pdf#page=13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">decision\u003c/a> concluded that those local agencies are not legally required to detain undocumented immigrants when requested to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants currently reside in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What are sanctuary cities?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There's no official legal definition, and what it means varies from place to place. Generally speaking, local law enforcement in sanctuary cities or counties don't ask or report the immigration status of people they come into contact with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sanctuary jurisdiction typically refuses requests from federal immigration authorities to detain undocumented immigrants apprehended for low-level offenses. For example, when someone gets arrested for a DUI, he or she might spend the night in jail, get processed and then released. If this person is undocumented, though, federal immigration authorities would be alerted and may ask local officials to hold this person for longer, and possibly deport them. A city or county with a sanctuary policy would generally deny that request unless legally mandated to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How many sanctuary cities are there?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Depends who you ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2006 \u003ca href=\"http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2006,0912-crs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Congressional Research Service report \u003c/a>listed 32 counties and cities with explicit sanctuary ordinances. A number of cities have adopted similar resolutions since then, including Berkeley, Oakland and East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an analysis of data from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilrc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Immigrant Legal Resource Center\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/02/us/sanctuary-cities.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York Times\u003c/a> tallied 39 cities and 364 counties across the country that in some way limit how much local law enforcement can cooperate with federal detention requests. It's unclear, however, how much action some of these jurisdictions have taken, other than officially expressing opposition to what they consider harsh federal or state immigration laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And organizations in some municipalities even challenge the label. In 2011, for instance, the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/26/opinion/la-ed-sanctuary-20110825\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Los Angeles Times editorial board\u003c/a> denied that Los Angeles was a sanctuary city, even though in 1979 the city had enacted a \u003ca href=\"http://assets.lapdonline.org/assets/pdf/SO_40.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">measure \u003c/a>to keep local police from inquiring about the immigration status of those arrested, one of the first cities in the country to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10961044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/FT_17.01.31_unauthorizedMetros_map.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10961044 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/FT_17.01.31_unauthorizedMetros_map.png\" width=\"640\" height=\"483\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Note: not all metro areas shown here are necessarily sanctuary cities.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Four states --\u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/13-14/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_4_bill_20130916_enrolled.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California\u003c/a>, Rhode Island, Vermont and Connecticut -- have also enacted ordinances in recent years that limit compliance with federal immigration officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A least \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2014/04/federal_ruling_sparks_halt_on.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nine Oregon counties\u003c/a> in 2014 stopped complying with ICE requests to hold undocumented immigrants in jail for the sole purpose of deportation. The change came after a federal judge ruled that one of those counties violated a woman’s Fourth Amendment rights by detaining her without probable cause. Some legal experts say the ruling may spur more local sanctuary policies across the state and possibly nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Are sanctuary cities more dangerous?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On the campaign trail, and now as president, Trump has consistently \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2017/02/08/trumps-claim-that-sanctuary-cities-breed-crime/?utm_term=.9f83a4c2d5d1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">claimed\u003c/a> that sanctuary cities \"breed crime\" and have resulted in \"so many needless deaths,\" with the underlying suggestion that undocumented immigrants are more prone to violent criminal activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The language in his recent executive order underscores this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many aliens who illegally enter the United States and those who overstay or otherwise violate the terms of their visas present a significant threat to national security and public safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crime statistics, however, suggest otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/reports/2017/01/26/297366/the-effects-of-sanctuary-policies-on-crime-and-the-economy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent analysis\u003c/a> of FBI crime data by UC San Diego political science professor Tom Wong found that most counties considered “sanctuary” jurisdictions have notably lower rates of all types of crime, including homicide, than comparable non-sanctuary counties. In 2015, large metro sanctuary counties had 654 crimes fewer crimes per 100,000 people than large central metro non-sanctuary counties, the report found. That's nearly 15 percent less crime in sanctuary counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In smaller counties, the discrepancy was similar. The main exception, the report found, was in medium metro areas and counties bordering on large metro areas, where crime rates in sanctuary jurisdictions were slightly higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, it should be noted, was published by the Center for American Progress, a progressive policy organization. And it shows correlation, not causation. In other words, there no definitive proof that sanctuary policies actually \u003cem>cause\u003c/em> lower crime rates (it could just be a coincidence).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/criminalization-immigration-united-states\">study\u003c/a> by the American Immigration Council, a pro-immigrant group, analyzed FBI and census data from 1980 through 2010. It found that among men ages 18 to 49, immigrants (both legal and illegal) were far less likely than native-born Americans to engage in criminal behavior or to be incarcerated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now keep in mind that both of these studies were conducted by left-leaning organizations with progressive agendas. And even though the conclusions are based squarely on federal statistics, skeptics are likely to counter that the authors used selective data to produce desired results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, several national policing associations seem to have embraced these findings. As the Washington Post \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/01/27/trump-says-sanctuary-cities-are-hotbeds-of-crime-data-say-the-opposite/?utm_term=.76296b4c8be2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently reported\u003c/a>, the Major Cities Chiefs Association, representing the 63 largest urban areas in the nation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.majorcitieschiefs.com/pdf/news/MCC_Position_Statement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stated in a 2006 report,\u003c/a> that “immigration enforcement by local police would likely negatively affect and undermine the level of trust and cooperation between local police and immigrant communities,” which would “would result in increased crime against immigrants and in the broader community, create a class of silent victims and eliminate the potential for assistance from immigrants in solving crimes or preventing future terroristic acts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Association of Chiefs of Police reiterated this position, \u003ca href=\"http://www.theiacp.org/portals/0/pdfs/publications/immigrationenforcementconf.pdf\">writing that \u003c/a>“state and local law enforcement should not be involved in the enforcement of civil immigration laws since such involvement would likely have a chilling effect on both legal and illegal aliens reporting criminal activity or assisting police in criminal investigations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Which California cities have \"sanctuary\" policies?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Although some of these cities may not explicitly identify as \"sanctuary cities,\" they've all adopted some type of policy (an ordinance, resolution or law enforcement directive) that limits how much local law enforcement officials can cooperate with federal immigration enforcement efforts. This is not necessarily a complete list - it only includes those cities for which official documentation could be found.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/f606fe7c-24fe-11e5-873a-0e853d047bba/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What's the history?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The roots of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2011,0106-crs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">modern sanctuary movement\u003c/a> date back to the 1980s. U.S. churches, synagogues and other religious institutions began to provide refuge and services to thousands of undocumented immigrants from Guatemala and El Salvador who had fled civil unrest at home but were denied sanctuary in the U.S., largely due to Cold War politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort became known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/CommunityPolicingPaper3-09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sanctuary Movement\u003c/a>, and as it spread, a number of cities throughout the country joined in solidarity, passing resolutions to overlook the immigration status of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What are the arguments for and against these policies?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Supporters argue that cities have bigger public safety priorities and too few resources to handle immigration enforcement. Additionally, many local policymakers and law enforcement agencies argue that immigration enforcement is not their responsibility, and that cracking down on undocumented residents would undermine community relations, disrupt services and dissuade those residents from cooperating with crime prevention effort. They also note that none of their protective policies in any way prevent local police from pursuing immigrants suspected of committing crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump is among a large number of mostly Republicans opposed to sanctuary policies, arguing that they encourage illegal immigration, undermine federal enforcement efforts and severely compromise public safety, resulting in crimes that could have been avoided through deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What's unique about San Francisco's law?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Although the majority of sanctuary cities don't ask residents about their immigration status and refuse to share information with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), San Francisco is among a handful of localities that take things a bit further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://sfgsa.org/index.aspx?page=1069\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">City and County of Refuge ordinance\u003c/a>, adopted in 1989, prohibits the city from using any \"funds or resources to assist in the enforcement of federal immigration law or to gather or disseminate information regarding the immigration status\" of residents unless explicitly required by federal or state law or court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The motion was further emphasized by a 2007 \u003ca href=\"http://sf311.org/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=426\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive directive \u003c/a>prohibiting city employees or agencies from assisting in any ICE investigation, detention or arrest proceeding unless required by federal law. And a section in the city's \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbos.org/ftp/uploadedfiles/bdsupvrs/bosagendas/materials/bag100113_130764.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">administrative code \u003c/a>prevents any city law enforcement officer from detaining an individual \"on the basis of a civil immigration detainer after that individual becomes eligible for release from custody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar to other sanctuary cities, exceptions apply to individuals convicted of violent felonies within the past seven years or in custody for another violent felony.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sanctuary cities have long been in President Donald Trump's crosshairs. The term refers to the scores of cities and counties across the United States that limit their cooperation with federal immigration authorities by refusing most requests to detain, pursue or report undocumented immigrants (those here illegally) who have had contact with local law enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Sanctuary-City-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: Sanctuary Cities (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Just days after taking office, Trump signed a sweeping \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/25/presidential-executive-order-enhancing-public-safety-interior-united\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive order\u003c/a> making good on his key campaign pledge to crack down on illegal immigration. In addition to authorizing the construction of a border wall with Mexico and beefing up immigration enforcement, the order also threatens to cut billions of dollars in federal funds from so-called sanctuary cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sanctuary jurisdictions across the United States willfully violate Federal law in an attempt to shield aliens from removal from the United States,\" the order states. It warns that those jurisdictions that don't comply with federal immigration enforcement efforts will lose federal funding. \"These jurisdictions have caused immeasurable harm to the American people and to the very fabric of our Republic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's order instructs federal immigration authorities to target a broader group of immigrants for deportation. It calls for the removal of immigrants \"who have committed acts that constitute a chargeable criminal offense\" or pose a public safety risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to Trump's 2016 election victory, mayors and police chiefs in more than 10 major cities, including San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles, New York, Chicago and Washington, D.C., reaffirmed their commitment to upholding sanctuary policies, and have continued to stand by those positions in the face of the recent order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'll proudly stand as a sanctuary city -- protecting our residents from what we deem unjust federal immigration laws -- fight all forms of bigotry and advance our commitment to equity even more passionately,\" Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/oakland-mayor-libby-schaaf-on-president-trump-move-beyond-anger-to-action/Content?oid=5034459\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stated \u003c/a>shortly after the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee reiterated that sentiment on Jan. 26 in his \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/26/mayor-ed-lee-reinforces-sanctuary-city-commitment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the City\u003c/a> address: “We are a sanctuary city now, tomorrow, forever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Jan. 31, San Francisco became the first city \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/31/s-f-files-suit-against-trump-saying-punishing-sanctuary-cities-is-illegal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to sue Trump \u003c/a>over his order to defund sanctuary jurisdictions. The lawsuit argues that the order is an unconstitutional overreach of the president's power, in violation of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/tenth_amendment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10th Amendment\u003c/a>, which it says protects the sovereignty of local jurisdictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“President Trump’s executive order tries to turn city and state employees into federal immigration officers. That is unconstitutional,” San Francisco City Attorney Dennis Herrera said when announcing the suit. “No president can commandeer the local police force and turn it into the deportation arm of the federal government.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco receives \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/SF-preparing-in-case-Trump-cuts-federal-funds-10607210.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nearly $500 million a year\u003c/a> in federal funds, which would be at risk if Trump's order survives in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) relies on local authorities to help enforce immigration laws, a 2013 federal appeals court \u003ca href=\"http://www2.ca3.uscourts.gov/opinarch/123991p.pdf#page=13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">decision\u003c/a> concluded that those local agencies are not legally required to detain undocumented immigrants when requested to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants currently reside in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What are sanctuary cities?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There's no official legal definition, and what it means varies from place to place. Generally speaking, local law enforcement in sanctuary cities or counties don't ask or report the immigration status of people they come into contact with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sanctuary jurisdiction typically refuses requests from federal immigration authorities to detain undocumented immigrants apprehended for low-level offenses. For example, when someone gets arrested for a DUI, he or she might spend the night in jail, get processed and then released. If this person is undocumented, though, federal immigration authorities would be alerted and may ask local officials to hold this person for longer, and possibly deport them. A city or county with a sanctuary policy would generally deny that request unless legally mandated to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How many sanctuary cities are there?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Depends who you ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2006 \u003ca href=\"http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2006,0912-crs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Congressional Research Service report \u003c/a>listed 32 counties and cities with explicit sanctuary ordinances. A number of cities have adopted similar resolutions since then, including Berkeley, Oakland and East Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an analysis of data from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilrc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Immigrant Legal Resource Center\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/02/us/sanctuary-cities.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York Times\u003c/a> tallied 39 cities and 364 counties across the country that in some way limit how much local law enforcement can cooperate with federal detention requests. It's unclear, however, how much action some of these jurisdictions have taken, other than officially expressing opposition to what they consider harsh federal or state immigration laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And organizations in some municipalities even challenge the label. In 2011, for instance, the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/26/opinion/la-ed-sanctuary-20110825\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Los Angeles Times editorial board\u003c/a> denied that Los Angeles was a sanctuary city, even though in 1979 the city had enacted a \u003ca href=\"http://assets.lapdonline.org/assets/pdf/SO_40.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">measure \u003c/a>to keep local police from inquiring about the immigration status of those arrested, one of the first cities in the country to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10961044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/FT_17.01.31_unauthorizedMetros_map.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10961044 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/FT_17.01.31_unauthorizedMetros_map.png\" width=\"640\" height=\"483\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Note: not all metro areas shown here are necessarily sanctuary cities.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Four states --\u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/13-14/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_4_bill_20130916_enrolled.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California\u003c/a>, Rhode Island, Vermont and Connecticut -- have also enacted ordinances in recent years that limit compliance with federal immigration officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A least \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2014/04/federal_ruling_sparks_halt_on.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nine Oregon counties\u003c/a> in 2014 stopped complying with ICE requests to hold undocumented immigrants in jail for the sole purpose of deportation. The change came after a federal judge ruled that one of those counties violated a woman’s Fourth Amendment rights by detaining her without probable cause. Some legal experts say the ruling may spur more local sanctuary policies across the state and possibly nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Are sanctuary cities more dangerous?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>On the campaign trail, and now as president, Trump has consistently \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2017/02/08/trumps-claim-that-sanctuary-cities-breed-crime/?utm_term=.9f83a4c2d5d1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">claimed\u003c/a> that sanctuary cities \"breed crime\" and have resulted in \"so many needless deaths,\" with the underlying suggestion that undocumented immigrants are more prone to violent criminal activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The language in his recent executive order underscores this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many aliens who illegally enter the United States and those who overstay or otherwise violate the terms of their visas present a significant threat to national security and public safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crime statistics, however, suggest otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/reports/2017/01/26/297366/the-effects-of-sanctuary-policies-on-crime-and-the-economy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent analysis\u003c/a> of FBI crime data by UC San Diego political science professor Tom Wong found that most counties considered “sanctuary” jurisdictions have notably lower rates of all types of crime, including homicide, than comparable non-sanctuary counties. In 2015, large metro sanctuary counties had 654 crimes fewer crimes per 100,000 people than large central metro non-sanctuary counties, the report found. That's nearly 15 percent less crime in sanctuary counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In smaller counties, the discrepancy was similar. The main exception, the report found, was in medium metro areas and counties bordering on large metro areas, where crime rates in sanctuary jurisdictions were slightly higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, it should be noted, was published by the Center for American Progress, a progressive policy organization. And it shows correlation, not causation. In other words, there no definitive proof that sanctuary policies actually \u003cem>cause\u003c/em> lower crime rates (it could just be a coincidence).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/criminalization-immigration-united-states\">study\u003c/a> by the American Immigration Council, a pro-immigrant group, analyzed FBI and census data from 1980 through 2010. It found that among men ages 18 to 49, immigrants (both legal and illegal) were far less likely than native-born Americans to engage in criminal behavior or to be incarcerated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now keep in mind that both of these studies were conducted by left-leaning organizations with progressive agendas. And even though the conclusions are based squarely on federal statistics, skeptics are likely to counter that the authors used selective data to produce desired results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, several national policing associations seem to have embraced these findings. As the Washington Post \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/01/27/trump-says-sanctuary-cities-are-hotbeds-of-crime-data-say-the-opposite/?utm_term=.76296b4c8be2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently reported\u003c/a>, the Major Cities Chiefs Association, representing the 63 largest urban areas in the nation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.majorcitieschiefs.com/pdf/news/MCC_Position_Statement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stated in a 2006 report,\u003c/a> that “immigration enforcement by local police would likely negatively affect and undermine the level of trust and cooperation between local police and immigrant communities,” which would “would result in increased crime against immigrants and in the broader community, create a class of silent victims and eliminate the potential for assistance from immigrants in solving crimes or preventing future terroristic acts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Association of Chiefs of Police reiterated this position, \u003ca href=\"http://www.theiacp.org/portals/0/pdfs/publications/immigrationenforcementconf.pdf\">writing that \u003c/a>“state and local law enforcement should not be involved in the enforcement of civil immigration laws since such involvement would likely have a chilling effect on both legal and illegal aliens reporting criminal activity or assisting police in criminal investigations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Which California cities have \"sanctuary\" policies?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: Although some of these cities may not explicitly identify as \"sanctuary cities,\" they've all adopted some type of policy (an ordinance, resolution or law enforcement directive) that limits how much local law enforcement officials can cooperate with federal immigration enforcement efforts. This is not necessarily a complete list - it only includes those cities for which official documentation could be found.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://mgreen.cartodb.com/viz/f606fe7c-24fe-11e5-873a-0e853d047bba/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What's the history?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The roots of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2011,0106-crs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">modern sanctuary movement\u003c/a> date back to the 1980s. U.S. churches, synagogues and other religious institutions began to provide refuge and services to thousands of undocumented immigrants from Guatemala and El Salvador who had fled civil unrest at home but were denied sanctuary in the U.S., largely due to Cold War politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort became known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/CommunityPolicingPaper3-09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sanctuary Movement\u003c/a>, and as it spread, a number of cities throughout the country joined in solidarity, passing resolutions to overlook the immigration status of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What are the arguments for and against these policies?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Supporters argue that cities have bigger public safety priorities and too few resources to handle immigration enforcement. Additionally, many local policymakers and law enforcement agencies argue that immigration enforcement is not their responsibility, and that cracking down on undocumented residents would undermine community relations, disrupt services and dissuade those residents from cooperating with crime prevention effort. They also note that none of their protective policies in any way prevent local police from pursuing immigrants suspected of committing crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump is among a large number of mostly Republicans opposed to sanctuary policies, arguing that they encourage illegal immigration, undermine federal enforcement efforts and severely compromise public safety, resulting in crimes that could have been avoided through deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What's unique about San Francisco's law?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Although the majority of sanctuary cities don't ask residents about their immigration status and refuse to share information with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), San Francisco is among a handful of localities that take things a bit further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://sfgsa.org/index.aspx?page=1069\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">City and County of Refuge ordinance\u003c/a>, adopted in 1989, prohibits the city from using any \"funds or resources to assist in the enforcement of federal immigration law or to gather or disseminate information regarding the immigration status\" of residents unless explicitly required by federal or state law or court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The motion was further emphasized by a 2007 \u003ca href=\"http://sf311.org/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=426\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive directive \u003c/a>prohibiting city employees or agencies from assisting in any ICE investigation, detention or arrest proceeding unless required by federal law. And a section in the city's \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbos.org/ftp/uploadedfiles/bdsupvrs/bosagendas/materials/bag100113_130764.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">administrative code \u003c/a>prevents any city law enforcement officer from detaining an individual \"on the basis of a civil immigration detainer after that individual becomes eligible for release from custody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar to other sanctuary cities, exceptions apply to individuals convicted of violent felonies within the past seven years or in custody for another violent felony.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Six Fun Education Resources for the Holiday Break",
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"content": "\u003cp>Thanksgiving, the holiday of feasting, can spark lots of learning opportunities in the classroom and at the family dining room table. From the life of a turkey to the typical cost of a Thanksgiving meal, these PBS LearningMedia infographics and videos will get students digging into a holiday we can be thankful for. \u003cstrong>Sign up for a free \u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PBS LearningMedia account\u003c/a> to access thousands more educational resources from PBS and partners. With PBS LearningMedia build interactive lessons and quizzes to create media rich teaching and learning opportunities in your classroom. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/mkqed-math-sp-thanksgiving/data-set-what-typical-thanksgiving-meal-costs-this-year/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What A Typical Thanksgiving Meal Costs This Year\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn this infographic explore the changes in costs of ingredients for a typical Thanksgiving meal from one year to the next. In the accompanying activity, students consider the advantages and disadvantages of the graphical display used in the infographic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/d003df73-61bd-4c30-b9bb-0e63e558bf19/d003df73-61bd-4c30-b9bb-0e63e558bf19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thanksgiving: Primary Images and Documents\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThroughout history, people have given thanks – sometimes in joyful celebration, often in solemn, even prayerful, ceremony. The United States, over hundreds of years, has come to observe a national holiday for giving thanks: Thanksgiving. This set of primary resources containing images and documents provides a window into this time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/02bb1a41-1a47-4fef-9b72-b5a93a26fbec/thanksgiving-day-us-department-of-state/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thanksgiving Day | U.S. Department of State PDF\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis U.S. Department of State PDF details the makings of Thanksgiving with an accompanying glossary of key terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/88f374e8-60d9-437c-948f-cb5bab940a31/the-making-of-a-turkey-nature-my-life-as-a-turkey/\">The Making of a Turkey | Nature: My Life as a Turkey\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNative to North America, the common turkey was tamed between 800 BC and 200 BC by the people of pre-Columbian Mexico. However, these early Americans weren’t the only ones to breed the bird. These Nature videos explore the long and complicated history of breeding the domesticated turkey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/b6aaf8ef-2648-4bad-834a-56ca5f60a1e6/thanksgiving-all-about-the-holidays/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thanksgiving | All About the Holidays\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis one minute video gives a quick and lively overview of the history and significance of Thanksgiving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/pbslm-spl-th01/pbslm-spl-th01/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A History of Thanksgiving\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis self-paced lesson provides historical context for Thanksgiving and presents students with writing-based activities. This is an activity that students can complete in class, or it can be assigned as a take-home assignment for family participation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This article was originally published on \u003cspan id=\"timestamp\">November 19, 2014. \u003c/span>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Thanksgiving, the holiday of feasting, can spark lots of learning opportunities in the classroom and at the family dining room table. From the life of a turkey to the typical cost of a Thanksgiving meal, these PBS LearningMedia infographics and videos will get students digging into a holiday we can be thankful for. \u003cstrong>Sign up for a free \u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PBS LearningMedia account\u003c/a> to access thousands more educational resources from PBS and partners. With PBS LearningMedia build interactive lessons and quizzes to create media rich teaching and learning opportunities in your classroom. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/mkqed-math-sp-thanksgiving/data-set-what-typical-thanksgiving-meal-costs-this-year/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What A Typical Thanksgiving Meal Costs This Year\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn this infographic explore the changes in costs of ingredients for a typical Thanksgiving meal from one year to the next. In the accompanying activity, students consider the advantages and disadvantages of the graphical display used in the infographic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/d003df73-61bd-4c30-b9bb-0e63e558bf19/d003df73-61bd-4c30-b9bb-0e63e558bf19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thanksgiving: Primary Images and Documents\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThroughout history, people have given thanks – sometimes in joyful celebration, often in solemn, even prayerful, ceremony. The United States, over hundreds of years, has come to observe a national holiday for giving thanks: Thanksgiving. This set of primary resources containing images and documents provides a window into this time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/02bb1a41-1a47-4fef-9b72-b5a93a26fbec/thanksgiving-day-us-department-of-state/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thanksgiving Day | U.S. Department of State PDF\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis U.S. Department of State PDF details the makings of Thanksgiving with an accompanying glossary of key terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/88f374e8-60d9-437c-948f-cb5bab940a31/the-making-of-a-turkey-nature-my-life-as-a-turkey/\">The Making of a Turkey | Nature: My Life as a Turkey\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNative to North America, the common turkey was tamed between 800 BC and 200 BC by the people of pre-Columbian Mexico. However, these early Americans weren’t the only ones to breed the bird. These Nature videos explore the long and complicated history of breeding the domesticated turkey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/b6aaf8ef-2648-4bad-834a-56ca5f60a1e6/thanksgiving-all-about-the-holidays/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thanksgiving | All About the Holidays\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis one minute video gives a quick and lively overview of the history and significance of Thanksgiving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/pbslm-spl-th01/pbslm-spl-th01/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A History of Thanksgiving\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis self-paced lesson provides historical context for Thanksgiving and presents students with writing-based activities. This is an activity that students can complete in class, or it can be assigned as a take-home assignment for family participation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This article was originally published on \u003cspan id=\"timestamp\">November 19, 2014. \u003c/span>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Millennials Voted in the 2016 Presidential Election",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside>\u003cb>\u003cspan>\u003cspan>Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca target=\"_self\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca target=\"_self\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Voter-turnout-lesson-plan_final.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: Voter Turnout (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Of the estimated 24 million people under 30 who voted in the 2016 presidential election, a large majority supported Hillary Clinton. But Clinton received notably \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/11/14/how-millennials-voted/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"How Millennials Voted in the 2016 Presidential Election\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "\u003cp>\u003cspan>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside>\u003cb>\u003cspan>\u003cspan>Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca target=\"_self\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\u003cli>\u003ca target=\"_self\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Voter-turnout-lesson-plan_final.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: Voter Turnout (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\u003c/aside>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Of the estimated 24 million people under 30 who voted in the 2016 presidential election, a large majority supported Hillary Clinton. But Clinton received notably",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside>\u003cb>\u003cspan>\u003cspan>Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca target=\"_self\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca target=\"_self\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Voter-turnout-lesson-plan_final.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: Voter Turnout (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Of the estimated 24 million people under 30 who voted in the 2016 presidential election, a large majority supported Hillary Clinton. But Clinton received notably \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/11/14/how-millennials-voted/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"How Millennials Voted in the 2016 Presidential Election\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "America's Veterans, By the Numbers",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nOn Nov. 11, 1919, the first anniversary marking the end of World War I -- the supposed \"war to end all wars\" -- Americans began celebrating what was then called Armistice Day. It later became a national holiday, and in 1954 President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed legislation changing the name to Veterans Day to honor those who fought for the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a brief snapshot of America's veteran population in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">18.5 million: Total veteran population\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gd_p\" align=\"left\">That's according to the U.S. Census' \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/DP02\">American Community Survey \u003c/a>(the figure reported by the Department of Veterans Affairs is slightly higher). The population has markedly decreased in recent years (down from nearly 22 million in 2010), with the decline in living World War II and Korean War vets. Veterans today make up nearly 8 percent of the nation's adult population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gd_p\" align=\"left\">In 2016, only three states had a million or more veterans: California (1.6 million), Texas (1.5 million) and Florida (1.4 million).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20105\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2718px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-20105 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41.jpg\" alt=\"Military veterans observing a moment of silience.\" width=\"2718\" height=\"1800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41.jpg 2718w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-1440x954.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-1180x781.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-960x636.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2718px) 100vw, 2718px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Military veterans observing a moment of silience. \u003ccite>(Navy photo by Journalist Seaman S. C. Irwin/Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">1.6 million: Female veterans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The number of female veterans has grown markedly since the Gulf Wars, when significant numbers of women began enlisting in the military and participating in combat operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/B21001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20104\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 3008px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-20104 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf.jpg\" alt=\"Four F-15 Eagle pilots from the 3rd Wing walk to their respective jets at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, on Wednesday, July 5, for the fini flight of Maj. Andrea Misener (far left). To her right are Capt. Jammie Jamieson, Maj. Carey Jones and Capt. Samantha Weeks. (U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. Keith Brown)\" width=\"3008\" height=\"1960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf.jpg 3008w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-400x261.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-800x521.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-1440x938.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-960x626.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3008px) 100vw, 3008px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four F-15 Eagle pilots from the 3rd Wing walk to their respective jets at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska. (U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. Keith Brown) \u003ccite>(Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">11.6: Percent of black veterans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gd_p\" align=\"left\">Roughly one in five of those enlisted in the military today are black. Additionally, 6.1 percent were Hispanic; 1.6 percent were Asian; 0.7 percent were American Indian or Alaska Native; 0.2 percent were Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander; and 1.2 percent were some other race. 78 percent were non-Hispanic white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gd_p\" align=\"left\">Source: \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/S2101\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20108\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 670px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/1384203710.jpg.CROP_.rtstory-large.jpg\" alt=\"President Obama greets a group of black veterans at the White House.\" width=\"670\" height=\"377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/1384203710.jpg.CROP_.rtstory-large.jpg 670w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/1384203710.jpg.CROP_.rtstory-large-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Obama greets a group of black veterans at the White House. \u003ccite>(Twitter/@BarackObama)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">6.7 million: Vietnam veterans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Vietnam veterans comprised the largest living group of veterans. About 5.5 million veterans served during the Gulf War era (representing service from August 1990 to present); 1.1 million served in World War II; 2.0 million served in the Korean War; and 4.4 million served in peacetime only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/B21002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20109\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20109\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/vietnam.jpg\" alt=\"Vietnam War veteran Michael Sullivan Sr. waves a Prisoner of War/Missing in Action flag during the Vietnam veterans ceremony in Huntsville, AL.\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/vietnam.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/vietnam-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vietnam War veteran Michael Sullivan Sr. waves a Prisoner of War/Missing in Action flag during the Vietnam veterans ceremony in Huntsville, AL. \u003ccite>(U.S. Army)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">4 million: Veterans with disabilities\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In 2016, approximately 4 million veterans had a \"service-connected disability,\" defined as disease or injury (mental or physical) incurred or aggravated during active military service. The Department of Veterans Affairs ranks the severity of a veteran's disability from 0 to 100 percent, which determines eligibility for compensation. 1.3 million veterans had a rating of 70 percent or higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/B21100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/zeXMw_DQGU4\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">40,000: Homeless veterans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There were nearly 40,000 (homeless veterans in 2016 (counted across the nation on a single night in January 2016). Veterans are still overrepresented among America's homeless population (about 8 percent). But the veteran homeless population has actually decreased by \u003ca href=\"http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/press/press_releases_media_advisories/2016/HUDNo_16-117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than half\u003c/a> since 2010, a result of increased local and federal efforts to provide housing and support services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeless veterans tend to be male (91 percent), single (98 percent), live in a city (76 percent), and have a mental and/or physical disability (54 percent), according to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, based on the 2016 point-in-time count data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black veterans are substantially overrepresented among homeless veterans, comprising 39 percent of the total homeless veteran population but only 11 percent of the total veteran population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.endhomelessness.org/library/entry/fact-sheet-veteran-homelessness\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Alliance to End Homelessness\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_L8o35Ds6Tw\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>America's War Dead\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>America has never been a stranger to war. In our relatively short history as a nation, we've fought a lot of them: 11 official wars and numerous other domestic and international military conflicts that have collectively resulted in a huge number of casualties on both sides of the battlefield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a sober fact we're reminded of on Veterans Day and Memorial Day, particularly in light of the nearly 7,000 U.S. troops killed, and the many more wounded, over the last decade in our most recent and ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, even as the U.S. military continues to grow more inclusive, Americans on average are far less likely than previous generations to either be involved in an armed military conflict or to know a friend or family member serving in one. That's in large part because the military has been an all-volunteer force since the end of the Vietnam War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Paul Waldman of the \u003ca href=\"http://prospect.org/article/american-war-dead-numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Prospect\u003c/a> wrote in a 2014 article:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The number of Americans who were in uniform peaked during the national mobilizations of World War I and World War II, particularly the latter, when more than 16 million Americans were in the armed forces. As a proportion of the population, 14 times as many Americans served in World War II as did in the wars of the last decade.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also stark, notes Waldman, is the rate of U.S. fatalities rates in today's conflicts as compared to those of even the recent past: \"In Vietnam, the figure was one death for every 58 who deployed, and in both World War I and World War II it was around one in 40. During the Civil War it was one in five. That of course meant that many more Americans would know someone who died.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In short, modern American warfare has become less a national sacrifice than it once was, with a significantly smaller percentage of the nation's population bearing the burden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind that some of these figures, particularly those from older conflicts, are rough estimates. Sources are listed beneath the chart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//e.infogr.am/ac52f636-e624-4c5b-9248-3b4aa7804453?src=embed\" title=\"U.S. War Deaths\" width=\"802\" height=\"870\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sources\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>- War fatalities/deployments: \u003ca href=\"http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dept. of Veterans Affairs \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Defense\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n- Population figures: \u003ca href=\"http://prospect.org/article/american-war-dead-numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Waldman, American Prospect\u003c/a> (based on U.S. Census data from the year each war began)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nOn Nov. 11, 1919, the first anniversary marking the end of World War I -- the supposed \"war to end all wars\" -- Americans began celebrating what was then called Armistice Day. It later became a national holiday, and in 1954 President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed legislation changing the name to Veterans Day to honor those who fought for the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a brief snapshot of America's veteran population in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">18.5 million: Total veteran population\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gd_p\" align=\"left\">That's according to the U.S. Census' \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/DP02\">American Community Survey \u003c/a>(the figure reported by the Department of Veterans Affairs is slightly higher). The population has markedly decreased in recent years (down from nearly 22 million in 2010), with the decline in living World War II and Korean War vets. Veterans today make up nearly 8 percent of the nation's adult population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gd_p\" align=\"left\">In 2016, only three states had a million or more veterans: California (1.6 million), Texas (1.5 million) and Florida (1.4 million).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20105\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2718px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-20105 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41.jpg\" alt=\"Military veterans observing a moment of silience.\" width=\"2718\" height=\"1800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41.jpg 2718w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-1440x954.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-1180x781.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/US_Navy_050528-N-6843I-006_Military_veterans_observe_a_moment_of_silence_aboard_the_decommissioned_aircraft_carrier_USS_Midway_CV_41-960x636.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2718px) 100vw, 2718px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Military veterans observing a moment of silience. \u003ccite>(Navy photo by Journalist Seaman S. C. Irwin/Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">1.6 million: Female veterans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The number of female veterans has grown markedly since the Gulf Wars, when significant numbers of women began enlisting in the military and participating in combat operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/B21001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20104\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 3008px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-20104 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf.jpg\" alt=\"Four F-15 Eagle pilots from the 3rd Wing walk to their respective jets at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, on Wednesday, July 5, for the fini flight of Maj. Andrea Misener (far left). To her right are Capt. Jammie Jamieson, Maj. Carey Jones and Capt. Samantha Weeks. (U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. Keith Brown)\" width=\"3008\" height=\"1960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf.jpg 3008w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-400x261.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-800x521.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-1440x938.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/F-15_pilots_Elmendorf-960x626.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3008px) 100vw, 3008px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four F-15 Eagle pilots from the 3rd Wing walk to their respective jets at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska. (U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. Keith Brown) \u003ccite>(Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">11.6: Percent of black veterans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gd_p\" align=\"left\">Roughly one in five of those enlisted in the military today are black. Additionally, 6.1 percent were Hispanic; 1.6 percent were Asian; 0.7 percent were American Indian or Alaska Native; 0.2 percent were Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander; and 1.2 percent were some other race. 78 percent were non-Hispanic white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gd_p\" align=\"left\">Source: \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/S2101\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20108\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 670px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/1384203710.jpg.CROP_.rtstory-large.jpg\" alt=\"President Obama greets a group of black veterans at the White House.\" width=\"670\" height=\"377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/1384203710.jpg.CROP_.rtstory-large.jpg 670w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/1384203710.jpg.CROP_.rtstory-large-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Obama greets a group of black veterans at the White House. \u003ccite>(Twitter/@BarackObama)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">6.7 million: Vietnam veterans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Vietnam veterans comprised the largest living group of veterans. About 5.5 million veterans served during the Gulf War era (representing service from August 1990 to present); 1.1 million served in World War II; 2.0 million served in the Korean War; and 4.4 million served in peacetime only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/B21002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20109\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20109\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/vietnam.jpg\" alt=\"Vietnam War veteran Michael Sullivan Sr. waves a Prisoner of War/Missing in Action flag during the Vietnam veterans ceremony in Huntsville, AL.\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/vietnam.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/vietnam-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vietnam War veteran Michael Sullivan Sr. waves a Prisoner of War/Missing in Action flag during the Vietnam veterans ceremony in Huntsville, AL. \u003ccite>(U.S. Army)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">4 million: Veterans with disabilities\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In 2016, approximately 4 million veterans had a \"service-connected disability,\" defined as disease or injury (mental or physical) incurred or aggravated during active military service. The Department of Veterans Affairs ranks the severity of a veteran's disability from 0 to 100 percent, which determines eligibility for compensation. 1.3 million veterans had a rating of 70 percent or higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/B21100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Community Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/zeXMw_DQGU4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/zeXMw_DQGU4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: red;\">40,000: Homeless veterans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There were nearly 40,000 (homeless veterans in 2016 (counted across the nation on a single night in January 2016). Veterans are still overrepresented among America's homeless population (about 8 percent). But the veteran homeless population has actually decreased by \u003ca href=\"http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/press/press_releases_media_advisories/2016/HUDNo_16-117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than half\u003c/a> since 2010, a result of increased local and federal efforts to provide housing and support services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeless veterans tend to be male (91 percent), single (98 percent), live in a city (76 percent), and have a mental and/or physical disability (54 percent), according to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, based on the 2016 point-in-time count data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black veterans are substantially overrepresented among homeless veterans, comprising 39 percent of the total homeless veteran population but only 11 percent of the total veteran population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.endhomelessness.org/library/entry/fact-sheet-veteran-homelessness\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Alliance to End Homelessness\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/_L8o35Ds6Tw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/_L8o35Ds6Tw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>America's War Dead\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>America has never been a stranger to war. In our relatively short history as a nation, we've fought a lot of them: 11 official wars and numerous other domestic and international military conflicts that have collectively resulted in a huge number of casualties on both sides of the battlefield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a sober fact we're reminded of on Veterans Day and Memorial Day, particularly in light of the nearly 7,000 U.S. troops killed, and the many more wounded, over the last decade in our most recent and ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, even as the U.S. military continues to grow more inclusive, Americans on average are far less likely than previous generations to either be involved in an armed military conflict or to know a friend or family member serving in one. That's in large part because the military has been an all-volunteer force since the end of the Vietnam War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Paul Waldman of the \u003ca href=\"http://prospect.org/article/american-war-dead-numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Prospect\u003c/a> wrote in a 2014 article:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The number of Americans who were in uniform peaked during the national mobilizations of World War I and World War II, particularly the latter, when more than 16 million Americans were in the armed forces. As a proportion of the population, 14 times as many Americans served in World War II as did in the wars of the last decade.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also stark, notes Waldman, is the rate of U.S. fatalities rates in today's conflicts as compared to those of even the recent past: \"In Vietnam, the figure was one death for every 58 who deployed, and in both World War I and World War II it was around one in 40. During the Civil War it was one in five. That of course meant that many more Americans would know someone who died.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In short, modern American warfare has become less a national sacrifice than it once was, with a significantly smaller percentage of the nation's population bearing the burden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind that some of these figures, particularly those from older conflicts, are rough estimates. Sources are listed beneath the chart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//e.infogr.am/ac52f636-e624-4c5b-9248-3b4aa7804453?src=embed\" title=\"U.S. War Deaths\" width=\"802\" height=\"870\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sources\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>- War fatalities/deployments: \u003ca href=\"http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dept. of Veterans Affairs \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Defense\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n- Population figures: \u003ca href=\"http://prospect.org/article/american-war-dead-numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Waldman, American Prospect\u003c/a> (based on U.S. Census data from the year each war began)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "VIDEO: Wait, Why Do We Vote on Tuesday?",
"title": "VIDEO: Wait, Why Do We Vote on Tuesday?",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/9WvoGlQ7zH8\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comedian Chris Rock\u003ca href=\"http://www.vulture.com/2008/05/the_five_best_jokes_from_chris.html\" target=\"_blank\"> once famously said\u003c/a>: “They don’t want you to vote. If they did, we wouldn’t vote on a Tuesday. In November. You ever throw a party on a Tuesday? No. Because nobody would come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So really, why do we vote on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November? Few would argue it's the most convenient time to vote. And surely a non-working day would lure more people to the polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has notoriously low voter turnout, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/08/02/u-s-voter-turnout-trails-most-developed-countries/\" target=\"_blank\">trailing most other developed nations\u003c/a>. And a number of them, including Austria, Sweden, France, Germany, New Zealand and India, hold their elections on weekends or holidays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why not us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR political editor Domenico Montanaro explains in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2016/11/01/214775/why_do_we_vote_on_tuesdays?source=npr&category=politics\" target=\"_blank\">this recent post\u003c/a>, the Tuesday after the first Monday in November was established for presidential elections in 1845, and later adopted for U.S. congressional elections. Back then, when America was a predominantly Christian agricultural society, this was actually deemed a convenient time. Sundays were out because of church, and farmers needed ample travel time to make it on horse or by foot to the county seat to cast their vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early November, Montanaro adds, the weather was still usually mild in most parts of the country, and most farmers had completed their fall harvest by then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to why it wasn't the first November, Montanaro points to several reasons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nov. 1 is all Saints Day, observed by Roman Catholics; most merchants did their books from the previous month on the first; and members of Congress were concerned that the economic health of the previous month \"might prove an undue influence on the vote.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tradition aside, a growing number of voices are demanding a date change for America's elections. A group called\u003ca href=\"http://www.whytuesday.org/2012/03/09/u-s-reps-announce-legislation-to-move-election-day/\"> Why Tuesday\u003c/a> has for years been pushing for legislation that would move Election Day to the weekend. As Montanaro notes:\"Some members of Congress have taken up the mantle. Reps. Steve Israel of New York and John Larson of Connecticut have \u003ca href=\"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr4183/text\">repeatedly introduced the Weekend Voting Act\u003c/a>, which would move voting from Tuesday to Saturday and Sunday.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The act has resurfaced several times in the past decade, but been repeatedly killed in committee before making it to the House floor for a vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for the foreseeable future, Tuesday it is.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/9WvoGlQ7zH8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/9WvoGlQ7zH8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Comedian Chris Rock\u003ca href=\"http://www.vulture.com/2008/05/the_five_best_jokes_from_chris.html\" target=\"_blank\"> once famously said\u003c/a>: “They don’t want you to vote. If they did, we wouldn’t vote on a Tuesday. In November. You ever throw a party on a Tuesday? No. Because nobody would come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So really, why do we vote on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November? Few would argue it's the most convenient time to vote. And surely a non-working day would lure more people to the polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has notoriously low voter turnout, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/08/02/u-s-voter-turnout-trails-most-developed-countries/\" target=\"_blank\">trailing most other developed nations\u003c/a>. And a number of them, including Austria, Sweden, France, Germany, New Zealand and India, hold their elections on weekends or holidays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why not us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR political editor Domenico Montanaro explains in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2016/11/01/214775/why_do_we_vote_on_tuesdays?source=npr&category=politics\" target=\"_blank\">this recent post\u003c/a>, the Tuesday after the first Monday in November was established for presidential elections in 1845, and later adopted for U.S. congressional elections. Back then, when America was a predominantly Christian agricultural society, this was actually deemed a convenient time. Sundays were out because of church, and farmers needed ample travel time to make it on horse or by foot to the county seat to cast their vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early November, Montanaro adds, the weather was still usually mild in most parts of the country, and most farmers had completed their fall harvest by then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to why it wasn't the first November, Montanaro points to several reasons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nov. 1 is all Saints Day, observed by Roman Catholics; most merchants did their books from the previous month on the first; and members of Congress were concerned that the economic health of the previous month \"might prove an undue influence on the vote.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tradition aside, a growing number of voices are demanding a date change for America's elections. A group called\u003ca href=\"http://www.whytuesday.org/2012/03/09/u-s-reps-announce-legislation-to-move-election-day/\"> Why Tuesday\u003c/a> has for years been pushing for legislation that would move Election Day to the weekend. As Montanaro notes:\"Some members of Congress have taken up the mantle. Reps. Steve Israel of New York and John Larson of Connecticut have \u003ca href=\"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr4183/text\">repeatedly introduced the Weekend Voting Act\u003c/a>, which would move voting from Tuesday to Saturday and Sunday.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The act has resurfaced several times in the past decade, but been repeatedly killed in committee before making it to the House floor for a vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for the foreseeable future, Tuesday it is.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Think you know your state's voting rules? Better check again before heading to the polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the state you live in, those rules may have gotten a good deal more restrictive since the last time you voted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 14 states, this is the first presidential election with new voting restrictions in place, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.brennancenter.org/voting-restrictions-first-time-2016\" target=\"_blank\">Brennan Center for Justice\u003c/a>, a nonprofit law and policy institute that advocates for more inclusive voting policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.brennancenter.org/voting-restrictions-first-time-2016\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24428\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap.jpg\" alt=\"voteridmap\" width=\"951\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap.jpg 951w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-800x568.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-768x545.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-240x170.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-375x266.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-520x369.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 951px) 100vw, 951px\">\u003c/a>The new voting laws have been mostly instituted in states with Republican-led legislatures, with the ostensible intention of reducing voter fraud. The changes, which snowballed after a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/tag/voting-rights-act/\" target=\"_blank\">2013 Supreme Court ruling \u003c/a>scaling back the Voting Rights Act, range from photo ID requirements and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/02/26/felon-voting\" target=\"_blank\">felon voting restrictions\u003c/a> to shorter registration windows and limited early voting periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among these, voter identification requirements remain the most controversial. Because certain kinds of government-issued ID, particularly photo IDs, often require administrative fees and waiting times, opponents say these requirements hearken back to the poll taxes of the Jim Crow South, a blatant effort to prevent entire communities from voting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>32 states currently require voters to show some form of identification at the polls, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/voter-id.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">National Conference of State Legislatures\u003c/a>. Seven of them have strict voter ID requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 11 percent of eligible voters don't have government-issued photo IDs, according to the Brennan Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Carolina's 2013 voter ID law was recently struck down by a federal appeals court, which found that the law was intentionally aimed at the black vote. Two separate court rulings this summer scaled back new voting restrictions in Texas and Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/voter-id.aspx\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24429\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2.jpg\" alt=\"voteridmap2\" width=\"771\" height=\"580\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2.jpg 771w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-768x578.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-240x181.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-375x282.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-520x391.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 771px) 100vw, 771px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voting rights advocates argue that stricter voting laws disproportionately suppress turnout among students, African-Americans and low-income voters, groups that traditionally lean Democratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most new voting laws haven't been in place long enough to accurately measure their impact on participation. But several studies predict that these laws could thwart hundreds of thousands of otherwise eligible voters from voting. In \u003ca href=\"http://pages.ucsd.edu/~zhajnal/page5/documents/voterIDhajnaletal.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">one recent study\u003c/a>, political scientists at the University of California, San Diego compared voter turnout from 2008 to 2012 in states that did and did not implement strict voter ID laws. In states that began enforcing these laws, voter participation decreased markedly, particularly among blacks, Hispanics and mixed-race groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of stricter laws counter that voter fraud remains a serious threat that needs to be addressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our Republic flourishes when citizens are confident that their vote is free, fair, and secure,\" notes Catherine Engelbrecht, founder of the advocacy group \u003ca href=\"https://truethevote.org/aboutus\" target=\"_blank\">True the Vote\u003c/a>. But concern over election fraud, she adds \"jeopardizes our entire system of government, eroding our trust in elected leaders and undermining our confidence in the system by which they govern - beginning at the polls and rising up through the highest offices in the land.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even though a majority of Americans \u003ca href=\"http://www.people-press.org/2012/10/11/broad-support-for-photo-id-voting-requirements/\" target=\"_blank\">favor voter ID requirements\u003c/a> numerous non-partisan studies of voting records show that voter fraud is exceptionally rare and statistically insignificant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one recent investigation, Loyola Law School professor Justin Levitt found only \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/08/06/a-comprehensive-investigation-of-voter-impersonation-finds-31-credible-incidents-out-of-one-billion-ballots-cast/?tid=a_inl\" target=\"_blank\">31 credible incidents of voter impersonation\u003c/a> out of a sample of more than 1 billion votes cast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really not one America when it comes to voting,\" Judith Brown-Dianis of the Advancement Project explains in the documentary \u003ca href=\"http://electoraldysfunction.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Electoral Dysfunction.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the text of the original Constitution doesn't actually include a single mention of voting rights; the founders left this to the discretion of states. Only subsequent amendments (namely, the 15th, 19th, 23rd and 26th) prevent voting rights from being denied to certain formerly disenfranchised populations (people of color, women, 18 to 20-year-olds). States, though, remain largely free to determine their own voting procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Constitution, at the nation's birth, made no mention of voting rights whatsoever,\" Harvard University History Professor Alex Keyssar notes in the documentary. \"[The Founders] were unsure, in fact, whether voting was a right or a privilege. And if it was a right, they weren't sure who the right actually belonged to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an ambiguity that continues to play out today: voting laws vary drastically from one state to the next, helping to determine who's allowed to participate and who gets stuck watching from the sidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/UMl0MHFGhE8\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Additional resources\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eac.gov/voter_resources/contact_your_state.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Links to official election resources for all 50 states\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.brennancenter.org/student-voting\" target=\"_blank\">Brennan Center: state-by-state student voting guide\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://electoraldysfunction.org/classroom/\" target=\"_blank\">Electoral Dysfunction (film) educator resources \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://truethevote.org/\" target=\"_blank\">True the Vote \u003c/a>(advocates for stricter protections against voter fraud)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/voting-rights-by-state-map\" target=\"_blank\">ProPublica: Everything that's happened since the Supreme Court's Voting Rights Act decision \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Think you know your state's voting rules? Better check again before heading to the polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the state you live in, those rules may have gotten a good deal more restrictive since the last time you voted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 14 states, this is the first presidential election with new voting restrictions in place, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.brennancenter.org/voting-restrictions-first-time-2016\" target=\"_blank\">Brennan Center for Justice\u003c/a>, a nonprofit law and policy institute that advocates for more inclusive voting policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.brennancenter.org/voting-restrictions-first-time-2016\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24428\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap.jpg\" alt=\"voteridmap\" width=\"951\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap.jpg 951w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-800x568.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-768x545.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-240x170.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-375x266.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/VoterIDmap-520x369.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 951px) 100vw, 951px\">\u003c/a>The new voting laws have been mostly instituted in states with Republican-led legislatures, with the ostensible intention of reducing voter fraud. The changes, which snowballed after a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/tag/voting-rights-act/\" target=\"_blank\">2013 Supreme Court ruling \u003c/a>scaling back the Voting Rights Act, range from photo ID requirements and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/02/26/felon-voting\" target=\"_blank\">felon voting restrictions\u003c/a> to shorter registration windows and limited early voting periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among these, voter identification requirements remain the most controversial. Because certain kinds of government-issued ID, particularly photo IDs, often require administrative fees and waiting times, opponents say these requirements hearken back to the poll taxes of the Jim Crow South, a blatant effort to prevent entire communities from voting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>32 states currently require voters to show some form of identification at the polls, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/voter-id.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">National Conference of State Legislatures\u003c/a>. Seven of them have strict voter ID requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 11 percent of eligible voters don't have government-issued photo IDs, according to the Brennan Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Carolina's 2013 voter ID law was recently struck down by a federal appeals court, which found that the law was intentionally aimed at the black vote. Two separate court rulings this summer scaled back new voting restrictions in Texas and Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/voter-id.aspx\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24429\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2.jpg\" alt=\"voteridmap2\" width=\"771\" height=\"580\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2.jpg 771w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-768x578.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-240x181.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-375x282.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/04/voteridmap2-520x391.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 771px) 100vw, 771px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voting rights advocates argue that stricter voting laws disproportionately suppress turnout among students, African-Americans and low-income voters, groups that traditionally lean Democratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most new voting laws haven't been in place long enough to accurately measure their impact on participation. But several studies predict that these laws could thwart hundreds of thousands of otherwise eligible voters from voting. In \u003ca href=\"http://pages.ucsd.edu/~zhajnal/page5/documents/voterIDhajnaletal.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">one recent study\u003c/a>, political scientists at the University of California, San Diego compared voter turnout from 2008 to 2012 in states that did and did not implement strict voter ID laws. In states that began enforcing these laws, voter participation decreased markedly, particularly among blacks, Hispanics and mixed-race groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of stricter laws counter that voter fraud remains a serious threat that needs to be addressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our Republic flourishes when citizens are confident that their vote is free, fair, and secure,\" notes Catherine Engelbrecht, founder of the advocacy group \u003ca href=\"https://truethevote.org/aboutus\" target=\"_blank\">True the Vote\u003c/a>. But concern over election fraud, she adds \"jeopardizes our entire system of government, eroding our trust in elected leaders and undermining our confidence in the system by which they govern - beginning at the polls and rising up through the highest offices in the land.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even though a majority of Americans \u003ca href=\"http://www.people-press.org/2012/10/11/broad-support-for-photo-id-voting-requirements/\" target=\"_blank\">favor voter ID requirements\u003c/a> numerous non-partisan studies of voting records show that voter fraud is exceptionally rare and statistically insignificant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one recent investigation, Loyola Law School professor Justin Levitt found only \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/08/06/a-comprehensive-investigation-of-voter-impersonation-finds-31-credible-incidents-out-of-one-billion-ballots-cast/?tid=a_inl\" target=\"_blank\">31 credible incidents of voter impersonation\u003c/a> out of a sample of more than 1 billion votes cast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really not one America when it comes to voting,\" Judith Brown-Dianis of the Advancement Project explains in the documentary \u003ca href=\"http://electoraldysfunction.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Electoral Dysfunction.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the text of the original Constitution doesn't actually include a single mention of voting rights; the founders left this to the discretion of states. Only subsequent amendments (namely, the 15th, 19th, 23rd and 26th) prevent voting rights from being denied to certain formerly disenfranchised populations (people of color, women, 18 to 20-year-olds). States, though, remain largely free to determine their own voting procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Constitution, at the nation's birth, made no mention of voting rights whatsoever,\" Harvard University History Professor Alex Keyssar notes in the documentary. \"[The Founders] were unsure, in fact, whether voting was a right or a privilege. And if it was a right, they weren't sure who the right actually belonged to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an ambiguity that continues to play out today: voting laws vary drastically from one state to the next, helping to determine who's allowed to participate and who gets stuck watching from the sidelines.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/UMl0MHFGhE8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/UMl0MHFGhE8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>Additional resources\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eac.gov/voter_resources/contact_your_state.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Links to official election resources for all 50 states\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.brennancenter.org/student-voting\" target=\"_blank\">Brennan Center: state-by-state student voting guide\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://electoraldysfunction.org/classroom/\" target=\"_blank\">Electoral Dysfunction (film) educator resources \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://truethevote.org/\" target=\"_blank\">True the Vote \u003c/a>(advocates for stricter protections against voter fraud)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/voting-rights-by-state-map\" target=\"_blank\">ProPublica: Everything that's happened since the Supreme Court's Voting Rights Act decision \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's here. It's finally here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Polling-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Political Polling (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>When it comes down to it, Election Day is the \u003cem>ultimate\u003c/em> political poll -- the definitive survey -- when millions of campaign-weary Americans finally get to cast their ballots and (hopefully) lay to rest this bitter, exhaustive presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the results filter in, it's also a good moment to consider the accuracy and influence of that massive tsunami of polling data that we've been inundated with for the last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polls generally refer to surveys of public opinions and forecasts of election results. And since the 1990s, when major news organization began conducting their own polls, the polling business has been booming. Today it's a billion-dollar industry with an army of polling firms cranking out thousands of surveys each year. Political candidates and elected officials also now typically commission their own polls to gauge approval ratings and messaging impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't always like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern polling was pioneered in the 1930s by George Gallup, a statistician who began conducting surveys using a statistical model he called \"quota sampling\" to predict election outcomes and measure public opinion. As Harvard historian Jill Lepore explains in her \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/politics-and-the-new-machine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New Yorker article\u003c/a>, the relatively small group of respondents that Gallup selected to randomly sample for each pollreflected a mini-electorate, demographically proportionate and representative of the larger voting population (same percentages of men, women, black, white, young, old, conservative, liberal, etc.). Lepore says that Gallup believed polling was essential to democracy as a tool to gauge the will of the people. And for decades, Gallup's organization, and a small group of others, were among the only firms producing these kinds of polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lepore notes that back then, the response rate among those surveyed was remarkably high, at roughly 90 percent. Today, however, the average poll response rate is in the single digits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the biggest factors at play, she says, is the widespread adoption of mobile phones and the move away from landlines. The majority of polls are still conducted by phone. And because federal law prevents auto-dialing to cell phones, it's become significantly harder and costlier to reach the adequate number respondents necessary to generate a representative sample of the electorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, a growing number of polls are conducted through websites and social media platforms. These are usually opt-in polls, in which site visitors actively choose to participate (as opposed to being randomly called on), and are generally considered less reliable Those who choose to respond to online polls are rarely representative of the larger electorate, and so results can be biased and misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of a \"sample\" as a small model of the larger population. The goal in sampling is to use that smaller subset to represent the larger whole. Random sampling simply means that each member of the larger population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Generally (although not always), the larger the sample size, the more accurate the poll. The average poll has a sample size of 1000 adults, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pollingreport.com/ncpp.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Council on Public Polls\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYi6Ibf3e0o\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most polls also include a margin or error, a +/- figure that's a measure of the pollster's confidence that the sample accurately represents the whole population. The larger that margin of error, the less accurate the poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today's electorate is also more diverse than ever before, and many polls don't reach the sample populations that reflect this diversity, especially if there are language barriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, it's important to remember that pollsters with specific agendas can easily manipulate how they conduct polls in order to produce outcomes favorable to their interests (a conservative polling firm typically produces results that skew conservative, and vice versa for a liberal polling firm). Doing so can make candidates or issues appear more popular than they actually are, and ultimately influence voter decisions. Which is why, as a consumer of polling data, it's so important to pay attention to who conducted the poll, why they conducted it, how they conducted it and what questions they asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncpp.org/files/20%20Questions%203rd%20edition_Web%20ver_2006.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">20 questions a journalist should ask about poll results\u003c/a>,\" published by the NCPP, is a good guide for helping to decide if a poll is worth its weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data news site \u003ca href=\"http://fivethirtyeight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FiveThirtyEight \u003c/a>continuously updates its election predictions by aggregating hundreds of poll results. Each poll is weighted based on a rating system that considers the pollster's methodology and track record. Check out its rankings of some of the major polling firms \u003ca href=\"http://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/pollster-ratings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's here. It's finally here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Polling-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Political Polling (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>When it comes down to it, Election Day is the \u003cem>ultimate\u003c/em> political poll -- the definitive survey -- when millions of campaign-weary Americans finally get to cast their ballots and (hopefully) lay to rest this bitter, exhaustive presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the results filter in, it's also a good moment to consider the accuracy and influence of that massive tsunami of polling data that we've been inundated with for the last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polls generally refer to surveys of public opinions and forecasts of election results. And since the 1990s, when major news organization began conducting their own polls, the polling business has been booming. Today it's a billion-dollar industry with an army of polling firms cranking out thousands of surveys each year. Political candidates and elected officials also now typically commission their own polls to gauge approval ratings and messaging impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't always like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern polling was pioneered in the 1930s by George Gallup, a statistician who began conducting surveys using a statistical model he called \"quota sampling\" to predict election outcomes and measure public opinion. As Harvard historian Jill Lepore explains in her \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/politics-and-the-new-machine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New Yorker article\u003c/a>, the relatively small group of respondents that Gallup selected to randomly sample for each pollreflected a mini-electorate, demographically proportionate and representative of the larger voting population (same percentages of men, women, black, white, young, old, conservative, liberal, etc.). Lepore says that Gallup believed polling was essential to democracy as a tool to gauge the will of the people. And for decades, Gallup's organization, and a small group of others, were among the only firms producing these kinds of polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lepore notes that back then, the response rate among those surveyed was remarkably high, at roughly 90 percent. Today, however, the average poll response rate is in the single digits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the biggest factors at play, she says, is the widespread adoption of mobile phones and the move away from landlines. The majority of polls are still conducted by phone. And because federal law prevents auto-dialing to cell phones, it's become significantly harder and costlier to reach the adequate number respondents necessary to generate a representative sample of the electorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, a growing number of polls are conducted through websites and social media platforms. These are usually opt-in polls, in which site visitors actively choose to participate (as opposed to being randomly called on), and are generally considered less reliable Those who choose to respond to online polls are rarely representative of the larger electorate, and so results can be biased and misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of a \"sample\" as a small model of the larger population. The goal in sampling is to use that smaller subset to represent the larger whole. Random sampling simply means that each member of the larger population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Generally (although not always), the larger the sample size, the more accurate the poll. The average poll has a sample size of 1000 adults, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pollingreport.com/ncpp.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Council on Public Polls\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/gYi6Ibf3e0o'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/gYi6Ibf3e0o'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Most polls also include a margin or error, a +/- figure that's a measure of the pollster's confidence that the sample accurately represents the whole population. The larger that margin of error, the less accurate the poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today's electorate is also more diverse than ever before, and many polls don't reach the sample populations that reflect this diversity, especially if there are language barriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, it's important to remember that pollsters with specific agendas can easily manipulate how they conduct polls in order to produce outcomes favorable to their interests (a conservative polling firm typically produces results that skew conservative, and vice versa for a liberal polling firm). Doing so can make candidates or issues appear more popular than they actually are, and ultimately influence voter decisions. 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Check out its rankings of some of the major polling firms \u003ca href=\"http://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/pollster-ratings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "MAP: States Where People Convicted of Felonies Can’t Vote",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>Roughly 6.1 million voting-age American citizens who have been convicted of crimes are restricted from voting in next week’s presidential election because of felony disenfranchisement laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s about 2.5 percent of the total U.S. voting-age population – 1 of every 40 adults – that can’t vote because of a current or \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/02/26/felon-voting/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"MAP: States Where People Convicted of Felonies Can’t Vote\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"order": 18
},
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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