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"disqusTitle": "Unfinished Business: Would Martin Luther King Be Satisfied with the Pace of Progress?",
"title": "Unfinished Business: Would Martin Luther King Be Satisfied with the Pace of Progress?",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“What good is having the right to sit at a lunch counter if you can’t afford to buy a hamburger?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Martin Luther King, Jr.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/MLK-Jr-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Unfinished Business (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late August 1963, on the 100th anniversary of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Emancipation Proclamation\u003c/a>, a quarter million demonstrators converged on the National Mall in the nation's capital to partake in what would become one of the largest human rights demonstrations in United States history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom drew a majority African American presence. Demonstrators arrived by the busload -- many from Southern states where Jim Crow segregation policies were still alive and well -- to demand an improvement in civil and economic rights. They marched peacefully towards the Lincoln Memorial, where they listened to the impassioned speeches of some of most outspoken civil rights leaders of the day. Most famously, Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his seminal \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\"I Have a Dream\"\u003c/a> address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King and other leaders of the march articulated a clear, carefully crafted set of demands, underscoring, as King stated, \"the fierce urgency of now.\"\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/08/MarchDemands.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-9119 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/08/MarchDemands-300x365.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"246\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>The mandates included the passage of new binding pieces of civil rights legislation that, among other things, guaranteed voting rights, increased political representation in Congress, eliminated school segregation and imposed heavy financial and legal penalties against agencies that violated the Equal Protection Clause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But equally important, although often overshadowed, was the demand for greater economic equality. The movement's leaders called for a federal jobs program and a nearly two-fold increase in the national minimum wage, to $2 an hour (equivalent to about $13 today). Leaders also urged federal enforcement to curtail employment discrimination, as well as policies and programs that would increase access to decent housing and adequate public accommodations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://templatelab.com/dream-speech/\">his speech \u003c/a>that day, King emphasized the urgency of these goals :\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so we've come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Rk9WMEPBGJL28DFQLESewAYrTDb6BtTp\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ongoing actions of the Civil Rights Movement were indisputably successful in prompting tremendous progress: less than a year later, congress passed the sweeping \u003ca href=\"http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=97\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Civil Rights Act of 1964\u003c/a>, and by 1965, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Voting Rights Act\u003c/a> was signed into law as well (although it was largely dismantled by the Supreme Court in 2013). Today, 50 years hence, the results of these victories, and the subsequent gains in equality are evident, marked not least by the election of America's first black president, a milestone nearly unimaginable in King's day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, high school graduation rates among blacks have nearly quadrupled. Black voter participation has grown markedly, as has life expectancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 28, 2013, thousands gathered on the National Mall to commemorate the 1963 march and the tremendous impact it had. Some of the featured speakers, though, noted that many of the 1963 demands have still not been met, particularly along economic lines. Standing in the footsteps of King at the Lincoln Memorial, \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/transcript-president-obamas-speech-on-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-march-on-washington/2013/08/28/0138e01e-0ffb-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">President Obama underscored this sentiment\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"In some ways, though, the securing of civil rights, voting rights, the eradication of legalized discrimination -- the very significance of these victories may have obscured a second goal of the march, for the men and women who gathered 50 years ago were not there in search of some abstract idea. They were there seeking jobs as well as justice not just the absence of oppression but the presence of economic opportunity. For what does it profit a man, Dr. King would ask, to sit at an integrated lunch counter if he can't afford the meal?\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/unfinished-march-infographic-final.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-25036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/unfinished-march-infographic-final-160x929.png\" alt=\"unfinished-march-infographic-final\" width=\"160\" height=\"929\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/unfinished-march-infographic-final-160x929.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/unfinished-march-infographic-final-240x1394.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/unfinished-march-infographic-final-375x2178.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/unfinished-march-infographic-final-520x3020.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/unfinished-march-infographic-final.png 648w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>Even as an increasing number of African Americans today have successfully risen the class ladder, attaining prominent positions in politics, business, and academia, huge economic gaps remain between the black and white population in America. The majority of black children today grow up in areas of concentrated poverty and attend segregated, often severely under-resourced schools. The unemployment rate among African-Americans is double that of whites, and more than a third of black adults with jobs work for poverty level wages, according to the liberal-leaning \u003ca href=\"http://www.unfinishedmarch.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Economic Policy Institute\u003c/a>. (The infographic, at right -- produced by EPI -- illustrates some of the March's \"unfinished business\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the black poverty rate is more than double that of whites, while average annual household income is almost $30,000 less, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/08/22/race-demographics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pew Research\u003c/a>. Today, African-Americans are also disproportionately represented in the nation's prison population: the rate of imprisonment among adult black males is more than six times that of white males, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbse&sid=40\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics\u003c/a>. Blacks are also victims of homicide at \u003ca href=\"http://projects.wsj.com/murderdata/?mg=inert-wsj#view=all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">significantly higher rates\u003c/a> than any other race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The series of interactive charts below illustrates where certain primarily economic gaps between America's white and black population have narrowed, widened, or remained pretty much the same. This is obviously not a comprehensive list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the data was collected by \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/06/27/1-demographic-trends-and-economic-well-being/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pew Research\u003c/a>, which offers a more detailed analysis of some of these figures, including relative rates for Hispanics and Asians, where data are available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: In 2015, there were about 46.3 million black people living in the United States, comprising more than 13 percent of the population, according to the\u003ca href=\"http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> U.S. Census\u003c/a>. In contrast, there were roughly 195.5 million non-Hispanic whites in 2015, or roughly 61 percent of the population. Unless otherwise noted, the figures below include rates for total white and black populations (not just non-Hispanic).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Where gaps have narrowed\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://cf.datawrapper.de/wuRoV/1/\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/XZ4FB/24/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/dXgY6/4/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/q1sM1/5/\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Where gaps have widened or stayed the same\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue,Arial;font-size: x-large\">Income and wealth\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest indications of continued, and in some instances widening, economic inequality between blacks and whites is changing median net worth, with net worth defined as assets (what you own) minus debt (what you owe). In 1984, the median net worth of black households was less than 1/10th (9%) that of white households, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/12/12/racial-wealth-gaps-great-recession/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pew Research\u003c/a>. But since then, the gap has widened even further (as it has between white and Hispanic households). By 2013, the net worth of white households had risen to 13 times that of black households.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/household-income.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25018 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/household-income.png\" alt=\"household-income\" width=\"421\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/household-income.png 421w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/household-income-160x213.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/household-income-240x319.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/household-income-375x499.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/wealth.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25021 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/wealth.png\" alt=\"wealth\" width=\"310\" height=\"496\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/wealth.png 310w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/wealth-160x256.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/wealth-240x384.png 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 310px) 100vw, 310px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/pns7D/6/\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/O8OeO/5/\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/urP8E/4/\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“What good is having the right to sit at a lunch counter if you can’t afford to buy a hamburger?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Martin Luther King, Jr.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/MLK-Jr-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Unfinished Business (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late August 1963, on the 100th anniversary of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Emancipation Proclamation\u003c/a>, a quarter million demonstrators converged on the National Mall in the nation's capital to partake in what would become one of the largest human rights demonstrations in United States history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom drew a majority African American presence. Demonstrators arrived by the busload -- many from Southern states where Jim Crow segregation policies were still alive and well -- to demand an improvement in civil and economic rights. They marched peacefully towards the Lincoln Memorial, where they listened to the impassioned speeches of some of most outspoken civil rights leaders of the day. Most famously, Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his seminal \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\"I Have a Dream\"\u003c/a> address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King and other leaders of the march articulated a clear, carefully crafted set of demands, underscoring, as King stated, \"the fierce urgency of now.\"\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/08/MarchDemands.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-9119 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/08/MarchDemands-300x365.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"246\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>The mandates included the passage of new binding pieces of civil rights legislation that, among other things, guaranteed voting rights, increased political representation in Congress, eliminated school segregation and imposed heavy financial and legal penalties against agencies that violated the Equal Protection Clause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But equally important, although often overshadowed, was the demand for greater economic equality. The movement's leaders called for a federal jobs program and a nearly two-fold increase in the national minimum wage, to $2 an hour (equivalent to about $13 today). Leaders also urged federal enforcement to curtail employment discrimination, as well as policies and programs that would increase access to decent housing and adequate public accommodations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://templatelab.com/dream-speech/\">his speech \u003c/a>that day, King emphasized the urgency of these goals :\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so we've come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ongoing actions of the Civil Rights Movement were indisputably successful in prompting tremendous progress: less than a year later, congress passed the sweeping \u003ca href=\"http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=97\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Civil Rights Act of 1964\u003c/a>, and by 1965, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Voting Rights Act\u003c/a> was signed into law as well (although it was largely dismantled by the Supreme Court in 2013). Today, 50 years hence, the results of these victories, and the subsequent gains in equality are evident, marked not least by the election of America's first black president, a milestone nearly unimaginable in King's day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, high school graduation rates among blacks have nearly quadrupled. Black voter participation has grown markedly, as has life expectancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 28, 2013, thousands gathered on the National Mall to commemorate the 1963 march and the tremendous impact it had. Some of the featured speakers, though, noted that many of the 1963 demands have still not been met, particularly along economic lines. Standing in the footsteps of King at the Lincoln Memorial, \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/transcript-president-obamas-speech-on-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-march-on-washington/2013/08/28/0138e01e-0ffb-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">President Obama underscored this sentiment\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"In some ways, though, the securing of civil rights, voting rights, the eradication of legalized discrimination -- the very significance of these victories may have obscured a second goal of the march, for the men and women who gathered 50 years ago were not there in search of some abstract idea. They were there seeking jobs as well as justice not just the absence of oppression but the presence of economic opportunity. For what does it profit a man, Dr. King would ask, to sit at an integrated lunch counter if he can't afford the meal?\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/unfinished-march-infographic-final.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-25036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/unfinished-march-infographic-final-160x929.png\" alt=\"unfinished-march-infographic-final\" width=\"160\" height=\"929\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/unfinished-march-infographic-final-160x929.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/unfinished-march-infographic-final-240x1394.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/unfinished-march-infographic-final-375x2178.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/unfinished-march-infographic-final-520x3020.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/01/unfinished-march-infographic-final.png 648w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003c/a>Even as an increasing number of African Americans today have successfully risen the class ladder, attaining prominent positions in politics, business, and academia, huge economic gaps remain between the black and white population in America. The majority of black children today grow up in areas of concentrated poverty and attend segregated, often severely under-resourced schools. The unemployment rate among African-Americans is double that of whites, and more than a third of black adults with jobs work for poverty level wages, according to the liberal-leaning \u003ca href=\"http://www.unfinishedmarch.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Economic Policy Institute\u003c/a>. (The infographic, at right -- produced by EPI -- illustrates some of the March's \"unfinished business\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the black poverty rate is more than double that of whites, while average annual household income is almost $30,000 less, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/08/22/race-demographics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pew Research\u003c/a>. Today, African-Americans are also disproportionately represented in the nation's prison population: the rate of imprisonment among adult black males is more than six times that of white males, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbse&sid=40\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics\u003c/a>. Blacks are also victims of homicide at \u003ca href=\"http://projects.wsj.com/murderdata/?mg=inert-wsj#view=all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">significantly higher rates\u003c/a> than any other race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The series of interactive charts below illustrates where certain primarily economic gaps between America's white and black population have narrowed, widened, or remained pretty much the same. This is obviously not a comprehensive list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the data was collected by \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/06/27/1-demographic-trends-and-economic-well-being/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pew Research\u003c/a>, which offers a more detailed analysis of some of these figures, including relative rates for Hispanics and Asians, where data are available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: In 2015, there were about 46.3 million black people living in the United States, comprising more than 13 percent of the population, according to the\u003ca href=\"http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> U.S. Census\u003c/a>. In contrast, there were roughly 195.5 million non-Hispanic whites in 2015, or roughly 61 percent of the population. Unless otherwise noted, the figures below include rates for total white and black populations (not just non-Hispanic).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Where gaps have narrowed\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://cf.datawrapper.de/wuRoV/1/\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/XZ4FB/24/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/dXgY6/4/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/q1sM1/5/\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Where gaps have widened or stayed the same\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue,Arial;font-size: x-large\">Income and wealth\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest indications of continued, and in some instances widening, economic inequality between blacks and whites is changing median net worth, with net worth defined as assets (what you own) minus debt (what you owe). In 1984, the median net worth of black households was less than 1/10th (9%) that of white households, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/12/12/racial-wealth-gaps-great-recession/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pew Research\u003c/a>. But since then, the gap has widened even further (as it has between white and Hispanic households). By 2013, the net worth of white households had risen to 13 times that of black households.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/household-income.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25018 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/household-income.png\" alt=\"household-income\" width=\"421\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/household-income.png 421w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/household-income-160x213.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/household-income-240x319.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/household-income-375x499.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/wealth.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25021 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/wealth.png\" alt=\"wealth\" width=\"310\" height=\"496\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/wealth.png 310w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/wealth-160x256.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/wealth-240x384.png 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 310px) 100vw, 310px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/pns7D/6/\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/O8OeO/5/\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/urP8E/4/\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "MAP: Raising the Minimum Wage (with Lesson Plan)",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/Minimum-Wage-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Raising the Minimum Wage (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>More than 4 million low-wage workers started out the new year with a pay hike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minimum wages in 19 states went up on January 1, adding more than $4.2 billion in additional wages, according to an analysis by the liberal-leaning \u003ca href=\"http://www.epi.org/blog/the-new-year-brings-higher-wages-for-4-3-million-workers-across-the-country/\" target=\"_blank\">Economic Policy Institute\u003c/a>. In seven of these states, the increases were modest -- just 5 to 10 cents -- the result of inflation indexing as measured by the federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.bls.gov/cpi/\" target=\"_blank\">Consumer Price Index\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the 12 states where wage increases came about through voter approved ballot measures or legislation, minimum wage workers received a significant jump overnight in hourly earnings: anywhere from 40 cents in Michigan and 50 cents in California, to a whopping $1.95 in Arizona. In most of these states, wages will also continue to increase annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>States with minimum wage increases\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>(includes Oregon and Maryland, where wages will increase in July)\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.carto.com/builder/28e69c3c-d217-11e6-b4df-0e233c30368f/embed\" width=\"1000\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small;\">Map data sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.epi.org/blog/the-new-year-brings-higher-wages-for-4-3-million-workers-across-the-country/\" target=\"_blank\">Economic Policy Institute\u003c/a>; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/labor-and-employment/state-minimum-wage-chart.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">National Conference of State Legislatures\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-nine states and the District of Columbia have minimum wages higher than the federal minimum, which has stayed at $7.25 since 2009. Additionally, 35 localities -- including Oakland, Berkeley, San Francisco and several other cities in the Bay Area -- have minimum wages well above their state's rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 2016 presidential campaign, Democratic candidates Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton both supported a significant raise in the the federal minimum wage, a proposal that most Republican leaders oppose. With President-elect Donald Trump unlikely to support any increase, the federal minimum is probably not going to change anytime soon, leaving future wage increases up to the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\u003ciframe class=\"newsbound-embedded\" src=\"//stacker.newsbound.com/stacks/kqed/kqed_wage/editor/embed?embed=true\" name=\"nb-stack\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Minimum wage by state (effective Jan. 1, 2017)\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.carto.com/builder/c92d8de0-d244-11e6-a654-0ef24382571b/embed\" width=\"1000\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/Minimum-Wage-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Raising the Minimum Wage (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>More than 4 million low-wage workers started out the new year with a pay hike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minimum wages in 19 states went up on January 1, adding more than $4.2 billion in additional wages, according to an analysis by the liberal-leaning \u003ca href=\"http://www.epi.org/blog/the-new-year-brings-higher-wages-for-4-3-million-workers-across-the-country/\" target=\"_blank\">Economic Policy Institute\u003c/a>. In seven of these states, the increases were modest -- just 5 to 10 cents -- the result of inflation indexing as measured by the federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.bls.gov/cpi/\" target=\"_blank\">Consumer Price Index\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the 12 states where wage increases came about through voter approved ballot measures or legislation, minimum wage workers received a significant jump overnight in hourly earnings: anywhere from 40 cents in Michigan and 50 cents in California, to a whopping $1.95 in Arizona. In most of these states, wages will also continue to increase annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>States with minimum wage increases\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>(includes Oregon and Maryland, where wages will increase in July)\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.carto.com/builder/28e69c3c-d217-11e6-b4df-0e233c30368f/embed\" width=\"1000\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small;\">Map data sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.epi.org/blog/the-new-year-brings-higher-wages-for-4-3-million-workers-across-the-country/\" target=\"_blank\">Economic Policy Institute\u003c/a>; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/labor-and-employment/state-minimum-wage-chart.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">National Conference of State Legislatures\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-nine states and the District of Columbia have minimum wages higher than the federal minimum, which has stayed at $7.25 since 2009. Additionally, 35 localities -- including Oakland, Berkeley, San Francisco and several other cities in the Bay Area -- have minimum wages well above their state's rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 2016 presidential campaign, Democratic candidates Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton both supported a significant raise in the the federal minimum wage, a proposal that most Republican leaders oppose. With President-elect Donald Trump unlikely to support any increase, the federal minimum is probably not going to change anytime soon, leaving future wage increases up to the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\u003ciframe class=\"newsbound-embedded\" src=\"//stacker.newsbound.com/stacks/kqed/kqed_wage/editor/embed?embed=true\" name=\"nb-stack\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Minimum wage by state (effective Jan. 1, 2017)\u003c/h4>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.carto.com/builder/c92d8de0-d244-11e6-a654-0ef24382571b/embed\" width=\"1000\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The High Cost of Cheap Fashion (with Lesson Plan)",
"title": "The High Cost of Cheap Fashion (with Lesson Plan)",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/RKXdLIr4GtE\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/05/The-Global-Textile-Economy_Ko.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: The Global Apparel Industry (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: This is an updated version of a post originally published in 2013.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone likes a good deal, especially during the cutthroat holiday shopping season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's why you've likely flocked to clothing stores like H&M and Old Navy, where the selection is expansive and astoundingly inexpensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>T-shirts for five bucks; jeans and dresses for under 20. It’s almost as though you can’t afford not to buy it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans, on average, now \u003ca href=\"https://www.bls.gov/spotlight/2012/fashion/\" target=\"_blank\">spend \u003c/a>a significantly smaller portion of their incomes on clothing, yet have more expansive wardrobes than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buying a whole new wardrobe is almost cheaper than the cost of washing your old one (a bit of an exaggeration, but not all that far off).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those deals don't come without a catch. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Out of sight, out of mind\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>One consequence of cheap clothing received international attention in 2013, when an eight-story garment factory in Bangladesh collapsed, killing more than 1,100 workers who were manufacturing clothing for American and European retailers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bangladeshi garment workers, the majority of them women, receive among the world’s lowest wages. At the time of the disaster, the minimum wage was roughly $38 per month. In November 2013, amid local labor unrest and international pressure, \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-11-13/bangladesh-garment-factories-to-stay-shut-amid-worker-protests\" target=\"_blank\">it was increased\u003c/a> to $68 per month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7916\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/05/Dhaka_Savar_Building_Collapse.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-7916 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/05/Dhaka_Savar_Building_Collapse-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"The collapsed Rana Plaza in Bangladesh, where more than 1,100 garment workers were killed in 2013. (Wikipedia)\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/05/Dhaka_Savar_Building_Collapse.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/05/Dhaka_Savar_Building_Collapse-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/05/Dhaka_Savar_Building_Collapse-768x513.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/05/Dhaka_Savar_Building_Collapse-320x214.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The collapsed Rana Plaza in Bangladesh, where more than 1,100 garment workers died in 2013. (Wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rana Plaza, the building near Dhaka that collapsed, was owned by a local politician who illegally built three additional floors onto the structure and installed heavy textile machinery. Even after large cracks were found in the walls the day before the disaster, factory supervisors – under pressure to fill orders - ignored warnings to vacate the building, and ordered workers to continue production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the deadliest industrial disaster in Bangladesh’s history, but certainly not the only one in recent memory. Just the year before, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/18/world/asia/bangladesh-factory-fire-caused-by-gross-negligence.html\">112 garment workers were killed\u003c/a> in a factory fire near Dhaka, when supervisors ignored fire alarms and prevented workers from leaving their sewing machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong> Why Bangladesh?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Labor and production costs are dirt cheap. Making clothes in Bangladesh costs less than just about anywhere else in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a quick look at the tags on your clothing. There's a good chance at least some of them were made in Bangladesh. Since the 1990s, Bangladesh’s ready-made garment industry has exploded, and now generates close to $20 billion a year in exports. It's now one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/10/21/international-regional-trade-is-key-to-faster-growth-for-bangladesh-says-new-world-bank-report\" target=\"_blank\">largest apparel exporters in the world\u003c/a>, second only to China (which still far outpaces any other nation in exports, but has lost a good deal of contracts to Bangladesh, where production costs are even cheaper). Bangladesh is currently the \u003ca href=\"http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/where-the-u-s-gets-its-clothing-one-year-after-the-bangladesh-factory-collapse/\" target=\"_blank\">third-largest apparel importer\u003c/a> to the United States, after China and Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, employment in the U.S. apparel manufacturing industry has declined by more than 80 percent in the last two decades, from about 900,000 to 150,000 jobs, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.bls.gov/spotlight/2012/fashion/\" target=\"_blank\">Bureau of Labor Statistics\u003c/a>. As recently as 1980, 70 percent of clothes sold in the United States were made domestically. Today, that's down to about 2 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2013/05/24/madeinamerica/\" target=\"_blank\">RELATED: Why America Stopped Making Its Own Clothes\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Fast Fashion\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Most large clothing brands used to have seasonal fashion lines that would remain on the shelves for at least few months. But go into an H&M store today and then go back again a week or two later, and you’ll likely find a completely changed inventory. This is the concept behind fast fashion, pioneered over the last 15 years by European brands like H&M and Zana, and to a lesser extent, The Gap, Benetton, Urban Outfitters and Forever 21. The idea is to capture the latest design trends and whisk them from the catwalk to the store, producing trendy but generally low-quality garments in the fastest, most cost-effective way possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/03/11/174013774/in-trendy-world-of-fast-fashion-styles-arent-made-to-last\">NPR\u003c/a>, Elizabeth Cline, author of \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.overdressedthebook.com/\">Overdressed: The Shockingly High Price of Fast Fashion\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, explained that stores like H&M produce hundreds of millions of garments per year. \"They put a small markup on the clothes and earn their profit out of selling an ocean of clothing,\" she says. H&M has about 2,800 stores in 48 markets and it's growing fast, especially in China and the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/170511842\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with companies making billions and consumers getting great deals, the cost has to be absorbed somewhere. And that’s where cheap factories in developing countries like Bangladesh come into the fray, often to the detriment of workers and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.esquire.com/style/news/a50655/fast-fashion-environment/\" target=\"_blank\"> environment\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>So who’s to blame?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There’s no simple answer. It’s easy to blame the big clothing companies, many of whom reap enormous profits, fully aware of the decrepit conditions where their products are made. After the huge factory fire last November, a number of major clothing brands and retailers rejected a union-sponsored proposal to improve safety throughout Bangladesh's garment industry, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/id/100679902\">Associated Press reported\u003c/a>. Instead, companies expanded a patchwork system of private audits and training, which labor groups allege do little and lack any real enforcement mechanism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The textile factories are almost all locally owned and managed, allowing Western retailers to maintain a distance from them and turn a blind eye to factory-floor conditions. And blame, of course, can also be directed at the factory owners and Bangladeshi government officials who knowingly exploit and endanger the workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/03/18/making-your-t-shirt-a-journey-around-the-world/\" target=\"_blank\">RELATED: Where Was Your T-Shirt Made?\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the Rana Plaza disaster, a growing number of major designers, including H&M, Zana and Benetton, signed on to a legally binding agreement to pay for major safety improvements. And since then,\u003ca href=\"http://in%20the%20Bangladeshi%20factories%20where%20their%20clothing%20is%20made,\" target=\"_blank\"> fire and safety assessments\u003c/a> have been conducted in several thousand Bangladeshi factories where their clothing is made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But only a \u003ca href=\"http://bangladeshaccord.org/signatories/\" target=\"_blank\">small group of American companies\u003c/a> signed on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gap, Wal-Mart, Sears and Target are among the major American clothing retailers that balked at joining the accord, despite relying heavily on Bangladeshi suppliers. Some companies counter that they have their own safety improvement measures in place, while others, like Disney, have announced that they will leave Bangladesh altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Western companies are often quick to argue that although wages and working conditions in Bangladesh are far from ideal, they’re a lot better than they would be if the garment industry wasn’t there at all. Western demand has created jobs and training for millions of people, particularly women, offering a greater degree of independence and economic security. Since the arrival of textile manufacturing in the late 1970s, Bangladesh’s \u003ca href=\"http://data.worldbank.org/country/bangladesh\">poverty rate\u003c/a> has fallen from about 70 percent to less than 40 percent. And even though \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12650940\">about half the country\u003c/a> still lives on less than a dollar a day, income has risen markedly for large swaths of the population. Health and education have improved incrementally as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>What role do you play?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>And then there’s us. Consumers in Western nations now buy more clothes than ever before, according to Cline, particularly cheap clothes that aren’t made to last. Factory conditions would likely improve if consumers were to demand it, especially if we were willing to pay more for our clothes and absorb some of the costs .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's easier said than done. It’s one thing to be horrified by Bangladesh’s recent tragedy and to hope conditions improve. It’s quite another thing, though, to choose to pay more for clothes that were ethically manufactured. With the exception of the worst tragedies that grab our attention, most of the inequities in this system are out of sight, out of mind. Which makes it all too easy to pretend they don’t exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs the question: How much more would you be willing to pay to know your clothes were being produced in an ethical manner?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2013/05/14/184019151/episode-458-bangladeshs-t-shirt-economy\" target=\"_blank\">NPR's Planet Money\u003c/a> show is documenting how T-shirts around the world are made.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Resources to further explore this issue\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lesson plan suggestions for using this issue in the classroom\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/corporate-irresponsibility-fashions-hidden-cost-in-bangladeshs-garment-industry/\">NY Times Learning Network\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/daily_videos/garment-industry-under-scrutiny-after-factory-collapse-in-bangladesh/\">PBS NewsHour Extra\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>International labor rights advocacy groups\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"International Labor Rights Fund\" href=\"http://www.laborrights.org/sites/default/files/publications-and-resources/DeadlySecrets.pdf\">International Labor Rights Fund\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Fair Labor Association\" href=\"http://www.fairlabor.org/\">Fair Labor Association\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.industriall-union.org/\">IndustriAll Global Union\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"International Labour Organization\" href=\"http://www.ilo.org/global/lang--en/index.htm\">International Labour Organization (a United Nations organization)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sites that help track product origins in the global supply chain\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sourcemap.com/\">SourceMap\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.importgenius.com/\">ImportGenius \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.piers.com/\">Piers\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Corporate responsibility statements from some major clothing retailers\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://about.hm.com/AboutSection/en/About/Sustainability/Commitments/Be-Ethical.html\">H&M\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.gapinc.com/content/csr/html/OurResponsibility.html\">Gap\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://corporate.walmart.com/microsites/global-responsibility-report-2013/\">Wal-Mart\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://corporate.target.com/corporate-responsibility\">Target\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/RKXdLIr4GtE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/RKXdLIr4GtE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/05/The-Global-Textile-Economy_Ko.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: The Global Apparel Industry (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: This is an updated version of a post originally published in 2013.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone likes a good deal, especially during the cutthroat holiday shopping season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's why you've likely flocked to clothing stores like H&M and Old Navy, where the selection is expansive and astoundingly inexpensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>T-shirts for five bucks; jeans and dresses for under 20. It’s almost as though you can’t afford not to buy it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans, on average, now \u003ca href=\"https://www.bls.gov/spotlight/2012/fashion/\" target=\"_blank\">spend \u003c/a>a significantly smaller portion of their incomes on clothing, yet have more expansive wardrobes than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buying a whole new wardrobe is almost cheaper than the cost of washing your old one (a bit of an exaggeration, but not all that far off).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those deals don't come without a catch. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Out of sight, out of mind\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>One consequence of cheap clothing received international attention in 2013, when an eight-story garment factory in Bangladesh collapsed, killing more than 1,100 workers who were manufacturing clothing for American and European retailers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bangladeshi garment workers, the majority of them women, receive among the world’s lowest wages. At the time of the disaster, the minimum wage was roughly $38 per month. In November 2013, amid local labor unrest and international pressure, \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-11-13/bangladesh-garment-factories-to-stay-shut-amid-worker-protests\" target=\"_blank\">it was increased\u003c/a> to $68 per month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7916\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/05/Dhaka_Savar_Building_Collapse.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-7916 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/05/Dhaka_Savar_Building_Collapse-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"The collapsed Rana Plaza in Bangladesh, where more than 1,100 garment workers were killed in 2013. (Wikipedia)\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/05/Dhaka_Savar_Building_Collapse.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/05/Dhaka_Savar_Building_Collapse-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/05/Dhaka_Savar_Building_Collapse-768x513.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/05/Dhaka_Savar_Building_Collapse-320x214.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The collapsed Rana Plaza in Bangladesh, where more than 1,100 garment workers died in 2013. (Wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rana Plaza, the building near Dhaka that collapsed, was owned by a local politician who illegally built three additional floors onto the structure and installed heavy textile machinery. Even after large cracks were found in the walls the day before the disaster, factory supervisors – under pressure to fill orders - ignored warnings to vacate the building, and ordered workers to continue production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the deadliest industrial disaster in Bangladesh’s history, but certainly not the only one in recent memory. Just the year before, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/18/world/asia/bangladesh-factory-fire-caused-by-gross-negligence.html\">112 garment workers were killed\u003c/a> in a factory fire near Dhaka, when supervisors ignored fire alarms and prevented workers from leaving their sewing machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong> Why Bangladesh?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Labor and production costs are dirt cheap. Making clothes in Bangladesh costs less than just about anywhere else in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a quick look at the tags on your clothing. There's a good chance at least some of them were made in Bangladesh. Since the 1990s, Bangladesh’s ready-made garment industry has exploded, and now generates close to $20 billion a year in exports. It's now one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/10/21/international-regional-trade-is-key-to-faster-growth-for-bangladesh-says-new-world-bank-report\" target=\"_blank\">largest apparel exporters in the world\u003c/a>, second only to China (which still far outpaces any other nation in exports, but has lost a good deal of contracts to Bangladesh, where production costs are even cheaper). Bangladesh is currently the \u003ca href=\"http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/where-the-u-s-gets-its-clothing-one-year-after-the-bangladesh-factory-collapse/\" target=\"_blank\">third-largest apparel importer\u003c/a> to the United States, after China and Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, employment in the U.S. apparel manufacturing industry has declined by more than 80 percent in the last two decades, from about 900,000 to 150,000 jobs, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.bls.gov/spotlight/2012/fashion/\" target=\"_blank\">Bureau of Labor Statistics\u003c/a>. As recently as 1980, 70 percent of clothes sold in the United States were made domestically. Today, that's down to about 2 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2013/05/24/madeinamerica/\" target=\"_blank\">RELATED: Why America Stopped Making Its Own Clothes\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Fast Fashion\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Most large clothing brands used to have seasonal fashion lines that would remain on the shelves for at least few months. But go into an H&M store today and then go back again a week or two later, and you’ll likely find a completely changed inventory. This is the concept behind fast fashion, pioneered over the last 15 years by European brands like H&M and Zana, and to a lesser extent, The Gap, Benetton, Urban Outfitters and Forever 21. The idea is to capture the latest design trends and whisk them from the catwalk to the store, producing trendy but generally low-quality garments in the fastest, most cost-effective way possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/03/11/174013774/in-trendy-world-of-fast-fashion-styles-arent-made-to-last\">NPR\u003c/a>, Elizabeth Cline, author of \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.overdressedthebook.com/\">Overdressed: The Shockingly High Price of Fast Fashion\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, explained that stores like H&M produce hundreds of millions of garments per year. \"They put a small markup on the clothes and earn their profit out of selling an ocean of clothing,\" she says. H&M has about 2,800 stores in 48 markets and it's growing fast, especially in China and the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/170511842&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/170511842'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with companies making billions and consumers getting great deals, the cost has to be absorbed somewhere. And that’s where cheap factories in developing countries like Bangladesh come into the fray, often to the detriment of workers and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.esquire.com/style/news/a50655/fast-fashion-environment/\" target=\"_blank\"> environment\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>So who’s to blame?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>There’s no simple answer. It’s easy to blame the big clothing companies, many of whom reap enormous profits, fully aware of the decrepit conditions where their products are made. After the huge factory fire last November, a number of major clothing brands and retailers rejected a union-sponsored proposal to improve safety throughout Bangladesh's garment industry, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/id/100679902\">Associated Press reported\u003c/a>. Instead, companies expanded a patchwork system of private audits and training, which labor groups allege do little and lack any real enforcement mechanism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The textile factories are almost all locally owned and managed, allowing Western retailers to maintain a distance from them and turn a blind eye to factory-floor conditions. And blame, of course, can also be directed at the factory owners and Bangladeshi government officials who knowingly exploit and endanger the workforce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/03/18/making-your-t-shirt-a-journey-around-the-world/\" target=\"_blank\">RELATED: Where Was Your T-Shirt Made?\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the Rana Plaza disaster, a growing number of major designers, including H&M, Zana and Benetton, signed on to a legally binding agreement to pay for major safety improvements. And since then,\u003ca href=\"http://in%20the%20Bangladeshi%20factories%20where%20their%20clothing%20is%20made,\" target=\"_blank\"> fire and safety assessments\u003c/a> have been conducted in several thousand Bangladeshi factories where their clothing is made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But only a \u003ca href=\"http://bangladeshaccord.org/signatories/\" target=\"_blank\">small group of American companies\u003c/a> signed on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gap, Wal-Mart, Sears and Target are among the major American clothing retailers that balked at joining the accord, despite relying heavily on Bangladeshi suppliers. Some companies counter that they have their own safety improvement measures in place, while others, like Disney, have announced that they will leave Bangladesh altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Western companies are often quick to argue that although wages and working conditions in Bangladesh are far from ideal, they’re a lot better than they would be if the garment industry wasn’t there at all. Western demand has created jobs and training for millions of people, particularly women, offering a greater degree of independence and economic security. Since the arrival of textile manufacturing in the late 1970s, Bangladesh’s \u003ca href=\"http://data.worldbank.org/country/bangladesh\">poverty rate\u003c/a> has fallen from about 70 percent to less than 40 percent. And even though \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12650940\">about half the country\u003c/a> still lives on less than a dollar a day, income has risen markedly for large swaths of the population. Health and education have improved incrementally as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>What role do you play?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>And then there’s us. Consumers in Western nations now buy more clothes than ever before, according to Cline, particularly cheap clothes that aren’t made to last. Factory conditions would likely improve if consumers were to demand it, especially if we were willing to pay more for our clothes and absorb some of the costs .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's easier said than done. It’s one thing to be horrified by Bangladesh’s recent tragedy and to hope conditions improve. It’s quite another thing, though, to choose to pay more for clothes that were ethically manufactured. With the exception of the worst tragedies that grab our attention, most of the inequities in this system are out of sight, out of mind. Which makes it all too easy to pretend they don’t exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs the question: How much more would you be willing to pay to know your clothes were being produced in an ethical manner?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2013/05/14/184019151/episode-458-bangladeshs-t-shirt-economy\" target=\"_blank\">NPR's Planet Money\u003c/a> show is documenting how T-shirts around the world are made.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Resources to further explore this issue\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lesson plan suggestions for using this issue in the classroom\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/corporate-irresponsibility-fashions-hidden-cost-in-bangladeshs-garment-industry/\">NY Times Learning Network\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/daily_videos/garment-industry-under-scrutiny-after-factory-collapse-in-bangladesh/\">PBS NewsHour Extra\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>International labor rights advocacy groups\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"International Labor Rights Fund\" href=\"http://www.laborrights.org/sites/default/files/publications-and-resources/DeadlySecrets.pdf\">International Labor Rights Fund\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Fair Labor Association\" href=\"http://www.fairlabor.org/\">Fair Labor Association\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.industriall-union.org/\">IndustriAll Global Union\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"International Labour Organization\" href=\"http://www.ilo.org/global/lang--en/index.htm\">International Labour Organization (a United Nations organization)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sites that help track product origins in the global supply chain\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sourcemap.com/\">SourceMap\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.importgenius.com/\">ImportGenius \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.piers.com/\">Piers\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Corporate responsibility statements from some major clothing retailers\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://about.hm.com/AboutSection/en/About/Sustainability/Commitments/Be-Ethical.html\">H&M\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.gapinc.com/content/csr/html/OurResponsibility.html\">Gap\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://corporate.walmart.com/microsites/global-responsibility-report-2013/\">Wal-Mart\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://corporate.target.com/corporate-responsibility\">Target\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How the Electoral College Could -- But Won't -- Stop Trump from Becoming President (with Lesson Plan)",
"title": "How the Electoral College Could -- But Won't -- Stop Trump from Becoming President (with Lesson Plan)",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Electoral-college-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Debating the Electoral College (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">The real presidential election happens on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">No foolin'!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's when 538 members of the Electoral College meet in their respective state capitols to cast votes for the next president. It's these folks, not the presidential candidates, who we actually voted for on Election Day; they're the ones charged with representing the lot of us in picking the next president. The winner is then officially declared during a joint session of Congress on January 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During most election years, this process is little more than a blip on the radar, a largely symbolic event that receives little public attention. Typically, the electors merely reaffirm the will of the voters and make the results official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the 2016 Election has been anything but typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To start, President-elect Donald Trump didn't win the popular vote; nearly 3 million more people voted for his opponent Hillary Clinton. Trump was also an unusually controversial and divisive candidate, whose fiery, racially-infused campaign rhetoric emboldened white nationalists and other hate groups. Critics label him a dangerous trickster with no government experience and deep financial conflicts of interest who poses a serious threat to America's democratic institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to this, the flurry of recent headlines pointing to further evidence that Russia did indeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/clinton-blames-putins-personal-grudge-against-her-for-election-interference/2016/12/16/12f36250-c3be-11e6-8422-eac61c0ef74d_story.html?utm_term=.d290f248b12b\" target=\"_blank\">interfere in the election\u003c/a>, in part to help Donald Trump win the White House, a longstanding allegation now supported by both the CIA and FBI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As such, opponents are waging a last-ditch effort to block Trump's election, imploring electors to vote their conscience and choose someone -- anyone -- other than him. For weeks, electors have been besieged by emails, phone calls and even a \u003ca href=\"http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/12/14/celebrities_led_by_martin_sheen_beg_republican_electors_not_to_vote_for_trump.html\" target=\"_blank\">celebrity video plea\u003c/a>. But for that to happen, at least 37 electors in states that Trump won would have to abandon their party's nominee, denying him the requisite 270 electoral votes he needs to win the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Republican elector in Texas has already publicly announced \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/07/politics/texas-elector-says-he-still-wont-vote-trump/\" target=\"_blank\">his decision \u003c/a>to not support Trump. And electors in three states have gone to court for the authority to vote as they please.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the prospect of that many electors turning their backs on Trump is highly unlikely. But constitutionally, it remains possible. And that's giving Trump's opponents enough hope to keep fighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some background ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The electoral college is a disaster for a democracy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/266038556504494082\" target=\"_blank\">tweet\u003c/a> from Donald Trump on the eve of the 2012 election after it was predicted that President Obama would win the electoral vote despite possibly losing the popular vote to Mitt Romney (which he didn't).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also tweeted: \"We can't let this happen. We should march on Washington and stop this travesty. Our nation is totally divided!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The electoral college is a disaster for a democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/266038556504494082\">November 7, 2012\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\" async=\"\" charset=\"utf-8\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what a difference four years can make. Trump has since had a dramatic change of heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>The Electoral College is actually genius in that it brings all states, including the smaller ones, into play. Campaigning is much different!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/798521053551140864\">November 15, 2016\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>After all, he has the Electoral College to thank for his unexpected victory, one of the biggest political upsets in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump won the race despite losing the popular vote to Hillary Clinton by what will likely be more than 2 million votes, after all the returns are counted, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/opinion/clintons-substantial-popular-vote-win.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times estimate\u003c/a>. As of Tuesday, Clinton was ahead by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/22/503052632/two-weeks-after-election-day-california-continues-counting-ballots\" target=\"_blank\">almost 1.75 million votes\u003c/a>, with at least 2 million ballots still to be counted in Democrat-heavy California. That makes Trump the unlikely beneficiary of a confounding election process that, as a candidate, he consistently claimed was \"rigged\" against him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/UvzARzuxvbM\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Electoral math\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So how, in the most famous democracy in the world, where everyone's vote is considered equal and the majority supposedly rules, is the loser of the national popular vote able to win the presidency?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line, Trump might not have gotten the most votes, but he won them in the places that counted most -- albeit, by razor-thin margins. At the end of the day, Trump prevailed in most of the large, crucial battleground states, including Florida, Pennsylvania and Ohio, all of which went for Obama in the last two presidential elections. It’s no coincidence that the candidates spent an inordinate amount of time on the campaign trail in this handful of “swing states,” which ultimately decided the election. So, at the end of the day, regardless of how many more popular votes Clinton received, she won only 232 electoral votes to Trump’s 306 (assuming Michigan, which still hasn’t finalized its vote count, goes his way).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is only the fifth time that the winner of the presidential election has lost the popular vote, but it’s also the second in less than 20 years: The last time, of course, was the hotly contested 2000 election, which Al Gore narrowly lost to George W. Bush despite winning more popular votes. And as happened then, the outcome of the 2016 contest has again renewed a chorus of demands to reform or flat-out eliminate a system that critics consider outdated and squarely undemocratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Some democracy, but not too much\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The electoral process is all based on a set of rules drawn up more than 200 years ago by the founding fathers, a group of brilliant, wealthy white men who sought to create a system of government that reflected the will of the people ... but only up to a point. Give the voters (who at that point were limited to other wealthy white men) decision-making power, but keep that power in check in case they don't choose wisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/Z9v9PEng7Xo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the framers were pretty apprehensive about the idea of a direct democracy; the people should have power but not too much power. In the Constitution, they laid out a system of representative democracy, in which the people don’t make the big decisions themselves, but rather vote for qualified representatives to decide for them. As it is with Congress and the Senate, it's also the rationale behind the Electoral College, the system we still use to elect the president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the breakout Broadway star and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton wrote in \"\u003ca href=\"http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed68.asp\">The Federalist Papers: No. 68\u003c/a>,\" the purpose of the Electoral College is to preserve “the sense of the people,” while also ensuring that a president is chosen “by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station, and acting under circumstances favorable to deliberation, and to a judicious combination of all the reasons and inducements which were proper to govern their choice. A small number of persons, selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass, will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He continues: “The process of election affords a moral certainty, that the office of President will never fall to the lot of any man who is not in an eminent degree endowed with the requisite qualifications. Talents for low intrigue, and the little arts of popularity, may alone suffice to elevate a man to the first honors in a single State; but it will require other talents, and a different kind of merit, to establish him in the esteem and confidence of the whole Union, or of so considerable a portion of it as would be necessary to make him a successful candidate for the distinguished office of President of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Vestige of slavery\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Some constitutional scholars note that slavery was also a major impetus for the creation of the Electoral College and the method of legislative apportionment. When the Constitution was drafted in 1787, a large majority of the nation’s fledgling citizenry lived in northern cities like Philadelphia and Boston, dwarfing the white population of the agrarian South. To give the South more influence, James Madison and other influential slave-holding members of the Constitutional Convention advocated for counting slaves, who made up an \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&lpg=RA3-PA358&dq=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&pg=RA3-PA358#v=onepage&q=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&f=falsehttp://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/the-constitution-and-slavery\" target=\"_blank\">estimated 40 percent\u003c/a> of the South’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Michael Klarman, a Harvard Law School professor, explains in \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Framers-Coup-Making-United-Constitution/dp/019994203X\" target=\"_blank\">The Framer’s Coup\u003c/a>,\" the framers “rejected direct election of the president mostly because they distrusted the people and because Southern slaves would not count in a direct vote.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the famously reached compromise, the framers determined that each slave would be counted as \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/electoral-college-has-been-divisive-day-one-180961171/\" target=\"_blank\">three-fifths\u003c/a> of a person, a major power grab for Southern states, which were guaranteed much stronger national influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Klarman concludes: “The malapportionment in the Electoral College, which never had a very good justification, continues to exert influence today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>A brief electoral refresher\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>OK, so if you happened to snooze through high school government class, here’s a quick and dirty Electoral College refresher (for a more detailed explainer on the process, check out \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/10/13/what-is-the-electoral-college-and-is-it-time-to-get-rid-of-it/\" target=\"_blank\">this earlier piece\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Americans go to the polls to “elect” a president, they’re not actually voting for the president, but rather a particular \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/thepeoplewhopickthepresident/2016\" target=\"_blank\">slate of electors\u003c/a>, a somewhat random assortment of state party insiders, donors, and in some cases, fringe activists who have pledged to support the candidate from their party who wins the most votes in that state. The magic number is 270: Get that many electoral votes and you’re in the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of electors in each state is based on the size of its congressional delegation (U.S. senators and representatives), which in turn is based on the state’s population. However, this has become a point of contention. Because every state, no matter how small, is guaranteed at least three electors (based on a minimum of two senators and one representative), a vote in sparsely populated states like Wyoming or North Dakota is technically worth more than a vote in crowded states like California or New York. (\u003ca href=\"https://thenib.com/the-electoral-college-isn-t-working-here-s-how-it-might-die\" target=\"_blank\">This cartoon\u003c/a> by Andy Warner nicely illustrates the concept).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The electors then meet in their respective states 41 days after the general election (this year, it will be on Dec. 19), where they cast a ballot for the president and a second for vice president. As expressed by Hamilton, the founders envisioned the Electoral College consisting of statewide groups of deliberative bodies who would carefully consider the wisdom of the people’s choice, but be willing and empowered to change course if they deemed that choice foolhardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In modern-day elections, however, this process has largely become a formality. Unlike Hamilton's vision, the electors who represent us today are all but anonymous; even the most informed voters would likely be hard-pressed to know who their state electors are. (If you are curious about this, check out Politico's interesting guide to \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/thepeoplewhopickthepresident/2016\" target=\"_blank\">The People Who Pick the President\u003c/a>\".) In fact, it can be argued that much of today's system bears little resemblance to the way the founders envisioned it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In every state except for Maine and Nebraska, the candidate who wins the most votes (that is, a plurality) is supposed to receive all of that state’s electoral votes, regardless of how narrow the victory. It’s a winner-take-all system, which means that candidates may win some states by wide margins (as did Donald Trump in most Southern states like Tennessee and Alabama) and others by very slim ones (as he did in Florida, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin). And that’s what made it possible for Trump to win the Electoral College but lose the popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Defenders of the Electoral College argue that it forces candidates to pay attention to a wider swath of the country rather than focusing exclusively on densely populated urban centers. Advocates also say that the electoral system keeps presidential elections efficient, preventing the massive task of having to conduct a national recount in a close race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/takeaway/#file=/audio/json/680147/&share=1\" width=\"100%\" height=\"130\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003ch4>Calls for reform\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>But in the wake of this election, a growing chorus of discontented citizens are pushing against the status quo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://www.change.org/p/electoral-college-electors-electoral-college-make-hillary-clinton-president-on-december-19\" target=\"_blank\">online petition\u003c/a> has already gathered more than 4.5 million signatures since the election. It urges electors from some of the states Trump won to cast their electoral votes for Hillary Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mr. Trump is unfit to serve,” the petition states. “Secretary Clinton WON THE POPULAR VOTE and should be President.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although electors in some states are required to take a pledge to support their party’s presidential and vice presidential nominees – and some states can even replace or fine so-called faithless electors up to $1,000 for not voting for in line, there is no actual “Constitutional provision or Federal law that requires Electors to vote according to the results of the popular vote in their states,” according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/electors.html\" target=\"_blank\">National Archives and Records Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been a total of 157 faithless electors in U.S. history, according to the group \u003ca href=\"http://www.fairvote.org/faithless_electors\">FairVote\u003c/a> (which notes that 71 of those votes were changed because the original candidate died before the votes were cast). None has ever been prosecuted for failing to vote as pledged. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.factcheck.org/2016/11/could-electoral-college-elect-clinton/\">more than 20 states\u003c/a> have no state law or required pledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So technically, this could happen. But don’t hold your breath. At least 38 Republican electors would need to switch party allegiances to give Clinton the necessary 270 votes. You probably have a better chance of winning the Powerball lottery than seeing that happen. And even if there were enough Republican defectors to deny Trump the necessary 270 votes, they almost certainly would vote for another Republican candidate over Clinton. On the incredibly slight off-chance that neither candidate won 270 votes, the election would be decided by the Republican-controlled Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the growing cadre of Electoral College critics (who are mostly Democrats), many are calling for changes to future elections. They include outgoing Sen. Barbara Boxer (D-California) who last week introduced \"Hail Mary\" legislation to eliminate the Electoral College altogether in favor of the popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the only office in the land where you can get more votes and still lose the presidency,\" she said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.boxer.senate.gov/?p=release&id=3355http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/opinion/clintons-substantial-popular-vote-win.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">a press release\u003c/a>. \"The Electoral College is an outdated, undemocratic system that does not reflect our modern society, and it needs to change immediately. Every American should be guaranteed that their vote counts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation calls for amending the Constitution, which would require a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate, and ratification by three-fourths of the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not likely to happen anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such discontent with the system is nothing new. There have been more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/faq.html\" target=\"_blank\">700 proposed constitutional amendments\u003c/a> to either “reform or eliminate” the Electoral College in the last 200 years. Obviously, none have been successful. But some have come close: In 1969, an \u003ca href=\"https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal70-1291702\" target=\"_blank\">amendment \u003c/a>to abolish was endorsed by President Richard Nixon, and passed overwhelmingly in the House (338 to 70), but was ultimately filibustered and killed in the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>State's take action\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most realistic hopes for reformers is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalpopularvote.com/\">National Popular Vote Interstate Compact\u003c/a>, an agreement among states to give all their respective electoral votes to whichever presidential candidate wins the national popular vote. Since 2006, when the agreement was drafted, 10 mostly Democratic states and the District of Columbia have joined, amounting to 165 electoral votes. Legislation is also pending in Michigan and Pennsylvania (which would add another 36 votes). The agreement, though, would only take effect when enough states sign on to amount to 270 electoral votes, guaranteeing that the winner of the popular vote would also win the election.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Electoral-college-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Debating the Electoral College (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">The real presidential election happens on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">No foolin'!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's when 538 members of the Electoral College meet in their respective state capitols to cast votes for the next president. It's these folks, not the presidential candidates, who we actually voted for on Election Day; they're the ones charged with representing the lot of us in picking the next president. The winner is then officially declared during a joint session of Congress on January 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During most election years, this process is little more than a blip on the radar, a largely symbolic event that receives little public attention. Typically, the electors merely reaffirm the will of the voters and make the results official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the 2016 Election has been anything but typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To start, President-elect Donald Trump didn't win the popular vote; nearly 3 million more people voted for his opponent Hillary Clinton. Trump was also an unusually controversial and divisive candidate, whose fiery, racially-infused campaign rhetoric emboldened white nationalists and other hate groups. Critics label him a dangerous trickster with no government experience and deep financial conflicts of interest who poses a serious threat to America's democratic institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to this, the flurry of recent headlines pointing to further evidence that Russia did indeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/clinton-blames-putins-personal-grudge-against-her-for-election-interference/2016/12/16/12f36250-c3be-11e6-8422-eac61c0ef74d_story.html?utm_term=.d290f248b12b\" target=\"_blank\">interfere in the election\u003c/a>, in part to help Donald Trump win the White House, a longstanding allegation now supported by both the CIA and FBI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As such, opponents are waging a last-ditch effort to block Trump's election, imploring electors to vote their conscience and choose someone -- anyone -- other than him. For weeks, electors have been besieged by emails, phone calls and even a \u003ca href=\"http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/12/14/celebrities_led_by_martin_sheen_beg_republican_electors_not_to_vote_for_trump.html\" target=\"_blank\">celebrity video plea\u003c/a>. But for that to happen, at least 37 electors in states that Trump won would have to abandon their party's nominee, denying him the requisite 270 electoral votes he needs to win the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Republican elector in Texas has already publicly announced \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/07/politics/texas-elector-says-he-still-wont-vote-trump/\" target=\"_blank\">his decision \u003c/a>to not support Trump. And electors in three states have gone to court for the authority to vote as they please.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the prospect of that many electors turning their backs on Trump is highly unlikely. But constitutionally, it remains possible. And that's giving Trump's opponents enough hope to keep fighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some background ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The electoral college is a disaster for a democracy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/266038556504494082\" target=\"_blank\">tweet\u003c/a> from Donald Trump on the eve of the 2012 election after it was predicted that President Obama would win the electoral vote despite possibly losing the popular vote to Mitt Romney (which he didn't).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also tweeted: \"We can't let this happen. We should march on Washington and stop this travesty. Our nation is totally divided!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The electoral college is a disaster for a democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/266038556504494082\">November 7, 2012\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\" async=\"\" charset=\"utf-8\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what a difference four years can make. Trump has since had a dramatic change of heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>The Electoral College is actually genius in that it brings all states, including the smaller ones, into play. Campaigning is much different!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/798521053551140864\">November 15, 2016\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>After all, he has the Electoral College to thank for his unexpected victory, one of the biggest political upsets in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump won the race despite losing the popular vote to Hillary Clinton by what will likely be more than 2 million votes, after all the returns are counted, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/opinion/clintons-substantial-popular-vote-win.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times estimate\u003c/a>. As of Tuesday, Clinton was ahead by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/22/503052632/two-weeks-after-election-day-california-continues-counting-ballots\" target=\"_blank\">almost 1.75 million votes\u003c/a>, with at least 2 million ballots still to be counted in Democrat-heavy California. That makes Trump the unlikely beneficiary of a confounding election process that, as a candidate, he consistently claimed was \"rigged\" against him.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/UvzARzuxvbM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/UvzARzuxvbM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>Electoral math\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So how, in the most famous democracy in the world, where everyone's vote is considered equal and the majority supposedly rules, is the loser of the national popular vote able to win the presidency?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line, Trump might not have gotten the most votes, but he won them in the places that counted most -- albeit, by razor-thin margins. At the end of the day, Trump prevailed in most of the large, crucial battleground states, including Florida, Pennsylvania and Ohio, all of which went for Obama in the last two presidential elections. It’s no coincidence that the candidates spent an inordinate amount of time on the campaign trail in this handful of “swing states,” which ultimately decided the election. So, at the end of the day, regardless of how many more popular votes Clinton received, she won only 232 electoral votes to Trump’s 306 (assuming Michigan, which still hasn’t finalized its vote count, goes his way).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is only the fifth time that the winner of the presidential election has lost the popular vote, but it’s also the second in less than 20 years: The last time, of course, was the hotly contested 2000 election, which Al Gore narrowly lost to George W. Bush despite winning more popular votes. And as happened then, the outcome of the 2016 contest has again renewed a chorus of demands to reform or flat-out eliminate a system that critics consider outdated and squarely undemocratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Some democracy, but not too much\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The electoral process is all based on a set of rules drawn up more than 200 years ago by the founding fathers, a group of brilliant, wealthy white men who sought to create a system of government that reflected the will of the people ... but only up to a point. Give the voters (who at that point were limited to other wealthy white men) decision-making power, but keep that power in check in case they don't choose wisely.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Z9v9PEng7Xo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Z9v9PEng7Xo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>In other words, the framers were pretty apprehensive about the idea of a direct democracy; the people should have power but not too much power. In the Constitution, they laid out a system of representative democracy, in which the people don’t make the big decisions themselves, but rather vote for qualified representatives to decide for them. As it is with Congress and the Senate, it's also the rationale behind the Electoral College, the system we still use to elect the president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the breakout Broadway star and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton wrote in \"\u003ca href=\"http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed68.asp\">The Federalist Papers: No. 68\u003c/a>,\" the purpose of the Electoral College is to preserve “the sense of the people,” while also ensuring that a president is chosen “by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station, and acting under circumstances favorable to deliberation, and to a judicious combination of all the reasons and inducements which were proper to govern their choice. A small number of persons, selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass, will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He continues: “The process of election affords a moral certainty, that the office of President will never fall to the lot of any man who is not in an eminent degree endowed with the requisite qualifications. Talents for low intrigue, and the little arts of popularity, may alone suffice to elevate a man to the first honors in a single State; but it will require other talents, and a different kind of merit, to establish him in the esteem and confidence of the whole Union, or of so considerable a portion of it as would be necessary to make him a successful candidate for the distinguished office of President of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Vestige of slavery\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Some constitutional scholars note that slavery was also a major impetus for the creation of the Electoral College and the method of legislative apportionment. When the Constitution was drafted in 1787, a large majority of the nation’s fledgling citizenry lived in northern cities like Philadelphia and Boston, dwarfing the white population of the agrarian South. To give the South more influence, James Madison and other influential slave-holding members of the Constitutional Convention advocated for counting slaves, who made up an \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&lpg=RA3-PA358&dq=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&pg=RA3-PA358#v=onepage&q=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&f=falsehttp://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/the-constitution-and-slavery\" target=\"_blank\">estimated 40 percent\u003c/a> of the South’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Michael Klarman, a Harvard Law School professor, explains in \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Framers-Coup-Making-United-Constitution/dp/019994203X\" target=\"_blank\">The Framer’s Coup\u003c/a>,\" the framers “rejected direct election of the president mostly because they distrusted the people and because Southern slaves would not count in a direct vote.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the famously reached compromise, the framers determined that each slave would be counted as \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/electoral-college-has-been-divisive-day-one-180961171/\" target=\"_blank\">three-fifths\u003c/a> of a person, a major power grab for Southern states, which were guaranteed much stronger national influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Klarman concludes: “The malapportionment in the Electoral College, which never had a very good justification, continues to exert influence today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>A brief electoral refresher\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>OK, so if you happened to snooze through high school government class, here’s a quick and dirty Electoral College refresher (for a more detailed explainer on the process, check out \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/10/13/what-is-the-electoral-college-and-is-it-time-to-get-rid-of-it/\" target=\"_blank\">this earlier piece\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Americans go to the polls to “elect” a president, they’re not actually voting for the president, but rather a particular \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/thepeoplewhopickthepresident/2016\" target=\"_blank\">slate of electors\u003c/a>, a somewhat random assortment of state party insiders, donors, and in some cases, fringe activists who have pledged to support the candidate from their party who wins the most votes in that state. The magic number is 270: Get that many electoral votes and you’re in the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of electors in each state is based on the size of its congressional delegation (U.S. senators and representatives), which in turn is based on the state’s population. However, this has become a point of contention. Because every state, no matter how small, is guaranteed at least three electors (based on a minimum of two senators and one representative), a vote in sparsely populated states like Wyoming or North Dakota is technically worth more than a vote in crowded states like California or New York. (\u003ca href=\"https://thenib.com/the-electoral-college-isn-t-working-here-s-how-it-might-die\" target=\"_blank\">This cartoon\u003c/a> by Andy Warner nicely illustrates the concept).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The electors then meet in their respective states 41 days after the general election (this year, it will be on Dec. 19), where they cast a ballot for the president and a second for vice president. As expressed by Hamilton, the founders envisioned the Electoral College consisting of statewide groups of deliberative bodies who would carefully consider the wisdom of the people’s choice, but be willing and empowered to change course if they deemed that choice foolhardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In modern-day elections, however, this process has largely become a formality. Unlike Hamilton's vision, the electors who represent us today are all but anonymous; even the most informed voters would likely be hard-pressed to know who their state electors are. (If you are curious about this, check out Politico's interesting guide to \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/thepeoplewhopickthepresident/2016\" target=\"_blank\">The People Who Pick the President\u003c/a>\".) In fact, it can be argued that much of today's system bears little resemblance to the way the founders envisioned it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In every state except for Maine and Nebraska, the candidate who wins the most votes (that is, a plurality) is supposed to receive all of that state’s electoral votes, regardless of how narrow the victory. It’s a winner-take-all system, which means that candidates may win some states by wide margins (as did Donald Trump in most Southern states like Tennessee and Alabama) and others by very slim ones (as he did in Florida, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin). And that’s what made it possible for Trump to win the Electoral College but lose the popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Defenders of the Electoral College argue that it forces candidates to pay attention to a wider swath of the country rather than focusing exclusively on densely populated urban centers. Advocates also say that the electoral system keeps presidential elections efficient, preventing the massive task of having to conduct a national recount in a close race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/takeaway/#file=/audio/json/680147/&share=1\" width=\"100%\" height=\"130\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003ch4>Calls for reform\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>But in the wake of this election, a growing chorus of discontented citizens are pushing against the status quo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://www.change.org/p/electoral-college-electors-electoral-college-make-hillary-clinton-president-on-december-19\" target=\"_blank\">online petition\u003c/a> has already gathered more than 4.5 million signatures since the election. It urges electors from some of the states Trump won to cast their electoral votes for Hillary Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mr. Trump is unfit to serve,” the petition states. “Secretary Clinton WON THE POPULAR VOTE and should be President.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although electors in some states are required to take a pledge to support their party’s presidential and vice presidential nominees – and some states can even replace or fine so-called faithless electors up to $1,000 for not voting for in line, there is no actual “Constitutional provision or Federal law that requires Electors to vote according to the results of the popular vote in their states,” according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/electors.html\" target=\"_blank\">National Archives and Records Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been a total of 157 faithless electors in U.S. history, according to the group \u003ca href=\"http://www.fairvote.org/faithless_electors\">FairVote\u003c/a> (which notes that 71 of those votes were changed because the original candidate died before the votes were cast). None has ever been prosecuted for failing to vote as pledged. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.factcheck.org/2016/11/could-electoral-college-elect-clinton/\">more than 20 states\u003c/a> have no state law or required pledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So technically, this could happen. But don’t hold your breath. At least 38 Republican electors would need to switch party allegiances to give Clinton the necessary 270 votes. You probably have a better chance of winning the Powerball lottery than seeing that happen. And even if there were enough Republican defectors to deny Trump the necessary 270 votes, they almost certainly would vote for another Republican candidate over Clinton. On the incredibly slight off-chance that neither candidate won 270 votes, the election would be decided by the Republican-controlled Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the growing cadre of Electoral College critics (who are mostly Democrats), many are calling for changes to future elections. They include outgoing Sen. Barbara Boxer (D-California) who last week introduced \"Hail Mary\" legislation to eliminate the Electoral College altogether in favor of the popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the only office in the land where you can get more votes and still lose the presidency,\" she said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.boxer.senate.gov/?p=release&id=3355http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/opinion/clintons-substantial-popular-vote-win.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">a press release\u003c/a>. \"The Electoral College is an outdated, undemocratic system that does not reflect our modern society, and it needs to change immediately. Every American should be guaranteed that their vote counts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation calls for amending the Constitution, which would require a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate, and ratification by three-fourths of the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not likely to happen anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such discontent with the system is nothing new. There have been more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/faq.html\" target=\"_blank\">700 proposed constitutional amendments\u003c/a> to either “reform or eliminate” the Electoral College in the last 200 years. Obviously, none have been successful. But some have come close: In 1969, an \u003ca href=\"https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal70-1291702\" target=\"_blank\">amendment \u003c/a>to abolish was endorsed by President Richard Nixon, and passed overwhelmingly in the House (338 to 70), but was ultimately filibustered and killed in the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>State's take action\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most realistic hopes for reformers is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalpopularvote.com/\">National Popular Vote Interstate Compact\u003c/a>, an agreement among states to give all their respective electoral votes to whichever presidential candidate wins the national popular vote. Since 2006, when the agreement was drafted, 10 mostly Democratic states and the District of Columbia have joined, amounting to 165 electoral votes. Legislation is also pending in Michigan and Pennsylvania (which would add another 36 votes). The agreement, though, would only take effect when enough states sign on to amount to 270 electoral votes, guaranteeing that the winner of the popular vote would also win the election.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Understanding the Standoff at Standing Rock (with Lesson Plan)",
"title": "Understanding the Standoff at Standing Rock (with Lesson Plan)",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/qJZ1-LAFOTo\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Standing-Rock-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Standing Rock (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>After a long standoff with authorities, protesters at the sprawling camp on the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation in North Dakota celebrated a tentative victory last week following an announcement by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.army.mil/article/179095/army_will_not_grant_easement_for_dakota_access_pipeline_crossing\" target=\"_blank\">Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> to halt construction of a nearby oil pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protest has attracted international attention and drawn thousands of activists, including members from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/12/us/12tribes.html\" target=\"_blank\">hundreds of American Indian tribes \u003c/a>and their supporters, making it one of the largest American Indian resistance efforts in history. For months, they have waged a hard-fought battle against the completion of the Dakota Access project, a 1,170-mile pipeline that would transport more than 470,000 barrels of crude oil per day from the Bakken oil fields in North Dakota across the Plains to Illinois. The $3.8 billion project is almost complete, except for a portion underneath Lake Oahe near the Missouri River, which borders the reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24823\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-24823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters.png\" alt=\"The 1,172-mile Dakota Access pipeline was originally expected to start up in late 2016, delivering more than 470,000 barrels per day of crude oil from North Dakota's Bakken shale formation to Illinois.\" width=\"900\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters.png 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters-160x102.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters-800x508.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters-768x488.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters-240x153.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters-375x238.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters-520x330.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 1,172-mile Dakota Access pipeline was originally expected to start up in late 2016, delivering more than 470,000 barrels per day of crude oil from North Dakota's Bakken shale formation to Illinois. \u003ccite>(Ashlyn Still, Jiachuan Wu, Christine Chan/Reuters Graphics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Standing Rock Indian Reservation has long been \u003ca href=\"http://www.msnbc.com/interactives/geography-of-poverty/nw.html\" target=\"_blank\">overlooked and under-resourced\u003c/a>, with a poverty rate nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.census.gov/tribal/?eml=gd&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery\" target=\"_blank\">three times the national average.\u003c/a> Residents say the pipeline would threaten their main water supply and desecrate sacred ancestral lands while providing no direct economic benefit. The environmental concerns are similar to those voiced by leaders in Bismarck, N.D., where the pipeline was originally slated to pass through. However, the project was rerouted after the city \u003ca href=\"http://bismarcktribune.com/news/state-and-regional/pipeline-route-plan-first-called-for-crossing-north-of-bismarck/article_64d053e4-8a1a-5198-a1dd-498d386c933c.html\" target=\"_blank\">successfully lobbied\u003c/a> against it. Standing Rock activists claim they were not appropriately consulted about the move, and some suggested racial motivations for moving the route from a largely white community to an American Indian one. In their defense, pipeline engineers countered that the Bismarck plan would have been less direct and impacted a significantly larger population than the revised route. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The purpose has been served and it's time to go home,\" Standing Rock Tribal Chair Dave Archambault II \u003ca href=\"http://kfgo.com/news/articles/2016/dec/05/standing-rock-chairman-to-protesters-time-to-go-home/\">told KFGO radio\u003c/a> the day after the Army Corps' announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with the harsh North Dakota winter closing in, many protesters are vowing to stay through subzero temperatures and blizzard conditions to ensure construction does not resume. The pipeline, they note, is hardly dead: President-elect Donald Trump, who's invested in the company, says he supports finishing the project and may have the power to help undo the Army Corps' decision, which will likely land in federal courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The standoff began in mid-summer and grew steadily through the fall. Although it's remained mostly peaceful, there have been a number of violent clashes with law enforcement, including last month, when police fired tear gas, rubber bullets and a water cannon at hundreds of protestors in subfreezing temperatures. The protest has also drawn a diverse patchwork of supporters, with demonstrations taking place in cities throughout the country. And earlier this month, about \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/11/30/veterans-give-protesters-break-standing-rock/94698198/\" target=\"_blank\">2,000 veterans\u003c/a> came to the camp to support the protestors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city council of Bismarck and other people stood up and said, ‘No, we don't want this pipeline to cross the Missouri north of Bismarck, that's going to mess with our water supply,’” Linda Black Elk told PRI's \u003ca href=\"http://www.pri.org/stories/2016-11-04/its-not-just-about-pipeline-native-activists-say-dakota-battle-their-biggest\" target=\"_blank\">The World\u003c/a>. “So they decided that putting it just north of the Standing Rock Reservation was OK. And they absolutely expected us to not care. They think that we are quiet, drunk, poor, Native people who are just going to kind of put up with anything that they throw at us. But they were wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>American Indian Demographic Snapshot\u003c/b>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24843\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24843 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian.jpeg\" alt=\"indian\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian.jpeg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian-960x640.jpeg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian-520x347.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Standing Rock Sioux youth at a rally in New York. \u003ccite>(Joe Catron/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6.6 million\u003c/strong>: Total population of American Indians and Alaska Natives, including those of more than one race. They made up about 2.0 percent of the total population in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>30.2\u003c/strong>: Median age of American Indian and Alaska Native community, alone or in combination, in 2015. This compares with a median age of 37.8 for the U.S. population as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>326\u003c/strong>: Number of federally recognized American Indian reservations in 2016, including federal reservations and off-reservation trust land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>567\u003c/strong>: Number of federally recognized Indian tribes in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>$38,530\u003c/strong>: Median household income of single-race American Indian and Alaska Native households in 2015. This compares with $55,775 for the nation as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>26.6%\u003c/strong>: Percentage of single-race American Indians and Alaska Natives living in poverty in 2015, the highest rate of any race group. For the nation as a whole, the poverty rate was 14.7 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.census.gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2016/cb16-ff22.html\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Census Bureau\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In the last 30 years, there have been nearly 9,000 \u003ca href=\"http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/library/data-stats/pipelineincidenttrends\">significant\u003c/a> gas and oil pipeline-related accidents nationwide, according to data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/portal/site/PHMSA\">Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration\u003c/a>. And just this week, 176,000 gallons of crude oil \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2016/12/12/pipeline-spills-176000-gallons-of-crude-into-creek-about-150-miles-from-dakota-access-protest-camp.html\" target=\"_blank\">spilled\u003c/a> into a creek about 150 miles from the protest camp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these concerns, \u003ca href=\"http://www.energytransfer.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Energy Transfer Partners\u003c/a>, the Texas-based corporation in charge of the project, counters that the pipeline would boost the economy and ultimately be safer and more efficient than transporting crude oil by rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>A history of resistance\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\"If you don't know very much about Native American people, you wouldn't understand that this is something that's kind of natural to us,\" Ruth Hopkins, a reporter for Indian Country Today and a member of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate Nation, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/11/22/502068751/the-standing-rock-resistance-is-unprecedented-it-s-also-centuries-old\" target=\"_blank\">told NPR\u003c/a>. \"When we have ceremonies, we do camps like this. It's something that we've always known how to do, going back to pre-colonial times.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the most prominent American Indian resistance effort took place in the late 1800s when more than 10,000 members of the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes set up camp at the Little Bighorn River in Montana to resist the U.S. Army's effort to displace them after gold had been discovered in the area. In June of 1876, army soldiers attacked the camp but were ultimately driven back in what became known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/battle-of-the-little-bighorn\">Battle of the Little Bighorn\u003c/a>, or (Gen. George) Custer's Last Stand, a major land rights victory for the tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notable American Indian civil rights and resistance efforts in more recent history include the emergence of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aimovement.org/ggc/history.html\" target=\"_blank\">American Indian Movement\u003c/a> in 1968, the the 19-month \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/alca/learn/historyculture/we-hold-the-rock.htm\" target=\"_blank\">occupation of Alcatraz\u003c/a> in 1969 and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/10/occupy-wounded-knee-a-71-day-siege-and-a-forgotten-civil-rights-movement/263998/\" target=\"_blank\">71-day showdown\u003c/a> at Wounded Knee in 1973.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Broken treaties\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-24863\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-1020x760.jpg\" alt=\"indian-reservations\" width=\"400\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-1020x760.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-160x119.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-800x596.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-768x572.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-1180x879.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-960x715.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-240x179.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-375x279.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-520x387.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>Standing Rock protesters also argue that the land in question legally belongs to their tribe under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/wica/learn/historyculture/upload/-7e-5-Chapter-Five-Treaties-and-Broken-Promises-Pp-84-132.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Fort Laramie Treaty\u003c/a> of 1851, which was signed by eight tribes and the U.S. government. For more than a century, the tribes have waged legal battles against the government for failing to honor this or other treaties like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S.-American Indian relationships have been fraught with broken promises. [Scroll through \u003ca href=\"http://recordsofrights.org/themes/4/rights-of-native-americans#tribal-delegations-to-the-capital\" target=\"_blank\">this fascinating timeline\u003c/a> of treaties.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As noted in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/04/opinion/time-to-move-the-standing-rock-pipeline.html\" target=\"_blank\">recent New York Times editorial\u003c/a>: “The Sioux know as well as any of America’s native peoples that justice is a shifting concept, that treaties, laws and promises can wilt under the implacable pressure for mineral extraction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until 1871, when the federal government \u003ca href=\"http://law.jrank.org/pages/22787/Native-Americans-Congressional-Control-after-1871.html\" target=\"_blank\">ceased to recognize\u003c/a> tribal nations as sovereign entities (a policy that continued for roughly a century), it signed\u003ca href=\"http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/ntreaty.asp\"> nearly 400 treaties\u003c/a> with American Indian tribes. The agreements were often considered last-ditch efforts by tribes to preserve what territorial rights and security they could in the face of the United States' insatiable thirst for land and resources. But the agreements were often ignored or broken when financial opportunity arose, leading to the further displacement of tribes, who were pushed them farther West into increasingly undesirable areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In treaty discussions, US troops often intimidated the negotiators, federal agents misrepresented the terms of agreement, and land speculators bribed participants,\" writes Claudio Saunt, a history professor at the University of Georgia and director of \u003ca href=\"http://invasionofamerica.ehistory.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The Invasion of America\u003c/a> mapping project. \"In desperate times, Indians signed away their homes in order to feed themselves and their families.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 1776 and 1887, the project notes, the United States used treaties and executive orders to acquire more than 1.5 billion acres from America's indigenous people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project maps every treaty and executive order during that period, and also shows the location of present-day federal Indian reservations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data are based on the maps produced by the \u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/stream/annualreportofbu218smit#page/n5/mode/2up\" target=\"_blank\">Bureau of American Ethnology\u003c/a> in 1899. Below is a time lapse of land seizure. Explore the project's in-depth interactive map \u003ca href=\"http://invasionofamerica.ehistory.org\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/pJxrTzfG2bo\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/qJZ1-LAFOTo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/qJZ1-LAFOTo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Standing-Rock-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Standing Rock (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>After a long standoff with authorities, protesters at the sprawling camp on the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation in North Dakota celebrated a tentative victory last week following an announcement by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.army.mil/article/179095/army_will_not_grant_easement_for_dakota_access_pipeline_crossing\" target=\"_blank\">Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> to halt construction of a nearby oil pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The protest has attracted international attention and drawn thousands of activists, including members from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/12/us/12tribes.html\" target=\"_blank\">hundreds of American Indian tribes \u003c/a>and their supporters, making it one of the largest American Indian resistance efforts in history. For months, they have waged a hard-fought battle against the completion of the Dakota Access project, a 1,170-mile pipeline that would transport more than 470,000 barrels of crude oil per day from the Bakken oil fields in North Dakota across the Plains to Illinois. The $3.8 billion project is almost complete, except for a portion underneath Lake Oahe near the Missouri River, which borders the reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24823\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-24823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters.png\" alt=\"The 1,172-mile Dakota Access pipeline was originally expected to start up in late 2016, delivering more than 470,000 barrels per day of crude oil from North Dakota's Bakken shale formation to Illinois.\" width=\"900\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters.png 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters-160x102.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters-800x508.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters-768x488.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters-240x153.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters-375x238.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/dakota-access-pipeline-map-reuters-520x330.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 1,172-mile Dakota Access pipeline was originally expected to start up in late 2016, delivering more than 470,000 barrels per day of crude oil from North Dakota's Bakken shale formation to Illinois. \u003ccite>(Ashlyn Still, Jiachuan Wu, Christine Chan/Reuters Graphics)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Standing Rock Indian Reservation has long been \u003ca href=\"http://www.msnbc.com/interactives/geography-of-poverty/nw.html\" target=\"_blank\">overlooked and under-resourced\u003c/a>, with a poverty rate nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.census.gov/tribal/?eml=gd&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery\" target=\"_blank\">three times the national average.\u003c/a> Residents say the pipeline would threaten their main water supply and desecrate sacred ancestral lands while providing no direct economic benefit. The environmental concerns are similar to those voiced by leaders in Bismarck, N.D., where the pipeline was originally slated to pass through. However, the project was rerouted after the city \u003ca href=\"http://bismarcktribune.com/news/state-and-regional/pipeline-route-plan-first-called-for-crossing-north-of-bismarck/article_64d053e4-8a1a-5198-a1dd-498d386c933c.html\" target=\"_blank\">successfully lobbied\u003c/a> against it. Standing Rock activists claim they were not appropriately consulted about the move, and some suggested racial motivations for moving the route from a largely white community to an American Indian one. In their defense, pipeline engineers countered that the Bismarck plan would have been less direct and impacted a significantly larger population than the revised route. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The purpose has been served and it's time to go home,\" Standing Rock Tribal Chair Dave Archambault II \u003ca href=\"http://kfgo.com/news/articles/2016/dec/05/standing-rock-chairman-to-protesters-time-to-go-home/\">told KFGO radio\u003c/a> the day after the Army Corps' announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with the harsh North Dakota winter closing in, many protesters are vowing to stay through subzero temperatures and blizzard conditions to ensure construction does not resume. The pipeline, they note, is hardly dead: President-elect Donald Trump, who's invested in the company, says he supports finishing the project and may have the power to help undo the Army Corps' decision, which will likely land in federal courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The standoff began in mid-summer and grew steadily through the fall. Although it's remained mostly peaceful, there have been a number of violent clashes with law enforcement, including last month, when police fired tear gas, rubber bullets and a water cannon at hundreds of protestors in subfreezing temperatures. The protest has also drawn a diverse patchwork of supporters, with demonstrations taking place in cities throughout the country. And earlier this month, about \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/11/30/veterans-give-protesters-break-standing-rock/94698198/\" target=\"_blank\">2,000 veterans\u003c/a> came to the camp to support the protestors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city council of Bismarck and other people stood up and said, ‘No, we don't want this pipeline to cross the Missouri north of Bismarck, that's going to mess with our water supply,’” Linda Black Elk told PRI's \u003ca href=\"http://www.pri.org/stories/2016-11-04/its-not-just-about-pipeline-native-activists-say-dakota-battle-their-biggest\" target=\"_blank\">The World\u003c/a>. “So they decided that putting it just north of the Standing Rock Reservation was OK. And they absolutely expected us to not care. They think that we are quiet, drunk, poor, Native people who are just going to kind of put up with anything that they throw at us. But they were wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>American Indian Demographic Snapshot\u003c/b>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24843\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24843 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian.jpeg\" alt=\"indian\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian.jpeg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian-960x640.jpeg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/indian-520x347.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Standing Rock Sioux youth at a rally in New York. \u003ccite>(Joe Catron/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6.6 million\u003c/strong>: Total population of American Indians and Alaska Natives, including those of more than one race. They made up about 2.0 percent of the total population in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>30.2\u003c/strong>: Median age of American Indian and Alaska Native community, alone or in combination, in 2015. This compares with a median age of 37.8 for the U.S. population as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>326\u003c/strong>: Number of federally recognized American Indian reservations in 2016, including federal reservations and off-reservation trust land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>567\u003c/strong>: Number of federally recognized Indian tribes in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>$38,530\u003c/strong>: Median household income of single-race American Indian and Alaska Native households in 2015. This compares with $55,775 for the nation as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>26.6%\u003c/strong>: Percentage of single-race American Indians and Alaska Natives living in poverty in 2015, the highest rate of any race group. For the nation as a whole, the poverty rate was 14.7 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.census.gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2016/cb16-ff22.html\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Census Bureau\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In the last 30 years, there have been nearly 9,000 \u003ca href=\"http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/library/data-stats/pipelineincidenttrends\">significant\u003c/a> gas and oil pipeline-related accidents nationwide, according to data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/portal/site/PHMSA\">Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration\u003c/a>. And just this week, 176,000 gallons of crude oil \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2016/12/12/pipeline-spills-176000-gallons-of-crude-into-creek-about-150-miles-from-dakota-access-protest-camp.html\" target=\"_blank\">spilled\u003c/a> into a creek about 150 miles from the protest camp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these concerns, \u003ca href=\"http://www.energytransfer.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Energy Transfer Partners\u003c/a>, the Texas-based corporation in charge of the project, counters that the pipeline would boost the economy and ultimately be safer and more efficient than transporting crude oil by rail.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>A history of resistance\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\"If you don't know very much about Native American people, you wouldn't understand that this is something that's kind of natural to us,\" Ruth Hopkins, a reporter for Indian Country Today and a member of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate Nation, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/11/22/502068751/the-standing-rock-resistance-is-unprecedented-it-s-also-centuries-old\" target=\"_blank\">told NPR\u003c/a>. \"When we have ceremonies, we do camps like this. It's something that we've always known how to do, going back to pre-colonial times.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the most prominent American Indian resistance effort took place in the late 1800s when more than 10,000 members of the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes set up camp at the Little Bighorn River in Montana to resist the U.S. Army's effort to displace them after gold had been discovered in the area. In June of 1876, army soldiers attacked the camp but were ultimately driven back in what became known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/battle-of-the-little-bighorn\">Battle of the Little Bighorn\u003c/a>, or (Gen. George) Custer's Last Stand, a major land rights victory for the tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notable American Indian civil rights and resistance efforts in more recent history include the emergence of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aimovement.org/ggc/history.html\" target=\"_blank\">American Indian Movement\u003c/a> in 1968, the the 19-month \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/alca/learn/historyculture/we-hold-the-rock.htm\" target=\"_blank\">occupation of Alcatraz\u003c/a> in 1969 and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/10/occupy-wounded-knee-a-71-day-siege-and-a-forgotten-civil-rights-movement/263998/\" target=\"_blank\">71-day showdown\u003c/a> at Wounded Knee in 1973.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Broken treaties\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-24863\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-1020x760.jpg\" alt=\"indian-reservations\" width=\"400\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-1020x760.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-160x119.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-800x596.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-768x572.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-1180x879.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-960x715.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-240x179.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-375x279.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Indian-reservations-520x387.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>Standing Rock protesters also argue that the land in question legally belongs to their tribe under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/wica/learn/historyculture/upload/-7e-5-Chapter-Five-Treaties-and-Broken-Promises-Pp-84-132.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Fort Laramie Treaty\u003c/a> of 1851, which was signed by eight tribes and the U.S. government. For more than a century, the tribes have waged legal battles against the government for failing to honor this or other treaties like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S.-American Indian relationships have been fraught with broken promises. [Scroll through \u003ca href=\"http://recordsofrights.org/themes/4/rights-of-native-americans#tribal-delegations-to-the-capital\" target=\"_blank\">this fascinating timeline\u003c/a> of treaties.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As noted in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/04/opinion/time-to-move-the-standing-rock-pipeline.html\" target=\"_blank\">recent New York Times editorial\u003c/a>: “The Sioux know as well as any of America’s native peoples that justice is a shifting concept, that treaties, laws and promises can wilt under the implacable pressure for mineral extraction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until 1871, when the federal government \u003ca href=\"http://law.jrank.org/pages/22787/Native-Americans-Congressional-Control-after-1871.html\" target=\"_blank\">ceased to recognize\u003c/a> tribal nations as sovereign entities (a policy that continued for roughly a century), it signed\u003ca href=\"http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/ntreaty.asp\"> nearly 400 treaties\u003c/a> with American Indian tribes. The agreements were often considered last-ditch efforts by tribes to preserve what territorial rights and security they could in the face of the United States' insatiable thirst for land and resources. But the agreements were often ignored or broken when financial opportunity arose, leading to the further displacement of tribes, who were pushed them farther West into increasingly undesirable areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In treaty discussions, US troops often intimidated the negotiators, federal agents misrepresented the terms of agreement, and land speculators bribed participants,\" writes Claudio Saunt, a history professor at the University of Georgia and director of \u003ca href=\"http://invasionofamerica.ehistory.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The Invasion of America\u003c/a> mapping project. \"In desperate times, Indians signed away their homes in order to feed themselves and their families.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 1776 and 1887, the project notes, the United States used treaties and executive orders to acquire more than 1.5 billion acres from America's indigenous people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project maps every treaty and executive order during that period, and also shows the location of present-day federal Indian reservations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data are based on the maps produced by the \u003ca href=\"https://archive.org/stream/annualreportofbu218smit#page/n5/mode/2up\" target=\"_blank\">Bureau of American Ethnology\u003c/a> in 1899. Below is a time lapse of land seizure. Explore the project's in-depth interactive map \u003ca href=\"http://invasionofamerica.ehistory.org\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Honest Truth about Fake News ... and How Not to Fall for It (with Lesson Plan)",
"title": "The Honest Truth about Fake News ... and How Not to Fall for It (with Lesson Plan)",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nDid you hear that Pope Francis endorsed Donald Trump for president?\u003cbr>\nOr that \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/http:/www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/\">Hillary Clinton sold weapons to ISIS\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Fake-news-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: How to Fight Fake News (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Crazy, right?\u003cbr>\nAnd … 100 percent false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you were one of the millions of people drawn to a bogus headline in your Facebook feed -- or other social media platform of choice -- and found yourself reading an article on what seemed like a legitimate news site (something like, say, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/http:/www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/\">The Political Insider\u003c/a>, which “reported” the Clinton-ISIS story), then why wouldn’t you believe it? I mean, people you supposedly trust shared it with you and it ranked high in the Google search. How could it be made-up information?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the world of “fake news.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Digital deception\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It comes as little surprise that the web is chock full of commercial click-bait hoaxes: get-rich-quick schemes, free Caribbean cruises, erectile dysfunction treatments ... you name it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as it turns out, the internet is also teeming with bogus information sites that masquerade as real news. And in the run-up to the 2016 election, many of these hoax news posts spread like wildfire. [Snopes, a fact-checking site, maintains \u003ca href=\"http://www.snopes.com/2016/01/14/fake-news-sites/\">a comprehensive and growing list of fake news outlets\u003c/a>.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump's contempt for \"the mainstream media,\" an industry he uniformly dismisses as a corrupt, lying \"bunch of phony lowlifes,\" has further obscured the boundaries between fact and fiction. So, too, has his use of Twitter to widely disseminate unsubstantiated allegations and, on numerous occasions, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/personalities/donald-trump/statements/byruling/false/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downright falsehoods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even President Obama weighed in (while still president), assailing the rapid accumulation of fake news as a \"dust cloud of nonsense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we are not serious about facts, if we can't discriminate between serious arguments and propaganda, than we have problems,\" he said at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/nov/17/barack-obama-fake-news-facebook-social-media\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent press conference\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Fake news, real profit, serious consequences\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In fact, a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.de3beM1nN#.kikAXPpjm\">BuzzFeed News\u003c/a> analysis of election-related web articles published in the three months before Election Day found that the 20 most popular fake news stories generated significantly more engagement on Facebook (shares, reactions, comments) than did the top 20 real news stories from major news outlets like the Washington Post and New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course, the more engagement, the more ad revenue; a major financial incentive for unethical folks with overactive imaginations to whip up ever more outlandish, attention-grabbing conspiracy theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the analysis, the majority of the most popular and prolific purveyors of fake news -- websites like \u003ca href=\"http://endingthefed.com/\">Ending the Fed\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.infowars.com\">InfoWars\u003c/a> -- are either full-on hoax sites or “hyperpartisan” right-wing platforms that creatively obscure the truth (a handful of left-wing sites were also in the mix).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?attachment_id=24721\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24721\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3.jpg\" alt=\"sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3.jpg 625w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homepage of \"Ending the Fed,\" a \"hyperpartisan\" right-wing website chock full of fake news stories.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strangely, BuzzFeed also found \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/how-macedonia-became-a-global-hub-for-pro-trump-misinfo\">more than 100 U.S. politics websites\u003c/a> run out of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, usually authored by web-savvy, entrepreneurial young people -- \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/how-macedonia-became-a-global-hub-for-pro-trump-misinfo?utm_term=.uoNgBO3Qr#.llVwaxWvM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">including teenagers\u003c/a> -- trying to make a fast buck by creatively duping American media consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One recent notably viral fake news headline espoused an utterly baseless conspiracy theory that a Washington, D.C. family-friendly pizza place was actually a front for a child sex ring run by Hillary Clinton's campaign manager. Michael Flynn, Jr., son of retired U.S. Army Lt. Gen. Michael Flynn -- Trump's pick for national security adviser, and a Clinton-related conspiracy theorist himself -- further promoted the story, while serving on Trump's transition team, by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?in_reply_to=805611056009768960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sharing it\u003c/a> with his thousands of Twitter followers. The younger Flynn has since been removed from the transition team due to his aggressive trolling habit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bogus rumor, which became known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/dec/05/how-pizzagate-went-fake-news-real-problem-dc-busin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pizzagate\u003c/a>, had some serious ramifications when a man armed with an assault rifle \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2016/12/04/d-c-police-respond-to-report-of-a-man-with-a-gun-at-comet-ping-pong-restaurant/?utm_term=.da23f8cb9a1d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">entered the restaurant\u003c/a> on Sunday, Dec. 4 and fired several shots in what he later told police was an attempt to \"self-investigate\" the claim (there were no reported injuries).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And no, you really can't make this stuff up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To what degree the overall proliferation of fake news affected the election results remains unclear. But it almost certainly did have some impact, particularly on undecided voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After initially deflecting criticism that his company bore some level of responsibility for the dramatic spread of political misinformation, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10103253901916271\">published a post\u003c/a> (on Facebook, of course) less than a week after the election, stating: “We have already launched work enabling our community to flag hoaxes and fake news, and there is more we can do here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days later, both Google and Facebook \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-alphabet-advertising-idUSKBN1392MM\">announced\u003c/a> new efforts to prevent identifiable fake news sites from using their respective advertising networks to generate revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Fake news is nothing new\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Fake news \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/11/fake-news-media-facebook-214459\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has long had a presence in\u003c/a> America's media landscape: Since the colonial period, various news outlets have played fast and loose with the truth for commercial or political gain. A particularly notorious era of journalistic misinformation emerged in the 1890s when competing newspapers owned by rival media titans William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer fought mercilessly for the attention of readers by liberally embellishing stories to sell more papers, a style that became known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_journalism.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">yellow journalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the sheer volume of information at our fingertips (and thumbs) today, and the ease with which we can inadvertently spread falsehoods with the simple click of a \"share\" button, puts us in uncharted territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Impressionable young minds\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Young people are among the most vulnerable and impressionable consumers of this kind of misinformation, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/V3LessonPlans/Executive%20Summary%2011.21.16.pdf\">recently released study \u003c/a>by Stanford’s History Education Group. Researchers collected nearly 8,000 responses from middle school, high school and college students -- aka \"digital natives\" -- around the country who were asked to evaluate online information presented in tweets, comments and articles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Overall, young people’s ability to reason about the information on the Internet can be summed up in one word: \u003cem>bleak\u003c/em>,\" the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our 'digital natives' may be able to flit between Facebook and Twitter while simultaneously uploading a selfie to Instagram and texting a friend. But when it comes to evaluating information that flows through social media channels, they are easily duped.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers were consistently \"shocked\" by the number of students who couldn’t effectively evaluate the credibility of the information they were presented with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/UYc-hd1QSwA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 80 percent of middle schoolers in the study believed that “native ads” resembling articles were actually real news stories, even though they were labeled “sponsored content.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High school students were asked to evaluate a post from a popular image-sharing site featuring a picture of unusually formed daisies and titled \"Fukushima Nuclear Flowers: Not much more to say, this is what happens when flowers get nuclear birth defects.\" Despite the complete lack of attribution or evidence, most students accepted the picture at face value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"imgur-embed-pub\" lang=\"en\" data-id=\"a/BZWWx\">\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//imgur.com/BZWWx\">Fukushima Nuclear Flowers\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//s.imgur.com/min/embed.js\" async=\"\" charset=\"utf-8\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They didn't ask where it came from. They didn't verify it. They simply accepted the picture as fact,\" Sam Wineburg, a history and education professor at Stanford University, and the lead author of the study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/23/503129818/study-finds-students-have-dismaying-inability-to-tell-fake-news-from-real\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told NPR\u003c/a> in a recent interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the high school students in the study also couldn't tell the difference between real and fake news sources in their Facebook feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, most college students in the study didn't suspect any kind of bias in a tweet from a left-leaning activist group that cited a public opinion survey on gun ownership and background checks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>New polling shows the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NRA\">@NRA\u003c/a> is out of touch with gun owners and their own members \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/wm6weuaCbd\">https://t.co/wm6weuaCbd\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/NRAfail?src=hash\">#NRAfail\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/y4K4r5EcYX\">pic.twitter.com/y4K4r5EcYX\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— MoveOn.org (@MoveOn) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MoveOn/status/666772893846675456\">November 18, 2015\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>It's incumbent on educators, the study authors note, to show students how to be more discerning about the information they consume. In other words, how to identify fact from fiction and not to be a sucker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the only way we can deal with these kinds of issues are through educational programs and recognizing that the kinds of things that we worry about, the ability to determine what is reliable and not reliable, that is the new basic skill in our society,” said Wineburg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along those lines, WNYC's \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/shows/otm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">On the Media\u003c/a> made this nifty cheat sheet, which combined with an array of excellent, non-partisan political \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailydot.com/layer8/best-fact-checking-websites/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fact-check sites\u003c/a>, provide the necessary tools to weed out the fake and focus on what's really going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-24720 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png\" alt=\"otm_consumer_handbook_fakenewsedition_800\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/otm/#file=/audio/json/684562/&share=1\" width=\"100%\" height=\"130\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nDid you hear that Pope Francis endorsed Donald Trump for president?\u003cbr>\nOr that \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/http:/www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/\">Hillary Clinton sold weapons to ISIS\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Fake-news-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: How to Fight Fake News (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Crazy, right?\u003cbr>\nAnd … 100 percent false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you were one of the millions of people drawn to a bogus headline in your Facebook feed -- or other social media platform of choice -- and found yourself reading an article on what seemed like a legitimate news site (something like, say, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/http:/www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/\">The Political Insider\u003c/a>, which “reported” the Clinton-ISIS story), then why wouldn’t you believe it? I mean, people you supposedly trust shared it with you and it ranked high in the Google search. How could it be made-up information?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the world of “fake news.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Digital deception\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It comes as little surprise that the web is chock full of commercial click-bait hoaxes: get-rich-quick schemes, free Caribbean cruises, erectile dysfunction treatments ... you name it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as it turns out, the internet is also teeming with bogus information sites that masquerade as real news. And in the run-up to the 2016 election, many of these hoax news posts spread like wildfire. [Snopes, a fact-checking site, maintains \u003ca href=\"http://www.snopes.com/2016/01/14/fake-news-sites/\">a comprehensive and growing list of fake news outlets\u003c/a>.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump's contempt for \"the mainstream media,\" an industry he uniformly dismisses as a corrupt, lying \"bunch of phony lowlifes,\" has further obscured the boundaries between fact and fiction. So, too, has his use of Twitter to widely disseminate unsubstantiated allegations and, on numerous occasions, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/personalities/donald-trump/statements/byruling/false/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downright falsehoods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even President Obama weighed in (while still president), assailing the rapid accumulation of fake news as a \"dust cloud of nonsense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we are not serious about facts, if we can't discriminate between serious arguments and propaganda, than we have problems,\" he said at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/nov/17/barack-obama-fake-news-facebook-social-media\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent press conference\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Fake news, real profit, serious consequences\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In fact, a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.de3beM1nN#.kikAXPpjm\">BuzzFeed News\u003c/a> analysis of election-related web articles published in the three months before Election Day found that the 20 most popular fake news stories generated significantly more engagement on Facebook (shares, reactions, comments) than did the top 20 real news stories from major news outlets like the Washington Post and New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course, the more engagement, the more ad revenue; a major financial incentive for unethical folks with overactive imaginations to whip up ever more outlandish, attention-grabbing conspiracy theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the analysis, the majority of the most popular and prolific purveyors of fake news -- websites like \u003ca href=\"http://endingthefed.com/\">Ending the Fed\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.infowars.com\">InfoWars\u003c/a> -- are either full-on hoax sites or “hyperpartisan” right-wing platforms that creatively obscure the truth (a handful of left-wing sites were also in the mix).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?attachment_id=24721\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24721\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3.jpg\" alt=\"sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3.jpg 625w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homepage of \"Ending the Fed,\" a \"hyperpartisan\" right-wing website chock full of fake news stories.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strangely, BuzzFeed also found \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/how-macedonia-became-a-global-hub-for-pro-trump-misinfo\">more than 100 U.S. politics websites\u003c/a> run out of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, usually authored by web-savvy, entrepreneurial young people -- \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/how-macedonia-became-a-global-hub-for-pro-trump-misinfo?utm_term=.uoNgBO3Qr#.llVwaxWvM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">including teenagers\u003c/a> -- trying to make a fast buck by creatively duping American media consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One recent notably viral fake news headline espoused an utterly baseless conspiracy theory that a Washington, D.C. family-friendly pizza place was actually a front for a child sex ring run by Hillary Clinton's campaign manager. Michael Flynn, Jr., son of retired U.S. Army Lt. Gen. Michael Flynn -- Trump's pick for national security adviser, and a Clinton-related conspiracy theorist himself -- further promoted the story, while serving on Trump's transition team, by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?in_reply_to=805611056009768960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sharing it\u003c/a> with his thousands of Twitter followers. The younger Flynn has since been removed from the transition team due to his aggressive trolling habit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bogus rumor, which became known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/dec/05/how-pizzagate-went-fake-news-real-problem-dc-busin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pizzagate\u003c/a>, had some serious ramifications when a man armed with an assault rifle \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2016/12/04/d-c-police-respond-to-report-of-a-man-with-a-gun-at-comet-ping-pong-restaurant/?utm_term=.da23f8cb9a1d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">entered the restaurant\u003c/a> on Sunday, Dec. 4 and fired several shots in what he later told police was an attempt to \"self-investigate\" the claim (there were no reported injuries).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And no, you really can't make this stuff up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To what degree the overall proliferation of fake news affected the election results remains unclear. But it almost certainly did have some impact, particularly on undecided voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After initially deflecting criticism that his company bore some level of responsibility for the dramatic spread of political misinformation, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10103253901916271\">published a post\u003c/a> (on Facebook, of course) less than a week after the election, stating: “We have already launched work enabling our community to flag hoaxes and fake news, and there is more we can do here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days later, both Google and Facebook \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-alphabet-advertising-idUSKBN1392MM\">announced\u003c/a> new efforts to prevent identifiable fake news sites from using their respective advertising networks to generate revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Fake news is nothing new\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Fake news \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/11/fake-news-media-facebook-214459\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has long had a presence in\u003c/a> America's media landscape: Since the colonial period, various news outlets have played fast and loose with the truth for commercial or political gain. A particularly notorious era of journalistic misinformation emerged in the 1890s when competing newspapers owned by rival media titans William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer fought mercilessly for the attention of readers by liberally embellishing stories to sell more papers, a style that became known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_journalism.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">yellow journalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the sheer volume of information at our fingertips (and thumbs) today, and the ease with which we can inadvertently spread falsehoods with the simple click of a \"share\" button, puts us in uncharted territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Impressionable young minds\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Young people are among the most vulnerable and impressionable consumers of this kind of misinformation, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/V3LessonPlans/Executive%20Summary%2011.21.16.pdf\">recently released study \u003c/a>by Stanford’s History Education Group. Researchers collected nearly 8,000 responses from middle school, high school and college students -- aka \"digital natives\" -- around the country who were asked to evaluate online information presented in tweets, comments and articles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Overall, young people’s ability to reason about the information on the Internet can be summed up in one word: \u003cem>bleak\u003c/em>,\" the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our 'digital natives' may be able to flit between Facebook and Twitter while simultaneously uploading a selfie to Instagram and texting a friend. But when it comes to evaluating information that flows through social media channels, they are easily duped.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers were consistently \"shocked\" by the number of students who couldn’t effectively evaluate the credibility of the information they were presented with.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/UYc-hd1QSwA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/UYc-hd1QSwA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>More than 80 percent of middle schoolers in the study believed that “native ads” resembling articles were actually real news stories, even though they were labeled “sponsored content.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High school students were asked to evaluate a post from a popular image-sharing site featuring a picture of unusually formed daisies and titled \"Fukushima Nuclear Flowers: Not much more to say, this is what happens when flowers get nuclear birth defects.\" Despite the complete lack of attribution or evidence, most students accepted the picture at face value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"imgur-embed-pub\" lang=\"en\" data-id=\"a/BZWWx\">\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//imgur.com/BZWWx\">Fukushima Nuclear Flowers\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//s.imgur.com/min/embed.js\" async=\"\" charset=\"utf-8\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They didn't ask where it came from. They didn't verify it. They simply accepted the picture as fact,\" Sam Wineburg, a history and education professor at Stanford University, and the lead author of the study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/23/503129818/study-finds-students-have-dismaying-inability-to-tell-fake-news-from-real\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told NPR\u003c/a> in a recent interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the high school students in the study also couldn't tell the difference between real and fake news sources in their Facebook feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, most college students in the study didn't suspect any kind of bias in a tweet from a left-leaning activist group that cited a public opinion survey on gun ownership and background checks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>New polling shows the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NRA\">@NRA\u003c/a> is out of touch with gun owners and their own members \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/wm6weuaCbd\">https://t.co/wm6weuaCbd\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/NRAfail?src=hash\">#NRAfail\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/y4K4r5EcYX\">pic.twitter.com/y4K4r5EcYX\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— MoveOn.org (@MoveOn) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MoveOn/status/666772893846675456\">November 18, 2015\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>It's incumbent on educators, the study authors note, to show students how to be more discerning about the information they consume. In other words, how to identify fact from fiction and not to be a sucker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the only way we can deal with these kinds of issues are through educational programs and recognizing that the kinds of things that we worry about, the ability to determine what is reliable and not reliable, that is the new basic skill in our society,” said Wineburg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along those lines, WNYC's \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/shows/otm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">On the Media\u003c/a> made this nifty cheat sheet, which combined with an array of excellent, non-partisan political \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailydot.com/layer8/best-fact-checking-websites/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fact-check sites\u003c/a>, provide the necessary tools to weed out the fake and focus on what's really going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-24720 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png\" alt=\"otm_consumer_handbook_fakenewsedition_800\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Who Are California's Undocumented Immigrants? A Cartoon Explainer",
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"content": "\u003cp>Illegal! Unauthorized! Alien!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of loaded terms are used to refer to the diverse group of more than 11 million immigrants who live in the United States without legal status. Although often relegated to the shadows of American society, this large population of undocumented residents were reluctantly thrust into the national spotlight during the long, bitter 2016 presidential campaign season. During his candidacy, Donald Trump consistently used fiery rhetoric, accusing undocumented immigrants of bringing crime and other problems into the country while taking valuable jobs from American citizens. He promised that as president, he'd order mass round-ups and mass deportations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since winning the election, Trump has somewhat narrowed the scope of some of his threats, now vowing to deport \"the more than 2 to 3 million criminal illegal immigrants.” But he continues to stand by many of his anti-immigrant original pledges, including punishing so-called \"\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/07/10/explainer-what-are-sanctuary-cities/\" target=\"_blank\">sanctuary cities\u003c/a>\" for not complying with federal immigration officials and rescinding President Obama's \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca\" target=\"_blank\">executive action\u003c/a> that protects hundreds of thousands of undocumented young people from deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, Trump's victory has provoked a heightened level of fear and uncertainty in undocumented communities across the country. In response, more than a dozen major cities, including San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles, Chicago and New York quickly reaffirmed their commitment to protecting documented residents and not cooperating with federal enforcement efforts (unless a serious crime is committed), even in the face of the president-elect's threats to withhold federal funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly a quarter of the nation's undocumented population lives in California, which issued a similar pledge to its residents. The morning after the election, leaders of the state Assembly and Senate released a \u003ca href=\"http://sd24.senate.ca.gov/news/2016-11-09-joint-statement-california-legislative-leaders-result-presidential-election\" target=\"_blank\">statement\u003c/a> promising to maintain California as \"a refuge of justice and opportunity for people of all walks, talks, ages and aspirations ... California will defend its people and our progress.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So who are California's undocumented residents? Where do they come from? And what impact do they have on this state's massive economy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comic illustrator Andy Warner explains. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Undocumented_color_full.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Undocumented_color_full.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"2929\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30709\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Undocumented_color_full.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Undocumented_color_full-160x756.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Undocumented_color_full-254x1200.jpg 254w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Undocumented_color_full-240x1134.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Undocumented_color_full-375x1772.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Undocumented_color_full-520x2457.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://census.gov\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Census \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/731/docs/whats_at_stake_for_the_state.pdf\"> Center for the Study of Immigrant Integration (USC)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=818\" target=\"_blank\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/new_americans_in_california_2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">American Immigration Council\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/04/14/a-portrait-of-unauthorized-immigrants-in-the-united-states/\" target=\"_blank\">Pew Research Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/unauthorized-immigrant-population/state/CA\" target=\"_blank\">Migration Policy Institute\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Illegal! Unauthorized! Alien!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of loaded terms are used to refer to the diverse group of more than 11 million immigrants who live in the United States without legal status. Although often relegated to the shadows of American society, this large population of undocumented residents were reluctantly thrust into the national spotlight during the long, bitter 2016 presidential campaign season. During his candidacy, Donald Trump consistently used fiery rhetoric, accusing undocumented immigrants of bringing crime and other problems into the country while taking valuable jobs from American citizens. He promised that as president, he'd order mass round-ups and mass deportations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since winning the election, Trump has somewhat narrowed the scope of some of his threats, now vowing to deport \"the more than 2 to 3 million criminal illegal immigrants.” But he continues to stand by many of his anti-immigrant original pledges, including punishing so-called \"\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/07/10/explainer-what-are-sanctuary-cities/\" target=\"_blank\">sanctuary cities\u003c/a>\" for not complying with federal immigration officials and rescinding President Obama's \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca\" target=\"_blank\">executive action\u003c/a> that protects hundreds of thousands of undocumented young people from deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, Trump's victory has provoked a heightened level of fear and uncertainty in undocumented communities across the country. In response, more than a dozen major cities, including San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles, Chicago and New York quickly reaffirmed their commitment to protecting documented residents and not cooperating with federal enforcement efforts (unless a serious crime is committed), even in the face of the president-elect's threats to withhold federal funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly a quarter of the nation's undocumented population lives in California, which issued a similar pledge to its residents. The morning after the election, leaders of the state Assembly and Senate released a \u003ca href=\"http://sd24.senate.ca.gov/news/2016-11-09-joint-statement-california-legislative-leaders-result-presidential-election\" target=\"_blank\">statement\u003c/a> promising to maintain California as \"a refuge of justice and opportunity for people of all walks, talks, ages and aspirations ... California will defend its people and our progress.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So who are California's undocumented residents? Where do they come from? And what impact do they have on this state's massive economy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comic illustrator Andy Warner explains. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Undocumented_color_full.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Undocumented_color_full.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"2929\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30709\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Undocumented_color_full.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Undocumented_color_full-160x756.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Undocumented_color_full-254x1200.jpg 254w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Undocumented_color_full-240x1134.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Undocumented_color_full-375x1772.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Undocumented_color_full-520x2457.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://census.gov\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Census \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/731/docs/whats_at_stake_for_the_state.pdf\"> Center for the Study of Immigrant Integration (USC)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=818\" target=\"_blank\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/new_americans_in_california_2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">American Immigration Council\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/04/14/a-portrait-of-unauthorized-immigrants-in-the-united-states/\" target=\"_blank\">Pew Research Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/unauthorized-immigrant-population/state/CA\" target=\"_blank\">Migration Policy Institute\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Power of Executive Action: What Trump Can Actually Do in His First 100 Days (with Lesson Plan)",
"title": "The Power of Executive Action: What Trump Can Actually Do in His First 100 Days (with Lesson Plan)",
"headTitle": "The Lowdown | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Executive-Action-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Trump and executive action (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With ambitious plans for his first 100 days in office, President-elect Trump has shown full determination to grab the helm from President Obama and steer the country on a very different course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout his campaign, the Republican candidate promised to undo major pieces of the Obama administration’s domestic and foreign policy achievements, from repealing most of Obamacare and scrapping recent gun control rules to undoing major immigration reforms and building a new wall on the border with Mexico. He reiterated these intentions in his \u003ca href=\"https://assets.donaldjtrump.com/_landings/contract/O-TRU-102316-Contractv02.pdf\">Contract with the American Voter\u003c/a>, a plan released in October charting the first 100 days of his administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what can Trump actually do with the stroke of a pen, and where might Congress -- or the Constitution -- stand in his way?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama was recently asked in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/11/28/obama-reckons-with-a-trump-presidency\" target=\"_blank\">interview with the New Yorker magazine\u003c/a> if he thought his accomplishments over the last eight years would be out the window with Trump in the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that the possibility of everything being out the window exists,\" he said. \"But, as a practical matter, what I’ve been saying to people, including my own staff, is that the federal government is an aircraft carrier, it’s not a speedboat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama, however, does have good reason to be mightily concerned about his legacy. For one, Trump will be working with a Republican-controlled House and Senate whose leadership is generally in step with many of his goals and eager to overturn laws like the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) and scrap any number of environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, some of Obama's most notable achievements were made through executive action, many of which Trump will have the power to undo almost immediately after taking office.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Executive orders and actions explained\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The president heads the executive branch of government, and as such, is technically supposed to be enforcing laws, not making them. As we all \"learned\" (or were supposed to learn) in high school government class, that's the role of the legislative branch. The president \u003cem>does\u003c/em> have the authority to veto legislation passed by Congress (the veto can be overridden with a two-thirds vote in both houses). However, he lacks the power to repeal laws that have already been enacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are some other legal options in the presidential bag of tricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's where the power of executive action comes into play. The president can take these actions to create new rules that often have the full force of law and don't require congressional approval. And that includes the power to quickly reverse executive actions taken by a previous administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Executive action\" is a general term referring to a broad range of presidential directives, some of which have more legal heft than others. These include technical-sounding things like executive orders, memorandums, proclamations, and proposals. (To clarify, executive orders are a type of executive action, and they shouldn't be referred to interchangeably.) If you want to get more into the nitty-gritty, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/stroke.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Congressional Research Service \u003c/a>provides a good explanation of the differences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every president, from George Washington to Obama, has used executive power, collectively issuing more than 13,000 executive actions according to\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/28/executive-orders-what-they-are-and-how-they-work.html\" target=\"_blank\"> one count\u003c/a>. The text of every executive order from 1937 through August 2016 can be found \u003ca href=\"http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/disposition.html\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most consequential and controversial executive actions in history include President Abraham Lincoln's suspension of the writ of habeus corpus and the Emancipation Proclamation during the Civil War, President Franklin Roosevelt's order that led to the Japanese-American internment camps during World War II and President Harry Truman's 1948 order to integrate the armed forces. Incidentally, Roosevelt issued far more executive actions than any other president in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/c/embed/d17bb6e8-701c-11e4-a2c2-478179fd0489\" width=\"650\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Obama's endangered actions\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Since 2014, Obama has relied frequently on executive power to bypass a Republican-controlled Congress that was determined to stymie his agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama told reporters in January 2014: “We are not just going to be waiting for legislation. I’ve got a pen and I’ve got a phone, and I can use that pen to sign executive orders and take executive actions and administrative actions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His actions (most of which were not actually executive orders, but rather memorandums and proclamations) have had sweeping impact (see the \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions\" target=\"_blank\">full list of his presidential actions here\u003c/a>). They include a 2012 measure to protect hundreds of thousands of undocumented children from deportation (\u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca\" target=\"_blank\">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals\u003c/a>), as well as a 2014 expansion of this action meant to protect millions more young people and parents. This later order was later halted by a federal court, ruling the expansion unconstitutional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama also single-handedly ordered a dramatic reduction in the nation's carbon emissions (an action known as the Clean Power Plan, that also remains tied up in federal court), placed limits on various forms of student-loan payments and tightened gun sale regulations. In December 2014, he even \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/17/fact-sheet-charting-new-course-cuba\" target=\"_blank\">re-established diplomatic relations with Cuba\u003c/a>. All without consent from Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of Obama's executive actions argue that it is a blatant overreach of his power and an unconstitutional attempt to bypass the legislative branch. Former House Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) twice sued the administration, accusing the president of using a \"king-like authority at the expense of the American people and their elected legislators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/JUDSeb2zHQ0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while executive action is a powerful tool, it can also result in a fragile, potentially short-lived outcome. Unlike laws enacted by Congress, these actions can be wiped away, literally overnight, by a successor with opposing views (enter President Trump). What one president enacts, another can undo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Obama took office in 2009, for instance, he immediately \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99830240\" target=\"_blank\">restored federal funding\u003c/a> for international groups that perform abortions. His Republican predecessor, George W. Bush, had taken that funding away, which had earlier been brought back by Bill Clinton, a Democrat, after it had been first withheld by Ronald Reagan, a Republican. Ah partisanship!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his October \"contract,\" Trump pledged to \"cancel every unconstitutional executive action, memorandum and order issued by President Obama.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a complete list of Trump's major priorities during his first days as president, see this excellent New York Times graphic: \"\u003ca href=\"http://nyti.ms/2fiaVRs\" target=\"_blank\">How Hard (or Easy) It Will Be for Trump to Fulfill His 100-Day Plan\u003c/a>\" as well as this \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/01/24/trumps-big-agenda-for-his-first-100-days-what-he-wants-to-do-and-what-he-can-do-with-lesson-plan/\" target=\"_blank\">Lowdown interactive post\u003c/a> tracking nine major issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Times notes, Trump will instantly have tremendous leverage to upend many of Obama's accomplishments with the stroke of a pen. Some of his predecessor's major executive actions are on the chopping block, including DACA. Trump has also vowed to, among other things, immediately get rid of Obama's gun control actions, declare China a currency manipulator and withdraw the U.S. from both the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal and the Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all of Trump's pledges, however, are as simple or easy to push through as he's made them seem. Many of the president-elect's proposed changes will likely be subject to lengthy bureaucratic hurdles, constitutional legal challenges and, in some cases, congressional approval. Thia includes his promise to scrap Obama's environmental rules, which could get entangled in a lengthy bureaucratic and legal process (unless Congress took it on directly).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump also pledged to \"begin removing the more than 2 to 3 million criminal illegal immigrants.\" Carrying out these deportations quickly, the Times notes, would likely violate due process and require additional funding from Congress. It's also unclear if Trump would have the authority to \"cancel all funding to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/07/10/explainer-what-are-sanctuary-cities/\" target=\"_blank\">sanctuary cities\u003c/a>,\" as he's threatened to do, without congressional approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there are the pledges Trump has made that require congressional approval. These include repealing and replacing Obamacare (an actual law, not an executive order), funding the construction of a wall along the border with Mexico and making sweeping tax cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And pushing all that and more through Congress \"within the first 100 days,\" even with a supportive Republican Congress, will be a tremendous undertaking.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Executive-Action-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Trump and executive action (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With ambitious plans for his first 100 days in office, President-elect Trump has shown full determination to grab the helm from President Obama and steer the country on a very different course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout his campaign, the Republican candidate promised to undo major pieces of the Obama administration’s domestic and foreign policy achievements, from repealing most of Obamacare and scrapping recent gun control rules to undoing major immigration reforms and building a new wall on the border with Mexico. He reiterated these intentions in his \u003ca href=\"https://assets.donaldjtrump.com/_landings/contract/O-TRU-102316-Contractv02.pdf\">Contract with the American Voter\u003c/a>, a plan released in October charting the first 100 days of his administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what can Trump actually do with the stroke of a pen, and where might Congress -- or the Constitution -- stand in his way?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama was recently asked in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/11/28/obama-reckons-with-a-trump-presidency\" target=\"_blank\">interview with the New Yorker magazine\u003c/a> if he thought his accomplishments over the last eight years would be out the window with Trump in the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that the possibility of everything being out the window exists,\" he said. \"But, as a practical matter, what I’ve been saying to people, including my own staff, is that the federal government is an aircraft carrier, it’s not a speedboat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama, however, does have good reason to be mightily concerned about his legacy. For one, Trump will be working with a Republican-controlled House and Senate whose leadership is generally in step with many of his goals and eager to overturn laws like the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) and scrap any number of environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, some of Obama's most notable achievements were made through executive action, many of which Trump will have the power to undo almost immediately after taking office.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Executive orders and actions explained\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The president heads the executive branch of government, and as such, is technically supposed to be enforcing laws, not making them. As we all \"learned\" (or were supposed to learn) in high school government class, that's the role of the legislative branch. The president \u003cem>does\u003c/em> have the authority to veto legislation passed by Congress (the veto can be overridden with a two-thirds vote in both houses). However, he lacks the power to repeal laws that have already been enacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are some other legal options in the presidential bag of tricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's where the power of executive action comes into play. The president can take these actions to create new rules that often have the full force of law and don't require congressional approval. And that includes the power to quickly reverse executive actions taken by a previous administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Executive action\" is a general term referring to a broad range of presidential directives, some of which have more legal heft than others. These include technical-sounding things like executive orders, memorandums, proclamations, and proposals. (To clarify, executive orders are a type of executive action, and they shouldn't be referred to interchangeably.) If you want to get more into the nitty-gritty, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/stroke.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Congressional Research Service \u003c/a>provides a good explanation of the differences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every president, from George Washington to Obama, has used executive power, collectively issuing more than 13,000 executive actions according to\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/28/executive-orders-what-they-are-and-how-they-work.html\" target=\"_blank\"> one count\u003c/a>. The text of every executive order from 1937 through August 2016 can be found \u003ca href=\"http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/disposition.html\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most consequential and controversial executive actions in history include President Abraham Lincoln's suspension of the writ of habeus corpus and the Emancipation Proclamation during the Civil War, President Franklin Roosevelt's order that led to the Japanese-American internment camps during World War II and President Harry Truman's 1948 order to integrate the armed forces. Incidentally, Roosevelt issued far more executive actions than any other president in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/c/embed/d17bb6e8-701c-11e4-a2c2-478179fd0489\" width=\"650\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Obama's endangered actions\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Since 2014, Obama has relied frequently on executive power to bypass a Republican-controlled Congress that was determined to stymie his agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama told reporters in January 2014: “We are not just going to be waiting for legislation. I’ve got a pen and I’ve got a phone, and I can use that pen to sign executive orders and take executive actions and administrative actions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His actions (most of which were not actually executive orders, but rather memorandums and proclamations) have had sweeping impact (see the \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions\" target=\"_blank\">full list of his presidential actions here\u003c/a>). They include a 2012 measure to protect hundreds of thousands of undocumented children from deportation (\u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca\" target=\"_blank\">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals\u003c/a>), as well as a 2014 expansion of this action meant to protect millions more young people and parents. This later order was later halted by a federal court, ruling the expansion unconstitutional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama also single-handedly ordered a dramatic reduction in the nation's carbon emissions (an action known as the Clean Power Plan, that also remains tied up in federal court), placed limits on various forms of student-loan payments and tightened gun sale regulations. In December 2014, he even \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/17/fact-sheet-charting-new-course-cuba\" target=\"_blank\">re-established diplomatic relations with Cuba\u003c/a>. All without consent from Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of Obama's executive actions argue that it is a blatant overreach of his power and an unconstitutional attempt to bypass the legislative branch. Former House Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) twice sued the administration, accusing the president of using a \"king-like authority at the expense of the American people and their elected legislators.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/JUDSeb2zHQ0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/JUDSeb2zHQ0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>But while executive action is a powerful tool, it can also result in a fragile, potentially short-lived outcome. Unlike laws enacted by Congress, these actions can be wiped away, literally overnight, by a successor with opposing views (enter President Trump). What one president enacts, another can undo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Obama took office in 2009, for instance, he immediately \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99830240\" target=\"_blank\">restored federal funding\u003c/a> for international groups that perform abortions. His Republican predecessor, George W. Bush, had taken that funding away, which had earlier been brought back by Bill Clinton, a Democrat, after it had been first withheld by Ronald Reagan, a Republican. Ah partisanship!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his October \"contract,\" Trump pledged to \"cancel every unconstitutional executive action, memorandum and order issued by President Obama.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a complete list of Trump's major priorities during his first days as president, see this excellent New York Times graphic: \"\u003ca href=\"http://nyti.ms/2fiaVRs\" target=\"_blank\">How Hard (or Easy) It Will Be for Trump to Fulfill His 100-Day Plan\u003c/a>\" as well as this \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/01/24/trumps-big-agenda-for-his-first-100-days-what-he-wants-to-do-and-what-he-can-do-with-lesson-plan/\" target=\"_blank\">Lowdown interactive post\u003c/a> tracking nine major issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Times notes, Trump will instantly have tremendous leverage to upend many of Obama's accomplishments with the stroke of a pen. Some of his predecessor's major executive actions are on the chopping block, including DACA. Trump has also vowed to, among other things, immediately get rid of Obama's gun control actions, declare China a currency manipulator and withdraw the U.S. from both the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal and the Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all of Trump's pledges, however, are as simple or easy to push through as he's made them seem. Many of the president-elect's proposed changes will likely be subject to lengthy bureaucratic hurdles, constitutional legal challenges and, in some cases, congressional approval. Thia includes his promise to scrap Obama's environmental rules, which could get entangled in a lengthy bureaucratic and legal process (unless Congress took it on directly).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump also pledged to \"begin removing the more than 2 to 3 million criminal illegal immigrants.\" Carrying out these deportations quickly, the Times notes, would likely violate due process and require additional funding from Congress. It's also unclear if Trump would have the authority to \"cancel all funding to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/07/10/explainer-what-are-sanctuary-cities/\" target=\"_blank\">sanctuary cities\u003c/a>,\" as he's threatened to do, without congressional approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there are the pledges Trump has made that require congressional approval. These include repealing and replacing Obamacare (an actual law, not an executive order), funding the construction of a wall along the border with Mexico and making sweeping tax cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And pushing all that and more through Congress \"within the first 100 days,\" even with a supportive Republican Congress, will be a tremendous undertaking.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Regardless of where you stand on admitting refugees from Syria or other war-torn countries into the United States, there is a certain irony in seeing this long-standing heated debate continue to unfold as we celebrate Thanksgiving this year, a national holiday rooted in the tenets of gratitude, kindness and acceptance of others .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main protagonists of the Thanksgiving story -- the Pilgrims -- were, after all, refugees of a sort as well. While they might not have necessarily fit neatly into the United Nations' \u003ca href=\"http://www.unrefugees.org/what-is-a-refugee/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">modern legal classification\u003c/a> of a \"refugee,\" they were undeniably seeking religious freedom and a refuge from persecution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the roughly 100 passengers who set sail aboard the Mayflower in 1620 in search of a better life, about a third were members of the radical Puritan faction known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/pilgrims-progress-135067108/?no-ist=&page=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English Separatist Church\u003c/a>. The group fled religious persecution after illegally ceding from the Church of England, heading first to the Netherlands and eventually across the Atlantic to the New World.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although aiming for an area near the Hudson River, the ship ultimately landed on the shores of Cape Cod in what is modern-day Massachusetts, where its passengers founded the Plymouth Colony. The first winter was a rough one: nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">half the colony\u003c/a> died from starvation and inadequate shelter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as the story goes, the group acquired crucial agricultural advice and survival skills from the area's native inhabitants, and by the fall of 1621, had managed to scrape together enough food to at least marginally sustain themselves. The 53 remaining members of the colony famously celebrated a harvest feast with members of the Pokanoket tribe, an event \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.com/topics/pilgrims\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">considered the basis\u003c/a> for today's Thanksgiving holiday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20262\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20262\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/thanksgiving-pic1.jpg\" alt=\"The First Thanksgiving 1621, oil on canvas by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris (1899).\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/thanksgiving-pic1.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/thanksgiving-pic1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/thanksgiving-pic1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/thanksgiving-pic1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/thanksgiving-pic1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/thanksgiving-pic1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The First Thanksgiving 1621, oil on canvas by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris (1899). \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our harvest being gotten in, our governor sent four men on fowling, that so we might after a special manner rejoice together after we had gathered the fruit of our labors… many of the Indians coming amongst us, and among the rest their greatest king Massasoit, with some ninety men, whom for three days we entertained and feasted,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/ap_first_thanksgiving.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote\u003c/a> Edward Winslow, one of the colony's leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And although it be not always so plentiful as it was at this time with us, yet by the goodness of God, we are so far from want that we often wish you partakers of our plenty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the arrival of the newcomers didn't bode all that well for the Pokanokets, part of the larger Wampanoag Nation, whose population was rapidly decimated, largely due to smallpox and other diseases imported by the colonists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As liberal comedian John Oliver noted last year on his HBO show\u003ca href=\"http://www.hbo.com/last-week-tonight-with-john-oliver\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \"Last Week Tonight\u003c/a>,\" it was really the only influx of refugees in American history that had a significantly detrimental impact on the people already living here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every generation has had its own ugly reaction to refugees. ... And those fears have been broadly unfounded,” he said. “In fact, there was only one time in American history when the fear of refugees wiping everyone out did actually come true, and we’ll all be sitting around a table celebrating it on Thursday.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we get ready to celebrate Thanksgiving with friends and family who may not always be politically aligned, it's worth remembering what this holiday is intended to commemorate, and to keep in mind the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/statistics/unhcrstats/576408cd7/unhcr-global-trends-2015.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">many millions of people\u003c/a> around the world today forced to flee their homes in search of safety.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Regardless of where you stand on admitting refugees from Syria or other war-torn countries into the United States, there is a certain irony in seeing this long-standing heated debate continue to unfold as we celebrate Thanksgiving this year, a national holiday rooted in the tenets of gratitude, kindness and acceptance of others .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main protagonists of the Thanksgiving story -- the Pilgrims -- were, after all, refugees of a sort as well. While they might not have necessarily fit neatly into the United Nations' \u003ca href=\"http://www.unrefugees.org/what-is-a-refugee/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">modern legal classification\u003c/a> of a \"refugee,\" they were undeniably seeking religious freedom and a refuge from persecution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the roughly 100 passengers who set sail aboard the Mayflower in 1620 in search of a better life, about a third were members of the radical Puritan faction known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/pilgrims-progress-135067108/?no-ist=&page=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English Separatist Church\u003c/a>. The group fled religious persecution after illegally ceding from the Church of England, heading first to the Netherlands and eventually across the Atlantic to the New World.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although aiming for an area near the Hudson River, the ship ultimately landed on the shores of Cape Cod in what is modern-day Massachusetts, where its passengers founded the Plymouth Colony. The first winter was a rough one: nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">half the colony\u003c/a> died from starvation and inadequate shelter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as the story goes, the group acquired crucial agricultural advice and survival skills from the area's native inhabitants, and by the fall of 1621, had managed to scrape together enough food to at least marginally sustain themselves. The 53 remaining members of the colony famously celebrated a harvest feast with members of the Pokanoket tribe, an event \u003ca href=\"http://www.history.com/topics/pilgrims\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">considered the basis\u003c/a> for today's Thanksgiving holiday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20262\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20262\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/thanksgiving-pic1.jpg\" alt=\"The First Thanksgiving 1621, oil on canvas by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris (1899).\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/thanksgiving-pic1.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/thanksgiving-pic1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/thanksgiving-pic1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/thanksgiving-pic1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/thanksgiving-pic1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/11/thanksgiving-pic1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The First Thanksgiving 1621, oil on canvas by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris (1899). \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/The_First_Thanksgiving_cph.3g04961.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our harvest being gotten in, our governor sent four men on fowling, that so we might after a special manner rejoice together after we had gathered the fruit of our labors… many of the Indians coming amongst us, and among the rest their greatest king Massasoit, with some ninety men, whom for three days we entertained and feasted,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/ap_first_thanksgiving.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote\u003c/a> Edward Winslow, one of the colony's leaders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And although it be not always so plentiful as it was at this time with us, yet by the goodness of God, we are so far from want that we often wish you partakers of our plenty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the arrival of the newcomers didn't bode all that well for the Pokanokets, part of the larger Wampanoag Nation, whose population was rapidly decimated, largely due to smallpox and other diseases imported by the colonists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As liberal comedian John Oliver noted last year on his HBO show\u003ca href=\"http://www.hbo.com/last-week-tonight-with-john-oliver\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \"Last Week Tonight\u003c/a>,\" it was really the only influx of refugees in American history that had a significantly detrimental impact on the people already living here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every generation has had its own ugly reaction to refugees. ... And those fears have been broadly unfounded,” he said. “In fact, there was only one time in American history when the fear of refugees wiping everyone out did actually come true, and we’ll all be sitting around a table celebrating it on Thursday.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we get ready to celebrate Thanksgiving with friends and family who may not always be politically aligned, it's worth remembering what this holiday is intended to commemorate, and to keep in mind the \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/statistics/unhcrstats/576408cd7/unhcr-global-trends-2015.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">many millions of people\u003c/a> around the world today forced to flee their homes in search of safety.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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