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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17842\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/167095303-e1393030020245.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17842\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/167095303-640x613.jpg\" alt=\"Vial of Measles Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine. (Geoff Caddick/AFP/Getty Images\" width=\"640\" height=\"613\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vial of Measles Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine. (Geoff Caddick/AFP/Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health says that California has 32 confirmed cases of measles so far this year. At this time last year, only three cases had been reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cases are reported in both Northern and Southern California. Measles was declared to be eliminated in 2000 in the United States and CDPH says that many cases are linked to travel to parts of the world where measles is circulating. Of the cases reported so far this year, seven people had traveled to the Philippines where a large outbreak of measles is ongoing, two had been to India and one had traveled to Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials recommend that anyone planning travel outside of North or South America and has not been vaccinated to make sure they get the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine before they go.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children typically receive their first of two doses at 12 to 15 months of age and the second one before they start kindergarten. But babies as young as 6 months can be vaccinated at six months if they are traveling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breakdown of cases by California county is as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda -- 1\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa -- 4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles -- 10\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orange -- 7\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riverside -- 5\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo -- 1\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Diego -- 3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara -- 1\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measles is a highly contagious illness, and infants, pregnant women and those with compromised immune systems are at greatest risk of complications which include pneumonia, diarrhea and even death, in severe cases. Measles can make a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/overview.html\" target=\"_blank\">pregnant woman miscarry\u003c/a> or give birth prematurely, according to the Center for Disease Control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a description of measles symptoms from the California Department of Public Health:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Symptoms begin with a fever that lasts for a couple of days, followed by a cough, runny nose, red, watery eyes and rash. The rash typically appears first on the face, along the hairline, and behind the ears and then affects the rest of the body. Infected people are usually contagious for about eight days, four days before their rash starts and four days after.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"vdNRdlohgoFdlh0Ijrb8ceR0aeylnHiA\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17842\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/167095303-e1393030020245.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17842\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/167095303-640x613.jpg\" alt=\"Vial of Measles Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine. (Geoff Caddick/AFP/Getty Images\" width=\"640\" height=\"613\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vial of Measles Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine. (Geoff Caddick/AFP/Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health says that California has 32 confirmed cases of measles so far this year. At this time last year, only three cases had been reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cases are reported in both Northern and Southern California. Measles was declared to be eliminated in 2000 in the United States and CDPH says that many cases are linked to travel to parts of the world where measles is circulating. Of the cases reported so far this year, seven people had traveled to the Philippines where a large outbreak of measles is ongoing, two had been to India and one had traveled to Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials recommend that anyone planning travel outside of North or South America and has not been vaccinated to make sure they get the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine before they go.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children typically receive their first of two doses at 12 to 15 months of age and the second one before they start kindergarten. But babies as young as 6 months can be vaccinated at six months if they are traveling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breakdown of cases by California county is as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda -- 1\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa -- 4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles -- 10\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orange -- 7\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riverside -- 5\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Mateo -- 1\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Diego -- 3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara -- 1\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measles is a highly contagious illness, and infants, pregnant women and those with compromised immune systems are at greatest risk of complications which include pneumonia, diarrhea and even death, in severe cases. Measles can make a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/overview.html\" target=\"_blank\">pregnant woman miscarry\u003c/a> or give birth prematurely, according to the Center for Disease Control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a description of measles symptoms from the California Department of Public Health:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Symptoms begin with a fever that lasts for a couple of days, followed by a cough, runny nose, red, watery eyes and rash. The rash typically appears first on the face, along the hairline, and behind the ears and then affects the rest of the body. Infected people are usually contagious for about eight days, four days before their rash starts and four days after.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"vdNRdlohgoFdlh0Ijrb8ceR0aeylnHiA\"]\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Contra Costa County Maps Schools by Vaccination Rates: Find Yours ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/immunization/school-iz-levels.php\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17972 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/03/Screen-Shot-2014-03-04-at-3.29.21-PM-640x292.png\" alt=\"The red dots mark a school or childcare facility where the vaccine opt-out rate is 10 percent or more. \" width=\"640\" height=\"292\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red dots mark a school or child care facility where the vaccine opt-out rate is above 9.9 percent. The statewide average is 3 percent. (Contra Costa Health Department)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In response to the troubling number of children whose parents opt out of vaccines for them, Contra Costa Health Services (CCHS) has published an \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/immunization/school-iz-levels.php\" target=\"_blank\">interactive online map of vaccine rates\u003c/a> for schools and licensed child-care facilities with at least 15 children at each site across the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"There's not much wiggle room. We need about 90 percent of our community to be immune.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The screen shot above shows the map. When you visit the site you can click on any of the dots, and a box appears to show you the name of the school, its address and rate of \"personal belief exemptions.\" While state law requires that every child be fully vaccinated to enter kindergarten, parents can opt out by filing a personal belief exemption (PBE), a signed statement that vaccines are against a parent's beliefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Leung, immunization program manager for Contra Costa Public Health, said the goal of producing the map was to increases awareness. \"Many community members may not realize this dangerous, disturbing trend of parents choosing to skip vaccines for their children,\" he said. \"It not only puts these kids at greater risk of serious, dangerous diseases like measles and polio,\" but it also puts others at risk, he said, including those who cannot be vaccinated, such as babies, and children or adults too sick to be vaccinated. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map color-codes schools by PBE rates -- green is a PBE rate of 2.9 percent of less; yellow is 3-9.9 percent; red is greater than 9.9 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's not much wiggle room,\" Leung said. \"We need about 90 percent of our community to be immune. What we've done with our maps is highlight schools where 10 percent or more of their incoming kids have exempted from vaccines, so these schools are more vulnerable to vaccine-preventable outbreaks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"644a949393a3957ed06ca92570f1ee94\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa Health Department says the kindergartens at five elementary schools and students at 22 child-care facilities had PBE rates above 9.9 percent. The schools are both public and private. East Bay Waldorf School, a private school in El Sobrante, has the highest PBE rate in the county, 50 percent, CCHD says. In 2008, county health officials briefly closed the school due to a whooping cough outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statewide average for personal belief exemptions is 3 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, a new state law went into effect, requiring parents seeking a personal belief exemption to first meet with a health care provider to discuss the risks and benefits of vaccines and to learn more about vaccine-preventable illnesses. Washington passed a similar law in 2011, and its personal belief exemption rate has dropped by 40 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa's data are for the current school year -- schools are all required to report vaccination rates and PBE rates to the state after school starts in September. The state has not released its data for all counties for this school year as yet, but if you live in one of California's other 57 counties, you can \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/06/more-california-parents-opting-out-of-vaccines-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">look up your school's vaccination rates\u003c/a> for 2012-2013.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/immunization/school-iz-levels.php\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17972 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/03/Screen-Shot-2014-03-04-at-3.29.21-PM-640x292.png\" alt=\"The red dots mark a school or childcare facility where the vaccine opt-out rate is 10 percent or more. \" width=\"640\" height=\"292\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red dots mark a school or child care facility where the vaccine opt-out rate is above 9.9 percent. The statewide average is 3 percent. (Contra Costa Health Department)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In response to the troubling number of children whose parents opt out of vaccines for them, Contra Costa Health Services (CCHS) has published an \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/immunization/school-iz-levels.php\" target=\"_blank\">interactive online map of vaccine rates\u003c/a> for schools and licensed child-care facilities with at least 15 children at each site across the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"There's not much wiggle room. We need about 90 percent of our community to be immune.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The screen shot above shows the map. When you visit the site you can click on any of the dots, and a box appears to show you the name of the school, its address and rate of \"personal belief exemptions.\" While state law requires that every child be fully vaccinated to enter kindergarten, parents can opt out by filing a personal belief exemption (PBE), a signed statement that vaccines are against a parent's beliefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Leung, immunization program manager for Contra Costa Public Health, said the goal of producing the map was to increases awareness. \"Many community members may not realize this dangerous, disturbing trend of parents choosing to skip vaccines for their children,\" he said. \"It not only puts these kids at greater risk of serious, dangerous diseases like measles and polio,\" but it also puts others at risk, he said, including those who cannot be vaccinated, such as babies, and children or adults too sick to be vaccinated. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map color-codes schools by PBE rates -- green is a PBE rate of 2.9 percent of less; yellow is 3-9.9 percent; red is greater than 9.9 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's not much wiggle room,\" Leung said. \"We need about 90 percent of our community to be immune. What we've done with our maps is highlight schools where 10 percent or more of their incoming kids have exempted from vaccines, so these schools are more vulnerable to vaccine-preventable outbreaks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa Health Department says the kindergartens at five elementary schools and students at 22 child-care facilities had PBE rates above 9.9 percent. The schools are both public and private. East Bay Waldorf School, a private school in El Sobrante, has the highest PBE rate in the county, 50 percent, CCHD says. In 2008, county health officials briefly closed the school due to a whooping cough outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statewide average for personal belief exemptions is 3 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, a new state law went into effect, requiring parents seeking a personal belief exemption to first meet with a health care provider to discuss the risks and benefits of vaccines and to learn more about vaccine-preventable illnesses. Washington passed a similar law in 2011, and its personal belief exemption rate has dropped by 40 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa's data are for the current school year -- schools are all required to report vaccination rates and PBE rates to the state after school starts in September. The state has not released its data for all counties for this school year as yet, but if you live in one of California's other 57 counties, you can \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/06/more-california-parents-opting-out-of-vaccines-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">look up your school's vaccination rates\u003c/a> for 2012-2013.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Whooping Cough Vaccine: Does Its Effectiveness Wear Off Faster?",
"title": "Whooping Cough Vaccine: Does Its Effectiveness Wear Off Faster?",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/104228158-e1392067906728.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17600\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/104228158-640x425.jpg\" alt=\"A vial containing the acellular pertussis vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vial containing the acellular pertussis vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new rise in whooping cough cases in California is raising questions among doctors about whether there are problems with the current vaccine. California \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/Pertussis%20report%202-4-2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">public health data \u003c/a>show a spike in whooping cough cases in 2013 compared to the year before, and last week officials confirmed the first death from the disease since the major outbreak of 2010: an infant in Riverside.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The attempt at making vaccines safer has created a potential lapse in protection.\" \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Whooping cough, or pertussis as it is referred to in medical circles, is cyclical in nature and tends to peak every three to five years. But doctors are now finding evidence that the new vaccine may start to wear off on a similar timeline, despite medical recommendations that allow for a span of eight years between booster shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"75e2b90f971831849adca0e1633a4908\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The efficacy of the new vaccine is really good, it works. It’s just that it wanes, and it wanes more quickly,” said Dr. Michael Witte, a pediatrician in Pt. Reyes, north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new acellular whooping cough vaccine was introduced in the 1990s. It has fewer side effects than the earlier whole-cell vaccine that had been in use since the 1940s. By 2001, the old vaccine was completely phased out. So while many adolescent kids have received boosters of the new vaccine, they would have gotten shots when they were babies that included the old vaccine.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids who are now between 11 and 15 years old -- the main group that is getting sick -- are the first generation to have received only the new vaccine. That is leading doctors treating them to conclude that immunity from the acellular vaccine starts to wear off after three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"0518368a6e2e7d73af4dc8bfccc32f06\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pertussis vaccines have never been that strong,” said Paul Katz, a pediatrician at Kaiser Permanente in San Rafael. “But the attempt at making vaccines safer has created a potential lapse in protection in older people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Katz’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinmedicalsociety.org/magazine/articles/?articleid=608\" target=\"_blank\">recent research\u003c/a> in Marin County shows that kids who have received had only the new vaccine are five times more likely to get whooping cough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current medical recommendation is for kids to get four whooping cough shots in the first two years of life, then a booster before kindergarten and another in middle school. That’s a span of up to eight years. Now doctors are talking about whether the recommendations need to be updated to account for the three year dip in the vaccine’s effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This phenomenon of waning immunity is just coming to the surface,” said Dr. James Watt, the chief of communicable disease control for the California Department of Public Health. He says the review of current recommendations has reached the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks at the national level are looking at information about the effectiveness of giving additional doses, whether there are issues with any local reactions associated with additional doses, things like that,” he said.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Katz and Dr. Witte agree that the root of both the 2010 and 2013 whooping cough outbreaks in Marin was a cluster of kids who had never been vaccinated. Marin has the highest rate of the disease of any county in California, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/Pertussis%20report%202-4-2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">public health data\u003c/a>. Doctors believe those numbers are directly related to the county's comparatively high rate of parents who \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">declined to vaccinate\u003c/a> their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had a lot of unvaccinated children that acted as the kindling to start an outbreak,” said Dr. Katz. “Those children were able to infect all the other children who were vaccinated but were too early for a booster – they became the rest of the wood to start the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/23/new-requirement-for-vaccine-exemption-passed-by-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">new state law\u003c/a> that went into effect in January now requires families who refuse vaccines to talk to a health care provider about the risks and benefits of vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/134124755&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new rise in whooping cough cases in California is raising questions among doctors about whether there are problems with the current vaccine. California public health data show a spike in whooping cough cases in 2013 compared to the year before, and last week officials confirmed the first death from the disease since the major outbreak of 2010: an infant in Riverside.\r\n\r\nWhooping cough, or pertussis as it is referred to in medical circles, is cyclical in nature and tends to peak every three to five years. But doctors are now finding evidence that the new vaccine may start to wear off on a similar timeline, despite medical recommendations that allow for a span of eight years between booster shots.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/104228158-e1392067906728.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17600\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/104228158-640x425.jpg\" alt=\"A vial containing the acellular pertussis vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vial containing the acellular pertussis vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new rise in whooping cough cases in California is raising questions among doctors about whether there are problems with the current vaccine. California \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/Pertussis%20report%202-4-2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">public health data \u003c/a>show a spike in whooping cough cases in 2013 compared to the year before, and last week officials confirmed the first death from the disease since the major outbreak of 2010: an infant in Riverside.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The attempt at making vaccines safer has created a potential lapse in protection.\" \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Whooping cough, or pertussis as it is referred to in medical circles, is cyclical in nature and tends to peak every three to five years. But doctors are now finding evidence that the new vaccine may start to wear off on a similar timeline, despite medical recommendations that allow for a span of eight years between booster shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The efficacy of the new vaccine is really good, it works. It’s just that it wanes, and it wanes more quickly,” said Dr. Michael Witte, a pediatrician in Pt. Reyes, north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new acellular whooping cough vaccine was introduced in the 1990s. It has fewer side effects than the earlier whole-cell vaccine that had been in use since the 1940s. By 2001, the old vaccine was completely phased out. So while many adolescent kids have received boosters of the new vaccine, they would have gotten shots when they were babies that included the old vaccine.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids who are now between 11 and 15 years old -- the main group that is getting sick -- are the first generation to have received only the new vaccine. That is leading doctors treating them to conclude that immunity from the acellular vaccine starts to wear off after three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pertussis vaccines have never been that strong,” said Paul Katz, a pediatrician at Kaiser Permanente in San Rafael. “But the attempt at making vaccines safer has created a potential lapse in protection in older people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Katz’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinmedicalsociety.org/magazine/articles/?articleid=608\" target=\"_blank\">recent research\u003c/a> in Marin County shows that kids who have received had only the new vaccine are five times more likely to get whooping cough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current medical recommendation is for kids to get four whooping cough shots in the first two years of life, then a booster before kindergarten and another in middle school. That’s a span of up to eight years. Now doctors are talking about whether the recommendations need to be updated to account for the three year dip in the vaccine’s effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This phenomenon of waning immunity is just coming to the surface,” said Dr. James Watt, the chief of communicable disease control for the California Department of Public Health. He says the review of current recommendations has reached the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks at the national level are looking at information about the effectiveness of giving additional doses, whether there are issues with any local reactions associated with additional doses, things like that,” he said.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Katz and Dr. Witte agree that the root of both the 2010 and 2013 whooping cough outbreaks in Marin was a cluster of kids who had never been vaccinated. Marin has the highest rate of the disease of any county in California, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/Pertussis%20report%202-4-2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">public health data\u003c/a>. Doctors believe those numbers are directly related to the county's comparatively high rate of parents who \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">declined to vaccinate\u003c/a> their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had a lot of unvaccinated children that acted as the kindling to start an outbreak,” said Dr. Katz. “Those children were able to infect all the other children who were vaccinated but were too early for a booster – they became the rest of the wood to start the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/23/new-requirement-for-vaccine-exemption-passed-by-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">new state law\u003c/a> that went into effect in January now requires families who refuse vaccines to talk to a health care provider about the risks and benefits of vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/134124755&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How California's Law to Encourage Vaccination Could Backfire",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8239\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Vaccine_Baby_DanHatton_Flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-8239\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Vaccine_Baby_DanHatton_Flickr-620x413.jpg\" alt=\"Baby cries after receiving a vaccine. (Dan Hatton: Flickr)\" width=\"620\" height=\"413\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Dan Hatton/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Nancy Shute\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/11/09/243937869/how-a-california-law-to-encourage-vaccination-could-backfire\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has a new law that's supposed to get more of the state's children vaccinated against measles, whooping cough and other infectious diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the law has taken a strange turn on its way to being put into action, one that may instead make it easier for parents to exempt their children from required vaccinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years the number of parents who request so-called personal belief exemptions from vaccines has been rising. It's gotten to the point that public health officials fear that there could be disease outbreaks in parts of California. Same goes for other states where exemption rates are high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sept. 20, 2012, California Gov. Edmund G. Brown Jr. signed a bill aimed at boosting childhood immunization rates. \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/AB_2109_Signing_Message.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">His signing letter\u003c/a> included these instructions:\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>I am signing AB 2109 and am directing the Department of Public Health to oversee this policy so parents are not overly burdened in its implementation. Additionally, I will direct the department to allow for a separate religious exemption on the form. In this way, people whose religious beliefs preclude vaccinations will not be required to seek a health care practitioner's signature.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The full text of Brown's signing letter is available \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/AB_2109_Signing_Message.pdf\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address the problem in California, the state legislature passed a \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB2109\" target=\"_blank\">law\u003c/a> in 2012 requiring parents seeking an exemption to first talk with a health care provider about the risks and benefits of vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>[Related: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/06/more-california-parents-opting-out-of-vaccines-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">Look Up Your School's Vaccination Rates Online\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week the state's health department released the form that parents must use to request an exemption. It includes a box for a health care provider to sign, showing that the conversation has taken place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the form also includes something else. Another box reads, \"I am a member of a religion which prohibits me from seeking medical advice or treatment from authorized health care practitioners.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents who check that box don't need to talk to a health care provider. \"Signature of a health care practitioner not required in Part A\", the \u003ca href=\"http://media.npr.org/documents/2013/nov/vaccine-exemption.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">form\u003c/a> says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where did the box come from? California Gov. Edmund G. Brown Jr. When he \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/AB_2109_Signing_Message.pdf\">signed\u003c/a> the bill into law, he directed the state's health department to include a \"separate religious exemption\" on the form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a surprise,\" says Catherine Flores Martin, executive director of the California Immunization Coalition, a state-funded advocacy and education group. She and other public health types have been puzzling over it ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think [Brown] is anti-vaccine at all,\" Martin said, noting that both the governor and legislators were heavily lobbied by groups opposed to childhood vaccines. \"He's very pro-science. I could not say what drove him to do this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Martin and others say this new religious group exemption could fatally weaken the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It will give parents who want to get out of it an easy out,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.uchastings.edu/academics/faculty/facultybios/reiss/\" target=\"_blank\">Dorit Reiss\u003c/a>, at University of California, Hastings College of the Law. That includes parents who in the past checked the exemption box just because it was easier than taking the kids in for shots. \"I'm not sure it's good public policy to encourage people to lie.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reiss sees another big problem with the new exemption — it's not part of the law. \"With all due respect to the governor, he can't unilaterally change the law,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That opens up the state to legal challenges from both pro- and anti-vaccine groups, Reiss tells Shots, including constitutional questions like whether it discriminates against people who want an exemption but aren't religious, or whether parents have a right to refuse medical treatment for their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's going to make it pretty darned hard for schools or state agencies to know if parents need to get the doctor signoff or not. The forms says they don't. But the law says they do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're going to live with it and see if the exemption rates stay the same or go up,\" Martin says. \"If they go up, then essentially the governor gutted the bill by writing that.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California has a new law that's supposed to get more of the state's children vaccinated against measles, whooping cough and other infectious diseases.\r\n\r\nBut the law has taken a strange turn on its way to being put into action, one that may instead make it easier for parents to exempt their children from required vaccinations.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8239\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Vaccine_Baby_DanHatton_Flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-8239\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Vaccine_Baby_DanHatton_Flickr-620x413.jpg\" alt=\"Baby cries after receiving a vaccine. (Dan Hatton: Flickr)\" width=\"620\" height=\"413\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Dan Hatton/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Nancy Shute\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/11/09/243937869/how-a-california-law-to-encourage-vaccination-could-backfire\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has a new law that's supposed to get more of the state's children vaccinated against measles, whooping cough and other infectious diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the law has taken a strange turn on its way to being put into action, one that may instead make it easier for parents to exempt their children from required vaccinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years the number of parents who request so-called personal belief exemptions from vaccines has been rising. It's gotten to the point that public health officials fear that there could be disease outbreaks in parts of California. Same goes for other states where exemption rates are high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sept. 20, 2012, California Gov. Edmund G. Brown Jr. signed a bill aimed at boosting childhood immunization rates. \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/AB_2109_Signing_Message.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">His signing letter\u003c/a> included these instructions:\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>I am signing AB 2109 and am directing the Department of Public Health to oversee this policy so parents are not overly burdened in its implementation. Additionally, I will direct the department to allow for a separate religious exemption on the form. In this way, people whose religious beliefs preclude vaccinations will not be required to seek a health care practitioner's signature.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The full text of Brown's signing letter is available \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/AB_2109_Signing_Message.pdf\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address the problem in California, the state legislature passed a \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB2109\" target=\"_blank\">law\u003c/a> in 2012 requiring parents seeking an exemption to first talk with a health care provider about the risks and benefits of vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>[Related: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/06/more-california-parents-opting-out-of-vaccines-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">Look Up Your School's Vaccination Rates Online\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week the state's health department released the form that parents must use to request an exemption. It includes a box for a health care provider to sign, showing that the conversation has taken place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the form also includes something else. Another box reads, \"I am a member of a religion which prohibits me from seeking medical advice or treatment from authorized health care practitioners.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents who check that box don't need to talk to a health care provider. \"Signature of a health care practitioner not required in Part A\", the \u003ca href=\"http://media.npr.org/documents/2013/nov/vaccine-exemption.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">form\u003c/a> says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where did the box come from? California Gov. Edmund G. Brown Jr. When he \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/AB_2109_Signing_Message.pdf\">signed\u003c/a> the bill into law, he directed the state's health department to include a \"separate religious exemption\" on the form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a surprise,\" says Catherine Flores Martin, executive director of the California Immunization Coalition, a state-funded advocacy and education group. She and other public health types have been puzzling over it ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think [Brown] is anti-vaccine at all,\" Martin said, noting that both the governor and legislators were heavily lobbied by groups opposed to childhood vaccines. \"He's very pro-science. I could not say what drove him to do this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Martin and others say this new religious group exemption could fatally weaken the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It will give parents who want to get out of it an easy out,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.uchastings.edu/academics/faculty/facultybios/reiss/\" target=\"_blank\">Dorit Reiss\u003c/a>, at University of California, Hastings College of the Law. That includes parents who in the past checked the exemption box just because it was easier than taking the kids in for shots. \"I'm not sure it's good public policy to encourage people to lie.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reiss sees another big problem with the new exemption — it's not part of the law. \"With all due respect to the governor, he can't unilaterally change the law,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That opens up the state to legal challenges from both pro- and anti-vaccine groups, Reiss tells Shots, including constitutional questions like whether it discriminates against people who want an exemption but aren't religious, or whether parents have a right to refuse medical treatment for their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's going to make it pretty darned hard for schools or state agencies to know if parents need to get the doctor signoff or not. The forms says they don't. But the law says they do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're going to live with it and see if the exemption rates stay the same or go up,\" Martin says. \"If they go up, then essentially the governor gutted the bill by writing that.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15266\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-15266\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-640x452.jpg\" alt=\"Students leaving a vaccine clinic after being vaccinated against whooping cough at a middle school in Los Angeles. (Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"452\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Student leaves a vaccine clinic at a Los Angeles middle school after being immunized against whooping cough. (Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Nancy Shute\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/09/25/226147147/vaccine-refusals-fueled-californias-whooping-cough-epidemic\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the whooping cough vaccine was invented in the 1940s, doctors thought they had finally licked the illness, which is especially dangerous for babies. But then it came roaring back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, a whooping cough outbreak in California sickened 9,120 people, more than in any year since 1947. Ten infants died; babies are too young to be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials suspected that the increased numbers of parents who refused to vaccinate their children played a role, but they couldn't be sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine refusal was indeed a factor, researchers now say. They compared the location and number of whooping cough, or pertussis, cases in that outbreak with the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\">personal belief exemptions\u003c/a> filed by parents who chose not to vaccinate for reasons other than a child's health. (Some children with compromised immune systems aren't able to be vaccinated.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pertussis is very contagious, spreading quickly through a community. So the researchers had to map not only the location of outbreak clusters, but also when they appeared.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that people who lived in areas with high rates of personal belief exemptions were 2 1/2 times more likely to live in a place with lots of pertussis cases. \"The exemptions clustered spatially and were associated with clusters of cases,\" Jessica Atwell, a graduate student at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and lead author on the study, told NPR. It was \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/09/24/peds.2013-0878.abstract\">published online\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Pediatrics\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both exemptions and clusters of pertussis cases tended to be in neighborhoods with higher levels of education and income. Statewide about 2 percent of parents file an exemption, but the number varied hugely from one community to the text. In some schools more than three-quarters of the families filed exemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>[Related: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/06/more-california-parents-opting-out-of-vaccines-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">More California Parents Opt Out of Vaccines; Look Up Your School Online\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the number of people vaccinated drops below 95 percent, a community loses\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\"> herd immunity \u003c/a>to highly contagious germs like pertussis, and babies and other unvaccinated people can get sick. In 2010, 91 percent of kindergarteners were up to date on their shots in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine refusal wasn't the only factor fueling the California outbreak. Pertussis is a cyclical disease. Protection from the current version of pertussis vaccine appears to fade \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/09/13/161062792/whooping-cough-vaccines-protection-fades-quickly\">more quickly than doctors originally thought\u003c/a>, so many older children vaccinated as youngsters were no longer immune to the bacterium. And many adults had never gotten a booster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, this study couldn't tell if the parents who filed exemptions had vaccinated their children against some diseases, or which ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has since launched a statewide campaign to get both children and adults vaccinated, with a booster required for attendance at middle school. While parents can still file a personal belief exemption, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/23/new-requirement-for-vaccine-exemption-passed-by-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">a new state law \u003c/a>taking effect Jan. 1, 2014 will require them to meet with a health care provider first.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In 2010, a whooping cough outbreak in California sickened 9,120 people, more than in any year since 1947. Ten infants died; babies are too young to be vaccinated.\r\n\r\nPublic health officials suspected that the increased numbers of parents who refused to vaccinate their children played a role, but they couldn't be sure.\r\n\r\nVaccine refusal was indeed a factor, researchers now say. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15266\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-15266\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-640x452.jpg\" alt=\"Students leaving a vaccine clinic after being vaccinated against whooping cough at a middle school in Los Angeles. (Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"452\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Student leaves a vaccine clinic at a Los Angeles middle school after being immunized against whooping cough. (Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Nancy Shute\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/09/25/226147147/vaccine-refusals-fueled-californias-whooping-cough-epidemic\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the whooping cough vaccine was invented in the 1940s, doctors thought they had finally licked the illness, which is especially dangerous for babies. But then it came roaring back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, a whooping cough outbreak in California sickened 9,120 people, more than in any year since 1947. Ten infants died; babies are too young to be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials suspected that the increased numbers of parents who refused to vaccinate their children played a role, but they couldn't be sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine refusal was indeed a factor, researchers now say. They compared the location and number of whooping cough, or pertussis, cases in that outbreak with the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\">personal belief exemptions\u003c/a> filed by parents who chose not to vaccinate for reasons other than a child's health. (Some children with compromised immune systems aren't able to be vaccinated.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pertussis is very contagious, spreading quickly through a community. So the researchers had to map not only the location of outbreak clusters, but also when they appeared.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that people who lived in areas with high rates of personal belief exemptions were 2 1/2 times more likely to live in a place with lots of pertussis cases. \"The exemptions clustered spatially and were associated with clusters of cases,\" Jessica Atwell, a graduate student at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and lead author on the study, told NPR. It was \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/09/24/peds.2013-0878.abstract\">published online\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Pediatrics\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both exemptions and clusters of pertussis cases tended to be in neighborhoods with higher levels of education and income. Statewide about 2 percent of parents file an exemption, but the number varied hugely from one community to the text. In some schools more than three-quarters of the families filed exemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>[Related: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/06/more-california-parents-opting-out-of-vaccines-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">More California Parents Opt Out of Vaccines; Look Up Your School Online\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the number of people vaccinated drops below 95 percent, a community loses\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\"> herd immunity \u003c/a>to highly contagious germs like pertussis, and babies and other unvaccinated people can get sick. In 2010, 91 percent of kindergarteners were up to date on their shots in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine refusal wasn't the only factor fueling the California outbreak. Pertussis is a cyclical disease. Protection from the current version of pertussis vaccine appears to fade \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/09/13/161062792/whooping-cough-vaccines-protection-fades-quickly\">more quickly than doctors originally thought\u003c/a>, so many older children vaccinated as youngsters were no longer immune to the bacterium. And many adults had never gotten a booster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, this study couldn't tell if the parents who filed exemptions had vaccinated their children against some diseases, or which ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has since launched a statewide campaign to get both children and adults vaccinated, with a booster required for attendance at middle school. While parents can still file a personal belief exemption, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/23/new-requirement-for-vaccine-exemption-passed-by-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">a new state law \u003c/a>taking effect Jan. 1, 2014 will require them to meet with a health care provider first.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "More California Parents Opting Out of Vaccines; Look Up Your School Online",
"title": "More California Parents Opting Out of Vaccines; Look Up Your School Online",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Editor's note: the story below is from 2013. To see more recent data, please see \u003ca title=\"Vaccine Opt-Out Rate Doubled in 7 Years\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/vaccine\" target=\"_blank\">this story published in early September, 2014.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Olivia Hubert-Allen and Lisa Aliferis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the overwhelming medical evidence that childhood vaccinations are exceptionally effective at preventing disease, a growing number of parents are opting out of having their children vaccinated. While state law requires that children be fully vaccinated to enter kindergarten, California parents can get around this requirement simply by filing a personal belief exemption, or PBE, a signed statement saying that vaccines are counter to their beliefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PBE rates vary across the state, including by county (Marin has the highest \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\">personal belief exemption rate\u003c/a> in the Bay Area at 7.8 percent), and also by individual school. The California Department of Public Health \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20California%20Kindergarten%20Data.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">compiles vaccination rates\u003c/a> and PBE rates statewide. Below, we've made it easy for you to look up your own child's school and see what the PBE rate is. You can also look at the data by county, city or school district. (PBE data for some schools was not provided.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The column to the far right -- \"%PBE\" -- shows the percentage of children at a kindergarten with a personal belief exemption on file. Ideally, that number should be zero, as it is at many schools statewide. Look up your child's school in the search box:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/health/vaccinations/pmerates.jsp\" width=\"640\" height=\"485\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->James Watt, chief of the communicable disease control division with the California Department of Public Health, called high personal belief rates \"a concern,\" especially \"because in some schools you really do have situations where you fall below a herd immunity threshold, and disease transmission is even more possible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Herd immunity\" means that there's such a high vaccination rate that those who cannot be vaccinated, such as newborn infants or people with compromised immune systems, are protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">[\u003cstrong>Related:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\">Five Things You Should Know About Vaccines\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schools are ripe places for disease transmission if kids aren't vaccinated. Kids don't have good \"cough etiquette,\" Watt noted, plus \"kids in schools have a lot of contact with each other.\" He stressed that the best thing parents can do is have their own children vaccinated. \"The vast majority of children who are vaccinated are protected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more worrisome issue, he said, is for children who cannot be vaccinated for a medical reason. In that case, parents may want to weigh a school's PBE rate and consider what that means for their own child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's one piece of information that parents can use as they think about schools and their own children and what their risks may be,\" Watt said. \"Different children have different needs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/23/new-requirement-for-vaccine-exemption-passed-by-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">new state law goes into effect\u003c/a> requiring parents who want to opt out of vaccines to talk with a health care provider first about the pros and cons of both vaccines and communicable illnesses. Washington state passed a similar law in 2011, and their opt-out rate has since dropped by almost 40 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">On a countywide basis\u003c/a>, the highest PBE rates are found in a collection of Northern California counties. Alpine, Calaveras, Del Norte, Humboldt, Mariposa, Siskiyou and Tuolomne counties all have PBE rates between 10.5 and 12.5 percent. Trinity County's rate is 15.93 and Nevada County's rate is 22.44, but both these counties have only a few hundred students in school, so it would take just a few children with PBEs to create the high percentage rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, San Francisco County's PBE rate is 1.33 percent, and Los Angeles County's rate is 1.88 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Our methodology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state conducts a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">kindergarten assessment\u003c/a> of vaccination rates each fall. The data shown above are from the 2012-2013 school year and reflect a survey of more than 500,000 children at 8,220 public and private kindergartens in California. The assessment is done at the school level and reported to local health departments and to the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state then compiles \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20California%20Kindergarten%20Data.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">a report of the immunization status\u003c/a> of all kindergarteners, a table with 26 columns of information. More than 90 percent of kindergarteners in the state start school fully immunized. But some children have \"conditional\" status, meaning they are lacking some vaccines but parents intend to get them. Officials told us they do not want to deny entrance to school because the child is not fully up-to-date, but is expected to be soon. Some parents are opposed to vaccines, so they have a \"personal belief exemption\" on file.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make it easier for readers to look up the PBE rate at their own school, we simplified the state's table. We did not alter the data in any individual column. Instead, we selected six of the 26 columns that we thought readers would find most interesting. In addition, we made the data sortable by county, city, school district and PBE rate. The state publishes a PDF of its data, which is not sortable. We asked the state for its Excel spreadsheet so that we could post this sortable version.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Despite the overwhelming medical evidence that childhood vaccinations are exceptionally effective at preventing disease, a growing number of parents are opting out of having their children vaccinated. While state law requires that children be fully vaccinated to enter kindergarten, California parents can get around this requirement simply by filing a personal belief exemption, or PBE, a signed statement saying that vaccines are counter to their beliefs.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Editor's note: the story below is from 2013. To see more recent data, please see \u003ca title=\"Vaccine Opt-Out Rate Doubled in 7 Years\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/vaccine\" target=\"_blank\">this story published in early September, 2014.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Olivia Hubert-Allen and Lisa Aliferis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the overwhelming medical evidence that childhood vaccinations are exceptionally effective at preventing disease, a growing number of parents are opting out of having their children vaccinated. While state law requires that children be fully vaccinated to enter kindergarten, California parents can get around this requirement simply by filing a personal belief exemption, or PBE, a signed statement saying that vaccines are counter to their beliefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PBE rates vary across the state, including by county (Marin has the highest \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\">personal belief exemption rate\u003c/a> in the Bay Area at 7.8 percent), and also by individual school. The California Department of Public Health \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20California%20Kindergarten%20Data.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">compiles vaccination rates\u003c/a> and PBE rates statewide. Below, we've made it easy for you to look up your own child's school and see what the PBE rate is. You can also look at the data by county, city or school district. (PBE data for some schools was not provided.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The column to the far right -- \"%PBE\" -- shows the percentage of children at a kindergarten with a personal belief exemption on file. Ideally, that number should be zero, as it is at many schools statewide. Look up your child's school in the search box:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/health/vaccinations/pmerates.jsp\" width=\"640\" height=\"485\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->James Watt, chief of the communicable disease control division with the California Department of Public Health, called high personal belief rates \"a concern,\" especially \"because in some schools you really do have situations where you fall below a herd immunity threshold, and disease transmission is even more possible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Herd immunity\" means that there's such a high vaccination rate that those who cannot be vaccinated, such as newborn infants or people with compromised immune systems, are protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">[\u003cstrong>Related:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\">Five Things You Should Know About Vaccines\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schools are ripe places for disease transmission if kids aren't vaccinated. Kids don't have good \"cough etiquette,\" Watt noted, plus \"kids in schools have a lot of contact with each other.\" He stressed that the best thing parents can do is have their own children vaccinated. \"The vast majority of children who are vaccinated are protected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more worrisome issue, he said, is for children who cannot be vaccinated for a medical reason. In that case, parents may want to weigh a school's PBE rate and consider what that means for their own child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's one piece of information that parents can use as they think about schools and their own children and what their risks may be,\" Watt said. \"Different children have different needs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/23/new-requirement-for-vaccine-exemption-passed-by-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">new state law goes into effect\u003c/a> requiring parents who want to opt out of vaccines to talk with a health care provider first about the pros and cons of both vaccines and communicable illnesses. Washington state passed a similar law in 2011, and their opt-out rate has since dropped by almost 40 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">On a countywide basis\u003c/a>, the highest PBE rates are found in a collection of Northern California counties. Alpine, Calaveras, Del Norte, Humboldt, Mariposa, Siskiyou and Tuolomne counties all have PBE rates between 10.5 and 12.5 percent. Trinity County's rate is 15.93 and Nevada County's rate is 22.44, but both these counties have only a few hundred students in school, so it would take just a few children with PBEs to create the high percentage rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, San Francisco County's PBE rate is 1.33 percent, and Los Angeles County's rate is 1.88 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Our methodology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state conducts a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">kindergarten assessment\u003c/a> of vaccination rates each fall. The data shown above are from the 2012-2013 school year and reflect a survey of more than 500,000 children at 8,220 public and private kindergartens in California. The assessment is done at the school level and reported to local health departments and to the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state then compiles \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20California%20Kindergarten%20Data.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">a report of the immunization status\u003c/a> of all kindergarteners, a table with 26 columns of information. More than 90 percent of kindergarteners in the state start school fully immunized. But some children have \"conditional\" status, meaning they are lacking some vaccines but parents intend to get them. Officials told us they do not want to deny entrance to school because the child is not fully up-to-date, but is expected to be soon. Some parents are opposed to vaccines, so they have a \"personal belief exemption\" on file.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make it easier for readers to look up the PBE rate at their own school, we simplified the state's table. We did not alter the data in any individual column. Instead, we selected six of the 26 columns that we thought readers would find most interesting. In addition, we made the data sortable by county, city, school district and PBE rate. The state publishes a PDF of its data, which is not sortable. We asked the state for its Excel spreadsheet so that we could post this sortable version.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14496\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-14496\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/polio_weve_been_here_before02_slide-a9b12bba3e1cd9b0185395ee73be9a628224dd30-s6-c30-1-640x425.jpg\" alt=\"Young girl with partial paralysis, caused by polio. (Courtesy Boston Children's Hospital)\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young girl with partial paralysis, caused by polio. (Courtesy Boston Children's Hospital)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take a hard look at the picture. These are images we don't see in this country at all anymore. But until the polio vaccine came along in 1955, children and adults paralyzed from polio were fairly commonplace. (FDR, anyone?) Today, vaccines are now a victim of their own success. Because they've so successfully wiped out devastating childhood illnesses, people seem not to fear those illnesses anymore. Now we have parents who decide\u003cem> not\u003c/em> to have their children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As KQED News has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a> this week, the number of parents in Marin County opting out of vaccines for their children is climbing. Last year, 7.8 percent of Marin parents opted out, 1 percentage point higher than the previous year. At present, California has one of the most lenient laws in the country to allow parents to decline vaccinating their kids: the \"personal belief exemption.\" It's a short statement that says vaccinations are against a parent's beliefs. (A new law amends this exemption somewhat; more on that below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday,\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201308220900\" target=\"_blank\"> KQED's Forum\u003c/a> took up the question of vaccines, and it was clear that many people remain confused on some key points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. What is\u003ca href=\"http://www.vaccines.gov/basics/protection\" target=\"_blank\"> herd immunity\u003c/a>?\u003c!--more-->\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This simply means that enough people are vaccinated against a contagious illness that most of the community is protected -- including those who cannot be vaccinated, such as newborn infants and people with compromised immune systems. And there are a lot of people with compromised immune systems, including pregnant women, people being treated for cancer, HIV/AIDS patients and more. The percentage of people who need to be vaccinated to create herd immunity for many childhood illnesses is high -- 90 percent, according to the federal government's \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Healthy People 2020 goals\u003c/a>. The National Network for Immunization Information \u003ca href=\"http://www.immunizationinfo.org/issues/general/community-immunity\" target=\"_blank\">draws a striking contrast \u003c/a>between two outbreaks of measles. In 2003, an infected Japanese tourist arrived in the Marshall Islands, where vaccination rates were below 75 percent (i.e., below a herd immunity level). An epidemic ensued with more than 700 cases, 56 hospitalizations and three deaths. In the same year, there were two separate introductions of measles in Mexico. But vaccination rates were above 95 percent there. Only 41 people contracted measles as a result. Vaccination matters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Does state law require kids to be vaccinated? And can I find out how many kids are not vaccinated at my child's school?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is \"yes\" to both questions. \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=hsc&group=120001-121000&file=120325-120380\" target=\"_blank\">State law\u003c/a> requires that children at all public and private schools be fully immunized before they start kindergarten. The California Department of Public Health sets the list of vaccines, but essentially follows national guidelines from the federal government and the American Academy of Pediatrics. A very small number of children cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons, and they are eligible for a \"personal medical exemption.\" But in California, the bigger problem has been the personal belief exemption, or PBE. This is the last school year that parents will be able to avoid vaccination for their children simply by signing a piece of paper saying they are opposed to vaccines. Starting in January, when \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/23/new-requirement-for-vaccine-exemption-passed-by-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">a new state law \u003c/a>goes into effect, parents will also need to provide a signed form from a health care provider who will have explained the benefits and risks of vaccines as well as the risks of communicable diseases. While it's plausible this law won't make a difference to the dedicated anti-vaccine crowd, it may well make a difference to people who have found conflicting or inaccurate information on the Internet or other sources (or parents who find it easier to drop off a signed statement instead of vaccinating their kids). The state of Washington passed a similar law in 2011 and their opt-out rate has dropped by almost 40 percent. Here in California, the state compiles data on vaccination rates for public and private schools statewide, and\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20California%20Kindergarten%20Data.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> you can look up \u003c/a>your own child's school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. I disagree with the vaccination schedule and have developed my own. Is this a problem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices reviews the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6201a2.htm\" target=\"_blank\">vaccine schedule\u003c/a> every year. What many people don't know is that there is some flexibility built into the schedule. For example, the third dose of the hepatitis B vaccine can be given between 6 and 18 months of age. The third dose of polio can be given between 4 and 18 months. If you adjust the schedule on your own, you are putting your child at risk of developing a serious illness that could have been avoided. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/patient-ed/conversations/downloads/vacsafe-child-immun-color-office.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">CDC information\u003c/a> allays concerns about vaccines overloading a child's immune system:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Every day, a healthy baby’s immune system successfully fights off millions of antigens—the parts of germs that cause the body’s immune system to go to work. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines contain only a tiny fraction of the antigens that babies encounter every day in their environment, even if they receive several vaccines on one day.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. If your child is vaccinated, why do you care if mine is not?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While vaccines are highly effective, they are not 100 percent effective. This goes back to herd immunity described above. In order to protect the entire community, we need for as many people to be vaccinated as possible. Again, it's not just about protecting children. People who deny vaccinations to their children put pregnant women, cancer patients, AIDS patients and even healthy people at risk of disease. Here's just one example about one of the \"newer\" vaccines, against Haemophilus Influenzae type b, also known as Hib. Before 1985 -- before the vaccine -- Hib caused serious infections in children, including 12,000 cases of meningitis and 7,500 cases of pneumonia. \u003ca href=\"http://www.immunizationinfo.org/parents/why-immunize#footnote7_9lc0rab\" target=\"_blank\">Compare that with 2002\u003c/a>, when there were just 34 cases of Hib disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. What about the link to autism? Or other problems from vaccines?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public confusion about a connection between vaccines and autism stems primarily from one major study. In 1998, the Lancet published a study from British researchers which implicated the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine as increasing the risk of autism. There's just one problem: One of the researchers on that study, Dr. Andrew Wakefield, was investigated. Britain's General Medical Council \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/andrew-wakefield-the-panel-is-satisfied-that-your-conduct-was-irresponsible-and-dishonest/\" target=\"_blank\">concluded\u003c/a> his \"conduct was irresponsible and dishonest,\" and the study was later \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/03/health/research/03lancet.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">retracted\u003c/a>. But Wakefield's damage is hard to undo. The concern continues to circulate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for other side effects of vaccines, yes, they exist. Like everything else in life, vaccines, too, come with risks of adverse effects. The risks are small, but not zero. The CDC and the FDA \u003ca href=\"http://vaers.hhs.gov/index\" target=\"_blank\">co-sponsor a reporting system \u003c/a>to track vaccine side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, back to polio for a minute. If you really want to feel the fear of life before the polio vaccine, watch this excellent segment from RLTV's documentary \u003ca href=\"http://www.rl.tv/video/polio-revisited/\" target=\"_blank\">Polio Revisited\u003c/a>. It will break your heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cem>This post has been updated to clarify the role of the Lancet study in the public confusion around vaccines and autism.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Take a hard look at the picture. These are images we don't see in this country at all any more. But until the polio vaccine came along, children and adults paralyzed from polio were fairly commonplace. (FDR, anyone?) Today, vaccines are now a victim of their own success. Because they've so successfully wiped out devastating childhood illnesses, people seem not to fear those illnesses any more. Now we have parents who decide not to have their children vaccinated. ",
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"description": "Take a hard look at the picture. These are images we don't see in this country at all any more. But until the polio vaccine came along, children and adults paralyzed from polio were fairly commonplace. (FDR, anyone?) Today, vaccines are now a victim of their own success. Because they've so successfully wiped out devastating childhood illnesses, people seem not to fear those illnesses any more. Now we have parents who decide not to have their children vaccinated. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14496\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-14496\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/08/polio_weve_been_here_before02_slide-a9b12bba3e1cd9b0185395ee73be9a628224dd30-s6-c30-1-640x425.jpg\" alt=\"Young girl with partial paralysis, caused by polio. (Courtesy Boston Children's Hospital)\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young girl with partial paralysis, caused by polio. (Courtesy Boston Children's Hospital)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take a hard look at the picture. These are images we don't see in this country at all anymore. But until the polio vaccine came along in 1955, children and adults paralyzed from polio were fairly commonplace. (FDR, anyone?) Today, vaccines are now a victim of their own success. Because they've so successfully wiped out devastating childhood illnesses, people seem not to fear those illnesses anymore. Now we have parents who decide\u003cem> not\u003c/em> to have their children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As KQED News has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a> this week, the number of parents in Marin County opting out of vaccines for their children is climbing. Last year, 7.8 percent of Marin parents opted out, 1 percentage point higher than the previous year. At present, California has one of the most lenient laws in the country to allow parents to decline vaccinating their kids: the \"personal belief exemption.\" It's a short statement that says vaccinations are against a parent's beliefs. (A new law amends this exemption somewhat; more on that below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday,\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201308220900\" target=\"_blank\"> KQED's Forum\u003c/a> took up the question of vaccines, and it was clear that many people remain confused on some key points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. What is\u003ca href=\"http://www.vaccines.gov/basics/protection\" target=\"_blank\"> herd immunity\u003c/a>?\u003c!--more-->\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This simply means that enough people are vaccinated against a contagious illness that most of the community is protected -- including those who cannot be vaccinated, such as newborn infants and people with compromised immune systems. And there are a lot of people with compromised immune systems, including pregnant women, people being treated for cancer, HIV/AIDS patients and more. The percentage of people who need to be vaccinated to create herd immunity for many childhood illnesses is high -- 90 percent, according to the federal government's \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Healthy People 2020 goals\u003c/a>. The National Network for Immunization Information \u003ca href=\"http://www.immunizationinfo.org/issues/general/community-immunity\" target=\"_blank\">draws a striking contrast \u003c/a>between two outbreaks of measles. In 2003, an infected Japanese tourist arrived in the Marshall Islands, where vaccination rates were below 75 percent (i.e., below a herd immunity level). An epidemic ensued with more than 700 cases, 56 hospitalizations and three deaths. In the same year, there were two separate introductions of measles in Mexico. But vaccination rates were above 95 percent there. Only 41 people contracted measles as a result. Vaccination matters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Does state law require kids to be vaccinated? And can I find out how many kids are not vaccinated at my child's school?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is \"yes\" to both questions. \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=hsc&group=120001-121000&file=120325-120380\" target=\"_blank\">State law\u003c/a> requires that children at all public and private schools be fully immunized before they start kindergarten. The California Department of Public Health sets the list of vaccines, but essentially follows national guidelines from the federal government and the American Academy of Pediatrics. A very small number of children cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons, and they are eligible for a \"personal medical exemption.\" But in California, the bigger problem has been the personal belief exemption, or PBE. This is the last school year that parents will be able to avoid vaccination for their children simply by signing a piece of paper saying they are opposed to vaccines. Starting in January, when \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/23/new-requirement-for-vaccine-exemption-passed-by-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">a new state law \u003c/a>goes into effect, parents will also need to provide a signed form from a health care provider who will have explained the benefits and risks of vaccines as well as the risks of communicable diseases. While it's plausible this law won't make a difference to the dedicated anti-vaccine crowd, it may well make a difference to people who have found conflicting or inaccurate information on the Internet or other sources (or parents who find it easier to drop off a signed statement instead of vaccinating their kids). The state of Washington passed a similar law in 2011 and their opt-out rate has dropped by almost 40 percent. Here in California, the state compiles data on vaccination rates for public and private schools statewide, and\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2012-2013%20California%20Kindergarten%20Data.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> you can look up \u003c/a>your own child's school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. I disagree with the vaccination schedule and have developed my own. Is this a problem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices reviews the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6201a2.htm\" target=\"_blank\">vaccine schedule\u003c/a> every year. What many people don't know is that there is some flexibility built into the schedule. For example, the third dose of the hepatitis B vaccine can be given between 6 and 18 months of age. The third dose of polio can be given between 4 and 18 months. If you adjust the schedule on your own, you are putting your child at risk of developing a serious illness that could have been avoided. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/patient-ed/conversations/downloads/vacsafe-child-immun-color-office.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">CDC information\u003c/a> allays concerns about vaccines overloading a child's immune system:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Every day, a healthy baby’s immune system successfully fights off millions of antigens—the parts of germs that cause the body’s immune system to go to work. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines contain only a tiny fraction of the antigens that babies encounter every day in their environment, even if they receive several vaccines on one day.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. If your child is vaccinated, why do you care if mine is not?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While vaccines are highly effective, they are not 100 percent effective. This goes back to herd immunity described above. In order to protect the entire community, we need for as many people to be vaccinated as possible. Again, it's not just about protecting children. People who deny vaccinations to their children put pregnant women, cancer patients, AIDS patients and even healthy people at risk of disease. Here's just one example about one of the \"newer\" vaccines, against Haemophilus Influenzae type b, also known as Hib. Before 1985 -- before the vaccine -- Hib caused serious infections in children, including 12,000 cases of meningitis and 7,500 cases of pneumonia. \u003ca href=\"http://www.immunizationinfo.org/parents/why-immunize#footnote7_9lc0rab\" target=\"_blank\">Compare that with 2002\u003c/a>, when there were just 34 cases of Hib disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. What about the link to autism? Or other problems from vaccines?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public confusion about a connection between vaccines and autism stems primarily from one major study. In 1998, the Lancet published a study from British researchers which implicated the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine as increasing the risk of autism. There's just one problem: One of the researchers on that study, Dr. Andrew Wakefield, was investigated. Britain's General Medical Council \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/andrew-wakefield-the-panel-is-satisfied-that-your-conduct-was-irresponsible-and-dishonest/\" target=\"_blank\">concluded\u003c/a> his \"conduct was irresponsible and dishonest,\" and the study was later \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/03/health/research/03lancet.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">retracted\u003c/a>. But Wakefield's damage is hard to undo. The concern continues to circulate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for other side effects of vaccines, yes, they exist. Like everything else in life, vaccines, too, come with risks of adverse effects. The risks are small, but not zero. The CDC and the FDA \u003ca href=\"http://vaers.hhs.gov/index\" target=\"_blank\">co-sponsor a reporting system \u003c/a>to track vaccine side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, back to polio for a minute. If you really want to feel the fear of life before the polio vaccine, watch this excellent segment from RLTV's documentary \u003ca href=\"http://www.rl.tv/video/polio-revisited/\" target=\"_blank\">Polio Revisited\u003c/a>. It will break your heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cem>This post has been updated to clarify the role of the Lancet study in the public confusion around vaccines and autism.\u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Requirement for Vaccine Exemption Passed by Senate",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8239\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Vaccine_Baby_DanHatton_Flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-8239\" title=\"Baby cries after receiving a vaccine. (Dan Hatton: Flickr)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Vaccine_Baby_DanHatton_Flickr-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Baby cries after receiving a vaccine. (Dan Hatton: Flickr)\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Baby cries after receiving a vaccine. (Dan Hatton: Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Update: Gov. Jerry Brown\u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/AB_2109_Signing_Message.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> signed this bill\u003c/a> into law on Sept. 30, 2012. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has one of the more lenient approaches for parents who wish to opt out of vaccinations for their school-age children. While state law requires that children must be vaccinated against various illnesses (think polio, measles, tetanus) to enroll in school, California parents can opt out of vaccines simply by filing a short statement stating that immunizations are contrary to their beliefs. It's known as a personal belief exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week in Sacramento, the Senate passed\u003ca title=\"http://www.aroundthecapitol.com/billtrack/text.html?bvid=20110AB210996AMD\" href=\"http://www.aroundthecapitol.com/billtrack/text.html?bvid=20110AB210996AMD\" target=\"_blank\"> AB 2109\u003c/a>, a bill to make this exemption a little tougher. Under the bill, parents who don't wish to have their children vaccinated must meet with a health care provider to talk about risks and benefits of vaccines. The provider can be a doctor, nurse practitioner, physician assistant, osteopathic physician, naturopathic doctor or a credentialed school nurse. The provider must sign a form and the parent must still provide a written statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This bill does not take away the parent’s right to make a decision.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"http://asmdc.org/members/a05/\" href=\"http://asmdc.org/members/a05/\" target=\"_blank\">Assemblyman Richard Pan\u003c/a> of Sacramento, a pediatrician himself, sponsored the bill. He pointed to misinformation as a driver of parents opting out of vaccines. \"Parents become uncertain. They're not sure what they should do,\" he told me today in an interview. \"They’re being told their children should be immunized but at the same time, they’re seeing scary stuff out on the internet.\"\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pan noted that the bill does not mandate vaccination of all children. \"This bill does not take away the parent’s right to make a decision about whether to get their child immunized or not. We just want to make sure it’s an informed decision.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics counter that parents who opt out are already informed. They say that this bill adds to health care costs by requiring extra medical appointments to discuss vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar bill passed 18 months ago in Washington state. After it took effect, the opt-out rate there dropped by about 25 percent. So at least some people are making a different decision after meeting with a health care provider. Public health officials expect the opt out rate will go down further this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The personal belief exemption rate in California is much lower than Washington's -- 2.3 percent for the 2010-2011 school year. But it's not an even distribution statewide. In Los Angeles county, for example, the rate is 1.58 percent. But several counties in northern California -- Trinity, Nevada, Siskiyou -- have opt-out rates exceeding 12 percent. Public health officials say when more than 10 percent of children are not vaccinated, it puts a community at risk. Of special concern are people with weakened immune systems, such as cancer patients or people with HIV. Another group at strong risk are newborn babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babies cannot be vaccinated against some illnesses until they are six months old. In 2010, California had a\u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/01/25/no-whooping-cough-deaths-last-year-in-california/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/01/25/no-whooping-cough-deaths-last-year-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\"> whooping cough epidemic\u003c/a>. There were 9.000 reported cases and 10 babies died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AB 2109 heads back to the Assembly for a final vote, which must happen before the end of the legislative session next Friday. From there, the governor will have 30 days to sign or veto the bill.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California has one of the more lenient approaches for parents who wish to opt out of vaccinations for their school-age children. While state law requires that children must be vaccinated against various illnesses (think polio, measles, tetanus) to enroll in school, California parents can opt out of vaccines simply by filing a short statement stating that immunizations are contrary to their beliefs. It's known as a personal belief exemption.\r\n\r\nThis week in Sacramento, the Senate passed AB 2109, a bill to make this exemption a little tougher. Under the bill, parents who don't wish to have their children vaccinated must meet with a health care provider to talk about risks and benefits of vaccines. The provider can be a doctor, nurse practitioner, physician assistant, osteopathic physician, naturopathic doctor or a credentialed school nurse. The provider must sign a form and the parent must still provide a written statement.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8239\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Vaccine_Baby_DanHatton_Flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-8239\" title=\"Baby cries after receiving a vaccine. (Dan Hatton: Flickr)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Vaccine_Baby_DanHatton_Flickr-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Baby cries after receiving a vaccine. (Dan Hatton: Flickr)\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Baby cries after receiving a vaccine. (Dan Hatton: Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Update: Gov. Jerry Brown\u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/AB_2109_Signing_Message.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> signed this bill\u003c/a> into law on Sept. 30, 2012. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has one of the more lenient approaches for parents who wish to opt out of vaccinations for their school-age children. While state law requires that children must be vaccinated against various illnesses (think polio, measles, tetanus) to enroll in school, California parents can opt out of vaccines simply by filing a short statement stating that immunizations are contrary to their beliefs. It's known as a personal belief exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week in Sacramento, the Senate passed\u003ca title=\"http://www.aroundthecapitol.com/billtrack/text.html?bvid=20110AB210996AMD\" href=\"http://www.aroundthecapitol.com/billtrack/text.html?bvid=20110AB210996AMD\" target=\"_blank\"> AB 2109\u003c/a>, a bill to make this exemption a little tougher. Under the bill, parents who don't wish to have their children vaccinated must meet with a health care provider to talk about risks and benefits of vaccines. The provider can be a doctor, nurse practitioner, physician assistant, osteopathic physician, naturopathic doctor or a credentialed school nurse. The provider must sign a form and the parent must still provide a written statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This bill does not take away the parent’s right to make a decision.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"http://asmdc.org/members/a05/\" href=\"http://asmdc.org/members/a05/\" target=\"_blank\">Assemblyman Richard Pan\u003c/a> of Sacramento, a pediatrician himself, sponsored the bill. He pointed to misinformation as a driver of parents opting out of vaccines. \"Parents become uncertain. They're not sure what they should do,\" he told me today in an interview. \"They’re being told their children should be immunized but at the same time, they’re seeing scary stuff out on the internet.\"\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pan noted that the bill does not mandate vaccination of all children. \"This bill does not take away the parent’s right to make a decision about whether to get their child immunized or not. We just want to make sure it’s an informed decision.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics counter that parents who opt out are already informed. They say that this bill adds to health care costs by requiring extra medical appointments to discuss vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar bill passed 18 months ago in Washington state. After it took effect, the opt-out rate there dropped by about 25 percent. So at least some people are making a different decision after meeting with a health care provider. Public health officials expect the opt out rate will go down further this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The personal belief exemption rate in California is much lower than Washington's -- 2.3 percent for the 2010-2011 school year. But it's not an even distribution statewide. In Los Angeles county, for example, the rate is 1.58 percent. But several counties in northern California -- Trinity, Nevada, Siskiyou -- have opt-out rates exceeding 12 percent. Public health officials say when more than 10 percent of children are not vaccinated, it puts a community at risk. Of special concern are people with weakened immune systems, such as cancer patients or people with HIV. Another group at strong risk are newborn babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babies cannot be vaccinated against some illnesses until they are six months old. In 2010, California had a\u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/01/25/no-whooping-cough-deaths-last-year-in-california/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/01/25/no-whooping-cough-deaths-last-year-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\"> whooping cough epidemic\u003c/a>. There were 9.000 reported cases and 10 babies died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AB 2109 heads back to the Assembly for a final vote, which must happen before the end of the legislative session next Friday. From there, the governor will have 30 days to sign or veto the bill.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Today's Whooping Cough Vaccine May Be Safer, But Less Effective than the Old One",
"title": "Today's Whooping Cough Vaccine May Be Safer, But Less Effective than the Old One",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/interactives/GH_Vaccine_Map/index.html#map\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7858 \" title=\"Each green circle in the interactive map above shows a whooping cough outbreak. (Map: Council on Foreign Relations)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Screen-Shot-2012-08-02-at-2.07.46-PM.png\" alt=\"Each green circle shows a whooping cough outbreak. (Map: Council on Foreign Relations)\" width=\"404\" height=\"195\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Screen-Shot-2012-08-02-at-2.07.46-PM.png 404w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Screen-Shot-2012-08-02-at-2.07.46-PM-400x193.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Screen-Shot-2012-08-02-at-2.07.46-PM-320x154.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Each green circle depicts a whooping cough outbreak this year. (Map: Council on Foreign Relations)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the map illustrates, many areas in the country are in the grip of \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/features/pertussis/\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/features/pertussis/\" target=\"_blank\">whooping cough\u003c/a> outbreaks, everywhere but California. More on California in a minute. Let's first take a look at a new(ish) vaccine and see how its limitations might be contributing to the outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, the U.S. and other developed countries switched from one kind of vaccine against whooping cough (also called pertussis) to another. The older vaccine was very effective but there were concerns about a rare side effect, a neurological disorder, which may (or may not) have been connected to the vaccine. More commonly, the vaccine caused the same minor side effects that we traditionally associate with shots: redness, soreness at the injection site, etc. Except that with the old pertussis vaccine, the side effects occurred more frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her \u003ca title=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/pertussis-vax-effectiveness/\" href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/pertussis-vax-effectiveness/\" target=\"_blank\">wired.com blog\u003c/a> noted science reporter Maryn McKenna recaps the research and wonders if there could have been an unexpected trade-off with this new vaccine -- that it is less effective and therefore contributing to the outbreaks we're seeing now. From McKenna's blog Superbug:\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In the most recent research, a letter published \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1273011\" target=\"_blank\">Tuesday night in JAMA\u003c/a>, researchers in Queensland, Australia examined the incidence of whooping cough in children who were born in 1998, the year in which that province began phasing out whole-cell pertussis vaccine (known as there as DTwP) in favor of less-reactive acellular vaccine (known as DTaP). Children who were born in that year and received a complete series of infant pertussis shots (at 2, 4 and 6 months) might have received all-whole cell, all-acellular, or a mix — and because of the excellent record-keeping of the state-based healthcare system, researchers were able to confirm which children received which shots. (NB: Queensland kids, like kids in the US, \u003ca href=\"http://www.health.qld.gov.au/immunisation/documents/natimmsched_adult_ch.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">also receive\u003c/a> boosters after the infant series, along with a final booster in their preteen years.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers were prompted to investigate because, like the US, Australia is enduring a ferocious pertussis epidemic. When they examined the disease history for 40,694 children whose vaccine history could be verified, they found 267 pertussis cases between 1999 and 2011. They said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Children who received a 3-dose DTaP primary course had higher rates of pertussis than those who received a 3-dose DTwP primary course in the preepidemic and outbreak periods. Among those who received mixed courses, rates in the current epidemic were highest for children receiving DTaP as their first dose. This pattern remained when looking at subgroups with 1 or 2 DTwP doses in the first year of life, although it did not reach statistical significance. Children who received a mixed course with DTwP as the initial dose had incidence rates that were between rates for the pure course DTwP and DTaP cohorts.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Even if the current vaccine is less effective than its forebear, McKenna makes clear that the vaccine is still highly valuable. Dr. Gil Chavez, state epidemiologist and deputy director of the department's Center for Infectious Diseases, concurs. \"We are aware of reports of acellular vaccine being less effective,\" he told me in an interview. \"From the onset of the use of these vaccines, we public health professionals try to weigh both safety and effectiveness. The new vaccines are very safe, so we, the public health community, went to that because of safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us back to the recent history of whooping cough outbreaks in California. While California is not suffering now, the Golden State had a fierce outbreak in 2010 -- 9,000 cases and nine infants died. In response, the state mounted a massive vaccination campaign for 11 to 18-year-olds. More than\u003ca title=\"More than 97 percent of students enrolled in grades 7 through 12 were vaccinated.\" href=\"More%20than%2097%20percent%20of%20students%20enrolled%20in%20grades%207%20through%2012%20were%20vaccinated.\" target=\"_blank\"> 97 percent of students\u003c/a> enrolled in grades 7 through 12 were vaccinated during the 2011-2012 school year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of that vaccination effort, cases dwindled from 9,000 in 2010 to 409 \"suspect, probable and confirmed\" whooping cough cases as July 24, according to state officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're a parent of an incoming 7th grader, note that California now requires all entering 7th graders must be vaccinated with the booster before starting school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC also recommends that adults ages 19 to 64 get the booster. And just this week, the CDC \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6125a4.htm?s_cid=mm6125a4_e%0d%0a\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6125a4.htm?s_cid=mm6125a4_e%0d%0a\" target=\"_blank\">formally recommended\u003c/a> adults \u003cem>over \u003c/em>age 65 be vaccinated as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These recommendations are not only for individuals but also for that \"herd immunity\" provided by vaccinating a population. No vaccine is 100 percent effective, but the greater the number of people who are vaccinated, the less likely we are to see outbreaks. This protection is especially important in infants too young to be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even if you vaccinate a baby for pertussis, vaccination starts at two months, they complete a full series by 8 months,\" Chavez said. \"When you have outbreaks and you have a lot of whooping cough circulating, babies are vulnerable. ... We recommend anyone who is around a baby be immunized. we experienced 9 (infant) deaths in 2010, none in 2011, none in 2012. That is an important component of this tragedy, besides immunizing babies, immunize any adult who is around infants.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As the map illustrates, many areas in the country are in the grip of whooping cough outbreaks, everywhere but California. More on California in a minute. Let's first take a look at a new(ish) vaccine and see how its limitations might be contributing to the outbreaks.\r\n\r\nIn the 1990s, the U.S. and other developed countries switched from one kind of vaccine against whooping cough (also called pertussis) to another. The older vaccine was very effective but there were concerns about a rare side effect, a neurological disorder, which may (or may not) have been connected to the vaccine. More commonly, the vaccine caused the same minor side effects that we traditionally associate with shots: redness, soreness at the injection site, etc. Except that with the old pertussis vaccine, the side effects occurred more frequently.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/interactives/GH_Vaccine_Map/index.html#map\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7858 \" title=\"Each green circle in the interactive map above shows a whooping cough outbreak. (Map: Council on Foreign Relations)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Screen-Shot-2012-08-02-at-2.07.46-PM.png\" alt=\"Each green circle shows a whooping cough outbreak. (Map: Council on Foreign Relations)\" width=\"404\" height=\"195\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Screen-Shot-2012-08-02-at-2.07.46-PM.png 404w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Screen-Shot-2012-08-02-at-2.07.46-PM-400x193.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2012/08/Screen-Shot-2012-08-02-at-2.07.46-PM-320x154.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Each green circle depicts a whooping cough outbreak this year. (Map: Council on Foreign Relations)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the map illustrates, many areas in the country are in the grip of \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/features/pertussis/\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/features/pertussis/\" target=\"_blank\">whooping cough\u003c/a> outbreaks, everywhere but California. More on California in a minute. Let's first take a look at a new(ish) vaccine and see how its limitations might be contributing to the outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, the U.S. and other developed countries switched from one kind of vaccine against whooping cough (also called pertussis) to another. The older vaccine was very effective but there were concerns about a rare side effect, a neurological disorder, which may (or may not) have been connected to the vaccine. More commonly, the vaccine caused the same minor side effects that we traditionally associate with shots: redness, soreness at the injection site, etc. Except that with the old pertussis vaccine, the side effects occurred more frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her \u003ca title=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/pertussis-vax-effectiveness/\" href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/pertussis-vax-effectiveness/\" target=\"_blank\">wired.com blog\u003c/a> noted science reporter Maryn McKenna recaps the research and wonders if there could have been an unexpected trade-off with this new vaccine -- that it is less effective and therefore contributing to the outbreaks we're seeing now. From McKenna's blog Superbug:\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In the most recent research, a letter published \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1273011\" target=\"_blank\">Tuesday night in JAMA\u003c/a>, researchers in Queensland, Australia examined the incidence of whooping cough in children who were born in 1998, the year in which that province began phasing out whole-cell pertussis vaccine (known as there as DTwP) in favor of less-reactive acellular vaccine (known as DTaP). Children who were born in that year and received a complete series of infant pertussis shots (at 2, 4 and 6 months) might have received all-whole cell, all-acellular, or a mix — and because of the excellent record-keeping of the state-based healthcare system, researchers were able to confirm which children received which shots. (NB: Queensland kids, like kids in the US, \u003ca href=\"http://www.health.qld.gov.au/immunisation/documents/natimmsched_adult_ch.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">also receive\u003c/a> boosters after the infant series, along with a final booster in their preteen years.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers were prompted to investigate because, like the US, Australia is enduring a ferocious pertussis epidemic. When they examined the disease history for 40,694 children whose vaccine history could be verified, they found 267 pertussis cases between 1999 and 2011. They said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Children who received a 3-dose DTaP primary course had higher rates of pertussis than those who received a 3-dose DTwP primary course in the preepidemic and outbreak periods. Among those who received mixed courses, rates in the current epidemic were highest for children receiving DTaP as their first dose. This pattern remained when looking at subgroups with 1 or 2 DTwP doses in the first year of life, although it did not reach statistical significance. Children who received a mixed course with DTwP as the initial dose had incidence rates that were between rates for the pure course DTwP and DTaP cohorts.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Even if the current vaccine is less effective than its forebear, McKenna makes clear that the vaccine is still highly valuable. Dr. Gil Chavez, state epidemiologist and deputy director of the department's Center for Infectious Diseases, concurs. \"We are aware of reports of acellular vaccine being less effective,\" he told me in an interview. \"From the onset of the use of these vaccines, we public health professionals try to weigh both safety and effectiveness. The new vaccines are very safe, so we, the public health community, went to that because of safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us back to the recent history of whooping cough outbreaks in California. While California is not suffering now, the Golden State had a fierce outbreak in 2010 -- 9,000 cases and nine infants died. In response, the state mounted a massive vaccination campaign for 11 to 18-year-olds. More than\u003ca title=\"More than 97 percent of students enrolled in grades 7 through 12 were vaccinated.\" href=\"More%20than%2097%20percent%20of%20students%20enrolled%20in%20grades%207%20through%2012%20were%20vaccinated.\" target=\"_blank\"> 97 percent of students\u003c/a> enrolled in grades 7 through 12 were vaccinated during the 2011-2012 school year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of that vaccination effort, cases dwindled from 9,000 in 2010 to 409 \"suspect, probable and confirmed\" whooping cough cases as July 24, according to state officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're a parent of an incoming 7th grader, note that California now requires all entering 7th graders must be vaccinated with the booster before starting school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC also recommends that adults ages 19 to 64 get the booster. And just this week, the CDC \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6125a4.htm?s_cid=mm6125a4_e%0d%0a\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6125a4.htm?s_cid=mm6125a4_e%0d%0a\" target=\"_blank\">formally recommended\u003c/a> adults \u003cem>over \u003c/em>age 65 be vaccinated as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These recommendations are not only for individuals but also for that \"herd immunity\" provided by vaccinating a population. No vaccine is 100 percent effective, but the greater the number of people who are vaccinated, the less likely we are to see outbreaks. This protection is especially important in infants too young to be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even if you vaccinate a baby for pertussis, vaccination starts at two months, they complete a full series by 8 months,\" Chavez said. \"When you have outbreaks and you have a lot of whooping cough circulating, babies are vulnerable. ... We recommend anyone who is around a baby be immunized. we experienced 9 (infant) deaths in 2010, none in 2011, none in 2012. That is an important component of this tragedy, besides immunizing babies, immunize any adult who is around infants.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Bill Would Make Vaccine \"Opt-Out\" A Little Tougher",
"title": "Bill Would Make Vaccine \"Opt-Out\" A Little Tougher",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5990\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/05/Vaccination-Large-Jeff-J-Mitchell-Getty.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-5990\" title=\"(Jeff J. Mitchell: Getty Images)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/05/Vaccination-Large-Jeff-J-Mitchell-Getty-300x192.jpg\" alt=\"(Jeff J. Mitchell: Getty Images)\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Jeff J. Mitchell: Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California is one of \u003ca title=\"http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/cc-exem.htm\" href=\"http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/cc-exem.htm\" target=\"_blank\">20 states \u003c/a>that allows parents to “opt out” of vaccines for their children simply by signing a form. It's called a \"personal belief exemption.\" But \u003ca title=\"http://www.aroundthecapitol.com/Bills/AB_2109/20112012/\" href=\"http://www.aroundthecapitol.com/Bills/AB_2109/20112012/\" target=\"_blank\">AB 2109\u003c/a> would change that. The bill has cleared the Assembly and is starting its path through Senate committees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill becomes law, parents who wish to refuse vaccines would first need to receive counseling from a licensed health professional about the risks and benefits of skipping immunizations for their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccination rates in California have been dropping in recent years, worrying public health officials. Ten infants died in a whooping cough outbreak in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"This is not about taking away the rights of parents to make decisions.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"Democratic \u003ca title=\"http://asmdc.org/members/a05/\" href=\"http://asmdc.org/members/a05/\" target=\"_blank\">Assemblyman Richard Pan\u003c/a> wrote the bill. He’s also a pediatrician and says parents’ decision not to vaccinate their own child puts others at risk too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very young children, infants may be too young to be immunized,\" he told me in a recent interview. \"People with cancer and on chemotherapy, people with HIV or AIDS ... they cannot receive immunizations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican \u003ca title=\"http://arc.asm.ca.gov/member/3/\" href=\"http://arc.asm.ca.gov/member/3/\" target=\"_blank\">Assemblyman Dan Logue\u003c/a> co-chairs the Assembly’s Health Committee. He opposes the bill – but not for medical reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we do now in California is we tell you how much salt to put on your food, what kind of light bulb you should screw in your lamp,\" he says. \"The people of California are fed up with a state government that thinks it can run our lives better than they can, and enough is enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Pan counters the nanny-state argument. \"This is not about taking away the rights of parents to make decisions. Parents are still free to make these decisions. But it's also the role of government to protect the public, that's why we have a police force, to protect us from criminals,\" he says. \"We have diseases out there that can kill people ... and vaccinations are one of the most effective and cost-effective means of protecting the public from infectious disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide,\u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2010KindergartenAssessmentReport.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2010KindergartenAssessmentReport.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> just slightly over 90 percent \u003c/a>of all children entering kindergarten have received all required vaccinations, but that rate varies dramatically by county. Public health officials worry when the overall vaccination rate drops below 90 percent, but 95 percent is much better to protect everyone against measles -- which is highly contagious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California counties with the lowest rates of vaccinations include Nevada, Mariposa, Tuolumne and Humboldt, all between 73 and 76 percent. Marin County's rate is just under 83 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill is currently in the Senate Rules committee and is expected to be heard in the Senate Health committee in the next few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California is one of 20 states that allows parents to “opt out” of vaccines for their children simply by signing a form. AB 2109 would change that. The bill has cleared the Assembly and is starting its path through Senate committees. If the bill becomes law, parents would first need to receive counseling from a licensed health professional about the risks and benefits of skipping immunizations for their children.\r\n\r\nVaccination rates in California have been dropping in recent years, worrying public health officials. Ten infants died in a whooping cough outbreak in 2009.",
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"description": "California is one of 20 states that allows parents to “opt out” of vaccines for their children simply by signing a form. AB 2109 would change that. The bill has cleared the Assembly and is starting its path through Senate committees. If the bill becomes law, parents would first need to receive counseling from a licensed health professional about the risks and benefits of skipping immunizations for their children.\r\n\r\nVaccination rates in California have been dropping in recent years, worrying public health officials. Ten infants died in a whooping cough outbreak in 2009.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5990\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/05/Vaccination-Large-Jeff-J-Mitchell-Getty.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-5990\" title=\"(Jeff J. Mitchell: Getty Images)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/05/Vaccination-Large-Jeff-J-Mitchell-Getty-300x192.jpg\" alt=\"(Jeff J. Mitchell: Getty Images)\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Jeff J. Mitchell: Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California is one of \u003ca title=\"http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/cc-exem.htm\" href=\"http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/cc-exem.htm\" target=\"_blank\">20 states \u003c/a>that allows parents to “opt out” of vaccines for their children simply by signing a form. It's called a \"personal belief exemption.\" But \u003ca title=\"http://www.aroundthecapitol.com/Bills/AB_2109/20112012/\" href=\"http://www.aroundthecapitol.com/Bills/AB_2109/20112012/\" target=\"_blank\">AB 2109\u003c/a> would change that. The bill has cleared the Assembly and is starting its path through Senate committees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill becomes law, parents who wish to refuse vaccines would first need to receive counseling from a licensed health professional about the risks and benefits of skipping immunizations for their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccination rates in California have been dropping in recent years, worrying public health officials. Ten infants died in a whooping cough outbreak in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"This is not about taking away the rights of parents to make decisions.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"Democratic \u003ca title=\"http://asmdc.org/members/a05/\" href=\"http://asmdc.org/members/a05/\" target=\"_blank\">Assemblyman Richard Pan\u003c/a> wrote the bill. He’s also a pediatrician and says parents’ decision not to vaccinate their own child puts others at risk too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very young children, infants may be too young to be immunized,\" he told me in a recent interview. \"People with cancer and on chemotherapy, people with HIV or AIDS ... they cannot receive immunizations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican \u003ca title=\"http://arc.asm.ca.gov/member/3/\" href=\"http://arc.asm.ca.gov/member/3/\" target=\"_blank\">Assemblyman Dan Logue\u003c/a> co-chairs the Assembly’s Health Committee. He opposes the bill – but not for medical reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we do now in California is we tell you how much salt to put on your food, what kind of light bulb you should screw in your lamp,\" he says. \"The people of California are fed up with a state government that thinks it can run our lives better than they can, and enough is enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Pan counters the nanny-state argument. \"This is not about taking away the rights of parents to make decisions. Parents are still free to make these decisions. But it's also the role of government to protect the public, that's why we have a police force, to protect us from criminals,\" he says. \"We have diseases out there that can kill people ... and vaccinations are one of the most effective and cost-effective means of protecting the public from infectious disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide,\u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2010KindergartenAssessmentReport.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2010KindergartenAssessmentReport.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> just slightly over 90 percent \u003c/a>of all children entering kindergarten have received all required vaccinations, but that rate varies dramatically by county. Public health officials worry when the overall vaccination rate drops below 90 percent, but 95 percent is much better to protect everyone against measles -- which is highly contagious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California counties with the lowest rates of vaccinations include Nevada, Mariposa, Tuolumne and Humboldt, all between 73 and 76 percent. Marin County's rate is just under 83 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill is currently in the Senate Rules committee and is expected to be heard in the Senate Health committee in the next few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "No Whooping Cough Deaths Last Year in California",
"title": "No Whooping Cough Deaths Last Year in California",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2539\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/01/WhoopingCoughVaccination071511.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-2539 \" title=\"Pharmacist administers whooping cough vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/01/WhoopingCoughVaccination071511-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"Pharmacist administers whooping cough vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pharmacist administers whooping cough vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You know public health is working when nothing bad happens. Last year, for the first time in 20 years, California had no deaths from whooping cough, a highly contagious illness also called pertussis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/DEFAULT.aspx\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/DEFAULT.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">California Department of Public Health\u003c/a> credits a statewide vaccination effort which followed a 2010 outbreak when 9,000 Californians were diagnosed and nine infants died. In 2011, in addition to no deaths, the number of cases of the illness dropped to 3,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the \u003ca title=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-whooping-cough-20120125,0,5035953.story\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-whooping-cough-20120125,0,5035953.story\" target=\"_blank\">Los Angeles Times reports\u003c/a>:\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Controlling an outbreak is huge,\" said Dr. Gil Chavez, deputy director of infectious diseases for the state. \"It really happens in a partnership.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state worked closely with doctors, hospitals, schools and clinics to get more people vaccinated and to get pertussis identified and treated earlier, Chavez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pertussis is a bacterial disease that infects the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/topic/health/human-body/respiratory-system-HHA000045.topic\">respiratory system\u003c/a>. Children and adults may have severe \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/topic/health/symptoms/coughing-HEISY000015.topic\">coughing\u003c/a> with a whooping sound at the end of a spasm. Infants may have a runny nose and a cough without the whoop sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chavez said that the deaths can also be prevented if cases are identified and treated quickly, usually with antibiotics. \"To have gone through a year like 2011 with 3,000 cases and having no fatalities is pretty remarkable,\" he said.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Immunity from pertussis vaccines can fade over time so booster shots are needed. A new state law requires students in 7th - 12th grades to get a \"DTaP\" booster shot, which protects against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "For the first time in 20 years, California had no deaths from whooping cough, a highly contagious illness also called pertussis.\r\n\r\nThe California Department of Public Health credits a statewide vaccination effort which followed a 2009 outbreak when 9,000 Californians were diagnosed and ten infants died. In 2011, in addition to no deaths, the number of cases of the illness dropped to 3,000.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2539\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/01/WhoopingCoughVaccination071511.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-2539 \" title=\"Pharmacist administers whooping cough vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/01/WhoopingCoughVaccination071511-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"Pharmacist administers whooping cough vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pharmacist administers whooping cough vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You know public health is working when nothing bad happens. Last year, for the first time in 20 years, California had no deaths from whooping cough, a highly contagious illness also called pertussis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/DEFAULT.aspx\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/DEFAULT.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">California Department of Public Health\u003c/a> credits a statewide vaccination effort which followed a 2010 outbreak when 9,000 Californians were diagnosed and nine infants died. In 2011, in addition to no deaths, the number of cases of the illness dropped to 3,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the \u003ca title=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-whooping-cough-20120125,0,5035953.story\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-whooping-cough-20120125,0,5035953.story\" target=\"_blank\">Los Angeles Times reports\u003c/a>:\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Controlling an outbreak is huge,\" said Dr. Gil Chavez, deputy director of infectious diseases for the state. \"It really happens in a partnership.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state worked closely with doctors, hospitals, schools and clinics to get more people vaccinated and to get pertussis identified and treated earlier, Chavez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pertussis is a bacterial disease that infects the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/topic/health/human-body/respiratory-system-HHA000045.topic\">respiratory system\u003c/a>. Children and adults may have severe \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/topic/health/symptoms/coughing-HEISY000015.topic\">coughing\u003c/a> with a whooping sound at the end of a spasm. Infants may have a runny nose and a cough without the whoop sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chavez said that the deaths can also be prevented if cases are identified and treated quickly, usually with antibiotics. \"To have gone through a year like 2011 with 3,000 cases and having no fatalities is pretty remarkable,\" he said.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Immunity from pertussis vaccines can fade over time so booster shots are needed. A new state law requires students in 7th - 12th grades to get a \"DTaP\" booster shot, which protects against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "3 Different Vaccines with 1 Thing in Common",
"title": "3 Different Vaccines with 1 Thing in Common",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_190\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2011/11/VaccineInjection_Credit_Blakespot.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-190 \" title=\"(Blake Patterson/Flickr)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2011/11/VaccineInjection_Credit_Blakespot-300x246.jpg\" alt=\"(Blake Patterson/Flickr)\" width=\"300\" height=\"246\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Blake Patterson/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There's news today about three different vaccines--HPV for boys, varicella vaccine (against chickenpox) and flu vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The common thread? Public health officials repeat the recommendations to get them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, a study in today's \u003cem>Pediatrics\u003c/em> shows why the 2009 H1N1 pandemic was so lethal in previously healthy children. If those children were simultaneously carrying MRSA, a common staph infection, they were eight times more likely to die. \u003cem>\u003ca title=\"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/07/flu-can-be-fatal-in-children-with-mrsa/?ref=health\" href=\"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/07/flu-can-be-fatal-in-children-with-mrsa/?ref=health\" target=\"_blank\">The New York Times\u003c/a>\u003c/em> summarizes the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors conclude the study with this plea, \"New therapies for treating severe influenza and new treatment strategies for MRSA pneumonia complicating influenza are urgently needed for children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cem>The Times\u003c/em> also stresses the importance of prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“There’s a nice message here about vaccines: that even otherwise healthy children are still at risk, and they are at risk of death,” said Dr. Lisa Saiman, a professor of clinical pediatrics at Columbia. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the flu vaccine for everyone over the age of 6 months, and stresses that pregnant women, children younger than 2 and people over 50 are at especially high risk of having serious flu-related complications.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Next, HPV for boys. \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2011/11/07/142030282/why-hpv-vaccination-of-boys-may-be-easier?ps=sh_sthdl\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2011/11/07/142030282/why-hpv-vaccination-of-boys-may-be-easier?ps=sh_sthdl\" target=\"_blank\">Richard Knox at NPR \u003c/a>does a great job outlining why it might be easier to convince parents to vaccinate their sons instead of daughters. It has to do with the double standard about sexual activity. Knox interviews Dr. Don Dizon, a Brown University oncologist who speculates that sexual activity,\"is something that's almost expected of boys.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents may disagree that sexual activity is expected of their sons, but it's harder to disagree with the spectrum of protection the HPV vaccine provides. For girls, the vaccine protects against cancers of the cervix, vagina and vulva. For boys, penile cancers. But it also protects both sexes against other, sometimes more common, cancers. From Knox's report:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/AnalCancer/DetailedGuide/anal-cancer-what-is-key-statistics\">both sexes get anal cancer\u003c/a> linked to HPV — sometimes without ever having had anal sex. That's because the virus can migrate from the genitalia. And even though anal cancer is thought to be mainly a risk among men who have sex with men, more women get it than men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dizon worries most about \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.net/patient/Cancer+Types/Head+and+Neck+Cancer?sectionTitle=Statistics\">cancers of the head and neck\u003c/a> — devastating, often disfiguring and hard-to-treat malignancies that used to be strongly linked to smoking and alcohol abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's an epidemic of head and neck cancers, and we are seeing this increase in ... nonsmokers,\" he says. \"And it's being tied to HPV.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Finally, a woman in Nashville was caught selling varicella laden lollipops at $50 each. Varicella is the virus that causes Chickenpox. She was advertising on Facebook pages created for people wanting to have \"Chickenpox parties.\" Presumably, these parties are for parents who prefer their children get the disease instead of the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimberly Curth and an investigative team at \u003ca title=\"http://www.wsmv.com/story/15954675/mail-order-diseases\" href=\"http://www.wsmv.com/story/15954675/mail-order-diseases\" target=\"_blank\">WSMV-TV\u003c/a> in Nashville reported the story which was later picked up by NPR (with a great headline,\"\u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2011/11/07/142098710/what-not-to-buy-online-lollipops-laced-with-chickenpox?ps=sh_sthdl\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2011/11/07/142098710/what-not-to-buy-online-lollipops-laced-with-chickenpox?ps=sh_sthdl\" target=\"_blank\">What Not to Buy Online\u003c/a>.\") Curth reached one of the people who posted the ads, Wendy Werkit, and the two had this exchange:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Kimberly Curth: \"Have you been shipping it in the past? Contaminated bodily fluids to other states? \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wendy Werkit: \"I've shipped suckers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimberly Curth: \"Okay, tell us about that those, lollipops, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wendy Werkit: \"Yes, they were sucked on by my kids.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimberly Curth: \"And why would you do that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wendy Werkit: \"So that other peoples' kids can get chicken pox.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>If Werkit shipped the contaminated suckers over state lines, Curth reports, she has potentially violated federal law and could be criminally charged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chicken Pox has long been seen as much more benign than other childhood illnesses such as polio or measles. But in the years before the varicella vaccine was introduced, about 150 people died a year from Chickenpox. After the vaccine was widely implemented, death rates among children 19 and younger declined by a whopping 97%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control recommend \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/varicella/vac-faqs-gen.htm\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/varicella/vac-faqs-gen.htm\" target=\"_blank\">a two-dose regimen\u003c/a>. In addition to the dramatic drop in deaths, the vaccination is almost 100% effective in preventing serious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_190\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2011/11/VaccineInjection_Credit_Blakespot.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-190 \" title=\"(Blake Patterson/Flickr)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2011/11/VaccineInjection_Credit_Blakespot-300x246.jpg\" alt=\"(Blake Patterson/Flickr)\" width=\"300\" height=\"246\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Blake Patterson/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There's news today about three different vaccines--HPV for boys, varicella vaccine (against chickenpox) and flu vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The common thread? Public health officials repeat the recommendations to get them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, a study in today's \u003cem>Pediatrics\u003c/em> shows why the 2009 H1N1 pandemic was so lethal in previously healthy children. If those children were simultaneously carrying MRSA, a common staph infection, they were eight times more likely to die. \u003cem>\u003ca title=\"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/07/flu-can-be-fatal-in-children-with-mrsa/?ref=health\" href=\"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/07/flu-can-be-fatal-in-children-with-mrsa/?ref=health\" target=\"_blank\">The New York Times\u003c/a>\u003c/em> summarizes the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors conclude the study with this plea, \"New therapies for treating severe influenza and new treatment strategies for MRSA pneumonia complicating influenza are urgently needed for children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cem>The Times\u003c/em> also stresses the importance of prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“There’s a nice message here about vaccines: that even otherwise healthy children are still at risk, and they are at risk of death,” said Dr. Lisa Saiman, a professor of clinical pediatrics at Columbia. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the flu vaccine for everyone over the age of 6 months, and stresses that pregnant women, children younger than 2 and people over 50 are at especially high risk of having serious flu-related complications.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Next, HPV for boys. \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2011/11/07/142030282/why-hpv-vaccination-of-boys-may-be-easier?ps=sh_sthdl\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2011/11/07/142030282/why-hpv-vaccination-of-boys-may-be-easier?ps=sh_sthdl\" target=\"_blank\">Richard Knox at NPR \u003c/a>does a great job outlining why it might be easier to convince parents to vaccinate their sons instead of daughters. It has to do with the double standard about sexual activity. Knox interviews Dr. Don Dizon, a Brown University oncologist who speculates that sexual activity,\"is something that's almost expected of boys.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents may disagree that sexual activity is expected of their sons, but it's harder to disagree with the spectrum of protection the HPV vaccine provides. For girls, the vaccine protects against cancers of the cervix, vagina and vulva. For boys, penile cancers. But it also protects both sexes against other, sometimes more common, cancers. From Knox's report:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/AnalCancer/DetailedGuide/anal-cancer-what-is-key-statistics\">both sexes get anal cancer\u003c/a> linked to HPV — sometimes without ever having had anal sex. That's because the virus can migrate from the genitalia. And even though anal cancer is thought to be mainly a risk among men who have sex with men, more women get it than men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dizon worries most about \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.net/patient/Cancer+Types/Head+and+Neck+Cancer?sectionTitle=Statistics\">cancers of the head and neck\u003c/a> — devastating, often disfiguring and hard-to-treat malignancies that used to be strongly linked to smoking and alcohol abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's an epidemic of head and neck cancers, and we are seeing this increase in ... nonsmokers,\" he says. \"And it's being tied to HPV.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Finally, a woman in Nashville was caught selling varicella laden lollipops at $50 each. Varicella is the virus that causes Chickenpox. She was advertising on Facebook pages created for people wanting to have \"Chickenpox parties.\" Presumably, these parties are for parents who prefer their children get the disease instead of the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimberly Curth and an investigative team at \u003ca title=\"http://www.wsmv.com/story/15954675/mail-order-diseases\" href=\"http://www.wsmv.com/story/15954675/mail-order-diseases\" target=\"_blank\">WSMV-TV\u003c/a> in Nashville reported the story which was later picked up by NPR (with a great headline,\"\u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2011/11/07/142098710/what-not-to-buy-online-lollipops-laced-with-chickenpox?ps=sh_sthdl\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2011/11/07/142098710/what-not-to-buy-online-lollipops-laced-with-chickenpox?ps=sh_sthdl\" target=\"_blank\">What Not to Buy Online\u003c/a>.\") Curth reached one of the people who posted the ads, Wendy Werkit, and the two had this exchange:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Kimberly Curth: \"Have you been shipping it in the past? Contaminated bodily fluids to other states? \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wendy Werkit: \"I've shipped suckers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimberly Curth: \"Okay, tell us about that those, lollipops, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wendy Werkit: \"Yes, they were sucked on by my kids.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimberly Curth: \"And why would you do that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wendy Werkit: \"So that other peoples' kids can get chicken pox.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>If Werkit shipped the contaminated suckers over state lines, Curth reports, she has potentially violated federal law and could be criminally charged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chicken Pox has long been seen as much more benign than other childhood illnesses such as polio or measles. But in the years before the varicella vaccine was introduced, about 150 people died a year from Chickenpox. After the vaccine was widely implemented, death rates among children 19 and younger declined by a whopping 97%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control recommend \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/varicella/vac-faqs-gen.htm\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/varicella/vac-faqs-gen.htm\" target=\"_blank\">a two-dose regimen\u003c/a>. In addition to the dramatic drop in deaths, the vaccination is almost 100% effective in preventing serious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
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