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"content": "\u003cp>Vaccination rates against human papillomavirus have remained far lower than rates for other routine childhood and teen immunizations. But a big reason for those low rates comes from a surprising source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not hesitant parents refusing the vaccine. Rather, primary care doctors treat the HPV vaccine differently from other routinely recommended immunizations, hesitating to recommend it fully and on time and approaching their discussions with parents differently, a study finds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The single biggest barrier to increasing HPV vaccination is not receiving a health care provider's recommendation,\" said lead study author Melissa Gilkey, an assistant professor of population medicine at Harvard Medical School. That's more of an issue, she says, than parents' decisions to refuse or delay HPV vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem? \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/\" target=\"_blank\">HPV infections\u003c/a> are most commonly — though not always — transmitted sexually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These findings add to a growing literature that suggests that some providers find the interpersonal environment to be challenging when it comes to talking about HPV vaccination,\" said Gilkey. \"Discomfort talking about sex appears to be a more salient factor\" than safety concerns about the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly all cervical cancers result from HPV infections, which can also cause vaginal, vulvar, anal, penile or head and neck cancers. Although most strains of HPV infections go away on their own, a three-dose series of the vaccine protects against \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/tarahaelle/2014/12/11/newest-hpv-vaccine-protects-against-9-strains/\" target=\"_blank\">the strains responsible\u003c/a> for an \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/tarahaelle/2015/06/22/gardasil-9-effectively-stops-90-percent-of-cancers-caused-by-hpv-in-girls-and-boys/\" target=\"_blank\">estimated 90 percent\u003c/a> of HPV-related cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/parents/vaccine.html\">recommends it\u003c/a> for all girls and boys ages 11 and 12 because it's most effective prior to first engaging in sexual activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine has not been out long enough to establish how much cancer it will prevent, since most cancers take years to develop after an HPV infection. But multiple studies have shown reduced rates among vaccinated people of the precancerous lesions that grow into cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/04/30/398872421/the-great-success-and-enduring-dilemma-of-cervical-cancer-screening\" target=\"_blank\">regular screenings have reduced rates of cervical cancer\u003c/a> in the U.S., the other HPV-related cancers do not have reliable screening tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/stdfact-hpv-vaccine-hcp.htm\" target=\"_blank\">safety and effectiveness\u003c/a> of the vaccines, only 38 percent of teen girls and 14 percent of teen boys receive all three doses of the vaccine, the study noted, far below rates typically in the 80 and 90 percents for other vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Although this study may surprise many, this very concern about provider hesitancy has been at the forefront of the CDC's concern,\" said William Schaffner, a professor of preventive medicine and infectious diseases at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. He said it started with strong pushback when the vaccine debuted, as many people focused on the mode of transmission rather than the disease itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns that the vaccine would encourage promiscuity or would cause serious side effects dominated the conversation, but dozens of studies since have proven these \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24488747\" target=\"_blank\">concerns unfounded\u003c/a>, Schaffner explained. \"So many doctors were so bruised by all that parental reaction that now they're very tenuous,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilkey's team sent out an online survey to 2,368 primary care physicians, about half pediatricians and half family doctors. Of the little over 1,000 who responded, 776 of them met the criteria and completed the survey. The \u003ca href=\"Users</p><p>shuteAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary%20Internet%20FilesContent.OutlookZ762YOGRdx.doi.org10.11581055-9965.EPI-15-0326\" target=\"_blank\">results\u003c/a>, published in Thursday in \u003cem>Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention,\u003c/em> a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, found that more than a quarter of the respondents (27 percent) reported that they do not strongly endorse the HPV vaccine in talking with their patients' families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were also less likely to recommend on-time vaccination for boys than for girls. Nearly 2 in 5 doctors (39 percent) did not recommend on-time HPV vaccination for their male patients compared with 26 percent for female patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The starkest findings, however, related to how the doctors approach their discussions with parents. Only half recommend the vaccine the same day they discuss it, and 59 percent said they approach discussions by assessing the child's risk for contracting the disease rather than consistently recommending it to all children as a routine immunization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to make the vaccine not about sex but about routine cancer prevention,\" said Jennifer Edman, an assistant professor of women's primary care at Oregon Health & Science University. Other shots recommended around the same age include the Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis) and meningococcal vaccines, but preventing cancer can seem distant at that age, Edman added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is easy to fall into the trap of negotiating with either the parent or the teen,\" she said, \"and the HPV vaccine can start to seem optional or of less immediate importance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not that the physicians themselves believe the vaccine is unimportant. A full 99 percent of the respondents said they tell their patients that the HPV vaccine prevents cervical cancer and 89 percent explain it prevents genital warts, though just over half say it can prevent other cancers. It's how they perceive the attitudes of their patients' parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half of the physicians who responded (47 percent) believed that parents think of the HPV vaccine as only slightly important or not important at all for their preteen children. About a third somewhat or strongly agreed that they expected uncomfortable conversations with families about the vaccine, and a third said discussions were uncomfortable because HPV is a sexually transmitted disease. Yet these perceptions don't match up with reality, Gilkey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were surprised that physicians viewed parents as so unsupportive of HPV vaccination because research with parents themselves tells a somewhat different story,\" she said. \"A lot of parents say that they just need more information. It seems clear that providers need communication strategies for recommending the HPV vaccine with greater confidence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result has been very low coverage for the only vaccine besides hepatitis B that can reduce cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The needle has moved from parental hesitancy to provider hesitancy,\" Schaffner said. \"It's really saddened me because for a long time, an anti-cancer vaccine was a sort of a holy grail in medical research. This is a fabulous advance in women's and men's health, and we're letting young people grow into adulthood without that protection.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tara Haelle is a freelance health and science writer based in Peoria, Ill. She's on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tarahaelle\" target=\"_blank\">@tarahaelle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Doctors%2C+Not+Parents%2C+Are+The+Biggest+Obstacle+To+The+HPV+Vaccine&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Vaccination rates against human papillomavirus have remained far lower than rates for other routine childhood and teen immunizations. But a big reason for those low rates comes from a surprising source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not hesitant parents refusing the vaccine. Rather, primary care doctors treat the HPV vaccine differently from other routinely recommended immunizations, hesitating to recommend it fully and on time and approaching their discussions with parents differently, a study finds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The single biggest barrier to increasing HPV vaccination is not receiving a health care provider's recommendation,\" said lead study author Melissa Gilkey, an assistant professor of population medicine at Harvard Medical School. That's more of an issue, she says, than parents' decisions to refuse or delay HPV vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem? \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/\" target=\"_blank\">HPV infections\u003c/a> are most commonly — though not always — transmitted sexually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These findings add to a growing literature that suggests that some providers find the interpersonal environment to be challenging when it comes to talking about HPV vaccination,\" said Gilkey. \"Discomfort talking about sex appears to be a more salient factor\" than safety concerns about the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly all cervical cancers result from HPV infections, which can also cause vaginal, vulvar, anal, penile or head and neck cancers. Although most strains of HPV infections go away on their own, a three-dose series of the vaccine protects against \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/tarahaelle/2014/12/11/newest-hpv-vaccine-protects-against-9-strains/\" target=\"_blank\">the strains responsible\u003c/a> for an \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/tarahaelle/2015/06/22/gardasil-9-effectively-stops-90-percent-of-cancers-caused-by-hpv-in-girls-and-boys/\" target=\"_blank\">estimated 90 percent\u003c/a> of HPV-related cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/parents/vaccine.html\">recommends it\u003c/a> for all girls and boys ages 11 and 12 because it's most effective prior to first engaging in sexual activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine has not been out long enough to establish how much cancer it will prevent, since most cancers take years to develop after an HPV infection. But multiple studies have shown reduced rates among vaccinated people of the precancerous lesions that grow into cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/04/30/398872421/the-great-success-and-enduring-dilemma-of-cervical-cancer-screening\" target=\"_blank\">regular screenings have reduced rates of cervical cancer\u003c/a> in the U.S., the other HPV-related cancers do not have reliable screening tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/stdfact-hpv-vaccine-hcp.htm\" target=\"_blank\">safety and effectiveness\u003c/a> of the vaccines, only 38 percent of teen girls and 14 percent of teen boys receive all three doses of the vaccine, the study noted, far below rates typically in the 80 and 90 percents for other vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Although this study may surprise many, this very concern about provider hesitancy has been at the forefront of the CDC's concern,\" said William Schaffner, a professor of preventive medicine and infectious diseases at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. He said it started with strong pushback when the vaccine debuted, as many people focused on the mode of transmission rather than the disease itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns that the vaccine would encourage promiscuity or would cause serious side effects dominated the conversation, but dozens of studies since have proven these \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24488747\" target=\"_blank\">concerns unfounded\u003c/a>, Schaffner explained. \"So many doctors were so bruised by all that parental reaction that now they're very tenuous,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilkey's team sent out an online survey to 2,368 primary care physicians, about half pediatricians and half family doctors. Of the little over 1,000 who responded, 776 of them met the criteria and completed the survey. The \u003ca href=\"Users</p><p>shuteAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary%20Internet%20FilesContent.OutlookZ762YOGRdx.doi.org10.11581055-9965.EPI-15-0326\" target=\"_blank\">results\u003c/a>, published in Thursday in \u003cem>Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention,\u003c/em> a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, found that more than a quarter of the respondents (27 percent) reported that they do not strongly endorse the HPV vaccine in talking with their patients' families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were also less likely to recommend on-time vaccination for boys than for girls. Nearly 2 in 5 doctors (39 percent) did not recommend on-time HPV vaccination for their male patients compared with 26 percent for female patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The starkest findings, however, related to how the doctors approach their discussions with parents. Only half recommend the vaccine the same day they discuss it, and 59 percent said they approach discussions by assessing the child's risk for contracting the disease rather than consistently recommending it to all children as a routine immunization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to make the vaccine not about sex but about routine cancer prevention,\" said Jennifer Edman, an assistant professor of women's primary care at Oregon Health & Science University. Other shots recommended around the same age include the Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis) and meningococcal vaccines, but preventing cancer can seem distant at that age, Edman added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is easy to fall into the trap of negotiating with either the parent or the teen,\" she said, \"and the HPV vaccine can start to seem optional or of less immediate importance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not that the physicians themselves believe the vaccine is unimportant. A full 99 percent of the respondents said they tell their patients that the HPV vaccine prevents cervical cancer and 89 percent explain it prevents genital warts, though just over half say it can prevent other cancers. It's how they perceive the attitudes of their patients' parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half of the physicians who responded (47 percent) believed that parents think of the HPV vaccine as only slightly important or not important at all for their preteen children. About a third somewhat or strongly agreed that they expected uncomfortable conversations with families about the vaccine, and a third said discussions were uncomfortable because HPV is a sexually transmitted disease. Yet these perceptions don't match up with reality, Gilkey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were surprised that physicians viewed parents as so unsupportive of HPV vaccination because research with parents themselves tells a somewhat different story,\" she said. \"A lot of parents say that they just need more information. It seems clear that providers need communication strategies for recommending the HPV vaccine with greater confidence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result has been very low coverage for the only vaccine besides hepatitis B that can reduce cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The needle has moved from parental hesitancy to provider hesitancy,\" Schaffner said. \"It's really saddened me because for a long time, an anti-cancer vaccine was a sort of a holy grail in medical research. This is a fabulous advance in women's and men's health, and we're letting young people grow into adulthood without that protection.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tara Haelle is a freelance health and science writer based in Peoria, Ill. She's on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tarahaelle\" target=\"_blank\">@tarahaelle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Doctors%2C+Not+Parents%2C+Are+The+Biggest+Obstacle+To+The+HPV+Vaccine&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How U.S. Supreme Court Just Made It Tougher to Challenge California Vaccine Law",
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"content": "\u003cp>The U.S. Supreme Court will not hear a challenge to a requirement in New York state that all children be vaccinated, unless they have a religious exemption, before they can attend public school. The justices on Monday let stand lower court rulings that the policy does not violate the constitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the particulars of the New York vaccine mandate is somewhat different than in California, this decision still matters here. A\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\"> new law\u003c/a> passed in June requires virtually all California schoolchildren to be vaccinated against a range of diseases in order to attend school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high court's move means that potential challenges to the California law are \"not likely to succeed,\" Prof. Dorit Reiss, a vaccine law expert at UC Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco, told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the rancorous debate over the bill, SB277, one of the arguments I heard from those opposing it was that the Supreme Court's major cases on childhood vaccination were decades old -- or more -- and that the world had changed dramatically since the last major rulings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, this is the health blog, but bear with me while we take a look at two key cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, in 1905, the Supreme Court in \u003ca href=\"http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/197/11.html\" target=\"_blank\">Jacobson v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts\u003c/a> essentially ruled that the states could enforce mandatory vaccination laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reiss noted that Jacobson found \"states have extensive leeway to require vaccination.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California never had a religious exemption written into the law. Instead the state had only a \"personal belief exemption,\" now abolished by SB277. Only those children with a medical exemption may attend school without being vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that brings us to the second key case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"XCNlz9GH0RZ29XkqsHVBKv8dlxU9i4f5\"]In 1944, the U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments in \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/321/158\" target=\"_blank\">Prince v. Massachusetts\u003c/a>. The case was not explicitly about vaccines -- a Jehovah's Witness was charged with violating child labor law by having her child sell religious material. Rather, the case is seen as one that spells out limits on parental rights. Parents do not have absolute authority over their children, and that can include decisions about vaccination. From the decision:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp> \"The right to practice religion freely does not include liberty to expose the community or the child to communicable disease or the latter to ill health or death.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\"You don't get out of a general law because you have a religious exemption,\" Reiss told me. She used taxes as an example. You may have a religious objection, but you still must pay. Because SB277 is \"not aimed at a particular religion,\" one cannot apply a religious exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Returning to the challenge to the New York law, Reiss said that by declining an opportunity to consider it, the Supreme Court is not reaffirming these older decisions. But it is also declining an opportunity to reconsider those rulings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be that the petition was denied \"because there are not four justices on the Supreme Court who think Jacobson is such bad law that it should be overturned,\" Reiss wrote on\u003ca href=\"http://www.skepticalraptor.com/skepticalraptorblog.php/vaccines-and-religious-exemptions-recent-legal-decision/\" target=\"_blank\"> Skeptical Raptor\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in California the new vaccine law appears to raise a different constitutional question -- all California children have a \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/publications/CRhandbook/ch6\" target=\"_blank\">constitutional right to an education\u003c/a>. Under SB277, children who are not vaccinated cannot attend school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is the constitutional right to an education violated by SB277?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reiss said she believes a constitutional challenge on these grounds would be \"incorrect.\" She pointed to a series of famous cases in California, \u003ca href=\"http://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/serrano-v-priest-27628\" target=\"_blank\">Serrano v. Priest\u003c/a>, which found inequity in school financing. Schools were found to be \"discriminating on wealth,\" Reiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But requiring schoolchildren to be vaccinated is not a violation under Serrano v. Priest, Reiss said, because choosing not to vaccinate is a behavior and not a fact of one's existence, such as wealth or race. \"It is perfectly legitimate for the state to regulate behavior, which is what SB277 does,\" Reiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new law goes into effect next July 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Oct. 8, 2015: this post has been updated to clarify that New York state permits a religious exemption from its vaccine mandate.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. Supreme Court will not hear a challenge to a requirement in New York state that all children be vaccinated, unless they have a religious exemption, before they can attend public school. The justices on Monday let stand lower court rulings that the policy does not violate the constitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the particulars of the New York vaccine mandate is somewhat different than in California, this decision still matters here. A\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\"> new law\u003c/a> passed in June requires virtually all California schoolchildren to be vaccinated against a range of diseases in order to attend school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high court's move means that potential challenges to the California law are \"not likely to succeed,\" Prof. Dorit Reiss, a vaccine law expert at UC Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco, told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the rancorous debate over the bill, SB277, one of the arguments I heard from those opposing it was that the Supreme Court's major cases on childhood vaccination were decades old -- or more -- and that the world had changed dramatically since the last major rulings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, this is the health blog, but bear with me while we take a look at two key cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, in 1905, the Supreme Court in \u003ca href=\"http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/197/11.html\" target=\"_blank\">Jacobson v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts\u003c/a> essentially ruled that the states could enforce mandatory vaccination laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reiss noted that Jacobson found \"states have extensive leeway to require vaccination.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California never had a religious exemption written into the law. Instead the state had only a \"personal belief exemption,\" now abolished by SB277. Only those children with a medical exemption may attend school without being vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that brings us to the second key case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In 1944, the U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments in \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/321/158\" target=\"_blank\">Prince v. Massachusetts\u003c/a>. The case was not explicitly about vaccines -- a Jehovah's Witness was charged with violating child labor law by having her child sell religious material. Rather, the case is seen as one that spells out limits on parental rights. Parents do not have absolute authority over their children, and that can include decisions about vaccination. From the decision:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp> \"The right to practice religion freely does not include liberty to expose the community or the child to communicable disease or the latter to ill health or death.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\"You don't get out of a general law because you have a religious exemption,\" Reiss told me. She used taxes as an example. You may have a religious objection, but you still must pay. Because SB277 is \"not aimed at a particular religion,\" one cannot apply a religious exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Returning to the challenge to the New York law, Reiss said that by declining an opportunity to consider it, the Supreme Court is not reaffirming these older decisions. But it is also declining an opportunity to reconsider those rulings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be that the petition was denied \"because there are not four justices on the Supreme Court who think Jacobson is such bad law that it should be overturned,\" Reiss wrote on\u003ca href=\"http://www.skepticalraptor.com/skepticalraptorblog.php/vaccines-and-religious-exemptions-recent-legal-decision/\" target=\"_blank\"> Skeptical Raptor\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in California the new vaccine law appears to raise a different constitutional question -- all California children have a \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/publications/CRhandbook/ch6\" target=\"_blank\">constitutional right to an education\u003c/a>. Under SB277, children who are not vaccinated cannot attend school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is the constitutional right to an education violated by SB277?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reiss said she believes a constitutional challenge on these grounds would be \"incorrect.\" She pointed to a series of famous cases in California, \u003ca href=\"http://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/serrano-v-priest-27628\" target=\"_blank\">Serrano v. Priest\u003c/a>, which found inequity in school financing. Schools were found to be \"discriminating on wealth,\" Reiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But requiring schoolchildren to be vaccinated is not a violation under Serrano v. Priest, Reiss said, because choosing not to vaccinate is a behavior and not a fact of one's existence, such as wealth or race. \"It is perfectly legitimate for the state to regulate behavior, which is what SB277 does,\" Reiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new law goes into effect next July 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Oct. 8, 2015: this post has been updated to clarify that New York state permits a religious exemption from its vaccine mandate.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) — Supporters of an effort to repeal California's new law requiring mandatory vaccines for schoolchildren faced a Monday deadline to turn in enough signatures to qualify a ballot initiative asking voters to repeal the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group had until the end of the day to submit the needed 366,000 signatures to county clerks to ask California voters to repeal SB277, which struck down the state's personal belief exemption for immunizations, a move that requires nearly all public schoolchildren to be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown signed SB277 into law earlier this year amid fierce opposition from some parents rights groups who argue the state should not force their children to be vaccinated. He said the science is clear that vaccines \"dramatically protect children against a number of infectious and dangerous diseases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear whether supporters have enough signatures to make it to the ballot and it might not be known until next week, when clerks face a deadline to report how many signatures they received. The leading proponent of the effort, former Republican Assemblyman Tim Donnelly, said in an email Monday that volunteers were coerced and threatened while collecting signatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Donnelly did not return repeated messages inquiring about the effort's chances, but said in his email that he was proud of the volunteers who worked on the campaign \"whatever the outcome is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The SB277 Referendum was sabotaged from without and within by powerful forces from its very inception, but we never gave up and we never gave in,\" he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill's author, Sen. Richard Pan, D-Sacramento, told reporters Monday that he's confident voters support the vaccination requirement, whether the initiative makes the ballot or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm sure the voters of California are not interested in letting a privileged few take away the rights of all Californians to be safe from preventable disease,\" Pan said. \"If they don't have the signatures, I think it would be a direct reflection of the fact that Californians wanted to see their communities safe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will join Mississippi and West Virginia as the only states with such strict requirements, if the law takes effect as planned next year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) — Supporters of an effort to repeal California's new law requiring mandatory vaccines for schoolchildren faced a Monday deadline to turn in enough signatures to qualify a ballot initiative asking voters to repeal the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group had until the end of the day to submit the needed 366,000 signatures to county clerks to ask California voters to repeal SB277, which struck down the state's personal belief exemption for immunizations, a move that requires nearly all public schoolchildren to be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown signed SB277 into law earlier this year amid fierce opposition from some parents rights groups who argue the state should not force their children to be vaccinated. He said the science is clear that vaccines \"dramatically protect children against a number of infectious and dangerous diseases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear whether supporters have enough signatures to make it to the ballot and it might not be known until next week, when clerks face a deadline to report how many signatures they received. The leading proponent of the effort, former Republican Assemblyman Tim Donnelly, said in an email Monday that volunteers were coerced and threatened while collecting signatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Donnelly did not return repeated messages inquiring about the effort's chances, but said in his email that he was proud of the volunteers who worked on the campaign \"whatever the outcome is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The SB277 Referendum was sabotaged from without and within by powerful forces from its very inception, but we never gave up and we never gave in,\" he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill's author, Sen. Richard Pan, D-Sacramento, told reporters Monday that he's confident voters support the vaccination requirement, whether the initiative makes the ballot or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm sure the voters of California are not interested in letting a privileged few take away the rights of all Californians to be safe from preventable disease,\" Pan said. \"If they don't have the signatures, I think it would be a direct reflection of the fact that Californians wanted to see their communities safe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will join Mississippi and West Virginia as the only states with such strict requirements, if the law takes effect as planned next year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Orange County Says Special-Ed Students Must Also Comply with Vaccine Law",
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"content": "\u003cp>In Orange County, home to the \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/16/disneyland-measles-outbreak-to-be-declared-over/\" target=\"_blank\">Disneyland measles outbreak\u003c/a> that spread to seven other states and fueled a strict California vaccination law this year, attorneys for the Orange County Department of Education have stated that the new vaccination requirements apply equally to special education students, a group that some thought would be exempt because of their federally protected right to educational services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2429711-8-19-15-sb277-q-and-a.html\" target=\"_blank\">a memo\u003c/a> issued last month, the Orange County Department of Education has advised its 28 school districts that students in special education must comply with the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“The law doesn’t say they are exempt.”\u003ccite>Ronald Wenkart, general counsel, Orange County Department of Education \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Under the law, which goes into effect on July 1, students must be vaccinated before attending school, unless they obtain a medical exemption to the required vaccinations, or enroll in homeschooling or independent study. The law abolished the \"personal belief exemption\" which allowed parents to refuse to vaccinate their children -- but still send them to public or private school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The law doesn’t say (special education students) are exempt,” said Ronald Wenkart, general counsel for the Orange County Department of Education and the author of the memo. If the lawmakers who drafted the legislation had wanted to exempt these students, “they could have put an exemption in there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, many parents who opposed the new vaccination law, known as \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB277\" target=\"_blank\">Senate Bill 277\u003c/a>, believed that special education students would be exempt. That's because of language in the bill, inserted late in the legislative process, that they felt guaranteed federally-protected educational services no matter what. The law states that it “does not prohibit” a student who qualifies for a special education from “accessing any special education and related services.” No details are provided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the meaning of the phrase “accessing any special education and related services” has not yet been clarified by the California Department of Public Health, which is charged with issuing regulations and guidance to schools about the vaccination law. The Orange County Office of Education appears to be one of the first education agencies to offer an interpretation.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“There’s a lot of anxiety, a lot of frustration and the feeling that we were lied to.” \u003ccite>Kristie Sepulveda-Burchit, executive director, Educate Advocate\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Its memo has surprised and upset some parents of unvaccinated students in special education, said Kristie Sepulveda-Burchit, executive director of Educate Advocate, a Southern California-based nonprofit organization of parents of children with special needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of anxiety, a lot of frustration and the feeling that we were lied to,” Sepulveda-Burchit said. “Pretty much anyone you talk to was under the impression that students with an IEP (Individualized Education Program) were exempt from the bill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that is not how the Orange County Department of Education sees it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there is any difference between general education and special education in terms of vaccinations,” Wenkart said. “It’s the same rules.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the federal guarantee of a “free and appropriate education” for students with disabilities does not conflict with the state law requiring that students be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A child is entitled to a free and appropriate education and you also have a legal obligation to vaccinate your child,” he said. Wenkart did not provide further explanation about how schools would provide special education services to unvaccinated students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added, “If a parent chooses to violate the law, consequences could follow.” After notifying parents in writing about the requirements of Senate Bill 277, school districts could contact the Orange County Health Care Agency for assistance, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And parents could end up in court, he said. “They’d have to present what would be their reason for not vaccinating their child,” Wenkart said. “If they believe vaccinations are harmful, the burden of proof is on them and they’d have to provide medical backup.” A school district could seek a court order to force parents to comply with the law, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal opinion of the Orange County Department of Education is not the final word. The California Department of Public Health said that with regard to special education students, it “is reviewing the new law and meeting with partners to determine what guidance might be needed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Nix, an attorney with School and College Legal Services of California, noted that the federal law is clear in requiring that students who qualify for special education receive those services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Federal law always trumps state law, if they can’t be implemented at the same time,” Nix said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Lavigne, executive director of the Greater Anaheim Special Education Local Plan Area, said his organization is waiting for further guidance. \"It’s one of these situations where the interpretation of the law is going to be the issue,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the board meeting scheduled for Monday at the Orange County Department of Education in Costa Mesa, Sepulveda-Burchit and other members of Educate Advocate are “hoping to get some more answers,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This brings fear to a whole other level for parents of kids with special needs,” she said of the memo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://edsource.org/author/jadams\" target=\"_blank\">Jane Meredith Adams\u003c/a> covers student health and well-being for EdSource. Follow her on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/JaneAdams\" target=\"_blank\">Twitter\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In Orange County, home to the \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/16/disneyland-measles-outbreak-to-be-declared-over/\" target=\"_blank\">Disneyland measles outbreak\u003c/a> that spread to seven other states and fueled a strict California vaccination law this year, attorneys for the Orange County Department of Education have stated that the new vaccination requirements apply equally to special education students, a group that some thought would be exempt because of their federally protected right to educational services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2429711-8-19-15-sb277-q-and-a.html\" target=\"_blank\">a memo\u003c/a> issued last month, the Orange County Department of Education has advised its 28 school districts that students in special education must comply with the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“The law doesn’t say they are exempt.”\u003ccite>Ronald Wenkart, general counsel, Orange County Department of Education \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Under the law, which goes into effect on July 1, students must be vaccinated before attending school, unless they obtain a medical exemption to the required vaccinations, or enroll in homeschooling or independent study. The law abolished the \"personal belief exemption\" which allowed parents to refuse to vaccinate their children -- but still send them to public or private school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The law doesn’t say (special education students) are exempt,” said Ronald Wenkart, general counsel for the Orange County Department of Education and the author of the memo. If the lawmakers who drafted the legislation had wanted to exempt these students, “they could have put an exemption in there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, many parents who opposed the new vaccination law, known as \u003ca class=\"external\" href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB277\" target=\"_blank\">Senate Bill 277\u003c/a>, believed that special education students would be exempt. That's because of language in the bill, inserted late in the legislative process, that they felt guaranteed federally-protected educational services no matter what. The law states that it “does not prohibit” a student who qualifies for a special education from “accessing any special education and related services.” No details are provided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the meaning of the phrase “accessing any special education and related services” has not yet been clarified by the California Department of Public Health, which is charged with issuing regulations and guidance to schools about the vaccination law. The Orange County Office of Education appears to be one of the first education agencies to offer an interpretation.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“There’s a lot of anxiety, a lot of frustration and the feeling that we were lied to.” \u003ccite>Kristie Sepulveda-Burchit, executive director, Educate Advocate\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Its memo has surprised and upset some parents of unvaccinated students in special education, said Kristie Sepulveda-Burchit, executive director of Educate Advocate, a Southern California-based nonprofit organization of parents of children with special needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of anxiety, a lot of frustration and the feeling that we were lied to,” Sepulveda-Burchit said. “Pretty much anyone you talk to was under the impression that students with an IEP (Individualized Education Program) were exempt from the bill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that is not how the Orange County Department of Education sees it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there is any difference between general education and special education in terms of vaccinations,” Wenkart said. “It’s the same rules.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the federal guarantee of a “free and appropriate education” for students with disabilities does not conflict with the state law requiring that students be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A child is entitled to a free and appropriate education and you also have a legal obligation to vaccinate your child,” he said. Wenkart did not provide further explanation about how schools would provide special education services to unvaccinated students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added, “If a parent chooses to violate the law, consequences could follow.” After notifying parents in writing about the requirements of Senate Bill 277, school districts could contact the Orange County Health Care Agency for assistance, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And parents could end up in court, he said. “They’d have to present what would be their reason for not vaccinating their child,” Wenkart said. “If they believe vaccinations are harmful, the burden of proof is on them and they’d have to provide medical backup.” A school district could seek a court order to force parents to comply with the law, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal opinion of the Orange County Department of Education is not the final word. The California Department of Public Health said that with regard to special education students, it “is reviewing the new law and meeting with partners to determine what guidance might be needed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Nix, an attorney with School and College Legal Services of California, noted that the federal law is clear in requiring that students who qualify for special education receive those services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Federal law always trumps state law, if they can’t be implemented at the same time,” Nix said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Lavigne, executive director of the Greater Anaheim Special Education Local Plan Area, said his organization is waiting for further guidance. \"It’s one of these situations where the interpretation of the law is going to be the issue,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the board meeting scheduled for Monday at the Orange County Department of Education in Costa Mesa, Sepulveda-Burchit and other members of Educate Advocate are “hoping to get some more answers,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This brings fear to a whole other level for parents of kids with special needs,” she said of the memo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://edsource.org/author/jadams\" target=\"_blank\">Jane Meredith Adams\u003c/a> covers student health and well-being for EdSource. Follow her on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/JaneAdams\" target=\"_blank\">Twitter\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Why Trump, Paul Are Wrong -- 'No Alternative Vaccine Schedule'",
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"content": "\u003cp>Donald Trump likely wrecked the day of vaccine experts across the country in\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/17/fiorina-seen-as-big-winner-in-debate\" target=\"_blank\"> last night's Republican debate.\u003c/a> Trump reiterated his opinion that vaccines cause autism, a belief that has been thoroughly debunked by\u003ca href=\"https://www2.aap.org/immunization/families/faq/vaccinestudies.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> repeated studies.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Candidate Ben Carson, a retired neurosurgeon, did refute Trump, saying, \"We have extremely well-documented proof that there's no autism associated with vaccinations.\" The Autism Self Advocacy Network also pointed to the \"wealth of scientific evidence debunking any link between autism and vaccinations,\" in its\u003ca href=\"http://autisticadvocacy.org/2015/09/asan-statement-on-gop-primary-debate-comments-on-autism-and-vaccination/\" target=\"_blank\"> own statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then pretty quickly, the discussion morphed into a challenge of the vaccine schedule itself. Worse, it started with Sen. Rand Paul, who is a physician, an ophthalmologist, and said he was for vaccines but also \"for freedom.\" He suggested spacing out vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump essentially said the same thing. “I’m in favor of vaccines,\" he said, then added the caveat: \"Do them over a longer period of time, same amount, ... But just in little sections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"O8p9ZQtXNTAMRJgH7Um67yJk3kMEayZM\"]The American Academy of Pediatrics is trying to set the record straight: \"There is no 'alternative' immunization schedule,\" Dr. Karen Remley, executive director of the group \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/American-Academy-of-Pediatrics-Reiterates-Safety-and-Importance-of-Vaccines.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">said in a statement\u003c/a>. \"Delaying vaccines only leaves a child at risk of disease for a longer period of time; it does not make vaccinating safer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/downloads/parent-ver-sch-0-6yrs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> recommends \u003c/a>vaccinating against 14 diseases, beginning at birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Paul Offit, who directs the Vaccine Education Center at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, is one of the vaccine experts who is now spending a chunk of his day countering Trump's assertions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, 100 years ago, there was just one vaccine available -- smallpox. Today, there are far more. But the overall challenge to the immune system is actually smaller today, Offit says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The number of immunological components in vaccines today is fewer than the one vaccine we got a hundred years ago,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond vaccines, simply living outside the womb's sterile environment, Offit says, makes your immune system work harder than today's vaccines do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you leave the womb,\" he said, \"very quickly you have living on the surface of your body trillions of bacteria to which you make an immune response.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're always exposed to a whole wealth of immune challenges, every day, that are far greater than what you get from vaccines,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Art Reingold, a professor of public health at UC Berkeley, also vouched for the safety of the schedule. \"We know we are not overwhelming the infant's immune system, that the infant on a daily basis sees more antigens just in terms of interacting with the environment and crawling around, than from vaccines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine schedule is well-tested, Offit says, and new vaccines are not added randomly. \"You can't put a vaccine onto the existing schedule without proving that that vaccine doesn't interfere with the safety profile of existing vaccines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, when Donald Trump suggests that vaccines can be spaced out?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's \"arguing for a schedule that's untested.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While delaying vaccines puts children at risk of contracting disease, as the American Academy of Pediatrics' Remley noted, it's unclear how great that delay would be for specific shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would depend on which disease and how common it is,\" Reingold said and would be hard to quantify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But delaying vaccines might be the only way some parents will consent to vaccinating their child in the first place. \"There are providers who might say ... 'I'm willing to work with you on that,' \" Reingold speculated, while noting that he does not see patients himself. \"I'm sure those are difficult discussions between parents and providers.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Donald Trump likely wrecked the day of vaccine experts across the country in\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/17/fiorina-seen-as-big-winner-in-debate\" target=\"_blank\"> last night's Republican debate.\u003c/a> Trump reiterated his opinion that vaccines cause autism, a belief that has been thoroughly debunked by\u003ca href=\"https://www2.aap.org/immunization/families/faq/vaccinestudies.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> repeated studies.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Candidate Ben Carson, a retired neurosurgeon, did refute Trump, saying, \"We have extremely well-documented proof that there's no autism associated with vaccinations.\" The Autism Self Advocacy Network also pointed to the \"wealth of scientific evidence debunking any link between autism and vaccinations,\" in its\u003ca href=\"http://autisticadvocacy.org/2015/09/asan-statement-on-gop-primary-debate-comments-on-autism-and-vaccination/\" target=\"_blank\"> own statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then pretty quickly, the discussion morphed into a challenge of the vaccine schedule itself. Worse, it started with Sen. Rand Paul, who is a physician, an ophthalmologist, and said he was for vaccines but also \"for freedom.\" He suggested spacing out vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump essentially said the same thing. “I’m in favor of vaccines,\" he said, then added the caveat: \"Do them over a longer period of time, same amount, ... But just in little sections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The American Academy of Pediatrics is trying to set the record straight: \"There is no 'alternative' immunization schedule,\" Dr. Karen Remley, executive director of the group \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/American-Academy-of-Pediatrics-Reiterates-Safety-and-Importance-of-Vaccines.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">said in a statement\u003c/a>. \"Delaying vaccines only leaves a child at risk of disease for a longer period of time; it does not make vaccinating safer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/downloads/parent-ver-sch-0-6yrs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> recommends \u003c/a>vaccinating against 14 diseases, beginning at birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Paul Offit, who directs the Vaccine Education Center at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, is one of the vaccine experts who is now spending a chunk of his day countering Trump's assertions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, 100 years ago, there was just one vaccine available -- smallpox. Today, there are far more. But the overall challenge to the immune system is actually smaller today, Offit says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The number of immunological components in vaccines today is fewer than the one vaccine we got a hundred years ago,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond vaccines, simply living outside the womb's sterile environment, Offit says, makes your immune system work harder than today's vaccines do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you leave the womb,\" he said, \"very quickly you have living on the surface of your body trillions of bacteria to which you make an immune response.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're always exposed to a whole wealth of immune challenges, every day, that are far greater than what you get from vaccines,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Art Reingold, a professor of public health at UC Berkeley, also vouched for the safety of the schedule. \"We know we are not overwhelming the infant's immune system, that the infant on a daily basis sees more antigens just in terms of interacting with the environment and crawling around, than from vaccines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine schedule is well-tested, Offit says, and new vaccines are not added randomly. \"You can't put a vaccine onto the existing schedule without proving that that vaccine doesn't interfere with the safety profile of existing vaccines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, when Donald Trump suggests that vaccines can be spaced out?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's \"arguing for a schedule that's untested.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While delaying vaccines puts children at risk of contracting disease, as the American Academy of Pediatrics' Remley noted, it's unclear how great that delay would be for specific shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would depend on which disease and how common it is,\" Reingold said and would be hard to quantify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But delaying vaccines might be the only way some parents will consent to vaccinating their child in the first place. \"There are providers who might say ... 'I'm willing to work with you on that,' \" Reingold speculated, while noting that he does not see patients himself. \"I'm sure those are difficult discussions between parents and providers.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Siblings Most Common Cause of Whooping Cough Infection for Infants",
"title": "Siblings Most Common Cause of Whooping Cough Infection for Infants",
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"content": "\u003cp>Over the past decade, whooping cough has proven increasingly difficult to control. Over \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/fast-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\">48,000 Americans\u003c/a> caught the highly contagious bacterial disease in 2012, the most since 1955. And California experienced two epidemics that killed 13 babies in 2010 and 2014, when a total of 20,000 cases were reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although researchers found that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">vaccine refusal contributed \u003c/a>to the 2010 epidemic, health officials now face an even bigger problem: protection afforded by the whooping cough vaccine doesn’t last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/dtap.html\" target=\"_blank\">should get five doses\u003c/a> of the DTaP vaccine by age six, starting at two months, health experts say. While the vaccine is very effective in the short-term, protection begins to fade after the fifth dose, so kids need a booster when they turn 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, as evidence of the vaccine’s waning protection mounts, more and more vaccinated \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/surv-reporting.html\" target=\"_blank\">children and adolescents\u003c/a> are getting whooping cough, also known as pertussis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a study shows, these older children and adolescents have become the most common source of infection for their baby sisters and brothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While doctors can identify a source of infection about half the time, the study, published Monday in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org\" target=\"_blank\">Pediatrics\u003c/a>, shows that siblings –- as young as four and a half and as old as nine –- transmitted the disease in over 35 percent of cases with mothers responsible for infecting their babies in about 20 percent of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, mothers were the most common source of infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whooping cough causes acute spasms of coughing, which are typically followed by high-pitched “\u003ca href=\"https://www.soundsofpertussis.com/\">whoops\u003c/a>” in the struggle to breathe. Infants, especially those too young to be vaccinated, face the greatest risk of severe illness and death from pertussis, as the deadly parasite overwhelms their still developing lungs. About half of infected babies must be hospitalized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, health officials have recommended that all pregnant women get a Tdap shot, says Tami Skoff, an epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and lead author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Ez6lEliEAFWNE0XyinS8LGHEoqOaWp9H\"]“By vaccinating during pregnancy,” Skoff explains, “the mother passes protective antibodies to her baby that protect the baby against pertussis during the first few critical months of life, before the infant begins their own pertussis immunization.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/whooping-cough-vaccination-pregnant.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Early studies\u003c/a> in the United Kingdom show that vaccinating during pregnancy is a highly effective strategy to protect infants, says Skoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the UK program was introduced in 2012, babies whose mothers were vaccinated against pertussis at least a week before birth had a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60686-3/abstract\">91 percent lower risk \u003c/a>of contracting the disease than babies whose mothers did not get a shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the shift in disease transmission from mothers to siblings, should recommendations for a booster be shifted younger than the current age of 11, if mom is expecting a baby?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not a trivial decision, says Art Reingold, a UC Berkeley professor of public health. “Given what we know about the fairly rapid decline in vaccine-induced protection, one would want to at least model the likely effects of shifting the age for a booster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, because protection from the vaccine starts to fade from about 98 percent effectiveness to about 70 percent five years later, changing the timing of the booster could simply shift the burden of disease to other age groups, says Skoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most effective strategy is to get all pregnant women vaccinated \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/discond/pages/pertussis.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">during the third trimester\u003c/a> to protect babies for the first months of life, when pertussis is most likely to cause severe, life-threatening illness, says Reingold. The next most important thing to do, he says, is to make sure young children get all their shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With an unknown source of infection for about 50 percent of cases, it’s still important for anyone who spends time with infants to be up to date on their pertussis vaccinations. Not just children, but all adults, too, including grandparents and caregivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This “\u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780027_2\" target=\"_blank\">cocooning\u003c/a>” strategy has been recommended since the Tdap booster was introduced in 2005. But it’s proven difficult to implement, says Reingold, in part because many adults are not inclined to get vaccinated. But even if they were, it might not matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current “acellular” vaccine, which contains fragments of the parasite, was introduced in the late 1990s to replace the whole cell version. The whole cell vaccine afforded longer lasting protection but also caused more side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In pertussis, the disease is caused by toxins that are released by bacteria. The pertussis vaccine protects you against those toxins, but may not prevent you from spreading the bacteria to others — and causing illness in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already this year, California has seen \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis%2520report%25208-3-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">more pertussis cases\u003c/a>, excluding the two recent epidemics, than in any year since the 1950s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health experts would love to develop a new vaccine that is not only safe but also affords protection over the long haul. But the incentives for manufacturers to invest substantial sums in the needed research and trials are extremely limited, says Reingold. “I don’t expect a new vaccine to provide us an alternative solution in the foreseeable future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until then, he says, nothing offers better protection to an unvaccinated baby than being born to a recently-vaccinated mother.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Over the past decade, whooping cough has proven increasingly difficult to control. Over \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/fast-facts.html\" target=\"_blank\">48,000 Americans\u003c/a> caught the highly contagious bacterial disease in 2012, the most since 1955. And California experienced two epidemics that killed 13 babies in 2010 and 2014, when a total of 20,000 cases were reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although researchers found that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">vaccine refusal contributed \u003c/a>to the 2010 epidemic, health officials now face an even bigger problem: protection afforded by the whooping cough vaccine doesn’t last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/dtap.html\" target=\"_blank\">should get five doses\u003c/a> of the DTaP vaccine by age six, starting at two months, health experts say. While the vaccine is very effective in the short-term, protection begins to fade after the fifth dose, so kids need a booster when they turn 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, as evidence of the vaccine’s waning protection mounts, more and more vaccinated \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/surv-reporting.html\" target=\"_blank\">children and adolescents\u003c/a> are getting whooping cough, also known as pertussis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a study shows, these older children and adolescents have become the most common source of infection for their baby sisters and brothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While doctors can identify a source of infection about half the time, the study, published Monday in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org\" target=\"_blank\">Pediatrics\u003c/a>, shows that siblings –- as young as four and a half and as old as nine –- transmitted the disease in over 35 percent of cases with mothers responsible for infecting their babies in about 20 percent of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, mothers were the most common source of infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whooping cough causes acute spasms of coughing, which are typically followed by high-pitched “\u003ca href=\"https://www.soundsofpertussis.com/\">whoops\u003c/a>” in the struggle to breathe. Infants, especially those too young to be vaccinated, face the greatest risk of severe illness and death from pertussis, as the deadly parasite overwhelms their still developing lungs. About half of infected babies must be hospitalized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, health officials have recommended that all pregnant women get a Tdap shot, says Tami Skoff, an epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and lead author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“By vaccinating during pregnancy,” Skoff explains, “the mother passes protective antibodies to her baby that protect the baby against pertussis during the first few critical months of life, before the infant begins their own pertussis immunization.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/whooping-cough-vaccination-pregnant.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Early studies\u003c/a> in the United Kingdom show that vaccinating during pregnancy is a highly effective strategy to protect infants, says Skoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the UK program was introduced in 2012, babies whose mothers were vaccinated against pertussis at least a week before birth had a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60686-3/abstract\">91 percent lower risk \u003c/a>of contracting the disease than babies whose mothers did not get a shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the shift in disease transmission from mothers to siblings, should recommendations for a booster be shifted younger than the current age of 11, if mom is expecting a baby?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not a trivial decision, says Art Reingold, a UC Berkeley professor of public health. “Given what we know about the fairly rapid decline in vaccine-induced protection, one would want to at least model the likely effects of shifting the age for a booster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, because protection from the vaccine starts to fade from about 98 percent effectiveness to about 70 percent five years later, changing the timing of the booster could simply shift the burden of disease to other age groups, says Skoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most effective strategy is to get all pregnant women vaccinated \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/discond/pages/pertussis.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">during the third trimester\u003c/a> to protect babies for the first months of life, when pertussis is most likely to cause severe, life-threatening illness, says Reingold. The next most important thing to do, he says, is to make sure young children get all their shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With an unknown source of infection for about 50 percent of cases, it’s still important for anyone who spends time with infants to be up to date on their pertussis vaccinations. Not just children, but all adults, too, including grandparents and caregivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This “\u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780027_2\" target=\"_blank\">cocooning\u003c/a>” strategy has been recommended since the Tdap booster was introduced in 2005. But it’s proven difficult to implement, says Reingold, in part because many adults are not inclined to get vaccinated. But even if they were, it might not matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current “acellular” vaccine, which contains fragments of the parasite, was introduced in the late 1990s to replace the whole cell version. The whole cell vaccine afforded longer lasting protection but also caused more side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In pertussis, the disease is caused by toxins that are released by bacteria. The pertussis vaccine protects you against those toxins, but may not prevent you from spreading the bacteria to others — and causing illness in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already this year, California has seen \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis%2520report%25208-3-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">more pertussis cases\u003c/a>, excluding the two recent epidemics, than in any year since the 1950s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health experts would love to develop a new vaccine that is not only safe but also affords protection over the long haul. But the incentives for manufacturers to invest substantial sums in the needed research and trials are extremely limited, says Reingold. “I don’t expect a new vaccine to provide us an alternative solution in the foreseeable future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until then, he says, nothing offers better protection to an unvaccinated baby than being born to a recently-vaccinated mother.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A bill that would require day care workers to be immunized against three major diseases that could harm children passed out of the Assembly Committee on Appropriations Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the last committee stop for the bill, which passed the Senate and now will be up for an Assembly floor vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB792\" target=\"_blank\">SB 792\u003c/a>, by Sen. Tony Mendoza, D-Artesia, would require vaccination for whooping cough, measles and influenza for all day care workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only exemption for a whooping cough or measles immunization would be a physician's note that exempts individuals for whom the vaccination would not be safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Day care workers who do not want to get the influenza vaccine, though, just need to fill out a form to become exempt from the requirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill also reiterated the need for evidence of being free of tuberculosis -- known as \"clearance\" -- among day care workers, which already is required by law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[This bill] protects young vulnerable children by making sure that those who care for them in child care settings are vaccinated against serious contagious illnesses,\" Mendoza said at Wednesday's committee hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One child's death is one too many, especially when it may be preventable,\" Mendoza said in an email. \"With the recent deadly outbreaks of measles and influenza, we must do everything in our power to protect California’s children who spend time in day care. This is not just a common sense solution, but makes scientific sense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state's Department of Finance representative at the hearing, Jacqueline Wong Hernandez, said the bill \"could decrease the health risk to children at no cost to the state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill is passed by the Legislature and signed by the governor, it would go into effect Sept. 1, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>David Gorn is a senior reporter with \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.californiahealthline.org/\">\u003cem>California Healthline. \u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A bill that would require day care workers to be immunized against three major diseases that could harm children passed out of the Assembly Committee on Appropriations Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the last committee stop for the bill, which passed the Senate and now will be up for an Assembly floor vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB792\" target=\"_blank\">SB 792\u003c/a>, by Sen. Tony Mendoza, D-Artesia, would require vaccination for whooping cough, measles and influenza for all day care workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only exemption for a whooping cough or measles immunization would be a physician's note that exempts individuals for whom the vaccination would not be safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Day care workers who do not want to get the influenza vaccine, though, just need to fill out a form to become exempt from the requirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill also reiterated the need for evidence of being free of tuberculosis -- known as \"clearance\" -- among day care workers, which already is required by law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[This bill] protects young vulnerable children by making sure that those who care for them in child care settings are vaccinated against serious contagious illnesses,\" Mendoza said at Wednesday's committee hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One child's death is one too many, especially when it may be preventable,\" Mendoza said in an email. \"With the recent deadly outbreaks of measles and influenza, we must do everything in our power to protect California’s children who spend time in day care. This is not just a common sense solution, but makes scientific sense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state's Department of Finance representative at the hearing, Jacqueline Wong Hernandez, said the bill \"could decrease the health risk to children at no cost to the state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the bill is passed by the Legislature and signed by the governor, it would go into effect Sept. 1, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>David Gorn is a senior reporter with \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.californiahealthline.org/\">\u003cem>California Healthline. \u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Ebola Vaccine Has '100 Percent' Effectiveness In Early Results",
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"content": "\u003cp>In a development that could change the way the deadly Ebola disease is fought, researchers have announced promising results of a new vaccine's trial in Guinea, one of several countries affected by a historic outbreak in West Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The estimated vaccine efficacy was 100 percent,\" a team of researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial was called \u003cem>Ebola ça Suffit\u003c/em> — French for \"Ebola that's enough.\" Funded by the World Health Organization and other groups, it started in April and ended on July 20, relying on 7,651 participants who consented to be part of the trial. The more than 20 researchers who took part published their findings \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/pdfs/S0140673615611175.pdf\">in The Lancet medical journal\u003c/a> on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The current data basically tells us that the vaccine works to protect people against Ebola,\" says Dr. Bertrand Draguez, medical director of Médecins Sans Frontières, \u003ca href=\"http://www.msf.org/article/ebola-getting-closer-ebola-vaccine\">which took part in the research\u003c/a> along with WHO and authorities in Guinea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Draguez and other experts are heartened by the new results — but they also warn that as testing expands, the effectiveness rate of the vaccine will likely fall below 100 percent. The trial used the \"ring vaccination\" method, in which all suspected contacts receive treatment. No placebos were administered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even if the sample size is quite small and more research and analysis is needed,\" Draguez says, \"the enormity of the public health emergency should lead us to continue using this vaccine right now to protect those who might get exposed to the disease: contacts of infected patients and front-line workers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial vaccine, formally called rVSV-ZEBOV but more commonly known as VSV-EBOV, was supplied by the pharmaceutical firm Merck Sharp & Dohme. The drug was initially developed by Canada's Public Health Agency and was tested \u003ca href=\"http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/suppl_3/S1066.full\">as early as 2011\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To conduct the Guinea trial, researchers used newly confirmed Ebola cases to identify clusters of people with whom the patients had contact. On a random basis, those clusters then received the vaccine either immediately or after a 21-day delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the immediate vaccination group, there were no cases of Ebola virus disease with symptom onset at least 10 days after randomization,\" the researchers say, \"whereas in the delayed vaccination group there were 16 cases of Ebola virus disease from seven clusters, showing a vaccine efficacy of 100 percent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say that for both groups — those who got the vaccine immediately and those who received it after a delay — no new Ebola cases were diagnosed starting at six days after vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The randomization phase of the trial was stopped this week, WHO says, \"to allow for all people at risk to receive the vaccine immediately.\" It will also now include younger people than the adults involved in the trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first person to receive the trial vaccine in Guinea was Mohamed Soumah, 27. \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/features/2015/guinea-ebola-vaccine/en/\">He tells WHO\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"It wasn't easy. People in the village said that the injection was to kill me. I was afraid. I was the first one to be injected, the very first, here in my village on 23 March 2015. I've been monitored for 3 months and I've had no problems. The last follow-up, 84 days after the vaccination, was all clear.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The vaccine is administered via a shot to the upper arm. The researchers who ran the trial say their results suggest a single injection is highly effective, and that protection against Ebola can be established quickly. They're also still analyzing possible adverse reactions to the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interim findings on the Guinea trial are the latest to bolster the belief that VSV-EBOV could be the drug Ebola-fighters have been waiting for. Earlier this year, it showed positive results in clinical trials at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://wrair-www.army.mil/Documents/NEJM%20Press%20Release%20Ebola%20Vaccine%20Trial%201%20Apr%2015.pdf\">A Walter Reed release\u003c/a> about that study explained how the drug is derived:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"VSV-EBOV is based in part on a genetically engineered version of vesicular stomatitis virus, which primarily affects rodents, cattle, swine and horses. Human VSV infections are rare and mild. In the VSV-EBOV investigational vaccine, the gene for the outer protein of VSV replaces the same gene segment of the Zaire Ebola virus species.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in the Guinea trial say the number of new clusters of potential patients is falling, because the rate of new diagnoses in the country has dropped. The next immediate step, they say, is to continue the trial and vaccinate more people. Last Friday, Guinea's government and medical ethics groups approved that plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+Ebola+Vaccine+Has+%27100+Percent%27+Effectiveness+In+Early+Results&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a development that could change the way the deadly Ebola disease is fought, researchers have announced promising results of a new vaccine's trial in Guinea, one of several countries affected by a historic outbreak in West Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The estimated vaccine efficacy was 100 percent,\" a team of researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial was called \u003cem>Ebola ça Suffit\u003c/em> — French for \"Ebola that's enough.\" Funded by the World Health Organization and other groups, it started in April and ended on July 20, relying on 7,651 participants who consented to be part of the trial. The more than 20 researchers who took part published their findings \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/pdfs/S0140673615611175.pdf\">in The Lancet medical journal\u003c/a> on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The current data basically tells us that the vaccine works to protect people against Ebola,\" says Dr. Bertrand Draguez, medical director of Médecins Sans Frontières, \u003ca href=\"http://www.msf.org/article/ebola-getting-closer-ebola-vaccine\">which took part in the research\u003c/a> along with WHO and authorities in Guinea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Draguez and other experts are heartened by the new results — but they also warn that as testing expands, the effectiveness rate of the vaccine will likely fall below 100 percent. The trial used the \"ring vaccination\" method, in which all suspected contacts receive treatment. No placebos were administered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even if the sample size is quite small and more research and analysis is needed,\" Draguez says, \"the enormity of the public health emergency should lead us to continue using this vaccine right now to protect those who might get exposed to the disease: contacts of infected patients and front-line workers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial vaccine, formally called rVSV-ZEBOV but more commonly known as VSV-EBOV, was supplied by the pharmaceutical firm Merck Sharp & Dohme. The drug was initially developed by Canada's Public Health Agency and was tested \u003ca href=\"http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/suppl_3/S1066.full\">as early as 2011\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To conduct the Guinea trial, researchers used newly confirmed Ebola cases to identify clusters of people with whom the patients had contact. On a random basis, those clusters then received the vaccine either immediately or after a 21-day delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the immediate vaccination group, there were no cases of Ebola virus disease with symptom onset at least 10 days after randomization,\" the researchers say, \"whereas in the delayed vaccination group there were 16 cases of Ebola virus disease from seven clusters, showing a vaccine efficacy of 100 percent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say that for both groups — those who got the vaccine immediately and those who received it after a delay — no new Ebola cases were diagnosed starting at six days after vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The randomization phase of the trial was stopped this week, WHO says, \"to allow for all people at risk to receive the vaccine immediately.\" It will also now include younger people than the adults involved in the trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first person to receive the trial vaccine in Guinea was Mohamed Soumah, 27. \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/features/2015/guinea-ebola-vaccine/en/\">He tells WHO\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"It wasn't easy. People in the village said that the injection was to kill me. I was afraid. I was the first one to be injected, the very first, here in my village on 23 March 2015. I've been monitored for 3 months and I've had no problems. The last follow-up, 84 days after the vaccination, was all clear.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The vaccine is administered via a shot to the upper arm. The researchers who ran the trial say their results suggest a single injection is highly effective, and that protection against Ebola can be established quickly. They're also still analyzing possible adverse reactions to the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interim findings on the Guinea trial are the latest to bolster the belief that VSV-EBOV could be the drug Ebola-fighters have been waiting for. Earlier this year, it showed positive results in clinical trials at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://wrair-www.army.mil/Documents/NEJM%20Press%20Release%20Ebola%20Vaccine%20Trial%201%20Apr%2015.pdf\">A Walter Reed release\u003c/a> about that study explained how the drug is derived:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"VSV-EBOV is based in part on a genetically engineered version of vesicular stomatitis virus, which primarily affects rodents, cattle, swine and horses. Human VSV infections are rare and mild. In the VSV-EBOV investigational vaccine, the gene for the outer protein of VSV replaces the same gene segment of the Zaire Ebola virus species.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in the Guinea trial say the number of new clusters of potential patients is falling, because the rate of new diagnoses in the country has dropped. The next immediate step, they say, is to continue the trial and vaccinate more people. Last Friday, Guinea's government and medical ethics groups approved that plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+Ebola+Vaccine+Has+%27100+Percent%27+Effectiveness+In+Early+Results&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The question of declining children's vaccination rates -- and how to improve them -- exploded into the public consciousness early this year when a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/07/nine-measles-cases-tied-to-disneyland-parks/\" target=\"_blank\">measles outbreak\u003c/a>, linked to Disneyland, spread across California and to other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB277\" target=\"_blank\">SB 277\u003c/a>, a bill to abolish the state's vaccine \"personal belief exemption,\" moved through the legislature amid heated and vocal opposition. It was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\">signed by the governor\u003c/a> last month. Under the law, all school children must be vaccinated against 10 different diseases. Only those who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons are exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Perspective published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org\" target=\"_blank\">Pediatrics\u003c/a> offers a thoughtful breather on the rancorous debate we've seen in California. In the essay, \u003ca href=\"http://holly.witteman.ca/index.php/about/\" target=\"_blank\">Holly Witteman\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of medicine at Laval University in Quebec, writes in favor of applying a \"shared decision making\" approach with vaccine hesitant parents. This means engaging them with a combination of information and helping people clarify their values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I like about approaches like shared decision making,\" Witteman told me in an email, \"is that they center the conversation around what matters to patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should at least be talking about these kinds of approaches when we talk about concerns about immunization rates, rather than throwing up our hands as though there is nothing that can be done to help parents overcome vaccine hesitancy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Witteman is not a physician and when friends ask about vaccines, she advises them to talk to their doctor, but she's also an expert in medical decision-making. In the essay she describes conversations with friends and family members where she explains why she has chosen to vaccinate her own children. She talks about the facts around vaccines -- both risks and benefits -- but she also goes beyond facts to her own values:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>I explain how I am willing to accept the very small risks of vaccines because I could never live with myself if my children were injured or killed by a vaccine-preventable disease or if they passed along a virus to someone more vulnerable and I had done nothing to prevent such events.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>She points to early research trials which suggest that providing shared decision-making tools helps to\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16287399\" target=\"_blank\"> increase vaccination rates\u003c/a>. She cites an anecdote from her own experience -- a friend who pointed to the \"respectful factual calm\" reassurance from Witteman that contributed to the family starting vaccines for their child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's such a crazy polarized topic everywhere,\" the friend commented to Witteman on Facebook (and Witteman shares in the Perspective with permission), \"that it's really hard to have a conversation about it without feeling attacked. Thank you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what I have seen as I have covered the debate around SB 277. Those who fear vaccines were called stupid, anti-scientific or selfish -- which is unlikely to help improve vaccination rates, Witteman suggests. \"It may feel good to rant and rave, but people rarely change their minds because someone called them stupid and wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now it remains to be seen if requiring vaccines to attend school for all but those with a medical exemption will improve vaccination rates. Witteman says she's not opposed to the law, but in an email said she \"wonder(s) if it might backfire by increasing polarization, entrenching views, and driving parents who are vaccine hesitant further toward vaccine refusal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a former Assemblyman has filed paperwork with the Office of the Attorney General for \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/07/02/california-vaccine-debate-not-quite-over-tim-donnelly-files-referendum-to-overturn-new-law/\" target=\"_blank\">a referendum to overturn SB 277\u003c/a>. Backers of the law's repeal have until late September to gather 365,880 signatures to qualify for the Nov. 2016 ballot. If they are successful, the law will be put on hold until after the election.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The question of declining children's vaccination rates -- and how to improve them -- exploded into the public consciousness early this year when a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/07/nine-measles-cases-tied-to-disneyland-parks/\" target=\"_blank\">measles outbreak\u003c/a>, linked to Disneyland, spread across California and to other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB277\" target=\"_blank\">SB 277\u003c/a>, a bill to abolish the state's vaccine \"personal belief exemption,\" moved through the legislature amid heated and vocal opposition. It was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\">signed by the governor\u003c/a> last month. Under the law, all school children must be vaccinated against 10 different diseases. Only those who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons are exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Perspective published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org\" target=\"_blank\">Pediatrics\u003c/a> offers a thoughtful breather on the rancorous debate we've seen in California. In the essay, \u003ca href=\"http://holly.witteman.ca/index.php/about/\" target=\"_blank\">Holly Witteman\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of medicine at Laval University in Quebec, writes in favor of applying a \"shared decision making\" approach with vaccine hesitant parents. This means engaging them with a combination of information and helping people clarify their values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I like about approaches like shared decision making,\" Witteman told me in an email, \"is that they center the conversation around what matters to patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should at least be talking about these kinds of approaches when we talk about concerns about immunization rates, rather than throwing up our hands as though there is nothing that can be done to help parents overcome vaccine hesitancy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Witteman is not a physician and when friends ask about vaccines, she advises them to talk to their doctor, but she's also an expert in medical decision-making. In the essay she describes conversations with friends and family members where she explains why she has chosen to vaccinate her own children. She talks about the facts around vaccines -- both risks and benefits -- but she also goes beyond facts to her own values:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>I explain how I am willing to accept the very small risks of vaccines because I could never live with myself if my children were injured or killed by a vaccine-preventable disease or if they passed along a virus to someone more vulnerable and I had done nothing to prevent such events.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>She points to early research trials which suggest that providing shared decision-making tools helps to\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16287399\" target=\"_blank\"> increase vaccination rates\u003c/a>. She cites an anecdote from her own experience -- a friend who pointed to the \"respectful factual calm\" reassurance from Witteman that contributed to the family starting vaccines for their child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's such a crazy polarized topic everywhere,\" the friend commented to Witteman on Facebook (and Witteman shares in the Perspective with permission), \"that it's really hard to have a conversation about it without feeling attacked. Thank you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what I have seen as I have covered the debate around SB 277. Those who fear vaccines were called stupid, anti-scientific or selfish -- which is unlikely to help improve vaccination rates, Witteman suggests. \"It may feel good to rant and rave, but people rarely change their minds because someone called them stupid and wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now it remains to be seen if requiring vaccines to attend school for all but those with a medical exemption will improve vaccination rates. Witteman says she's not opposed to the law, but in an email said she \"wonder(s) if it might backfire by increasing polarization, entrenching views, and driving parents who are vaccine hesitant further toward vaccine refusal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a former Assemblyman has filed paperwork with the Office of the Attorney General for \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/07/02/california-vaccine-debate-not-quite-over-tim-donnelly-files-referendum-to-overturn-new-law/\" target=\"_blank\">a referendum to overturn SB 277\u003c/a>. Backers of the law's repeal have until late September to gather 365,880 signatures to qualify for the Nov. 2016 ballot. If they are successful, the law will be put on hold until after the election.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "After Measles Outbreaks, Parents Shift Their Thinking On Vaccines",
"title": "After Measles Outbreaks, Parents Shift Their Thinking On Vaccines",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Nothing like a good measles outbreak to get people thinking more kindly about vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One third of parents say they think vaccines have more benefit than they did a year ago, according to a poll conducted in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44720\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/07/vaccine-benefit_enl-25fbea0844d16be2d08246f0d63d746b56d09f9d.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44720\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/07/vaccine-benefit_enl-25fbea0844d16be2d08246f0d63d746b56d09f9d-400x250.png\" alt=\"Source: C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National Poll on Children's Health, 2015\" width=\"400\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/07/vaccine-benefit_enl-25fbea0844d16be2d08246f0d63d746b56d09f9d-400x250.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/07/vaccine-benefit_enl-25fbea0844d16be2d08246f0d63d746b56d09f9d.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National Poll on Children's Health, 2015 \u003ccite>(NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That's compared to the 5 percent of parents who said they now think vaccines have fewer benefits and 61 percent who think the benefits are the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine safety also got a boost, with 25 percent of parents saying they believe vaccines are safer than they thought they were a year ago, compared to 7 percent of parents who think they're less safe. Sixty-eight percent didn't change their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers came from a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mottnpch.org/reports-surveys/safer-more-benefits-parents%E2%80%99-vaccines-views-shifting\" target=\"_blank\">poll\u003c/a> of 1,416 parents around the country conducted by the C.S. Mott Children's Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this year \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html\" target=\"_blank\">178 people\u003c/a> have come down with measles, and many became infected after visiting \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/16/disneyland-measles-outbreak-to-be-declared-over/\" target=\"_blank\">Disneyland\u003c/a>, according to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Most of those people were not vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/07/vaccine-safety_enl-aa35d7bee0cf76bb8312170ecc74194b411f2a26.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44721\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/07/vaccine-safety_enl-aa35d7bee0cf76bb8312170ecc74194b411f2a26-400x250.png\" alt=\"Source: C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National Poll on Children's Health, 2015\" width=\"400\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/07/vaccine-safety_enl-aa35d7bee0cf76bb8312170ecc74194b411f2a26-400x250.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/07/vaccine-safety_enl-aa35d7bee0cf76bb8312170ecc74194b411f2a26.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National Poll on Children's Health, 2015 \u003ccite>(NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even though the Disney outbreak got wide attention, 2014 was actually worse for measles, with 23 outbreaks including 383 cases among unvaccinated Amish communities in Ohio. In both 2014 and this year, measles is thought to have been brought to the U.S. by unvaccinated travelers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polls typically find that people's opinions change very little in the course of a year, according to Matthew Davis, a pediatrician who directs the C.S. Mott poll. \"These numbers are incredibly high, and suggest that parents are hearing about the outbreaks and responding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors should know that parents' opinions can change relatively quickly, Davis says, though in his medical practice, he still sees parents with a wide range of beliefs about vaccine safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important for the medical community to realize that parents care deeply about their children's well being,\" Davis told Shots. \"And that is reflected in a wide range of opinions about vaccination.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, a statewide poll in California \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/03/two-thirds-of-californians-support-barring-unvaccinated-children-from-public-school/\" target=\"_blank\">found that\u003c/a> 67 percent of adults and 65 percent of public school parents think unvaccinated students should not be allowed in public school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=After+Measles+Outbreaks%2C+Parents+Shift+Their+Thinking+On+Vaccines&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nothing like a good measles outbreak to get people thinking more kindly about vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One third of parents say they think vaccines have more benefit than they did a year ago, according to a poll conducted in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44720\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/07/vaccine-benefit_enl-25fbea0844d16be2d08246f0d63d746b56d09f9d.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44720\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/07/vaccine-benefit_enl-25fbea0844d16be2d08246f0d63d746b56d09f9d-400x250.png\" alt=\"Source: C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National Poll on Children's Health, 2015\" width=\"400\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/07/vaccine-benefit_enl-25fbea0844d16be2d08246f0d63d746b56d09f9d-400x250.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/07/vaccine-benefit_enl-25fbea0844d16be2d08246f0d63d746b56d09f9d.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National Poll on Children's Health, 2015 \u003ccite>(NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That's compared to the 5 percent of parents who said they now think vaccines have fewer benefits and 61 percent who think the benefits are the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine safety also got a boost, with 25 percent of parents saying they believe vaccines are safer than they thought they were a year ago, compared to 7 percent of parents who think they're less safe. Sixty-eight percent didn't change their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers came from a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mottnpch.org/reports-surveys/safer-more-benefits-parents%E2%80%99-vaccines-views-shifting\" target=\"_blank\">poll\u003c/a> of 1,416 parents around the country conducted by the C.S. Mott Children's Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this year \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html\" target=\"_blank\">178 people\u003c/a> have come down with measles, and many became infected after visiting \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/04/16/disneyland-measles-outbreak-to-be-declared-over/\" target=\"_blank\">Disneyland\u003c/a>, according to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Most of those people were not vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/07/vaccine-safety_enl-aa35d7bee0cf76bb8312170ecc74194b411f2a26.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44721\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/07/vaccine-safety_enl-aa35d7bee0cf76bb8312170ecc74194b411f2a26-400x250.png\" alt=\"Source: C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National Poll on Children's Health, 2015\" width=\"400\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/07/vaccine-safety_enl-aa35d7bee0cf76bb8312170ecc74194b411f2a26-400x250.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2015/07/vaccine-safety_enl-aa35d7bee0cf76bb8312170ecc74194b411f2a26.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National Poll on Children's Health, 2015 \u003ccite>(NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even though the Disney outbreak got wide attention, 2014 was actually worse for measles, with 23 outbreaks including 383 cases among unvaccinated Amish communities in Ohio. In both 2014 and this year, measles is thought to have been brought to the U.S. by unvaccinated travelers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polls typically find that people's opinions change very little in the course of a year, according to Matthew Davis, a pediatrician who directs the C.S. Mott poll. \"These numbers are incredibly high, and suggest that parents are hearing about the outbreaks and responding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors should know that parents' opinions can change relatively quickly, Davis says, though in his medical practice, he still sees parents with a wide range of beliefs about vaccine safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important for the medical community to realize that parents care deeply about their children's well being,\" Davis told Shots. \"And that is reflected in a wide range of opinions about vaccination.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, a statewide poll in California \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/03/two-thirds-of-californians-support-barring-unvaccinated-children-from-public-school/\" target=\"_blank\">found that\u003c/a> 67 percent of adults and 65 percent of public school parents think unvaccinated students should not be allowed in public school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=After+Measles+Outbreaks%2C+Parents+Shift+Their+Thinking+On+Vaccines&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Not Over Yet: Tim Donnelly Files for Referendum to Overturn California's New Vaccine Law",
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"content": "\u003cp>Well, that didn't take long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former California Assemblyman and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/tim-donnelly-gop-for-governor\" target=\"_blank\">ex-gubernatorial candidate\u003c/a> Tim Donnelly Wednesday \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/initiatives/pdfs/15-0035%20%28Referendum%20of%20SB%20277%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">filed paperwork\u003c/a> with the Office of the Attorney General for a referendum that would overturn California's brand-new law ending personal belief exemptions for vaccines. Donnelly filed the request just one day after Gov. Jerry Brown signed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB277\" target=\"_blank\">SB277\u003c/a> into law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Donnelly, a tea party conservative who hosts an Inland Empire talk radio show on KIXW-AM, \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/tim.donnelly.372/posts/463441200498927?pnref=story\" target=\"_blank\"> posted his displeasure with the new law on Facebook\u003c/a> Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Gov. Jerry Brown signed away a parent's right to choose what's best for their child,\" he wrote. \"This is a victory for leftists bent on absolute control. No more choice, no informed consent, only compliance or else!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Backers of the law's repeal now have 90 days from its enactment Tuesday to gather 365,880 signatures, the number needed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ballot-measures/referendum/\" target=\"_blank\">qualify the referendum \u003c/a>for the Nov. 1, 2016, ballot. Provided enough signatures are verified, the law would then be put on hold until after the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would mean parents could at least temporarily slide by the July 1, 2016, implementation of the law, when any child entering preschool, kindergarten or seventh grade, or any student changing schools, is required to have the proper vaccinations if they have not already obtained a personal belief exemption by Jan. 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even if they don’t have a chance of passing this, just getting it on the ballot box has a chance to throw a wrench in things,\" says KQED politics and government reporter Marisa Lagos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lagos said the success of the signature drive will depend -- what else? -- on money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The question is whether they will have funding to send signature-gatherers out to do this work, enough boots on the ground to collect signatures,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christina Hildebrand, founder of A Voice for Choice, a nonprofit group that worked against the vaccine bill, told KQED's April Dembosky that collecting the required signatures was doable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need 5 percent of what was cast in the governor’s election, which was a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/12-might-california-low-voter-turnout-spark-2016-initiative-frenzy/\" target=\"_blank\">very low turnout\u003c/a> vote, so I do believe we can get that,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there's the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article26061985.html\" target=\"_blank\">Jim Carrey factor\u003c/a> to consider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Richard Pan, a co-author of the law, responded to the referendum filing in a statement. “Californians overwhelmingly support requiring vaccinations for school,\" Pan said. \"Our bill was a reasonable, science-based approach to protecting children, and the most vulnerable among us, from dangerous diseases. Vaccines are one of the most powerful tools we have to prevent deadly communicable diseases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pan said he would fight \"any referendum that hurts Californians.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A May \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1153\" target=\"_blank\"> poll by the Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a> found that 67 percent of Californians and 65 percent of public school parents think children should not be allowed to attend public school without getting vaccinated. Large majorities also said that childhood vaccines are generally safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a referendum fails, opponents of the law could turn to the courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The California state constitution guarantees a free and public education for every child,\" said Hildebrand. Lawyers have been lining up to help with a lawsuit, she said. \"They keep coming out of the woodwork.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Well, that didn't take long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former California Assemblyman and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/tim-donnelly-gop-for-governor\" target=\"_blank\">ex-gubernatorial candidate\u003c/a> Tim Donnelly Wednesday \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/initiatives/pdfs/15-0035%20%28Referendum%20of%20SB%20277%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">filed paperwork\u003c/a> with the Office of the Attorney General for a referendum that would overturn California's brand-new law ending personal belief exemptions for vaccines. Donnelly filed the request just one day after Gov. Jerry Brown signed \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB277\" target=\"_blank\">SB277\u003c/a> into law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Donnelly, a tea party conservative who hosts an Inland Empire talk radio show on KIXW-AM, \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/tim.donnelly.372/posts/463441200498927?pnref=story\" target=\"_blank\"> posted his displeasure with the new law on Facebook\u003c/a> Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Gov. Jerry Brown signed away a parent's right to choose what's best for their child,\" he wrote. \"This is a victory for leftists bent on absolute control. No more choice, no informed consent, only compliance or else!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Backers of the law's repeal now have 90 days from its enactment Tuesday to gather 365,880 signatures, the number needed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ballot-measures/referendum/\" target=\"_blank\">qualify the referendum \u003c/a>for the Nov. 1, 2016, ballot. Provided enough signatures are verified, the law would then be put on hold until after the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would mean parents could at least temporarily slide by the July 1, 2016, implementation of the law, when any child entering preschool, kindergarten or seventh grade, or any student changing schools, is required to have the proper vaccinations if they have not already obtained a personal belief exemption by Jan. 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even if they don’t have a chance of passing this, just getting it on the ballot box has a chance to throw a wrench in things,\" says KQED politics and government reporter Marisa Lagos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lagos said the success of the signature drive will depend -- what else? -- on money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The question is whether they will have funding to send signature-gatherers out to do this work, enough boots on the ground to collect signatures,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christina Hildebrand, founder of A Voice for Choice, a nonprofit group that worked against the vaccine bill, told KQED's April Dembosky that collecting the required signatures was doable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need 5 percent of what was cast in the governor’s election, which was a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/12-might-california-low-voter-turnout-spark-2016-initiative-frenzy/\" target=\"_blank\">very low turnout\u003c/a> vote, so I do believe we can get that,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there's the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article26061985.html\" target=\"_blank\">Jim Carrey factor\u003c/a> to consider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Richard Pan, a co-author of the law, responded to the referendum filing in a statement. “Californians overwhelmingly support requiring vaccinations for school,\" Pan said. \"Our bill was a reasonable, science-based approach to protecting children, and the most vulnerable among us, from dangerous diseases. Vaccines are one of the most powerful tools we have to prevent deadly communicable diseases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pan said he would fight \"any referendum that hurts Californians.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A May \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1153\" target=\"_blank\"> poll by the Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a> found that 67 percent of Californians and 65 percent of public school parents think children should not be allowed to attend public school without getting vaccinated. Large majorities also said that childhood vaccines are generally safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a referendum fails, opponents of the law could turn to the courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The California state constitution guarantees a free and public education for every child,\" said Hildebrand. Lawyers have been lining up to help with a lawsuit, she said. \"They keep coming out of the woodwork.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Resisting Vaccinations Has Long History",
"title": "Resisting Vaccinations Has Long History",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>California is on the brink of enacting a law that would require nearly all children to be vaccinated in order to attend school. While the bill has passed the Legislature, public health officials have had to grapple with a strong, vocal opposition along the way. (\u003cstrong>Update July 1\u003c/strong>: Gov. Jerry Brown yesterday \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\">signed the bill into law\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's actually a long history to the anti-vaccination movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From the moment the very first vaccine came on the scene, which was the smallpox vaccine, there has been resistance to vaccines and vaccination,\" says Elena Conis, a history professor at Emory University and author of Vaccine Nation: America's Changing Relationship with Immunization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that the modern-day resistance movement shares its roots and rhetoric with the social movements of the 1960s and '70s, including feminism, environmentalism and consumer rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They encouraged people to question sources of authority, including doctors,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, women's advocates started to question medical advice on reproductive health and childbirth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Women also start opting to increasingly use midwives, have births outside the hospital,\" she says, \"And also reject professional advice about formula feeding over breastfeeding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental activists were also encouraging people to think about chemical exposures, even in small amounts, at the same time that drug manufacturers started including package inserts listing drug ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conis says that this is the context for the list of vaccine recommendations, which has grown longer over the last generation. It can be overwhelming for today's parents to watch their babies cry through one shot after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We started looking at the vaccine schedule and how intense and frequent these vaccines seem to come up,\" says George McCann, a general contractor and father of two daughters, who lives north of San Francisco. \"So we started talking about whether or not this seemed to be the best approach for our children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his wife decided to have their girls get some vaccines, but not all. They skipped vaccines for pneumonia and chicken pox and waited on polio until the girls were older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The whole issue for me comes down to the idea that somehow the state would get to mandate that all of us have to do something, as if we don't have the ability to look into this with compassion and intelligence and critical thinking on behalf of our children,\" he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Carl Krawitt asks that those who don't vaccinate or delay think about other peoples' children. His son couldn't get vaccinated for five years while he was being treated for leukemia. He depended on others to be immunized so they couldn't spread potentially deadly diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People often don't understand that their choices have an impact on others,\" he says. \"People take personal freedoms to such an extreme that they forget about the community.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the types of parental debates Dr. Matt Willis is navigating. He's the public health officer for Marin County. In some communities there, only half the kids are fully vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His office is trying to figure out why. It did a survey and found a few common characteristics of today's parents who don't vaccinate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A higher proportion are getting information from the Internet, and a higher number of the parents were seeing alternative medical providers,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willis has developed a list of talking points for each vaccine. He tells parents that there's no link between the measles vaccine and autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says that polio is probably his toughest sell. The disease was eradicated from the United States in the late 1970s, so American parents today have no memory of how horrible the disease was. While the polio virus is not endemic to the U.S., he reminds parents that it still is in other parts of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really just one plane ride away,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willis tell parents who want to delay some vaccines to think of them like a seat belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could choose to put them in their safety belt as you leave your driveway and start driving, or you could choose to pull over 10 miles later and put it on,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willis is hoping California Gov. Jerry Brown will sign the bill prohibiting parents from opting out of vaccines for religious or personal beliefs. If passed, the law would take effect on Jan. 1, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It will certainly make my job a lot easier,\" he says, because controlling a disease outbreak is like fighting a fire. \"It's much easier to prevent a fire from happening in the first place than it is to try and extinguish it once it's spreading.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a reporting partnership with NPR, KQED and Kaiser Health News.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is on the brink of enacting a law that would require nearly all children to be vaccinated in order to attend school. While the bill has passed the Legislature, public health officials have had to grapple with a strong, vocal opposition along the way. (\u003cstrong>Update July 1\u003c/strong>: Gov. Jerry Brown yesterday \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/06/29/bill-ending-vaccine-exemptions-passes-california-senate-moves-to-governors-desk/\" target=\"_blank\">signed the bill into law\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's actually a long history to the anti-vaccination movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From the moment the very first vaccine came on the scene, which was the smallpox vaccine, there has been resistance to vaccines and vaccination,\" says Elena Conis, a history professor at Emory University and author of Vaccine Nation: America's Changing Relationship with Immunization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that the modern-day resistance movement shares its roots and rhetoric with the social movements of the 1960s and '70s, including feminism, environmentalism and consumer rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They encouraged people to question sources of authority, including doctors,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, women's advocates started to question medical advice on reproductive health and childbirth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Women also start opting to increasingly use midwives, have births outside the hospital,\" she says, \"And also reject professional advice about formula feeding over breastfeeding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental activists were also encouraging people to think about chemical exposures, even in small amounts, at the same time that drug manufacturers started including package inserts listing drug ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conis says that this is the context for the list of vaccine recommendations, which has grown longer over the last generation. It can be overwhelming for today's parents to watch their babies cry through one shot after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We started looking at the vaccine schedule and how intense and frequent these vaccines seem to come up,\" says George McCann, a general contractor and father of two daughters, who lives north of San Francisco. \"So we started talking about whether or not this seemed to be the best approach for our children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his wife decided to have their girls get some vaccines, but not all. They skipped vaccines for pneumonia and chicken pox and waited on polio until the girls were older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The whole issue for me comes down to the idea that somehow the state would get to mandate that all of us have to do something, as if we don't have the ability to look into this with compassion and intelligence and critical thinking on behalf of our children,\" he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Carl Krawitt asks that those who don't vaccinate or delay think about other peoples' children. His son couldn't get vaccinated for five years while he was being treated for leukemia. He depended on others to be immunized so they couldn't spread potentially deadly diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People often don't understand that their choices have an impact on others,\" he says. \"People take personal freedoms to such an extreme that they forget about the community.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the types of parental debates Dr. Matt Willis is navigating. He's the public health officer for Marin County. In some communities there, only half the kids are fully vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His office is trying to figure out why. It did a survey and found a few common characteristics of today's parents who don't vaccinate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A higher proportion are getting information from the Internet, and a higher number of the parents were seeing alternative medical providers,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willis has developed a list of talking points for each vaccine. He tells parents that there's no link between the measles vaccine and autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says that polio is probably his toughest sell. The disease was eradicated from the United States in the late 1970s, so American parents today have no memory of how horrible the disease was. While the polio virus is not endemic to the U.S., he reminds parents that it still is in other parts of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really just one plane ride away,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willis tell parents who want to delay some vaccines to think of them like a seat belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could choose to put them in their safety belt as you leave your driveway and start driving, or you could choose to pull over 10 miles later and put it on,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willis is hoping California Gov. Jerry Brown will sign the bill prohibiting parents from opting out of vaccines for religious or personal beliefs. If passed, the law would take effect on Jan. 1, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It will certainly make my job a lot easier,\" he says, because controlling a disease outbreak is like fighting a fire. \"It's much easier to prevent a fire from happening in the first place than it is to try and extinguish it once it's spreading.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a reporting partnership with NPR, KQED and Kaiser Health News.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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