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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23940\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/178270443-e1424287446474.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23940\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/178270443-640x427.jpg\" alt=\"(Spencer Platt/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Spencer Platt/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The measles outbreak that started in December has sickened 141 people in 17 states. California has the most cases by far: 113 as of last Friday with about half traced to Disneyland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State health officials are urging anyone who is not immunized against measles to get vaccinated. To help people figure out whether they need to get vaccinated against measles or other diseases, I spoke with Dr. Roger Baxter, who co-directs Kaiser Permanente’s Vaccine Study Center in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First up, children.\u003c/strong> The \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-read/child-easyread.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-read/child-easyread.html\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control recommends two doses \u003c/a>of the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>First dose at 12-15 months\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Second dose at 4-6 years\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I asked Dr. Baxter, why is a second shot needed?\u003c/strong>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. In general, we really only care that adults have had one dose because in the vast majority of people, one dose is very effective. It's a really fantastic vaccine, and one dose protects people most of the time for life. But some people don't [mount an immune response] the first time, and that's what the second dose is all about. We think if you get two doses, that covers everybody. And since it’s the school-age kids who are most at risk, you need to get that second dose into the whole group of kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. Since the MMR contains a live version of the measles virus, some people wonder if you could be contagious right after you get a shot.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. It's an attenuated [weakened] live virus, so we're not really worried about it. You get an infection but it's not enough to make you contagious. It gives you a good immune response, but it doesn't cause a full-blown infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. If you're an adult who doesn't know your vaccination status, what should you do to ensure that you have immunity?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. If you were born in 1956 or earlier, then you're considered immune because everybody got measles back then. You don't need anything at all. It's important to let people know that. For other adults, most of them have had a vaccine, but it's a little complicated because there were a few years when the vaccine didn't work very well. (Editor's note: Between 1963, when the measles vaccine was released, and 1967 people received a killed vaccine that wasn’t as effective as the current live-virus vaccine.) So we didn't consider a person vaccinated until 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you don't remember if you've been vaccinated, you can just take another dose, that's fine. Some people want to get (a blood test) to see if they have antibodies. You can do that and see if you have antibodies before you get the shot. But the shot is very safe. Even if you've had it before and don't need it, it won't hurt you at all [to get an extra dose].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. A second dose of MMR was recommended in 1989 as a severe measles outbreak ultimately infected 55,000 people, including some vaccinated children. More than 120 people died. Was there a problem with the vaccine?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. No, it's actually a very effective vaccine but to achieve herd immunity, to knock a virus out of the community so it actually can't get into the community at all, you really have to achieve a very high level of protection. So let's say you give a vaccine and 10 percent of kids don't take on that first dose, it may seem like the virus went away for a while but then eventually as more kids come up that aren't immune, eventually you'll have enough kids that can create the potential for an outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. What about pregnant women?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A: That’s a special group that can't be vaccinated for measles, because it’s a live vaccine. Not that we know it would cause a problem -- but just to be cautious. Two vaccines are recommended for pregnant women: flu and Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis). They're both killed vaccines with no live components.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. What are the chances that a person vaccinated against measles or pertussis (also called whooping cough) can transmit the disease?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. We don't think that the vaccine creates a \"carrier state\" in people who have contact with a case. Not at all. We think they provide protection for themselves, their family, their community, for everybody. Each person provides a tiny amount of herd immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. Adults often don’t worry about getting vaccinated, because they think of measles, whooping cough and other vaccine-preventable diseases as childhood diseases. But aren’t some infectious diseases more dangerous for adults?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. You're probably thinking of chicken pox and that's true. There were worries when the childhood chicken pox vaccine came out that it would push the age of chicken pox to older children and adults, where the disease is much more virulent, but \u003ca title=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24913796\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24913796\" target=\"_blank\">we actually recently published\u003c/a> and showed that that didn't happen. It was such a good vaccine that it took away chicken pox for everybody, it had a big herd effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But yes, diseases in childhood can be worse in adults. Measles is not an easy event for anybody. A full-blown case of measles is a rough illness for anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. Are there any vaccines that seniors should make sure they get?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. They don't have to worry about measles at all. With the pertussis, they just have to be aware that they can get it, but pertussis is much more of a problem in infants, teens and family members. When it comes to the elderly, we're really talking about flu and pneumococcal and Zostavax (for shingles). The older they are the more likely they should get the high-dose flu shot. And the shingles vaccine is recommended at age 60 and above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. A \u003ca title=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/02/young-adults-more-likely-to-say-vaccinating-kids-should-be-a-parental-choice/\" href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/02/young-adults-more-likely-to-say-vaccinating-kids-should-be-a-parental-choice/\" target=\"_blank\">recent Pew study \u003c/a>found that over 40 percent of young adults, ages 18 to 29, think childhood vaccinations shouldn’t be required but should be up to parents. And a 2013 Harris Poll found that 61 percent of people think drug companies minimize vaccine risk. As head of the Vaccine Study Center you’re constantly reevaluating the safety of vaccines. How safe are vaccines compared to widely prescribed preventive drugs like statins? And what are you looking for in your studies?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. What I see in what I read and hear from people is that there's a total lack of trust with regard to vaccines. They feel that there's some sort of hidden information that someone's covering up that they're really not safe. But I've been looking at this for years and we work with a lot of people who are dedicated to the safety of vaccines. There's no hidden agenda here. We care about these kids and about the people we give vaccines to. We want to ensure that the vaccine supply is extremely safe and stays safe. That's why there's ongoing surveillance. Even though we don't see signals of risk we keep looking for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that when you say you're looking for something people think it's there, so the discussion can be very difficult. When I tell someone we didn't see something in a vaccine, if they're not educated on it, they go, \"What? You thought it was there?\" It's a difficult conversation, and I'm not sure there's a simple answer to that when there's such distrust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But beyond mistrust, there's also a lot of misinformation out there from people who have an extremely loud voice, on the internet, and are giving information that is neither true nor appropriate. I've actually had patients tell me that they thought their search on the internet was worth more than their visit with me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How safe are vaccines? I think vaccines are unbelievably safe. The bar for vaccine safety is probably 100 times higher than it is for medications. It's because we give them to our most vulnerable population, little babies. For the little babies, we're really fanatic about ensuring safety from the vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23940\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/178270443-e1424287446474.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23940\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/178270443-640x427.jpg\" alt=\"(Spencer Platt/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Spencer Platt/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The measles outbreak that started in December has sickened 141 people in 17 states. California has the most cases by far: 113 as of last Friday with about half traced to Disneyland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State health officials are urging anyone who is not immunized against measles to get vaccinated. To help people figure out whether they need to get vaccinated against measles or other diseases, I spoke with Dr. Roger Baxter, who co-directs Kaiser Permanente’s Vaccine Study Center in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First up, children.\u003c/strong> The \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-read/child-easyread.html\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-read/child-easyread.html\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control recommends two doses \u003c/a>of the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>First dose at 12-15 months\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Second dose at 4-6 years\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I asked Dr. Baxter, why is a second shot needed?\u003c/strong>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. In general, we really only care that adults have had one dose because in the vast majority of people, one dose is very effective. It's a really fantastic vaccine, and one dose protects people most of the time for life. But some people don't [mount an immune response] the first time, and that's what the second dose is all about. We think if you get two doses, that covers everybody. And since it’s the school-age kids who are most at risk, you need to get that second dose into the whole group of kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. Since the MMR contains a live version of the measles virus, some people wonder if you could be contagious right after you get a shot.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. It's an attenuated [weakened] live virus, so we're not really worried about it. You get an infection but it's not enough to make you contagious. It gives you a good immune response, but it doesn't cause a full-blown infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. If you're an adult who doesn't know your vaccination status, what should you do to ensure that you have immunity?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. If you were born in 1956 or earlier, then you're considered immune because everybody got measles back then. You don't need anything at all. It's important to let people know that. For other adults, most of them have had a vaccine, but it's a little complicated because there were a few years when the vaccine didn't work very well. (Editor's note: Between 1963, when the measles vaccine was released, and 1967 people received a killed vaccine that wasn’t as effective as the current live-virus vaccine.) So we didn't consider a person vaccinated until 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you don't remember if you've been vaccinated, you can just take another dose, that's fine. Some people want to get (a blood test) to see if they have antibodies. You can do that and see if you have antibodies before you get the shot. But the shot is very safe. Even if you've had it before and don't need it, it won't hurt you at all [to get an extra dose].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. A second dose of MMR was recommended in 1989 as a severe measles outbreak ultimately infected 55,000 people, including some vaccinated children. More than 120 people died. Was there a problem with the vaccine?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. No, it's actually a very effective vaccine but to achieve herd immunity, to knock a virus out of the community so it actually can't get into the community at all, you really have to achieve a very high level of protection. So let's say you give a vaccine and 10 percent of kids don't take on that first dose, it may seem like the virus went away for a while but then eventually as more kids come up that aren't immune, eventually you'll have enough kids that can create the potential for an outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. What about pregnant women?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A: That’s a special group that can't be vaccinated for measles, because it’s a live vaccine. Not that we know it would cause a problem -- but just to be cautious. Two vaccines are recommended for pregnant women: flu and Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis). They're both killed vaccines with no live components.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. What are the chances that a person vaccinated against measles or pertussis (also called whooping cough) can transmit the disease?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. We don't think that the vaccine creates a \"carrier state\" in people who have contact with a case. Not at all. We think they provide protection for themselves, their family, their community, for everybody. Each person provides a tiny amount of herd immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. Adults often don’t worry about getting vaccinated, because they think of measles, whooping cough and other vaccine-preventable diseases as childhood diseases. But aren’t some infectious diseases more dangerous for adults?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. You're probably thinking of chicken pox and that's true. There were worries when the childhood chicken pox vaccine came out that it would push the age of chicken pox to older children and adults, where the disease is much more virulent, but \u003ca title=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24913796\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24913796\" target=\"_blank\">we actually recently published\u003c/a> and showed that that didn't happen. It was such a good vaccine that it took away chicken pox for everybody, it had a big herd effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But yes, diseases in childhood can be worse in adults. Measles is not an easy event for anybody. A full-blown case of measles is a rough illness for anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. Are there any vaccines that seniors should make sure they get?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. They don't have to worry about measles at all. With the pertussis, they just have to be aware that they can get it, but pertussis is much more of a problem in infants, teens and family members. When it comes to the elderly, we're really talking about flu and pneumococcal and Zostavax (for shingles). The older they are the more likely they should get the high-dose flu shot. And the shingles vaccine is recommended at age 60 and above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. A \u003ca title=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/02/young-adults-more-likely-to-say-vaccinating-kids-should-be-a-parental-choice/\" href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/02/young-adults-more-likely-to-say-vaccinating-kids-should-be-a-parental-choice/\" target=\"_blank\">recent Pew study \u003c/a>found that over 40 percent of young adults, ages 18 to 29, think childhood vaccinations shouldn’t be required but should be up to parents. And a 2013 Harris Poll found that 61 percent of people think drug companies minimize vaccine risk. As head of the Vaccine Study Center you’re constantly reevaluating the safety of vaccines. How safe are vaccines compared to widely prescribed preventive drugs like statins? And what are you looking for in your studies?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A. What I see in what I read and hear from people is that there's a total lack of trust with regard to vaccines. They feel that there's some sort of hidden information that someone's covering up that they're really not safe. But I've been looking at this for years and we work with a lot of people who are dedicated to the safety of vaccines. There's no hidden agenda here. We care about these kids and about the people we give vaccines to. We want to ensure that the vaccine supply is extremely safe and stays safe. That's why there's ongoing surveillance. Even though we don't see signals of risk we keep looking for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that when you say you're looking for something people think it's there, so the discussion can be very difficult. When I tell someone we didn't see something in a vaccine, if they're not educated on it, they go, \"What? You thought it was there?\" It's a difficult conversation, and I'm not sure there's a simple answer to that when there's such distrust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But beyond mistrust, there's also a lot of misinformation out there from people who have an extremely loud voice, on the internet, and are giving information that is neither true nor appropriate. I've actually had patients tell me that they thought their search on the internet was worth more than their visit with me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How safe are vaccines? I think vaccines are unbelievably safe. The bar for vaccine safety is probably 100 times higher than it is for medications. It's because we give them to our most vulnerable population, little babies. For the little babies, we're really fanatic about ensuring safety from the vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Parents Relieved as Son Gets First Post-Leukemia Vaccines",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23925\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/RhettGetsVaccine-e1423893179584.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23925\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/RhettGetsVaccine-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"Rhett Krawitt, of Corte Madera, received the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine on Friday. (Lisa Aliferis/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhett Krawitt, of Corte Madera, received the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine on Friday at the Prima Medical Group in Greenbrae. (Lisa Aliferis/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's been a big week for 7-year-old Rhett Krawitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, he stood on a folding chair at the podium to address his southern Marin school district's board members and \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/10/marin-school-district-considers-endorsing-ban-of-vaccine-personal-belief-exemption/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/10/marin-school-district-considers-endorsing-ban-of-vaccine-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">urged them to adopt a resolution\u003c/a> in favor of ending the vaccine \"personal belief exemption\" in California. Television news crews lined one side of the auditorium. Rhett is recovering from cancer, and \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" target=\"_blank\">he's become the face\u003c/a> of the importance of widespread vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because Rhett is recovering from years of chemotherapy, he's been unable to be vaccinated. His immune system wasn't strong enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, Rhett went in for a check up, and his family learned that he is now able to be immunized. On Friday, Rhett got the first round of vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's such a milestone for us. It's such a marking point in how far we've come.\" said Rhett's mother, Jodi Krawitt, in reference to Rhett being one year from the end of his treatment. She said she had wondered, \"Would we ever get to this day? And here we are.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the three shots Rhett received, perhaps the most important was the \"MMR\" -- measles, mumps, rubella. This first of two doses offers 95 percent protection against measles, the disease of greatest concern to the Krawitts in light of the \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/Measles_update_2_-_11_-_2015_public.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/Measles_update_2_-_11_-_2015_public.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">ongoing outbreak\u003c/a> in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a lot of emotions altogether,\" Jodi Krawitt said. \"It's one of those things you think you'd never get excited about, getting a shot.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carl and Jodi gained national attention after their story was \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" target=\"_blank\">first told on State of Health\u003c/a>. They advocate a change in state policy to eliminate the personal belief exemption which permits parents to lawfully send their children to school unvaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rhett had been vaccinated against many illnesses before he was diagnosed with leukemia when he was two. But three years of chemotherapy wiped out the protection of the vaccines. While he was undergoing chemotherapy, his parents kept him isolated to protect him, they said. He missed years of pre-school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he was well enough to start kindergarten on time, when he was five.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then came a new fear -- measles. Rhett, and anyone else with a weak immune system, relies on herd immunity. That's when so many people in a community, such as a school, are vaccinated, that if a disease is introduced, it cannot spread. While the overwhelming majority of parents in Marin vaccinate their children, the county has a personal belief exemption rate triple the statewide average, 6.45 percent. Pockets within the county have \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/18/bay-area-communities-are-home-to-clusters-of-people-refusing-vaccines/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/18/bay-area-communities-are-home-to-clusters-of-people-refusing-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\">refusal rates significantly higher.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Rhett's parents are delighted by their son's recovery, their commitment to the importance of vaccination goes on. \"This is not about Rhett,\" Carl Krawitt said, \"It's about the expecting mothers, children under one, [too young to be vaccinated against some diseases] and hundreds of kids across the Bay Area going through chemotherapy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herd immunity protects immunocompromised adults, too, including people being treated for cancer or people living with HIV.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Rhett Krawitt's parents made national news after they argued that children unvaccinated by parent choice should not attend school.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23925\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/RhettGetsVaccine-e1423893179584.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23925\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/RhettGetsVaccine-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"Rhett Krawitt, of Corte Madera, received the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine on Friday. (Lisa Aliferis/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhett Krawitt, of Corte Madera, received the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine on Friday at the Prima Medical Group in Greenbrae. (Lisa Aliferis/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's been a big week for 7-year-old Rhett Krawitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, he stood on a folding chair at the podium to address his southern Marin school district's board members and \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/10/marin-school-district-considers-endorsing-ban-of-vaccine-personal-belief-exemption/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/10/marin-school-district-considers-endorsing-ban-of-vaccine-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">urged them to adopt a resolution\u003c/a> in favor of ending the vaccine \"personal belief exemption\" in California. Television news crews lined one side of the auditorium. Rhett is recovering from cancer, and \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" target=\"_blank\">he's become the face\u003c/a> of the importance of widespread vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because Rhett is recovering from years of chemotherapy, he's been unable to be vaccinated. His immune system wasn't strong enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, Rhett went in for a check up, and his family learned that he is now able to be immunized. On Friday, Rhett got the first round of vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's such a milestone for us. It's such a marking point in how far we've come.\" said Rhett's mother, Jodi Krawitt, in reference to Rhett being one year from the end of his treatment. She said she had wondered, \"Would we ever get to this day? And here we are.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the three shots Rhett received, perhaps the most important was the \"MMR\" -- measles, mumps, rubella. This first of two doses offers 95 percent protection against measles, the disease of greatest concern to the Krawitts in light of the \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/Measles_update_2_-_11_-_2015_public.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/Measles_update_2_-_11_-_2015_public.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">ongoing outbreak\u003c/a> in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a lot of emotions altogether,\" Jodi Krawitt said. \"It's one of those things you think you'd never get excited about, getting a shot.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carl and Jodi gained national attention after their story was \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" target=\"_blank\">first told on State of Health\u003c/a>. They advocate a change in state policy to eliminate the personal belief exemption which permits parents to lawfully send their children to school unvaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rhett had been vaccinated against many illnesses before he was diagnosed with leukemia when he was two. But three years of chemotherapy wiped out the protection of the vaccines. While he was undergoing chemotherapy, his parents kept him isolated to protect him, they said. He missed years of pre-school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he was well enough to start kindergarten on time, when he was five.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then came a new fear -- measles. Rhett, and anyone else with a weak immune system, relies on herd immunity. That's when so many people in a community, such as a school, are vaccinated, that if a disease is introduced, it cannot spread. While the overwhelming majority of parents in Marin vaccinate their children, the county has a personal belief exemption rate triple the statewide average, 6.45 percent. Pockets within the county have \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/18/bay-area-communities-are-home-to-clusters-of-people-refusing-vaccines/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/18/bay-area-communities-are-home-to-clusters-of-people-refusing-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\">refusal rates significantly higher.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Rhett's parents are delighted by their son's recovery, their commitment to the importance of vaccination goes on. \"This is not about Rhett,\" Carl Krawitt said, \"It's about the expecting mothers, children under one, [too young to be vaccinated against some diseases] and hundreds of kids across the Bay Area going through chemotherapy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herd immunity protects immunocompromised adults, too, including people being treated for cancer or people living with HIV.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Once A Vaccine Skeptic, This Mom Changed Her Mind",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23813\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/Screen-Shot-2015-02-04-at-10.26.34-AM.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23813\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/Screen-Shot-2015-02-04-at-10.26.34-AM-640x420.png\" alt=\"Juniper Russo walks her dogs with her daughter Vivian (left). (Courtesy of Juniper Russo)\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juniper Russo walks her dogs with her daughter Vivian (left).\u003cbr>(Courtesy of Juniper Russo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Jon Hamilton,\u003c/strong> \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/02/04/383567862/once-a-vaccine-skeptic-this-mom-changed-her-mind\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/02/04/383567862/once-a-vaccine-skeptic-this-mom-changed-her-mind\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ongoing measles outbreak linked to Disneyland has led to some harsh comments about parents who don't vaccinate their kids. But Juniper Russo, a writer in Chattanooga, Tenn., says she understands those parents because she used to be one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I know what it's like to be scared and just want to protect your children, and make the wrong decisions,\" Russo says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When her daughter Vivian was born, \"I was really adamant that she not get vaccines,\" Russo says. \"I thought that she was going to be safe without them and they would unnecessarily introduce chemicals into her body that could hurt her.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a view shared by many parents who choose not to vaccinate. And in Russo's case, it was reinforced by parents she met online.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I had a lot of online acquaintances who claimed that their kids had become autistic because of vaccines,\" Russo says. \"I got kind of swept up in that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But fear of autism was only part of the reason Russo didn't want vaccines for her daughter. She says at that point in her life she identified strongly with what she calls \"crunchy moms\" who question mainstream medicine and things that aren't natural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're the ones who breast-feed and cloth-diaper and co-sleep and all that stuff,\" Russo says. \"And so much of who I was, was being a crunchy mom. At the time I thought that if I went along with what my pediatrician suggested ... I would be losing part of who I was.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her daughter's pediatrician, though, kept talking to Russo about vaccines. And, over the next couple of years, she began to reconsider her position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also began to worry about Vivian. At 16 months old, her daughter still wasn't walking and her speech was odd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year or so, Russo allowed the pediatrician to give her daughter a few shots — though not the vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, when Vivian was nearly 3, Russo decided her daughter should get all her vaccines. By that time, Russo says, it was pretty clear that Vivian had autism, caused by something other than a vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russo's story reveals a lot about why people fear vaccines, says David Ropeik, the author of How Risky Is It, Really? Why Our Fears Don't Always Match the Facts. For one thing, science often has little influence on what we are afraid of, Ropeik says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fear, or the perception of risk, is subjective,\" Ropeik says. \"It's a matter of how we feel about the facts we have, not just what the facts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Also, our perceptions are often shaped by the communities we choose to join,\" Ropeik says. In Russo's case, that community was self-described \"crunchy moms\" who distrust mainstream medicine. But there are plenty of other communities with subgroups that reject vaccination for other reasons, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's conservatism: I don't like government butting in. There's libertarianism: Leave me alone, I want to decide for myself. There's environmentalism, there's religion,\" Ropeik says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for a long time, Ropeik says, these subgroups didn't have to confront a downside to rejecting vaccines. \"There is the sense that the diseases are largely gone, so why take even a small risk for no benefit?\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that sort of thinking is getting \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2015/02/03/383501038/science-denialism-has-consequences\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2015/02/03/383501038/science-denialism-has-consequences\" target=\"_blank\">harder to justify\u003c/a> because \"the diseases are back,\" Ropeik says. Equally important, the current measles outbreak involves Disneyland — \"an iconic, happy, associated-with-nothing-bad-happening kind of place,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's helped generate a huge amount of publicity for this outbreak, even though it's still much smaller than an outbreak centered in Ohio that occurred just last year. And it's got some former vaccine skeptics thinking that perhaps diseases do pose a greater risk than vaccines, Ropeik says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russo hopes the current outbreak gets a lot of people thinking about protecting children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her daughter is 6 now and has grown into a quirky kid who loves Pokemon, reading and writing and cats, Russo says. The concern now is for Russo's son, who is just 6 months old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's too young to have the measles vaccine, and I know that there's a chance that he could end up catching measles before he's old enough to get the vaccine,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23813\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/Screen-Shot-2015-02-04-at-10.26.34-AM.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23813\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/02/Screen-Shot-2015-02-04-at-10.26.34-AM-640x420.png\" alt=\"Juniper Russo walks her dogs with her daughter Vivian (left). (Courtesy of Juniper Russo)\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juniper Russo walks her dogs with her daughter Vivian (left).\u003cbr>(Courtesy of Juniper Russo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Jon Hamilton,\u003c/strong> \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/02/04/383567862/once-a-vaccine-skeptic-this-mom-changed-her-mind\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2015/02/04/383567862/once-a-vaccine-skeptic-this-mom-changed-her-mind\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ongoing measles outbreak linked to Disneyland has led to some harsh comments about parents who don't vaccinate their kids. But Juniper Russo, a writer in Chattanooga, Tenn., says she understands those parents because she used to be one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I know what it's like to be scared and just want to protect your children, and make the wrong decisions,\" Russo says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When her daughter Vivian was born, \"I was really adamant that she not get vaccines,\" Russo says. \"I thought that she was going to be safe without them and they would unnecessarily introduce chemicals into her body that could hurt her.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a view shared by many parents who choose not to vaccinate. And in Russo's case, it was reinforced by parents she met online.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I had a lot of online acquaintances who claimed that their kids had become autistic because of vaccines,\" Russo says. \"I got kind of swept up in that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But fear of autism was only part of the reason Russo didn't want vaccines for her daughter. She says at that point in her life she identified strongly with what she calls \"crunchy moms\" who question mainstream medicine and things that aren't natural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're the ones who breast-feed and cloth-diaper and co-sleep and all that stuff,\" Russo says. \"And so much of who I was, was being a crunchy mom. At the time I thought that if I went along with what my pediatrician suggested ... I would be losing part of who I was.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her daughter's pediatrician, though, kept talking to Russo about vaccines. And, over the next couple of years, she began to reconsider her position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also began to worry about Vivian. At 16 months old, her daughter still wasn't walking and her speech was odd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year or so, Russo allowed the pediatrician to give her daughter a few shots — though not the vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, when Vivian was nearly 3, Russo decided her daughter should get all her vaccines. By that time, Russo says, it was pretty clear that Vivian had autism, caused by something other than a vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russo's story reveals a lot about why people fear vaccines, says David Ropeik, the author of How Risky Is It, Really? Why Our Fears Don't Always Match the Facts. For one thing, science often has little influence on what we are afraid of, Ropeik says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fear, or the perception of risk, is subjective,\" Ropeik says. \"It's a matter of how we feel about the facts we have, not just what the facts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Also, our perceptions are often shaped by the communities we choose to join,\" Ropeik says. In Russo's case, that community was self-described \"crunchy moms\" who distrust mainstream medicine. But there are plenty of other communities with subgroups that reject vaccination for other reasons, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's conservatism: I don't like government butting in. There's libertarianism: Leave me alone, I want to decide for myself. There's environmentalism, there's religion,\" Ropeik says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for a long time, Ropeik says, these subgroups didn't have to confront a downside to rejecting vaccines. \"There is the sense that the diseases are largely gone, so why take even a small risk for no benefit?\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that sort of thinking is getting \u003ca title=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2015/02/03/383501038/science-denialism-has-consequences\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2015/02/03/383501038/science-denialism-has-consequences\" target=\"_blank\">harder to justify\u003c/a> because \"the diseases are back,\" Ropeik says. Equally important, the current measles outbreak involves Disneyland — \"an iconic, happy, associated-with-nothing-bad-happening kind of place,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's helped generate a huge amount of publicity for this outbreak, even though it's still much smaller than an outbreak centered in Ohio that occurred just last year. And it's got some former vaccine skeptics thinking that perhaps diseases do pose a greater risk than vaccines, Ropeik says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russo hopes the current outbreak gets a lot of people thinking about protecting children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her daughter is 6 now and has grown into a quirky kid who loves Pokemon, reading and writing and cats, Russo says. The concern now is for Russo's son, who is just 6 months old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's too young to have the measles vaccine, and I know that there's a chance that he could end up catching measles before he's old enough to get the vaccine,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Not Just Un-Vaccinated; Under-Vaccination Also a Problem Statewide",
"title": "Not Just Un-Vaccinated; Under-Vaccination Also a Problem Statewide",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17082\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/01/8165753357_390e69f46c_b-2-e1389225200216.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17082\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/01/8165753357_390e69f46c_b-2-640x320.jpg\" alt=\"Nursing student administers flu shot. (queensu/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(queensu/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Lauren M. Whaley,\u003c/strong> \u003ca title=\"http://centerforhealthreporting.org\" href=\"http://centerforhealthreporting.org\" target=\"_blank\">CHCF Center for Health Reporting\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids without all their vaccinations are falling through the cracks at schools across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 80 percent of kindergarteners at \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2014-15%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Data.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2014-15%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Data.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">some Oakland schools\u003c/a> entered this year without all of their state-required vaccinations. At some \u003ca title=\"http://www.dailynews.com/health/20150130/majority-at-some-lausd-kindergartens-are-under-vaccinated\" href=\"http://www.dailynews.com/health/20150130/majority-at-some-lausd-kindergartens-are-under-vaccinated\" target=\"_blank\">Los Angeles Unified schools,\u003c/a> more than 90 percent are under-vaccinated, meaning only 10 percent of kids -- or far fewer -- are fully up to date on their immunizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems everyone has been focused on parents who opt-out of vaccinations for their kindergarteners. But, there are thousands of under-vaccinated students who may also be walking school halls for months, maybe even the whole school year, without all their shots.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe it’s just not as sexy as Personal Belief Exemptions,” Amy Pine told me, referring to the option parents have to refuse vaccines on behalf of their children and lawfully send them to school. Pine directs the immunization program for the Alameda County Public Health Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not sexy, maybe, but important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, 2.54 percent of children have a personal belief exemption on file, but 6.86 percent of kindergarteners enter school under-vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Under-vaccinated is still making you vulnerable for disease, for getting the disease, and for transmitting the disease,” Pine said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These students may lawfully enter kindergarten on a “conditional basis,” with some, but not all, of their required shots. The condition is that they’ll get up to date soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/189379088\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is, it’s nearly impossible to tell if this ever happens. State and county health officials say it’s up to the schools to keep track. But, there is no official reporting required by schools after they submit their vaccination rates to the state in the fall. The schools are the ones charged with sending notices to parents and excluding kids from school who don’t get up to date within 10 days of those notifications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"Apple-style-span\">But, there's a powerful disincentive to keep kids out of school. \u003c/span>Several school nurses reminded me that schools get paid by how many kids are in school each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In general, we have not made a practice of turning students away,” said Troy Flint, spokesperson for Oakland Unified. The Los Angeles Unified School District also said they didn’t keep any “conditional entrants” out of school last year for failing to get the rest of their shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Unified also did not know how many of their “conditional entrants” ended up fully vaccinated by the end of the 2013-2014 school year. Los Angeles county's conditional entry rate is 12.28 percent, nearly twice the state average. San Francisco's rate is 11.62 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But neither of those counties is taking big steps to curb this problem. It’s Alameda County officials who say their rate of 9.68 percent must be fixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a conditional-entrant problem here,” insisted Pine.. “They’re not immunized. They’re not protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together with Dr. Kristen Lum, a pediatric resident at UC San Francisco Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, Pine visited Alameda County schools this fall with chronically high rates of conditional entrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine and Lum have made recommendations to the schools, to Oakland Unified School District, to the county, and to the state. They hope their recommendations will improve tracking of “conditional entrants,” and ultimately, immunization rates statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda County’s commitment comes at a critical time in California, with 91 confirmed cases of measles, and the 2014 statewide whooping cough epidemic left two infants dead and sickened nearly 11,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A child could be under-vaccinated for a number of reasons, including lack of training or personnel resources for school staff charged with tracking students; families moving in and out of care; or parents who are unable to get a child to the doctor in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine hopes that her team can change some of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s nothing like an outbreak to remind people about the importance of getting vaccinated,” she said. “Unfortunately it has to come to an outbreak or a vaccine shortage to get people lined up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lauren M. Whaley is the multimedia journalist for the CHCF Center for Health Reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17082\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/01/8165753357_390e69f46c_b-2-e1389225200216.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17082\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/01/8165753357_390e69f46c_b-2-640x320.jpg\" alt=\"Nursing student administers flu shot. (queensu/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(queensu/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Lauren M. Whaley,\u003c/strong> \u003ca title=\"http://centerforhealthreporting.org\" href=\"http://centerforhealthreporting.org\" target=\"_blank\">CHCF Center for Health Reporting\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids without all their vaccinations are falling through the cracks at schools across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 80 percent of kindergarteners at \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2014-15%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Data.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2014-15%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Data.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">some Oakland schools\u003c/a> entered this year without all of their state-required vaccinations. At some \u003ca title=\"http://www.dailynews.com/health/20150130/majority-at-some-lausd-kindergartens-are-under-vaccinated\" href=\"http://www.dailynews.com/health/20150130/majority-at-some-lausd-kindergartens-are-under-vaccinated\" target=\"_blank\">Los Angeles Unified schools,\u003c/a> more than 90 percent are under-vaccinated, meaning only 10 percent of kids -- or far fewer -- are fully up to date on their immunizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems everyone has been focused on parents who opt-out of vaccinations for their kindergarteners. But, there are thousands of under-vaccinated students who may also be walking school halls for months, maybe even the whole school year, without all their shots.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe it’s just not as sexy as Personal Belief Exemptions,” Amy Pine told me, referring to the option parents have to refuse vaccines on behalf of their children and lawfully send them to school. Pine directs the immunization program for the Alameda County Public Health Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not sexy, maybe, but important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, 2.54 percent of children have a personal belief exemption on file, but 6.86 percent of kindergarteners enter school under-vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Under-vaccinated is still making you vulnerable for disease, for getting the disease, and for transmitting the disease,” Pine said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These students may lawfully enter kindergarten on a “conditional basis,” with some, but not all, of their required shots. The condition is that they’ll get up to date soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='undefined' height='undefined'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/189379088&visual=true&undefined'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/189379088'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is, it’s nearly impossible to tell if this ever happens. State and county health officials say it’s up to the schools to keep track. But, there is no official reporting required by schools after they submit their vaccination rates to the state in the fall. The schools are the ones charged with sending notices to parents and excluding kids from school who don’t get up to date within 10 days of those notifications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"Apple-style-span\">But, there's a powerful disincentive to keep kids out of school. \u003c/span>Several school nurses reminded me that schools get paid by how many kids are in school each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In general, we have not made a practice of turning students away,” said Troy Flint, spokesperson for Oakland Unified. The Los Angeles Unified School District also said they didn’t keep any “conditional entrants” out of school last year for failing to get the rest of their shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Unified also did not know how many of their “conditional entrants” ended up fully vaccinated by the end of the 2013-2014 school year. Los Angeles county's conditional entry rate is 12.28 percent, nearly twice the state average. San Francisco's rate is 11.62 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But neither of those counties is taking big steps to curb this problem. It’s Alameda County officials who say their rate of 9.68 percent must be fixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a conditional-entrant problem here,” insisted Pine.. “They’re not immunized. They’re not protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together with Dr. Kristen Lum, a pediatric resident at UC San Francisco Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, Pine visited Alameda County schools this fall with chronically high rates of conditional entrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine and Lum have made recommendations to the schools, to Oakland Unified School District, to the county, and to the state. They hope their recommendations will improve tracking of “conditional entrants,” and ultimately, immunization rates statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda County’s commitment comes at a critical time in California, with 91 confirmed cases of measles, and the 2014 statewide whooping cough epidemic left two infants dead and sickened nearly 11,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A child could be under-vaccinated for a number of reasons, including lack of training or personnel resources for school staff charged with tracking students; families moving in and out of care; or parents who are unable to get a child to the doctor in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine hopes that her team can change some of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s nothing like an outbreak to remind people about the importance of getting vaccinated,” she said. “Unfortunately it has to come to an outbreak or a vaccine shortage to get people lined up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lauren M. Whaley is the multimedia journalist for the CHCF Center for Health Reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Olivia Allen-Price and Lisa Aliferis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When parents sign a personal belief exemption (PBE) in California, it allows them to legally send their child to school without being vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find the percentage of kindergarteners who are unvaccinated at your child's school below. We've included data from the last eight school years. This tool includes reports from every kindergarten in the state, public or private, with 10 or more students. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter your child’s school in the search box at the far right:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/vaccines/pbe2014-6.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"1300px\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cstyle>\t \t \n.single-post #content {width: 100%; }\t \t \n.single-post #sidebar {display: none;}\t \t \n\u003c/style>\n\u003cp>Learn more about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/our-vaccine-database-methodology/\" target=\"_blank\">our methodology.\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"7p8mtINjF09t60dXF6vueZsxohXkoyws\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/vaccines/pbe2014-6.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"1300px\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cstyle>\t \t \n.single-post #content {width: 100%; }\t \t \n.single-post #sidebar {display: none;}\t \t \n\u003c/style>\n\u003cp>Learn more about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/our-vaccine-database-methodology/\" target=\"_blank\">our methodology.\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"7p8mtINjF09t60dXF6vueZsxohXkoyws\"]\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Measles Update -- Marin Cases; State Lawmaker to Introduce Vaccine Bill",
"title": "Measles Update -- Marin Cases; State Lawmaker to Introduce Vaccine Bill",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23614\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-640x456.jpg\" alt=\"A dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine, known commonly as MMR. (Joe Raedle/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"456\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine, known commonly as MMR. (Joe Raedle/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two unvaccinated Marin children have been confirmed to have measles, county health officials announced Thursday night \u003ca title=\"https://www.marinhhs.org/sites/default/files/files/public-health-updates/measles_health_advisory_01_29_2015.pdf\" href=\"https://www.marinhhs.org/sites/default/files/files/public-health-updates/measles_health_advisory_01_29_2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">in an advisory\u003c/a> sent to all Marin County clinicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matt Willis, Marin Health Officer, told the Marin Independent Journal that the two children were members of the same family and that they had become infected outside the county. The children are of school age, Willis added, but no other unvaccinated children would be barred from attending school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More from the \u003ca title=\"http://www.marinij.com/News/ci_27423424/Two-measles-cases-confirmed-in-Marin-Wednesday\" href=\"http://www.marinij.com/News/ci_27423424/Two-measles-cases-confirmed-in-Marin-Wednesday\" target=\"_blank\">Independent-Journal\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"These were two children who were out of school well before and throughout any infectious period,\" Willis said. \"The infectious period for measles is usually around eight days.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this reason, the protocol of excluding unvaccinated children will not be observed, Willis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willis said the two children \"have been safely isolated from the community, and will remain isolated for the next three weeks. The health department is in regular contact with the family.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The children were out of the county for part of that interval and were not in direct contact with anyone in the community, Willis said. \"We are taking appropriate measures to protect the community against further spread,\" he said.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Carl Krawitt, the Marin father of a \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" target=\"_blank\">child who cannot be vaccinated\u003c/a> because he is recovering from cancer treatment, said he is \"sorry for children who are sick and hope they heal fast.\" Krawitt has been advocating for changes in policy that would require schools to bar unvaccinated children from school, until they are immunized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin is the 10th California county to see measles cases in the outbreak that started \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/07/nine-measles-cases-tied-to-disneyland-parks/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/07/nine-measles-cases-tied-to-disneyland-parks/\" target=\"_blank\">in connection to Disneyland\u003c/a> in December. The new cases bring the statewide total in the current outbreak to 81.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Law to be Introduced\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new cases come against a backdrop of a \u003ca title=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-exemption-20150128-story.html\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-exemption-20150128-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">growing debat\u003c/a>e about California's use of the \"personal belief exemption\" which allows parents to opt-out of vaccines on behalf of their children. The statewide PBE rate is 2.5 percent, \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/18/bay-area-communities-are-home-to-clusters-of-people-refusing-vaccines/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/18/bay-area-communities-are-home-to-clusters-of-people-refusing-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\">but in many areas \u003c/a>the rates are significantly higher. Marin county's PBE rate is 6.45 percent; some \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2014-15%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2014-15%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">rural Northern California counties \u003c/a>are higher still. Nevada County's PBE rate is 21.55 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento) says he will \u003ca title=\"http://sd06.senate.ca.gov/news/2015-01-27-dr-richard-pan’s-2013-legislation-leads-more-vaccinated-children-schools-announces\" href=\"http://sd06.senate.ca.gov/news/2015-01-27-dr-richard-pan%E2%80%99s-2013-legislation-leads-more-vaccinated-children-schools-announces\" target=\"_blank\">introduce a bill \u003c/a>Friday that would require schools to notify parents of its immunization rates. They would also need to include a \"reference rate,\" he said, that would tell parents what public health officials say the rate of vaccination should be to protect people who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important to keep families informed of things their child may be at risk of at their school,\" Pan, who is also a pediatrician, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Pan said he wants to look at tightening the personal belief exemption. Only \u003ca title=\"http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/cc-exem.htm\" href=\"http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/cc-exem.htm\" target=\"_blank\">a minority of states\u003c/a> allow a personal belief exemption. \"Many other states have much stricter rules,\" Pan told me. \"There are \u003ca title=\"http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/cc-exem.htm\" href=\"http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/cc-exem.htm\" target=\"_blank\">many states \u003c/a>where you can only get exempted if you have a medical reason, or you can demonstrate a strong religious reason.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York is one such state, and Pan said he plans to see if that approach might be a \"more appropriate model\" for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to look at what we need to do here in California,\" he said. \"We certainly understand people have different beliefs, but we also need children to be safe in their schools.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krawitt, who has worried about the PBE rate in Marin and more broadly, was enthusiastic to hear of Pan's ideas. He said he and his wife would like to see a bill, but \"we would likely endorse it.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-e1422076915312.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23614\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/495311669-640x456.jpg\" alt=\"A dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine, known commonly as MMR. (Joe Raedle/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"456\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dose of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine, known commonly as MMR. (Joe Raedle/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two unvaccinated Marin children have been confirmed to have measles, county health officials announced Thursday night \u003ca title=\"https://www.marinhhs.org/sites/default/files/files/public-health-updates/measles_health_advisory_01_29_2015.pdf\" href=\"https://www.marinhhs.org/sites/default/files/files/public-health-updates/measles_health_advisory_01_29_2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">in an advisory\u003c/a> sent to all Marin County clinicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matt Willis, Marin Health Officer, told the Marin Independent Journal that the two children were members of the same family and that they had become infected outside the county. The children are of school age, Willis added, but no other unvaccinated children would be barred from attending school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More from the \u003ca title=\"http://www.marinij.com/News/ci_27423424/Two-measles-cases-confirmed-in-Marin-Wednesday\" href=\"http://www.marinij.com/News/ci_27423424/Two-measles-cases-confirmed-in-Marin-Wednesday\" target=\"_blank\">Independent-Journal\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"These were two children who were out of school well before and throughout any infectious period,\" Willis said. \"The infectious period for measles is usually around eight days.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this reason, the protocol of excluding unvaccinated children will not be observed, Willis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willis said the two children \"have been safely isolated from the community, and will remain isolated for the next three weeks. The health department is in regular contact with the family.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The children were out of the county for part of that interval and were not in direct contact with anyone in the community, Willis said. \"We are taking appropriate measures to protect the community against further spread,\" he said.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Carl Krawitt, the Marin father of a \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/26/not-vaccinated-stay-home-from-school-says-marin-dad-of-leukemia-patient/\" target=\"_blank\">child who cannot be vaccinated\u003c/a> because he is recovering from cancer treatment, said he is \"sorry for children who are sick and hope they heal fast.\" Krawitt has been advocating for changes in policy that would require schools to bar unvaccinated children from school, until they are immunized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin is the 10th California county to see measles cases in the outbreak that started \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/07/nine-measles-cases-tied-to-disneyland-parks/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/07/nine-measles-cases-tied-to-disneyland-parks/\" target=\"_blank\">in connection to Disneyland\u003c/a> in December. The new cases bring the statewide total in the current outbreak to 81.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Law to be Introduced\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new cases come against a backdrop of a \u003ca title=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-exemption-20150128-story.html\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-exemption-20150128-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">growing debat\u003c/a>e about California's use of the \"personal belief exemption\" which allows parents to opt-out of vaccines on behalf of their children. The statewide PBE rate is 2.5 percent, \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/18/bay-area-communities-are-home-to-clusters-of-people-refusing-vaccines/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/18/bay-area-communities-are-home-to-clusters-of-people-refusing-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\">but in many areas \u003c/a>the rates are significantly higher. Marin county's PBE rate is 6.45 percent; some \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2014-15%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/2014-15%20CA%20Kindergarten%20Immunization%20Assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">rural Northern California counties \u003c/a>are higher still. Nevada County's PBE rate is 21.55 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento) says he will \u003ca title=\"http://sd06.senate.ca.gov/news/2015-01-27-dr-richard-pan’s-2013-legislation-leads-more-vaccinated-children-schools-announces\" href=\"http://sd06.senate.ca.gov/news/2015-01-27-dr-richard-pan%E2%80%99s-2013-legislation-leads-more-vaccinated-children-schools-announces\" target=\"_blank\">introduce a bill \u003c/a>Friday that would require schools to notify parents of its immunization rates. They would also need to include a \"reference rate,\" he said, that would tell parents what public health officials say the rate of vaccination should be to protect people who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important to keep families informed of things their child may be at risk of at their school,\" Pan, who is also a pediatrician, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Pan said he wants to look at tightening the personal belief exemption. Only \u003ca title=\"http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/cc-exem.htm\" href=\"http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/cc-exem.htm\" target=\"_blank\">a minority of states\u003c/a> allow a personal belief exemption. \"Many other states have much stricter rules,\" Pan told me. \"There are \u003ca title=\"http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/cc-exem.htm\" href=\"http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/cc-exem.htm\" target=\"_blank\">many states \u003c/a>where you can only get exempted if you have a medical reason, or you can demonstrate a strong religious reason.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York is one such state, and Pan said he plans to see if that approach might be a \"more appropriate model\" for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to look at what we need to do here in California,\" he said. \"We certainly understand people have different beliefs, but we also need children to be safe in their schools.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krawitt, who has worried about the PBE rate in Marin and more broadly, was enthusiastic to hear of Pan's ideas. He said he and his wife would like to see a bill, but \"we would likely endorse it.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Bay Area Communities Are Home to Clusters of People Refusing Vaccines",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23542\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/RS1529_76489007-lpr1-e1421641630337.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23542\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/RS1529_76489007-lpr1-640x411.jpg\" alt=\"(Jeff J. Mitchell/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"411\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Jeff J. Mitchell/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although vaccines are among the safest, most effective ways to protect children from major communicable diseases, many parents, for reasons that range from \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/cashing-in-on-fear-the-danger-of-dr-sears/\" target=\"_blank\">ill-informed\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nclnet.org/survey_one_third_of_american_parents_mistakenly_link_vaccines_to_autism\" target=\"_blank\">infuriating\u003c/a>, still doubt this. As a result, many choose immunization schedules that defy science or refuse to vaccinate altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“These kinds of clusters can be associated with later epidemics.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If these parents were distributed randomly, their decisions would be less likely to harm others, especially babies too young for vaccination. But as previous studies have shown, parents who use “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698009\" target=\"_blank\">personal belief exemptions\u003c/a>” to avoid school vaccination requirements often live in the same communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now,\u003ca title=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/gca?submit=Get+All+Checked+Abstracts&gca=pediatrics%3Bpeds.2014-2715v1\" href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/gca?submit=Get+All+Checked+Abstracts&gca=pediatrics%3Bpeds.2014-2715v1\" target=\"_blank\"> in a study \u003c/a>published Monday in the journal \u003cem>Pediatrics\u003c/em>, researchers have (perhaps not surprisingly) found the same phenomenon among parents of infants and toddlers. These younger children face the highest risk of dying from whooping cough and other vaccine-preventable diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study has come out as the state is grappling with a measles outbreak\u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/13/disneyland-measles-cases-now-at-26/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/13/disneyland-measles-cases-now-at-26/\" target=\"_blank\"> linked to people who visited Disneyland \u003c/a>in mid-December.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Tracy Lieu, director of Kaiser's Division of Research, led the research team. They knew that places like Marin and Sonoma counties had higher rates of personal belief exemptions, she says. But those parents probably refused those vaccines some years ago, Lieu says. Her team hoped to spot clusters of refusal earlier, when recommended vaccines are due, so they could take steps to ward off outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early warning signs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To look for at-risk communities, Lieu and her colleagues analyzed the medical records of 155,000 children in Kaiser's system who lived in 13 Northern California counties and were born between 2000 and 2011. They were looking both for children who had received no vaccines and for children who had been \"under-immunized,\" meaning they had missed one or more shots by age three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers then matched these children's vaccination records to their addresses, to see if these children were clustered geographically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the 13 counties analyzed, the proportion of children who’d missed one or more shots increased from an average of 8 percent at the beginning of the study period to 12.4 percent at the end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's a broad geographic range. When the researchers drilled down to the county level, they found pockets of even higher rates of under-immunization ranging from 9.2 percent in Santa Clara County to 17.9 percent in Marin County between 2010 and 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five hot spots stood out between 2010 and 2012, including a 1.8-mile area in Vallejo, where 22.7 percent of kids were under-vaccinated. More than 10,000 toddlers lived within these five clusters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team also identified five clusters where all vaccines were refused for the babies and toddlers in the study:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>10.2 percent of kids in an area from El Cerrito to Alameda\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>7.4 percent in northeastern San Francisco\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>6.6 percent in Marin and southwest Sonoma counties\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>5.5 percent Northeastern Sacramento County and Roseville\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>13.5 percent of kids in a small area south of Sacramento\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Altogether, nearly 9,000 young children lived in these clusters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In nearly every case, vaccine-refusal clusters overlapped with large areas of under-immunization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Lieu’s group analyzed vaccination against specific diseases, they found that under-vaccination rates for the MMR vaccine – which protects against measles, mumps and rubella – were 1.69 times higher for children living in Marin and Sonoma counties compared with other areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are early signals,” says Lieu. “These kinds of clusters can be associated with later epidemics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vaccination Refusal Helps Disease Spread\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Disneyland measles outbreak is a stark reminder that pathogens can gain a foothold where vulnerable people congregate. That’s why states require children to be fully vaccinated before entering kindergarten. The easier it is to opt out of these mandates, the \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=203593\" target=\"_blank\">more likely disease will follow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not surprisingly, areas that are under-immunized directly correlate with those areas at greatest risk of infections when they occur,” says Dr. Paul Offit, who directs the Vaccine Education Center at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and was not associated with the study. When enough people stop vaccinating, he says, measles and whooping cough, among the most contagious diseases, rapidly exploit holes in \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\">community, or herd, immunity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, when a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/vaccine-opt-out-rate-doubled-in-7-years-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">record number of California parents\u003c/a> claimed personal belief exemptions, health officials reported the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6316a6.htm?s_cid=mm6316a6_e\" target=\"_blank\">most measles cases\u003c/a> seen here since 1995 and the most \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis_Report_1-7-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">whooping cough cases\u003c/a> since 1947.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin, Napa and Sonoma counties -- where Lieu and her team found under-immunization clusters ranging from 17.5 to 18.1 percent between 2010 and 2012 -- had the highest rates of whooping cough in the state in 2014. During the same time, a review of state immunization records shows, vaccination rates for whooping cough at nearly two-thirds of Marin schools, a third of Napa schools and 37 percent of Sonoma schools fell below targets to halt disease spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prof. Saad Omer at Emory University earlier found that clusters of personal belief exemptions contributed to the 2010 California whooping cough epidemic that \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">killed 10 babies.\u003c/a> Omer says that by using electronic medical records, Lieu and her team have developed a tool that can estimate risk earlier, without having to wait until children enter school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main problem with this clustering behavior, says Omer, is that every child’s risk for disease depends on what others do. That's because no vaccine is 100 percent effective, so even a vaccinated child could get sick if exposed. (In the Disneyland measles outbreak, at least four of the cases had been vaccinated.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children on chemo or who have other genuine medical reasons for exemption are particularly vulnerable when they interact with unvaccinated people, whether at school or places like Disneyland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how many Make-a-Wish Foundation kids were (at Disneyland),\" Omer said in reference to the foundation that grants wishes to children with life-threatening illnesses. \"But parents of kids with all sorts of illnesses like to give them an opportunity to have fun like other kids. ... And they depend on \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\">herd immunity\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad Decisions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parents think measles isn’t such a big risk, Offit says. And compared to the pre-vaccine days, he says, when every year millions of children got sick, 48,000 were hospitalized and 500 died, that’s true. But as a veteran of the \u003ca title=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8483622\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8483622\" target=\"_blank\">1991 Philadelphia measles\u003c/a> epidemic that infected 1,400 and killed nine children who weren’t immunized, Offit cautions that playing the odds is a dangerous game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But creating rules that make that game safer is challenging in a society that cherishes individual rights. “We’re open-minded in the U.S.,” Offit says, “even to the point where we let parents hurt their children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But increasingly, pediatricians, including Offit’s wife, Bonnie, refuse to help parents do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The alternative is to sit back and let parents make bad decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long ago, a one-and-a-half-year-old boy was admitted to Offit’s hospital. He’d been seen at the hospital’s outpatient clinic at two, four, six and 12 months -- all the times when kids get the pneumococcal vaccine. But his parents chose not to vaccinate and the staff didn’t push it, Offit says. “He came in with pneumococcal meningitis,\" and then suffered a devastating \u003ca title=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001421.htm\" href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001421.htm\" target=\"_blank\">brain herniation\u003c/a>, Offit said. \"He will never see, walk or speak again and probably won’t live past five. It’s not OK.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lizagross.com/\">Liza Gross\u003c/a> is an independent science journalist based in the San Francisco Bay area who writes frequently about science and society.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23542\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/RS1529_76489007-lpr1-e1421641630337.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23542\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/01/RS1529_76489007-lpr1-640x411.jpg\" alt=\"(Jeff J. Mitchell/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"411\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Jeff J. Mitchell/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although vaccines are among the safest, most effective ways to protect children from major communicable diseases, many parents, for reasons that range from \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/cashing-in-on-fear-the-danger-of-dr-sears/\" target=\"_blank\">ill-informed\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nclnet.org/survey_one_third_of_american_parents_mistakenly_link_vaccines_to_autism\" target=\"_blank\">infuriating\u003c/a>, still doubt this. As a result, many choose immunization schedules that defy science or refuse to vaccinate altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“These kinds of clusters can be associated with later epidemics.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If these parents were distributed randomly, their decisions would be less likely to harm others, especially babies too young for vaccination. But as previous studies have shown, parents who use “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698009\" target=\"_blank\">personal belief exemptions\u003c/a>” to avoid school vaccination requirements often live in the same communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now,\u003ca title=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/gca?submit=Get+All+Checked+Abstracts&gca=pediatrics%3Bpeds.2014-2715v1\" href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/gca?submit=Get+All+Checked+Abstracts&gca=pediatrics%3Bpeds.2014-2715v1\" target=\"_blank\"> in a study \u003c/a>published Monday in the journal \u003cem>Pediatrics\u003c/em>, researchers have (perhaps not surprisingly) found the same phenomenon among parents of infants and toddlers. These younger children face the highest risk of dying from whooping cough and other vaccine-preventable diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study has come out as the state is grappling with a measles outbreak\u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/13/disneyland-measles-cases-now-at-26/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/13/disneyland-measles-cases-now-at-26/\" target=\"_blank\"> linked to people who visited Disneyland \u003c/a>in mid-December.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Tracy Lieu, director of Kaiser's Division of Research, led the research team. They knew that places like Marin and Sonoma counties had higher rates of personal belief exemptions, she says. But those parents probably refused those vaccines some years ago, Lieu says. Her team hoped to spot clusters of refusal earlier, when recommended vaccines are due, so they could take steps to ward off outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early warning signs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To look for at-risk communities, Lieu and her colleagues analyzed the medical records of 155,000 children in Kaiser's system who lived in 13 Northern California counties and were born between 2000 and 2011. They were looking both for children who had received no vaccines and for children who had been \"under-immunized,\" meaning they had missed one or more shots by age three.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers then matched these children's vaccination records to their addresses, to see if these children were clustered geographically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the 13 counties analyzed, the proportion of children who’d missed one or more shots increased from an average of 8 percent at the beginning of the study period to 12.4 percent at the end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's a broad geographic range. When the researchers drilled down to the county level, they found pockets of even higher rates of under-immunization ranging from 9.2 percent in Santa Clara County to 17.9 percent in Marin County between 2010 and 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five hot spots stood out between 2010 and 2012, including a 1.8-mile area in Vallejo, where 22.7 percent of kids were under-vaccinated. More than 10,000 toddlers lived within these five clusters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team also identified five clusters where all vaccines were refused for the babies and toddlers in the study:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>10.2 percent of kids in an area from El Cerrito to Alameda\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>7.4 percent in northeastern San Francisco\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>6.6 percent in Marin and southwest Sonoma counties\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>5.5 percent Northeastern Sacramento County and Roseville\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>13.5 percent of kids in a small area south of Sacramento\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Altogether, nearly 9,000 young children lived in these clusters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In nearly every case, vaccine-refusal clusters overlapped with large areas of under-immunization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Lieu’s group analyzed vaccination against specific diseases, they found that under-vaccination rates for the MMR vaccine – which protects against measles, mumps and rubella – were 1.69 times higher for children living in Marin and Sonoma counties compared with other areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are early signals,” says Lieu. “These kinds of clusters can be associated with later epidemics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vaccination Refusal Helps Disease Spread\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Disneyland measles outbreak is a stark reminder that pathogens can gain a foothold where vulnerable people congregate. That’s why states require children to be fully vaccinated before entering kindergarten. The easier it is to opt out of these mandates, the \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=203593\" target=\"_blank\">more likely disease will follow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not surprisingly, areas that are under-immunized directly correlate with those areas at greatest risk of infections when they occur,” says Dr. Paul Offit, who directs the Vaccine Education Center at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and was not associated with the study. When enough people stop vaccinating, he says, measles and whooping cough, among the most contagious diseases, rapidly exploit holes in \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\">community, or herd, immunity\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, when a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/vaccine-opt-out-rate-doubled-in-7-years-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">record number of California parents\u003c/a> claimed personal belief exemptions, health officials reported the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6316a6.htm?s_cid=mm6316a6_e\" target=\"_blank\">most measles cases\u003c/a> seen here since 1995 and the most \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis_Report_1-7-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">whooping cough cases\u003c/a> since 1947.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin, Napa and Sonoma counties -- where Lieu and her team found under-immunization clusters ranging from 17.5 to 18.1 percent between 2010 and 2012 -- had the highest rates of whooping cough in the state in 2014. During the same time, a review of state immunization records shows, vaccination rates for whooping cough at nearly two-thirds of Marin schools, a third of Napa schools and 37 percent of Sonoma schools fell below targets to halt disease spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prof. Saad Omer at Emory University earlier found that clusters of personal belief exemptions contributed to the 2010 California whooping cough epidemic that \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">killed 10 babies.\u003c/a> Omer says that by using electronic medical records, Lieu and her team have developed a tool that can estimate risk earlier, without having to wait until children enter school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main problem with this clustering behavior, says Omer, is that every child’s risk for disease depends on what others do. That's because no vaccine is 100 percent effective, so even a vaccinated child could get sick if exposed. (In the Disneyland measles outbreak, at least four of the cases had been vaccinated.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children on chemo or who have other genuine medical reasons for exemption are particularly vulnerable when they interact with unvaccinated people, whether at school or places like Disneyland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how many Make-a-Wish Foundation kids were (at Disneyland),\" Omer said in reference to the foundation that grants wishes to children with life-threatening illnesses. \"But parents of kids with all sorts of illnesses like to give them an opportunity to have fun like other kids. ... And they depend on \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\">herd immunity\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad Decisions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parents think measles isn’t such a big risk, Offit says. And compared to the pre-vaccine days, he says, when every year millions of children got sick, 48,000 were hospitalized and 500 died, that’s true. But as a veteran of the \u003ca title=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8483622\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8483622\" target=\"_blank\">1991 Philadelphia measles\u003c/a> epidemic that infected 1,400 and killed nine children who weren’t immunized, Offit cautions that playing the odds is a dangerous game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But creating rules that make that game safer is challenging in a society that cherishes individual rights. “We’re open-minded in the U.S.,” Offit says, “even to the point where we let parents hurt their children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But increasingly, pediatricians, including Offit’s wife, Bonnie, refuse to help parents do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The alternative is to sit back and let parents make bad decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long ago, a one-and-a-half-year-old boy was admitted to Offit’s hospital. He’d been seen at the hospital’s outpatient clinic at two, four, six and 12 months -- all the times when kids get the pneumococcal vaccine. But his parents chose not to vaccinate and the staff didn’t push it, Offit says. “He came in with pneumococcal meningitis,\" and then suffered a devastating \u003ca title=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001421.htm\" href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001421.htm\" target=\"_blank\">brain herniation\u003c/a>, Offit said. \"He will never see, walk or speak again and probably won’t live past five. It’s not OK.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lizagross.com/\">Liza Gross\u003c/a> is an independent science journalist based in the San Francisco Bay area who writes frequently about science and society.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Vaccine Opt-Out Rate Doubled in 7 Years; Look Up Your School Online",
"title": "Vaccine Opt-Out Rate Doubled in 7 Years; Look Up Your School Online",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Olivia Allen-Price and Lisa Aliferis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, Feb. 2, 2015:\u003c/strong> The state of California has released opt-out rates at schools statewide for the 2014-2015 school year. \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/#lookup\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/#lookup\" target=\"_blank\">They have dropped for the first time since 1998.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California law requires that children entering kindergarten be fully vaccinated against a range of diseases. But despite overwhelming evidence that vaccines are safe and effective, the rate of parents opting out of vaccines for their children has doubled since 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To opt out, parents must file a personal belief exemption, or PBE, a signed statement that vaccines are against their personal beliefs. In the 2007-2008 school year, the statewide PBE rate was 1.56 percent. By 2013-2014, the most recent year statistics are available, the rate had jumped to 3.15 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#find\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-21513\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/lookup.jpg\" alt=\"lookup\" width=\"300\" height=\"151\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PBE rates vary by county and by individual school. In the Bay Area, Marin has the highest PBE rate by far -- 7.57 percent. (Marin was \u003ca title=\"Vaccine Opt Out Rates in Marin\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\">highest in the Bay Area last year too.\u003c/a>) The PBE rate at private schools tends to be higher, overall, then that at public schools. In the 2013-2014 school year, only 85 percent of private school kindergarten students statewide were fully vaccinated when school started, compared to about 90 percent of public school students. Other students enter on \"conditional\" status, meaning the school is to follow up with these children to make sure they receive all their vaccines.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nThe California Department of Public Health \u003ca title=\"California Department of Public Health Immunization page\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/pages/immunizationlevels.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">collects vaccination rates\u003c/a> and PBE rates at every kindergarten in the state with more than 10 students -- both public and private schools. Further below, we've made it easy for you to look up your own school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entering kindergarten children are required to be vaccinated against:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Polio\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Hepatitis B\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Varicella (Chickenpox)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\"We're definitely concerned\" about the increasing PBE rates, said Dr. James Watt, chief of the state's division of communicable disease control. \"We've been monitoring that. We've been increasing our analysis of the data to try to understand what's happening with that trend.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest concern, he said, is not the overall statewide rate. But that growing rate signals that individual schools or areas may have very high PBE rates. \"When those exemptions congregate in settings,\" Watt said, \"that's the risk where disease transmission is greatest.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014 alone, California has seen outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease. \"We've been grappling earlier this year with a lot of \u003ca title=\"Measles Cases on Rise Statewide\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/03/14/measles-cases-on-rise-statewide/\" target=\"_blank\">measles brought back in from other countries\u003c/a>,\" Watt said. \"We're in the middle of a whooping cough epidemic.\" The latest data from the state shows \u003ca title=\"Sept. 2 Whooping Cough Report\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis_report_9-2-2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">nearly 8,000 cases so far this year\u003c/a>, and more than two-thirds of those hospitalized are infants younger than four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also experienced a whooping cough epidemic in 2010. Later research proved that vaccine refusal was \u003ca title=\"Vaccine Refusal Fueled Whooping Cough Epidemic\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">a factor in the epidemic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Requirement for Vaccine Exemption Passed by Senate\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/23/new-requirement-for-vaccine-exemption-passed-by-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">Under a new state law\u003c/a> that went into effect on Jan. 1, parents who don't want to have their children vaccinated now must meet with a health care provider to discuss risks and benefits of vaccines. The provider must sign a form that the conversation has happened and the parent must provide a written statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a similar law passed in Washington state in 2011, the PBE rate dropped 25 percent in 18 months. In California, the school year that is just starting is the first that makes this additional requirement of the PBE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watts said he hopes that the conversation with a health care provider \"will help (parents) to come to decisions that will enable children to be protected against disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In comparison to Marin's 7.57 percent PBE rate, five other Bay Area counties have a significantly lower opt-out rates:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>San Francisco: 1.64 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Santa Clara: 1.72 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Alameda: 1.78 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Mateo: 2.26 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Contra Costa: 2.32 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"find\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find Any School in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can look up the personal belief exemption rate at your own school below. So you can see the trend, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/our-vaccine-database-methodology/\" target=\"_blank\">we include data\u003c/a> from the 2007-2008 school year through the 2013-2014 school year, the most recent year for which data are available. This tool includes data from every kindergarten in the state, public or private, with 10 or more students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The column to the far right — “PBE” — shows the percentage of children at a kindergarten with a personal belief exemption on file. The higher the number, the more children are not receiving vaccines. \u003cstrong>Enter your child's school in the search box:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/vaccines/pbe2014-6.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700px\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nSee the \u003ca href=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/vaccines/pbe2014-6.html\" target=\"_blank\">search tool on its own page\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Olivia Allen-Price and Lisa Aliferis\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, Feb. 2, 2015:\u003c/strong> The state of California has released opt-out rates at schools statewide for the 2014-2015 school year. \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/#lookup\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/#lookup\" target=\"_blank\">They have dropped for the first time since 1998.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California law requires that children entering kindergarten be fully vaccinated against a range of diseases. But despite overwhelming evidence that vaccines are safe and effective, the rate of parents opting out of vaccines for their children has doubled since 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To opt out, parents must file a personal belief exemption, or PBE, a signed statement that vaccines are against their personal beliefs. In the 2007-2008 school year, the statewide PBE rate was 1.56 percent. By 2013-2014, the most recent year statistics are available, the rate had jumped to 3.15 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#find\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-21513\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/09/lookup.jpg\" alt=\"lookup\" width=\"300\" height=\"151\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PBE rates vary by county and by individual school. In the Bay Area, Marin has the highest PBE rate by far -- 7.57 percent. (Marin was \u003ca title=\"Vaccine Opt Out Rates in Marin\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\">highest in the Bay Area last year too.\u003c/a>) The PBE rate at private schools tends to be higher, overall, then that at public schools. In the 2013-2014 school year, only 85 percent of private school kindergarten students statewide were fully vaccinated when school started, compared to about 90 percent of public school students. Other students enter on \"conditional\" status, meaning the school is to follow up with these children to make sure they receive all their vaccines.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nThe California Department of Public Health \u003ca title=\"California Department of Public Health Immunization page\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/pages/immunizationlevels.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">collects vaccination rates\u003c/a> and PBE rates at every kindergarten in the state with more than 10 students -- both public and private schools. Further below, we've made it easy for you to look up your own school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entering kindergarten children are required to be vaccinated against:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Polio\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Hepatitis B\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Varicella (Chickenpox)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\"We're definitely concerned\" about the increasing PBE rates, said Dr. James Watt, chief of the state's division of communicable disease control. \"We've been monitoring that. We've been increasing our analysis of the data to try to understand what's happening with that trend.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest concern, he said, is not the overall statewide rate. But that growing rate signals that individual schools or areas may have very high PBE rates. \"When those exemptions congregate in settings,\" Watt said, \"that's the risk where disease transmission is greatest.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014 alone, California has seen outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease. \"We've been grappling earlier this year with a lot of \u003ca title=\"Measles Cases on Rise Statewide\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/03/14/measles-cases-on-rise-statewide/\" target=\"_blank\">measles brought back in from other countries\u003c/a>,\" Watt said. \"We're in the middle of a whooping cough epidemic.\" The latest data from the state shows \u003ca title=\"Sept. 2 Whooping Cough Report\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/Pertussis_report_9-2-2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">nearly 8,000 cases so far this year\u003c/a>, and more than two-thirds of those hospitalized are infants younger than four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also experienced a whooping cough epidemic in 2010. Later research proved that vaccine refusal was \u003ca title=\"Vaccine Refusal Fueled Whooping Cough Epidemic\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption/\" target=\"_blank\">a factor in the epidemic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Requirement for Vaccine Exemption Passed by Senate\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/23/new-requirement-for-vaccine-exemption-passed-by-senate/\" target=\"_blank\">Under a new state law\u003c/a> that went into effect on Jan. 1, parents who don't want to have their children vaccinated now must meet with a health care provider to discuss risks and benefits of vaccines. The provider must sign a form that the conversation has happened and the parent must provide a written statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a similar law passed in Washington state in 2011, the PBE rate dropped 25 percent in 18 months. In California, the school year that is just starting is the first that makes this additional requirement of the PBE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watts said he hopes that the conversation with a health care provider \"will help (parents) to come to decisions that will enable children to be protected against disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In comparison to Marin's 7.57 percent PBE rate, five other Bay Area counties have a significantly lower opt-out rates:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>San Francisco: 1.64 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Santa Clara: 1.72 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Alameda: 1.78 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>San Mateo: 2.26 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Contra Costa: 2.32 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"find\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find Any School in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can look up the personal belief exemption rate at your own school below. So you can see the trend, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/11/our-vaccine-database-methodology/\" target=\"_blank\">we include data\u003c/a> from the 2007-2008 school year through the 2013-2014 school year, the most recent year for which data are available. This tool includes data from every kindergarten in the state, public or private, with 10 or more students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The column to the far right — “PBE” — shows the percentage of children at a kindergarten with a personal belief exemption on file. The higher the number, the more children are not receiving vaccines. \u003cstrong>Enter your child's school in the search box:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/vaccines/pbe2014-6.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700px\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nSee the \u003ca href=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/vaccines/pbe2014-6.html\" target=\"_blank\">search tool on its own page\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20212\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/ethansparrow/4957499682/in/photolist-8y5tWs-8iYQHE-7T23S8-mhYq6b-e8s4T4-ejD8mX-bmq17n-5Xdf3C-dmfcNe-fngGKR-8y6kE5-ay3keW-bDwxda-frnE1E-eRVdxu-iGj2s3-4PaZm3-ejD8n8-9mbH2q-fr8ms2-6ijRSy-bMNTGn-9sVBc2-byNCUs-e96wUn-9XuUWF-cufQ97-hYXu5g-aqrdSm-cD8TMf-8ucatF-eg4g1e-6KNycu-bWMYNR-94zxe7-enWety-cLhR67-eZDpUb-dNg7wp-ebjL8c-itAX6Q-dNGjyE-ebqoZA-m3j1fV-nKV4E6-6HsnSH-hP5Hfv-7Gjpkm-awim1M-af5Whz\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-20212 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/07/4957499682_c983513f8a_bcrop-640x388.jpg\" alt=\"Napa has the second highest rate of the disease. (Esparrow1/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"388\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Napa has the second highest rate of the disease. (Esparrow1/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Lynne Shallcross\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a little over a month since California \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/06/13/whooping-cough-reaches-epidemic-level-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\">declared a whooping cough epidemic\u003c/a>, and according to the most recent data from the state, three neighboring Bay Area counties have the highest rates of the disease statewide: Sonoma, Napa and Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma County's rate of whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is almost 120 cases per 100,000 people. Napa County's rate is 90 per 100,000, and Marin's rate is 65 per 100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma County's interim health officer, Karen Holbrook, says the number of cases reported each week has peaked and is now declining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not what the state is experiencing as a whole, but we are coming down,” Holbrook says. “Will that hold indefinitely remains to be seen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holbrook says California is seeing a whooping cough epidemic partly because the disease is cyclical, with cases spiking every three to five years.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, Holbrook says, the immunity from the current vaccine, introduced in the 1990s, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/03/todays-whooping-cough-vaccine-may-be-safer-but-less-effective-than-the-old-one/\" target=\"_blank\">fades more quickly\u003c/a> than the previous version. The current vaccine has fewer side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holbrook says she also thinks clinicians in her county are doing a good job of recognizing and diagnosing cases. “I can’t prove that relative to the other counties, but I honestly feel that that’s contributing to our (higher) rate,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin County Public Health Officer Matthew Willis says not all communities will have the same incidence of pertussis because of different factors and vulnerabilities, both known and unknown. Of the known factors, Willis echoes Holbrook’s points — and adds one more: vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Marin, it’s likely that pertussis was able to establish more of a foothold because of lower vaccination rates,” Willis says. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\">Marin’s rate of personal belief exemptions\u003c/a>, which allow parents to opt out of vaccines for their children, is among the highest in the state, according to statewide data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear, he says: Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent pertussis. The vaccine does not provide lifetime immunity and boosters are needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those who should be vaccinated, babies and pregnant women are of particular importance, says Jennifer Henn, an epidemiologist with Napa County's Public Health Division. “Infants, especially infants under six months of age, are especially vulnerable to severe disease and even death if they become infected with the pertussis bacteria.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infants generally cannot get their first pertussis vaccine until they are eight weeks, but in light of the epidemic, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/06/27/whooping-cough-epidemic-continues-1100-new-cases-in-last-two-weeks/\" target=\"_blank\">state health officers said \u003c/a>babies can be vaccinated as young as six weeks. Pregnant mothers should be vaccinated in the third trimester of every pregnancy in order for their children to receive antibodies in the womb. People who are around infants, such as other members of the household or caregivers, should also be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/159002693&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"Ng1M7L5S1Gy1LBl1ZTFiYhPZNt6CsCYd\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20212\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/ethansparrow/4957499682/in/photolist-8y5tWs-8iYQHE-7T23S8-mhYq6b-e8s4T4-ejD8mX-bmq17n-5Xdf3C-dmfcNe-fngGKR-8y6kE5-ay3keW-bDwxda-frnE1E-eRVdxu-iGj2s3-4PaZm3-ejD8n8-9mbH2q-fr8ms2-6ijRSy-bMNTGn-9sVBc2-byNCUs-e96wUn-9XuUWF-cufQ97-hYXu5g-aqrdSm-cD8TMf-8ucatF-eg4g1e-6KNycu-bWMYNR-94zxe7-enWety-cLhR67-eZDpUb-dNg7wp-ebjL8c-itAX6Q-dNGjyE-ebqoZA-m3j1fV-nKV4E6-6HsnSH-hP5Hfv-7Gjpkm-awim1M-af5Whz\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-20212 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/07/4957499682_c983513f8a_bcrop-640x388.jpg\" alt=\"Napa has the second highest rate of the disease. (Esparrow1/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"388\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Napa has the second highest rate of the disease. (Esparrow1/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Lynne Shallcross\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a little over a month since California \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/06/13/whooping-cough-reaches-epidemic-level-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\">declared a whooping cough epidemic\u003c/a>, and according to the most recent data from the state, three neighboring Bay Area counties have the highest rates of the disease statewide: Sonoma, Napa and Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma County's rate of whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is almost 120 cases per 100,000 people. Napa County's rate is 90 per 100,000, and Marin's rate is 65 per 100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma County's interim health officer, Karen Holbrook, says the number of cases reported each week has peaked and is now declining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not what the state is experiencing as a whole, but we are coming down,” Holbrook says. “Will that hold indefinitely remains to be seen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holbrook says California is seeing a whooping cough epidemic partly because the disease is cyclical, with cases spiking every three to five years.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, Holbrook says, the immunity from the current vaccine, introduced in the 1990s, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2012/08/03/todays-whooping-cough-vaccine-may-be-safer-but-less-effective-than-the-old-one/\" target=\"_blank\">fades more quickly\u003c/a> than the previous version. The current vaccine has fewer side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holbrook says she also thinks clinicians in her county are doing a good job of recognizing and diagnosing cases. “I can’t prove that relative to the other counties, but I honestly feel that that’s contributing to our (higher) rate,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin County Public Health Officer Matthew Willis says not all communities will have the same incidence of pertussis because of different factors and vulnerabilities, both known and unknown. Of the known factors, Willis echoes Holbrook’s points — and adds one more: vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Marin, it’s likely that pertussis was able to establish more of a foothold because of lower vaccination rates,” Willis says. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\">Marin’s rate of personal belief exemptions\u003c/a>, which allow parents to opt out of vaccines for their children, is among the highest in the state, according to statewide data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear, he says: Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent pertussis. The vaccine does not provide lifetime immunity and boosters are needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those who should be vaccinated, babies and pregnant women are of particular importance, says Jennifer Henn, an epidemiologist with Napa County's Public Health Division. “Infants, especially infants under six months of age, are especially vulnerable to severe disease and even death if they become infected with the pertussis bacteria.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infants generally cannot get their first pertussis vaccine until they are eight weeks, but in light of the epidemic, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/06/27/whooping-cough-epidemic-continues-1100-new-cases-in-last-two-weeks/\" target=\"_blank\">state health officers said \u003c/a>babies can be vaccinated as young as six weeks. Pregnant mothers should be vaccinated in the third trimester of every pregnancy in order for their children to receive antibodies in the womb. People who are around infants, such as other members of the household or caregivers, should also be vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/159002693&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"Ng1M7L5S1Gy1LBl1ZTFiYhPZNt6CsCYd\"]\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Whooping Cough Epidemic Continues -- 1,100 New Cases in Last Two Weeks",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/104228158-e1392067906728.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17600\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/104228158-640x425.jpg\" alt=\"A vial containing the acellular pertussis vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vial containing the acellular pertussis vaccine (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the two weeks since California health officials \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/06/13/whooping-cough-reaches-epidemic-level-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\">declared a whooping cough epidemic\u003c/a>, the state has added 1,100 more cases, officials with the California Department of Public Health said Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That brings the total number of cases to 4,558. A third infant died of the disease recently. The baby, from Sacramento County, had started showing symptoms at just 3 weeks of age. The baby was hospitalized for more than a year and then passed away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infants are at particular risk because they cannot be vaccinated until they are several weeks old. Generally, the recommendation is that babies receive the first dose of vaccine at 8 weeks, but in light of the epidemic, state health officials say babies can be vaccinated at 6 weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->In addition, state epidemiologist Dr. Gil Chavez urged all pregnant women to be vaccinated against whooping cough, also called pertussis, in their third trimester of pregnancy. A mother's antibodies can transfer some immunity to the baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Vaccination of pregnant women is the most important thing that can be done to protect infants until they are old enough to be vaccinated,\" Chavez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"7455d8aa2ed6216eb4324f02dc422ec3\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women should receive a pertussis vaccine with every pregnancy, Chavez added. So even if a woman bore a child in the last few years, she needs to be revaccinated in the third trimester of a new pregnancy to help give each baby immunity from whooping cough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 4,558 cases, 142 have been hospitalized and more than 80 percent of those hospitalized are infants less than 4 months old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a great deal of attention has been paid to those who choose not to vaccinate their children, Chavez said the most important drivers of this year's epidemic are more likely the cyclical nature of whooping cough as an illness and the fact that the vaccine against whooping cough wanes over time. It does not confer lifetime immunity, and boosters are needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chavez said the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Advisory Committee on Immunization is reviewing whether boosters of this newer whooping cough vaccine, introduced in the late 1990s because it reduces side effects, might need more frequent boosters. \"We just have to wait and see if and when they make a different recommendation,\" Chavez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three counties in the state with the highest rates of whooping cough are Marin, Napa and Sonoma.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\"> Marin has the highest vaccine-refusal rate\u003c/a> in the Bay Area and one of the highest in the state. California last had a whooping cough epidemic in 2010. In later research, scientists determined that vaccine refusals \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption///\" target=\"_blank\">helped to fuel that epidemic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State health officials said they don't yet know if this year's epidemic will be worse than in 2010. In the meantime, officials say people should make sure vaccines for themselves and especially their children are up to date. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has an easy-to-use \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.vaccines.gov/more_info/features/healthmapvaccinefinder.html\" target=\"_blank\">adult vaccine finder\u003c/a>\" available to anyone. County health departments often provide vaccinations as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/104228158-e1392067906728.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17600\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/104228158-640x425.jpg\" alt=\"A vial containing the acellular pertussis vaccine. (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vial containing the acellular pertussis vaccine (Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the two weeks since California health officials \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/06/13/whooping-cough-reaches-epidemic-level-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\">declared a whooping cough epidemic\u003c/a>, the state has added 1,100 more cases, officials with the California Department of Public Health said Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That brings the total number of cases to 4,558. A third infant died of the disease recently. The baby, from Sacramento County, had started showing symptoms at just 3 weeks of age. The baby was hospitalized for more than a year and then passed away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infants are at particular risk because they cannot be vaccinated until they are several weeks old. Generally, the recommendation is that babies receive the first dose of vaccine at 8 weeks, but in light of the epidemic, state health officials say babies can be vaccinated at 6 weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->In addition, state epidemiologist Dr. Gil Chavez urged all pregnant women to be vaccinated against whooping cough, also called pertussis, in their third trimester of pregnancy. A mother's antibodies can transfer some immunity to the baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Vaccination of pregnant women is the most important thing that can be done to protect infants until they are old enough to be vaccinated,\" Chavez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women should receive a pertussis vaccine with every pregnancy, Chavez added. So even if a woman bore a child in the last few years, she needs to be revaccinated in the third trimester of a new pregnancy to help give each baby immunity from whooping cough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 4,558 cases, 142 have been hospitalized and more than 80 percent of those hospitalized are infants less than 4 months old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a great deal of attention has been paid to those who choose not to vaccinate their children, Chavez said the most important drivers of this year's epidemic are more likely the cyclical nature of whooping cough as an illness and the fact that the vaccine against whooping cough wanes over time. It does not confer lifetime immunity, and boosters are needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chavez said the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Advisory Committee on Immunization is reviewing whether boosters of this newer whooping cough vaccine, introduced in the late 1990s because it reduces side effects, might need more frequent boosters. \"We just have to wait and see if and when they make a different recommendation,\" Chavez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three counties in the state with the highest rates of whooping cough are Marin, Napa and Sonoma.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/21/marin-vaccinations/\" target=\"_blank\"> Marin has the highest vaccine-refusal rate\u003c/a> in the Bay Area and one of the highest in the state. California last had a whooping cough epidemic in 2010. In later research, scientists determined that vaccine refusals \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/30/vaccine-refusals-fueled-california-whooping-cough-epidemic-personal-belief-exemption///\" target=\"_blank\">helped to fuel that epidemic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State health officials said they don't yet know if this year's epidemic will be worse than in 2010. In the meantime, officials say people should make sure vaccines for themselves and especially their children are up to date. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has an easy-to-use \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.vaccines.gov/more_info/features/healthmapvaccinefinder.html\" target=\"_blank\">adult vaccine finder\u003c/a>\" available to anyone. County health departments often provide vaccinations as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18566\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/04/SchoolnurseGrassVallNo2March2014JA.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-18566 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/04/SchoolnurseGrassVallNo2March2014JA-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"(Jane Meredith Adams/EdSource)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robyn Ettl, Grass Valley Unified school nurse, gives a vision test to second grader Chase Littlejohn at the Grass Valley Charter School. (Jane Meredith Adams/EdSource)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Jane Meredith Adams,\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://edsource.org/2014/under-new-law-school-nurses-aim-to-stop-rise-in-vaccination-opt-outs/60044#.U0LWDf2PSDV\" target=\"_blank\"> EdSource\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her 33 years as a school nurse, Robyn Ettl has listened, sometimes quietly, sometimes not, to parents in rural Nevada County explain why their children don’t need vaccinations against contagious and potentially fatal diseases, including polio, diphtheria, measles and pertussis.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Parents must now meet with health provider before opting-out of vaccines for their children. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Now, with nearly a half a million children in California registering for kindergarten in the fall, school nurses like Ettl are more invested than ever in a delicate task: trying to change the minds of parents intent on opting out of school-entrance immunizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB2109\" target=\"_blank\"> state law\u003c/a> that took effect Jan. 1, parents may no longer simply file a letter to opt-out of vaccines. Instead, they are required to consult with a health practitioner –- doctor, naturopath or credentialed school nurse –- before they’re allowed to obtain what's known as a \"personal-belief exemption\" from their child’s required immunizations.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowhere is the impact of the law more anticipated than in Nevada County, a former gold mining haven in the Sierra foothills, northeast of Sacramento. The county had the highest opt-out rate in the state for many years and is now a close second to sparsely populated Trinity County. Here, 20 percent of kindergartners have a personal belief exemption on file.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Public Charter Schools Have Highest Opt-Out Rates\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That exemption rate is driven by huge percentages of vaccination opt-outs at public charter schools in the county, led by Yuba River Charter School in Nevada City. In the current school year, 81 percent of kindergarteners at the school received personal-belief exemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caleb Buckley, director of the Yuba River Charter School, said many students’ parents steer clear of Western medicine and, by association, its core tenet that immunizations save lives. “I don’t know too many that go to see the local pediatrician group, unless they really have to,” Buckley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Trevor Michael, president of the Nevada County Board of Education, explained, “Our county is rural. People live alternative lifestyles and have alternative beliefs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Grass Valley Unified, Ettl hears parents state that it is better for a child’s immune system to get the disease than the vaccination, and that polio is passé. And even though a research paper alleging a link between vaccinations and autism was \u003ca href=\"http://download.thelancet.com/flatcontentassets/pdfs/S0140673610601754.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">retracted\u003c/a>, deemed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452\" target=\"_blank\">fraud\u003c/a> by the British Medical Journal and its author \u003ca href=\"http://www.gmc-uk.org/Wakefield_SPM_and_SANCTION.pdf_32595267.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">stripped of his medical license\u003c/a>, they say they’re still not sure that a vaccination won’t give their child autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t argue with them,” Ettl said. In the past, when she has refuted their claims, “They get mad and head right to Holly,” she said, referring to Holly Hermansen, superintendent of the Nevada County Office of Education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/06/more-california-parents-opting-out-of-vaccines-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>[Related: More California Parents Opt-Out of Vaccines -- Look Up Your School Online]\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At some charter schools in the county, a philosophical opposition to vaccinations has become a defining feature of the culture, said Sharyn Turner, coordinator of school health services at the Nevada County Office of Education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of a sudden it becomes socially unacceptable to be one of the few parents immunizing your child,” Turner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public charter schools lead the state in enrolling the highest percentage of kindergarteners with personal-belief exemptions – 10.1 percent in 2013-14, according to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/06/more-california-parents-opting-out-of-vaccines-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">new data \u003c/a>from the California Department of Public Health. At private schools, 5.6 percent of kindergarteners received personal-belief exemptions, while 2.3 percent opted out at public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those high rates are driving an overall increase in personal belief exemptions statewide. The percentage of exempted kindergarteners more than doubled, from 1.4 percent in 2007 to 3.1 percent in 2013-14, according to the state Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fading Awareness of Dire Infectious Diseases\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If roughly 90 percent of a population is fully vaccinated, “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\">herd immunity\u003c/a>” helps keep at bay infectious diseases including measles, pertussis or rubella. But with longstanding herd immunity comes fading awareness of dire infectious diseases. “There’s no fear,” said Lindsay Dunckel, executive director of First 5 Nevada County, which funds community programs for babies and young children. “These diseases that were once so frightening have disappeared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now some of them are coming back, and the role of unvaccinated people in spreading disease is under scrutiny. In 159 cases of measles across the country last year, 82 percent of those infected \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6236a2.htm\" target=\"_blank\">were unvaccinated\u003c/a> and of those, 79 percent had philosophical objections to vaccinations, according to the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far in 2014, the California Department of Public Health has received reports of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Pages/Measles.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">51 cases\u003c/a> of measles in the state, the largest number since 2000, when measles was declared eliminated in the U.S. In the decade before the introduction of a measles vaccine in 1963, the disease killed about \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/whatifstop.htm#measles\" target=\"_blank\">450 people a year \u003c/a>in the U.S., according to the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also increasing in California is the number of cases of pertussis, better known as whooping cough. Reported cases in 2013 hit more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Pages/PertussisSummaryReports.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">2,300\u003c/a>, including an infant who contracted the disease at 4 weeks old and died. During a 2010 California outbreak of pertussis, in which 10 infants died and more than 9,000 cases were reported, children with personal-belief exemptions \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/09/24/peds.2013-0878.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">played a role\u003c/a> in transmitting the disease. Communities with high rates of personal-belief exemptions were 2.5 times more likely to also have pertussis clusters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can the New Law Help Raise Vaccine Rates?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Grass Valley Unified, Ettl met recently with a parent of an incoming kindergartener who was dead-set against immunizations. The meeting was perfunctory: The parent read the vaccination information sheet, and Ettl explained that an unvaccinated child may not attend school for 21 days if an outbreak of whooping cough or measles occurs. Then Ettl and the parent signed the new \u003ca href=\"http://eziz.org/assets/docs/CDPH-8262.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">personal belief exemption form\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ettl’s hopes, and the hopes of public health officials, rest largely with parents whose opposition to vaccination is not entirely locked in. “‘I’ll ask, ‘Are you against every vaccine or some of them?’” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One mother of a kindergartener recently told Ettl that although her child had received one vaccination, she was now inclined to opt out of the rest. Ettl talked to her about the risk of tetanus, a bacterial infection that can be contracted through a wound or animal bite. “We live in a rural place and tetanus is a serious disease,” Ettl recalled telling her. “I said, ‘Why don’t you start with one?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mother left without a personal belief exemption in hand, saying she would think about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just what the law is intended to do. The state of Washington passed a similar law in 2011 and its opt-out rate has dropped about 40 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some parents are never going to change their mind,” said Catherine Flores Martin, director of the California Immunization Coalition, “but there is a larger number that want to have their vaccine concerns acknowledged and answered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"XFhbYjl34gl1ZRPLwBP1QZhMQzjUqiEo\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18566\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/04/SchoolnurseGrassVallNo2March2014JA.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-18566 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/04/SchoolnurseGrassVallNo2March2014JA-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"(Jane Meredith Adams/EdSource)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robyn Ettl, Grass Valley Unified school nurse, gives a vision test to second grader Chase Littlejohn at the Grass Valley Charter School. (Jane Meredith Adams/EdSource)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Jane Meredith Adams,\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://edsource.org/2014/under-new-law-school-nurses-aim-to-stop-rise-in-vaccination-opt-outs/60044#.U0LWDf2PSDV\" target=\"_blank\"> EdSource\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her 33 years as a school nurse, Robyn Ettl has listened, sometimes quietly, sometimes not, to parents in rural Nevada County explain why their children don’t need vaccinations against contagious and potentially fatal diseases, including polio, diphtheria, measles and pertussis.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Parents must now meet with health provider before opting-out of vaccines for their children. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Now, with nearly a half a million children in California registering for kindergarten in the fall, school nurses like Ettl are more invested than ever in a delicate task: trying to change the minds of parents intent on opting out of school-entrance immunizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB2109\" target=\"_blank\"> state law\u003c/a> that took effect Jan. 1, parents may no longer simply file a letter to opt-out of vaccines. Instead, they are required to consult with a health practitioner –- doctor, naturopath or credentialed school nurse –- before they’re allowed to obtain what's known as a \"personal-belief exemption\" from their child’s required immunizations.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowhere is the impact of the law more anticipated than in Nevada County, a former gold mining haven in the Sierra foothills, northeast of Sacramento. The county had the highest opt-out rate in the state for many years and is now a close second to sparsely populated Trinity County. Here, 20 percent of kindergartners have a personal belief exemption on file.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Public Charter Schools Have Highest Opt-Out Rates\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That exemption rate is driven by huge percentages of vaccination opt-outs at public charter schools in the county, led by Yuba River Charter School in Nevada City. In the current school year, 81 percent of kindergarteners at the school received personal-belief exemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caleb Buckley, director of the Yuba River Charter School, said many students’ parents steer clear of Western medicine and, by association, its core tenet that immunizations save lives. “I don’t know too many that go to see the local pediatrician group, unless they really have to,” Buckley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Trevor Michael, president of the Nevada County Board of Education, explained, “Our county is rural. People live alternative lifestyles and have alternative beliefs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Grass Valley Unified, Ettl hears parents state that it is better for a child’s immune system to get the disease than the vaccination, and that polio is passé. And even though a research paper alleging a link between vaccinations and autism was \u003ca href=\"http://download.thelancet.com/flatcontentassets/pdfs/S0140673610601754.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">retracted\u003c/a>, deemed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452\" target=\"_blank\">fraud\u003c/a> by the British Medical Journal and its author \u003ca href=\"http://www.gmc-uk.org/Wakefield_SPM_and_SANCTION.pdf_32595267.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">stripped of his medical license\u003c/a>, they say they’re still not sure that a vaccination won’t give their child autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t argue with them,” Ettl said. In the past, when she has refuted their claims, “They get mad and head right to Holly,” she said, referring to Holly Hermansen, superintendent of the Nevada County Office of Education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/06/more-california-parents-opting-out-of-vaccines-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>[Related: More California Parents Opt-Out of Vaccines -- Look Up Your School Online]\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At some charter schools in the county, a philosophical opposition to vaccinations has become a defining feature of the culture, said Sharyn Turner, coordinator of school health services at the Nevada County Office of Education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of a sudden it becomes socially unacceptable to be one of the few parents immunizing your child,” Turner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public charter schools lead the state in enrolling the highest percentage of kindergarteners with personal-belief exemptions – 10.1 percent in 2013-14, according to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/06/more-california-parents-opting-out-of-vaccines-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">new data \u003c/a>from the California Department of Public Health. At private schools, 5.6 percent of kindergarteners received personal-belief exemptions, while 2.3 percent opted out at public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those high rates are driving an overall increase in personal belief exemptions statewide. The percentage of exempted kindergarteners more than doubled, from 1.4 percent in 2007 to 3.1 percent in 2013-14, according to the state Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fading Awareness of Dire Infectious Diseases\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If roughly 90 percent of a population is fully vaccinated, “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/23/5-things-you-should-know-about-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\">herd immunity\u003c/a>” helps keep at bay infectious diseases including measles, pertussis or rubella. But with longstanding herd immunity comes fading awareness of dire infectious diseases. “There’s no fear,” said Lindsay Dunckel, executive director of First 5 Nevada County, which funds community programs for babies and young children. “These diseases that were once so frightening have disappeared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now some of them are coming back, and the role of unvaccinated people in spreading disease is under scrutiny. In 159 cases of measles across the country last year, 82 percent of those infected \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6236a2.htm\" target=\"_blank\">were unvaccinated\u003c/a> and of those, 79 percent had philosophical objections to vaccinations, according to the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far in 2014, the California Department of Public Health has received reports of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Pages/Measles.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">51 cases\u003c/a> of measles in the state, the largest number since 2000, when measles was declared eliminated in the U.S. In the decade before the introduction of a measles vaccine in 1963, the disease killed about \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/whatifstop.htm#measles\" target=\"_blank\">450 people a year \u003c/a>in the U.S., according to the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also increasing in California is the number of cases of pertussis, better known as whooping cough. Reported cases in 2013 hit more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Pages/PertussisSummaryReports.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">2,300\u003c/a>, including an infant who contracted the disease at 4 weeks old and died. During a 2010 California outbreak of pertussis, in which 10 infants died and more than 9,000 cases were reported, children with personal-belief exemptions \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/09/24/peds.2013-0878.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">played a role\u003c/a> in transmitting the disease. Communities with high rates of personal-belief exemptions were 2.5 times more likely to also have pertussis clusters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can the New Law Help Raise Vaccine Rates?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Grass Valley Unified, Ettl met recently with a parent of an incoming kindergartener who was dead-set against immunizations. The meeting was perfunctory: The parent read the vaccination information sheet, and Ettl explained that an unvaccinated child may not attend school for 21 days if an outbreak of whooping cough or measles occurs. Then Ettl and the parent signed the new \u003ca href=\"http://eziz.org/assets/docs/CDPH-8262.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">personal belief exemption form\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ettl’s hopes, and the hopes of public health officials, rest largely with parents whose opposition to vaccination is not entirely locked in. “‘I’ll ask, ‘Are you against every vaccine or some of them?’” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One mother of a kindergartener recently told Ettl that although her child had received one vaccination, she was now inclined to opt out of the rest. Ettl talked to her about the risk of tetanus, a bacterial infection that can be contracted through a wound or animal bite. “We live in a rural place and tetanus is a serious disease,” Ettl recalled telling her. “I said, ‘Why don’t you start with one?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mother left without a personal belief exemption in hand, saying she would think about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just what the law is intended to do. The state of Washington passed a similar law in 2011 and its opt-out rate has dropped about 40 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some parents are never going to change their mind,” said Catherine Flores Martin, director of the California Immunization Coalition, “but there is a larger number that want to have their vaccine concerns acknowledged and answered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Measles Cases Jump Dramatically; 49 So Far in 2014",
"title": "California Measles Cases Jump Dramatically; 49 So Far in 2014",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17842\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/167095303-e1393030020245.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17842\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/167095303-640x613.jpg\" alt=\"Vial of Measles Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine. (Geoff Caddick/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"613\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vial of Measles Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine. (Geoff Caddick/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The state is reporting 49 confirmed cases of measles so far in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year at this time there were just four.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the first year since 2000, when officials declared measles eliminated in the U.S., that the number of cases in California climbed above 40. And it's just April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health says the highest number of cases - 21 - have been reported in Orange County. Other affected counties in Southern California include Los Angeles County with 10, Riverside with 5 and San Diego County with 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California the cases were spread out between Alameda, Contra Costa, Santa Clara and San Mateo.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eleven of the patients had traveled outside the US and 30 were in known contact with a measels patient. Of the remaining cases, the patients had either had contact with an international traveler or the cause is still under investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measles is highly contagious. It spreads through the air, through a cough or sneeze by an infected person. Symptoms begin with a fever, followed by a cough, runny nose, red, watery eyes and rash. Complications can include diarrhea, ear infections and pneumonia. In severe cases death can occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health officials are urging the public to get fully vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being fully vaccinated against measles does more than just protect the person who receives the vaccination,\" says Dr. Ron Chapman, CDPH director and state health officer. \"It also protects their family and friends, including children who may be too young to be vaccinated.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
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"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
"airtime": "SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm",
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