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"content": "\u003cp>Burned by negative reviews, some health providers are casting their patients’ privacy aside and sharing intimate details online as they try to rebut criticism.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">One California dentist scolded a patient who accused him of misdiagnosing her. 'You can live in a world of denial and simply believe what you want to hear from your other dentist or make an educated and informed decision.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the course of these arguments — which have spilled out publicly on ratings sites like \u003ca href=\"https://www.yelp.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Yelp\u003c/a> — doctors, dentists, chiropractors and massage therapists, among others, have divulged details of patients’ diagnoses, treatments and idiosyncrasies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Washington state dentist turned the tables on a patient who blamed him for the loss of a molar: “Due to your clenching and grinding habit, this is not the first molar tooth you have lost due to a fractured root,” he wrote. “This tooth is no different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, a chiropractor pushed back against a mother’s claims that he misdiagnosed her daughter with scoliosis. “You brought your daughter in for the exam in early March 2014,” he wrote. “The exam identified one or more of the signs I mentioned above for scoliosis. I absolutely recommended an x-ray to determine if this condition existed; this x-ray was at no additional cost to you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a California dentist scolded a patient who accused him of misdiagnosing her. “I looked very closely at your radiographs and it was obvious that you have cavities and gum disease that your other dentist has overlooked. … You can live in a world of denial and simply believe what you want to hear from your other dentist or make an educated and informed decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health professionals are adapting to a harsh reality in which consumers rate them on sites like Yelp, Vitals and RateMDs much as they do restaurants, hotels and spas. The vast majority of reviews are positive. But in trying to respond to negative ones, some providers appear to be violating the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, the federal patient privacy law known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-individuals/guidance-materials-for-consumers/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">HIPAA\u003c/a>. The law forbids them from disclosing any patient health information without permission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"d6pxF3w1yvSQqhLKwa6WBniDhTQV1yf5\"]Yelp has given ProPublica \u003ca href=\"https://www.propublica.org/article/stay-far-far-away-and-other-things-gleaned-from-yelp-health-reviews\" target=\"_blank\">unprecedented access\u003c/a> to its trove of public reviews — more than 1.7 million in all — allowing us to search them by keyword. Using \u003ca href=\"http://enrico.bertini.io/revex\" target=\"_blank\">a tool developed\u003c/a> by the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the NYU Tandon School of Engineering, we identified more than 3,500 one-star reviews (the lowest) in which patients mention privacy or HIPAA. In dozens of instances, responses to complaints about medical care turned into disputes over patient privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patients affected say they’ve been doubly injured — first by poor service or care and then by the disclosure of information they considered private.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shock of exposure can be effective, prompting patients to back off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I posted a negative review” on Yelp, a client of a California dentist wrote in 2013. “After that, she posted a response with details that included my personal dental information. … I removed my review to protect my medical privacy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consumer complained to the Office for Civil Rights within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, which enforces HIPAA. The office warned the dentist about posting personal information in response to Yelp reviews. It is currently investigating a New York dentist for divulging personal information about a patient who complained about her care, according to a letter reviewed by ProPublica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The office couldn’t say how many complaints it has received in this area because it doesn’t track complaints this way. ProPublica has \u003ca href=\"https://www.propublica.org/article/few-consequences-for-health-privacy-law-repeat-offenders\" target=\"_blank\">previously reported\u003c/a> about the agency’s historic inability to analyze its complaints and identify repeat HIPAA violators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deven McGraw, the office’s deputy director of health information privacy, said health professionals responding to online reviews can speak generally about the way they treat patients but must have permission to discuss individual cases. Just because patients have rated their health provider publicly doesn’t give their health provider permission to rate them in return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the complaint is about poor patient care, they can come back and say, ‘I provide all of my patients with good patient care’ and ‘I’ve been reviewed in other contexts and have good reviews,’ ” McGraw said. But they can’t “take those accusations on individually by the patient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"6uBq1ebppHdyoTZuJufJQP8Oyv5kL0C8\"]McGraw pointed to a 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/compliance-enforcement/agreements/SRMC/press-release/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">case in California\u003c/a> in which a hospital was fined $275,000 for disclosing information about a patient to the media without permission, allegedly in retaliation for the patient complaining to the media about the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yelp’s senior director of litigation, Aaron Schur, said most reviews of doctors and dentists aren’t about the actual health care delivered but rather their office wait, the front office staff, billing procedures or bedside manner. Many health providers are careful and appropriate in responding to online reviews, encouraging patients to contact them offline or apologizing for any perceived slights. Some don’t respond at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s certainly ways to respond to reviews that don’t implicate HIPAA,” Schur said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, University of Utah Health Care in Salt Lake City was the \u003ca href=\"http://healthcare.utah.edu/publicaffairs/news/archive/2012/12-10-2012_physician_reviews%20.php\" target=\"_blank\">first hospital system in the country\u003c/a> to post patient reviews and comments online. The system, which had to overcome doctors’ resistance to being rated, found positive comments far outnumbered negative ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you whitewash comments, if you only put those that are highly positive, the public is very savvy and will consider that to be only advertising,” said Thomas Miller, chief medical officer for the University of Utah Hospitals and Clinics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Yelp, the University of Utah does not allow comments about a doctor’s medical competency and it does not allow physicians to respond to comments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In discussing their battles over online reviews, patients said they’d turned to ratings sites for closure and in the hope that their experiences would help others seeking care. Their providers’ responses, however, left them with a lingering sense of lost trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angela Grijalva brought her then-12-year-old daughter to Maximize Chiropractic in Sacramento a couple years ago for an exam. In a one-star \u003ca href=\"https://www.yelp.com/biz/maximize-chiropractic-west-sacramento-3\" target=\"_blank\">review on Yelp\u003c/a>, Grijalva alleged that chiropractor Tim Nicholl led her daughter to “believe she had scoliosis and urgently needed x-rays, which could be performed at her next appointment. … My daughter cried all night and had a tough time concentrating at school.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turned out her daughter did not have scoliosis, Grijalva wrote. She encouraged parents to stay away from the office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicholl replied on Yelp, acknowledging that Grijalva’s daughter was a patient (a disclosure that is not allowed under HIPAA) and discussing the procedures he performed on her and her condition, though he said he could not disclose specifics of the diagnosis “due to privacy and patient confidentiality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The next day you brought your daughter back in for a verbal review of the x-rays and I informed you that the x-rays had identified some issues, but the good news was that your daughter did not have scoliosis, great news!” he recounted. “I proceeded to adjust your daughter and the adjustment went very well, as did the entire appointment; you made no mention of a ‘misdiagnosis’ or any other concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview, Grijalva said Nicholl’s response “violated my daughter and her privacy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t want another parent, another child to go through what my daughter went through: the panic, the stress, the fear,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicholl declined a request for comment. “It just doesn’t seem like this is worth my time,” he said. His practice has mixed reviews on Yelp, but more positive than negative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Marisa Speed posted a review of \u003ca href=\"https://www.yelp.com/biz/north-valley-plastic-surgery-phoenix\" target=\"_blank\">North Valley Plastic Surgery\u003c/a> in Phoenix after her then–3-year-old son received stitches there for a gash on his chin. “Half-way through the procedure, the doctor seemed flustered with my crying child. …,” she wrote. “At this point the doctor was more upset and he ended up throwing the instruments to the floor. I understand that dealing with kids requires extra effort, but if you don’t like to do it, don’t even welcome them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An employee named Chase replied on the business’s behalf: “This patient presented in an agitated and uncontrollable state. Despite our best efforts, this patient was screaming, crying, inconsolable, and a danger to both himself and to our staff. As any parent that has raised a young boy knows, they have the strength to cause harm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speed and her husband complained to the Office for Civil Rights. “You may wish to remove any specific information about current or former patients from your Web-blog,” the Office for Civil Rights wrote in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.propublica.org/documents/item/2843212-North-Valley-Plastic-Surgery.html\" target=\"_blank\">October 2013 letter to the surgery center.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email, a representative of the surgery center declined to comment. “Everyone that was directly involved in the incident no longer works here. The nurse on this case left a year ago, the surgeon in the case retired last month, and the administrator left a few years ago,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reviews of North Valley Plastic Surgery are mixed on Yelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health providers have tried a host of ways to try to combat negative reviews. Some have sued their patients, attracting a torrent of attention but scoring few, if any, legal successes. Others have begged patients to remove their complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Segal, a onetime critic of review sites, now says doctors need to embrace them. Beginning in 2007, Segal’s company, Medical Justice, crafted contracts that health providers could give to patients asking them to sign over the copyright to any reviews, which allowed providers to demand that negative ones be removed. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.citizen.org/pressroom/pressroomredirect.cfm?ID=3464\" target=\"_blank\">after a lawsuit\u003c/a>, Medical Justice stopped recommending the contracts in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Segal said he has come to believe reviews are valuable and that providers should encourage patients who are satisfied to post positive reviews and should respond — carefully — to negative ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For doctors who get bent out of shape to get rid of negative reviews, it’s a denominator problem,” he said. “If they only have three reviews and two are negative, the denominator is the problem. … If you can figure out a way to cultivate reviews from hundreds of patients rather than a few patients, the problem is solved.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health professionals are adapting to a harsh reality in which consumers rate them on sites like Yelp, Vitals and RateMDs much as they do restaurants, hotels and spas. The vast majority of reviews are positive. But in trying to respond to negative ones, some providers appear to be violating the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, the federal patient privacy law known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-individuals/guidance-materials-for-consumers/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">HIPAA\u003c/a>. The law forbids them from disclosing any patient health information without permission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Yelp has given ProPublica \u003ca href=\"https://www.propublica.org/article/stay-far-far-away-and-other-things-gleaned-from-yelp-health-reviews\" target=\"_blank\">unprecedented access\u003c/a> to its trove of public reviews — more than 1.7 million in all — allowing us to search them by keyword. Using \u003ca href=\"http://enrico.bertini.io/revex\" target=\"_blank\">a tool developed\u003c/a> by the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the NYU Tandon School of Engineering, we identified more than 3,500 one-star reviews (the lowest) in which patients mention privacy or HIPAA. In dozens of instances, responses to complaints about medical care turned into disputes over patient privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patients affected say they’ve been doubly injured — first by poor service or care and then by the disclosure of information they considered private.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shock of exposure can be effective, prompting patients to back off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I posted a negative review” on Yelp, a client of a California dentist wrote in 2013. “After that, she posted a response with details that included my personal dental information. … I removed my review to protect my medical privacy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consumer complained to the Office for Civil Rights within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, which enforces HIPAA. The office warned the dentist about posting personal information in response to Yelp reviews. It is currently investigating a New York dentist for divulging personal information about a patient who complained about her care, according to a letter reviewed by ProPublica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The office couldn’t say how many complaints it has received in this area because it doesn’t track complaints this way. ProPublica has \u003ca href=\"https://www.propublica.org/article/few-consequences-for-health-privacy-law-repeat-offenders\" target=\"_blank\">previously reported\u003c/a> about the agency’s historic inability to analyze its complaints and identify repeat HIPAA violators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deven McGraw, the office’s deputy director of health information privacy, said health professionals responding to online reviews can speak generally about the way they treat patients but must have permission to discuss individual cases. Just because patients have rated their health provider publicly doesn’t give their health provider permission to rate them in return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the complaint is about poor patient care, they can come back and say, ‘I provide all of my patients with good patient care’ and ‘I’ve been reviewed in other contexts and have good reviews,’ ” McGraw said. But they can’t “take those accusations on individually by the patient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>McGraw pointed to a 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/compliance-enforcement/agreements/SRMC/press-release/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">case in California\u003c/a> in which a hospital was fined $275,000 for disclosing information about a patient to the media without permission, allegedly in retaliation for the patient complaining to the media about the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yelp’s senior director of litigation, Aaron Schur, said most reviews of doctors and dentists aren’t about the actual health care delivered but rather their office wait, the front office staff, billing procedures or bedside manner. Many health providers are careful and appropriate in responding to online reviews, encouraging patients to contact them offline or apologizing for any perceived slights. Some don’t respond at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s certainly ways to respond to reviews that don’t implicate HIPAA,” Schur said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, University of Utah Health Care in Salt Lake City was the \u003ca href=\"http://healthcare.utah.edu/publicaffairs/news/archive/2012/12-10-2012_physician_reviews%20.php\" target=\"_blank\">first hospital system in the country\u003c/a> to post patient reviews and comments online. The system, which had to overcome doctors’ resistance to being rated, found positive comments far outnumbered negative ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you whitewash comments, if you only put those that are highly positive, the public is very savvy and will consider that to be only advertising,” said Thomas Miller, chief medical officer for the University of Utah Hospitals and Clinics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Yelp, the University of Utah does not allow comments about a doctor’s medical competency and it does not allow physicians to respond to comments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In discussing their battles over online reviews, patients said they’d turned to ratings sites for closure and in the hope that their experiences would help others seeking care. Their providers’ responses, however, left them with a lingering sense of lost trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angela Grijalva brought her then-12-year-old daughter to Maximize Chiropractic in Sacramento a couple years ago for an exam. In a one-star \u003ca href=\"https://www.yelp.com/biz/maximize-chiropractic-west-sacramento-3\" target=\"_blank\">review on Yelp\u003c/a>, Grijalva alleged that chiropractor Tim Nicholl led her daughter to “believe she had scoliosis and urgently needed x-rays, which could be performed at her next appointment. … My daughter cried all night and had a tough time concentrating at school.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turned out her daughter did not have scoliosis, Grijalva wrote. She encouraged parents to stay away from the office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicholl replied on Yelp, acknowledging that Grijalva’s daughter was a patient (a disclosure that is not allowed under HIPAA) and discussing the procedures he performed on her and her condition, though he said he could not disclose specifics of the diagnosis “due to privacy and patient confidentiality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The next day you brought your daughter back in for a verbal review of the x-rays and I informed you that the x-rays had identified some issues, but the good news was that your daughter did not have scoliosis, great news!” he recounted. “I proceeded to adjust your daughter and the adjustment went very well, as did the entire appointment; you made no mention of a ‘misdiagnosis’ or any other concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview, Grijalva said Nicholl’s response “violated my daughter and her privacy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wouldn’t want another parent, another child to go through what my daughter went through: the panic, the stress, the fear,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicholl declined a request for comment. “It just doesn’t seem like this is worth my time,” he said. His practice has mixed reviews on Yelp, but more positive than negative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Marisa Speed posted a review of \u003ca href=\"https://www.yelp.com/biz/north-valley-plastic-surgery-phoenix\" target=\"_blank\">North Valley Plastic Surgery\u003c/a> in Phoenix after her then–3-year-old son received stitches there for a gash on his chin. “Half-way through the procedure, the doctor seemed flustered with my crying child. …,” she wrote. “At this point the doctor was more upset and he ended up throwing the instruments to the floor. I understand that dealing with kids requires extra effort, but if you don’t like to do it, don’t even welcome them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An employee named Chase replied on the business’s behalf: “This patient presented in an agitated and uncontrollable state. Despite our best efforts, this patient was screaming, crying, inconsolable, and a danger to both himself and to our staff. As any parent that has raised a young boy knows, they have the strength to cause harm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speed and her husband complained to the Office for Civil Rights. “You may wish to remove any specific information about current or former patients from your Web-blog,” the Office for Civil Rights wrote in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.propublica.org/documents/item/2843212-North-Valley-Plastic-Surgery.html\" target=\"_blank\">October 2013 letter to the surgery center.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email, a representative of the surgery center declined to comment. “Everyone that was directly involved in the incident no longer works here. The nurse on this case left a year ago, the surgeon in the case retired last month, and the administrator left a few years ago,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reviews of North Valley Plastic Surgery are mixed on Yelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health providers have tried a host of ways to try to combat negative reviews. Some have sued their patients, attracting a torrent of attention but scoring few, if any, legal successes. Others have begged patients to remove their complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Segal, a onetime critic of review sites, now says doctors need to embrace them. Beginning in 2007, Segal’s company, Medical Justice, crafted contracts that health providers could give to patients asking them to sign over the copyright to any reviews, which allowed providers to demand that negative ones be removed. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.citizen.org/pressroom/pressroomredirect.cfm?ID=3464\" target=\"_blank\">after a lawsuit\u003c/a>, Medical Justice stopped recommending the contracts in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Segal said he has come to believe reviews are valuable and that providers should encourage patients who are satisfied to post positive reviews and should respond — carefully — to negative ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Rose has dealt with depression since high school. She'd put her head down, focus on school and get through. But during her senior year of college, Rose couldn't even concentrate on school anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was struggling. I was feeling depressed. I was feeling isolated,\" Rose, now 24, says. \"I was crying at Cheerios commercials, which is not normal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose started seeing a therapist and now feels like she has everything under control. She's even on her way to becoming a therapist herself, in her third year of a Ph.D. program in clinical psychology. (We're using first names only in this story to protect her patient-therapist relationships.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She has never told her parents anything about her own depression. She worried about disappointing them. She also worried that her mental health issues were frivolous compared with the struggles that her parents, who grew up in Pakistan and emigrated to the United States, have endured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she was particularly worried about what her mom would say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So I had moved out for college, and that's not really the norm for my cultural background,\" Rose says. \"I was afraid that I was going to share this with her and the response would be: 'I told you it wasn't good for you to move out. You should have stayed home.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago, Rose decided to take a huge step. In talking about this story, she realized this could be a good opportunity to tell her mother for the very first time about her struggles with depression. She got her mother's permission to record the conversation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Rose: I don't think I've ever asked you how do you feel about my decision to be a psychologist?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama: Mmmm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose: (Laughs.) Complicated feelings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama: Yeah.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons Rose was interested in sitting down with her mom for this story was because she plans to do her thesis on this very kind of thing. In general, children have trouble talking to their parents about mental health issues. But in Rose's case, and for a lot of first-generation Americans, there's not just the generation gap — there's also a culture clash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Rose: I know you've seen family that's depressed. You've seen the symptoms like being cranky, sleeping a lot, not eating much. Those kind of things. Did you ever notice any of that in me when I was living here or even now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama: No.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose: You never noticed any of that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama: I don't think you have any of this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose: Well, it actually has been a problem for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama: I know, but I think this is no big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose: OK. So, you've noticed those things but it's not a big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama: Yeah.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>After that, Rose goes on for a while, explaining to her mom that she sort of hid her depression and maybe that's why it didn't look like a big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Mama: You have depression, I understand. You live alone and nobody talk to you. And I know this is depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose: But you know I don't think it's because I live alone. Because I felt this way in high school when I lived here. This isn't brand new.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Then Rose told her mother that she was worried that her mother would judge her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Rose: I didn't want you to think that I'm weak or ... broken or anything like that. Do you think of me any differently?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama: No. I am proud of you, and you are the angel of our life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose: So after this conversation, what, if anything, do you think is going to change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama: You move here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose: (Laughs.) I'm not moving here. I think you know that.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>That conversation ended on what seemed like a pretty nice note. But then Rose shut the recorder off. At that point, she says, her mom got mad about Rose going public, and told her that she would have a harder time getting married because of it. Rose says now:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>I tried to be like, that's the point. That's why we're doing this. Because both in our American culture and in our Pakistani culture there's a stigma, and she knows it. Because now she's afraid that people are going to know this about me and judge me for it, and it's going to make it harder to have a future the way she wants me to have a future.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>She regretted having shared all this with her mom. But then, the next day, Rose's mom started asking these little questions like, \"Where did this start?\" or \"What could I have done differently?\" Even, \"Is this because I wouldn't let you wear makeup to school?\" Rose started to feel like her mom was coming from a place of wanting to understand better, rather than judging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with a little time, Rose found herself doing the same thing — trying to understand her mom's reaction instead of judging it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>I've had years to come to terms with this knowledge about myself and I gave her, what, maybe an hour-long conversation and then expected her to, at the end of it, be totally understanding and calm and collected about it, which wasn't fair on my part.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Rose thinks that sharing and being open about mental illness may ultimately bridge these kinds of generational and culture gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But people have to be prepared for a process, she says, not a hit-and-run conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laying everything out has made her and her mom more reflective. So maybe it wasn't such a bad idea after all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by WNYC's \u003c/em>Only Human\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/shows/onlyhuman/\" target=\"_blank\"> podcast series on mental health\u003c/a>. You can stay in touch with \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/onlyhuman\" target=\"_blank\">@OnlyHuman\u003c/a>\u003cem> on Twitter and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/OnlyHumanPodcast/\" target=\"_blank\">@Only Human\u003c/a>\u003cem> on Facebook.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 WNYC Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/\" target=\"_blank\">WNYC Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Asking+Mom%3A+%27Did+You+Know+I+Was+Depressed+In+High+School%3F%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Rose has dealt with depression since high school. She'd put her head down, focus on school and get through. But during her senior year of college, Rose couldn't even concentrate on school anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was struggling. I was feeling depressed. I was feeling isolated,\" Rose, now 24, says. \"I was crying at Cheerios commercials, which is not normal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose started seeing a therapist and now feels like she has everything under control. She's even on her way to becoming a therapist herself, in her third year of a Ph.D. program in clinical psychology. (We're using first names only in this story to protect her patient-therapist relationships.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She has never told her parents anything about her own depression. She worried about disappointing them. She also worried that her mental health issues were frivolous compared with the struggles that her parents, who grew up in Pakistan and emigrated to the United States, have endured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she was particularly worried about what her mom would say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So I had moved out for college, and that's not really the norm for my cultural background,\" Rose says. \"I was afraid that I was going to share this with her and the response would be: 'I told you it wasn't good for you to move out. You should have stayed home.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago, Rose decided to take a huge step. In talking about this story, she realized this could be a good opportunity to tell her mother for the very first time about her struggles with depression. She got her mother's permission to record the conversation:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Rose: I don't think I've ever asked you how do you feel about my decision to be a psychologist?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama: Mmmm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose: (Laughs.) Complicated feelings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama: Yeah.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons Rose was interested in sitting down with her mom for this story was because she plans to do her thesis on this very kind of thing. In general, children have trouble talking to their parents about mental health issues. But in Rose's case, and for a lot of first-generation Americans, there's not just the generation gap — there's also a culture clash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Rose: I know you've seen family that's depressed. You've seen the symptoms like being cranky, sleeping a lot, not eating much. Those kind of things. Did you ever notice any of that in me when I was living here or even now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama: No.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose: You never noticed any of that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama: I don't think you have any of this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose: Well, it actually has been a problem for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama: I know, but I think this is no big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose: OK. So, you've noticed those things but it's not a big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama: Yeah.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>After that, Rose goes on for a while, explaining to her mom that she sort of hid her depression and maybe that's why it didn't look like a big problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Mama: You have depression, I understand. You live alone and nobody talk to you. And I know this is depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose: But you know I don't think it's because I live alone. Because I felt this way in high school when I lived here. This isn't brand new.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Then Rose told her mother that she was worried that her mother would judge her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Rose: I didn't want you to think that I'm weak or ... broken or anything like that. Do you think of me any differently?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama: No. I am proud of you, and you are the angel of our life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose: So after this conversation, what, if anything, do you think is going to change?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mama: You move here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose: (Laughs.) I'm not moving here. I think you know that.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>That conversation ended on what seemed like a pretty nice note. But then Rose shut the recorder off. At that point, she says, her mom got mad about Rose going public, and told her that she would have a harder time getting married because of it. Rose says now:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>I tried to be like, that's the point. That's why we're doing this. Because both in our American culture and in our Pakistani culture there's a stigma, and she knows it. Because now she's afraid that people are going to know this about me and judge me for it, and it's going to make it harder to have a future the way she wants me to have a future.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>She regretted having shared all this with her mom. But then, the next day, Rose's mom started asking these little questions like, \"Where did this start?\" or \"What could I have done differently?\" Even, \"Is this because I wouldn't let you wear makeup to school?\" Rose started to feel like her mom was coming from a place of wanting to understand better, rather than judging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with a little time, Rose found herself doing the same thing — trying to understand her mom's reaction instead of judging it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>I've had years to come to terms with this knowledge about myself and I gave her, what, maybe an hour-long conversation and then expected her to, at the end of it, be totally understanding and calm and collected about it, which wasn't fair on my part.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Rose thinks that sharing and being open about mental illness may ultimately bridge these kinds of generational and culture gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But people have to be prepared for a process, she says, not a hit-and-run conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laying everything out has made her and her mom more reflective. So maybe it wasn't such a bad idea after all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by WNYC's \u003c/em>Only Human\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/shows/onlyhuman/\" target=\"_blank\"> podcast series on mental health\u003c/a>. You can stay in touch with \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/onlyhuman\" target=\"_blank\">@OnlyHuman\u003c/a>\u003cem> on Twitter and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/OnlyHumanPodcast/\" target=\"_blank\">@Only Human\u003c/a>\u003cem> on Facebook.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 WNYC Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/\" target=\"_blank\">WNYC Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Asking+Mom%3A+%27Did+You+Know+I+Was+Depressed+In+High+School%3F%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Six years of your life. Or 2,190 days. That's about how long the average woman will spend having her periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some women, that's too many days, too many periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There's absolutely no medical need to have a period when you're on contraception.'\u003ccite>Dr. Elizabeth Micks, University of Washington\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>More women in their 20s and 30s are choosing contraception that may suppress their menstrual cycles, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwmedicine.org/bios/elizabeth-micks\">Dr. Elizabeth Micks\u003c/a>, who runs an OB-GYN clinic at the University of Washington in Seattle. \"In general, I think views are changing really rapidly,\" Micks says. \"That need to have regular periods is not just in our society anymore.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With traditional birth control, a woman takes a hormone pill for 21 days to stop her cycle. Then she takes a sugar pill for a week, so she can have what looks like a period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Micks says, physiologically this isn't a real period at all. And it isn't necessary. \"There's absolutely no medical need to have a period when you're on contraception,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why have women been having all these \"fake\" periods for decades? \"It's actually a historical thing,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the doctors who helped invent the pill was Catholic. He thought the pope might accept the pill if it looked like women were having periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Catholic church never came around to the pill. And when doctors actually asked women if they wanted to have these fake periods, many said they didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today women have many options if they want to try to suppress their cycles. There's the hormonal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000774.htm\">IUD\u003c/a>, an arm \u003ca href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007555.htm\">implant \u003c/a>and a hormone shot. They can also take some types of birth control pills continuously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Use of the IUD and implant has risen nearly fivefold in the past decade, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db188.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-187814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/Screen-Shot-2016-05-23-at-6.40.54-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1446\" height=\"794\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/Screen-Shot-2016-05-23-at-6.40.54-AM.png 1446w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/Screen-Shot-2016-05-23-at-6.40.54-AM-400x220.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/Screen-Shot-2016-05-23-at-6.40.54-AM-800x439.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/Screen-Shot-2016-05-23-at-6.40.54-AM-768x422.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/Screen-Shot-2016-05-23-at-6.40.54-AM-1440x791.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/Screen-Shot-2016-05-23-at-6.40.54-AM-1180x648.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/Screen-Shot-2016-05-23-at-6.40.54-AM-960x527.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1446px) 100vw, 1446px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And two top medical organizations — the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Academy of Pediatrics — \u003ca href=\"http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Adolescent-Health-Care/Adolescents-and-Long-Acting-Reversible-Contraception\">recommend\u003c/a> these forms of contraception as the top choice for young women who want birth control. One study \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1110855\">found\u003c/a> the IUD and implant were nearly 20 times more effective at preventing pregnancies than birth control pills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But none of these methods are a guarantee for getting rid of periods altogether. \"It's not an on and off switch for menstruation,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/paula-hillard\">Paula Hillard\u003c/a>, an OB-GYN at Stanford University Medical Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, most women have spotting or unscheduled bleeding when they first start these methods. \"It can happen without a rhyme or reason, but it tends to improve over time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, with the hormonal IUD, about 50 percent of women don't have periods after a year. But nearly all women will have lighter, shorter and less painful periods after about six months, Hillard says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"mbRzjQZUuK2lzuuYAAXtvryaTtXBNUFf\"]Even if a woman hasn't had a cycle in five to 10 years, there's no evidence that suppressing menstruation hurts future fertility, Hillard says. Most women can get pregnant right after they stop using the contraception, except for the hormonal shot — which can decrease fertility for months after it's discontinued, or even a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with all forms of hormonal contraception, there are risks and side effects with these devices, such as an increased risk of blood clots. And some doctors think there isn't enough known about the long-term effects of menstruation suppression, especially with teenagers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Important studies, like what are the effects on the breast? What are the effects on bone — haven't been done,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.cemcor.ubc.ca/media/prior_bio\">Jerilynn Prior\u003c/a>, an endocrinologist at the University of British Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says women should think carefully before trying to suppress their cycle. Having a period does serve a purpose, she says: It tells you your reproductive system is working well and that you're not pregnant. It isn't a \"disease\" that needs to be treated away, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think there is value in understanding and appreciating our own intrinsic hormonal cycles,\" Prior says. \"It's our identity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Do+Women+Need+Periods%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Six years of your life. Or 2,190 days. That's about how long the average woman will spend having her periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some women, that's too many days, too many periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There's absolutely no medical need to have a period when you're on contraception.'\u003ccite>Dr. Elizabeth Micks, University of Washington\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>More women in their 20s and 30s are choosing contraception that may suppress their menstrual cycles, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwmedicine.org/bios/elizabeth-micks\">Dr. Elizabeth Micks\u003c/a>, who runs an OB-GYN clinic at the University of Washington in Seattle. \"In general, I think views are changing really rapidly,\" Micks says. \"That need to have regular periods is not just in our society anymore.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With traditional birth control, a woman takes a hormone pill for 21 days to stop her cycle. Then she takes a sugar pill for a week, so she can have what looks like a period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Micks says, physiologically this isn't a real period at all. And it isn't necessary. \"There's absolutely no medical need to have a period when you're on contraception,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why have women been having all these \"fake\" periods for decades? \"It's actually a historical thing,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the doctors who helped invent the pill was Catholic. He thought the pope might accept the pill if it looked like women were having periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Catholic church never came around to the pill. And when doctors actually asked women if they wanted to have these fake periods, many said they didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today women have many options if they want to try to suppress their cycles. There's the hormonal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000774.htm\">IUD\u003c/a>, an arm \u003ca href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007555.htm\">implant \u003c/a>and a hormone shot. They can also take some types of birth control pills continuously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Use of the IUD and implant has risen nearly fivefold in the past decade, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db188.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-187814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/Screen-Shot-2016-05-23-at-6.40.54-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1446\" height=\"794\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/Screen-Shot-2016-05-23-at-6.40.54-AM.png 1446w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/Screen-Shot-2016-05-23-at-6.40.54-AM-400x220.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/Screen-Shot-2016-05-23-at-6.40.54-AM-800x439.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/Screen-Shot-2016-05-23-at-6.40.54-AM-768x422.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/Screen-Shot-2016-05-23-at-6.40.54-AM-1440x791.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/Screen-Shot-2016-05-23-at-6.40.54-AM-1180x648.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/Screen-Shot-2016-05-23-at-6.40.54-AM-960x527.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1446px) 100vw, 1446px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And two top medical organizations — the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Academy of Pediatrics — \u003ca href=\"http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Adolescent-Health-Care/Adolescents-and-Long-Acting-Reversible-Contraception\">recommend\u003c/a> these forms of contraception as the top choice for young women who want birth control. One study \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1110855\">found\u003c/a> the IUD and implant were nearly 20 times more effective at preventing pregnancies than birth control pills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But none of these methods are a guarantee for getting rid of periods altogether. \"It's not an on and off switch for menstruation,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/paula-hillard\">Paula Hillard\u003c/a>, an OB-GYN at Stanford University Medical Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, most women have spotting or unscheduled bleeding when they first start these methods. \"It can happen without a rhyme or reason, but it tends to improve over time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, with the hormonal IUD, about 50 percent of women don't have periods after a year. But nearly all women will have lighter, shorter and less painful periods after about six months, Hillard says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Even if a woman hasn't had a cycle in five to 10 years, there's no evidence that suppressing menstruation hurts future fertility, Hillard says. Most women can get pregnant right after they stop using the contraception, except for the hormonal shot — which can decrease fertility for months after it's discontinued, or even a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with all forms of hormonal contraception, there are risks and side effects with these devices, such as an increased risk of blood clots. And some doctors think there isn't enough known about the long-term effects of menstruation suppression, especially with teenagers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Important studies, like what are the effects on the breast? What are the effects on bone — haven't been done,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.cemcor.ubc.ca/media/prior_bio\">Jerilynn Prior\u003c/a>, an endocrinologist at the University of British Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says women should think carefully before trying to suppress their cycle. Having a period does serve a purpose, she says: It tells you your reproductive system is working well and that you're not pregnant. It isn't a \"disease\" that needs to be treated away, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think there is value in understanding and appreciating our own intrinsic hormonal cycles,\" Prior says. \"It's our identity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Do+Women+Need+Periods%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Autism Can Be An Asset In The Workplace, Employers And Workers Find",
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"content": "\u003cp>As the population of people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder keeps growing, so does the number of people with that diagnosis who aren't finding employment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though many young adults on the spectrum are considered \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml\">high functioning\u003c/a>, recent research shows 40 percent don't find work — a higher jobless rate than people with other developmental disabilities experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research scientist \u003ca href=\"http://drexel.edu/autismoutcomes/about/our-team/anne-roux/\">Anne Roux\u003c/a>, of the A.J. Drexel Autism Institute in Philadelphia, studies young adults with autism and was the lead author of \u003ca href=\"http://drexel.edu/autisminstitute/research-projects/research/ResearchPrograminLifeCourseOutcomes/IndicatorsReport/#sthash.LbaN2N9S.dpbs\">that study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we learned that last year — that about 40 percent of people were never getting employment or continuing their education — we wondered, 'why is that, and what happens to them?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people on the spectrum — just like other young people — are eager to live independently and work, she and her team found as they looked deeper. But social services aimed at helping children overcome early deficits in communication and problems with social skills become less available as those students get older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once you develop into an adult, those resources plummet,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/leslie-long-97481b40\">Leslie Long\u003c/a>, vice president of adult services for the advocacy group Autism Speaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 50,000 people on the spectrum enter adulthood every year. Face-to-face job interviews can be a challenge for many, Long says, and some engage in repetitive behaviors, which can seem odd to the uninitiated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those idiosyncracies sometimes mask hidden talents, she says — like intense focus, or a facility with numbers and patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I mean, look at what happened with the housing bubble and the financial market,\" she points out. \"It was a man on the spectrum who saw which mortgages were going to fall. And I don't think that's something an average person would have been able to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That particular case — of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1uJcTBrhME\">Dr. Michael Burry\u003c/a>, the physician and hedge fund manager featured in the book and movie \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKTXfDSKoJM\">\u003cem>The Big Short\u003c/em>\u003c/a> — is in many ways exceptional, Long admits. (Burry has a son with Asperger's syndrome, and has said he believes he fits the \u003ca href=\"http://www.autism-society.org/what-is/aspergers-syndrome/\">diagnosis,\u003c/a> as well.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, with baby boomers starting to retire, and with talent in increasingly short supply, companies as varied as Microsoft, Walgreens, Capital One, AMC Theaters, and Proctor & Gamble are all starting to actively recruit people who have autism spectrum disorder. They aren't yet putting a lot more people to work, but their recruiting and training programs are becoming models for other firms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, Bank of America's support center in Dallas, which prints, checks and sorts reams upon reams of paperwork regarding bank customers. The work involves, as manager \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/duke-roberson-373730b6\">Duke Roberson\u003c/a> says, \"a \u003cem>lot \u003c/em>of paper handling.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the members of Roberson's staff of 75 have some form of disability. His workers with high-functioning autism, he says, tend to be aces at catching errors — and they enjoy the repetition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I tell my guys as we start in the morning, 'We do the same thing the same way, every day,' \" Roberson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methodical tasks others might find monotonous, these workers find comforting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have one individual who, when he comes in, has to have the same seat every day or it kind of upsets his whole day,\" Roberson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turnover within Roberson's team is incredibly low, and performance, profitability and morale are good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no charity to this at all,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Grein is executive director of Specialisterne USA, a company that, according to the website, helps people with autism find work as consultants \"in information technology and other sectors with technically oriented tasks and jobs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grein says accommodating an autistic worker is often as simple as adjusting lighting to prevent overstimulation, or permitting frequent breaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our recommendation is just clear communication in terms of expectations,\" Grein says of his advice to companies. \"Be able to provide rules.\" It also helps, he says, to train co-workers beforehand, and provide a mentor who can help the worker with autism ease into the workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grein says he's successfully placed hundreds of workers, and hopes to eventually reach a goal of 250,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting past the obstacles of a conventional job search, however, can be hard. Last year, Autism Speaks launched \u003ca href=\"https://www.thespectrumcareers.com/\">thespectrumcareers.com\u003c/a> a website to match workers who have autism with prospective employers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerald Franklin, who is 24, is the website's lead developer. Among other helpful aids, he says, the site allows job seekers to post videos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Video played a huge role in helping people with special needs showcase what they can do,\" Franklin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was diagnosed with autism at age 4, and says he's developed workarounds over the years for communicating with his team without long explanations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would try to explain something really cool or interesting to someone, but they did not understand,\" he says. \"So, it would be making lots of drawings, making lots of notes — and my team members are extremely appreciative.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franklin sees his autism as an asset. It gives him insight, he says, into creating tools that can help others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Autism+Can+Be+An+Asset+In+The+Workplace%2C+Employers+And+Workers+Find&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Roughly 40 percent of young adults with autism spectrum disorder aren't finding jobs. But some employers are now recruiting adults on the spectrum as an untapped talent pool of focused workers.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the population of people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder keeps growing, so does the number of people with that diagnosis who aren't finding employment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though many young adults on the spectrum are considered \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml\">high functioning\u003c/a>, recent research shows 40 percent don't find work — a higher jobless rate than people with other developmental disabilities experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research scientist \u003ca href=\"http://drexel.edu/autismoutcomes/about/our-team/anne-roux/\">Anne Roux\u003c/a>, of the A.J. Drexel Autism Institute in Philadelphia, studies young adults with autism and was the lead author of \u003ca href=\"http://drexel.edu/autisminstitute/research-projects/research/ResearchPrograminLifeCourseOutcomes/IndicatorsReport/#sthash.LbaN2N9S.dpbs\">that study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we learned that last year — that about 40 percent of people were never getting employment or continuing their education — we wondered, 'why is that, and what happens to them?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people on the spectrum — just like other young people — are eager to live independently and work, she and her team found as they looked deeper. But social services aimed at helping children overcome early deficits in communication and problems with social skills become less available as those students get older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once you develop into an adult, those resources plummet,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/leslie-long-97481b40\">Leslie Long\u003c/a>, vice president of adult services for the advocacy group Autism Speaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 50,000 people on the spectrum enter adulthood every year. Face-to-face job interviews can be a challenge for many, Long says, and some engage in repetitive behaviors, which can seem odd to the uninitiated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those idiosyncracies sometimes mask hidden talents, she says — like intense focus, or a facility with numbers and patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I mean, look at what happened with the housing bubble and the financial market,\" she points out. \"It was a man on the spectrum who saw which mortgages were going to fall. And I don't think that's something an average person would have been able to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That particular case — of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1uJcTBrhME\">Dr. Michael Burry\u003c/a>, the physician and hedge fund manager featured in the book and movie \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKTXfDSKoJM\">\u003cem>The Big Short\u003c/em>\u003c/a> — is in many ways exceptional, Long admits. (Burry has a son with Asperger's syndrome, and has said he believes he fits the \u003ca href=\"http://www.autism-society.org/what-is/aspergers-syndrome/\">diagnosis,\u003c/a> as well.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, with baby boomers starting to retire, and with talent in increasingly short supply, companies as varied as Microsoft, Walgreens, Capital One, AMC Theaters, and Proctor & Gamble are all starting to actively recruit people who have autism spectrum disorder. They aren't yet putting a lot more people to work, but their recruiting and training programs are becoming models for other firms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, Bank of America's support center in Dallas, which prints, checks and sorts reams upon reams of paperwork regarding bank customers. The work involves, as manager \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/duke-roberson-373730b6\">Duke Roberson\u003c/a> says, \"a \u003cem>lot \u003c/em>of paper handling.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the members of Roberson's staff of 75 have some form of disability. His workers with high-functioning autism, he says, tend to be aces at catching errors — and they enjoy the repetition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I tell my guys as we start in the morning, 'We do the same thing the same way, every day,' \" Roberson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methodical tasks others might find monotonous, these workers find comforting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have one individual who, when he comes in, has to have the same seat every day or it kind of upsets his whole day,\" Roberson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turnover within Roberson's team is incredibly low, and performance, profitability and morale are good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no charity to this at all,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Grein is executive director of Specialisterne USA, a company that, according to the website, helps people with autism find work as consultants \"in information technology and other sectors with technically oriented tasks and jobs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grein says accommodating an autistic worker is often as simple as adjusting lighting to prevent overstimulation, or permitting frequent breaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our recommendation is just clear communication in terms of expectations,\" Grein says of his advice to companies. \"Be able to provide rules.\" It also helps, he says, to train co-workers beforehand, and provide a mentor who can help the worker with autism ease into the workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grein says he's successfully placed hundreds of workers, and hopes to eventually reach a goal of 250,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting past the obstacles of a conventional job search, however, can be hard. Last year, Autism Speaks launched \u003ca href=\"https://www.thespectrumcareers.com/\">thespectrumcareers.com\u003c/a> a website to match workers who have autism with prospective employers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerald Franklin, who is 24, is the website's lead developer. Among other helpful aids, he says, the site allows job seekers to post videos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Video played a huge role in helping people with special needs showcase what they can do,\" Franklin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was diagnosed with autism at age 4, and says he's developed workarounds over the years for communicating with his team without long explanations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would try to explain something really cool or interesting to someone, but they did not understand,\" he says. \"So, it would be making lots of drawings, making lots of notes — and my team members are extremely appreciative.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Franklin sees his autism as an asset. It gives him insight, he says, into creating tools that can help others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Autism+Can+Be+An+Asset+In+The+Workplace%2C+Employers+And+Workers+Find&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How Your Bicycling Data Can Help San Francisco (and Other Cities) Build Safer Streets",
"title": "How Your Bicycling Data Can Help San Francisco (and Other Cities) Build Safer Streets",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Cyclists often find themselves pedaling between huge trucks and speeding cars or stranded when protected bike lanes abruptly end at busy intersections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Cassidy moved to San Francisco in 2005. He used to cycle through Market Street, a busy downtown thoroughfare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was definitely the kind of biking experience that was really only for some of the more courageous among us,\" he says. \"You would be sharing a lane with much larger vehicles going faster than you when people were not as used to sharing the lane.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before San Francisco, Cassidy was in Washington, D.C., where he said he was hit by taxi doors twice when he was cycling in the protected lanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They just stopped, and the passenger opened the door to the bike lane,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cyclists and pedestrians often pass on knowledge about which roads or intersections to avoid through word of mouth or social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now some cities and companies are experimenting with technology to record that information — which can be crucial in helping design or improve bike and pedestrian paths. And transportation planners are turning to data from apps that cyclists and runners use to track themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the exploding popularity in bikes and many millennials' \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/11/466178523/like-millennials-more-older-americans-steering-away-from-driving\" target=\"_blank\">distaste for driving\u003c/a>, the need for better streets is gaining attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Does It Take To Build A Bike \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Lane?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco has a goal to eliminate traffic deaths by 2024. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/projects/2015/vision-zero-san-francisco.pdf\">city's \"Vision Zero\" report\u003c/a>, more than half of traffic deaths in the city are pedestrians, compared to 14 percent nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassidy, now the spokesperson for the San Francisco Biking Coalition, says enforcement and smart engineering based on data are key to reaching that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The first piece of data is where are injuries happening — where people are using streets currently and where they are doing so that is proving unsafe,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology plays a big role in how that information is collected, says Jamie Parks, a manager with the city's Municipal Transportation Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Whether it's data analysis to look at where crashes have occurred so we can improve safety, or analyzing bicycle counts to understand where demand is, or getting feedback from the public,\" Parks says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency has issued an \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/reports/2016/Annual%20Bicycle%20Count%20Report%202015_04152016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">annual bicycle count report\u003c/a> for over a decade now. Initially, it had to rely on sending people to count bicycles on the streets for a two-hour period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the department added several automated bike counters that consist of a wire loop embedded in the pavement, allowing round-the-clock data collection with more accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex Dodds and Emiko Atherton from Smart Growth America are championing a new way of designing streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Historically roads have been built to facilitate the most number of cars as possible, and usually that means wide lanes, lots of space for cars to go faster,\" Dodds says. \"Often planners will add a bike lane. They'll just plop it on ... it's very unsafe for everyone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/complete-streets/complete-streets-fundamentals/complete-streets-faq\" target=\"_blank\">\"Complete Streets Approach\"\u003c/a> means building streets that accommodate the needs of a variety of users — drivers, cyclists, children and wheelchair users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It doesn't mean every roadway is outfitted with a sidewalk or a bike lane, but there is a network that allows people to travel,\" Atherton says. \"So we start to look at patterns of how people are using roadways or what streets are bikers using.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Transportation does have national data from surveys \u003ca href=\"http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/data/factsheet_general.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">about who walks or bikes\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/data/factsheet_crash.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">crash statistics\u003c/a>, but it may not be as helpful in determining which streets are used or in measuring effectiveness of street designs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dodds says Smart Growth America \u003ca href=\"http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/best-complete-streets-policies-of-2015\" target=\"_blank\">published a report\u003c/a> last year that examined the outcome of the Complete Streets programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was really hard for us to get answers because so few transportation agencies collect information about what happens after you added a bike lane,\" Dodds says. \"There is just not enough data out there about who is biking, and where they are biking, and where they walk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Technology Taking A Crack At Data Collection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-183727 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/sf-traffic.gif\" alt=\"A screenshot from Strava Metro, showcasing street-by-street visualizations of biking and commuting data.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"646\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A compilation of screenshots from Strava Metro, showcasing street-by-street visualizations of biking and commuting data. \u003ccite>(Courtesy: Strava)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strava developed \u003ca href=\"https://www.strava.com/features\">software and an app\u003c/a> that allows cyclers and runners to track their journey and compare their achievements with others. It left the company with a huge database of how people move — and it decided to launch \u003ca href=\"http://metro.strava.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Strava Metro\u003c/a>, a service that shows movement street by street. Data from users is anonymized and aggregated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea started, co-founder Michael Horvath says, when an employee in the Oregon Department of Transportation, who was also a Strava user, reached out to the company. She asked if the \u003ca href=\"http://bikeportland.org/2014/05/01/odot-embarks-on-big-data-project-with-purchase-of-strava-dataset-105375\" target=\"_blank\">department could use the data\u003c/a> that Strava collected. Six months later, Horvath launched Strava Metro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before you can make changes, you have to know what is going on,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Horvath says, Strava used the data to find out how pedestrians and cyclists get to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.travelportland.com/article/tilikum-crossing/\" target=\"_blank\">Tilikum Crossing\u003c/a>, a bridge that recently opened in Portland, Ore. It helped the city figure out where it should build pathways leading to the bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1281px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-183723\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/strava-2_custom-2f6758590b92dea22b66d9a4ff01d8ca61522930.png\" alt=\"A screenshot from the Strava Labs website shows the visualization of biking activity data around the world. The Strava Global Heatmap is free of charge for advocacy organizations and the general public to access online.\" width=\"1281\" height=\"899\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/strava-2_custom-2f6758590b92dea22b66d9a4ff01d8ca61522930.png 1281w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/strava-2_custom-2f6758590b92dea22b66d9a4ff01d8ca61522930-400x281.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/strava-2_custom-2f6758590b92dea22b66d9a4ff01d8ca61522930-800x561.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/strava-2_custom-2f6758590b92dea22b66d9a4ff01d8ca61522930-768x539.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/strava-2_custom-2f6758590b92dea22b66d9a4ff01d8ca61522930-1180x828.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/strava-2_custom-2f6758590b92dea22b66d9a4ff01d8ca61522930-960x674.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1281px) 100vw, 1281px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screenshot from the Strava Labs website shows the visualization of biking activity data around the world. The Strava Global Heatmap is free of charge for advocacy organizations and the general public to access online. \u003ccite>(Courtesy: Strava)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strava Metro is not the only database collecting such information. The San Francisco County Transportation Authority created a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfcta.org/modeling-and-travel-forecasting/cycletracks-iphone-and-android\" target=\"_blank\">CycleTracks app\u003c/a> in 2009 to track biking route choices in the city and other cities from Austin to Toronto are using it to collect data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://metro.strava.com/faq/\" target=\"_blank\">According to Strava\u003c/a>, over 6 million GPS-tracked activities are uploaded to its database every week from around the globe. The cost to its clients — which include state and local governments — depends on the number of Strava members in a particular area. The company charges the clients 80 cents per member for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Parks says he would love to have the data — especially about cross-platform transportation choices, he still has concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People who use the Strava app may not be representative of the average cyclist in SF,\" Parks says. \"It might be for recreational routes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But using technology to track demand for pedestrian or bike paths is already a leap from how engineers used to detect demand for sidewalks or pathways, Dodds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes if they build a new neighborhood but they don't put in enough sidewalks, people just walk where they wish to walk ... they cut the corner and kill all the grass,\" she says. \"That is one very straightforward way for engineers to say obviously people want a sidewalk here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Zhai Yun Tan is a digital news intern.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Your+Workout+Data+Might+Be+Helping+Cities+Build+Safer+Streets&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Planners are turning to data from apps that cyclists and runners use to track themselves to help design safer streets for all users.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Cyclists often find themselves pedaling between huge trucks and speeding cars or stranded when protected bike lanes abruptly end at busy intersections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Cassidy moved to San Francisco in 2005. He used to cycle through Market Street, a busy downtown thoroughfare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was definitely the kind of biking experience that was really only for some of the more courageous among us,\" he says. \"You would be sharing a lane with much larger vehicles going faster than you when people were not as used to sharing the lane.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before San Francisco, Cassidy was in Washington, D.C., where he said he was hit by taxi doors twice when he was cycling in the protected lanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They just stopped, and the passenger opened the door to the bike lane,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cyclists and pedestrians often pass on knowledge about which roads or intersections to avoid through word of mouth or social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now some cities and companies are experimenting with technology to record that information — which can be crucial in helping design or improve bike and pedestrian paths. And transportation planners are turning to data from apps that cyclists and runners use to track themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the exploding popularity in bikes and many millennials' \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/11/466178523/like-millennials-more-older-americans-steering-away-from-driving\" target=\"_blank\">distaste for driving\u003c/a>, the need for better streets is gaining attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Does It Take To Build A Bike \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Lane?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco has a goal to eliminate traffic deaths by 2024. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/projects/2015/vision-zero-san-francisco.pdf\">city's \"Vision Zero\" report\u003c/a>, more than half of traffic deaths in the city are pedestrians, compared to 14 percent nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassidy, now the spokesperson for the San Francisco Biking Coalition, says enforcement and smart engineering based on data are key to reaching that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The first piece of data is where are injuries happening — where people are using streets currently and where they are doing so that is proving unsafe,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology plays a big role in how that information is collected, says Jamie Parks, a manager with the city's Municipal Transportation Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Whether it's data analysis to look at where crashes have occurred so we can improve safety, or analyzing bicycle counts to understand where demand is, or getting feedback from the public,\" Parks says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency has issued an \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/reports/2016/Annual%20Bicycle%20Count%20Report%202015_04152016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">annual bicycle count report\u003c/a> for over a decade now. Initially, it had to rely on sending people to count bicycles on the streets for a two-hour period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the department added several automated bike counters that consist of a wire loop embedded in the pavement, allowing round-the-clock data collection with more accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex Dodds and Emiko Atherton from Smart Growth America are championing a new way of designing streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Historically roads have been built to facilitate the most number of cars as possible, and usually that means wide lanes, lots of space for cars to go faster,\" Dodds says. \"Often planners will add a bike lane. They'll just plop it on ... it's very unsafe for everyone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/complete-streets/complete-streets-fundamentals/complete-streets-faq\" target=\"_blank\">\"Complete Streets Approach\"\u003c/a> means building streets that accommodate the needs of a variety of users — drivers, cyclists, children and wheelchair users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It doesn't mean every roadway is outfitted with a sidewalk or a bike lane, but there is a network that allows people to travel,\" Atherton says. \"So we start to look at patterns of how people are using roadways or what streets are bikers using.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Transportation does have national data from surveys \u003ca href=\"http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/data/factsheet_general.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">about who walks or bikes\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/data/factsheet_crash.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">crash statistics\u003c/a>, but it may not be as helpful in determining which streets are used or in measuring effectiveness of street designs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dodds says Smart Growth America \u003ca href=\"http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/best-complete-streets-policies-of-2015\" target=\"_blank\">published a report\u003c/a> last year that examined the outcome of the Complete Streets programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was really hard for us to get answers because so few transportation agencies collect information about what happens after you added a bike lane,\" Dodds says. \"There is just not enough data out there about who is biking, and where they are biking, and where they walk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Technology Taking A Crack At Data Collection\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-183727 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/sf-traffic.gif\" alt=\"A screenshot from Strava Metro, showcasing street-by-street visualizations of biking and commuting data.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"646\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A compilation of screenshots from Strava Metro, showcasing street-by-street visualizations of biking and commuting data. \u003ccite>(Courtesy: Strava)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strava developed \u003ca href=\"https://www.strava.com/features\">software and an app\u003c/a> that allows cyclers and runners to track their journey and compare their achievements with others. It left the company with a huge database of how people move — and it decided to launch \u003ca href=\"http://metro.strava.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Strava Metro\u003c/a>, a service that shows movement street by street. Data from users is anonymized and aggregated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea started, co-founder Michael Horvath says, when an employee in the Oregon Department of Transportation, who was also a Strava user, reached out to the company. She asked if the \u003ca href=\"http://bikeportland.org/2014/05/01/odot-embarks-on-big-data-project-with-purchase-of-strava-dataset-105375\" target=\"_blank\">department could use the data\u003c/a> that Strava collected. Six months later, Horvath launched Strava Metro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before you can make changes, you have to know what is going on,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Horvath says, Strava used the data to find out how pedestrians and cyclists get to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.travelportland.com/article/tilikum-crossing/\" target=\"_blank\">Tilikum Crossing\u003c/a>, a bridge that recently opened in Portland, Ore. It helped the city figure out where it should build pathways leading to the bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_183723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1281px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-183723\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/strava-2_custom-2f6758590b92dea22b66d9a4ff01d8ca61522930.png\" alt=\"A screenshot from the Strava Labs website shows the visualization of biking activity data around the world. The Strava Global Heatmap is free of charge for advocacy organizations and the general public to access online.\" width=\"1281\" height=\"899\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/strava-2_custom-2f6758590b92dea22b66d9a4ff01d8ca61522930.png 1281w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/strava-2_custom-2f6758590b92dea22b66d9a4ff01d8ca61522930-400x281.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/strava-2_custom-2f6758590b92dea22b66d9a4ff01d8ca61522930-800x561.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/strava-2_custom-2f6758590b92dea22b66d9a4ff01d8ca61522930-768x539.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/strava-2_custom-2f6758590b92dea22b66d9a4ff01d8ca61522930-1180x828.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/05/strava-2_custom-2f6758590b92dea22b66d9a4ff01d8ca61522930-960x674.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1281px) 100vw, 1281px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screenshot from the Strava Labs website shows the visualization of biking activity data around the world. The Strava Global Heatmap is free of charge for advocacy organizations and the general public to access online. \u003ccite>(Courtesy: Strava)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strava Metro is not the only database collecting such information. The San Francisco County Transportation Authority created a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfcta.org/modeling-and-travel-forecasting/cycletracks-iphone-and-android\" target=\"_blank\">CycleTracks app\u003c/a> in 2009 to track biking route choices in the city and other cities from Austin to Toronto are using it to collect data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://metro.strava.com/faq/\" target=\"_blank\">According to Strava\u003c/a>, over 6 million GPS-tracked activities are uploaded to its database every week from around the globe. The cost to its clients — which include state and local governments — depends on the number of Strava members in a particular area. The company charges the clients 80 cents per member for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Parks says he would love to have the data — especially about cross-platform transportation choices, he still has concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People who use the Strava app may not be representative of the average cyclist in SF,\" Parks says. \"It might be for recreational routes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But using technology to track demand for pedestrian or bike paths is already a leap from how engineers used to detect demand for sidewalks or pathways, Dodds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes if they build a new neighborhood but they don't put in enough sidewalks, people just walk where they wish to walk ... they cut the corner and kill all the grass,\" she says. \"That is one very straightforward way for engineers to say obviously people want a sidewalk here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Zhai Yun Tan is a digital news intern.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Your+Workout+Data+Might+Be+Helping+Cities+Build+Safer+Streets&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How Dieting Fights Long Term Weight Loss, Lessons from The Biggest Loser",
"title": "How Dieting Fights Long Term Weight Loss, Lessons from The Biggest Loser",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Perhaps it shouldn't have been a shock. Researchers \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.21538/abstract;jsessionid=9D791A7E157743FD3659E483731F9259.f01t01\" target=\"_blank\">found \u003c/a>that many contestants on the Biggest Loser reality weight loss show have gained back many of the substantial pounds they lost plus, in some cases, even more weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You can’t lose weight on a diet. The brain has a coordinated defensive response against weight loss.'\u003ccite> Dr. Sandra Aamodt, neuroscientist and author\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It was like learning that most couples from the Bachelor didn’t make it to their 50th anniversary — or even the wedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But somehow hearing the Biggest Loser contestants’ triumphs were not sustained after the cameras stopped rolling still felt deeply disappointing and discouraging to those of us trying to lose weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These contestants struggled because dieting does not usually lead to long-term weight loss, according to experts on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201605100900\" target=\"_blank\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> this week. The body has complex mechanisms to try and fight weight loss and hold onto weight, they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published in the journal Obesity. Researchers found that 13 of the 14 contestants from season 8 of “The Biggest Loser” regained weight six years after the show. Two contestants weigh more than they did before appearing on the show. Also discouraging was that nearly all the contestants had slower metabolisms than they did before the show, making it even harder than ever for them to maintain or lose weight, reported the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/02/health/biggest-loser-weight-loss.html?action=click&pgtype=Homepage®ion=CColumn&module=MostEmailed&version=Full&src=me&WT.nav=MostEmailed&_r=1reported.\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>New York Times\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandra Aamodt, a neuroscientist and author of \"Why Diets Make Us Fat: The Unintended Consequence of Our Obsession with Weight Loss,\" said dieters are fighting an uphill battle against the natural instincts of their bodies to keep weight on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t lose weight on a diet,” she said. “The brain has a coordinated defensive response against weight loss.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one expert has criticized coverage of the Biggest Loser study. Dr. Michael Joyner is a medical researcher at the Mayo Clinic. He pointed out that, yes, many of the 14 contestants regained weight. But eight of them regained at most half the weight they had lost. One person had lost still more weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Almost everyone who loses weight, no matter what method they use, is going to gain a lot of it back again,\" Joyner wrote on the site \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthnewsreview.org/2016/05/behind-the-biggest-loser-study-headlines-a-lost-opportunity-to-educate-about-weight-loss-options/\" target=\"_blank\">Health News Review\u003c/a>. \" A better headline, then, might have read something along the lines of, “Biggest Loser results similar to weight loss surgery for many dieters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also cautioned that 14 individuals is a tiny sample to study and they had an unusual experience in being on a reality show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Better Approach\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So should dieters just give up trying to be slimmer and healthier? Of course not. Just change the approach, the experts said on Forum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We try to not to even use that term ‘diet,’ said Katie Ferraro, a registered dietitian and professor at UC San Francisco's School of Nursing. “What works for you may not work for another individual. Most diets are short term fixes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferraro said the key is “retraining our brains to listen to hunger and satiety cues” like we did as babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If people want to slim down, the focus should instead be on being mindful about eating when hungry and stopping when full. Exercise is also key, said Aamodt , who tried this combined approach for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time she was about to eat something, she said she would stop and check in with her body to see how her stomach was feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Was there something else going on?” she would ask herself. “Was I bored or avoiding something, or was I hungry?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aamodt said the approach helped her lose weight and maintain it ever since because it doesn’t fight the instincts of the body -- unlike dieting, which can trigger the brain to make you want to eat more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"cegvpW6Zx3AZb5UvkPw6KsfrbtFi31H1\"]“There is no coordinated brain response to keep you from exercising,” Aamodt said. “There is no coordinated brain response trying to keep you from eating vegetables. ... Why in the world are we focusing on the one outcome measure that we know that will be opposed dramatically by our physiology? Why is that the correct thing to focus on?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferraro said most of what people spend on diet books and diet drugs is a waste of money. She said it would be more beneficial to help people learn how to prepare food for themselves so they don’t eat out as much where they have less control over the ingredients used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoiding processed foods is a healthy idea, the experts said. But they cautioned that just because a food is “organic” does not mean it is necessarily good for health or weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Organic junk food is still junk food,” Ferraro said. “These are just organic versions of the foods we shouldn’t eat much of anyway.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferraro said she wouldn’t want to discourage someone from eating conventional fruits and veggies and instead eat organic junk food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So perhaps what the Biggest Loser study really showed was that it will be the diet industry that will slim down the most in the future if people change their approach to weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Perhaps it shouldn't have been a shock. Researchers \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.21538/abstract;jsessionid=9D791A7E157743FD3659E483731F9259.f01t01\" target=\"_blank\">found \u003c/a>that many contestants on the Biggest Loser reality weight loss show have gained back many of the substantial pounds they lost plus, in some cases, even more weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You can’t lose weight on a diet. The brain has a coordinated defensive response against weight loss.'\u003ccite> Dr. Sandra Aamodt, neuroscientist and author\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It was like learning that most couples from the Bachelor didn’t make it to their 50th anniversary — or even the wedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But somehow hearing the Biggest Loser contestants’ triumphs were not sustained after the cameras stopped rolling still felt deeply disappointing and discouraging to those of us trying to lose weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These contestants struggled because dieting does not usually lead to long-term weight loss, according to experts on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201605100900\" target=\"_blank\">KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> this week. The body has complex mechanisms to try and fight weight loss and hold onto weight, they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published in the journal Obesity. Researchers found that 13 of the 14 contestants from season 8 of “The Biggest Loser” regained weight six years after the show. Two contestants weigh more than they did before appearing on the show. Also discouraging was that nearly all the contestants had slower metabolisms than they did before the show, making it even harder than ever for them to maintain or lose weight, reported the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/02/health/biggest-loser-weight-loss.html?action=click&pgtype=Homepage®ion=CColumn&module=MostEmailed&version=Full&src=me&WT.nav=MostEmailed&_r=1reported.\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>New York Times\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandra Aamodt, a neuroscientist and author of \"Why Diets Make Us Fat: The Unintended Consequence of Our Obsession with Weight Loss,\" said dieters are fighting an uphill battle against the natural instincts of their bodies to keep weight on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t lose weight on a diet,” she said. “The brain has a coordinated defensive response against weight loss.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one expert has criticized coverage of the Biggest Loser study. Dr. Michael Joyner is a medical researcher at the Mayo Clinic. He pointed out that, yes, many of the 14 contestants regained weight. But eight of them regained at most half the weight they had lost. One person had lost still more weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Almost everyone who loses weight, no matter what method they use, is going to gain a lot of it back again,\" Joyner wrote on the site \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthnewsreview.org/2016/05/behind-the-biggest-loser-study-headlines-a-lost-opportunity-to-educate-about-weight-loss-options/\" target=\"_blank\">Health News Review\u003c/a>. \" A better headline, then, might have read something along the lines of, “Biggest Loser results similar to weight loss surgery for many dieters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also cautioned that 14 individuals is a tiny sample to study and they had an unusual experience in being on a reality show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Better Approach\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So should dieters just give up trying to be slimmer and healthier? Of course not. Just change the approach, the experts said on Forum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We try to not to even use that term ‘diet,’ said Katie Ferraro, a registered dietitian and professor at UC San Francisco's School of Nursing. “What works for you may not work for another individual. Most diets are short term fixes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferraro said the key is “retraining our brains to listen to hunger and satiety cues” like we did as babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If people want to slim down, the focus should instead be on being mindful about eating when hungry and stopping when full. Exercise is also key, said Aamodt , who tried this combined approach for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time she was about to eat something, she said she would stop and check in with her body to see how her stomach was feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Was there something else going on?” she would ask herself. “Was I bored or avoiding something, or was I hungry?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aamodt said the approach helped her lose weight and maintain it ever since because it doesn’t fight the instincts of the body -- unlike dieting, which can trigger the brain to make you want to eat more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“There is no coordinated brain response to keep you from exercising,” Aamodt said. “There is no coordinated brain response trying to keep you from eating vegetables. ... Why in the world are we focusing on the one outcome measure that we know that will be opposed dramatically by our physiology? Why is that the correct thing to focus on?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferraro said most of what people spend on diet books and diet drugs is a waste of money. She said it would be more beneficial to help people learn how to prepare food for themselves so they don’t eat out as much where they have less control over the ingredients used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoiding processed foods is a healthy idea, the experts said. But they cautioned that just because a food is “organic” does not mean it is necessarily good for health or weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Organic junk food is still junk food,” Ferraro said. “These are just organic versions of the foods we shouldn’t eat much of anyway.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferraro said she wouldn’t want to discourage someone from eating conventional fruits and veggies and instead eat organic junk food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So perhaps what the Biggest Loser study really showed was that it will be the diet industry that will slim down the most in the future if people change their approach to weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When smoking rates decline, health care spending declines, too, and fast. An \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002020\" target=\"_blank\">analysis\u003c/a> from researchers at UC San Francisco finds that if 10 percent of smokers nationwide quit, it would save a whopping $63 billion in national health care costs the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stan Glantz, a professor of medicine at UCSF and director of its Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, was co-author of the study, which found that a 10 percent decline in both prevalence of smoking and per-person cigarette consumption would save one percent of total health care cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That doesn't sound like much,\" said Glantz, \"but the amount of money that our society spends on health care costs is gigantic, so if you can cut that by a percent, that's a big effect.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research has long shown that smoking cessation saves money in the long run, but this study focused on year-over-year savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF scientists conducted a state-by-state comparison of smoking prevalence and health care costs, compared to the national smoking rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California the smoking rate is 11-12 percent compared to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/adult_data/cig_smoking/\" target=\"_blank\">17 percent \u003c/a>nationally. The state's smoking rate is lower, Glantz said, because of California's long history of anti-smoking campaigns and clean indoor air policies (which were strengthened last week when\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/05/04/gov-brown-signs-major-tobacco-bills-raises-legal-age-to-21/\" target=\"_blank\"> Gov. Jerry Brown signed five anti-tobacco bills\u003c/a> into law. )\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Californians who do smoke are smoking less than the national average, Glantz said. \"When you put those together, California's saving about $15 billion a year in medical costs, every year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's annual health care spending, public and private, was about \u003ca href=\"http://www.chcf.org/~/media/MEDIA%20LIBRARY%20Files/PDF/PDF%20H/PDF%20HealthCareCosts12CAQRG.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">$230 billion in 2009\u003c/a>, according to the California HealthCare Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the risks for some diseases, like smoking-related cancers, develop over years, risks for other disease drop quickly after smoking cessation. The risk of heart attack and stroke drop by \"about half in the first year after smoking cessation,\" the authors write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all those heart attacks and strokes that don't happen, and other health risks avoided, such as asthma attacks, that save money. Those savings \"grow with time,\" Glantz said, \"by the reduced costs of not having to take care of the ongoing chronic illnesses which are generated\" by smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also calculated the excess cost for states that have a smoking rate above the national average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published in \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002020\" target=\"_blank\">Plos Medicine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis has crucial policy implications, Glantz believes, since state lawmakers are often focused on balancing next year's budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're showing is it's not 20 years from now,\" he said, \"it's next year that you start to see these (savings), and of course they grow with time.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When smoking rates decline, health care spending declines, too, and fast. An \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002020\" target=\"_blank\">analysis\u003c/a> from researchers at UC San Francisco finds that if 10 percent of smokers nationwide quit, it would save a whopping $63 billion in national health care costs the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stan Glantz, a professor of medicine at UCSF and director of its Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, was co-author of the study, which found that a 10 percent decline in both prevalence of smoking and per-person cigarette consumption would save one percent of total health care cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That doesn't sound like much,\" said Glantz, \"but the amount of money that our society spends on health care costs is gigantic, so if you can cut that by a percent, that's a big effect.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research has long shown that smoking cessation saves money in the long run, but this study focused on year-over-year savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF scientists conducted a state-by-state comparison of smoking prevalence and health care costs, compared to the national smoking rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California the smoking rate is 11-12 percent compared to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/adult_data/cig_smoking/\" target=\"_blank\">17 percent \u003c/a>nationally. The state's smoking rate is lower, Glantz said, because of California's long history of anti-smoking campaigns and clean indoor air policies (which were strengthened last week when\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/05/04/gov-brown-signs-major-tobacco-bills-raises-legal-age-to-21/\" target=\"_blank\"> Gov. Jerry Brown signed five anti-tobacco bills\u003c/a> into law. )\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Californians who do smoke are smoking less than the national average, Glantz said. \"When you put those together, California's saving about $15 billion a year in medical costs, every year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's annual health care spending, public and private, was about \u003ca href=\"http://www.chcf.org/~/media/MEDIA%20LIBRARY%20Files/PDF/PDF%20H/PDF%20HealthCareCosts12CAQRG.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">$230 billion in 2009\u003c/a>, according to the California HealthCare Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the risks for some diseases, like smoking-related cancers, develop over years, risks for other disease drop quickly after smoking cessation. The risk of heart attack and stroke drop by \"about half in the first year after smoking cessation,\" the authors write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all those heart attacks and strokes that don't happen, and other health risks avoided, such as asthma attacks, that save money. Those savings \"grow with time,\" Glantz said, \"by the reduced costs of not having to take care of the ongoing chronic illnesses which are generated\" by smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also calculated the excess cost for states that have a smoking rate above the national average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published in \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002020\" target=\"_blank\">Plos Medicine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis has crucial policy implications, Glantz believes, since state lawmakers are often focused on balancing next year's budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're showing is it's not 20 years from now,\" he said, \"it's next year that you start to see these (savings), and of course they grow with time.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Peggy Girshman Gets The Last Word On Health Journalism",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Our friend and colleague Peggy Girshman, a longtime NPR editor and co-founder of Kaiser Health News, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/15/470515618/peggy-girshman-npr-veteran-and-journalism-pioneer-dies-at-61\">died in March\u003c/a>. But her passion for health journalism survives her. She made sure of that.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Beyond the many journalists whose careers she launched and nurtured, Girshman wrote her own eulogy, complete with some hard-earned advice on matters of personal health and how to cover health and medicine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR correspondent Rob Stein read it Saturday at a memorial service attended by more than 150 people, including a who's who of health and science journalists, at Brookside Gardens in Silver Spring, Md. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Before and after the speeches, there were cookies — lots of cookies — baked by fellow members of her \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5040660\">Christmas cookie club\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mitch Berger, Girshman's husband, gave us permission to publish her \"auto-eulogy,\" as she called it, which has been edited lightly for clarity and length.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a common saying that, on their deathbed, no one says, \"I wish I had spent more time at work.\" I'm an exception to that. A central tragedy in my life is that I couldn't work longer, if only to convince someone I was right about something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wish I had divided my life to spend more time with my family, especially Beth, Helen, Irv, Natalie, Lianna and Annie, whom I order around and love like a niece. Well, maybe not much more time with my parents. And my friends, including the myriad of best friends, you all know who you are. And you've all been the best of friends to me, especially in the last few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, now that that's over with, I'm taking a few minutes when you have to listen to me. I'm only sorry I couldn't be there for your rapt attention and adherence to my advice. Here we go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For folks with Stage 0 or less cancers, especially DCIS [or \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp/breast-treatment-pdq#section/_1569\" target=\"_blank\">ductal carcinoma in situ\u003c/a>], or prostate, watch and wait. I understand. I was one of those people who says, \"Get it out of me.\" Please resist that temptation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least half of these don't go on to become invasive cancers. Why should you do all kinds of bad things to your body unnecessarily? And, by the way, it costs waaaay too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are one of those people who can't resist the call of the surgeon, do not get a lumpectomy, aka \"breast conserving\" surgery. I can tell you that from personal and observational experience, it doesn't conserve the breast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the surgery, which often has to be done twice to get \u003ca href=\"http://www.breastcancer.org/questions/margins\" target=\"_blank\">clean margins\u003c/a>, there is the whole nightmare of radiation, which shrinks tissue and makes for painful inner scarring. Biggest mistake of my life was to do that. And there are a lot of mistakes to choose from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I only convince one of you to at least convince one other person, I've accomplished something. I know, I've done so much good work blah blah blah. But even one person not having surgery would be the crowning achievement of my life. I am not kidding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Setting aside my own body (oh yeah, it really is set aside now), let's talk a little about evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you get nothing else from this memorial service, please think about evidence, truth as best it can be determined. Anecdotal evidence is only meaningful if it involves me, Peggy Girshman. Otherwise, trust the scientific method, where similar groups are compared and with large sample sizes, if possible. Especially when it comes to what you put in your body for medicinal reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, I know there's a lot of eye-rolling out there right now. But why would you take anything that hasn't been proved to work? Belief is powerful. The placebo effect exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we're at it, please stop with the lifestyle advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't knock people about what they're eating, how much or when. Yes, if you eat a lot of fresh fruits and vegetables and cut down on fat, you have lowered the chances you'll get cancer or heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that is just one of so many factors that to judge people about their quantity of fruits and vegetables is simply unfair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't ask, if someone has lung cancer, if they smoked. Try really, really hard not to even think it in your head. It shows, believe me. It adds pain to an already painful, scary time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Try to convince yourself that people get sick for so many reasons that we don't know about. One little mutation in one little cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two people eating the same amount of sugar or carbs every day for years: one might develop diabetes and the other doesn't. Please don't examine what one person is eating to cast disapproval in your head while the other one gets a pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When 10 studies can't find any connection between X and Y, please believe it. Don't think about your friend or even yourself where it seemed to go the other way. Of course it sometimes goes the other way, but why would you want to live your life based on your friend, who is lovely but might have another claim next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't say, \"I don't know how you can find anything in your office/house/car.\" In other words, wow, you're a slob. Yes, I'm messy, what do you care? Neat, vegetable-eating people are not morally superior to anyone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be nice to people. Sounds really corny and pedestrian, but it's how I managed to succeed at work, no s***.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always make sure there are cookies or something tasty to eat at any in-person meeting. As there should be, right now, in the back. You'll get to them very soon, I promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Peggy+Girshman+Gets+The+Last+Word+On+Health+Journalism&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Veteran NPR editor Peggy Girshman, who died in March, wrote her own eulogy, which included personal health advice and tips for better journalism. The eulogy was read at a memorial service Saturday.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Our friend and colleague Peggy Girshman, a longtime NPR editor and co-founder of Kaiser Health News, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/15/470515618/peggy-girshman-npr-veteran-and-journalism-pioneer-dies-at-61\">died in March\u003c/a>. But her passion for health journalism survives her. She made sure of that.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Beyond the many journalists whose careers she launched and nurtured, Girshman wrote her own eulogy, complete with some hard-earned advice on matters of personal health and how to cover health and medicine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR correspondent Rob Stein read it Saturday at a memorial service attended by more than 150 people, including a who's who of health and science journalists, at Brookside Gardens in Silver Spring, Md. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Before and after the speeches, there were cookies — lots of cookies — baked by fellow members of her \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5040660\">Christmas cookie club\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mitch Berger, Girshman's husband, gave us permission to publish her \"auto-eulogy,\" as she called it, which has been edited lightly for clarity and length.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a common saying that, on their deathbed, no one says, \"I wish I had spent more time at work.\" I'm an exception to that. A central tragedy in my life is that I couldn't work longer, if only to convince someone I was right about something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wish I had divided my life to spend more time with my family, especially Beth, Helen, Irv, Natalie, Lianna and Annie, whom I order around and love like a niece. Well, maybe not much more time with my parents. And my friends, including the myriad of best friends, you all know who you are. And you've all been the best of friends to me, especially in the last few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, now that that's over with, I'm taking a few minutes when you have to listen to me. I'm only sorry I couldn't be there for your rapt attention and adherence to my advice. Here we go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For folks with Stage 0 or less cancers, especially DCIS [or \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp/breast-treatment-pdq#section/_1569\" target=\"_blank\">ductal carcinoma in situ\u003c/a>], or prostate, watch and wait. I understand. I was one of those people who says, \"Get it out of me.\" Please resist that temptation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least half of these don't go on to become invasive cancers. Why should you do all kinds of bad things to your body unnecessarily? And, by the way, it costs waaaay too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are one of those people who can't resist the call of the surgeon, do not get a lumpectomy, aka \"breast conserving\" surgery. I can tell you that from personal and observational experience, it doesn't conserve the breast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the surgery, which often has to be done twice to get \u003ca href=\"http://www.breastcancer.org/questions/margins\" target=\"_blank\">clean margins\u003c/a>, there is the whole nightmare of radiation, which shrinks tissue and makes for painful inner scarring. Biggest mistake of my life was to do that. And there are a lot of mistakes to choose from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I only convince one of you to at least convince one other person, I've accomplished something. I know, I've done so much good work blah blah blah. But even one person not having surgery would be the crowning achievement of my life. I am not kidding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Setting aside my own body (oh yeah, it really is set aside now), let's talk a little about evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you get nothing else from this memorial service, please think about evidence, truth as best it can be determined. Anecdotal evidence is only meaningful if it involves me, Peggy Girshman. Otherwise, trust the scientific method, where similar groups are compared and with large sample sizes, if possible. Especially when it comes to what you put in your body for medicinal reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, I know there's a lot of eye-rolling out there right now. But why would you take anything that hasn't been proved to work? Belief is powerful. The placebo effect exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we're at it, please stop with the lifestyle advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't knock people about what they're eating, how much or when. Yes, if you eat a lot of fresh fruits and vegetables and cut down on fat, you have lowered the chances you'll get cancer or heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that is just one of so many factors that to judge people about their quantity of fruits and vegetables is simply unfair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't ask, if someone has lung cancer, if they smoked. Try really, really hard not to even think it in your head. It shows, believe me. It adds pain to an already painful, scary time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Try to convince yourself that people get sick for so many reasons that we don't know about. One little mutation in one little cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two people eating the same amount of sugar or carbs every day for years: one might develop diabetes and the other doesn't. Please don't examine what one person is eating to cast disapproval in your head while the other one gets a pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When 10 studies can't find any connection between X and Y, please believe it. Don't think about your friend or even yourself where it seemed to go the other way. Of course it sometimes goes the other way, but why would you want to live your life based on your friend, who is lovely but might have another claim next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't say, \"I don't know how you can find anything in your office/house/car.\" In other words, wow, you're a slob. Yes, I'm messy, what do you care? Neat, vegetable-eating people are not morally superior to anyone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be nice to people. Sounds really corny and pedestrian, but it's how I managed to succeed at work, no s***.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Always make sure there are cookies or something tasty to eat at any in-person meeting. As there should be, right now, in the back. You'll get to them very soon, I promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Peggy+Girshman+Gets+The+Last+Word+On+Health+Journalism&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Stanford Study: How To Teach Children That Failure Is Secret To Success",
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"content": "\u003cp>Is failure a positive opportunity to learn and grow, or is it a negative experience that hinders success? How parents answer that question has a big influence on how much children think they can improve their intelligence through hard work, a study says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents are a really critical force in child development when you think about how motivation and mindsets develop,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://https/psychology.stanford.edu/node/2343\">Kyla Haimovitz\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at Stanford University. She coauthored the \u003ca href=\"http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/04/23/0956797616639727.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">study, published\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Psychological Science\u003c/em> with colleague \u003ca href=\"http://https/psychology.stanford.edu/cdweck\">Carol Dweck\u003c/a>, who \u003ca href=\"http://https/www.ted.com/speakers/carol_dweck\">pioneered\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://mindsetonline.com/abouttheauthor/\">research on mindsets\u003c/a>. \"Parents have this powerful effect really early on and throughout childhood to send messages about what is failure, how to respond to it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there's been a lot of research on how these forces play out, relatively little looks at what parents can do to motivate their kids in school, Haimovitz says. This study begins filling that gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a fair amount of evidence showing that when children view their abilities as more malleable and something they can change over time, then they deal with obstacles in a more constructive way,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://heymanlab.ucsd.edu/\">Gail Heyman\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of California at San Diego who was not involved in this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But communicating that message to children is not so .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents need to represent this to their kids in the ways they react about their kids' failures and setbacks,\" Haimovitz says. \"We need to really think about what's visible to the other person, what message I'm sending in terms of my words and my deeds.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if a child comes home with a D on a math test, how a parent responds will influence how the child perceives their own ability to learn math. Even a well-intentioned, comforting response of \"It's okay, you're still a great writer\" may send the message that it's time to give up on math rather than learn from the problems they got wrong, Haimovitz explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and Dweck conducted a series of smaller studies to explore how the interactions between parents' failure and intelligence mindsets affected their children's beliefs about intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First they interviewed 73 parents and their fourth- and fifth-grade children about their beliefs on failure and intelligence. The parents were mostly mothers with at least a college degree; they lived in the Bay Area. The questions focused on whether they viewed intelligence as something that could change and whether they saw failure as positive, facilitating growth and enhancing productivity or as negative, debilitating and inhibiting learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way children perceived \"being smart\" was not related to how their parents perceived intelligence, but it was related to how their parents reacted toward failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents who had more of a failure-is-debilitating mindset had children who were significantly more likely to believe that intelligence is fixed,\" they found, even after accounting for how parents perceived their children's academic success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more parents believed that failure is debilitating, the more likely their children were to see them as concerned with their performance outcomes and grades rather than their learning and improvement,\" the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the researchers surveyed 160 different parents online to find out how they would respond to their child coming home with a failing quiz grade. Those who saw failure as negative were more likely to worry about their child's abilities in that subject or to comfort their child about not being talented in all subjects. But parents who saw failure as an opportunity were more likely to ask their child what they learned from the quiz, what they still can learn and whether asking the teacher for help would be useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through two more surveys of 102 Bay Area parents and their children and 100 fourth- and fifth-grade students, the researchers found that children could correctly identify their parents' beliefs about failure but not necessarily about intelligence — and it was the former that matched up with the children's own beliefs about intelligence. Finally, the researchers conducted a randomized experiment with 132 parents to discover whether parents' failure beliefs directly cause their children's beliefs through parents' reactions to failure: they did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The takeaway is that when your child is struggling on something or has setbacks, don't focus on their abilities, focus on what they can learn from it,\" Haimovitz says. One way, she says, is to ask a child: \"How can you use this as a jumping-off point?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's unclear how much the study's findings relate to children of various ethnic, racial and socioeconomic backgrounds. Related research Heyman has done in China revealed a mixed bag in terms of results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Cultures have very different beliefs about effort and ability, and asking subtly different questions you can get different answers,\" Heyman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whereas academic success often correlates with athletic or social success among white students, the same is not necessarily true among black or Latino students, according to \u003ca href=\"http://gero.usc.edu/faculty/abdou/\">Cleopatra Abdou\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Southern California. What is consistent across cultures, however, is the powerful influence that beliefs people internalize as children follow them through life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The messages we get from our parents, whether explicitly or symbolically or subconsciously, stay with us and are very hard to unlearn and to overcome\" if they're not helpful, she says. \"Sometimes we have internalized faulty beliefs or beliefs that don't serve us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, taking the learn-from-failure message too far might backfire eventually. \"If you're being told this message you can learn anything and you've done everything you can and you're not getting anywhere, then maybe at a certain point you say you're going to say I just don't believe this,\" she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, children's mindsets can also be influenced by their temperament, such as their tolerance for frustration, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One thing we do know in recent years, there's too much blaming of parents,\" Heyman says. \"Temperament is extremely important and it's biologically based, and to deny that causes all kinds of problems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge for parents is to support children without setting them up for failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's this very difficult fine line between parents and teachers helping children enough so that they can do things on their own that they couldn't do otherwise but not to help them so much that they expect other people to do it for them and don't get pulled up to a higher level,\" Heyman says. \"You slowly pull back as the kids get better on their own. but not let them flail around so much that they get frustrated and give up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tara Haelle is the co-author of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/473075468/the-informed-parent-a-science-based-resource-for-your-childs-first-four-years\">The Informed Parent: A Science-Based Resource for Your Child's First Four Years\u003c/a>\u003cem>. She's on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tarahaelle\">@tarahaelle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+To+Teach+Children+That+Failure+Is+The+Secret+To+Success&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Is failure a positive opportunity to learn and grow, or is it a negative experience that hinders success? How parents answer that question has a big influence on how much children think they can improve their intelligence through hard work, a study says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents are a really critical force in child development when you think about how motivation and mindsets develop,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://https/psychology.stanford.edu/node/2343\">Kyla Haimovitz\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at Stanford University. She coauthored the \u003ca href=\"http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/04/23/0956797616639727.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">study, published\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Psychological Science\u003c/em> with colleague \u003ca href=\"http://https/psychology.stanford.edu/cdweck\">Carol Dweck\u003c/a>, who \u003ca href=\"http://https/www.ted.com/speakers/carol_dweck\">pioneered\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://mindsetonline.com/abouttheauthor/\">research on mindsets\u003c/a>. \"Parents have this powerful effect really early on and throughout childhood to send messages about what is failure, how to respond to it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there's been a lot of research on how these forces play out, relatively little looks at what parents can do to motivate their kids in school, Haimovitz says. This study begins filling that gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a fair amount of evidence showing that when children view their abilities as more malleable and something they can change over time, then they deal with obstacles in a more constructive way,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://heymanlab.ucsd.edu/\">Gail Heyman\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of California at San Diego who was not involved in this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But communicating that message to children is not so .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents need to represent this to their kids in the ways they react about their kids' failures and setbacks,\" Haimovitz says. \"We need to really think about what's visible to the other person, what message I'm sending in terms of my words and my deeds.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if a child comes home with a D on a math test, how a parent responds will influence how the child perceives their own ability to learn math. Even a well-intentioned, comforting response of \"It's okay, you're still a great writer\" may send the message that it's time to give up on math rather than learn from the problems they got wrong, Haimovitz explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and Dweck conducted a series of smaller studies to explore how the interactions between parents' failure and intelligence mindsets affected their children's beliefs about intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First they interviewed 73 parents and their fourth- and fifth-grade children about their beliefs on failure and intelligence. The parents were mostly mothers with at least a college degree; they lived in the Bay Area. The questions focused on whether they viewed intelligence as something that could change and whether they saw failure as positive, facilitating growth and enhancing productivity or as negative, debilitating and inhibiting learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way children perceived \"being smart\" was not related to how their parents perceived intelligence, but it was related to how their parents reacted toward failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Parents who had more of a failure-is-debilitating mindset had children who were significantly more likely to believe that intelligence is fixed,\" they found, even after accounting for how parents perceived their children's academic success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more parents believed that failure is debilitating, the more likely their children were to see them as concerned with their performance outcomes and grades rather than their learning and improvement,\" the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the researchers surveyed 160 different parents online to find out how they would respond to their child coming home with a failing quiz grade. Those who saw failure as negative were more likely to worry about their child's abilities in that subject or to comfort their child about not being talented in all subjects. But parents who saw failure as an opportunity were more likely to ask their child what they learned from the quiz, what they still can learn and whether asking the teacher for help would be useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through two more surveys of 102 Bay Area parents and their children and 100 fourth- and fifth-grade students, the researchers found that children could correctly identify their parents' beliefs about failure but not necessarily about intelligence — and it was the former that matched up with the children's own beliefs about intelligence. Finally, the researchers conducted a randomized experiment with 132 parents to discover whether parents' failure beliefs directly cause their children's beliefs through parents' reactions to failure: they did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The takeaway is that when your child is struggling on something or has setbacks, don't focus on their abilities, focus on what they can learn from it,\" Haimovitz says. One way, she says, is to ask a child: \"How can you use this as a jumping-off point?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's unclear how much the study's findings relate to children of various ethnic, racial and socioeconomic backgrounds. Related research Heyman has done in China revealed a mixed bag in terms of results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Cultures have very different beliefs about effort and ability, and asking subtly different questions you can get different answers,\" Heyman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whereas academic success often correlates with athletic or social success among white students, the same is not necessarily true among black or Latino students, according to \u003ca href=\"http://gero.usc.edu/faculty/abdou/\">Cleopatra Abdou\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Southern California. What is consistent across cultures, however, is the powerful influence that beliefs people internalize as children follow them through life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The messages we get from our parents, whether explicitly or symbolically or subconsciously, stay with us and are very hard to unlearn and to overcome\" if they're not helpful, she says. \"Sometimes we have internalized faulty beliefs or beliefs that don't serve us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, taking the learn-from-failure message too far might backfire eventually. \"If you're being told this message you can learn anything and you've done everything you can and you're not getting anywhere, then maybe at a certain point you say you're going to say I just don't believe this,\" she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, children's mindsets can also be influenced by their temperament, such as their tolerance for frustration, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One thing we do know in recent years, there's too much blaming of parents,\" Heyman says. \"Temperament is extremely important and it's biologically based, and to deny that causes all kinds of problems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge for parents is to support children without setting them up for failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's this very difficult fine line between parents and teachers helping children enough so that they can do things on their own that they couldn't do otherwise but not to help them so much that they expect other people to do it for them and don't get pulled up to a higher level,\" Heyman says. \"You slowly pull back as the kids get better on their own. but not let them flail around so much that they get frustrated and give up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tara Haelle is the co-author of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/473075468/the-informed-parent-a-science-based-resource-for-your-childs-first-four-years\">The Informed Parent: A Science-Based Resource for Your Child's First Four Years\u003c/a>\u003cem>. She's on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tarahaelle\">@tarahaelle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+To+Teach+Children+That+Failure+Is+The+Secret+To+Success&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "When Sleeping in a New Place, Half Your Brain Stands Guard",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you sleep in unfamiliar surroundings, only half your brain is getting a good night's rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The left side seems to be more awake than the right side,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.brown.edu/Departments/CLPS/people/yuka-sasaki\">Yuka Sasaki\u003c/a>, an associate professor of cognitive, linguistic and psychological sciences at Brown University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)30174-9\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a> Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Current Biology\u003c/em>, helps explain why people tend to feel tired after sleeping in a new place. And it suggests people have something in common with birds and sea mammals, which frequently put half their brain to sleep while the other half remains on guard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep researchers discovered the \"first-night effect\" decades ago, when they began studying people in sleep labs. The first night in a lab, a person's sleep is usually so bad that researchers simply toss out any data they collect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sasaki wanted to know what was going on in the brain during that first night. So she and a team of researchers studied the brain wave patterns of 35 Brown University students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team measured something called slow-wave activity, which appears during deep sleep. And they found that during a student's first night in the lab, slow wave activity was greater in certain areas of the right hemisphere than in the corresponding areas of the left hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the first night, though, the difference went away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To confirm that the left side of the brain really was more alert, the team did two other experiments. First, they had the sleeping students listen to a repeated standard tone followed by a single tone of a different pitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When someone is awake or sleeping lightly, the brain responds to this \"deviant tone.\" And the students' brains did respond -- but only on the left side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the researchers played a sound loud enough to wake someone who was sleeping lightly. And they found that students woke up faster when the sound was played into the right ear, which is connected to the left side of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to rest just one side of the brain has never been demonstrated in people before, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.orn.mpg.de/employees/26373/672697\">Niels Rattenborg\u003c/a>, leader of the avian sleep group at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen, Germany. But he says it's a trick many animals can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've known for quite a while that some marine mammals like dolphins and some of the seals as well as many birds can sleep with one half of the brain at a time,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Rattenborg did an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v397/n6718/full/397397a0.html\" target=\"_blank\">experiment\u003c/a> with ducks that suggests at least one way in which half-brain sleeping provided an evolutionary advantage. The experiment involved putting ducks in a row, literally, and watching them sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattenborg found that ducks with a bird on either side of them put their entire brain to sleep and kept both eyes closed. \"However, the ducks at the end of the row slept more with one half of the brain at a time,\" he says. \"And when they did that they directed the open eye away from the other birds, as if they were looking for approaching predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Predators aren't a big problem for people these days. But the human brain was shaped during a time when nights were dark and full of terrors, Rattenborg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we're sleeping in a new environment and we don't know how many predators are around,\" he says, \"it would make sense to keep half the brain more alert and more responsive to bumps in the night.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sasaki says that brain response is involuntary and there's nothing people can do to prevent it, even if they've just flown in for a big presentation the next morning. So lots of coffee the next morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Half+Your+Brain+Stands+Guard+When+Sleeping+In+A+New+Place&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you sleep in unfamiliar surroundings, only half your brain is getting a good night's rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The left side seems to be more awake than the right side,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.brown.edu/Departments/CLPS/people/yuka-sasaki\">Yuka Sasaki\u003c/a>, an associate professor of cognitive, linguistic and psychological sciences at Brown University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)30174-9\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a> Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Current Biology\u003c/em>, helps explain why people tend to feel tired after sleeping in a new place. And it suggests people have something in common with birds and sea mammals, which frequently put half their brain to sleep while the other half remains on guard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep researchers discovered the \"first-night effect\" decades ago, when they began studying people in sleep labs. The first night in a lab, a person's sleep is usually so bad that researchers simply toss out any data they collect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sasaki wanted to know what was going on in the brain during that first night. So she and a team of researchers studied the brain wave patterns of 35 Brown University students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team measured something called slow-wave activity, which appears during deep sleep. And they found that during a student's first night in the lab, slow wave activity was greater in certain areas of the right hemisphere than in the corresponding areas of the left hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the first night, though, the difference went away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To confirm that the left side of the brain really was more alert, the team did two other experiments. First, they had the sleeping students listen to a repeated standard tone followed by a single tone of a different pitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When someone is awake or sleeping lightly, the brain responds to this \"deviant tone.\" And the students' brains did respond -- but only on the left side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the researchers played a sound loud enough to wake someone who was sleeping lightly. And they found that students woke up faster when the sound was played into the right ear, which is connected to the left side of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to rest just one side of the brain has never been demonstrated in people before, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.orn.mpg.de/employees/26373/672697\">Niels Rattenborg\u003c/a>, leader of the avian sleep group at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen, Germany. But he says it's a trick many animals can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've known for quite a while that some marine mammals like dolphins and some of the seals as well as many birds can sleep with one half of the brain at a time,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Rattenborg did an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v397/n6718/full/397397a0.html\" target=\"_blank\">experiment\u003c/a> with ducks that suggests at least one way in which half-brain sleeping provided an evolutionary advantage. The experiment involved putting ducks in a row, literally, and watching them sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattenborg found that ducks with a bird on either side of them put their entire brain to sleep and kept both eyes closed. \"However, the ducks at the end of the row slept more with one half of the brain at a time,\" he says. \"And when they did that they directed the open eye away from the other birds, as if they were looking for approaching predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Predators aren't a big problem for people these days. But the human brain was shaped during a time when nights were dark and full of terrors, Rattenborg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we're sleeping in a new environment and we don't know how many predators are around,\" he says, \"it would make sense to keep half the brain more alert and more responsive to bumps in the night.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sasaki says that brain response is involuntary and there's nothing people can do to prevent it, even if they've just flown in for a big presentation the next morning. So lots of coffee the next morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Half+Your+Brain+Stands+Guard+When+Sleeping+In+A+New+Place&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Secrets of Getting to Your 90s -- in Good Health",
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"content": "\u003cp>When it comes to getting old, some of us are a lot better at it than others. If I'm going to live to be 95 I would much prefer to be healthy, cogent and content. So I want to know the secrets of the healthy and very old.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The good news is that there's a lot we can do about it.' \u003ccite>Dr. Luigi Ferrucci, National Institute on Aging \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, scientists are starting to figure that out, \"The good news is that there's a lot we can do about it,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/branches/irp/lferrucci.htm\">Dr. Luigi Ferrucci\u003c/a>, a geriatrician and scientific director at the National Institute on Aging. He wants to see more and more people in that state of \"aging grace.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been thinking a lot about what makes for a robust old age because my dad just turned 95. On his birthday, he pruned trees in the yard, took a walk, played a little online solitaire and had dinner with the family. We stayed up late and laughed a lot. Last week he did his taxes — the old-fashioned way, with a pencil, a calculator and a stack of IRS forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly Dad has genetics in his favor; his father lived to be 97. But genes aren't fate, Ferrucci says: \"There's some destiny; we are children of our genome and what we inherit from our parents. But we can do a lot to avoid the destiny that was predisposed to us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have found that genes are a factor in extreme longevity just about 20 percent of the time, but being physically healthy while very old is much more likely to run in families. Clearly those families must be doing something right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"FYzaUlcNufiWHLdwWvVqjxWoXrX2czUt\"]To find out, in 2009 the NIH launched the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/healthy-aging-lessons-baltimore-longitudinal-study-aging/blsas-ideal-future\">IDEAL\u003c/a> study, which focuses on the families of people who were able to delay or evade ill health in their 80s and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They've already gotten some physiological clues. Healthy old people are much more likely to have a lower resting metabolic rate, Ferrucci says, which means that their bodies are still working efficiently. \"They have energy left for other activities,\" he says. \"It allows them to do many, many things during daily life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lucky ones also tend to have fasting glucose numbers more typical of people in their 20s. Obesity and lack of exercise increase the risk of insulin resistance, so keeping weight under control and staying active from early adulthood can help there, Ferrucci says. Medications like metformin for people with insulin resistance help, too. \"There's a lot you can do to manage your insulin resistance as soon as you realize it's there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other studies, including the landmark \u003ca href=\"https://www.blsa.nih.gov/\">Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging\u003c/a>, have found that participants' attitude about the inevitable losses of aging matters, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some of them thought that aging sucks — your friends die, you get disease, you can't do whatever you want, you can't eat and drink what you like,\" Ferrucci says. \"But others thought aging was not so bad.\" And people who had a positive view of aging at age 40 had significantly less cardiovascular disease later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_174702\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-174702\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/mr-shute-9743c33d0c26491c0cd77022379b9e18262afd1b-400x300.jpg\" alt=\"At 95, the author's father, Jim Shute, is still wielding a mean pole saw.\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/mr-shute-9743c33d0c26491c0cd77022379b9e18262afd1b-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/mr-shute-9743c33d0c26491c0cd77022379b9e18262afd1b-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/mr-shute-9743c33d0c26491c0cd77022379b9e18262afd1b-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/mr-shute-9743c33d0c26491c0cd77022379b9e18262afd1b-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/mr-shute-9743c33d0c26491c0cd77022379b9e18262afd1b-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/mr-shute-9743c33d0c26491c0cd77022379b9e18262afd1b-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At 95, the author's father, Jim Shute, is still wielding a mean pole saw. \u003ccite>(Nancy Shute/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"How that works will require a lot more work from us,\" Ferrucci says. \"But clearly these people have found ways of behaving and thinking and interacting with the environment and other people that works for them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have no idea what my dad's fasting glucose level is, but I've got to think that still doing his own yardwork and playing duplicate bridge has got to play a role in his good health. That and the fact that when I ask him how he's doing he says \"fantastic,\" even when I know that's a stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My chat with Ferrucci has made my realize that I shouldn't count on lucky genes to give me a free pass. He envisions a day when the science on aging will have become so good that young men and women would get individualized prescriptions on reducing risk. But for now, I think it's time for me to hit \"publish\" and go out for a walk. That would be fantastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Secrets+Of+The+Very+Old+And+Healthy+%E2%80%94+Start+When+You%27re+Young&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "What you do in your 20s and 30s and 40s can make it more likely that you'll be mobile and healthy in old age, scientists say. That's true even if your ancestors didn't fare so well.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to getting old, some of us are a lot better at it than others. If I'm going to live to be 95 I would much prefer to be healthy, cogent and content. So I want to know the secrets of the healthy and very old.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The good news is that there's a lot we can do about it.' \u003ccite>Dr. Luigi Ferrucci, National Institute on Aging \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, scientists are starting to figure that out, \"The good news is that there's a lot we can do about it,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/branches/irp/lferrucci.htm\">Dr. Luigi Ferrucci\u003c/a>, a geriatrician and scientific director at the National Institute on Aging. He wants to see more and more people in that state of \"aging grace.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been thinking a lot about what makes for a robust old age because my dad just turned 95. On his birthday, he pruned trees in the yard, took a walk, played a little online solitaire and had dinner with the family. We stayed up late and laughed a lot. Last week he did his taxes — the old-fashioned way, with a pencil, a calculator and a stack of IRS forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly Dad has genetics in his favor; his father lived to be 97. But genes aren't fate, Ferrucci says: \"There's some destiny; we are children of our genome and what we inherit from our parents. But we can do a lot to avoid the destiny that was predisposed to us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have found that genes are a factor in extreme longevity just about 20 percent of the time, but being physically healthy while very old is much more likely to run in families. Clearly those families must be doing something right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>To find out, in 2009 the NIH launched the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/healthy-aging-lessons-baltimore-longitudinal-study-aging/blsas-ideal-future\">IDEAL\u003c/a> study, which focuses on the families of people who were able to delay or evade ill health in their 80s and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They've already gotten some physiological clues. Healthy old people are much more likely to have a lower resting metabolic rate, Ferrucci says, which means that their bodies are still working efficiently. \"They have energy left for other activities,\" he says. \"It allows them to do many, many things during daily life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lucky ones also tend to have fasting glucose numbers more typical of people in their 20s. Obesity and lack of exercise increase the risk of insulin resistance, so keeping weight under control and staying active from early adulthood can help there, Ferrucci says. Medications like metformin for people with insulin resistance help, too. \"There's a lot you can do to manage your insulin resistance as soon as you realize it's there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other studies, including the landmark \u003ca href=\"https://www.blsa.nih.gov/\">Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging\u003c/a>, have found that participants' attitude about the inevitable losses of aging matters, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some of them thought that aging sucks — your friends die, you get disease, you can't do whatever you want, you can't eat and drink what you like,\" Ferrucci says. \"But others thought aging was not so bad.\" And people who had a positive view of aging at age 40 had significantly less cardiovascular disease later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_174702\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-174702\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/mr-shute-9743c33d0c26491c0cd77022379b9e18262afd1b-400x300.jpg\" alt=\"At 95, the author's father, Jim Shute, is still wielding a mean pole saw.\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/mr-shute-9743c33d0c26491c0cd77022379b9e18262afd1b-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/mr-shute-9743c33d0c26491c0cd77022379b9e18262afd1b-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/mr-shute-9743c33d0c26491c0cd77022379b9e18262afd1b-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/mr-shute-9743c33d0c26491c0cd77022379b9e18262afd1b-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/mr-shute-9743c33d0c26491c0cd77022379b9e18262afd1b-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/mr-shute-9743c33d0c26491c0cd77022379b9e18262afd1b-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At 95, the author's father, Jim Shute, is still wielding a mean pole saw. \u003ccite>(Nancy Shute/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"How that works will require a lot more work from us,\" Ferrucci says. \"But clearly these people have found ways of behaving and thinking and interacting with the environment and other people that works for them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have no idea what my dad's fasting glucose level is, but I've got to think that still doing his own yardwork and playing duplicate bridge has got to play a role in his good health. That and the fact that when I ask him how he's doing he says \"fantastic,\" even when I know that's a stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My chat with Ferrucci has made my realize that I shouldn't count on lucky genes to give me a free pass. He envisions a day when the science on aging will have become so good that young men and women would get individualized prescriptions on reducing risk. But for now, I think it's time for me to hit \"publish\" and go out for a walk. That would be fantastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Secrets+Of+The+Very+Old+And+Healthy+%E2%80%94+Start+When+You%27re+Young&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "FDA to Permit Folic Acid in Corn Masa to Prevent Birth Defects",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's been almost 20 years since the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required that folic acid, a B vitamin that can prevent a serious birth defect when taken by pregnant women, be added to certain enriched grains like breads and pasta. In the decade after, the rate of these neural tube defects plummeted and is estimated to have prevented 10,000 cases in a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But corn masa was not included in the FDA's recommendation back in the '90s, and since then the Hispanic population of the U.S. has grown dramatically. Now a quarter of all babies are born to Hispanic mothers, and they have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmWR/pdf/wk/mm6401.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">much higher risk \u003c/a>of neural tube defects than their white counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm496104.htm\" target=\"_blank\">the FDA announced \u003c/a>that folic acid may be added to corn masa flour, a staple for many Hispanic families, with a goal of reducing the risk of neural tube defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocacy groups, including the March of Dimes, have been lobbying the FDA for years to make the recommendation. They applauded the move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/advocates-hail-fda-decision-to-improve-infant-health-prevent-birth-defects-300251337.html#continue-jump\" target=\"_blank\">In a statement\u003c/a>, March of Dimes president Dr. Jennifer Howse called the announcement a \"major victory for maternal and child health, especially in our Hispanic communities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a developing fetus, the neural tube starts as a flat ribbon and develops into a tube by the end of the first month of pregnancy. The tube goes on to develop into the brain and spinal cord. \u003ca href=\"http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/neural-tube-defects.aspx#\" target=\"_blank\">Serious defects \u003c/a>can happen if the tube does not close completely. That can lead to conditions such as spina bifida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if a woman consumes appropriate amounts of folic acid -- 400 micrograms a day -- before becoming pregnant, it can prevent many cases of neural tube defects, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/features/folicacidbenefits/\" target=\"_blank\">according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. Most multivitamins contain the recommended amount of folic acid, and many fortified cereals -- now soon to include masa flour -- also can provide the amount of folic acid women need each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only question is if the FDA delayed in making the recommendation, reports the\u003ca href=\"http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/health/fda-to-allow-folic-acid-in-corn-masa-to-stop-birth-defects/\" target=\"_blank\"> Seattle Times\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Adding folic acid to corn masa could prevent an average of 40 neural-tube defects in Hispanic women each year, and as many as 120 annually across the nation, \u003ca class=\"content-link external\" href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12325/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">according to research\u003c/a> by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics, including a former director of the CDC’s birth-defects division, said about 800 defects could have been prevented if the action had been taken earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s great news,” said Dr. Godfrey Oakley, director of the Center for Spina Bifida Research, Prevention and Policy at Emory University. “It’s only about 20 years too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Mayne [director of the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition], said the agency was required to follow the rules governing additives in the food supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big hitch, obviously, is that we need data,” she said. “Once we had the data, the process went very quickly.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Times also reported that Gruma, the world's largest maker of corn masa flour already adds folic acid to masa flour in other countries, and will begin adding the vitamin to its U.S. products as soon as manufacturing plants can be reconfigured.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The new fortification could prevent birth defects mostly in Hispanic babies. The vitamin has been added to other grains for decades.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's been almost 20 years since the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required that folic acid, a B vitamin that can prevent a serious birth defect when taken by pregnant women, be added to certain enriched grains like breads and pasta. In the decade after, the rate of these neural tube defects plummeted and is estimated to have prevented 10,000 cases in a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But corn masa was not included in the FDA's recommendation back in the '90s, and since then the Hispanic population of the U.S. has grown dramatically. Now a quarter of all babies are born to Hispanic mothers, and they have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmWR/pdf/wk/mm6401.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">much higher risk \u003c/a>of neural tube defects than their white counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm496104.htm\" target=\"_blank\">the FDA announced \u003c/a>that folic acid may be added to corn masa flour, a staple for many Hispanic families, with a goal of reducing the risk of neural tube defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocacy groups, including the March of Dimes, have been lobbying the FDA for years to make the recommendation. They applauded the move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/advocates-hail-fda-decision-to-improve-infant-health-prevent-birth-defects-300251337.html#continue-jump\" target=\"_blank\">In a statement\u003c/a>, March of Dimes president Dr. Jennifer Howse called the announcement a \"major victory for maternal and child health, especially in our Hispanic communities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a developing fetus, the neural tube starts as a flat ribbon and develops into a tube by the end of the first month of pregnancy. The tube goes on to develop into the brain and spinal cord. \u003ca href=\"http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/neural-tube-defects.aspx#\" target=\"_blank\">Serious defects \u003c/a>can happen if the tube does not close completely. That can lead to conditions such as spina bifida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if a woman consumes appropriate amounts of folic acid -- 400 micrograms a day -- before becoming pregnant, it can prevent many cases of neural tube defects, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/features/folicacidbenefits/\" target=\"_blank\">according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. Most multivitamins contain the recommended amount of folic acid, and many fortified cereals -- now soon to include masa flour -- also can provide the amount of folic acid women need each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only question is if the FDA delayed in making the recommendation, reports the\u003ca href=\"http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/health/fda-to-allow-folic-acid-in-corn-masa-to-stop-birth-defects/\" target=\"_blank\"> Seattle Times\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Adding folic acid to corn masa could prevent an average of 40 neural-tube defects in Hispanic women each year, and as many as 120 annually across the nation, \u003ca class=\"content-link external\" href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12325/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">according to research\u003c/a> by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics, including a former director of the CDC’s birth-defects division, said about 800 defects could have been prevented if the action had been taken earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s great news,” said Dr. Godfrey Oakley, director of the Center for Spina Bifida Research, Prevention and Policy at Emory University. “It’s only about 20 years too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Mayne [director of the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition], said the agency was required to follow the rules governing additives in the food supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big hitch, obviously, is that we need data,” she said. “Once we had the data, the process went very quickly.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Times also reported that Gruma, the world's largest maker of corn masa flour already adds folic acid to masa flour in other countries, and will begin adding the vitamin to its U.S. products as soon as manufacturing plants can be reconfigured.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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