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"content": "\u003cp>While a sense of inevitability often surrounds the topic of teen drinking, adults can play an important role in preventing underage alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two recent studies provide guidance for parents. One finds that parents who set limits in a warm and supportive environment reduced the risk that their adolescent children would binge drink. The other study reports on the potential of a home-based program that educates parents and children about alcohol prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are high. About 1 in 6 teens drank alcohol before turning 13, and about the same proportion of high school kids has binged on alcohol, according to the latest biannual \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/trends/2015_us_alcohol_trend_yrbs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Youth Risk Behavior Survey\u003c/a> by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overall, a third of teenagers drink — down from about half of teens 25 years ago, but still a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Although it is common for adolescents and young adults to try psychoactive substances, it is important that this experimentation not be condoned, facilitated, or trivialized by adults,\" notes the introduction to an updated screening \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/06/16/peds.2016-1211#ref-32\" target=\"_blank\">protocol\u003c/a> by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The group encourages doctors to ask adolescents about drug and alcohol use during routine visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At home, how Mom and Dad manage their roles — and the signals they send about alcohol use — affects their children's future drinking behavior. Parenting style, drinking frequency, and expectations influence whether adolescents will binge drink, according to results of a \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11121-016-0656-1\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> published in the July issue of \u003cem>Prevention Science\u003c/em>. In the same issue, another \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11121-016-0659-y\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> finds that a home-based prevention program given by parents to their elementary school-aged children made the kids less inclined to drink four years after the start of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When adolescents drink, they tend to do so excessively, making the most of their limited access to alcohol. Binge drinking — consuming four, for females, or five, for males, drinks at a time — puts the imbiber at risk of fatal accidents, injuries, violence, and legal problems. Social psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://cgu.edu/pages/972.asp\" target=\"_blank\">William D. Crano\u003c/a> at Claremont Graduate University in Claremont, Calif., and his colleagues wondered whether certain conditions in adolescence \"had any predictive power for what's going to happen\" in terms of alcohol use and incarceration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (\u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth\" target=\"_blank\">Add Health\u003c/a>), which has interviewed a nationally representative group four times, beginning in the 1994-1995 school year, when the participants were in seventh through 12th grades. The most recent survey occurred in 2008, when the respondents had reached ages ranging from 24 to 32. Parent interviews occurred in the first year of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crano and his group focused on four factors from the first wave of interviews:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>whether parents monitored their teens,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>the warmth parents expressed to their teens,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>how frequently parents drank,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>if parents thought their kids were drinking.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The study involved more than 9,400 adolescents and their parents. Teens answered questions about parental monitoring and warmth; parents responded to queries about their drinking and expectations. In later surveys, the Add Health project collected data on teen and young adult binge drinking and incarceration rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adolescents whose parents neither kept an eye on them nor provided a supportive home environment were more likely to binge drink. These parental behaviors, along with underage drinking, predicted binge drinking as young adults. Furthermore, those who binged as teens and young adults were more likely to be arrested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study suggests that parents do make a difference. \"Parental monitoring and warmth are a protective device against kids' binge drinking,\" says Crano. But the two need to go hand in hand. \"If you have surveillance without warmth, you've got a problem,\" he adds. \"You want the relationship between a parent and a child to be close enough and warm enough that the child discloses behaviors and what they are thinking, and the parent can offer advice\" that reinforces rules but doesn't disparage the child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found that how often parents drank was predictive of teen and young adult binge drinking. While the survey didn't ask about the amount of alcohol consumed, the research supports the idea that parents' drinking behavior can send a powerful message to kids in terms of what is acceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, it was more likely that adolescents were drinking if their parents expected they were drinking. This self-fulfilling prophecy may stem from parents not intervening and educating their kids when they suspect alcohol use, says Crano, even though that is exactly what is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crano and his group argue that national prevention campaigns would do well to target parents, not just teens. \"Parents are an easier audience,\" he says. \"They are quite open to learning how to do better for their children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armed with the right information, parents can direct a prevention campaign in their own living rooms. Social ecologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.rti.org/expert/christine-jackson\" target=\"_blank\">Christine Jackson\u003c/a> at RTI International in Durham, North Carolina, and colleagues there and at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill report on a home-based parenting program meant to counter parents' misconceptions about kids and alcohol, support communication in the family, and encourage parents to set rules regarding alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson notes that a child's first taste of alcohol often comes from a drink offered by a parent. Contrary to the belief that sipping will satisfy kids' curiosity about alcohol and deter future drinking, previous work by Jackson and colleagues found that fifth-grade children permitted by parents to try an alcoholic beverage were twice as likely to drink in seventh grade as peers not granted sips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the short term, allowing children to try alcohol simply teaches them that parents don't mind if they have alcohol,\" Jackson says. \"In the long term, allowing children to have alcohol increases their odds of underage drinking during adolescence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If kids have positive ideas about alcohol — for example, that drinking makes one popular — they are more likely to drink, notes Jackson. The program set out to provide alternative, protective ideas. It helped parents discuss how alcohol is harmful to children's health and commit to keeping kids alcohol-free. It also sought to empower kids to reject social pressures to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test the approach, the researchers recruited third-grade children and their mothers from school districts in three southern states, primarily North Carolina. Just over 1,000 children were randomly divided into two groups, one whose families received the five-month-long alcohol prevention program, and one provided with an obesity-prevention program for comparison. The materials included magazines, games and role-playing activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson and her colleagues interviewed the kids about their beliefs and attitudes regarding alcohol before the program started. At the same time, they queried mothers about how often both parents drank and about the mother's racial and ethnic identity and education. In the second and third years of the study, families received a one-month booster program. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>While a sense of inevitability often surrounds the topic of teen drinking, adults can play an important role in preventing underage alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two recent studies provide guidance for parents. One finds that parents who set limits in a warm and supportive environment reduced the risk that their adolescent children would binge drink. The other study reports on the potential of a home-based program that educates parents and children about alcohol prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are high. About 1 in 6 teens drank alcohol before turning 13, and about the same proportion of high school kids has binged on alcohol, according to the latest biannual \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/trends/2015_us_alcohol_trend_yrbs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Youth Risk Behavior Survey\u003c/a> by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overall, a third of teenagers drink — down from about half of teens 25 years ago, but still a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Although it is common for adolescents and young adults to try psychoactive substances, it is important that this experimentation not be condoned, facilitated, or trivialized by adults,\" notes the introduction to an updated screening \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/06/16/peds.2016-1211#ref-32\" target=\"_blank\">protocol\u003c/a> by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The group encourages doctors to ask adolescents about drug and alcohol use during routine visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At home, how Mom and Dad manage their roles — and the signals they send about alcohol use — affects their children's future drinking behavior. Parenting style, drinking frequency, and expectations influence whether adolescents will binge drink, according to results of a \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11121-016-0656-1\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> published in the July issue of \u003cem>Prevention Science\u003c/em>. In the same issue, another \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11121-016-0659-y\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> finds that a home-based prevention program given by parents to their elementary school-aged children made the kids less inclined to drink four years after the start of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When adolescents drink, they tend to do so excessively, making the most of their limited access to alcohol. Binge drinking — consuming four, for females, or five, for males, drinks at a time — puts the imbiber at risk of fatal accidents, injuries, violence, and legal problems. Social psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://cgu.edu/pages/972.asp\" target=\"_blank\">William D. Crano\u003c/a> at Claremont Graduate University in Claremont, Calif., and his colleagues wondered whether certain conditions in adolescence \"had any predictive power for what's going to happen\" in terms of alcohol use and incarceration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (\u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth\" target=\"_blank\">Add Health\u003c/a>), which has interviewed a nationally representative group four times, beginning in the 1994-1995 school year, when the participants were in seventh through 12th grades. The most recent survey occurred in 2008, when the respondents had reached ages ranging from 24 to 32. Parent interviews occurred in the first year of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crano and his group focused on four factors from the first wave of interviews:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>whether parents monitored their teens,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>the warmth parents expressed to their teens,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>how frequently parents drank,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>if parents thought their kids were drinking.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The study involved more than 9,400 adolescents and their parents. Teens answered questions about parental monitoring and warmth; parents responded to queries about their drinking and expectations. In later surveys, the Add Health project collected data on teen and young adult binge drinking and incarceration rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adolescents whose parents neither kept an eye on them nor provided a supportive home environment were more likely to binge drink. These parental behaviors, along with underage drinking, predicted binge drinking as young adults. Furthermore, those who binged as teens and young adults were more likely to be arrested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study suggests that parents do make a difference. \"Parental monitoring and warmth are a protective device against kids' binge drinking,\" says Crano. But the two need to go hand in hand. \"If you have surveillance without warmth, you've got a problem,\" he adds. \"You want the relationship between a parent and a child to be close enough and warm enough that the child discloses behaviors and what they are thinking, and the parent can offer advice\" that reinforces rules but doesn't disparage the child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found that how often parents drank was predictive of teen and young adult binge drinking. While the survey didn't ask about the amount of alcohol consumed, the research supports the idea that parents' drinking behavior can send a powerful message to kids in terms of what is acceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, it was more likely that adolescents were drinking if their parents expected they were drinking. This self-fulfilling prophecy may stem from parents not intervening and educating their kids when they suspect alcohol use, says Crano, even though that is exactly what is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crano and his group argue that national prevention campaigns would do well to target parents, not just teens. \"Parents are an easier audience,\" he says. \"They are quite open to learning how to do better for their children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armed with the right information, parents can direct a prevention campaign in their own living rooms. Social ecologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.rti.org/expert/christine-jackson\" target=\"_blank\">Christine Jackson\u003c/a> at RTI International in Durham, North Carolina, and colleagues there and at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill report on a home-based parenting program meant to counter parents' misconceptions about kids and alcohol, support communication in the family, and encourage parents to set rules regarding alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson notes that a child's first taste of alcohol often comes from a drink offered by a parent. Contrary to the belief that sipping will satisfy kids' curiosity about alcohol and deter future drinking, previous work by Jackson and colleagues found that fifth-grade children permitted by parents to try an alcoholic beverage were twice as likely to drink in seventh grade as peers not granted sips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the short term, allowing children to try alcohol simply teaches them that parents don't mind if they have alcohol,\" Jackson says. \"In the long term, allowing children to have alcohol increases their odds of underage drinking during adolescence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If kids have positive ideas about alcohol — for example, that drinking makes one popular — they are more likely to drink, notes Jackson. The program set out to provide alternative, protective ideas. It helped parents discuss how alcohol is harmful to children's health and commit to keeping kids alcohol-free. It also sought to empower kids to reject social pressures to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test the approach, the researchers recruited third-grade children and their mothers from school districts in three southern states, primarily North Carolina. Just over 1,000 children were randomly divided into two groups, one whose families received the five-month-long alcohol prevention program, and one provided with an obesity-prevention program for comparison. The materials included magazines, games and role-playing activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson and her colleagues interviewed the kids about their beliefs and attitudes regarding alcohol before the program started. At the same time, they queried mothers about how often both parents drank and about the mother's racial and ethnic identity and education. In the second and third years of the study, families received a one-month booster program. Four years from the start of the program, the researchers asked the kids again about their alcohol-related beliefs and attitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third-graders who had received the alcohol prevention program were significantly less inclined to drink at the four-year follow-up, when they were in seventh grade, than those in the obesity program. This was true regardless of their parents' drinking habits or mother's education, race or ethnicity. \"This means that the program has a sustained effect on children's attitudes and intentions about alcohol use,\" says Jackson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids develop ideas about alcohol with or without their parents' direct input. \"Encourage conversation with kids about issues that are important to them,\" says Crano. \"You want to be the person to help them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Aimee Cunningham is a freelance science journalist based in the Washington, D.C., area.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Parents+Can+Help+Their+Underage+Kids+Resist+Alcohol&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Personality Can Change Over A Lifetime, And Usually For The Better",
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"content": "\u003cp>Why do people act the way they do? Many of us intuitively gravitate toward explaining human behavior in terms of personality traits: characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving that tend to be stable over time and consistent across situations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This intuition has been a topic of fierce scientific debate since the 1960s, with some psychologists arguing that situations — not traits — are the most important causes of behavior. Some have even argued that personality traits are figments of our imagination that don't exist at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the past two decades, a large and still-growing body of research has established that personality traits are \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/43/1/23/\">very much real\u003c/a>, and that how people describe someone's personality accurately \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/90/5/862/\">predicts that person's actual behavior\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects of personality traits on behavior are easiest to see when people are observed repeatedly across a variety of situations. On any one occasion, a person's behavior is influenced by both their personality and the situation, as well as other factors such as their current thoughts, feelings and goals. But when someone is observed in many different situations, the influence of personality on behavior is hard to miss. For example, you probably know some people who consistently (but not always) show up on time, and others who consistently run late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've also gained a clear sense of which personality traits are most generally useful for understanding behavior. The world's languages include many thousands of words for describing personality, but most of these can be organized in terms of the \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/48/1/26/\">\"Big Five\" trait dimensions\u003c/a>: extraversion (characterized by adjectives like outgoing, assertive and energetic vs. quiet and reserved); agreeableness (compassionate, respectful and trusting vs. uncaring and argumentative); conscientiousness (orderly, hard-working and responsible vs. disorganized and distractible); negative emotionality (prone to worry, sadness and mood swings vs. calm and emotionally resilient); and open-mindedness (intellectually curious, artistic and imaginative vs. disinterested in art, beauty and abstract ideas).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while personality traits are relatively \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bul/126/1/3\">stable over time\u003c/a>, they can and often do gradually change across the life span. What's more, those changes are usually \u003ca href=\"http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/17/1/31\">for the better\u003c/a>. Many \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/100/2/330/\">studies\u003c/a>, including some of my own, show that most adults become more agreeable, conscientious and emotionally resilient as they age. But these changes tend to unfold across years or decades, rather than days or weeks. Sudden, dramatic changes in personality are rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due to their effects on behavior and continuity over time, personality traits help shape the course of people's lives. When measured using scientifically constructed and validated \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2016-17156-001/\">personality tests,\u003c/a> like one that Oliver John and I recently developed, the Big Five traits \u003ca href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190127\">predict\u003c/a> a long list of consequential life outcomes: performance in school and at work, relationships with family, friends, and romantic partners, life satisfaction and emotional well-being, physical health and longevity, and many more. Of course, none of these outcomes are entirely determined by personality; all of them are also influenced by people's life circumstances. But personality traits clearly influence people's lives in important ways and help explain why two people in similar circumstances often end up with different outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider one of life's most important and potentially difficult decisions: who (if anyone!) to choose as your mate. The research evidence indicates that personality should play a role in this decision. Studies following couples over time have consistently \u003ca href=\"http://pps.sagepub.com/content/2/4/313.short\">found\u003c/a> that choosing a spouse who is kind, responsible and emotionally resilient will substantially improve your chances of maintaining a stable and satisfying marriage. In fact, personality traits are some of the most powerful predictors of long-term relationship quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not to say that we've already figured out everything there is to know about personality traits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, we know that personality change can happen, that it usually happens gradually, and that it's usually for the better. But we don't fully understand the causes of personality change just yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research by Brent Roberts, Joshua Jackson, Wiebke Bleidorn and others highlights the importance of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092656604000819\">social roles\u003c/a>. When we invest in a role that calls for particular kinds of behavior, such as a job that calls for being hard-working and responsible, then over time those behaviors tend to become integrated into our personality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/109/3/490/\">study\u003c/a> by Nathan Hudson and Chris Fraley indicates that some people may even be able to intentionally change their own personality through sustained personal effort and careful goal-setting. A \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jopy.12081/full\">study\u003c/a> of mine published last year, and \u003ca href=\"http://spp.sagepub.com/content/4/2/181\">another\u003c/a> by Jule Specht, suggest that positive personality changes accelerate when people are leading meaningful and satisfying lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So although we now know a lot more about personality than we did even a few years ago, we certainly don't know everything. The nature, development and consequences of personality traits remain hot topics of research, and we're learning new things all the time. Stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.colby.edu/psych/personality-lab/\">Christopher Soto\u003c/a>\u003cem> is an associate professor of psychology at Colby College and a member of the executive board of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.personality-arp.org/\">Association for Research in Personality\u003c/a>. Follow him on Twitter @cjsotomatic.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Personality+Can+Change+Over+A+Lifetime%2C+And+Usually+For+The+Better&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Why do people act the way they do? Many of us intuitively gravitate toward explaining human behavior in terms of personality traits: characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving that tend to be stable over time and consistent across situations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This intuition has been a topic of fierce scientific debate since the 1960s, with some psychologists arguing that situations — not traits — are the most important causes of behavior. Some have even argued that personality traits are figments of our imagination that don't exist at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the past two decades, a large and still-growing body of research has established that personality traits are \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/43/1/23/\">very much real\u003c/a>, and that how people describe someone's personality accurately \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/90/5/862/\">predicts that person's actual behavior\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects of personality traits on behavior are easiest to see when people are observed repeatedly across a variety of situations. On any one occasion, a person's behavior is influenced by both their personality and the situation, as well as other factors such as their current thoughts, feelings and goals. But when someone is observed in many different situations, the influence of personality on behavior is hard to miss. For example, you probably know some people who consistently (but not always) show up on time, and others who consistently run late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've also gained a clear sense of which personality traits are most generally useful for understanding behavior. The world's languages include many thousands of words for describing personality, but most of these can be organized in terms of the \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/48/1/26/\">\"Big Five\" trait dimensions\u003c/a>: extraversion (characterized by adjectives like outgoing, assertive and energetic vs. quiet and reserved); agreeableness (compassionate, respectful and trusting vs. uncaring and argumentative); conscientiousness (orderly, hard-working and responsible vs. disorganized and distractible); negative emotionality (prone to worry, sadness and mood swings vs. calm and emotionally resilient); and open-mindedness (intellectually curious, artistic and imaginative vs. disinterested in art, beauty and abstract ideas).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while personality traits are relatively \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bul/126/1/3\">stable over time\u003c/a>, they can and often do gradually change across the life span. What's more, those changes are usually \u003ca href=\"http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/17/1/31\">for the better\u003c/a>. Many \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/100/2/330/\">studies\u003c/a>, including some of my own, show that most adults become more agreeable, conscientious and emotionally resilient as they age. But these changes tend to unfold across years or decades, rather than days or weeks. Sudden, dramatic changes in personality are rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due to their effects on behavior and continuity over time, personality traits help shape the course of people's lives. When measured using scientifically constructed and validated \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2016-17156-001/\">personality tests,\u003c/a> like one that Oliver John and I recently developed, the Big Five traits \u003ca href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190127\">predict\u003c/a> a long list of consequential life outcomes: performance in school and at work, relationships with family, friends, and romantic partners, life satisfaction and emotional well-being, physical health and longevity, and many more. Of course, none of these outcomes are entirely determined by personality; all of them are also influenced by people's life circumstances. But personality traits clearly influence people's lives in important ways and help explain why two people in similar circumstances often end up with different outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider one of life's most important and potentially difficult decisions: who (if anyone!) to choose as your mate. The research evidence indicates that personality should play a role in this decision. Studies following couples over time have consistently \u003ca href=\"http://pps.sagepub.com/content/2/4/313.short\">found\u003c/a> that choosing a spouse who is kind, responsible and emotionally resilient will substantially improve your chances of maintaining a stable and satisfying marriage. In fact, personality traits are some of the most powerful predictors of long-term relationship quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not to say that we've already figured out everything there is to know about personality traits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, we know that personality change can happen, that it usually happens gradually, and that it's usually for the better. But we don't fully understand the causes of personality change just yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research by Brent Roberts, Joshua Jackson, Wiebke Bleidorn and others highlights the importance of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092656604000819\">social roles\u003c/a>. When we invest in a role that calls for particular kinds of behavior, such as a job that calls for being hard-working and responsible, then over time those behaviors tend to become integrated into our personality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/109/3/490/\">study\u003c/a> by Nathan Hudson and Chris Fraley indicates that some people may even be able to intentionally change their own personality through sustained personal effort and careful goal-setting. A \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jopy.12081/full\">study\u003c/a> of mine published last year, and \u003ca href=\"http://spp.sagepub.com/content/4/2/181\">another\u003c/a> by Jule Specht, suggest that positive personality changes accelerate when people are leading meaningful and satisfying lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So although we now know a lot more about personality than we did even a few years ago, we certainly don't know everything. The nature, development and consequences of personality traits remain hot topics of research, and we're learning new things all the time. Stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.colby.edu/psych/personality-lab/\">Christopher Soto\u003c/a>\u003cem> is an associate professor of psychology at Colby College and a member of the executive board of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.personality-arp.org/\">Association for Research in Personality\u003c/a>. Follow him on Twitter @cjsotomatic.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Personality+Can+Change+Over+A+Lifetime%2C+And+Usually+For+The+Better&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Peeing in Your Pants is More Common Than You Think",
"title": "Peeing in Your Pants is More Common Than You Think",
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"content": "\u003cp>My two-year-old son doesn’t pee in his pants or wear diapers. But, ever since he was born, I do. I’m 35 years old and I buy diapers, for myself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some studies report that one out of 10 women my age are peeing themselves. Others say \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=486453&resultclick=1\" target=\"_blank\">the numbers could be higher\u003c/a>. But peeing in your pants is still embarrassing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Incontinence is still one of those frontiers that’s not really comfortable for many women to talk about,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/provider/amy-rosenman-md\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Amy Rosenman\u003c/a>, Health Sciences Clinical Professor at UCLA in the department of OB-GYN, Division of Urogynecology. “So if their doctor doesn’t specifically ask, ‘Do you leak urine?’ most of them won’t even tell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have what’s called stress incontinence. Not from emotional stress, though leaking pee \u003ci>can\u003c/i> cause that. But, from the physical stress of coughing. Or jumping. Or wrestling and laughing with a two-year-old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I’m not going to die from this. But, it has changed my life. I have all but stopped exercising, the activity that helps me stay calm and clear. For many women it’s a lot worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Moderate incontinence is annoying, it requires wearing protection most of the time, but it doesn’t limit activities. Women will still go about their normal activities,\" Rosenman said. \"Severe incontinence, women stop traveling, they don’t want to be around other people at night, they’re embarrassed about their absorptive products and how they dispose of them, and it’s major life-altering. It makes some individuals have to be in assisted living or a nursing home environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Urinary incontinence is what’s known as a pelvic floor disorder, which can also lead to fecal incontinence, which is leaking poop, or organ prolapse, when the uterus or bladder or intestines sag and fall into the vagina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About \u003ca href=\"http://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Abstract/2014/01000/Prevalence_and_Trends_of_Symptomatic_Pelvic_Floor.20.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">a quarter of American women have at least one pelvic floor disorder\u003c/a> – and urinary incontinence is the most common. The risk goes up as women get older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After age 60, greater than 30 percent of all women have some form of incontinence,” said Rosenman. And after age 80, about half of American women leak pee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is, there’s an entire subspecialty of medicine, called urogynecology, that treats pelvic floor disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also pelvic floor physical therapy that includes exercises and tech tools to help women regain their muscle strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These include the \u003ca href=\"http://www.minnalife.com/products/kgoal\" target=\"_blank\">kGoal interactive kegel exerciser\u003c/a> that you insert into your vagina. When you tighten your muscles, data about how well your muscles are performing pop up on your smartphone via bluetooth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kGoal is a play on the word kegel, a well-known exercise in which you first tighten then relax the pelvic floor muscle in an effort to reconnect with and strengthen the muscles that control pee and poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Listen to the \u003ca href=\"https://beta.prx.org/stories/175331\" target=\"_blank\">radio version\u003c/a> of this story on PRX \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>There are also apps. Lots of apps. Apps for tracking your pad usage and leaking. Or reminding you to pee more frequently. Urologists from the University of California, San Francisco recently developed the \u003ca href=\"http://urology.ucsf.edu/news/all/201601/ucsf-urologists-develop-kegel-app%23.Vyt0kRUrLVp\" target=\"_blank\">Kegel Nation\u003c/a> app, that can help monitor the frequency, progress and quality of a Kegel exercise regimen. The app features a built-in voice coach for the exercises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to physical therapy and strengthening exercises, you can treat pelvic floor disorders with diet, medication and surgery. Some women get Botox injected into the bladder to stop spasms. Some get bulking agents inserted into the urethra to beef it up. There are bigger surgeries, too, that can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our field is changing rapidly, and I think that’s what’s fun about it,” said my physical therapist Aimee Diaz. She’s a faculty member at the University of Southern California, in the division of biokinesiology and physical therapy. “From a prognosis perspective I think we’re only going to get better at treating these things, but unfortunately it’s still something that we’re going to have to deal with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, studies suggest that the number of American women with urinary incontinence will increase by \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19935030\" target=\"_blank\">55 percent in the next 35 years\u003c/a>. Due to an aging and increasingly overweight population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So innovators have their work cut out for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thankfully for me, though, there is a new product on the market that could help me get back to running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looks like a tampon, but it’s made out of silicone. It’s called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.poise.com/products/impressa\" target=\"_blank\">Poise Impressa Bladder Support\u003c/a>. It’s inserted into the vagina, and holds the urethra in place so it doesn’t leak pee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s really a game changer, because prior to that the only thing we had was surgery unless (the incontinence) was mild,” Rosenman said. “Mild stress incontinence is treatable with pelvic floor exercise and physical therapy and biofeedback. But anything more than very mild isn’t. Now we have a non-surgical option.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This audio piece was part of the STEM Story Project — distributed by PRX and made possible with funds from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>My two-year-old son doesn’t pee in his pants or wear diapers. But, ever since he was born, I do. I’m 35 years old and I buy diapers, for myself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some studies report that one out of 10 women my age are peeing themselves. Others say \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=486453&resultclick=1\" target=\"_blank\">the numbers could be higher\u003c/a>. But peeing in your pants is still embarrassing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Incontinence is still one of those frontiers that’s not really comfortable for many women to talk about,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/provider/amy-rosenman-md\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Amy Rosenman\u003c/a>, Health Sciences Clinical Professor at UCLA in the department of OB-GYN, Division of Urogynecology. “So if their doctor doesn’t specifically ask, ‘Do you leak urine?’ most of them won’t even tell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have what’s called stress incontinence. Not from emotional stress, though leaking pee \u003ci>can\u003c/i> cause that. But, from the physical stress of coughing. Or jumping. Or wrestling and laughing with a two-year-old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I’m not going to die from this. But, it has changed my life. I have all but stopped exercising, the activity that helps me stay calm and clear. For many women it’s a lot worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Moderate incontinence is annoying, it requires wearing protection most of the time, but it doesn’t limit activities. Women will still go about their normal activities,\" Rosenman said. \"Severe incontinence, women stop traveling, they don’t want to be around other people at night, they’re embarrassed about their absorptive products and how they dispose of them, and it’s major life-altering. It makes some individuals have to be in assisted living or a nursing home environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Urinary incontinence is what’s known as a pelvic floor disorder, which can also lead to fecal incontinence, which is leaking poop, or organ prolapse, when the uterus or bladder or intestines sag and fall into the vagina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About \u003ca href=\"http://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Abstract/2014/01000/Prevalence_and_Trends_of_Symptomatic_Pelvic_Floor.20.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">a quarter of American women have at least one pelvic floor disorder\u003c/a> – and urinary incontinence is the most common. The risk goes up as women get older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After age 60, greater than 30 percent of all women have some form of incontinence,” said Rosenman. And after age 80, about half of American women leak pee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is, there’s an entire subspecialty of medicine, called urogynecology, that treats pelvic floor disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also pelvic floor physical therapy that includes exercises and tech tools to help women regain their muscle strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These include the \u003ca href=\"http://www.minnalife.com/products/kgoal\" target=\"_blank\">kGoal interactive kegel exerciser\u003c/a> that you insert into your vagina. When you tighten your muscles, data about how well your muscles are performing pop up on your smartphone via bluetooth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kGoal is a play on the word kegel, a well-known exercise in which you first tighten then relax the pelvic floor muscle in an effort to reconnect with and strengthen the muscles that control pee and poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Listen to the \u003ca href=\"https://beta.prx.org/stories/175331\" target=\"_blank\">radio version\u003c/a> of this story on PRX \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>There are also apps. Lots of apps. Apps for tracking your pad usage and leaking. Or reminding you to pee more frequently. Urologists from the University of California, San Francisco recently developed the \u003ca href=\"http://urology.ucsf.edu/news/all/201601/ucsf-urologists-develop-kegel-app%23.Vyt0kRUrLVp\" target=\"_blank\">Kegel Nation\u003c/a> app, that can help monitor the frequency, progress and quality of a Kegel exercise regimen. The app features a built-in voice coach for the exercises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to physical therapy and strengthening exercises, you can treat pelvic floor disorders with diet, medication and surgery. Some women get Botox injected into the bladder to stop spasms. Some get bulking agents inserted into the urethra to beef it up. There are bigger surgeries, too, that can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our field is changing rapidly, and I think that’s what’s fun about it,” said my physical therapist Aimee Diaz. She’s a faculty member at the University of Southern California, in the division of biokinesiology and physical therapy. “From a prognosis perspective I think we’re only going to get better at treating these things, but unfortunately it’s still something that we’re going to have to deal with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, studies suggest that the number of American women with urinary incontinence will increase by \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19935030\" target=\"_blank\">55 percent in the next 35 years\u003c/a>. Due to an aging and increasingly overweight population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So innovators have their work cut out for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thankfully for me, though, there is a new product on the market that could help me get back to running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looks like a tampon, but it’s made out of silicone. It’s called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.poise.com/products/impressa\" target=\"_blank\">Poise Impressa Bladder Support\u003c/a>. It’s inserted into the vagina, and holds the urethra in place so it doesn’t leak pee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s really a game changer, because prior to that the only thing we had was surgery unless (the incontinence) was mild,” Rosenman said. “Mild stress incontinence is treatable with pelvic floor exercise and physical therapy and biofeedback. But anything more than very mild isn’t. Now we have a non-surgical option.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This audio piece was part of the STEM Story Project — distributed by PRX and made possible with funds from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>What you see in the photo above is a young child getting a flu vaccine via nasal mist. The picture was taken in 2014. But you likely won't see any children getting that version of the vaccine this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials have studied its effectiveness and found \"no evidence\" the spray actually prevented the flu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I found this out last night, all I could think was \"My kids are going to have a cow.\" My son is at sleepaway camp, so is temporarily spared the news. But when I told my 15-year-old daughter that she would have to switch to a shot, she exclaimed, \"OH NO\" and threw her head in my lap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_202763\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-202763\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/IMG_1756-e1466702366826.jpg\" alt=\"A 15-year-old girl in mock horror after learning she can no longer get a flu vaccine via nasal mist. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1715\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 15-year-old girl in mock horror after learning she can no longer get a flu vaccine via nasal mist. \u003ccite>(John Storella)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>(She quickly recovered.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sad news comes from the Center for Disease Control's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice which voted Wednesday that the live attenuated influenza vaccine (that's the \"nasal spray\" vaccine) should not be used in the 2016-2017 influenza season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC usually adopts the committee's recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/23/483239744/bad-news-for-kids-who-dont-like-flu-shots\" target=\"_blank\">NPR reports \u003c/a>that scientists aren't really sure why the nasal spray is no longer working:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The company [that manufactures FluMist], the FDA, and other investigators still haven't been able to put their scientific finger on the exact reason, but there are several studies that have indicated that in the United States the vaccine has underperformed in a very substantial way,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.mc.vanderbilt.edu/node/451\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. William Schaffner\u003c/a>, an infectious disease specialist at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and longtime member of the Influenza Vaccine Working Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schaffner did note, however, that the spray began performing poorly when all flu vaccines were adjusted to protect against four influenza strains instead of three.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, AstraZeneca, the maker of FluMist, \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2016/astrazeneca-provides-update-on-flumist-quadrivalent-vaccine-in-the-us-for-the-2016-17-influenza-season-23062016.html\" target=\"_blank\">said in a statement \u003c/a>that it \"is working with the CDC to better understand its data to help ensure eligible patients continue to receive the vaccine in future seasons in the U.S.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early studies, including randomized trials coordinated by the manufacturer, showed FluMist was highly effective, and in children performed better than traditional flu shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers looked so good that in 2014 the committee made the unusual decision to advise doctors that FluMist was better at preventing flu in healthy kids ages 2 through 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since then, studies have shown the vaccine didn't work well against the most common flu strains in any of the past three flu seasons. All flu vaccines performed poorly two winters ago, but data show FluMist performed poorly the two other seasons as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the winter that just ended, flu shots were nearly 50 percent effective against the flu strain that made most people sick. But FluMist didn't work at all, CDC researchers said, citing preliminary results from a study of about 2,300 U.S. children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Joseph Bresee, a flu expert at the CDC said there's no evidence of an increase in flu deaths among kids who had the FluMist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC recommends that everyone over age six months receives a flu vaccine every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What you see in the photo above is a young child getting a flu vaccine via nasal mist. The picture was taken in 2014. But you likely won't see any children getting that version of the vaccine this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials have studied its effectiveness and found \"no evidence\" the spray actually prevented the flu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I found this out last night, all I could think was \"My kids are going to have a cow.\" My son is at sleepaway camp, so is temporarily spared the news. But when I told my 15-year-old daughter that she would have to switch to a shot, she exclaimed, \"OH NO\" and threw her head in my lap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_202763\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-202763\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/IMG_1756-e1466702366826.jpg\" alt=\"A 15-year-old girl in mock horror after learning she can no longer get a flu vaccine via nasal mist. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1715\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 15-year-old girl in mock horror after learning she can no longer get a flu vaccine via nasal mist. \u003ccite>(John Storella)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>(She quickly recovered.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sad news comes from the Center for Disease Control's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice which voted Wednesday that the live attenuated influenza vaccine (that's the \"nasal spray\" vaccine) should not be used in the 2016-2017 influenza season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC usually adopts the committee's recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/23/483239744/bad-news-for-kids-who-dont-like-flu-shots\" target=\"_blank\">NPR reports \u003c/a>that scientists aren't really sure why the nasal spray is no longer working:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The company [that manufactures FluMist], the FDA, and other investigators still haven't been able to put their scientific finger on the exact reason, but there are several studies that have indicated that in the United States the vaccine has underperformed in a very substantial way,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.mc.vanderbilt.edu/node/451\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. William Schaffner\u003c/a>, an infectious disease specialist at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and longtime member of the Influenza Vaccine Working Group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schaffner did note, however, that the spray began performing poorly when all flu vaccines were adjusted to protect against four influenza strains instead of three.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, AstraZeneca, the maker of FluMist, \u003ca href=\"https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2016/astrazeneca-provides-update-on-flumist-quadrivalent-vaccine-in-the-us-for-the-2016-17-influenza-season-23062016.html\" target=\"_blank\">said in a statement \u003c/a>that it \"is working with the CDC to better understand its data to help ensure eligible patients continue to receive the vaccine in future seasons in the U.S.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early studies, including randomized trials coordinated by the manufacturer, showed FluMist was highly effective, and in children performed better than traditional flu shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers looked so good that in 2014 the committee made the unusual decision to advise doctors that FluMist was better at preventing flu in healthy kids ages 2 through 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since then, studies have shown the vaccine didn't work well against the most common flu strains in any of the past three flu seasons. All flu vaccines performed poorly two winters ago, but data show FluMist performed poorly the two other seasons as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the winter that just ended, flu shots were nearly 50 percent effective against the flu strain that made most people sick. But FluMist didn't work at all, CDC researchers said, citing preliminary results from a study of about 2,300 U.S. children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Joseph Bresee, a flu expert at the CDC said there's no evidence of an increase in flu deaths among kids who had the FluMist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC recommends that everyone over age six months receives a flu vaccine every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A 22-year-old woman in England thought she was going blind in one eye. She could always see fine out of her left eye. But on some nights, the right eye failed her. All she could see out of it were vague shapes in the room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, it happened about two or three times a week. Then it started happening every night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she went to the doctor, her vision appeared normal. So did brain scans. But it was a disturbing trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the same time, another woman noticed the same thing. On some mornings, she'd lose vision in just one eye for up to 20 minutes. It was bothersome enough to land her in the emergency room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vision loss in one eye can be a sign that a person is having a small stroke, which is why one of the women was put on blood thinners and the other got a brain scan. It can also signal a compressed optic nerve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after further investigation, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1514294\">researchers writing\u003c/a> Wednesday in \u003cem>The New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em> think the problem is much simpler. They're calling the affliction \"transient smartphone 'blindness.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were looking at their smartphones and they just happened to have one eye covered because they were lying in bed,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lsm/research/divisions/dns/about/people/Profiles/omar-mahroo.aspx\">Omar Mahroo\u003c/a>, an ophthalmologist at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London and an author on the letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first patient had a habit of gazing at her smartphone before falling asleep. She'd lie on her left side and look at the screen primarily with her right eye. Her left eye was often covered by the pillow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other patient, who was in her 40s, had similar problems when she woke up in the morning before sunrise and checked the news on her smartphone before sitting up. It had been going on for about a year, ever since she'd injured her cornea. But around the same time, she'd bought an iPhone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both cases, nothing bad was going on. Mahroo says. It's just that one retina was adapted to light, and the other to dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The retina is pretty amazing because it can adapt to lots of different light levels, probably better than any camera,\" he says. \"It can reduce its sensitivity, so that when you're on the beach or in the bright snow you can still see relatively well,\" he says. In the dark on a clear sky, it can adjust to detect extremely dim, far away points of light like stars in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retinas constantly adjust when someone leaves a room and enters a slightly dimmer room, or goes inside after being outdoors. But these patients experienced a rare scenario in which that change would actually be noticeable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's how it happens: Light makes the pigment in rod-shaped cells change shape, which changes the electrical current running to another set of cells, which determines how much of a chemical those cells release to nerve cells, which eventually pass the message on to the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After exposure to a bright light, it can take 40 minutes for that process to reset, after which a person can again see in the dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers asked the two patients to do a little experiment, viewing the smartphone with just the left eye, then just the right eye on separate occasions. They realized that the eye going temporarily \"blind\" was always the one that was being used to look at the bright screen. The other eye was likely hidden by a pillow, blocking the light from the screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To confirm the hypothesis, Mahroo and his colleagues did a little experiment on themselves. Mahroo went in a dark room and with one eye covered, gazed at a smartphone for 20 minutes before turning off the screen. \"It did actually feel quite strange,\" he says of his self-experiment. \"It would be very alarming if you didn't know what was going on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, he connected himself to a device that measured the current flowing in the photoreceptors in his retinas using electrodes. And sure enough, after flashes of dim light, the retina that had been exposed to the screen took longer to adjust to new light settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The retina is like a minibrain in our eye, and we're still trying to understand what goes on there,\" says Mahroo, who studies the cascade of cell communication that happens constantly between the retina and the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mahroo says since he and his colleagues made their finding, multiple other patients have said they experienced concerning vision loss because of smartphone use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, should you not read a phone with one eye in a dark room? \"We don't know of any ill effects,\" Mahroo says. But it can be jarring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, this next bit has nothing to do with smartphones. But Mahroo says there's an urban legend that speculates that pirates' eye patches could have been used to manipulate vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Wearing an eye patch allows the eye that's covered to be in a constant state of darkness, which keeps the rod cells in that eye at their maximum sensitivity, what we call 'dark adapted,' \" Mahroo says. \"So simply by wearing an eye patch in bright light, and then, when in the dark, switching it over to the other eye, a pirate should, in theory, have instantly been able to see well in the dark.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That of course presumes that the pirates were hip to the effect, and not merely wearing an eye patch to cover the unfortunate result of a sword fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Using+A+Smartphone+In+Bed+Made+Women+Momentarily+Blind&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A 22-year-old woman in England thought she was going blind in one eye. She could always see fine out of her left eye. But on some nights, the right eye failed her. All she could see out of it were vague shapes in the room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, it happened about two or three times a week. Then it started happening every night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she went to the doctor, her vision appeared normal. So did brain scans. But it was a disturbing trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the same time, another woman noticed the same thing. On some mornings, she'd lose vision in just one eye for up to 20 minutes. It was bothersome enough to land her in the emergency room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vision loss in one eye can be a sign that a person is having a small stroke, which is why one of the women was put on blood thinners and the other got a brain scan. It can also signal a compressed optic nerve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after further investigation, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1514294\">researchers writing\u003c/a> Wednesday in \u003cem>The New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em> think the problem is much simpler. They're calling the affliction \"transient smartphone 'blindness.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were looking at their smartphones and they just happened to have one eye covered because they were lying in bed,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lsm/research/divisions/dns/about/people/Profiles/omar-mahroo.aspx\">Omar Mahroo\u003c/a>, an ophthalmologist at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London and an author on the letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first patient had a habit of gazing at her smartphone before falling asleep. She'd lie on her left side and look at the screen primarily with her right eye. Her left eye was often covered by the pillow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other patient, who was in her 40s, had similar problems when she woke up in the morning before sunrise and checked the news on her smartphone before sitting up. It had been going on for about a year, ever since she'd injured her cornea. But around the same time, she'd bought an iPhone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both cases, nothing bad was going on. Mahroo says. It's just that one retina was adapted to light, and the other to dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The retina is pretty amazing because it can adapt to lots of different light levels, probably better than any camera,\" he says. \"It can reduce its sensitivity, so that when you're on the beach or in the bright snow you can still see relatively well,\" he says. In the dark on a clear sky, it can adjust to detect extremely dim, far away points of light like stars in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retinas constantly adjust when someone leaves a room and enters a slightly dimmer room, or goes inside after being outdoors. But these patients experienced a rare scenario in which that change would actually be noticeable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's how it happens: Light makes the pigment in rod-shaped cells change shape, which changes the electrical current running to another set of cells, which determines how much of a chemical those cells release to nerve cells, which eventually pass the message on to the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After exposure to a bright light, it can take 40 minutes for that process to reset, after which a person can again see in the dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers asked the two patients to do a little experiment, viewing the smartphone with just the left eye, then just the right eye on separate occasions. They realized that the eye going temporarily \"blind\" was always the one that was being used to look at the bright screen. The other eye was likely hidden by a pillow, blocking the light from the screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To confirm the hypothesis, Mahroo and his colleagues did a little experiment on themselves. Mahroo went in a dark room and with one eye covered, gazed at a smartphone for 20 minutes before turning off the screen. \"It did actually feel quite strange,\" he says of his self-experiment. \"It would be very alarming if you didn't know what was going on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, he connected himself to a device that measured the current flowing in the photoreceptors in his retinas using electrodes. And sure enough, after flashes of dim light, the retina that had been exposed to the screen took longer to adjust to new light settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The retina is like a minibrain in our eye, and we're still trying to understand what goes on there,\" says Mahroo, who studies the cascade of cell communication that happens constantly between the retina and the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mahroo says since he and his colleagues made their finding, multiple other patients have said they experienced concerning vision loss because of smartphone use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, should you not read a phone with one eye in a dark room? \"We don't know of any ill effects,\" Mahroo says. But it can be jarring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, this next bit has nothing to do with smartphones. But Mahroo says there's an urban legend that speculates that pirates' eye patches could have been used to manipulate vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Wearing an eye patch allows the eye that's covered to be in a constant state of darkness, which keeps the rod cells in that eye at their maximum sensitivity, what we call 'dark adapted,' \" Mahroo says. \"So simply by wearing an eye patch in bright light, and then, when in the dark, switching it over to the other eye, a pirate should, in theory, have instantly been able to see well in the dark.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That of course presumes that the pirates were hip to the effect, and not merely wearing an eye patch to cover the unfortunate result of a sword fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Using+A+Smartphone+In+Bed+Made+Women+Momentarily+Blind&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Is It OK For Boys To Cry?",
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"content": "\u003cp>A few weeks ago at a soccer game I was coaching, my team got trounced. They are 7 and they are not used to losing. As soon as I called the game and they realized what had just happened, two of the boys burst out crying.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Boys can cry -- if they do it in just the right way\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The first one cried loudly, and desperately. He was upset because he hadn't run hard enough or passed enough or scored enough goals. It was the cry of a battle commander who had let his troops down, and his father hugged him proudly. The second boy cried because of a minor injury and a general sense of exhaustion. His mom gave him a stern face and whisked him away to the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do we care if our sons cry? When I asked that question on Twitter, a handful of moms immediately wrote me back to say: Of course! I want my son to cry!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I suspect that reaction only applies to the kind of parents who follow me on Twitter, and even less so for the dads. The most fulsome and possibly honest answer I received (from a dad) was: \"I don't mind at all when my 11-year-old cries when he is overcome with emotion. I do mind when he cries over small injuries.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My conclusion: I think we care a lot less about boys crying than we used to, but more than we will admit. Or to put it another way: boys can cry, if they do it in just the right way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The academic research about boys and crying – or more accurately, vulnerability – shows that society is right now in a precarious place. One body of research shows that boys will fall further behind in school and in an increasingly complex society if we do not teach them how to be emotionally open and honest, able to recognize and navigate their feelings rather than stuffing them down. But another body of research shows that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/10/education/edlife/teaching-men-to-be-emotionally-honest.html\" target=\"_blank\">teaching boys to accept their own vulnerability is harder than we think.\u003c/a> Despite our best intentions, our progressive instincts, and an increasingly gender-fluid society — the mama's boy stigma dies hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, we have been stuck in this spot for a while. Nearly 20 years ago \u003cem>The Atlantic\u003c/em> ran a cover story about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/05/the-war-against-boys/304659/\" target=\"_blank\">boy crisis in schools\u003c/a>. Boys were falling behind in math and reading scores, in high school and college graduation rates. For working-class men this translated into a very slim chance of an easy middle-class life, as I wrote about in my 2012 book \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/End-Men-Rise-Women/dp/B00D9TA4VY\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>The End of Men\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em> Initially researchers thought that what boys needed was more ... boyishness, more rough and tumble play, more adventure stories!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now it looks like they might need the opposite. In a 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://pages.uoregon.edu/eherman/teaching/texts/DiPrete%20&%20Buchmann,%202013%20Briefing%20The-rise-of-women.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">repor\u003c/a>t, sociologists Thomas Di Prete and Claudia Buchmann wrote that \"boys' underperformance in school has more to do with society's norms about masculinity than with anatomy, hormones or brain structure.\" Boys who do extracurriculars like music, art and drama tend to get higher grades, they found, but those things are often denigrated as \"un-masculine,\" they write. And they found many examples of boys who strive for good grades being called \"pussies\" or \"fags\" by their peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why at a time when acceptable behavior for women has expanded, do men remain stuck? After all, studies of infants and young children show that \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/35/1/175/\" target=\"_blank\">babies and very young boys are just as emotive\u003c/a> as little girls. So why do we socialize it out of them? Sociologist Stephanie Coontz calls this the age of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stephaniecoontz.com/articles/article93.htm\" target=\"_blank\">masculine mystique\u003c/a>. In the 50s and early 60s it was women who were stuck in a box. But now it's men who are trapped in a narrow gender stereotype that \"prevents them from exploring the full range of their individual capabilities,\" she writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I own a 1958 book called \u003cem>The Decline of the American Male\u003c/em>. It shows a picture of a wickedly indifferent goddess woman pulling the puppet strings of a boy. Chapter One is called \"Why Do Women Dominate Him?\" The fear of female domination runs deep. You can see it in Gamergate, in Donald Trump, in bro culture on campus. In fact, it's a strain of misogyny that runs alongside gender equality. Ask the question: \"Can Boys Cry?\" and you are only likely to inflame it, confirm the fear that boys are being forced to conform to a girls' world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My guess is that there has always been an acceptable category of male vulnerability and that it always looked different from the female kind. You can see it in boys' eternal attraction to superheroes, who are simultaneously invincible and tender. You can see it in boy-men's undying love for Bruce Springsteen. Boys seem magnetized to men who express the full range of emotions. But we have lost that along the way, or at least it's gotten perverted. In her 1999 book \u003cem>Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man\u003c/em>, Susan Faludi says that these days boys are modeling themselves on what she calls \"ornamental masculinity\" – the flattened, crude version of macho that dominates TV and music and porn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me the most promising efforts are the ones that address male vulnerability on its own terms, or at least in gender-neutral terms. As it happens, some of the most exciting trends in education right now are ones boys can get behind. New research on motivation encourages kids to \u003ca href=\"http://mindsetonline.com/abouttheauthor/\" target=\"_blank\">fail\u003c/a>. The newly trendy concept of grit implies a life of endless obstacle courses and toughness, something boys can also own. And my favorite, psychiatrist Jonathan Shay's program to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/us/excerpt-odysseus.html\" target=\"_blank\">ease combat trauma with Greek classics\u003c/a>. Shay sees that the classics understood something we have forgotten — that men who are coming back from war, or who have just lost a soccer game, or who are just plain tired, would naturally want to cry. But he also sees that the message is easier to take coming from a Greek hero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hanna Rosin is a co-host of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/invisibilia/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR podcast Invisibilia\u003c/a>. She's written for The Atlantic and Slate, and is the author of The End of Men.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+It+OK+For+Boys+To+Cry%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A few weeks ago at a soccer game I was coaching, my team got trounced. They are 7 and they are not used to losing. As soon as I called the game and they realized what had just happened, two of the boys burst out crying.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Boys can cry -- if they do it in just the right way\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The first one cried loudly, and desperately. He was upset because he hadn't run hard enough or passed enough or scored enough goals. It was the cry of a battle commander who had let his troops down, and his father hugged him proudly. The second boy cried because of a minor injury and a general sense of exhaustion. His mom gave him a stern face and whisked him away to the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do we care if our sons cry? When I asked that question on Twitter, a handful of moms immediately wrote me back to say: Of course! I want my son to cry!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I suspect that reaction only applies to the kind of parents who follow me on Twitter, and even less so for the dads. The most fulsome and possibly honest answer I received (from a dad) was: \"I don't mind at all when my 11-year-old cries when he is overcome with emotion. I do mind when he cries over small injuries.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My conclusion: I think we care a lot less about boys crying than we used to, but more than we will admit. Or to put it another way: boys can cry, if they do it in just the right way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The academic research about boys and crying – or more accurately, vulnerability – shows that society is right now in a precarious place. One body of research shows that boys will fall further behind in school and in an increasingly complex society if we do not teach them how to be emotionally open and honest, able to recognize and navigate their feelings rather than stuffing them down. But another body of research shows that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/10/education/edlife/teaching-men-to-be-emotionally-honest.html\" target=\"_blank\">teaching boys to accept their own vulnerability is harder than we think.\u003c/a> Despite our best intentions, our progressive instincts, and an increasingly gender-fluid society — the mama's boy stigma dies hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, we have been stuck in this spot for a while. Nearly 20 years ago \u003cem>The Atlantic\u003c/em> ran a cover story about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/05/the-war-against-boys/304659/\" target=\"_blank\">boy crisis in schools\u003c/a>. Boys were falling behind in math and reading scores, in high school and college graduation rates. For working-class men this translated into a very slim chance of an easy middle-class life, as I wrote about in my 2012 book \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/End-Men-Rise-Women/dp/B00D9TA4VY\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>The End of Men\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em> Initially researchers thought that what boys needed was more ... boyishness, more rough and tumble play, more adventure stories!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now it looks like they might need the opposite. In a 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://pages.uoregon.edu/eherman/teaching/texts/DiPrete%20&%20Buchmann,%202013%20Briefing%20The-rise-of-women.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">repor\u003c/a>t, sociologists Thomas Di Prete and Claudia Buchmann wrote that \"boys' underperformance in school has more to do with society's norms about masculinity than with anatomy, hormones or brain structure.\" Boys who do extracurriculars like music, art and drama tend to get higher grades, they found, but those things are often denigrated as \"un-masculine,\" they write. And they found many examples of boys who strive for good grades being called \"pussies\" or \"fags\" by their peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why at a time when acceptable behavior for women has expanded, do men remain stuck? After all, studies of infants and young children show that \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/35/1/175/\" target=\"_blank\">babies and very young boys are just as emotive\u003c/a> as little girls. So why do we socialize it out of them? Sociologist Stephanie Coontz calls this the age of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stephaniecoontz.com/articles/article93.htm\" target=\"_blank\">masculine mystique\u003c/a>. In the 50s and early 60s it was women who were stuck in a box. But now it's men who are trapped in a narrow gender stereotype that \"prevents them from exploring the full range of their individual capabilities,\" she writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I own a 1958 book called \u003cem>The Decline of the American Male\u003c/em>. It shows a picture of a wickedly indifferent goddess woman pulling the puppet strings of a boy. Chapter One is called \"Why Do Women Dominate Him?\" The fear of female domination runs deep. You can see it in Gamergate, in Donald Trump, in bro culture on campus. In fact, it's a strain of misogyny that runs alongside gender equality. Ask the question: \"Can Boys Cry?\" and you are only likely to inflame it, confirm the fear that boys are being forced to conform to a girls' world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My guess is that there has always been an acceptable category of male vulnerability and that it always looked different from the female kind. You can see it in boys' eternal attraction to superheroes, who are simultaneously invincible and tender. You can see it in boy-men's undying love for Bruce Springsteen. Boys seem magnetized to men who express the full range of emotions. But we have lost that along the way, or at least it's gotten perverted. In her 1999 book \u003cem>Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man\u003c/em>, Susan Faludi says that these days boys are modeling themselves on what she calls \"ornamental masculinity\" – the flattened, crude version of macho that dominates TV and music and porn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me the most promising efforts are the ones that address male vulnerability on its own terms, or at least in gender-neutral terms. As it happens, some of the most exciting trends in education right now are ones boys can get behind. New research on motivation encourages kids to \u003ca href=\"http://mindsetonline.com/abouttheauthor/\" target=\"_blank\">fail\u003c/a>. The newly trendy concept of grit implies a life of endless obstacle courses and toughness, something boys can also own. And my favorite, psychiatrist Jonathan Shay's program to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/us/excerpt-odysseus.html\" target=\"_blank\">ease combat trauma with Greek classics\u003c/a>. Shay sees that the classics understood something we have forgotten — that men who are coming back from war, or who have just lost a soccer game, or who are just plain tired, would naturally want to cry. But he also sees that the message is easier to take coming from a Greek hero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hanna Rosin is a co-host of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/invisibilia/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR podcast Invisibilia\u003c/a>. She's written for The Atlantic and Slate, and is the author of The End of Men.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+It+OK+For+Boys+To+Cry%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Jess Thom says the word “biscuit,” about 16,000 times every day. Her brother-in-law counted once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just one of the tics that Thom, a London-based performance artist, has to manage as part of her life with Tourette syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What disables me …it’s other people’s misunderstanding,” she says. “What’s exciting is that it’s something we all have power to change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“People got a kick out of trying to get me to say the bad words. The big challenge is to remember they don’t quite understand the syndrome.”\u003ccite> Michael Chichioco, high school senior\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Thom and several others with the condition discussed what life was like with Tourette syndrome on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2016/05/31/living-with-tourette-syndrome/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED Forum\u003c/a> recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tourette syndrome is far more common than people may realize, and many misperceptions about it still exist, Kevin McNaught, executive vice president at Tourette Association of America, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tourette syndrome is characterized by tics -- either motor or vocal -- and is considered a neurological disorder. It affects about 300,000 children in the United States, with even more undiagnosed due to delayed or missed diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a rare disorder,\" McNaught said, with a rate as high as 1 in 100 school age children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Youth Ambassador Counters Misunderstandings\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Chichioco, a high school senior with Tourette syndrome, said he used to be bullied at school, with kids trying to trigger him to have outbursts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People got a kick out of trying to get me to say the bad words,” said Chichioco, a student at St. Ignatius, a private high school in San Francisco. “They would try to get me to say them in bad situations. The big challenge is to remember they don’t quite understand the syndrome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Self-reassurance has been one of the best coping mechanisms for Chichioco, he said, as has been realizing that a lot of people react badly to his tics because they don’t understand his condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s easy to get down when people don’t seem to understand it,” Chichioco said. His tics come out more prominently when he is nervous or excited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now as a youth ambassador for the advocacy group Tourette Association of America, Chichioco said he works to spread awareness of the condition and counter the many misunderstandings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, though Chichioco has a verbal tic where he says swear words as part of his Tourette syndrome, that particular manifestation, called coprolalia, is rare. Only about 10 to 15 percent of people with Tourette syndrome will have outbursts riddled with curse words, said McNaught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Neurological, Not Psychiatric, Disorder\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tourette syndrome is often incorrectly thought to be a psychiatric disorder, because it can have some behavioral features and symptoms that worsen at times of stress or anxiety. Because the condition often presents with anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or obsessive compulsive disorder, it can be hard to differentiate the origins of the symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The symptoms of Tourette’s appear in early childhood but can be transient and reappear later in life, McNaught said. Because symptoms come and go and vary in severity, it often leads to a delayed or incorrect diagnosis until the children are much older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chichioco said he first had tics, muscle twitches involving his face head and neck at around age 6, but wasn’t diagnosed until age 13.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Mason, author, of e-books \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/What-Makes-Tic-Chris-Mason-ebook/dp/B00H7UFM9A\" target=\"_blank\">What Makes Me Tic: Living with Tourette Syndrome\u003c/a>\" and \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Touretties-Chris-Mason-ebook/dp/B0066IG4WS?ie=UTF8&qid=1465236061&ref_=sr_1_2&s=digital-text&sr=1-2\" target=\"_blank\">Touretties\u003c/a>,\" said he wasn’t diagnosed until age 20 after his mother became ill. The stress of facing her health issues brought out his tics more prominently, he said. His first tics were blinking his eyes really fast and tightly, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his childhood, before his diagnosis, Mason’s parents used to refer to his tics as his “bad habits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of parents have never heard of the word Tourette’s, “ he said, “even though there’s a hereditary component.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientific studies suggest that Tourette’s is genetic and is inherited as a dominant gene passed from parent to child, but it is not known for certain yet, according to the Tourette Association of America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Treatment Options\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The condition is treated with a combination of medication and behavioral therapy. But the medications can carry serious side effects like cognitive dulling or extreme fatigue, so people with Tourette often come up with other techniques of coping as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mason, the author, said his medications cause extreme drowsiness. He could sleep 18 hours a day if given the chance. “Any time I sit down or lay down, I go to sleep,” he said. “Being an author, it’s taken away my creativity. It’s hard to write.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people with Tourette syndrome develop tools to help them manage daily life with their tics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thom, the London-based performance artist, helps spread the word about her condition on a website called \u003ca href=\"http://www.touretteshero.com/\">Tourette’s Hero\u003c/a>. She has developed some coping techniques because she couldn’t tolerate medication side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She uses padded gloves because she punches her chest hundreds of times a day. She said she has also begun using a wheelchair because her walking is “chaotic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she started using the wheelchair, she noticed a difference in how people treated her. “People are less frightened of me now,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said she doesn’t know why the word “biscuit\" -- or \"cookie\" in the U.S. -- has such a prominent role in her life. She joked that she doesn’t think about biscuits nearly as much as it seems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This tic inspired the title of a live show based on her experiences called “Backstage in Biscuitland.” It was performed at the San Francisco International Arts Festival earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said she decided to perform on stage in a theatrical production because it was the only seat in the theater from which she couldn’t be asked to leave. Having motor and verbal tics makes it highly challenging for someone to attend theater, a space in which people are expected to sit still and quietly, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being in romantic relationships can be challenging for people with Tourette syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been in a couple of romantic relationships, Mason said, comparing the situation to employment. “You have to decide if you are gonna tell someone before you get the job or right when you get in the relationship. When I put it out there, it ends shortly after.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chichioco said he hasn’t yet been in a romantic relationship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fear of finding someone you really like, and having them say, ‘You have Tourette’s, I can’t handle it,' \" says Chichioco, \"It’s hard to show vulnerability in that context. It’s eventually something I’ll have to face.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And dating someone else with Tourette syndrome would have its own challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I’m with other people with Tourette’s, we mirror our tics,\" Chichioco said. “That could be a hindrance. At the same time, it would be great to have two people that understand each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Empowerment has been the best medicine for his condition, Chichioco said. He even gave \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0fDXRBdpwE\" target=\"_blank\">a TEDx youth talk\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I found throughout high school, I was uptight about it,” he said, but that changed when he started speaking openly about his experience to friends. “I felt empowered by the backing of people. The best treatment is being honest and speaking about it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Jess Thom says the word “biscuit,” about 16,000 times every day. Her brother-in-law counted once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just one of the tics that Thom, a London-based performance artist, has to manage as part of her life with Tourette syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What disables me …it’s other people’s misunderstanding,” she says. “What’s exciting is that it’s something we all have power to change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“People got a kick out of trying to get me to say the bad words. The big challenge is to remember they don’t quite understand the syndrome.”\u003ccite> Michael Chichioco, high school senior\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Thom and several others with the condition discussed what life was like with Tourette syndrome on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2016/05/31/living-with-tourette-syndrome/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED Forum\u003c/a> recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tourette syndrome is far more common than people may realize, and many misperceptions about it still exist, Kevin McNaught, executive vice president at Tourette Association of America, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tourette syndrome is characterized by tics -- either motor or vocal -- and is considered a neurological disorder. It affects about 300,000 children in the United States, with even more undiagnosed due to delayed or missed diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a rare disorder,\" McNaught said, with a rate as high as 1 in 100 school age children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Youth Ambassador Counters Misunderstandings\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Chichioco, a high school senior with Tourette syndrome, said he used to be bullied at school, with kids trying to trigger him to have outbursts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People got a kick out of trying to get me to say the bad words,” said Chichioco, a student at St. Ignatius, a private high school in San Francisco. “They would try to get me to say them in bad situations. The big challenge is to remember they don’t quite understand the syndrome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Self-reassurance has been one of the best coping mechanisms for Chichioco, he said, as has been realizing that a lot of people react badly to his tics because they don’t understand his condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s easy to get down when people don’t seem to understand it,” Chichioco said. His tics come out more prominently when he is nervous or excited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now as a youth ambassador for the advocacy group Tourette Association of America, Chichioco said he works to spread awareness of the condition and counter the many misunderstandings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, though Chichioco has a verbal tic where he says swear words as part of his Tourette syndrome, that particular manifestation, called coprolalia, is rare. Only about 10 to 15 percent of people with Tourette syndrome will have outbursts riddled with curse words, said McNaught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Neurological, Not Psychiatric, Disorder\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tourette syndrome is often incorrectly thought to be a psychiatric disorder, because it can have some behavioral features and symptoms that worsen at times of stress or anxiety. Because the condition often presents with anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or obsessive compulsive disorder, it can be hard to differentiate the origins of the symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The symptoms of Tourette’s appear in early childhood but can be transient and reappear later in life, McNaught said. Because symptoms come and go and vary in severity, it often leads to a delayed or incorrect diagnosis until the children are much older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chichioco said he first had tics, muscle twitches involving his face head and neck at around age 6, but wasn’t diagnosed until age 13.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Mason, author, of e-books \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/What-Makes-Tic-Chris-Mason-ebook/dp/B00H7UFM9A\" target=\"_blank\">What Makes Me Tic: Living with Tourette Syndrome\u003c/a>\" and \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Touretties-Chris-Mason-ebook/dp/B0066IG4WS?ie=UTF8&qid=1465236061&ref_=sr_1_2&s=digital-text&sr=1-2\" target=\"_blank\">Touretties\u003c/a>,\" said he wasn’t diagnosed until age 20 after his mother became ill. The stress of facing her health issues brought out his tics more prominently, he said. His first tics were blinking his eyes really fast and tightly, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his childhood, before his diagnosis, Mason’s parents used to refer to his tics as his “bad habits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of parents have never heard of the word Tourette’s, “ he said, “even though there’s a hereditary component.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientific studies suggest that Tourette’s is genetic and is inherited as a dominant gene passed from parent to child, but it is not known for certain yet, according to the Tourette Association of America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Treatment Options\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The condition is treated with a combination of medication and behavioral therapy. But the medications can carry serious side effects like cognitive dulling or extreme fatigue, so people with Tourette often come up with other techniques of coping as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mason, the author, said his medications cause extreme drowsiness. He could sleep 18 hours a day if given the chance. “Any time I sit down or lay down, I go to sleep,” he said. “Being an author, it’s taken away my creativity. It’s hard to write.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people with Tourette syndrome develop tools to help them manage daily life with their tics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thom, the London-based performance artist, helps spread the word about her condition on a website called \u003ca href=\"http://www.touretteshero.com/\">Tourette’s Hero\u003c/a>. She has developed some coping techniques because she couldn’t tolerate medication side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She uses padded gloves because she punches her chest hundreds of times a day. She said she has also begun using a wheelchair because her walking is “chaotic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she started using the wheelchair, she noticed a difference in how people treated her. “People are less frightened of me now,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said she doesn’t know why the word “biscuit\" -- or \"cookie\" in the U.S. -- has such a prominent role in her life. She joked that she doesn’t think about biscuits nearly as much as it seems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This tic inspired the title of a live show based on her experiences called “Backstage in Biscuitland.” It was performed at the San Francisco International Arts Festival earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said she decided to perform on stage in a theatrical production because it was the only seat in the theater from which she couldn’t be asked to leave. Having motor and verbal tics makes it highly challenging for someone to attend theater, a space in which people are expected to sit still and quietly, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being in romantic relationships can be challenging for people with Tourette syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been in a couple of romantic relationships, Mason said, comparing the situation to employment. “You have to decide if you are gonna tell someone before you get the job or right when you get in the relationship. When I put it out there, it ends shortly after.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chichioco said he hasn’t yet been in a romantic relationship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fear of finding someone you really like, and having them say, ‘You have Tourette’s, I can’t handle it,' \" says Chichioco, \"It’s hard to show vulnerability in that context. It’s eventually something I’ll have to face.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And dating someone else with Tourette syndrome would have its own challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I’m with other people with Tourette’s, we mirror our tics,\" Chichioco said. “That could be a hindrance. At the same time, it would be great to have two people that understand each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Empowerment has been the best medicine for his condition, Chichioco said. He even gave \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0fDXRBdpwE\" target=\"_blank\">a TEDx youth talk\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I found throughout high school, I was uptight about it,” he said, but that changed when he started speaking openly about his experience to friends. “I felt empowered by the backing of people. The best treatment is being honest and speaking about it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "'Threshold Choir' Brings Songs of Comfort to the Dying",
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"content": "\u003cp>Three women climb the stairs of a beautiful Victorian in San Francisco. They hold nothing in their hands, but they bring a precious gift. These women are members of the Threshold Choir, and the home they are visiting is the Zen Hospice Project. They sing to people at the last threshold of life, and today, when they reach the second floor, they find Luca Sager, a 38-year-old chef with terminal brain cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sager’s hands, tattooed with a salt and pepper shakers, rest on the top of his covers as he listens as the women sing, a cappella:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You are not alone\u003cbr>\nI am here now\u003cbr>\nWe are not alone\u003cbr>\nWe are here together\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sager speaks slowly through medication and pain. He says peace fills him when the women sing. “It feels like a good time for me to gather my feelings about gratitude and being calm and appreciation. I just smile a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kate Munger founded the Threshold Choir in Marin County and the East Bay 16 years ago. She says it grew out of her own experience of sitting with a friend of who was dying of AIDS back in the '90s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was very distressing to see him comatose and agitated,” Munger recalls. “I did what I did at the time when I was nervous or afraid, and I started singing -- instinctively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says her friend “calmed, settled and got positively serene,” and her own feelings mirrored those of her dying friend. “I felt like I had discovered, or rediscovered, something -- an ancient practice that tribal humans do for one another when someone’s struggling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_196124\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-196124 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-2.jpg\" alt=\"Threshold Choir_Web 2\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-2.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Luca Sager, 38, who is terminally ill with brain cancer, listens to the Threshold Choir. They are \"an act of care,\" he says. \u003ccite>(Scott Stoneback for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://thresholdchoir.org\" target=\"_blank\">Threshold Choir\u003c/a> has spread since then -- across North America and to other countries. It is devoted to lifting others up, to creating a place for reflection, especially for people who may be outside the traditional reaches of religion. The singers speak of the healing quality of music and the power of the human voice to soothe and to make beautiful the process of dying, which is so often accompanied by great fear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choir singer Katharine Rose Kirner says she knows what it is like to lie powerless in bed facing the fear of death. In 2001, as the country was reeling from the 9/11 attacks, Kirner faced a different kind of threat, a brain tumor the size of a grapefruit. She says she was gripped by fear of death and feelings she had not done what she needed to do in her life. She vowed to do something “important” if she recuperated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she did eventually heal, she learned of the Threshold Choir and became a devoted member singing at least once a week. She says being part of the choir has given her a chance to see how gentle dying can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of us think of death as an event, but it’s a process,\" she says. \"That gave me great comfort.” Watching the process has moved her to think of what she wants at her own death, something she says she would not have contemplated without being in the choir. \"I would have sat in the fear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_196122\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-196122 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir__Web-3.jpg\" alt=\"Threshold Choir__Web 3\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir__Web-3.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir__Web-3-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir__Web-3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir__Web-3-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir__Web-3-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir__Web-3-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir__Web-3-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kate Munger, founder of the Threshold Choir. \u003ccite>(Scott Stoneback for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Singer Peggy Cadbury, a retired nurse, saw a fair amount of death while working in hospital settings. But as a member of the choir, she has the chance to tend to the dying with a different intention. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you're nursing at the bedside of somebody who is dying, you're constantly concerned about their physical wellbeing, their pain level, ” Cadbury says. But as a member of the choir, “I can just be there to hold space for that person in the room and create an environment of comfort and caring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Munger says the harmonies are particularly powerful in creating a sense of calm and wellbeing. “It’s a visceral experience. It’s not just the ears; it's full body absorption of vibration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cadbury says singing quietly and softly the simple songs written by choir members is much like singing a lullaby to a child. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is like a gentle caress, and it feels right,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sager, the patient, says the singing not only helps bring him emotional calm, but it also reduces the physical pain he has in his head around the tumor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research suggests that listening to live music can help reduce pain in palliative care patients. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23017609\" target=\"_blank\">2012 study\u003c/a> found that patients found that patients who had the harp played to them for 20 minutes -- along with breathing exercises and visualization -- reported a significant decrease in pain compared to a control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Registered nurse and certified music therapist Kathy Jo Gutgsell at University Hospitals in Cleveland was lead author of the study. She believes music “may awaken the body’s own endorphins\" -- those much-chased-after chemicals that make us feel better about the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human brain \"doesn’t multitask very well,\" she explains. \"When we are paying attention to the music, we can't pay attention to the pain.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gutgsell says music is tied to memories and can connect us to times of great joy and sadness. “I think humans are hardwired for music. Some people think we were singing before we were speaking back at the beginning of humanity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Threshold Choir singers say they, too, are helped by the act of singing together and for a person in need. “You see them calm, and then you calm, and it’s a reciprocal thing,” Cadbury says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirner says singing in the choir is one of the best things in her life. “I get a sense of purpose.” Choir singers may benefit in other ways. A growing body of research finds that people who take part in choral singing have a better sense of wellbeing than those who don’t sing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_196125\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-196125 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"Threshold Choir_Web 1-1\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-1-1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-1-1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-1-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-1-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-1-1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-1-1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-1-1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From left, Peggy Cadbury, Katharine Rose Kirner and Karen Mooney, members of the Threshold Choir. \u003ccite>(Scott Stoneback for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The research suggests that singing itself can raise levels of oxytocin, the hormone associated with trust and bonding. So people who sing in chorus may feel a strong bond with those they sing with together. Right now in San Francisco, a\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/20/in-san-francisco-seniors-are-singing-for-science/\" target=\"_blank\"> five-year study is underway\u003c/a> looking at both the possible physical and emotional benefits of choral singing for seniors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Munger says songs are “ethereal, evanescent, and mysterious” and she believes they can serve as a bridge “from the purely physical, temporal, body experience ... to what lies beyond.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Cadbury, she says watching others die has helped her frame her daily life and what she hopes for her death. “Singing at the bedside of people who are dying has helped me appreciate being alive, has made more feel more alive and more into being the moment and enjoy life. I hope that when I am on the threshold someone will come and sing to me these beautiful, peaceful songs of comfort.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sager, the patient, says he believes as human beings our purpose in life is to be givers however we can. He says he did that as a chef, serving homemade nourishing food. He says he is proud of the Threshold Choir for offering their songs as a gift, “to receive that gift is an act of love and support, an act of care, which is what I need most in my life right now.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Three women climb the stairs of a beautiful Victorian in San Francisco. They hold nothing in their hands, but they bring a precious gift. These women are members of the Threshold Choir, and the home they are visiting is the Zen Hospice Project. They sing to people at the last threshold of life, and today, when they reach the second floor, they find Luca Sager, a 38-year-old chef with terminal brain cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sager’s hands, tattooed with a salt and pepper shakers, rest on the top of his covers as he listens as the women sing, a cappella:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You are not alone\u003cbr>\nI am here now\u003cbr>\nWe are not alone\u003cbr>\nWe are here together\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sager speaks slowly through medication and pain. He says peace fills him when the women sing. “It feels like a good time for me to gather my feelings about gratitude and being calm and appreciation. I just smile a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kate Munger founded the Threshold Choir in Marin County and the East Bay 16 years ago. She says it grew out of her own experience of sitting with a friend of who was dying of AIDS back in the '90s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was very distressing to see him comatose and agitated,” Munger recalls. “I did what I did at the time when I was nervous or afraid, and I started singing -- instinctively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says her friend “calmed, settled and got positively serene,” and her own feelings mirrored those of her dying friend. “I felt like I had discovered, or rediscovered, something -- an ancient practice that tribal humans do for one another when someone’s struggling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_196124\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-196124 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-2.jpg\" alt=\"Threshold Choir_Web 2\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-2.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Luca Sager, 38, who is terminally ill with brain cancer, listens to the Threshold Choir. They are \"an act of care,\" he says. \u003ccite>(Scott Stoneback for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://thresholdchoir.org\" target=\"_blank\">Threshold Choir\u003c/a> has spread since then -- across North America and to other countries. It is devoted to lifting others up, to creating a place for reflection, especially for people who may be outside the traditional reaches of religion. The singers speak of the healing quality of music and the power of the human voice to soothe and to make beautiful the process of dying, which is so often accompanied by great fear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choir singer Katharine Rose Kirner says she knows what it is like to lie powerless in bed facing the fear of death. In 2001, as the country was reeling from the 9/11 attacks, Kirner faced a different kind of threat, a brain tumor the size of a grapefruit. She says she was gripped by fear of death and feelings she had not done what she needed to do in her life. She vowed to do something “important” if she recuperated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she did eventually heal, she learned of the Threshold Choir and became a devoted member singing at least once a week. She says being part of the choir has given her a chance to see how gentle dying can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of us think of death as an event, but it’s a process,\" she says. \"That gave me great comfort.” Watching the process has moved her to think of what she wants at her own death, something she says she would not have contemplated without being in the choir. \"I would have sat in the fear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_196122\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-196122 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir__Web-3.jpg\" alt=\"Threshold Choir__Web 3\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir__Web-3.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir__Web-3-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir__Web-3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir__Web-3-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir__Web-3-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir__Web-3-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir__Web-3-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kate Munger, founder of the Threshold Choir. \u003ccite>(Scott Stoneback for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Singer Peggy Cadbury, a retired nurse, saw a fair amount of death while working in hospital settings. But as a member of the choir, she has the chance to tend to the dying with a different intention. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you're nursing at the bedside of somebody who is dying, you're constantly concerned about their physical wellbeing, their pain level, ” Cadbury says. But as a member of the choir, “I can just be there to hold space for that person in the room and create an environment of comfort and caring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Munger says the harmonies are particularly powerful in creating a sense of calm and wellbeing. “It’s a visceral experience. It’s not just the ears; it's full body absorption of vibration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cadbury says singing quietly and softly the simple songs written by choir members is much like singing a lullaby to a child. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is like a gentle caress, and it feels right,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sager, the patient, says the singing not only helps bring him emotional calm, but it also reduces the physical pain he has in his head around the tumor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research suggests that listening to live music can help reduce pain in palliative care patients. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23017609\" target=\"_blank\">2012 study\u003c/a> found that patients found that patients who had the harp played to them for 20 minutes -- along with breathing exercises and visualization -- reported a significant decrease in pain compared to a control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Registered nurse and certified music therapist Kathy Jo Gutgsell at University Hospitals in Cleveland was lead author of the study. She believes music “may awaken the body’s own endorphins\" -- those much-chased-after chemicals that make us feel better about the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human brain \"doesn’t multitask very well,\" she explains. \"When we are paying attention to the music, we can't pay attention to the pain.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gutgsell says music is tied to memories and can connect us to times of great joy and sadness. “I think humans are hardwired for music. Some people think we were singing before we were speaking back at the beginning of humanity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Threshold Choir singers say they, too, are helped by the act of singing together and for a person in need. “You see them calm, and then you calm, and it’s a reciprocal thing,” Cadbury says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirner says singing in the choir is one of the best things in her life. “I get a sense of purpose.” Choir singers may benefit in other ways. A growing body of research finds that people who take part in choral singing have a better sense of wellbeing than those who don’t sing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_196125\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-196125 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"Threshold Choir_Web 1-1\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-1-1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-1-1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-1-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-1-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-1-1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-1-1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/Threshold-Choir_Web-1-1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From left, Peggy Cadbury, Katharine Rose Kirner and Karen Mooney, members of the Threshold Choir. \u003ccite>(Scott Stoneback for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The research suggests that singing itself can raise levels of oxytocin, the hormone associated with trust and bonding. So people who sing in chorus may feel a strong bond with those they sing with together. Right now in San Francisco, a\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/08/20/in-san-francisco-seniors-are-singing-for-science/\" target=\"_blank\"> five-year study is underway\u003c/a> looking at both the possible physical and emotional benefits of choral singing for seniors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Munger says songs are “ethereal, evanescent, and mysterious” and she believes they can serve as a bridge “from the purely physical, temporal, body experience ... to what lies beyond.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Cadbury, she says watching others die has helped her frame her daily life and what she hopes for her death. “Singing at the bedside of people who are dying has helped me appreciate being alive, has made more feel more alive and more into being the moment and enjoy life. I hope that when I am on the threshold someone will come and sing to me these beautiful, peaceful songs of comfort.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sager, the patient, says he believes as human beings our purpose in life is to be givers however we can. He says he did that as a chef, serving homemade nourishing food. He says he is proud of the Threshold Choir for offering their songs as a gift, “to receive that gift is an act of love and support, an act of care, which is what I need most in my life right now.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Two years ago, a six-year-old girl named Scarlett went to her first girl’s empowerment summer camp. But on the first day Scarlett’s best friend got mad at her after being left out of a game. In a moment of anger, she shared something private about Scarlett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"(The friend) told everyone at camp that Scarlett was a biological boy,\" remembers Sandra Collins, Scarlett's mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her daughter had gone to camp in stealth mode. Scarlett didn’t tell anyone that she was born a boy, that her parents had named her Ezra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After being outed, \"Scarlett came home really sad, crying because she said, 'I don’t know how I’m going to go back because everybody knows I was born a biological boy even though I know I’m a girl,'\" Sandra Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/268543838\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scarlett first started expressing her female gender when she was two, going off to preschool in boy clothes, then changing into spare clothes at school and coming home dressed as a girl. She transitioned fully to Scarlett at six -- going by that name all the time, using female pronouns in reference to herself and wearing girl's clothes. So when her friend told everyone at camp Scarlett was a boy, she was devastated, but only initially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Scarlett, being the amazing, empathetic soul that she is,\" says Collins, \"was able to go to camp the next day and go for the remainder of that week and the following week.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scarlett still plays with that friend today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_196100\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1154px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-196100 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19739_Scarlett_SC-.jpg\" alt=\"Scarlett Collins' (right) experiences influenced her mother, Sandra Collins (L), to found a day camp for transgender kids and teens. \" width=\"1154\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19739_Scarlett_SC-.jpg 1154w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19739_Scarlett_SC--400x333.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19739_Scarlett_SC--800x666.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19739_Scarlett_SC--768x639.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19739_Scarlett_SC--960x799.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1154px) 100vw, 1154px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandra Collins (L), said her young daughter's experiences informed her decision to found a day camp for transgender kids and teens. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Sandra Collins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This experience stayed with Sandra. She realized it’s a lot to ask kids to keep big secrets about identity. That's why last summer she started two day camps for transgender and gender fluid kids and teenagers where they can be themselves. No sneaking around; no fear of bullying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The camps -- \u003ca href=\"http://rainbowdaycamp.org/\">Bay Area Rainbow Day Camp\u003c/a> for kids and \u003ca href=\"http://www.campkickinit.com/\">Camp Kickin' It\u003c/a> for teens -- offer two week-long sessions in El Cerrito, outside San Francisco. While there are a handful of overnight camps for transgender youth and their allies, Collins' camps seem to be the only day camps in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scarlett, now eight, loves it. \"It’s a place where gender creative and gender fluid people can have fun together,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the big picture. Actual day-to-day camp activities sound like pretty much any other camp. \"We have snack in the morning. And then we also get to play on the play structure,\" Scarlett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That very normal-sounding response is what camp director AK Kramer is going for. \"It’s a very traditional camp. We throw water balloons at each other. We make art projects. I got pied in the face,\" Kramer says. \"But because of our poetry unit or because of storytelling where all the stories we read are about gender creative kids, things really come up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they do, the camp has therapists on staff who are ready to talk. Another benefit of camp is its positive role models. Camp director Kramer and many counselors are transgender, making it easier for campers to imagine what life would be like as a teen or a grown up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kramer says even one week can have a big impact on kids' confidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They come day one and the kids are a little bit more reserved, and they’re not sure what to expect. By day four or five everyone’s in princess wigs, and they just are presenting much more how they see themselves,\" he says. \"The parents are so moved by that and also I think really scared for their kids.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fear comes from a world that isn’t as kind as Rainbow Day Camp. Research shows transgender people have higher rates of depression, suicide, and homelessness among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s controversy about whether parents should let their kids transition to another gender, especially at a young age. But these parents have decided this is the best choice for their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s a quiet revolution going on here in the Bay Area in terms of allowing our children to transition so young,\" says Collins. \"And we’re doing it very thoughtfully and mindfully.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_196101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-196101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19741_teen-oma-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Teens in Camp Kickin' It, a day camp for transgender teens, go on an excursion to the Oakland Museum.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19741_teen-oma-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19741_teen-oma-qut-400x533.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19741_teen-oma-qut-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19741_teen-oma-qut-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19741_teen-oma-qut-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19741_teen-oma-qut-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19741_teen-oma-qut-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teens in Camp Kickin' It, a day camp for transgender teens, go on an excursion to the Oakland Museum. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Sandra Collins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She points to a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/02/25/transgender-children-living-openly-are-doing-well-study-shows/\" target=\"_blank\">study released in the journal \u003cem>Pediatrics\u003c/em>\u003c/a> earlier this year. It says trans children who live as their preferred gender and are supported by their parents have the same mental health outcomes as other kids their age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past year, Collins has grown the camps into a larger nonprofit called enGender. The organization's goals are to support both trans children and children who do not identify as either gender, as well as their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of enGender's work is running a monthly playgroup. Kids meet in a school library in El Cerrito where they jump around on large blue foam blocks or work on art pieces. While the kids play, parents meet separately in a formal support group. Topics range from navigating school systems to self-care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This network has really helped parent Nancy Brunn. \"There is a time you have to get past the fear for them to be able to really appreciate the incredible gift that it is to have a child that’s gender expansive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"xxrZBycpzDZUhsSdtdgzzIyKmJj8TyKK\"]\u003cbr>\nBrunn and her kids never miss playgroups, even though they live a 45-minute drive away. Brunn's eight-year-old twins also went to Bay Area Rainbow Day Camp last summer. While one of her twins is transgender, the other isn’t, but embraces her role as an advocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For Pride weekend she made a sign that said, 'I love trans,'\" says Brunn. \"She had just completed kindergarten so just beginning writing, and that was what she wanted to write.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, eight-year-old Scarlett is speaking up for transgender issues, too. Last year when her teacher talked about transgender awareness, she felt shy and left the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But this year she raised her hand and (said), 'I’m transgender and my job is to educate people on how to have empathy,'\" her mother says, while growing emotional. \"That’s when I realized she had pride, right?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandra Collins' camp starts at the end of June. Eventually, she hopes Bay Area Rainbow Day Camp won't be so unique. She wants this model to grow so transgender kids across the country experience camp the way most of us do: as a safe, fun, and sometimes crazy place.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "There are some summer sleepaway camps for trans children and teens, but these day camps in El Cerrito may be the first in the country.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two years ago, a six-year-old girl named Scarlett went to her first girl’s empowerment summer camp. But on the first day Scarlett’s best friend got mad at her after being left out of a game. In a moment of anger, she shared something private about Scarlett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"(The friend) told everyone at camp that Scarlett was a biological boy,\" remembers Sandra Collins, Scarlett's mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her daughter had gone to camp in stealth mode. Scarlett didn’t tell anyone that she was born a boy, that her parents had named her Ezra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After being outed, \"Scarlett came home really sad, crying because she said, 'I don’t know how I’m going to go back because everybody knows I was born a biological boy even though I know I’m a girl,'\" Sandra Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/268543838&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/268543838'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scarlett first started expressing her female gender when she was two, going off to preschool in boy clothes, then changing into spare clothes at school and coming home dressed as a girl. She transitioned fully to Scarlett at six -- going by that name all the time, using female pronouns in reference to herself and wearing girl's clothes. So when her friend told everyone at camp Scarlett was a boy, she was devastated, but only initially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Scarlett, being the amazing, empathetic soul that she is,\" says Collins, \"was able to go to camp the next day and go for the remainder of that week and the following week.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scarlett still plays with that friend today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_196100\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1154px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-196100 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19739_Scarlett_SC-.jpg\" alt=\"Scarlett Collins' (right) experiences influenced her mother, Sandra Collins (L), to found a day camp for transgender kids and teens. \" width=\"1154\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19739_Scarlett_SC-.jpg 1154w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19739_Scarlett_SC--400x333.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19739_Scarlett_SC--800x666.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19739_Scarlett_SC--768x639.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19739_Scarlett_SC--960x799.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1154px) 100vw, 1154px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandra Collins (L), said her young daughter's experiences informed her decision to found a day camp for transgender kids and teens. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Sandra Collins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This experience stayed with Sandra. She realized it’s a lot to ask kids to keep big secrets about identity. That's why last summer she started two day camps for transgender and gender fluid kids and teenagers where they can be themselves. No sneaking around; no fear of bullying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The camps -- \u003ca href=\"http://rainbowdaycamp.org/\">Bay Area Rainbow Day Camp\u003c/a> for kids and \u003ca href=\"http://www.campkickinit.com/\">Camp Kickin' It\u003c/a> for teens -- offer two week-long sessions in El Cerrito, outside San Francisco. While there are a handful of overnight camps for transgender youth and their allies, Collins' camps seem to be the only day camps in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scarlett, now eight, loves it. \"It’s a place where gender creative and gender fluid people can have fun together,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the big picture. Actual day-to-day camp activities sound like pretty much any other camp. \"We have snack in the morning. And then we also get to play on the play structure,\" Scarlett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That very normal-sounding response is what camp director AK Kramer is going for. \"It’s a very traditional camp. We throw water balloons at each other. We make art projects. I got pied in the face,\" Kramer says. \"But because of our poetry unit or because of storytelling where all the stories we read are about gender creative kids, things really come up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they do, the camp has therapists on staff who are ready to talk. Another benefit of camp is its positive role models. Camp director Kramer and many counselors are transgender, making it easier for campers to imagine what life would be like as a teen or a grown up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kramer says even one week can have a big impact on kids' confidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They come day one and the kids are a little bit more reserved, and they’re not sure what to expect. By day four or five everyone’s in princess wigs, and they just are presenting much more how they see themselves,\" he says. \"The parents are so moved by that and also I think really scared for their kids.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fear comes from a world that isn’t as kind as Rainbow Day Camp. Research shows transgender people have higher rates of depression, suicide, and homelessness among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s controversy about whether parents should let their kids transition to another gender, especially at a young age. But these parents have decided this is the best choice for their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s a quiet revolution going on here in the Bay Area in terms of allowing our children to transition so young,\" says Collins. \"And we’re doing it very thoughtfully and mindfully.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_196101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-196101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19741_teen-oma-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Teens in Camp Kickin' It, a day camp for transgender teens, go on an excursion to the Oakland Museum.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19741_teen-oma-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19741_teen-oma-qut-400x533.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19741_teen-oma-qut-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19741_teen-oma-qut-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19741_teen-oma-qut-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19741_teen-oma-qut-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/06/RS19741_teen-oma-qut-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teens in Camp Kickin' It, a day camp for transgender teens, go on an excursion to the Oakland Museum. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Sandra Collins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She points to a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/02/25/transgender-children-living-openly-are-doing-well-study-shows/\" target=\"_blank\">study released in the journal \u003cem>Pediatrics\u003c/em>\u003c/a> earlier this year. It says trans children who live as their preferred gender and are supported by their parents have the same mental health outcomes as other kids their age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past year, Collins has grown the camps into a larger nonprofit called enGender. The organization's goals are to support both trans children and children who do not identify as either gender, as well as their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of enGender's work is running a monthly playgroup. Kids meet in a school library in El Cerrito where they jump around on large blue foam blocks or work on art pieces. While the kids play, parents meet separately in a formal support group. Topics range from navigating school systems to self-care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This network has really helped parent Nancy Brunn. \"There is a time you have to get past the fear for them to be able to really appreciate the incredible gift that it is to have a child that’s gender expansive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nBrunn and her kids never miss playgroups, even though they live a 45-minute drive away. Brunn's eight-year-old twins also went to Bay Area Rainbow Day Camp last summer. While one of her twins is transgender, the other isn’t, but embraces her role as an advocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For Pride weekend she made a sign that said, 'I love trans,'\" says Brunn. \"She had just completed kindergarten so just beginning writing, and that was what she wanted to write.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, eight-year-old Scarlett is speaking up for transgender issues, too. Last year when her teacher talked about transgender awareness, she felt shy and left the classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But this year she raised her hand and (said), 'I’m transgender and my job is to educate people on how to have empathy,'\" her mother says, while growing emotional. \"That’s when I realized she had pride, right?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandra Collins' camp starts at the end of June. Eventually, she hopes Bay Area Rainbow Day Camp won't be so unique. She wants this model to grow so transgender kids across the country experience camp the way most of us do: as a safe, fun, and sometimes crazy place.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Think Mothering Young Kids Is Hard? Get Ready For Even Tougher Times",
"title": "Think Mothering Young Kids Is Hard? Get Ready For Even Tougher Times",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>As a mother of young children, I've heard the following rosy message from more than one slightly more-seasoned mom: \"Don't worry, it gets easier!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a message of hope and encouragement, a recognition of how hard some aspects of early motherhood can be. But according to new research, it might also be wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Yes, parenting toddlers is exhausting, but research suggests middle school age is toughest on mothers\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000062\" target=\"_blank\">paper\u003c/a>, published earlier this year in the journal \u003cem>Developmental Psychology,\u003c/em> suggests that the hardest time for mothers isn't when their children are in early childhood, but later — when their children reach middle school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, by Suniya Luthar and Lucia Ciciolla of Arizona State University, reports the findings from an Internet-based survey of 2,247 relatively well-educated American mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participants responded to a series of questions designed to assess multiple facets of their well-being, including aspects of their personal adjustment (such as stress and life satisfaction), perceptions of their child's behavior (including both positive and negative behaviors toward the mother) and aspects of their experiences as a parent (including feelings of guilt and being subsumed by parenthood). The mothers were also classified according to the ages of their children, with categories including infancy, preschool, elementary school, middle school, high school and adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data revealed different patterns of well-being for mothers with children of different ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early years, when motherhood is often portrayed as especially demanding, mothers reported high levels of parenting \"overload.\" They felt that mothering crowded out time and energy for themselves and for other facets of their identities. But they also reported high levels of positive behaviors from their children and relatively high levels of parenting satisfaction overall. This suggests that the early challenges of motherhood were partially offset by high rewards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time children reached adulthood, mothers reported significantly lower levels of parenting overload and guilt but maintained relatively high levels of parenting satisfaction. Contrary to the idea that mothers suffer from an empty nest, the data suggested that mothers of adult children enjoy relatively high levels of maternal well-being.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was between these two periods that mothers reported the highest levels of dissatisfaction with parenting, with mothers of middle-school children representing the peak. Overall, life satisfaction also dipped in this period, with highs in stress, loneliness and feelings of emptiness — though ratings for these dimensions did not differ significantly between mothers of middle-school children and those in neighboring age groups. Mothers with middle school children also tended to perceive more negative behaviors from their children, and to perceive their children as less well-adjusted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly, these trends reflected group averages; there was considerable variation in the experiences of individual mothers. But the findings do suggest that some of the periods that are typically most difficult for children themselves — with the onset of puberty, a renegotiation of identities and sometimes forays into risky behavior — are also the most difficult for their mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a conversation by email, professor Luthar suggested that some of these threats to maternal well-being could be offset by \"mutually supportive groups for moms\" at schools, in the workplace or in individual communities. She also speculated that fathers similarly experience their children's middle school years as an especially stressful period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for mothers of young children, does it get easier? The data suggest that \u003cem>eventually\u003c/em> it does, but it might take longer than you expect — and there might be some rough spots along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tania Lombrozo is a psychology professor at the University of California, Berkeley. She writes about psychology, cognitive science and philosophy, with occasional forays into parenting and veganism. You can keep up with more of what she is thinking on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tanialombrozo\" target=\"_blank\">@TaniaLombrozo\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Think+Mothering+Young+Kids+Is+Hard%3F+Get+Ready+For+Even+Tougher+Times&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As a mother of young children, I've heard the following rosy message from more than one slightly more-seasoned mom: \"Don't worry, it gets easier!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a message of hope and encouragement, a recognition of how hard some aspects of early motherhood can be. But according to new research, it might also be wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Yes, parenting toddlers is exhausting, but research suggests middle school age is toughest on mothers\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000062\" target=\"_blank\">paper\u003c/a>, published earlier this year in the journal \u003cem>Developmental Psychology,\u003c/em> suggests that the hardest time for mothers isn't when their children are in early childhood, but later — when their children reach middle school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, by Suniya Luthar and Lucia Ciciolla of Arizona State University, reports the findings from an Internet-based survey of 2,247 relatively well-educated American mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participants responded to a series of questions designed to assess multiple facets of their well-being, including aspects of their personal adjustment (such as stress and life satisfaction), perceptions of their child's behavior (including both positive and negative behaviors toward the mother) and aspects of their experiences as a parent (including feelings of guilt and being subsumed by parenthood). The mothers were also classified according to the ages of their children, with categories including infancy, preschool, elementary school, middle school, high school and adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data revealed different patterns of well-being for mothers with children of different ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early years, when motherhood is often portrayed as especially demanding, mothers reported high levels of parenting \"overload.\" They felt that mothering crowded out time and energy for themselves and for other facets of their identities. But they also reported high levels of positive behaviors from their children and relatively high levels of parenting satisfaction overall. This suggests that the early challenges of motherhood were partially offset by high rewards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time children reached adulthood, mothers reported significantly lower levels of parenting overload and guilt but maintained relatively high levels of parenting satisfaction. Contrary to the idea that mothers suffer from an empty nest, the data suggested that mothers of adult children enjoy relatively high levels of maternal well-being.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was between these two periods that mothers reported the highest levels of dissatisfaction with parenting, with mothers of middle-school children representing the peak. Overall, life satisfaction also dipped in this period, with highs in stress, loneliness and feelings of emptiness — though ratings for these dimensions did not differ significantly between mothers of middle-school children and those in neighboring age groups. Mothers with middle school children also tended to perceive more negative behaviors from their children, and to perceive their children as less well-adjusted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly, these trends reflected group averages; there was considerable variation in the experiences of individual mothers. But the findings do suggest that some of the periods that are typically most difficult for children themselves — with the onset of puberty, a renegotiation of identities and sometimes forays into risky behavior — are also the most difficult for their mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a conversation by email, professor Luthar suggested that some of these threats to maternal well-being could be offset by \"mutually supportive groups for moms\" at schools, in the workplace or in individual communities. She also speculated that fathers similarly experience their children's middle school years as an especially stressful period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for mothers of young children, does it get easier? The data suggest that \u003cem>eventually\u003c/em> it does, but it might take longer than you expect — and there might be some rough spots along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tania Lombrozo is a psychology professor at the University of California, Berkeley. She writes about psychology, cognitive science and philosophy, with occasional forays into parenting and veganism. You can keep up with more of what she is thinking on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tanialombrozo\" target=\"_blank\">@TaniaLombrozo\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Think+Mothering+Young+Kids+Is+Hard%3F+Get+Ready+For+Even+Tougher+Times&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Guess Which Woman Is Having A Heart Attack (Hint: You Can't)",
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"content": "\u003cp>Three months ago I had a heart attack. And since the symptoms of a heart attack are different for women, and since the kind I had can strike young people with no markers of heart disease, I've decided to tell my story. And because I love to name drop, I'll do some of that along the way because I was with authors I love that night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was at Queen Anne Book Company in Seattle, surrounded by friends. Authors \u003ca href=\"http://www.kirbylarson.com\">Kirby Larson\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kristenkittscher.com/%22%3E\">Kristen Kittscher\u003c/a> and I had just finished a presentation on our middle-grade mysteries when in a flash everything changed for me. I had full-on flu-like symptoms, unlike anything I'd ever experienced before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I whispered to Kirby that I didn't feel well and needed to leave. She took one look at me and tried to intervene, asking to take me home or to urgent care. Something was off. She told me she was worried, and that I looked \"ashen.\" (That word comes into play later.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I assured her I'd be fine. My friend Sara Nickerson looked concerned and touched her chest, a movement that triggered something in my brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I headed to my car, a pressure came into my chest. Weird, but not too bad. I thought about what Kirby had said, how Sara had touched her heart. I tried to stop the crazy thoughts in my head that maybe I was heading toward a heart attack. I thought about going back to the store, knowing that anyone in there would help me. My dear friend Jane, a friend since college, had just left the bookstore and lives nearby. I knew I didn't have to be alone. But I decided to drive home anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few minutes into the drive, stabbing pain in my back came and I knew precisely what it was — thank you PBS documentary on women and heart disease! Still, because I'm a dummy, I drove all the way home, threw up and then the pain went down my left arm to my little finger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I walked inside and asked Kevin, my husband, to take me to the ER. He asked no questions, just jumped up and grabbed his keys. I remember saying something like I might be embarrassed if it was nothing, but that I'd rather be embarrassed than dead. He just said: \"We're going.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My heart attack was not the Hollywood kind where someone, almost always a man, grabs his chest and doubles over in pain. Every one of my symptoms was one that would stand on its own as a possible heart attack; all of my symptoms are ones that could be, and often are, dismissed by health care professionals, let alone by the people having them. When I walked into the ER, I listed them quickly and specifically. If you are a woman, or you know one, please take note:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Stabbing back pain between my shoulder blades\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Pain radiating down my left arm to my little finger and ring finger\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Vomiting\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Chest pain (this was the least of my symptoms)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"A friend said I looked ashen.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>All were recorded on the intake form, the word \"ASHEN\" in all caps, and I was taken in immediately. It was confirmed that I was having a heart attack, or as I now call it, a myocardial infarction (MI). Just a couple months after a physical where I'd had a normal ECG and full blood work, with cholesterol scores so good I could have framed them. I exercise, eat reasonably well, don't smoke, I'm not \u003cem>that\u003c/em> old — OK, I'm 55. And I was having a heart attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MI was caused by a tear in the inner lining of an artery, which is called a spontaneous coronary artery dissection, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.scadresearch.org/about/\" target=\"_blank\">SCAD\u003c/a>. SCADs occur predominantly in women who are \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4060337/\" target=\"_blank\">fit and healthy\u003c/a>, with an average age of 42. We don't know why they happen, and I'm not sure there's anything I could have done to prevent it from happening. The first articles I read kept referring to SCAD as a rare disease. The \u003ca href=\"http://scadalliance.org/\" target=\"_blank\">SCAD Alliance\u003c/a> says this: \"SCAD isn't rare. It's rare to meet a survivor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My SCAD is being treated medically, which means healing on its own without stenting or bypass surgery. I've met survivors who have had multiple bypasses or stents, as well as a good percentage of us who, after an angiogram and hospital stays, are being treated with blood thinners and other prescription medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've met some wonderful women through an online SCAD Survivors group and I'm thankful every day for them and the research now being done at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scadresearch.org/about/research-notes/\">Mayo Clinic\u003c/a> in an effort to find causes and poss. SCAD survivors share information on how hard the first year is, the fear of recurrence (a real fear, as it happens frequently), anxiety, making progress in cardiac rehabilitation, and finding a \"new normal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mayo SCAD study is a fine example of patient-initiated research and the power of social media. Women from around the world have connected online when searching for answers to a relatively unknown and underdiagnosed cause of heart attacks. We're still connecting online, still searching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each week there are new people sharing their stories, many who are in their 20s, 30s and 40s, and others like me, who are over 50 but still too young for a heart attack. Some tell stories where they slip in \"after my third SCAD and second MI\" or \"three MIs in the first year.\" Sometimes the numbers in their stories are even higher. We all hope to keep the numbers down and find answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am incredibly grateful to my friend Kirby, because her concern and her words got me to the point where I knew this was real. This was big. Ashen is an unusual color for me unless, as it turns out, my heart is not getting enough oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heaps of thanks to my family and to my friends, especially those who, when they asked what they could do, came when I said that the dog really could use a walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Linda Johns is a librarian and children's book author who is happy to still be alive in Seattle. Find her \u003ca href=\"https://lindajohns.net/\" target=\"_blank\">online\u003c/a>, on Twitter \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/LJBookie\" target=\"_blank\">@LJBookie\u003c/a>, and at cardiac rehabilitation three times a week. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Guess+Which+Woman+Is+Having+A+Heart+Attack+%28Hint%3A+You+Can%27t%29&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few minutes into the drive, stabbing pain in my back came and I knew precisely what it was — thank you PBS documentary on women and heart disease! Still, because I'm a dummy, I drove all the way home, threw up and then the pain went down my left arm to my little finger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I walked inside and asked Kevin, my husband, to take me to the ER. He asked no questions, just jumped up and grabbed his keys. I remember saying something like I might be embarrassed if it was nothing, but that I'd rather be embarrassed than dead. He just said: \"We're going.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My heart attack was not the Hollywood kind where someone, almost always a man, grabs his chest and doubles over in pain. Every one of my symptoms was one that would stand on its own as a possible heart attack; all of my symptoms are ones that could be, and often are, dismissed by health care professionals, let alone by the people having them. When I walked into the ER, I listed them quickly and specifically. If you are a woman, or you know one, please take note:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Stabbing back pain between my shoulder blades\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Pain radiating down my left arm to my little finger and ring finger\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Vomiting\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Chest pain (this was the least of my symptoms)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"A friend said I looked ashen.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>All were recorded on the intake form, the word \"ASHEN\" in all caps, and I was taken in immediately. It was confirmed that I was having a heart attack, or as I now call it, a myocardial infarction (MI). Just a couple months after a physical where I'd had a normal ECG and full blood work, with cholesterol scores so good I could have framed them. I exercise, eat reasonably well, don't smoke, I'm not \u003cem>that\u003c/em> old — OK, I'm 55. And I was having a heart attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MI was caused by a tear in the inner lining of an artery, which is called a spontaneous coronary artery dissection, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.scadresearch.org/about/\" target=\"_blank\">SCAD\u003c/a>. SCADs occur predominantly in women who are \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4060337/\" target=\"_blank\">fit and healthy\u003c/a>, with an average age of 42. We don't know why they happen, and I'm not sure there's anything I could have done to prevent it from happening. The first articles I read kept referring to SCAD as a rare disease. The \u003ca href=\"http://scadalliance.org/\" target=\"_blank\">SCAD Alliance\u003c/a> says this: \"SCAD isn't rare. It's rare to meet a survivor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My SCAD is being treated medically, which means healing on its own without stenting or bypass surgery. I've met survivors who have had multiple bypasses or stents, as well as a good percentage of us who, after an angiogram and hospital stays, are being treated with blood thinners and other prescription medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've met some wonderful women through an online SCAD Survivors group and I'm thankful every day for them and the research now being done at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scadresearch.org/about/research-notes/\">Mayo Clinic\u003c/a> in an effort to find causes and poss. SCAD survivors share information on how hard the first year is, the fear of recurrence (a real fear, as it happens frequently), anxiety, making progress in cardiac rehabilitation, and finding a \"new normal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mayo SCAD study is a fine example of patient-initiated research and the power of social media. Women from around the world have connected online when searching for answers to a relatively unknown and underdiagnosed cause of heart attacks. We're still connecting online, still searching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each week there are new people sharing their stories, many who are in their 20s, 30s and 40s, and others like me, who are over 50 but still too young for a heart attack. Some tell stories where they slip in \"after my third SCAD and second MI\" or \"three MIs in the first year.\" Sometimes the numbers in their stories are even higher. We all hope to keep the numbers down and find answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am incredibly grateful to my friend Kirby, because her concern and her words got me to the point where I knew this was real. This was big. Ashen is an unusual color for me unless, as it turns out, my heart is not getting enough oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heaps of thanks to my family and to my friends, especially those who, when they asked what they could do, came when I said that the dog really could use a walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Linda Johns is a librarian and children's book author who is happy to still be alive in Seattle. Find her \u003ca href=\"https://lindajohns.net/\" target=\"_blank\">online\u003c/a>, on Twitter \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/LJBookie\" target=\"_blank\">@LJBookie\u003c/a>, and at cardiac rehabilitation three times a week. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Guess+Which+Woman+Is+Having+A+Heart+Attack+%28Hint%3A+You+Can%27t%29&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Anyone who has run more than a few miles with some regularity has experienced what is usually called a \"runner's high,\" an overwhelming feeling of euphoria and well-being that makes the running experience something far more rewarding than just moving forward toward an end point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a dedicated endurance trail runner, I can attest to this feeling and the craving for more. Although this is not the only reason why people run, we come back, again and again, hoping for these almost magical moments, that come and go as we move along the road or the trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, people associated such feelings with the release of endorphins, a group of hormones that activate the body's opiate receptors, acting as pleasant painkillers. However, a study published last fall in the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/42/13105.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>\u003c/em> proposes different body-secreted chemicals as the trigger, endocannabinoids, cousins of the familiar cannabinoids in marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently, runners do get high from our body's own drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endorphins are large molecules, too big to flow freely within brain receptors. They work well in muscles to alleviate pain, but seem to have little to do with feelings of euphoria and well-being that must be triggered within the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endocannabinoids, on the other hand, are smaller molecules, and have been conjectured to be the culprits of the much-coveted runner's high. To test this hypothesis, scientists from the Central Institute of Mental Health at the University of Heidelberg medical school in Mannheim, Germany, put a group of healthy lab mice to run on a wheel, an activity they seem to enjoy. Indeed, scientists have noted elevated levels of both endorphins and endocannabinoids in mice and in people after an enjoyable but strenuous run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the scientists put the mice in cages with bright and dark spots. When anxious, mice tend to go to the dark spots, in search of shelter. A more relaxed mouse would instead be more comfortable in a bright spot. As expected, the mice tended to spend more time in bright spots after a good run. This behavior didn't change when scientists blocked the receptors for endorphins: The mice still experienced their version of a runner's high. However, when the scientists blocked the receptors for endocannabinoids leaving open those for endorphins, the mice acted as anxious as ever, showing none of the calming effects from their run. They recoiled to the dark spots in their cages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also showed that the benefits from the endocannabinoids only kick in after some considerable mileage: The mice showing the less anxious behavior averaged more than three miles everyday on their wheels. It's not clear how these numbers translate to humans, but we can assume that we need to work hard to experience a legitimate runner's high. I imagine the effects are different for different people, and it will take some experimenting before you find your groove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From an evolutionary perspective, the results make a lot of sense. We evolved to hunt fast moving animals and to escape from equally-fast predators. Such prolonged runs are tiring and painful. If we get a reward from working hard, our chances of running longer and faster are increased. And, with them, our chances of survival. As Christopher McDougall pointed out in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Born-Run-Hidden-Ultra-Runners-Greatest/dp/1861978774/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1461072899&sr=1-1&keywords=9781861978776\" target=\"_blank\">Born to Run\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, his inspiring book about long-distance running, running is in our DNA, in how our bodies evolved to have an Achilles tendon and sweat glands and a series of other adaptations that make us all into potential marathoners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not that we need to run 26.2 miles to experience a runner's high. Fortunately, lions and antelopes don't run that far. As most physiological benefits of running seem to be \u003ca href=\"http://running.competitor.com/2014/08/training/is-26-2-miles-necessary-before-the-marathon_46463/3\" target=\"_blank\">at a peak\u003c/a> between 90 minutes and 2 hours, 30 minutes — a 10-mile run at a 10-minute pace is plenty. It may sound like a lot to the non-runner, but you build-up your distance slowly and carefully to avoid injury. I should know, as I've been training for my first trail ultra-marathon this coming Saturday. I picked a shorter distance, 33 miles, to see how it goes. And, more importantly, I picked a beautiful place, Tuscany, so that — if things don't go well — I can at least enjoy the scenery and, endocannabinoids lacking, I can try some of the amazing local wines after the race.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Soon-to-be ultra-marathoner Marcelo Gleiser is a theoretical physicist and cosmologist — and professor of natural philosophy, physics and astronomy at Dartmouth College. He is the co-founder of 13.7, a prolific author of papers and essays, and active promoter of science to the general public. His latest book is \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/318863617/the-island-of-knowledge-the-limits-of-science-and-the-search-for-meaning\" target=\"_blank\">The Island of Knowledge: The Limits of Science and the Search for Meaning\u003c/a>.\u003cem> You can keep up with Marcelo on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/93dHI\">Facebook\u003c/a> \u003cem>and Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/#!/mgleiser\">@mgleiser\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Runners+Get+High&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endocannabinoids, on the other hand, are smaller molecules, and have been conjectured to be the culprits of the much-coveted runner's high. To test this hypothesis, scientists from the Central Institute of Mental Health at the University of Heidelberg medical school in Mannheim, Germany, put a group of healthy lab mice to run on a wheel, an activity they seem to enjoy. Indeed, scientists have noted elevated levels of both endorphins and endocannabinoids in mice and in people after an enjoyable but strenuous run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the scientists put the mice in cages with bright and dark spots. When anxious, mice tend to go to the dark spots, in search of shelter. A more relaxed mouse would instead be more comfortable in a bright spot. As expected, the mice tended to spend more time in bright spots after a good run. This behavior didn't change when scientists blocked the receptors for endorphins: The mice still experienced their version of a runner's high. However, when the scientists blocked the receptors for endocannabinoids leaving open those for endorphins, the mice acted as anxious as ever, showing none of the calming effects from their run. They recoiled to the dark spots in their cages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also showed that the benefits from the endocannabinoids only kick in after some considerable mileage: The mice showing the less anxious behavior averaged more than three miles everyday on their wheels. It's not clear how these numbers translate to humans, but we can assume that we need to work hard to experience a legitimate runner's high. I imagine the effects are different for different people, and it will take some experimenting before you find your groove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From an evolutionary perspective, the results make a lot of sense. We evolved to hunt fast moving animals and to escape from equally-fast predators. Such prolonged runs are tiring and painful. If we get a reward from working hard, our chances of running longer and faster are increased. And, with them, our chances of survival. As Christopher McDougall pointed out in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Born-Run-Hidden-Ultra-Runners-Greatest/dp/1861978774/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1461072899&sr=1-1&keywords=9781861978776\" target=\"_blank\">Born to Run\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, his inspiring book about long-distance running, running is in our DNA, in how our bodies evolved to have an Achilles tendon and sweat glands and a series of other adaptations that make us all into potential marathoners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not that we need to run 26.2 miles to experience a runner's high. Fortunately, lions and antelopes don't run that far. As most physiological benefits of running seem to be \u003ca href=\"http://running.competitor.com/2014/08/training/is-26-2-miles-necessary-before-the-marathon_46463/3\" target=\"_blank\">at a peak\u003c/a> between 90 minutes and 2 hours, 30 minutes — a 10-mile run at a 10-minute pace is plenty. It may sound like a lot to the non-runner, but you build-up your distance slowly and carefully to avoid injury. I should know, as I've been training for my first trail ultra-marathon this coming Saturday. I picked a shorter distance, 33 miles, to see how it goes. And, more importantly, I picked a beautiful place, Tuscany, so that — if things don't go well — I can at least enjoy the scenery and, endocannabinoids lacking, I can try some of the amazing local wines after the race.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Soon-to-be ultra-marathoner Marcelo Gleiser is a theoretical physicist and cosmologist — and professor of natural philosophy, physics and astronomy at Dartmouth College. He is the co-founder of 13.7, a prolific author of papers and essays, and active promoter of science to the general public. His latest book is \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/318863617/the-island-of-knowledge-the-limits-of-science-and-the-search-for-meaning\" target=\"_blank\">The Island of Knowledge: The Limits of Science and the Search for Meaning\u003c/a>.\u003cem> You can keep up with Marcelo on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/93dHI\">Facebook\u003c/a> \u003cem>and Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/#!/mgleiser\">@mgleiser\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Runners+Get+High&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"
}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"
}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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