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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan>While no self-respecting hipsters would identify themselves as such, lots of people in the business of defining things — from \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)\">Wikipedia\u003c/a> to \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hipster\">Merriam-Webster\u003c/a> — are happy to do it for them.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While hipster haters may delight in the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=hipsters+irritating\">pejorative pigeonholing \u003c/a>of beard-festooned, flannel-loving millennials, some \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/30/hipsters-smoking/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" id=\"rssmi_more\">Read More ...\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/30/hipsters-smoking/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Anti-Smoking Researchers Target Hipsters. And Yes, They Know Who You Are.\" rel=\"nofollow\">Future of You – Digital Policy\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>One out of five California adults with children living in their homes were beaten, kicked or physically abused when they were children, and one in ten were sexually abused, according to \u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/z6drt5p\" target=\"_blank\">data \u003c/a>released recently by a children’s health foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts believe that’s an undercount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s probably a low estimate,” said Cassandra Joubert, director of the Central California Children’s Institute at California State University, Fresno. “I think these kinds of events within families are hush-hush, swept under the rug, not really talked about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Focusing on the abuse that parents have experienced is essential to interrupting the cycle of trauma, Joubert said. Adults who were abused or neglected as children often end up emulating their own parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost this mirroring effect,” Joubert said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data were recently released by kidsdata.org, a program of the Palo Alto-based Lucile Packard Foundation for Children’s Health, to coincide with a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.aces-ca.org/conference-info/\" target=\"_blank\">conference on adverse childhood experiences\u003c/a> in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other notable findings: 36 percent of adults with children living in their homes experienced verbal abuse as children; 19 percent witnessed domestic violence. In some counties, including San Bernardino, Contra Costa and Riverside, a fifth of adults who have children in their homes reported experiencing at least four different adverse childhood experiences growing up. Those experiences can include physical, sexual and verbal abuse, having parents divorce, and living with someone who suffers from mental illness or abuses drugs or alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings come from data collected in a survey by the Public Health Institute. Marta Induni, research program director at the institute’s Survey Research Group, oversaw the survey of nearly 28,000 California residents. She said she has been particularly touched by the many people who have thanked her for asking them about painful and often stigmatized childhood experiences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that speaks to the importance of just putting this into the common vernacular: ‘Let’s talk about this,’” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bill to expand school-based mental health services for young children came to a halt in the state Senate Appropriations Committee this summer, because it did not include a way to fund the additional services. A spokesman for Assemblymember Rob Bonta (D-Oakland) said Bonta may propose that the state budget include additional funding for expanded services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wendy Davis, a 40-year-old resident of Clovis who works with Joubert as a training coordinator at the Children’s Institute, knows firsthand the effect childhood trauma can have on parenting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the age of five, Davis came to the United States from El Salvador with three of her siblings and her single mother. The family was “very, very poor,” Davis said. Her mother was almost always working, and was constantly stressed and frustrated, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was barely around,” Davis said. “The little that she was, wasn’t pleasant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davis said she was abused emotionally and physically growing up, and she witnessed domestic violence against others in her home. She was sexually molested by people who floated in and out of the house, Davis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 18, Davis gave birth to her first son, Alex. She now has four sons, ranging in age from 6 to 21. After her youngest, Tye, was born, Davis spent a month in the hospital with serious health problems. Once she returned home, she experienced severe postpartum depression and didn’t want to hold Tye, or be near him. She blamed him for the illness she’d suffered after he was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Tye was four months old, Davis sought help. She started taking medication and going to therapy. There, she was able to recognize how profoundly her troubled childhood had impacted her. She finally began to bond with Tye. Today, she said, she and her youngest are “inseparable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has helped tremendously,” she said. “I wish I would have done it a lot sooner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Cloutier, executive director of the Center for Youth Wellness, said the data reinforce how crucial it is for pediatricians to screen children — and even their caregivers — for exposure to past traumatic experiences. Such experiences often lead not only to mental health disorders, but also to acute chronic physical diseases, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important for parents to understand and address their own experiences in childhood as a way of blocking the further transmission to their children,” Cloutier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kendra Rogers, managing director for early childhood policy at the advocacy group Children Now, called the data “sad and frustrating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We fail these kids until they turn 18 and then we just blame them and criticize them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed to a number of policy prescriptions, ranging from funding more parenting programs to shoring up mental health services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have serious trauma and violence in our history,” she said. “The more we address it, the better we can be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes \u003ca href=\"http://californiahealthline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">California Healthline\u003c/a>, an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 Kaiser Health News. To see more, visit\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\" target=\"_blank\"> Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data were recently released by kidsdata.org, a program of the Palo Alto-based Lucile Packard Foundation for Children’s Health, to coincide with a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.aces-ca.org/conference-info/\" target=\"_blank\">conference on adverse childhood experiences\u003c/a> in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other notable findings: 36 percent of adults with children living in their homes experienced verbal abuse as children; 19 percent witnessed domestic violence. In some counties, including San Bernardino, Contra Costa and Riverside, a fifth of adults who have children in their homes reported experiencing at least four different adverse childhood experiences growing up. Those experiences can include physical, sexual and verbal abuse, having parents divorce, and living with someone who suffers from mental illness or abuses drugs or alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings come from data collected in a survey by the Public Health Institute. Marta Induni, research program director at the institute’s Survey Research Group, oversaw the survey of nearly 28,000 California residents. She said she has been particularly touched by the many people who have thanked her for asking them about painful and often stigmatized childhood experiences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that speaks to the importance of just putting this into the common vernacular: ‘Let’s talk about this,’” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bill to expand school-based mental health services for young children came to a halt in the state Senate Appropriations Committee this summer, because it did not include a way to fund the additional services. A spokesman for Assemblymember Rob Bonta (D-Oakland) said Bonta may propose that the state budget include additional funding for expanded services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wendy Davis, a 40-year-old resident of Clovis who works with Joubert as a training coordinator at the Children’s Institute, knows firsthand the effect childhood trauma can have on parenting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the age of five, Davis came to the United States from El Salvador with three of her siblings and her single mother. The family was “very, very poor,” Davis said. Her mother was almost always working, and was constantly stressed and frustrated, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was barely around,” Davis said. “The little that she was, wasn’t pleasant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davis said she was abused emotionally and physically growing up, and she witnessed domestic violence against others in her home. She was sexually molested by people who floated in and out of the house, Davis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 18, Davis gave birth to her first son, Alex. She now has four sons, ranging in age from 6 to 21. After her youngest, Tye, was born, Davis spent a month in the hospital with serious health problems. Once she returned home, she experienced severe postpartum depression and didn’t want to hold Tye, or be near him. She blamed him for the illness she’d suffered after he was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Tye was four months old, Davis sought help. She started taking medication and going to therapy. There, she was able to recognize how profoundly her troubled childhood had impacted her. She finally began to bond with Tye. Today, she said, she and her youngest are “inseparable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has helped tremendously,” she said. “I wish I would have done it a lot sooner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Cloutier, executive director of the Center for Youth Wellness, said the data reinforce how crucial it is for pediatricians to screen children — and even their caregivers — for exposure to past traumatic experiences. Such experiences often lead not only to mental health disorders, but also to acute chronic physical diseases, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important for parents to understand and address their own experiences in childhood as a way of blocking the further transmission to their children,” Cloutier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kendra Rogers, managing director for early childhood policy at the advocacy group Children Now, called the data “sad and frustrating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We fail these kids until they turn 18 and then we just blame them and criticize them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed to a number of policy prescriptions, ranging from funding more parenting programs to shoring up mental health services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have serious trauma and violence in our history,” she said. “The more we address it, the better we can be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>, which publishes \u003ca href=\"http://californiahealthline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">California Healthline\u003c/a>, an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 Kaiser Health News. 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"content": "\u003cp>Today marks the opening of \u003ca href=\"http://www.coveredca.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Covered California\u003c/a>, the state’s health insurance marketplace. People wanting to enroll, change, or renew their plans have from November 1, 2016 to January 31, 2017 to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the price of Affordable Care Act premiums is increasing nationally by roughly 22 percent, it’s not increasing as substantially in California. On average, the benchmark plan is going up by 13.2 percent statewide, and the majority of those enrolled in California are eligible for health care subsidies and won’t have to pay their full premium amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say California’s health care marketplace has more stability than other states’ exchanges for several reasons, including California’s large size and large enrollment numbers (\u003ca href=\"http://www.coveredca.com/news/\" target=\"_blank\">approximately 1.4 million\u003c/a>), and a greater number of insurers, which leads to more competition. California also appropriately estimated prices from the start of Obamacare three years ago, meaning premium increases haven’t been as significant as some other states that initially priced their plans too low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are 11 health insurance companies offering a variety of plans for the 2017 year. James Scullary, a spokesman for Covered California, says 92 percent of consumers have the choice of three or more health plans, and all consumers have at least two to choose from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Today marks the opening of \u003ca href=\"http://www.coveredca.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Covered California\u003c/a>, the state’s health insurance marketplace. People wanting to enroll, change, or renew their plans have from November 1, 2016 to January 31, 2017 to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the price of Affordable Care Act premiums is increasing nationally by roughly 22 percent, it’s not increasing as substantially in California. On average, the benchmark plan is going up by 13.2 percent statewide, and the majority of those enrolled in California are eligible for health care subsidies and won’t have to pay their full premium amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say California’s health care marketplace has more stability than other states’ exchanges for several reasons, including California’s large size and large enrollment numbers (\u003ca href=\"http://www.coveredca.com/news/\" target=\"_blank\">approximately 1.4 million\u003c/a>), and a greater number of insurers, which leads to more competition. California also appropriately estimated prices from the start of Obamacare three years ago, meaning premium increases haven’t been as significant as some other states that initially priced their plans too low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are 11 health insurance companies offering a variety of plans for the 2017 year. James Scullary, a spokesman for Covered California, says 92 percent of consumers have the choice of three or more health plans, and all consumers have at least two to choose from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Eating well has many known benefits. But a good diet may not be able to counteract all the ill effects of stress on our bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2016149a.html\">published\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Molecular Psychiatry,\u003c/em> suggests stress can override the benefits of making better food choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To evaluate the interactions between diet and stress, researchers recruited 58 women who completed surveys to assess the kinds of stress they were experiencing. The women also participated in what researchers call a \"meal challenge,\" where they were each given two different types of meals to eat, on different days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One meal was high in saturated fat, the type of fat linked to cardiovascular disease. The other meal was high in a plant-based oil, which is considered more healthful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When women were not stressed and they got the healthier meal, their inflammatory responses were lower than when they had the high saturated fat meal,\" explains study author \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.psy.ohio-state.edu/1/kiecolt-glaser/\">Janice Kiecolt-Glaser\u003c/a>, director of the Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research at the Ohio State University. She says this was not a big surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here's the part that may seem counterintuitive: \"If a woman was stressed on a day when she got the healthy meal, she looked like she was eating the saturated fat meal in terms of her [inflammation] responses,\" Kiecolt-Glaser explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the more healthful meal was no better in terms of its impact on inflammation. \"The stress seemed to boost inflammation,\" Kiecolt-Glaser explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kinds of stressful events the women experienced weren't life-threatening. Rather, they're the sorts of events that make us feel overwhelmed or out of control, such as a child care scramble or caring for an elderly, sick parent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers measured several markers of inflammation in the body, including C-reactive protein, or CRP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over a lifetime, higher inflammation levels are linked to an increased risk of a range of diseases, including \"cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, arthritis, some cancers,\" Kiecolt-Glaser explains. \"It's an ugly list of possibilities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings add to the evidence that stress is a powerful player when it comes to influencing our health. Kiecolt-Glaser's prior research has shown that people who are stressed heal wounds more slowly. She has also demonstrated that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25034950\">stress can promote weight gain\u003c/a> by altering metabolism and slowing down calorie-burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kiecolt-Glaser says there's still a lot that's unknown. For instance, in this new study, she's not sure how the inflammation levels of stressed-out women would have been influenced by an ultra-healthful meal — say, an avocado with greens on a piece of whole-grain toast. She points out that both of the meals the women ate for this study were very high in calories and had about 60 grams of fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, if you're looking for the upside in this line of research, rest assured: There are a whole range of strategies that have been shown to help manage stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Close, personal relationships are perhaps the world's greatest stress reducer,\" Kiecolt-Glaser says. Studies have also shown \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/01/07/260470831/mindfulness-meditation-can-help-relieve-anxiety-and-depression\">mindfulness meditation\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/01/28/267612550/yoga-may-help-overcome-fatigue-after-breast-cancer\">yoga\u003c/a> to be effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as we've reported, even \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/17/460030338/be-kind-unwind-how-helping-others-can-help-keep-stress-in-check\">doing nice things for others\u003c/a> can help keep stress in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I was reporting this story, I asked stressed-out Georgetown University law students what they do to manage stress. They pointed to a range of activities — from salsa dancing to listening to hip-hop to going to the gym. \"I really enjoy exercising when I'm stressed. It gives you an outlet to distract you,\" Marina Smith told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it seems these students are on to some good strategies, says \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/aric.prather\">Aric Prather\u003c/a>, an assistant professor at the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, who studies how lifestyle choices influence health. \"Exercise and social connectedness,\" he says, \"are effective in improving people's well-being and their ability to cope with stress.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Eating well has many known benefits. But a good diet may not be able to counteract all the ill effects of stress on our bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2016149a.html\">published\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Molecular Psychiatry,\u003c/em> suggests stress can override the benefits of making better food choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To evaluate the interactions between diet and stress, researchers recruited 58 women who completed surveys to assess the kinds of stress they were experiencing. The women also participated in what researchers call a \"meal challenge,\" where they were each given two different types of meals to eat, on different days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One meal was high in saturated fat, the type of fat linked to cardiovascular disease. The other meal was high in a plant-based oil, which is considered more healthful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When women were not stressed and they got the healthier meal, their inflammatory responses were lower than when they had the high saturated fat meal,\" explains study author \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.psy.ohio-state.edu/1/kiecolt-glaser/\">Janice Kiecolt-Glaser\u003c/a>, director of the Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research at the Ohio State University. She says this was not a big surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here's the part that may seem counterintuitive: \"If a woman was stressed on a day when she got the healthy meal, she looked like she was eating the saturated fat meal in terms of her [inflammation] responses,\" Kiecolt-Glaser explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the more healthful meal was no better in terms of its impact on inflammation. \"The stress seemed to boost inflammation,\" Kiecolt-Glaser explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kinds of stressful events the women experienced weren't life-threatening. Rather, they're the sorts of events that make us feel overwhelmed or out of control, such as a child care scramble or caring for an elderly, sick parent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers measured several markers of inflammation in the body, including C-reactive protein, or CRP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over a lifetime, higher inflammation levels are linked to an increased risk of a range of diseases, including \"cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, arthritis, some cancers,\" Kiecolt-Glaser explains. \"It's an ugly list of possibilities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings add to the evidence that stress is a powerful player when it comes to influencing our health. Kiecolt-Glaser's prior research has shown that people who are stressed heal wounds more slowly. She has also demonstrated that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25034950\">stress can promote weight gain\u003c/a> by altering metabolism and slowing down calorie-burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kiecolt-Glaser says there's still a lot that's unknown. For instance, in this new study, she's not sure how the inflammation levels of stressed-out women would have been influenced by an ultra-healthful meal — say, an avocado with greens on a piece of whole-grain toast. She points out that both of the meals the women ate for this study were very high in calories and had about 60 grams of fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, if you're looking for the upside in this line of research, rest assured: There are a whole range of strategies that have been shown to help manage stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Close, personal relationships are perhaps the world's greatest stress reducer,\" Kiecolt-Glaser says. Studies have also shown \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/01/07/260470831/mindfulness-meditation-can-help-relieve-anxiety-and-depression\">mindfulness meditation\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/01/28/267612550/yoga-may-help-overcome-fatigue-after-breast-cancer\">yoga\u003c/a> to be effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as we've reported, even \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/17/460030338/be-kind-unwind-how-helping-others-can-help-keep-stress-in-check\">doing nice things for others\u003c/a> can help keep stress in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I was reporting this story, I asked stressed-out Georgetown University law students what they do to manage stress. They pointed to a range of activities — from salsa dancing to listening to hip-hop to going to the gym. \"I really enjoy exercising when I'm stressed. It gives you an outlet to distract you,\" Marina Smith told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it seems these students are on to some good strategies, says \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/aric.prather\">Aric Prather\u003c/a>, an assistant professor at the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, who studies how lifestyle choices influence health. \"Exercise and social connectedness,\" he says, \"are effective in improving people's well-being and their ability to cope with stress.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Depression Treatment Often Doesn't Go To Those Most In Need",
"title": "Depression Treatment Often Doesn't Go To Those Most In Need",
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"content": "\u003cp>Getting treatment for depression may sometimes be a regular part of health care for the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/30/481766112/how-therapy-became-a-hobby-of-the-wealthy-out-of-reach-for-those-in-need\">worried well\u003c/a>” that leaves those who cannot afford it to suffer by themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2546155\">new study\u003c/a> published Monday in JAMA Internal Medicine illustrates that phenomena. Most Americans who screen positive for depression don’t receive treatment — while most who did receive treatment don’t actually have the condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the last several years there has been an increase in prescription of antidepressants,” said \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.columbiapsychiatry.org/profile/molfson\">Mark Olfson\u003c/a>, professor of psychiatry at the Columbia University Medical Center and lead author of the study. “In that context, many people assumed that under-treatment of depression is no longer a common problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Olfson found the opposite to be true after analyzing data from \u003ca href=\"https://meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/\">Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys\u003c/a> in 2012 and 2013 that includes questionnaires screening for depression. Of the 46,417 adults surveyed, 8.4 percent answered in ways that suggested they had depression, but only 28.7 percent of them received any treatment for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The findings highlight that there are continuing challenges in aligning depression care with patient needs,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adults in the lowest income group were five times more likely to be depressed compared with those in the highest income group. But they, along with uninsured adults, racial and ethnic minorities, and men, were also less likely to receive treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, among the 8.1 percent of adults who received treatment for depression, only 29.9 percent of them had depression and 21.8 percent of them had serious psychological distress. And those with either less serious or no depression were more likely to receive antidepressants. It’s a problem of overprescription, Olfson said, because \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21200071\">studies have shown \u003c/a>that antidepressants are not any more effective for patients with mild depression than a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being a little less aggressive in medication in mild depression would be beneficial,” he said. “There are simpler forms of psychological interventions that can be adapted for primary care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than relying on these drugs, the patients can be given other treatments ranging from counseling and exercise to yoga.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, researchers concluded that those with serious psychological distress are more likely to be treated by psychiatrists instead of general medical professionals, but this trend does not translate to older patients, African Americans, the uninsured or those with less education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some when they have depression don’t believe they require treatment or that they could benefit from treatment,” Olfson said. “People are visiting doctors but the attention is to current, pressing medical problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these doctor visits can be used as an opportunity for increasing access to treatment for depression to disadvantaged populations. Olfson found that most people with untreated depression make at least one visit to a primary care doctor annually. If depression screening and mental health services can be integrated into primary care, Olfson said, there will be better access and awareness about the illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you give them a referral to a mental health clinic, they simply won’t go if they don’t think they have a mental health disorder,” he said. “By embedding the services within primary care, it becomes more accessible and less stigmatized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an idea \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthequityresearch.org/staff.html\">Benjamin Cook\u003c/a>, director of the Health Equity Research Lab and assistant professor at Harvard Medical School, agrees on, but he said increasing access for minorities would require professionals who speak their languages and understand what type of treatment they are open to. Cook was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(For example) African Americans and Latinos prefer antidepressants less than whites,” Cook said. That might be an underlying reason “not to go for mental health treatment, why they might not stay at treatment for as long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This integration of services would also benefit patients who are over treated — those who receive antidepressants when they don’t need to. Olfson said many primary care doctors expressed frustrations in finding mental health professionals particularly in small and rural areas, so prescribing antidepressants might become their go-to when they don’t have resources. If there is a mental health professional right in the clinic, patients might get access to more services that a general doctor cannot offer such as counseling and psychotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Depression really is a serious condition and we’re finding that so many Americans aren’t receiving care,” he said. “I hope that it (this study) brings attention to this situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Getting treatment for depression may sometimes be a regular part of health care for the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/30/481766112/how-therapy-became-a-hobby-of-the-wealthy-out-of-reach-for-those-in-need\">worried well\u003c/a>” that leaves those who cannot afford it to suffer by themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2546155\">new study\u003c/a> published Monday in JAMA Internal Medicine illustrates that phenomena. Most Americans who screen positive for depression don’t receive treatment — while most who did receive treatment don’t actually have the condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the last several years there has been an increase in prescription of antidepressants,” said \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.columbiapsychiatry.org/profile/molfson\">Mark Olfson\u003c/a>, professor of psychiatry at the Columbia University Medical Center and lead author of the study. “In that context, many people assumed that under-treatment of depression is no longer a common problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Olfson found the opposite to be true after analyzing data from \u003ca href=\"https://meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/\">Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys\u003c/a> in 2012 and 2013 that includes questionnaires screening for depression. Of the 46,417 adults surveyed, 8.4 percent answered in ways that suggested they had depression, but only 28.7 percent of them received any treatment for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The findings highlight that there are continuing challenges in aligning depression care with patient needs,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adults in the lowest income group were five times more likely to be depressed compared with those in the highest income group. But they, along with uninsured adults, racial and ethnic minorities, and men, were also less likely to receive treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, among the 8.1 percent of adults who received treatment for depression, only 29.9 percent of them had depression and 21.8 percent of them had serious psychological distress. And those with either less serious or no depression were more likely to receive antidepressants. It’s a problem of overprescription, Olfson said, because \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21200071\">studies have shown \u003c/a>that antidepressants are not any more effective for patients with mild depression than a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being a little less aggressive in medication in mild depression would be beneficial,” he said. “There are simpler forms of psychological interventions that can be adapted for primary care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than relying on these drugs, the patients can be given other treatments ranging from counseling and exercise to yoga.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, researchers concluded that those with serious psychological distress are more likely to be treated by psychiatrists instead of general medical professionals, but this trend does not translate to older patients, African Americans, the uninsured or those with less education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some when they have depression don’t believe they require treatment or that they could benefit from treatment,” Olfson said. “People are visiting doctors but the attention is to current, pressing medical problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these doctor visits can be used as an opportunity for increasing access to treatment for depression to disadvantaged populations. Olfson found that most people with untreated depression make at least one visit to a primary care doctor annually. If depression screening and mental health services can be integrated into primary care, Olfson said, there will be better access and awareness about the illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you give them a referral to a mental health clinic, they simply won’t go if they don’t think they have a mental health disorder,” he said. “By embedding the services within primary care, it becomes more accessible and less stigmatized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an idea \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthequityresearch.org/staff.html\">Benjamin Cook\u003c/a>, director of the Health Equity Research Lab and assistant professor at Harvard Medical School, agrees on, but he said increasing access for minorities would require professionals who speak their languages and understand what type of treatment they are open to. Cook was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(For example) African Americans and Latinos prefer antidepressants less than whites,” Cook said. That might be an underlying reason “not to go for mental health treatment, why they might not stay at treatment for as long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This integration of services would also benefit patients who are over treated — those who receive antidepressants when they don’t need to. Olfson said many primary care doctors expressed frustrations in finding mental health professionals particularly in small and rural areas, so prescribing antidepressants might become their go-to when they don’t have resources. If there is a mental health professional right in the clinic, patients might get access to more services that a general doctor cannot offer such as counseling and psychotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Depression really is a serious condition and we’re finding that so many Americans aren’t receiving care,” he said. “I hope that it (this study) brings attention to this situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar]\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Berkeley's Soda Tax Appears to Cut Consumption of Sugary Drinks",
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"content": "\u003cp>The nation's first \"soda tax\" on sugar-sweetened beverages, which went into effect in Berkeley last year, appears to be working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a new \u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2016/08/23/sodadrinking/\">study\u003c/a>, consumption of sugary drinks -- at least in some neighborhoods -- is down by a whopping 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That estimate results from what \u003ca href=\"http://sph.berkeley.edu/kristine-madsen\">Kristine Madsen\u003c/a>, a researcher at the UC Berkeley's School of Public Health, calls a \"perfect natural experiment.\" In the fall of 2014, voters in Berkeley and San Francisco voted on proposals to tax sugar-sweetened drinks at the rate of one cent per fluid ounce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposals were aimed at reducing consumption of these drinks, which are blamed for increasing rates of obesity and Type 2 diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the votes, Madsen and a small army of collaborators began laying the groundwork for efforts to measure whether such a tax would actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They targeted low-income neighborhoods of each city, as well as Oakland, and carried out surveys of people they met on the street. \"We asked how often they drank various beverages,\" Madsen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They recorded the answer and waited for the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tax did not pass in San Francisco. But it did in Berkeley. So sugary drinks became more expensive in Berkeley, but not in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madsen and her collaborators then returned to the same neighborhoods, with the same questions. \"I would say, 'How often do you drink regular soda, like a Coke, or Sprite? Once a week? Once a month?' And some people would just say, 'Well, I drink it every day.' And what we were trying to do was get some way of making everybody equal, so that everybody could be expressed as times per day that they drank soda.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the vote, the answers had been very similar in both cities. The average person drank about 1.25 sugary beverages per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the vote, those responses diverged. In San Francisco, where there was no tax, people said that they were drinking slightly more sugary beverages. (It was a hot summer.) In Berkeley, though, reported consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks went down by 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People in Berkeley reported a huge increase in their water consumption. Water consumption increased in San Francisco as well, but not by as much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madsen says a 20 percent reduction in consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages would be enough to reduce rates of obesity and Type 2 diabetes in years to come. \"This would have a huge public health impact if it were sustained,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She is not sure it will be sustained. People may be more inclined to react to such a tax when it is new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.human.cornell.edu/bio.cfm?netid=jhc38\">John Cawley\u003c/a>, a professor of public policy and economics at Cornell University, says that a 20 percent drop is more than economists would have predicted, since the tax caused prices of sugary drinks to go up only modestly. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nber.org/papers/w21465\">Cawley\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302881\">others\u003c/a> found that soda sellers did not pass the full cost of the tax on to consumers, but absorbed somewhere between 30 and 50 percent of the cost themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a big decrease\" in consumption, Cawley says. \"It makes complete sense that, when prices go up, people buy less. That's the law of demand. So I did expect to see some kind of decrease in consumption, but this is a very large decrease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cawley noted that there is a relatively large margin of error in the estimates of beverage consumption. \"It will be interesting, as more information comes in, whether this finding holds up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This isn't the final answer,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://publichealth.gwu.edu/departments/prevention-and-community-health/michael-long\">Michael Long\u003c/a>, a professor of public health at George Washington University, \"but it is consistent with what we know about how people respond to prices. This definitely adds a lot of information about reductions in reported consumption, and we'll have to look further to see if we're seeing reductions in sales data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Beverage Association, which represents the soda industry, says that its member companies don't provide detailed data on sales trends within particular cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.capitolmatrixconsulting.com/team_williams.html\">Brad Williams\u003c/a>, an economist with Capitol Matrix Consulting in Sacramento, who has been a consultant for the beverage industry, told \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt\u003c/a> that the successful pro-soda tax campaign in 2014, rather than the tax itself, may have led people to report that they were drinking less soda. \"There's a limited price differential between sugar-sweetened and non-sugar-sweetened beverages, especially in chain stores,\" he says. \"It's not like consumers are getting price signals, so to the extent that consumption was reduced, it was the result of the campaign\" against sugary drinks rather than the tax, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study was published this week in the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303362\" target=\"_blank\">American Journal of Public Health\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The nation's first \"soda tax\" on sugar-sweetened beverages, which went into effect in Berkeley last year, appears to be working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a new \u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2016/08/23/sodadrinking/\">study\u003c/a>, consumption of sugary drinks -- at least in some neighborhoods -- is down by a whopping 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That estimate results from what \u003ca href=\"http://sph.berkeley.edu/kristine-madsen\">Kristine Madsen\u003c/a>, a researcher at the UC Berkeley's School of Public Health, calls a \"perfect natural experiment.\" In the fall of 2014, voters in Berkeley and San Francisco voted on proposals to tax sugar-sweetened drinks at the rate of one cent per fluid ounce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposals were aimed at reducing consumption of these drinks, which are blamed for increasing rates of obesity and Type 2 diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the votes, Madsen and a small army of collaborators began laying the groundwork for efforts to measure whether such a tax would actually work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They targeted low-income neighborhoods of each city, as well as Oakland, and carried out surveys of people they met on the street. \"We asked how often they drank various beverages,\" Madsen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They recorded the answer and waited for the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tax did not pass in San Francisco. But it did in Berkeley. So sugary drinks became more expensive in Berkeley, but not in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madsen and her collaborators then returned to the same neighborhoods, with the same questions. \"I would say, 'How often do you drink regular soda, like a Coke, or Sprite? Once a week? Once a month?' And some people would just say, 'Well, I drink it every day.' And what we were trying to do was get some way of making everybody equal, so that everybody could be expressed as times per day that they drank soda.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the vote, the answers had been very similar in both cities. The average person drank about 1.25 sugary beverages per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the vote, those responses diverged. In San Francisco, where there was no tax, people said that they were drinking slightly more sugary beverages. (It was a hot summer.) In Berkeley, though, reported consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks went down by 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People in Berkeley reported a huge increase in their water consumption. Water consumption increased in San Francisco as well, but not by as much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madsen says a 20 percent reduction in consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages would be enough to reduce rates of obesity and Type 2 diabetes in years to come. \"This would have a huge public health impact if it were sustained,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She is not sure it will be sustained. People may be more inclined to react to such a tax when it is new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.human.cornell.edu/bio.cfm?netid=jhc38\">John Cawley\u003c/a>, a professor of public policy and economics at Cornell University, says that a 20 percent drop is more than economists would have predicted, since the tax caused prices of sugary drinks to go up only modestly. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nber.org/papers/w21465\">Cawley\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302881\">others\u003c/a> found that soda sellers did not pass the full cost of the tax on to consumers, but absorbed somewhere between 30 and 50 percent of the cost themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a big decrease\" in consumption, Cawley says. \"It makes complete sense that, when prices go up, people buy less. That's the law of demand. So I did expect to see some kind of decrease in consumption, but this is a very large decrease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cawley noted that there is a relatively large margin of error in the estimates of beverage consumption. \"It will be interesting, as more information comes in, whether this finding holds up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This isn't the final answer,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://publichealth.gwu.edu/departments/prevention-and-community-health/michael-long\">Michael Long\u003c/a>, a professor of public health at George Washington University, \"but it is consistent with what we know about how people respond to prices. This definitely adds a lot of information about reductions in reported consumption, and we'll have to look further to see if we're seeing reductions in sales data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Beverage Association, which represents the soda industry, says that its member companies don't provide detailed data on sales trends within particular cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.capitolmatrixconsulting.com/team_williams.html\">Brad Williams\u003c/a>, an economist with Capitol Matrix Consulting in Sacramento, who has been a consultant for the beverage industry, told \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt\u003c/a> that the successful pro-soda tax campaign in 2014, rather than the tax itself, may have led people to report that they were drinking less soda. \"There's a limited price differential between sugar-sweetened and non-sugar-sweetened beverages, especially in chain stores,\" he says. \"It's not like consumers are getting price signals, so to the extent that consumption was reduced, it was the result of the campaign\" against sugary drinks rather than the tax, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study was published this week in the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303362\" target=\"_blank\">American Journal of Public Health\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Whaaaa? Little Evidence that Flossing Works",
"title": "Whaaaa? Little Evidence that Flossing Works",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>It's one of the most universal recommendations in all of public health: Floss daily to prevent gum disease and cavities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except there's little proof that flossing works.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In a letter to the Associated Press, the federal government acknowledged the effectiveness of flossing had never been researched, as required.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Still, the federal government, dental organizations and manufacturers of floss have pushed the practice for decades. Dentists provide samples to their patients, and the American Dental Association insists on its website that \"flossing is an essential part of taking care of your teeth and gums.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has recommended flossing since 1979, first in a surgeon general's report and later in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans issued every five years. The guidelines must be based on scientific evidence, under the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the Associated Press asked the departments of Health and Human Services and Agriculture for their evidence, and followed up with written requests under the Freedom of Information Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the federal government issued its latest dietary guidelines this year, the flossing recommendation had been removed, without notice. In a letter to the AP, the government acknowledged the effectiveness of flossing had never been researched, as required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AP looked at the most rigorous research conducted over the past decade, focusing on 25 studies that generally compared the use of a toothbrush with the combination of toothbrushes and floss. The findings? The evidence for flossing is \"weak, very unreliable,\" of \"very low\" quality, and carries \"a moderate to large potential for bias.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The majority of available studies fail to demonstrate that flossing is generally effective in plaque removal,\" said one review conducted last year. Another 2015 review cites \"inconsistent/weak evidence\" for flossing and a \"lack of efficacy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One study review in 2011 did credit floss with a slight reduction in gum inflammation — which can sometimes develop over time into full-fledged gum disease. However, the reviewers ranked the evidence as \"very unreliable.\" A commentary in a dental magazine stated that any benefit would be so minute it might not be noticed by users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two leading professional groups — the American Dental Association and the American Academy of Periodontology, for specialists in gum disease and implants — cited other studies as proof of their claims that flossing prevents buildup of gunk known as plaque, early gum inflammation called gingivitis and tooth decay. However, most of these studies used outdated methods or tested few people. Some lasted only two weeks, far too brief for a cavity or dental disease to develop. One tested 25 people after only a single use of floss. Such research, like the reviewed studies, focused on warning signs like bleeding and inflammation, barely dealing with gum disease or cavities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wayne Aldredge, president of the periodontists' group, acknowledged the weak scientific evidence and the brief duration of many studies. In an interview at his private practice in New Jersey, he said that the impact of floss might be clearer if researchers focused on patients at highest risk of gum disease, such as diabetics and smokers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he urges his patients to floss to help avoid gum disease. \"It's like building a house and not painting two sides of it,\" he said. \"Ultimately those two sides are going to rot away quicker.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aldredge also said many people use floss incorrectly, moving it in a sawing motion instead of up and down the sides of the teeth. Pressed about the origins of his organization's endorsement of flossing, he said it may simply have \"taken the ADA's lead.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the ADA was asked for proof of its claim that flossing helps prevent early gum disease and cavities, the group cited the 2011 review and a 2008 two-week study that measured bacteria and did not even consider gum disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a later statement to the AP, the ADA said flossing \"removes plaque\" and \"is proven to help remove\" debris from between teeth. A video on its website proclaims that flossing \"helps prevent gum disease.\" When pressed, Matthew J. Messina, a practicing dentist and spokesman for the dental association, acknowledged weak evidence, but he blamed research participants who didn't floss correctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even companies with a big market share of the flossing business — by next year, the global market is predicted to reach almost $2 billion, with half in the United States, according to publisher MarketSizeInfo.com — struggled to provide convincing evidence of their claims that floss reduces plaque or gingivitis. Yet the industry has paid for most studies and sometimes designed and conducted the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Procter & Gamble, which claims that its floss fights plaque and gingivitis, pointed to a two-week study, which was discounted as irrelevant in the 2011 research review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson & Johnson spokesman Marc Boston said floss helps remove plaque. When the AP sent him a list of contradicting studies, he declined comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The floss-making companies partner with the ADA through its Seal of Acceptance program. The ADA promotes the seal to companies as something that \"directly affects the purchase decisions of consumers,\" and each manufacturer is charged $14,500 for the evaluation. If it approves the product, the ADA then charges an additional annual fee of $3,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ADA says it rigorously evaluates products and makes no profit from the program. However, floss companies themselves are allowed to design the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The funding can come from companies — no problem at all,\" said dentist Marcelo W.B. Araujo, vice president of the ADA's Science Institute, who joined the organization after serving as an executive for Johnson & Johnson. \"The design can start from the company.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When flossing first gained acceptance, no proof was required of remedies. Dentist Levi Spear Parmly is credited with inventing floss in the early 19th century. By the time the first floss patent was issued, in 1874, the applicant noted that dentists were widely recommending its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ADA has been promoting floss universally since 1908. \"They just looked into what they did every day in their clinical practice and what they would recommend for patients,\" said Araujo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Count dentist Damien Walmsley, scientific adviser to the British Dental Association, among the skeptics. \"It's important to tell people to do the basics. Flossing is not part of the basics.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Floss can occasionally cause harm. Careless flossing can damage gums, teeth and dental work. Though frequency is unclear, floss can dislodge bad bacteria that invade the bloodstream and cause dangerous infections, especially in people with weak immunity, according to the medical literature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Institutes of Health dentist Tim Iafolla acknowledged that if the highest standards of science were applied in keeping with the flossing reviews of the past decade, \"then it would be appropriate to drop the floss guidelines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, he added, Americans should still floss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's low risk, low cost,\" he said. \"We know there's a possibility that it works, so we feel comfortable telling people to go ahead and do it.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's one of the most universal recommendations in all of public health: Floss daily to prevent gum disease and cavities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except there's little proof that flossing works.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In a letter to the Associated Press, the federal government acknowledged the effectiveness of flossing had never been researched, as required.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Still, the federal government, dental organizations and manufacturers of floss have pushed the practice for decades. Dentists provide samples to their patients, and the American Dental Association insists on its website that \"flossing is an essential part of taking care of your teeth and gums.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has recommended flossing since 1979, first in a surgeon general's report and later in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans issued every five years. The guidelines must be based on scientific evidence, under the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the Associated Press asked the departments of Health and Human Services and Agriculture for their evidence, and followed up with written requests under the Freedom of Information Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the federal government issued its latest dietary guidelines this year, the flossing recommendation had been removed, without notice. In a letter to the AP, the government acknowledged the effectiveness of flossing had never been researched, as required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AP looked at the most rigorous research conducted over the past decade, focusing on 25 studies that generally compared the use of a toothbrush with the combination of toothbrushes and floss. The findings? The evidence for flossing is \"weak, very unreliable,\" of \"very low\" quality, and carries \"a moderate to large potential for bias.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The majority of available studies fail to demonstrate that flossing is generally effective in plaque removal,\" said one review conducted last year. Another 2015 review cites \"inconsistent/weak evidence\" for flossing and a \"lack of efficacy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One study review in 2011 did credit floss with a slight reduction in gum inflammation — which can sometimes develop over time into full-fledged gum disease. However, the reviewers ranked the evidence as \"very unreliable.\" A commentary in a dental magazine stated that any benefit would be so minute it might not be noticed by users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two leading professional groups — the American Dental Association and the American Academy of Periodontology, for specialists in gum disease and implants — cited other studies as proof of their claims that flossing prevents buildup of gunk known as plaque, early gum inflammation called gingivitis and tooth decay. However, most of these studies used outdated methods or tested few people. Some lasted only two weeks, far too brief for a cavity or dental disease to develop. One tested 25 people after only a single use of floss. Such research, like the reviewed studies, focused on warning signs like bleeding and inflammation, barely dealing with gum disease or cavities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wayne Aldredge, president of the periodontists' group, acknowledged the weak scientific evidence and the brief duration of many studies. In an interview at his private practice in New Jersey, he said that the impact of floss might be clearer if researchers focused on patients at highest risk of gum disease, such as diabetics and smokers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he urges his patients to floss to help avoid gum disease. \"It's like building a house and not painting two sides of it,\" he said. \"Ultimately those two sides are going to rot away quicker.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aldredge also said many people use floss incorrectly, moving it in a sawing motion instead of up and down the sides of the teeth. Pressed about the origins of his organization's endorsement of flossing, he said it may simply have \"taken the ADA's lead.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the ADA was asked for proof of its claim that flossing helps prevent early gum disease and cavities, the group cited the 2011 review and a 2008 two-week study that measured bacteria and did not even consider gum disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a later statement to the AP, the ADA said flossing \"removes plaque\" and \"is proven to help remove\" debris from between teeth. A video on its website proclaims that flossing \"helps prevent gum disease.\" When pressed, Matthew J. Messina, a practicing dentist and spokesman for the dental association, acknowledged weak evidence, but he blamed research participants who didn't floss correctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even companies with a big market share of the flossing business — by next year, the global market is predicted to reach almost $2 billion, with half in the United States, according to publisher MarketSizeInfo.com — struggled to provide convincing evidence of their claims that floss reduces plaque or gingivitis. Yet the industry has paid for most studies and sometimes designed and conducted the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Procter & Gamble, which claims that its floss fights plaque and gingivitis, pointed to a two-week study, which was discounted as irrelevant in the 2011 research review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson & Johnson spokesman Marc Boston said floss helps remove plaque. When the AP sent him a list of contradicting studies, he declined comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The floss-making companies partner with the ADA through its Seal of Acceptance program. The ADA promotes the seal to companies as something that \"directly affects the purchase decisions of consumers,\" and each manufacturer is charged $14,500 for the evaluation. If it approves the product, the ADA then charges an additional annual fee of $3,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ADA says it rigorously evaluates products and makes no profit from the program. However, floss companies themselves are allowed to design the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The funding can come from companies — no problem at all,\" said dentist Marcelo W.B. Araujo, vice president of the ADA's Science Institute, who joined the organization after serving as an executive for Johnson & Johnson. \"The design can start from the company.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When flossing first gained acceptance, no proof was required of remedies. Dentist Levi Spear Parmly is credited with inventing floss in the early 19th century. By the time the first floss patent was issued, in 1874, the applicant noted that dentists were widely recommending its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ADA has been promoting floss universally since 1908. \"They just looked into what they did every day in their clinical practice and what they would recommend for patients,\" said Araujo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Count dentist Damien Walmsley, scientific adviser to the British Dental Association, among the skeptics. \"It's important to tell people to do the basics. Flossing is not part of the basics.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Floss can occasionally cause harm. Careless flossing can damage gums, teeth and dental work. Though frequency is unclear, floss can dislodge bad bacteria that invade the bloodstream and cause dangerous infections, especially in people with weak immunity, according to the medical literature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Institutes of Health dentist Tim Iafolla acknowledged that if the highest standards of science were applied in keeping with the flossing reviews of the past decade, \"then it would be appropriate to drop the floss guidelines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, he added, Americans should still floss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's low risk, low cost,\" he said. \"We know there's a possibility that it works, so we feel comfortable telling people to go ahead and do it.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Heather Bottoms' two sons had been asking to go to a local indoor trampoline park for a while, so last September she took them. Her older son, then age 13, was jumping up and down when he bounced off the wall, fell and broke both the bones in one arm. The injury required surgery to insert two pins into his arm.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I don't think parents realize how significant the injuries can be or how frequently they occur.' \u003ccite> Katherine Leaming-Van Zandt, emergency room physician \u003c/cite>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The number of trampoline-park injuries like this has soared, according to research published Monday in the journal \u003cem>Pediatrics\u003c/em>. Using data from a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpsc.gov/en/Research--Statistics/NEISS-Injury-Data/\" target=\"_blank\">government injury surveillance system\u003c/a>, the study authors estimate that the number of ER visits from injuries incurred at an indoor park — typically a series of connected trampolines in a big room surrounded by padded or trampoline walls — rose from fewer than 600 in 2010 to 6,932 in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Association of Trampoline Parks notes, however, that there were an estimated 50 million North American visits in the past year to the parks, which are becoming increasingly popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite that, most injuries still occur on home trampolines, the use of which the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/09/24/161679143/pediatricians-bounce-trampolines-from-homes-to-protect-kids\" target=\"_blank\">American Academy of Pediatrics \"strongly\" discourages\u003c/a>. And the overall number of annual ER visits for trampoline-related injuries held steady over the study period, averaging about 91,750.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our concern is that there are more serious trampoline injuries [at parks] than on home trampolines,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://gme.uchc.edu/programs/pedsfellowships/pedem_currentfellows.html\" target=\"_blank\">Kathryn Kasmire\u003c/a>, a pediatric emergency medicine fellow at the Connecticut Children's Medical Center and the University of Connecticut and an author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost 9 percent of park injuries required hospital admission, compared with 5.2 percent of injuries from home trampolines. Admission usually suggests that surgery was needed or that the patient was in serious pain, Kasmire says. Trampoline park injuries made up 11 percent of all 2014 ER visits for trampoline injuries where the location was known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While sprains and fractures were the most common injuries at both homes and parks, those at parks were more likely to involve a dislocation. The indoor parks resulted in more lower-extremity injuries and fewer upper-extremity and head injuries than home trampolines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That corresponds with what \u003ca href=\"https://www.texaschildrens.org/find-a-doctor/katherine-jennifer-leaming-van-zandt-md\" target=\"_blank\">Katherine Leaming-Van Zandt\u003c/a>, an emergency medicine physician at Texas Children's Hospital, has seen in her ER. \"I don't think parents realize how significant the injuries can be or how frequently they occur,\" she says, adding that parents may be lulled into complacency, thinking that supervision by park employees will keep their kids safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's not always enough. Bottoms, who lives in Owasso, Okla., says she fully understands that trampoline parks carry risks. \"Anybody can get hurt anywhere, doing anything,\" she says. But she says no one at the park helped her son or performed first aid after the injury. She had to set the fracture herself with the ice scraper from her car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IATP, which represents the trampoline park industry, said in a statement it welcomes studies like this one that \"provide a deeper understanding of safety issues.\" But it noted that with industry growth from 25 parks in 2010 to more than 350 in 2014, the increase in the number of injuries isn't surprising. The rate at which injuries occur, it said, is more meaningful than raw numbers. \"We believe that the positives of youth recreational sports far outweigh the negatives, and we are actively engaged at programs aimed at promoting the safety and well-being of jumpers who visit our member parks,\" it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's important for kids to have fun and get exercise, says Kasmire. \"But there is no activity in which a kid is getting exercise that is risk-free.\" If your children go, \"you should be cautious,\" she says. Go at a less busy time. Supervise your kids yourself, and make sure there's just one jumper per trampoline. Don't allow flips. And if you have younger children, look for a park with a designated area that keeps them separate from bigger kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And make sure to be careful yourself, if you decide to take a bounce — 19 percent of trampoline park injuries were in adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Katherine Hobson is a freelance health and science writer based in Brooklyn, N.Y. She's on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/katherinehobson\">\u003cem>@katherinehobson\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+Trampoline+Parks+Jump+In+Popularity%2C+So+Do+Injuries&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Heather Bottoms' two sons had been asking to go to a local indoor trampoline park for a while, so last September she took them. Her older son, then age 13, was jumping up and down when he bounced off the wall, fell and broke both the bones in one arm. The injury required surgery to insert two pins into his arm.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I don't think parents realize how significant the injuries can be or how frequently they occur.' \u003ccite> Katherine Leaming-Van Zandt, emergency room physician \u003c/cite>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The number of trampoline-park injuries like this has soared, according to research published Monday in the journal \u003cem>Pediatrics\u003c/em>. Using data from a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpsc.gov/en/Research--Statistics/NEISS-Injury-Data/\" target=\"_blank\">government injury surveillance system\u003c/a>, the study authors estimate that the number of ER visits from injuries incurred at an indoor park — typically a series of connected trampolines in a big room surrounded by padded or trampoline walls — rose from fewer than 600 in 2010 to 6,932 in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Association of Trampoline Parks notes, however, that there were an estimated 50 million North American visits in the past year to the parks, which are becoming increasingly popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite that, most injuries still occur on home trampolines, the use of which the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/09/24/161679143/pediatricians-bounce-trampolines-from-homes-to-protect-kids\" target=\"_blank\">American Academy of Pediatrics \"strongly\" discourages\u003c/a>. And the overall number of annual ER visits for trampoline-related injuries held steady over the study period, averaging about 91,750.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our concern is that there are more serious trampoline injuries [at parks] than on home trampolines,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://gme.uchc.edu/programs/pedsfellowships/pedem_currentfellows.html\" target=\"_blank\">Kathryn Kasmire\u003c/a>, a pediatric emergency medicine fellow at the Connecticut Children's Medical Center and the University of Connecticut and an author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost 9 percent of park injuries required hospital admission, compared with 5.2 percent of injuries from home trampolines. Admission usually suggests that surgery was needed or that the patient was in serious pain, Kasmire says. Trampoline park injuries made up 11 percent of all 2014 ER visits for trampoline injuries where the location was known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While sprains and fractures were the most common injuries at both homes and parks, those at parks were more likely to involve a dislocation. The indoor parks resulted in more lower-extremity injuries and fewer upper-extremity and head injuries than home trampolines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That corresponds with what \u003ca href=\"https://www.texaschildrens.org/find-a-doctor/katherine-jennifer-leaming-van-zandt-md\" target=\"_blank\">Katherine Leaming-Van Zandt\u003c/a>, an emergency medicine physician at Texas Children's Hospital, has seen in her ER. \"I don't think parents realize how significant the injuries can be or how frequently they occur,\" she says, adding that parents may be lulled into complacency, thinking that supervision by park employees will keep their kids safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's not always enough. Bottoms, who lives in Owasso, Okla., says she fully understands that trampoline parks carry risks. \"Anybody can get hurt anywhere, doing anything,\" she says. But she says no one at the park helped her son or performed first aid after the injury. She had to set the fracture herself with the ice scraper from her car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The IATP, which represents the trampoline park industry, said in a statement it welcomes studies like this one that \"provide a deeper understanding of safety issues.\" But it noted that with industry growth from 25 parks in 2010 to more than 350 in 2014, the increase in the number of injuries isn't surprising. The rate at which injuries occur, it said, is more meaningful than raw numbers. \"We believe that the positives of youth recreational sports far outweigh the negatives, and we are actively engaged at programs aimed at promoting the safety and well-being of jumpers who visit our member parks,\" it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's important for kids to have fun and get exercise, says Kasmire. \"But there is no activity in which a kid is getting exercise that is risk-free.\" If your children go, \"you should be cautious,\" she says. Go at a less busy time. Supervise your kids yourself, and make sure there's just one jumper per trampoline. Don't allow flips. And if you have younger children, look for a park with a designated area that keeps them separate from bigger kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And make sure to be careful yourself, if you decide to take a bounce — 19 percent of trampoline park injuries were in adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Katherine Hobson is a freelance health and science writer based in Brooklyn, N.Y. She's on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/katherinehobson\">\u003cem>@katherinehobson\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+Trampoline+Parks+Jump+In+Popularity%2C+So+Do+Injuries&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Hair products aren't at the top of most people's health worry list, but the Food and Drug Administration is investigating a surprisingly high number of reports of problems after people used a particular cleansing conditioner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of July 7, the FDA had received 127 complaints of \"hair loss, hair breakage, balding, itching, and rash\" after people used Wen by Chaz Dean cleansing conditioner products — more reports than the agency has ever received for a cosmetic hair product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This kind of report is very rare,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/ncal/provider/pmirmirani\">Paradi Mirmirani\u003c/a>, a dermatologist in Vallejo, Calif. \"For the most part, shampoo products out there are all very safe.\" The agency's \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm511890.htm\">safety alert \u003c/a>says it has not determined a possible cause for the problems reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late last year, mediation began for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/gunthy_renker_wen_complaint.pdf\">class-action lawsuit\u003c/a> in California against Guthy-Renker, the company that markets and manufactures Wen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA doesn't approve cosmetics before they go on the market, though it does set upper limits for \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/02/23/387766821/there-s-bacteria-in-your-soap-and-everywhere-else\">bacteria in cosmetics\u003c/a> and hygiene products. Instead, says Linda Katz, director of the FDA's Office of Cosmetics and Colors, the agency monitors consumer complaints for many factors to decide whether to investigate a product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, the sheer number of complaints played a role in the decision. The agency says it is investigating more than 21,000 complaints reported to Chaz Dean Inc. and Guthy-Renker. (Gianna Cesa, a PR representative for Chaz Dean, says the company did not receive this number of complaints.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katz says she can't discuss any working hypotheses associated with the investigation, though she did say investigators have no reason to believe the product was contaminated with something foreign, like microbes. For now, the FDA is still gathering information. Officials will look at the product's quality testing and whether there have been any changes to how the product is made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email, a spokesman for Chaz Dean said the company stands behind its products and that \"the brand has consistently cooperated with the FDA and will continue to do so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dermatologists say hair care products can cause these sorts of symptoms. One common reason is allergy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are thousands of ingredients that are in personal hair products,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.pennmedicine.org/providers/profile/bruce-brod\">Bruce Brod\u003c/a>, a clinical professor of dermatology at the University of Pennsylvania. \"While most people in the population won't react to them, there's a small subpopulation that will.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common allergy triggers include surfactants, the ingredients in shampoos and conditioners that make them sudsy, as well as preservatives that increase shelf life and chemicals used to create fragrances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These allergic reactions can occur regardless of whether a product is \"all natural,\" says Mirmirani. \"Lots of plants give people a reaction as well,\" she says, citing poison oak as an example. And because allergic reactions can take a while to occur, people may not immediately realize a hair product is causing issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are also causes of scalp problems that have nothing to do with cosmetics, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.oldmetairiedermatology.com/index.php/AboutUs/MeetDrRogers\">Nicole Rogers\u003c/a>, an assistant clinical professor of dermatology at Tulane Medical School. For example, she says, male-pattern or female-pattern baldness are both common causes of hair loss. Or a patient could suffer from alopecia areata, a disease in which the immune system attacks hair follicles. She says she believes it's unlikely the consumers' complaints are tied to Wen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stress, changes in diet and pregnancy can cause hair loss as well, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/doctors/anthony-rossi\">Anthony Rossi\u003c/a>, a dermatologist who serves as a consultant to Chaz Dean's PR firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, all the doctors told Shots that people with scalp problems should visit a dermatologist and discuss hair products, along with other possible factors. Doctors can do allergy tests on patients to analyze as many as 55 potential allergy triggers. It's important, says Brod, to look at all potential causes of symptoms, rather than looking at Internet chat rooms alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Often, there's a suggestive herd effect,\" he says. \"If somebody says, 'I'm using something and it itches my scalp,' the person next to him will say, 'You know what? Me too.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katz of the FDA also urges people to visit doctors in addition to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/ComplianceEnforcement/AdverseEventReporting/default.htm\">reporting complaints\u003c/a> to the FDA. And if someone decides to switch from Wen to a different conditioner, Mirmirani says, \"There's plenty more out there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Problems+After+Using+Hair+Conditioner+Prompt+An+FDA+Warning&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Hair products aren't at the top of most people's health worry list, but the Food and Drug Administration is investigating a surprisingly high number of reports of problems after people used a particular cleansing conditioner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of July 7, the FDA had received 127 complaints of \"hair loss, hair breakage, balding, itching, and rash\" after people used Wen by Chaz Dean cleansing conditioner products — more reports than the agency has ever received for a cosmetic hair product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This kind of report is very rare,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/ncal/provider/pmirmirani\">Paradi Mirmirani\u003c/a>, a dermatologist in Vallejo, Calif. \"For the most part, shampoo products out there are all very safe.\" The agency's \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm511890.htm\">safety alert \u003c/a>says it has not determined a possible cause for the problems reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late last year, mediation began for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/gunthy_renker_wen_complaint.pdf\">class-action lawsuit\u003c/a> in California against Guthy-Renker, the company that markets and manufactures Wen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA doesn't approve cosmetics before they go on the market, though it does set upper limits for \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/02/23/387766821/there-s-bacteria-in-your-soap-and-everywhere-else\">bacteria in cosmetics\u003c/a> and hygiene products. Instead, says Linda Katz, director of the FDA's Office of Cosmetics and Colors, the agency monitors consumer complaints for many factors to decide whether to investigate a product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, the sheer number of complaints played a role in the decision. The agency says it is investigating more than 21,000 complaints reported to Chaz Dean Inc. and Guthy-Renker. (Gianna Cesa, a PR representative for Chaz Dean, says the company did not receive this number of complaints.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katz says she can't discuss any working hypotheses associated with the investigation, though she did say investigators have no reason to believe the product was contaminated with something foreign, like microbes. For now, the FDA is still gathering information. Officials will look at the product's quality testing and whether there have been any changes to how the product is made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email, a spokesman for Chaz Dean said the company stands behind its products and that \"the brand has consistently cooperated with the FDA and will continue to do so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dermatologists say hair care products can cause these sorts of symptoms. One common reason is allergy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are thousands of ingredients that are in personal hair products,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.pennmedicine.org/providers/profile/bruce-brod\">Bruce Brod\u003c/a>, a clinical professor of dermatology at the University of Pennsylvania. \"While most people in the population won't react to them, there's a small subpopulation that will.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common allergy triggers include surfactants, the ingredients in shampoos and conditioners that make them sudsy, as well as preservatives that increase shelf life and chemicals used to create fragrances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These allergic reactions can occur regardless of whether a product is \"all natural,\" says Mirmirani. \"Lots of plants give people a reaction as well,\" she says, citing poison oak as an example. And because allergic reactions can take a while to occur, people may not immediately realize a hair product is causing issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are also causes of scalp problems that have nothing to do with cosmetics, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.oldmetairiedermatology.com/index.php/AboutUs/MeetDrRogers\">Nicole Rogers\u003c/a>, an assistant clinical professor of dermatology at Tulane Medical School. For example, she says, male-pattern or female-pattern baldness are both common causes of hair loss. Or a patient could suffer from alopecia areata, a disease in which the immune system attacks hair follicles. She says she believes it's unlikely the consumers' complaints are tied to Wen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stress, changes in diet and pregnancy can cause hair loss as well, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/doctors/anthony-rossi\">Anthony Rossi\u003c/a>, a dermatologist who serves as a consultant to Chaz Dean's PR firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, all the doctors told Shots that people with scalp problems should visit a dermatologist and discuss hair products, along with other possible factors. Doctors can do allergy tests on patients to analyze as many as 55 potential allergy triggers. It's important, says Brod, to look at all potential causes of symptoms, rather than looking at Internet chat rooms alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Often, there's a suggestive herd effect,\" he says. \"If somebody says, 'I'm using something and it itches my scalp,' the person next to him will say, 'You know what? Me too.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katz of the FDA also urges people to visit doctors in addition to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/ComplianceEnforcement/AdverseEventReporting/default.htm\">reporting complaints\u003c/a> to the FDA. And if someone decides to switch from Wen to a different conditioner, Mirmirani says, \"There's plenty more out there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Problems+After+Using+Hair+Conditioner+Prompt+An+FDA+Warning&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Turning Down The Background Noise Could Help Toddlers Learn",
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"content": "\u003cp>Toddlers make their fair share of noise. But they also have a lot of noise to contend with — a television blaring, siblings squabbling, a car radio blasting, grownups talking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid all that clatter, toddlers must somehow piece together the meanings of individual words and start to form their own words and sentences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loud background noise may make it harder for toddlers to learn language, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cdev.12559/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Child Development\u003c/em>. Many other \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3757288/\" target=\"_blank\">studies\u003c/a> have already found that background noise can limit children's abilities to learn. Television noise, in particular, is ubiquitous in American homes and may negatively affect a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/10/01/162097132/researchers-say-kids-are-exposed-to-startling-amounts-of-background-tv\" target=\"_blank\">child's ability to concentrate\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But few researchers have looked at how background noise affects toddlers as they are just beginning to learn words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learning words early is important and can affect basic reading skills later on, says Brianna McMillan, a psychology graduate student at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and lead author on the study. \"These initial word learning experiences are very foundational for how kids succeed later in life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McMillan and her graduate advisor, professor of psychology Jenny Saffran, tested whether louder or quieter background speech affected whether toddlers at about 23 months could learn new words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of 40 toddlers listened to recordings of new words in sentences. At the same time, they also heard background speech — recordings that sounded like two people speaking at once. The researchers say that this background recording could represent people chatting in the same room or on the television or radio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the toddlers heard louder background talk — \"like having a conversation with a friend while someone else is standing a foot away talking,\" explains McMillan. The other half heard the same recording at a quieter decibel – \"more akin to background coffeehouse chatter,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the background noise still playing, the researchers then taught the toddlers the meanings of the new words by showing them images on a screen of what each word represents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists then tested how well each group of toddlers had learned the new words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turned out that toddlers could only learn new words when the background chatter was quieter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers tried the same experiment on a group of 40 toddlers who were about six months older and found the same result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a final experiment, the scientists allowed 26 toddlers to hear new words in sentences in a quiet room and then taught them the meanings of the words under the louder background noise condition. This group of toddlers did successfully learn the new words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This last experiment provides some hope that carving out a bit of quiet time for learning words can help children attach meaning to those words later in their more typical noisy environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not practical to completely turn off the radio or TV all the time,\" says McMillan. \"I don't think that's how we can or should live.\" But she says that parents might want to be more aware of what their kids are hearing and turn off the TV now and then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear whether the Wisconsin team's findings would hold true for a broader group of toddlers from across the United States — this study focused on a fairly small group from an area with a large university community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Wisconsin team's research covers an important understudied area, says \u003ca href=\"https://hesp.umd.edu/facultyprofile/Newman/Rochelle\" target=\"_blank\">Rochelle Newman\u003c/a>, chair of the Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences and associate director of the Maryland Language Science Center at the University of Maryland. \"There's been a lot of work on noise and its impact on learning once children reach the age of schooling. A lot less has been done on younger children,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newman says there are still many unanswered questions, including whether some level of noise might actually be beneficial for toddlers in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Children are going to go to school where there is a lot of noise,\" Newman says. \"They're going to eventually have to learn to deal with that noise. We don't know if they'll need some exposure to learn to deal with it. We don't know how much is too much noise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Turning+Down+The+Background+Noise+Could+Help+Toddlers+Learn&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Toddlers make their fair share of noise. But they also have a lot of noise to contend with — a television blaring, siblings squabbling, a car radio blasting, grownups talking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid all that clatter, toddlers must somehow piece together the meanings of individual words and start to form their own words and sentences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loud background noise may make it harder for toddlers to learn language, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cdev.12559/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Child Development\u003c/em>. Many other \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3757288/\" target=\"_blank\">studies\u003c/a> have already found that background noise can limit children's abilities to learn. Television noise, in particular, is ubiquitous in American homes and may negatively affect a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/10/01/162097132/researchers-say-kids-are-exposed-to-startling-amounts-of-background-tv\" target=\"_blank\">child's ability to concentrate\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But few researchers have looked at how background noise affects toddlers as they are just beginning to learn words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learning words early is important and can affect basic reading skills later on, says Brianna McMillan, a psychology graduate student at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and lead author on the study. \"These initial word learning experiences are very foundational for how kids succeed later in life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McMillan and her graduate advisor, professor of psychology Jenny Saffran, tested whether louder or quieter background speech affected whether toddlers at about 23 months could learn new words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of 40 toddlers listened to recordings of new words in sentences. At the same time, they also heard background speech — recordings that sounded like two people speaking at once. The researchers say that this background recording could represent people chatting in the same room or on the television or radio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the toddlers heard louder background talk — \"like having a conversation with a friend while someone else is standing a foot away talking,\" explains McMillan. The other half heard the same recording at a quieter decibel – \"more akin to background coffeehouse chatter,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the background noise still playing, the researchers then taught the toddlers the meanings of the new words by showing them images on a screen of what each word represents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists then tested how well each group of toddlers had learned the new words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turned out that toddlers could only learn new words when the background chatter was quieter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers tried the same experiment on a group of 40 toddlers who were about six months older and found the same result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a final experiment, the scientists allowed 26 toddlers to hear new words in sentences in a quiet room and then taught them the meanings of the words under the louder background noise condition. This group of toddlers did successfully learn the new words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This last experiment provides some hope that carving out a bit of quiet time for learning words can help children attach meaning to those words later in their more typical noisy environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not practical to completely turn off the radio or TV all the time,\" says McMillan. \"I don't think that's how we can or should live.\" But she says that parents might want to be more aware of what their kids are hearing and turn off the TV now and then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear whether the Wisconsin team's findings would hold true for a broader group of toddlers from across the United States — this study focused on a fairly small group from an area with a large university community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Wisconsin team's research covers an important understudied area, says \u003ca href=\"https://hesp.umd.edu/facultyprofile/Newman/Rochelle\" target=\"_blank\">Rochelle Newman\u003c/a>, chair of the Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences and associate director of the Maryland Language Science Center at the University of Maryland. \"There's been a lot of work on noise and its impact on learning once children reach the age of schooling. A lot less has been done on younger children,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newman says there are still many unanswered questions, including whether some level of noise might actually be beneficial for toddlers in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Children are going to go to school where there is a lot of noise,\" Newman says. \"They're going to eventually have to learn to deal with that noise. We don't know if they'll need some exposure to learn to deal with it. We don't know how much is too much noise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Turning+Down+The+Background+Noise+Could+Help+Toddlers+Learn&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Early Bedtime For Preschoolers Might Help Reduce Obesity Risk Later",
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"content": "\u003cp>For parents concerned that their preschoolers may one day gain excess weight, a study published Thursday suggests one strategy for keeping the little ones on track that isn't related to food: Tuck them in earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists reporting online in \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(16)30361-4/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>The Journal of Pediatrics\u003c/em>\u003c/a> found, in a study of not quite a thousand U.S. children, that preschoolers who got to bed by 8 p.m. were about half as likely as those who turned in after 9 p.m. to develop obesity in their teenage years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"jPIXR8GOOfJd5mPFAxQvpndbBriGwmfs\"]Obesity continues to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/04/26/475622225/plateau-but-no-decline-child-obesity-rates-hold-steady\" target=\"_blank\">a major health issue\u003c/a> for children and teens in the United States, and many studies have shown that issues with \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/12/11/369837792/does-snoring-leave-tots-more-vulnerable-to-childhood-obesity\" target=\"_blank\">sleep quality\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129636783\">duration\u003c/a> can contribute to that risk, says \u003ca href=\"https://cph.osu.edu/people/sanderson\" target=\"_blank\">Sarah Anderson\u003c/a>, epidemiologist at the Ohio State University and lead author on the current research. But \"there haven't been many studies that have looked at bedtime,\" Anderson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A child's bedtime is an important factor to examine because it's something a parent generally has some control over, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.uchospitals.edu/physicians/lisa-medalie.html\" target=\"_blank\">Lisa Medalie\u003c/a>, director of the Pediatric Insomnia Program at the University of Chicago Medicine, whereas kids often have a fixed wakeup time because they have to get out the door in time for camp or school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Kids can get really fussy when you keep them up too late,\" Medalie says. \"If they get too fussy and get overtired, then it actually makes it harder for them to sleep.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out whether preschooler bedtimes might be linked to obesity later in life, Anderson and colleagues looked back at data collected for 977 children across nine states as part of a government-funded research project called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nichd.nih.gov/research/supported/Pages/seccyd.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers followed these children from birth in 1991 through their adolescent years. They recorded a range of data — everything from a child's height and weight at different ages to a mother's education level and attention to her child's needs as observed through video recordings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly for Anderson's study, when the children reached about 4.5 years old, researchers included this in the list of questions they asked mothers: \"What time does your child go to bed on most weekday evenings?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turned out that about 25 percent of the children went to bed at 8 p.m. or earlier, half went to bed between 8 and 9 p.m., and 25 percent went to bed after 9 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"deHc98MUGwkG1StedGBE4DHnw4WdkXE8\"]Anderson and her team found that the bedtime category a child fell into was linked to his or her likelihood of being obese. When the preschoolers reached about age 15, 10 percent of the early-to-bed group, 16 percent of the middle group, and 23 percent of the late-to-bed group were obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after the researchers controlled for other factors like birthweight, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and the mother's weight, the preschoolers who went to bed late — after 9 p.m. — were still twice as likely to develop obesity in their teens as the early-to-bed group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That you can ask one question of a mother of a 4.5-year-old child and it relates to body mass index 10 years later — that's pretty remarkable,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.auburn.edu/~buckhja/\" target=\"_blank\">Joseph Buckhalt\u003c/a>, a pediatric sleep researcher at Auburn University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research hasn't proved that later bedtimes directly cause obesity, only that there seems to be some connection between the two, the sleep scientists agree. Research on this point has only just begun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Anderson says she recognizes that it's not always possible to get kids to bed early. Some parents' work schedules \"don't allow them to arrive home early enough in the evening to both spend time with the child and have an early bedtime,\" she notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Anderson says, for lots of reasons, \"parents might want to consider what it would take for them to have a regular early bedtime routine for their preschool-aged child.\" And aim for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Early+Bedtime+For+Preschoolers+Might+Help+Reduce+Obesity+Risk+Later&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For parents concerned that their preschoolers may one day gain excess weight, a study published Thursday suggests one strategy for keeping the little ones on track that isn't related to food: Tuck them in earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists reporting online in \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(16)30361-4/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>The Journal of Pediatrics\u003c/em>\u003c/a> found, in a study of not quite a thousand U.S. children, that preschoolers who got to bed by 8 p.m. were about half as likely as those who turned in after 9 p.m. to develop obesity in their teenage years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Obesity continues to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/04/26/475622225/plateau-but-no-decline-child-obesity-rates-hold-steady\" target=\"_blank\">a major health issue\u003c/a> for children and teens in the United States, and many studies have shown that issues with \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/12/11/369837792/does-snoring-leave-tots-more-vulnerable-to-childhood-obesity\" target=\"_blank\">sleep quality\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129636783\">duration\u003c/a> can contribute to that risk, says \u003ca href=\"https://cph.osu.edu/people/sanderson\" target=\"_blank\">Sarah Anderson\u003c/a>, epidemiologist at the Ohio State University and lead author on the current research. But \"there haven't been many studies that have looked at bedtime,\" Anderson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A child's bedtime is an important factor to examine because it's something a parent generally has some control over, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.uchospitals.edu/physicians/lisa-medalie.html\" target=\"_blank\">Lisa Medalie\u003c/a>, director of the Pediatric Insomnia Program at the University of Chicago Medicine, whereas kids often have a fixed wakeup time because they have to get out the door in time for camp or school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Kids can get really fussy when you keep them up too late,\" Medalie says. \"If they get too fussy and get overtired, then it actually makes it harder for them to sleep.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out whether preschooler bedtimes might be linked to obesity later in life, Anderson and colleagues looked back at data collected for 977 children across nine states as part of a government-funded research project called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nichd.nih.gov/research/supported/Pages/seccyd.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers followed these children from birth in 1991 through their adolescent years. They recorded a range of data — everything from a child's height and weight at different ages to a mother's education level and attention to her child's needs as observed through video recordings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly for Anderson's study, when the children reached about 4.5 years old, researchers included this in the list of questions they asked mothers: \"What time does your child go to bed on most weekday evenings?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turned out that about 25 percent of the children went to bed at 8 p.m. or earlier, half went to bed between 8 and 9 p.m., and 25 percent went to bed after 9 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Anderson and her team found that the bedtime category a child fell into was linked to his or her likelihood of being obese. When the preschoolers reached about age 15, 10 percent of the early-to-bed group, 16 percent of the middle group, and 23 percent of the late-to-bed group were obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after the researchers controlled for other factors like birthweight, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and the mother's weight, the preschoolers who went to bed late — after 9 p.m. — were still twice as likely to develop obesity in their teens as the early-to-bed group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That you can ask one question of a mother of a 4.5-year-old child and it relates to body mass index 10 years later — that's pretty remarkable,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.auburn.edu/~buckhja/\" target=\"_blank\">Joseph Buckhalt\u003c/a>, a pediatric sleep researcher at Auburn University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research hasn't proved that later bedtimes directly cause obesity, only that there seems to be some connection between the two, the sleep scientists agree. Research on this point has only just begun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Anderson says she recognizes that it's not always possible to get kids to bed early. Some parents' work schedules \"don't allow them to arrive home early enough in the evening to both spend time with the child and have an early bedtime,\" she notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Anderson says, for lots of reasons, \"parents might want to consider what it would take for them to have a regular early bedtime routine for their preschool-aged child.\" And aim for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Early+Bedtime+For+Preschoolers+Might+Help+Reduce+Obesity+Risk+Later&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Overworked Americans Aren't Taking The Vacation They've Earned",
"title": "Overworked Americans Aren't Taking The Vacation They've Earned",
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"content": "\u003cp>A majority of Americans say they're stressed at work. And it's clear the burden of stress has negative effects on health, including an increase in heart disease, liver disease and gastrointestinal problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, though it's been known for years that periodically disengaging from one's everyday routine can reduce \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/stress-body.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">stress\u003c/a>, most Americans don't take advantage of their days off. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jul/HarvardWorkplaceandHealthPollReport.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">poll\u003c/a> conducted by NPR, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health finds about half of Americans who work 50-plus hours a week say they don't take all or most of the vacation they've earned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And among respondents who actually take vacations, \"30 percent say they do a significant amount of work while on vacation,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/robert-blendon/\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Blendon\u003c/a>, a professor and health policy analyst at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health who directed the survey. \"So they're taking their stress along with them wherever they go.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take 27-year-old Julie Hagopian, for example. She lives in Alexandria, Va., works in digital marketing for a large educational company, and says she adores her job. But it consumes at least 60 hours of her time each week, she says, and includes plenty of stress. The biggest problem, Hagopian says: There's no \"off switch.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm on call all the time — to moderate, create content, curate everything,\" she says. \"So, generally speaking, even when on vacation, I'm checking email and moderating social feeds.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to taking the classic one to two weeks of vacation — forget it, she says. That would require burdening her colleagues with her workload, and they already have too much to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, instead, she takes a few days here and there, but always stays connected via phone calls or online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 33-year-old Adam Rowan, who lives in Dolores, Colo., staying \"connected\" isn't a big issue, he says, because he just doesn't take vacation. Ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's just not my thing,\" he says with a chuckle, \"which probably sounds strange. But I'd prefer to be at work, getting things done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rowan works in information technology for a large outdoor retail company. Because many of his colleagues in IT got their start in their early 20s, Rowan says he feels like he has a lot of catching up to do. He skips vacation to keep learning more, he says — \"just to get a foot in the game.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In our poll, 35 percent of people who work 50 or more hours a week say they also skip vacations because they want to get ahead at work. Like Hagopian, 42 percent say there wouldn't be enough people to pick up their workload if they took days off. And many, like Hagopian and Rowan, say their office doesn't have many people with the same expertise who could serve as backup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I leave and something breaks and somebody who doesn't know how to fix it tries to fix it, it could get a lot worse,\" Rowan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rowan is hardly alone in his dedication to the job. Today, Americans take far less vacation time than they did a few decades ago, says psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.slu.edu/blogs/sps-faculty/about-2/matt-grawitch-phd/\" target=\"_blank\">Matthew J. Grawitch\u003c/a> of Saint Louis University, who studies stress in the workplace. Research shows that, on average, Americans now take \u003ca href=\"http://www.projecttimeoff.com/research/state-american-vacation-2016\" target=\"_blank\">16.2 days of vacation a year\u003c/a>, compared with nearly three weeks of vacation in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's an unfortunate trend, he says; not only can time off help alleviate stress, it can also be personally \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10902-012-9345-3\" target=\"_blank\">rejuvenating\u003c/a> and motivate people to be more productive once they return to the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22213478\" target=\"_blank\">research\u003c/a> suggests employee health and well-being improve even during short vacations. That has led scientists studying workplace stress to urge people to take shorter vacations throughout the year if they feel they can't manage a week or two all at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least some employers concur. Diane Domeyer, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://www.roberthalf.com/creativegroup\" target=\"_blank\">The Creative Group\u003c/a>, a staffing firm, recently \u003ca href=\"http://creativegroup.mediaroom.com/unlimited-vacation\" target=\"_blank\">surveyed\u003c/a> more than 400 advertising and marketing executives and found that 39 percent say they believe their employees would be more productive if they took more time off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Grawitch says it's one thing for employers to recognize the value of vacation and another to make it happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It has to involve thinking through how to restructure work, utilize technology more effectively, [and] to coordinate vacation times so work is still being accomplished — and not by the person who is on vacation,\" Grawitch says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, that can require more investment in staffing from employers. Domeyer says an increasing number of companies are choosing to make that sort of investment because they recognize the relatively high cost of burnout — either in the form of lower productivity or in the loss of employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're one of those people who go on vacation and just can't disconnect completely, Domeyer suggests you resist the temptation to answer email immediately. A too-quick response suggests you are available to do work, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead consider using a \"delayed delivery\" function in your emailed responses, she suggests. That gets the note off your plate, but doesn't deliver it until the day you return — from vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Overworked+Americans+Aren%27t+Taking+The+Vacation+They%27ve+Earned&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Even when they do go away, they're not unplugging from email and texts, an NPR poll finds. \"They're taking their stress along with them,\" says a Harvard scientist.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A majority of Americans say they're stressed at work. And it's clear the burden of stress has negative effects on health, including an increase in heart disease, liver disease and gastrointestinal problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, though it's been known for years that periodically disengaging from one's everyday routine can reduce \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/stress-body.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">stress\u003c/a>, most Americans don't take advantage of their days off. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jul/HarvardWorkplaceandHealthPollReport.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">poll\u003c/a> conducted by NPR, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health finds about half of Americans who work 50-plus hours a week say they don't take all or most of the vacation they've earned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And among respondents who actually take vacations, \"30 percent say they do a significant amount of work while on vacation,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/robert-blendon/\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Blendon\u003c/a>, a professor and health policy analyst at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health who directed the survey. \"So they're taking their stress along with them wherever they go.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take 27-year-old Julie Hagopian, for example. She lives in Alexandria, Va., works in digital marketing for a large educational company, and says she adores her job. But it consumes at least 60 hours of her time each week, she says, and includes plenty of stress. The biggest problem, Hagopian says: There's no \"off switch.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm on call all the time — to moderate, create content, curate everything,\" she says. \"So, generally speaking, even when on vacation, I'm checking email and moderating social feeds.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to taking the classic one to two weeks of vacation — forget it, she says. That would require burdening her colleagues with her workload, and they already have too much to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, instead, she takes a few days here and there, but always stays connected via phone calls or online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 33-year-old Adam Rowan, who lives in Dolores, Colo., staying \"connected\" isn't a big issue, he says, because he just doesn't take vacation. Ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's just not my thing,\" he says with a chuckle, \"which probably sounds strange. But I'd prefer to be at work, getting things done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rowan works in information technology for a large outdoor retail company. Because many of his colleagues in IT got their start in their early 20s, Rowan says he feels like he has a lot of catching up to do. He skips vacation to keep learning more, he says — \"just to get a foot in the game.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In our poll, 35 percent of people who work 50 or more hours a week say they also skip vacations because they want to get ahead at work. Like Hagopian, 42 percent say there wouldn't be enough people to pick up their workload if they took days off. And many, like Hagopian and Rowan, say their office doesn't have many people with the same expertise who could serve as backup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If I leave and something breaks and somebody who doesn't know how to fix it tries to fix it, it could get a lot worse,\" Rowan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rowan is hardly alone in his dedication to the job. Today, Americans take far less vacation time than they did a few decades ago, says psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.slu.edu/blogs/sps-faculty/about-2/matt-grawitch-phd/\" target=\"_blank\">Matthew J. Grawitch\u003c/a> of Saint Louis University, who studies stress in the workplace. Research shows that, on average, Americans now take \u003ca href=\"http://www.projecttimeoff.com/research/state-american-vacation-2016\" target=\"_blank\">16.2 days of vacation a year\u003c/a>, compared with nearly three weeks of vacation in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's an unfortunate trend, he says; not only can time off help alleviate stress, it can also be personally \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10902-012-9345-3\" target=\"_blank\">rejuvenating\u003c/a> and motivate people to be more productive once they return to the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22213478\" target=\"_blank\">research\u003c/a> suggests employee health and well-being improve even during short vacations. That has led scientists studying workplace stress to urge people to take shorter vacations throughout the year if they feel they can't manage a week or two all at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least some employers concur. Diane Domeyer, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://www.roberthalf.com/creativegroup\" target=\"_blank\">The Creative Group\u003c/a>, a staffing firm, recently \u003ca href=\"http://creativegroup.mediaroom.com/unlimited-vacation\" target=\"_blank\">surveyed\u003c/a> more than 400 advertising and marketing executives and found that 39 percent say they believe their employees would be more productive if they took more time off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Grawitch says it's one thing for employers to recognize the value of vacation and another to make it happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It has to involve thinking through how to restructure work, utilize technology more effectively, [and] to coordinate vacation times so work is still being accomplished — and not by the person who is on vacation,\" Grawitch says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, that can require more investment in staffing from employers. Domeyer says an increasing number of companies are choosing to make that sort of investment because they recognize the relatively high cost of burnout — either in the form of lower productivity or in the loss of employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're one of those people who go on vacation and just can't disconnect completely, Domeyer suggests you resist the temptation to answer email immediately. A too-quick response suggests you are available to do work, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead consider using a \"delayed delivery\" function in your emailed responses, she suggests. That gets the note off your plate, but doesn't deliver it until the day you return — from vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Overworked+Americans+Aren%27t+Taking+The+Vacation+They%27ve+Earned&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
},
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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