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"content": "\u003cp>Poor people who reside in expensive, well-educated cities such as San Francisco tend to live longer than low-income people in less affluent places, according to a study of more than a billion Social Security and tax records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2513561\">The study\u003c/a>, published in \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em>, the Journal of the American Medical Association, bolsters what was already well known — the poor tend to have shorter lifespans than those with more money. But it also says that among low-income people, big disparities exist in life expectancy from place to place, said Raj Chetty, professor of economics at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are some places where the poor are doing quite well, gaining just as much in terms of life span as the rich, but there are other places where they're actually going in the other direction, where the poor are living shorter lives today than they did in the past,\" Chetty said, in an interview with NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, low-income people in Birmingham, Ala., live about as long as the rich, but in Tampa, Fla., the poor have actually lost ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chetty and his co-authors collected more than 1.4 billion records from the Social Security Administration and the Internal Revenue Service to try to measure the relationship between income and life expectancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are vast gaps in life expectancy between the richest and poorest Americans,\" Chetty said. \"Men in the top 1 percent distribution level live about 15 years longer than men in the bottom 1 percent on the income distribution in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To give you a sense of the magnitude, men in the bottom 1 percent have life expectancy comparable to the average life expectancy in Pakistan or Sudan.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where life spans are concerned, the rich are getting richer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2001, life expectancy has increased by 2.3 years for the wealthiest 5 percent of American men and by nearly 3 years for similarly situated women. Meanwhile, life expectancy has increased barely at all for the poorest 5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the study's findings was that poor people in affluent cities such as San Francisco and New York tend to live longer than people of similar income levels in rust belt cities such as Detroit, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What accounts for the disparity isn't clear, Chetty says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be that some cities such as San Francisco may be better at promoting healthier lifestyles, with smoking bans, for example, or perhaps people tend to adopt healthier habits if they live in a place where everyone else is doing it, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study suggests that the relationship between life expectancy and income is not ironclad, and changes at the local level can make a big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What our study shows is that thinking about these issues of inequality and health and life expectancy at a local level is very fruitful, and thinking about policies that change health behaviors at a local level is likely to be important,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chetty notes that the study has clear implications for Social Security and Medicare. The fact that poor people don't live as long means they are paying into the system without getting the same benefits, a fact that needs to be considered in any discussion about raising the retirement age, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was co-authored by Michael Stepner and Sarah Abraham of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Benjamin Scuderi, David Cutler and Augustin Bergeron of Harvard University; Shelby Lin of McKinsey and Co.; and Nicholas Turner of the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Tax Analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Life+Expectancy+Study%3A+It%27s+Not+Just+What+You+Make%2C+It%27s+Where+You+Live&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are vast gaps in life expectancy between the richest and poorest Americans,\" Chetty said. \"Men in the top 1 percent distribution level live about 15 years longer than men in the bottom 1 percent on the income distribution in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To give you a sense of the magnitude, men in the bottom 1 percent have life expectancy comparable to the average life expectancy in Pakistan or Sudan.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where life spans are concerned, the rich are getting richer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2001, life expectancy has increased by 2.3 years for the wealthiest 5 percent of American men and by nearly 3 years for similarly situated women. Meanwhile, life expectancy has increased barely at all for the poorest 5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the study's findings was that poor people in affluent cities such as San Francisco and New York tend to live longer than people of similar income levels in rust belt cities such as Detroit, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What accounts for the disparity isn't clear, Chetty says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be that some cities such as San Francisco may be better at promoting healthier lifestyles, with smoking bans, for example, or perhaps people tend to adopt healthier habits if they live in a place where everyone else is doing it, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study suggests that the relationship between life expectancy and income is not ironclad, and changes at the local level can make a big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What our study shows is that thinking about these issues of inequality and health and life expectancy at a local level is very fruitful, and thinking about policies that change health behaviors at a local level is likely to be important,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chetty notes that the study has clear implications for Social Security and Medicare. The fact that poor people don't live as long means they are paying into the system without getting the same benefits, a fact that needs to be considered in any discussion about raising the retirement age, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was co-authored by Michael Stepner and Sarah Abraham of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Benjamin Scuderi, David Cutler and Augustin Bergeron of Harvard University; Shelby Lin of McKinsey and Co.; and Nicholas Turner of the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Tax Analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Life+Expectancy+Study%3A+It%27s+Not+Just+What+You+Make%2C+It%27s+Where+You+Live&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When parents suffer depression, there can be a ripple effect on children. Kids may become anxious, even sad. There may be behavior problems. Health may suffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a large \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2488039\" target=\"_blank\">Swedish study\u003c/a> showed that grades may decline, too, when a parent is depressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using data from 1984 to 1994, researchers from Philadelphia's Dornsife School of Public Health, at Drexel University, measured school grades for more than 1.1 million children in Sweden and compared them with their parents' mental health status. The study was published in a February issue of \u003cem>JAMA Psychiatry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At age 16, children of mothers who had experienced depression scored about 4.5 percentage points lower in their school grades than children of nondepressed mothers. Similarly, 16-year-olds with fathers who had experienced depression scored about 4 percentage points lower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though 4 or 4.5 points may not sound like much, it \"can mean a lot for a student,\" says Drexel epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"http://drexel.edu/dornsife/academics/faculty/Felice%20Le-Scherban/\" target=\"_blank\">Felice Le-Scherban\u003c/a>. It may be the difference between an A grade or a B — or between a D and a C — and small grade differences can add up, sometimes shaping a decision about whether to stay in school or quit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quantity and quality of education can make a difference well beyond school years, says Le-Scherban. It's one of the \"strongest predictors of health and life expectancy that we have,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies \u003ca href=\"http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/issue_briefs/2012/rwjf403347\">show\u003c/a> that better-educated individuals are less likely to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol or be obese than those who don't finish high school or college. They tend to have a lower risk of heart disease and diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of reasons why depressed parents can have a difficult time nurturing their children, says epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/mmw3\" target=\"_blank\">Myrna Weissman\u003c/a>, of Columbia University Medical Center in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just think about the symptoms of depression — the feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, loss of energy, interest in things that usually give you pleasure,\" she says. \"And think about having those symptoms and trying to take care of children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The needs and demands of children can be overwhelming even for mentally healthy parents, much less those struggling to cope with depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A parent who's depressed may not arrange an appointment with a teacher; may not have time to go; may not listen to the child; and may not find some solution to problems so that it lingers,\" says Weissman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, there is a silver lining: Depression is extremely treatable. Weissman has done numerous studies, including one that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16551710\" target=\"_blank\">focused\u003c/a> on depressed mothers. \"We showed that at the end of three months, if mom got better, the children got better,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The women who recovered from depression got interested in their children once again and were more loving and able to show it. Weissman says she heard from children themselves that their mom \"just loves me more and listens to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and others have found that psychotherapy or medication alone or a combination of the two can be effective treatments, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, clinical depression is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16203955\" target=\"_blank\">common\u003c/a>, and a large number of adults can be expected to suffer a serious episode at some point in their lives. But even if you've inherited a propensity to depression, Weissman says, you can get diagnosed and \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2488037\" target=\"_blank\">treated\u003c/a> as soon as possible, to good effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Kids%27+Grades+Can+Suffer+When+Mom+Or+Dad+Is+Depressed&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When parents suffer depression, there can be a ripple effect on children. Kids may become anxious, even sad. There may be behavior problems. Health may suffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a large \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2488039\" target=\"_blank\">Swedish study\u003c/a> showed that grades may decline, too, when a parent is depressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using data from 1984 to 1994, researchers from Philadelphia's Dornsife School of Public Health, at Drexel University, measured school grades for more than 1.1 million children in Sweden and compared them with their parents' mental health status. The study was published in a February issue of \u003cem>JAMA Psychiatry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At age 16, children of mothers who had experienced depression scored about 4.5 percentage points lower in their school grades than children of nondepressed mothers. Similarly, 16-year-olds with fathers who had experienced depression scored about 4 percentage points lower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though 4 or 4.5 points may not sound like much, it \"can mean a lot for a student,\" says Drexel epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"http://drexel.edu/dornsife/academics/faculty/Felice%20Le-Scherban/\" target=\"_blank\">Felice Le-Scherban\u003c/a>. It may be the difference between an A grade or a B — or between a D and a C — and small grade differences can add up, sometimes shaping a decision about whether to stay in school or quit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quantity and quality of education can make a difference well beyond school years, says Le-Scherban. It's one of the \"strongest predictors of health and life expectancy that we have,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies \u003ca href=\"http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/issue_briefs/2012/rwjf403347\">show\u003c/a> that better-educated individuals are less likely to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol or be obese than those who don't finish high school or college. They tend to have a lower risk of heart disease and diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of reasons why depressed parents can have a difficult time nurturing their children, says epidemiologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/mmw3\" target=\"_blank\">Myrna Weissman\u003c/a>, of Columbia University Medical Center in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just think about the symptoms of depression — the feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, loss of energy, interest in things that usually give you pleasure,\" she says. \"And think about having those symptoms and trying to take care of children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The needs and demands of children can be overwhelming even for mentally healthy parents, much less those struggling to cope with depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A parent who's depressed may not arrange an appointment with a teacher; may not have time to go; may not listen to the child; and may not find some solution to problems so that it lingers,\" says Weissman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, there is a silver lining: Depression is extremely treatable. Weissman has done numerous studies, including one that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16551710\" target=\"_blank\">focused\u003c/a> on depressed mothers. \"We showed that at the end of three months, if mom got better, the children got better,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The women who recovered from depression got interested in their children once again and were more loving and able to show it. Weissman says she heard from children themselves that their mom \"just loves me more and listens to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and others have found that psychotherapy or medication alone or a combination of the two can be effective treatments, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, clinical depression is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16203955\" target=\"_blank\">common\u003c/a>, and a large number of adults can be expected to suffer a serious episode at some point in their lives. But even if you've inherited a propensity to depression, Weissman says, you can get diagnosed and \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2488037\" target=\"_blank\">treated\u003c/a> as soon as possible, to good effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Kids%27+Grades+Can+Suffer+When+Mom+Or+Dad+Is+Depressed&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Huh? For New Parents, Dad May Be The One Missing The Most Sleep",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note: This is an excerpt from the book \u003c/em>The Informed Parent: A Science-Based Resource for Your Child's First Four Years\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you haven't experienced it, no simple description will capture the feeling of deep, dizzying fatigue that can accompany the first few weeks with a newborn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the third child, Emily was wishing for an infant boarding school that could keep her son for those first few weeks of constant night waking and return him in a semiregulated state at about eight weeks. Well, not really, but the thought might have crossed her admittedly addled brain at 3 a.m. on several successive nights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that mothers, being the ones with the breast milk, have it the worst. But science seems to indicate otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/473075468/the-informed-parent-a-science-based-resource-for-your-childs-first-four-years\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-168917\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-168917 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/Screen-Shot-2016-04-05-at-11.43.24-AM.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2016-04-05 at 11.43.24 AM\" width=\"307\" height=\"457\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, one 2013 study of 21 mother-father pairs enjoying their first infant experience found that fathers actually got less sleep than the mothers and experienced more confirmed sleepiness, as measured using wrist trackers. The study authors also found that even though the mothers got more sleep, their sleep was disturbed more often, which makes sense given their role in feeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both parents reported feeling about the same level of tiredness, but mothers scored worse on neurobehavioral testing (all those awakenings). Lest you think that maybe that study, with its small sample, was a one-off, a 2004 study of 72 couples during the first postpartum month also used wrist trackers and also found that fathers had objectively less sleep than mothers. Sleep was measured throughout the day, though, and the mothers appeared to play catch-up during daytime hours when fathers were unable to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors noted that work factors played a role in the level of sleep disturbance, which seems like yet another bit of evidence in favor of family or parental leave for both parents. Not unexpectedly, both mothers and fathers were tired, and both parents were a lot more sleep disturbed and fatigued during that first month with an infant than they were in the last month of pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The allure of the studies that include fathers is that much of the earlier research focused only on mothers and their level of fatigue. But a family with a newborn typically involves a parental partnership of some sort, and the role of the nonbirthing partner can be critical. And the sleep deprivation and fatigue of the nonbirthing partner go unrecognized by their birthing partner. A 2011 study of 21 new parent pairs suggests as much, and that this lack of recognition of sleep-deprivation problems goes both ways. Mothers overestimated how well fathers slept (the study looked only at mother–father parenting pairs), and fathers overestimated mothers' disturbed mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the women didn't think the men were as sleep deprived as the men felt, and the men thought the women were moodier than the women felt. Just one more reason that a good partnership is key for surviving the stresses of parenting an infant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a 2009 review takes on the reasons for what the authors call a \"robust decline in marital satisfaction across the transition to parenthood.\" The term \"robust decline\" sounds rather dire, and these authors point to sleep deprivation and disruption as having a role in this fraying of the partnership following the arrival of the bundle of joy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to these short-term effects on function and mood and potentially long-term effects on partnership, sleep deprivation can have more acute consequences. Again, fathers bear the brunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2012 study of 241 new fathers found that even though they got less than six hours of sleep a night — interrupted sleep, at that — they still worked \"long hours.\" The fathers, completing a questionnaire when their infants were 6 and 12 weeks of age, were tired, and that fatigue seemed to feed into reduced vigilance about safe behaviors in the workplace. Without the ability to compensate for lost sleep during the day, these fathers simply rode out their fatigue while working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mothers who stay at home also need relief, and science supports them in that. A 2014 cross-sectional study of women in Taiwan, for example, found that women whose daily housework duties were reduced experienced better sleep quality in the postpartum period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, in special cases such as a mother recovering from a cesarean section, sleep deprivation can be even worse. One study comparing women who'd had cesarean sections with those who had vaginal deliveries found that the women who'd delivered by cesarean section got less sleep (4.5 hours a night) than those who'd had vaginal deliveries (6 hours a night). The study was tiny, with only six women who'd had a cesarean section and 15 who had had a vaginal delivery, and all of the infants spent time in ICU just after birth, but the results do suggest some extra support is needed for women who have had the major surgery that is a cesarean section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twins are another special case, and not only because they change the parent-to-baby ratio from 2:1 to 1:1. Here again fathers take the bigger hit: In a 2008 study of eight parent pairs of full-term twins, the dads got less sleep, whether measured only for the night or for the entire day. The good news is that things got better over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the message we leave behind here. In general, things do get better when it comes to parental sleep deprivation. But don't underestimate the dangers, especially in those early days. Studies have shown that sleepy driving can be as dangerous as or worse than drunk driving. Plus plenty of research links insufficient sleep to various health problems and to irritability, higher stress levels, and reduced patience, all of which can be dangerous for an infant if the parent is severely sleep-deprived. For those with a history of mental illness, sleep deprivation can cause relapses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, tend to your partnership, and if you have the opportunity, don't refuse to take family or parental leave if it's offered. And that includes you stay-at-home moms who want to do it all yourself. Let Grandma, uncle, aunt, sister, nephew, neighbor help if it's offered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Emily Willingham is a research scientist and science journalist, with a Ph.D. in biological sciences from the University of Texas at Austin, and a completed postdoctoral fellowship in pediatric urology at the University of California, San Francisco. Her writing has been featured in \u003c/em>The New York Times\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Scientific American\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Slate\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Discover\u003cem> and \u003c/em>Forbes,\u003cem> among other outlets.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tara Haelle is a reporter and journalist who writes about health, science and evidence-based parenting. She has a master's degree in photojournalism from the University of Texas at Austin. Her writing has appeared in \u003c/em>NPR\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Scientific American\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Slate\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Forbes\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Politico\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Healthday\u003cem> and \u003c/em>Everyday Health\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+New+Parents%2C+Dad+May+Be+The+One+Missing+The+Most+Sleep&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note: This is an excerpt from the book \u003c/em>The Informed Parent: A Science-Based Resource for Your Child's First Four Years\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you haven't experienced it, no simple description will capture the feeling of deep, dizzying fatigue that can accompany the first few weeks with a newborn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the third child, Emily was wishing for an infant boarding school that could keep her son for those first few weeks of constant night waking and return him in a semiregulated state at about eight weeks. Well, not really, but the thought might have crossed her admittedly addled brain at 3 a.m. on several successive nights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that mothers, being the ones with the breast milk, have it the worst. But science seems to indicate otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/473075468/the-informed-parent-a-science-based-resource-for-your-childs-first-four-years\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-168917\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-168917 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/Screen-Shot-2016-04-05-at-11.43.24-AM.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2016-04-05 at 11.43.24 AM\" width=\"307\" height=\"457\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, one 2013 study of 21 mother-father pairs enjoying their first infant experience found that fathers actually got less sleep than the mothers and experienced more confirmed sleepiness, as measured using wrist trackers. The study authors also found that even though the mothers got more sleep, their sleep was disturbed more often, which makes sense given their role in feeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both parents reported feeling about the same level of tiredness, but mothers scored worse on neurobehavioral testing (all those awakenings). Lest you think that maybe that study, with its small sample, was a one-off, a 2004 study of 72 couples during the first postpartum month also used wrist trackers and also found that fathers had objectively less sleep than mothers. Sleep was measured throughout the day, though, and the mothers appeared to play catch-up during daytime hours when fathers were unable to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors noted that work factors played a role in the level of sleep disturbance, which seems like yet another bit of evidence in favor of family or parental leave for both parents. Not unexpectedly, both mothers and fathers were tired, and both parents were a lot more sleep disturbed and fatigued during that first month with an infant than they were in the last month of pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The allure of the studies that include fathers is that much of the earlier research focused only on mothers and their level of fatigue. But a family with a newborn typically involves a parental partnership of some sort, and the role of the nonbirthing partner can be critical. And the sleep deprivation and fatigue of the nonbirthing partner go unrecognized by their birthing partner. A 2011 study of 21 new parent pairs suggests as much, and that this lack of recognition of sleep-deprivation problems goes both ways. Mothers overestimated how well fathers slept (the study looked only at mother–father parenting pairs), and fathers overestimated mothers' disturbed mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the women didn't think the men were as sleep deprived as the men felt, and the men thought the women were moodier than the women felt. Just one more reason that a good partnership is key for surviving the stresses of parenting an infant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a 2009 review takes on the reasons for what the authors call a \"robust decline in marital satisfaction across the transition to parenthood.\" The term \"robust decline\" sounds rather dire, and these authors point to sleep deprivation and disruption as having a role in this fraying of the partnership following the arrival of the bundle of joy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to these short-term effects on function and mood and potentially long-term effects on partnership, sleep deprivation can have more acute consequences. Again, fathers bear the brunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2012 study of 241 new fathers found that even though they got less than six hours of sleep a night — interrupted sleep, at that — they still worked \"long hours.\" The fathers, completing a questionnaire when their infants were 6 and 12 weeks of age, were tired, and that fatigue seemed to feed into reduced vigilance about safe behaviors in the workplace. Without the ability to compensate for lost sleep during the day, these fathers simply rode out their fatigue while working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mothers who stay at home also need relief, and science supports them in that. A 2014 cross-sectional study of women in Taiwan, for example, found that women whose daily housework duties were reduced experienced better sleep quality in the postpartum period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, in special cases such as a mother recovering from a cesarean section, sleep deprivation can be even worse. One study comparing women who'd had cesarean sections with those who had vaginal deliveries found that the women who'd delivered by cesarean section got less sleep (4.5 hours a night) than those who'd had vaginal deliveries (6 hours a night). The study was tiny, with only six women who'd had a cesarean section and 15 who had had a vaginal delivery, and all of the infants spent time in ICU just after birth, but the results do suggest some extra support is needed for women who have had the major surgery that is a cesarean section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twins are another special case, and not only because they change the parent-to-baby ratio from 2:1 to 1:1. Here again fathers take the bigger hit: In a 2008 study of eight parent pairs of full-term twins, the dads got less sleep, whether measured only for the night or for the entire day. The good news is that things got better over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the message we leave behind here. In general, things do get better when it comes to parental sleep deprivation. But don't underestimate the dangers, especially in those early days. Studies have shown that sleepy driving can be as dangerous as or worse than drunk driving. Plus plenty of research links insufficient sleep to various health problems and to irritability, higher stress levels, and reduced patience, all of which can be dangerous for an infant if the parent is severely sleep-deprived. For those with a history of mental illness, sleep deprivation can cause relapses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, tend to your partnership, and if you have the opportunity, don't refuse to take family or parental leave if it's offered. And that includes you stay-at-home moms who want to do it all yourself. Let Grandma, uncle, aunt, sister, nephew, neighbor help if it's offered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Emily Willingham is a research scientist and science journalist, with a Ph.D. in biological sciences from the University of Texas at Austin, and a completed postdoctoral fellowship in pediatric urology at the University of California, San Francisco. Her writing has been featured in \u003c/em>The New York Times\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Scientific American\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Slate\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Discover\u003cem> and \u003c/em>Forbes,\u003cem> among other outlets.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Representatives of the fast-growing vaping industry are promoting themselves as partners in the effort to reduce tobacco use, not as a public health scourge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry officials held a Capitol news conference Tuesday urging California Gov. Jerry Brown to veto a bill that would subject vaping products to the same restrictions as cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill is one of six anti-smoking bills awaiting action by the Democratic governor. Brown has not said whether he'll sign them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Josh Krane, owner of Craft Vapery in Torrance, says e-cigarettes were the only way for him and many of his customers to quit smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of the bill say vapor products are enticing to teenagers and threaten to get more young people addicted to nicotine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Representatives of the fast-growing vaping industry are promoting themselves as partners in the effort to reduce tobacco use, not as a public health scourge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry officials held a Capitol news conference Tuesday urging California Gov. Jerry Brown to veto a bill that would subject vaping products to the same restrictions as cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill is one of six anti-smoking bills awaiting action by the Democratic governor. Brown has not said whether he'll sign them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Josh Krane, owner of Craft Vapery in Torrance, says e-cigarettes were the only way for him and many of his customers to quit smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of the bill say vapor products are enticing to teenagers and threaten to get more young people addicted to nicotine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The first case of Zika virus acquired in California was confirmed by health department officials on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A San Diego woman contracted the virus in February after sexual contact with a male partner who had been infected with Zika on a trip to Colombia, a country where the virus is prevalent, San Diego County officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.countynewscenter.com/news/first-sexually-transmitted-zika-virus-case-san-diego-county-reported\" target=\"_blank\">report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The woman was not pregnant and she and her partner have fully recovered, the California Department of Public Health said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first confirmed case in California where Zika virus was transmitted sexually,” California Department of Public Health Director and State Public Health Officer Karen Smith \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR16-016.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">said\u003c/a>. “If your partner has traveled to an area where Zika is present, protecting yourself by abstaining from sex or using condoms during sex is the best way to prevent sexual transmission of the Zika virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, there have been 22 travel-associated Zika cases in 2015 and 2016. There have been no cases of the virus being acquired from mosquito bites here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spread of Zika virus has caused alarm worldwide because it can spread from a woman to her baby during pregnancy and lead to birth defects including microcephaly, a condition, where a baby is born with a smaller head due to abnormal brain development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and local health officials offered recommendations to help prevent the spread of Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Men who have traveled to an area where Zika virus is present should abstain from sex or use condoms with a partner who is pregnant or trying to become pregnant for the duration of the pregnancy, state health officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women who want to get pregnant with a partner who has had exposure to Zika virus should talk to their doctor about the risks of Zika virus during pregnancy, state officials said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The first case of Zika virus acquired in California was confirmed by health department officials on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A San Diego woman contracted the virus in February after sexual contact with a male partner who had been infected with Zika on a trip to Colombia, a country where the virus is prevalent, San Diego County officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.countynewscenter.com/news/first-sexually-transmitted-zika-virus-case-san-diego-county-reported\" target=\"_blank\">report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The woman was not pregnant and she and her partner have fully recovered, the California Department of Public Health said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first confirmed case in California where Zika virus was transmitted sexually,” California Department of Public Health Director and State Public Health Officer Karen Smith \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR16-016.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">said\u003c/a>. “If your partner has traveled to an area where Zika is present, protecting yourself by abstaining from sex or using condoms during sex is the best way to prevent sexual transmission of the Zika virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, there have been 22 travel-associated Zika cases in 2015 and 2016. There have been no cases of the virus being acquired from mosquito bites here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spread of Zika virus has caused alarm worldwide because it can spread from a woman to her baby during pregnancy and lead to birth defects including microcephaly, a condition, where a baby is born with a smaller head due to abnormal brain development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and local health officials offered recommendations to help prevent the spread of Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Men who have traveled to an area where Zika virus is present should abstain from sex or use condoms with a partner who is pregnant or trying to become pregnant for the duration of the pregnancy, state health officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women who want to get pregnant with a partner who has had exposure to Zika virus should talk to their doctor about the risks of Zika virus during pregnancy, state officials said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California plans to delay state-required warnings on metal cans lined with the chemical BPA, arguing too-specific warnings could scare stores and shoppers in poor neighborhoods away from some of the only fruits and vegetables available — canned ones, officials said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision and rationale of the California Environmental Protection Agency are angering some community and public-health groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's \"ridiculous. It's paternalistic,\" said Martha Dina Arguello, executive director of Physicians for Social Responsibility-Los Angeles. \"I just can't imagine that it's a better idea not to let us know what's in our food.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warnings are coming on line in California under the state's Proposition 65, a measure approved by voters in 1986 that requires businesses to notify the public about high levels of chemicals in products or places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials decided last year to add BPA, or bisphenol A, to the list of about 800 other chemicals requiring Proposition 65 notices. Manufacturers use BPA in epoxy liners of some cans, bottles and jars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state based its action on a 2008 finding by the National Toxicology Program, which determined the chemical was an estrogen-like substance that could harm the female reproductive system at high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That 2015 decision by California is controversial. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned BPA from baby bottles and sippy cups in 2012, but it says the level of BPA that leeches into food is safe otherwise. The federal agency also is awaiting the results of more studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ordinarily, the state would either require manufacturers to put those warnings on the cans, or make grocers post signs on canned-goods shelves specifically warning that \"Brand X tomato sauce, Brand Y green beans\" have the targeted chemical in the can, said Allan Hirsch, chief deputy director of the state EPA's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For BPA, though, \"we think that would be kind of chaotic,\" the state official said. \"Retailers might react ... by just pulling canned and bottled foods off their shelves entirely,\" which would be bad news in neighborhoods without good grocery stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We would want to make sure that people, especially in low-income communities, still have access to canned fruits and vegetables. That's certainly better than not having access to them,\" the state official said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hirsch also acknowledged hearing \"some concern from retailers\" about how the warning is going to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kathleen Roberts, executive director of the can industry's North American Metal Packaging Alliance, said Thursday that confusion \"from these warning signs could further limit healthy choices, particularly for low-income families in inner-city neighborhoods and rural communities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than require warnings for specific cans and other goods when the warning-requirement kicks in in May, the state plans to make merchants place general notices saying some cans for sale in the store have BPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials foresee requiring more specific notices after perhaps a year. That would give can manufacturers more time to label their cans and to see what ongoing medical studies find regarding safe and unsafe levels of the chemicals, Hirsch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the state's arguments about BPA and canned vegetables in so-called food deserts — neighborhoods too poor to attract top grocery chains — that offend the community groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"California is willingly putting out the language ... excluding a whole sub-population of people from protection,\" said Jose T. Bravo, executive director of Just Transition Alliance, an environmental health and labor coalition in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community representatives say they plan to file protests before a final decision by another state agency that approves such regulatory changes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California plans to delay state-required warnings on metal cans lined with the chemical BPA, arguing too-specific warnings could scare stores and shoppers in poor neighborhoods away from some of the only fruits and vegetables available — canned ones, officials said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision and rationale of the California Environmental Protection Agency are angering some community and public-health groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's \"ridiculous. It's paternalistic,\" said Martha Dina Arguello, executive director of Physicians for Social Responsibility-Los Angeles. \"I just can't imagine that it's a better idea not to let us know what's in our food.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warnings are coming on line in California under the state's Proposition 65, a measure approved by voters in 1986 that requires businesses to notify the public about high levels of chemicals in products or places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials decided last year to add BPA, or bisphenol A, to the list of about 800 other chemicals requiring Proposition 65 notices. Manufacturers use BPA in epoxy liners of some cans, bottles and jars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state based its action on a 2008 finding by the National Toxicology Program, which determined the chemical was an estrogen-like substance that could harm the female reproductive system at high levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That 2015 decision by California is controversial. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned BPA from baby bottles and sippy cups in 2012, but it says the level of BPA that leeches into food is safe otherwise. The federal agency also is awaiting the results of more studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ordinarily, the state would either require manufacturers to put those warnings on the cans, or make grocers post signs on canned-goods shelves specifically warning that \"Brand X tomato sauce, Brand Y green beans\" have the targeted chemical in the can, said Allan Hirsch, chief deputy director of the state EPA's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For BPA, though, \"we think that would be kind of chaotic,\" the state official said. \"Retailers might react ... by just pulling canned and bottled foods off their shelves entirely,\" which would be bad news in neighborhoods without good grocery stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We would want to make sure that people, especially in low-income communities, still have access to canned fruits and vegetables. That's certainly better than not having access to them,\" the state official said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hirsch also acknowledged hearing \"some concern from retailers\" about how the warning is going to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kathleen Roberts, executive director of the can industry's North American Metal Packaging Alliance, said Thursday that confusion \"from these warning signs could further limit healthy choices, particularly for low-income families in inner-city neighborhoods and rural communities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than require warnings for specific cans and other goods when the warning-requirement kicks in in May, the state plans to make merchants place general notices saying some cans for sale in the store have BPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials foresee requiring more specific notices after perhaps a year. That would give can manufacturers more time to label their cans and to see what ongoing medical studies find regarding safe and unsafe levels of the chemicals, Hirsch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the state's arguments about BPA and canned vegetables in so-called food deserts — neighborhoods too poor to attract top grocery chains — that offend the community groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"California is willingly putting out the language ... excluding a whole sub-population of people from protection,\" said Jose T. Bravo, executive director of Just Transition Alliance, an environmental health and labor coalition in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community representatives say they plan to file protests before a final decision by another state agency that approves such regulatory changes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Once Dismissed, Mindfulness Found Better Than Painkillers for Back Pain",
"title": "Once Dismissed, Mindfulness Found Better Than Painkillers for Back Pain",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Last week the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention told doctors they should really, really think twice before prescribing opioids for chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the doctors are telling us that meditation and cognitive behavioral therapy often works better than pain meds and other medical treatments for chronic back pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">It's pretty striking to see a journal like JAMA endorsing meditation as an effective treatment, considering that not so very long ago it would have been dismissed as woo woo.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It's the latest in a series of studies saying that low-tech interventions like \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/01/11/462366361/forget-the-gizmos-exercise-works-best-for-lower-back-pain\">exercise\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/06/08/412314701/lost-posture-why-indigenous-cultures-dont-have-back-pain\">posture training\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/10/13/448299723/physical-therapy-may-help-for-back-pain-but-time-works-best\">physical therapy\u003c/a> and just the passage of time work better than opioids, imaging or surgery for the vast majority of people with chronic back pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's part of a push to move treatment for chronic back pain, which affects about 8 percent of Americans and is a major cause of disability, away from being \"medicalized\" to something that people can manage by choosing from an array of nonmedical alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This latest \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2504811\">study\u003c/a>, published Tuesday in \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em>, the journal of the American Medical Association, assessed the value of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mindfullivingprograms.com/whatMBSR.php\">mindfulness-based stress reduction\u003c/a>, a program developed at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center in the 1970s, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000415.htm\">cognitive behavioral therapy\u003c/a>, a form of psychotherapy that helps reframe negative thoughts and is considered an evidence-based treatment for chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 342 participants, most of whom had suffered back pain weekly for at least the past year, were offered either eight weekly sessions of mindfulness training; eight sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy; or to keep doing what they'd been doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those who did the mindfulness training, which included meditation and yoga instruction and CDs they could use at home, 43.6 percent reported a meaningful reduction in pain 26 weeks later. In the cognitive behavioral therapy group, 44.9 percent reported significant improvements. That's compared to 26.6 percent in the usual care group. And despite the fact that most people didn't attend all eight sessions of the programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been doing research on back pain for 30 years,\" says Daniel Cherkin, a senior investigator at the Group Health Research Institute in Seattle and lead author of the study. \"The biggest revolution has been the understanding that it's not just a physical problem with physical solutions. It's a biopsychosocial problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some of those problems come about because there's often no medical \"cure\" for chronic back pain. \"It puts people in a situation where they get afraid, they get stressed, they're tired, they're irritable,\" Cherkin says. \"Unfortunately, these people have not found health care providers to be very helpful. They feel alone; they feel that their pain is not being validated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of effective medical treatments frustrates doctors, too, and has helped fuel the explosion of opioid prescribing for chronic pain, Cherkin says, \"Patients and docs were really kind of desperate to find things that worked.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's pretty striking to see a journal like \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em> endorsing meditation as an effective treatment, considering that not so very long ago it would have been dismissed as woo woo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn't mean it's easy to find mindfulness training for stress reduction, or cognitive behavioral therapy for pain, or to get insurers to pay for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of treatments that are recommended by high-quality guidelines are not covered by insurance or even licensed in some states,\" Cherkin says. \"Some of the least effective and sometimes harmful and expensive treatments are readily available and are covered by insurance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if your back is making you miserable, insurance reimbursement may not be at the top of your must-haves. So let's talk retail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.umassmed.edu/cfm/stress-reduction/mbsr-8-week/tuition--payment-plans/\">31-hour on-site course \u003c/a>at the University of Massachusetts Medical School's Center for Mindfulness, which developed mindfulness-based stress reduction, costs $545 to $725; tuition assistance is available. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.soundstrue.com/store/the-mbsr-online-course-3226.html\">online video course\u003c/a> costs $197.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive behavioral therapy sessions can run $120 to $200 each; people typically don't need more than 16 sessions, and might need much less. It's a very particular technique, so it's important to ask a practitioner about \u003ca href=\"http://www.abct.org/Information/?fa=_HowToChooseTherapist&m=mInformation\">training and qualifications\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+Chronic+Low+Back+Pain%2C+Mindfulness+Can+Beat+Painkillers&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Meditation can help relieve chronic back pain, and so can cognitive behavioral therapy, a study finds. But good luck getting insurance to pay for it.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last week the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention told doctors they should really, really think twice before prescribing opioids for chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the doctors are telling us that meditation and cognitive behavioral therapy often works better than pain meds and other medical treatments for chronic back pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">It's pretty striking to see a journal like JAMA endorsing meditation as an effective treatment, considering that not so very long ago it would have been dismissed as woo woo.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It's the latest in a series of studies saying that low-tech interventions like \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/01/11/462366361/forget-the-gizmos-exercise-works-best-for-lower-back-pain\">exercise\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/06/08/412314701/lost-posture-why-indigenous-cultures-dont-have-back-pain\">posture training\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/10/13/448299723/physical-therapy-may-help-for-back-pain-but-time-works-best\">physical therapy\u003c/a> and just the passage of time work better than opioids, imaging or surgery for the vast majority of people with chronic back pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's part of a push to move treatment for chronic back pain, which affects about 8 percent of Americans and is a major cause of disability, away from being \"medicalized\" to something that people can manage by choosing from an array of nonmedical alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This latest \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2504811\">study\u003c/a>, published Tuesday in \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em>, the journal of the American Medical Association, assessed the value of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mindfullivingprograms.com/whatMBSR.php\">mindfulness-based stress reduction\u003c/a>, a program developed at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center in the 1970s, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000415.htm\">cognitive behavioral therapy\u003c/a>, a form of psychotherapy that helps reframe negative thoughts and is considered an evidence-based treatment for chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 342 participants, most of whom had suffered back pain weekly for at least the past year, were offered either eight weekly sessions of mindfulness training; eight sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy; or to keep doing what they'd been doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those who did the mindfulness training, which included meditation and yoga instruction and CDs they could use at home, 43.6 percent reported a meaningful reduction in pain 26 weeks later. In the cognitive behavioral therapy group, 44.9 percent reported significant improvements. That's compared to 26.6 percent in the usual care group. And despite the fact that most people didn't attend all eight sessions of the programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been doing research on back pain for 30 years,\" says Daniel Cherkin, a senior investigator at the Group Health Research Institute in Seattle and lead author of the study. \"The biggest revolution has been the understanding that it's not just a physical problem with physical solutions. It's a biopsychosocial problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some of those problems come about because there's often no medical \"cure\" for chronic back pain. \"It puts people in a situation where they get afraid, they get stressed, they're tired, they're irritable,\" Cherkin says. \"Unfortunately, these people have not found health care providers to be very helpful. They feel alone; they feel that their pain is not being validated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of effective medical treatments frustrates doctors, too, and has helped fuel the explosion of opioid prescribing for chronic pain, Cherkin says, \"Patients and docs were really kind of desperate to find things that worked.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's pretty striking to see a journal like \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em> endorsing meditation as an effective treatment, considering that not so very long ago it would have been dismissed as woo woo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn't mean it's easy to find mindfulness training for stress reduction, or cognitive behavioral therapy for pain, or to get insurers to pay for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of treatments that are recommended by high-quality guidelines are not covered by insurance or even licensed in some states,\" Cherkin says. \"Some of the least effective and sometimes harmful and expensive treatments are readily available and are covered by insurance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if your back is making you miserable, insurance reimbursement may not be at the top of your must-haves. So let's talk retail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.umassmed.edu/cfm/stress-reduction/mbsr-8-week/tuition--payment-plans/\">31-hour on-site course \u003c/a>at the University of Massachusetts Medical School's Center for Mindfulness, which developed mindfulness-based stress reduction, costs $545 to $725; tuition assistance is available. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.soundstrue.com/store/the-mbsr-online-course-3226.html\">online video course\u003c/a> costs $197.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive behavioral therapy sessions can run $120 to $200 each; people typically don't need more than 16 sessions, and might need much less. It's a very particular technique, so it's important to ask a practitioner about \u003ca href=\"http://www.abct.org/Information/?fa=_HowToChooseTherapist&m=mInformation\">training and qualifications\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+Chronic+Low+Back+Pain%2C+Mindfulness+Can+Beat+Painkillers&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>You've probably heard that a little booze a day is good for you. I've even said it at parties. \"Look at the French,\" I've said gleefully over my own cup. \"Wine all the time and they still live to be not a day younger than 82.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm sorry to say we're probably wrong. The evidence that alcohol has any benefit on longevity or heart health is thin, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.bumc.bu.edu/busm/profile/timothy-naimi/\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Timothy Naimi\u003c/a>, a physician and epidemiologist at Boston Medical Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his colleagues published an analysis of the 87 best research studies on alcohol's effect on death from any cause in the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2016.77.185\" target=\"_blank\">Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs\u003c/a>\u003c/em> on Tuesday. \"[Our] findings here cast a great deal of skepticism on this long-cherished belief that moderate drinking has a survival advantage,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these studies, the participants get sorted into categories based on how much alcohol they think they drink. Researchers typically size up occasional, moderate and heavy drinkers against nondrinkers. When you do this, the moderates, one to three drinks a day, usually come out on top. They're less likely to die early from health problems like heart disease or cancer and injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then it gets very tricky, \"because moderate drinkers tend to be very socially advantaged,\" Naimi says. Moderate drinkers tend to be healthier on average because they're well-educated and more affluent, not because they're drinking a bottle of wine a week on average. \"[Their] alcohol consumption ends up looking good from a health perspective because they're already healthy to begin with.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make things worse, Naimi says that some of the nondrinkers in these studies weren't always dry. \"People in poor health tend to quit drinking,\" he says. In the studies, those who abstained from alcohol altogether were lumped together with those who quit later in life, bringing down the overall health of the entire group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naimi and his colleagues sorted the lifetime nondrinkers from the quitters, controlled for socioeconomic class and reanalyzed the data from all 87 studies. \"When we accounted for these biases, moderate drinkers had no survival advantage,\" Naimi says. \"It became a wash either way.\" Those who imbibe one or three glasses a day appeared to do no better than those who never touch alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's more, Naimi says, the group that did the best were the people who had on average one drink every 10 days. \"It's almost homeopathic amounts of alcohol. So it's extremely unlikely that it's the alcohol that's making them look good,\" he says. The heavy drinkers had the shortest lives on average, which should come as no surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meta-analysis severs one arm of reasoning as to why alcohol might be beneficial, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.otago.ac.nz/mediaexpertise/?option=display&staff=623\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Jennie Connor\u003c/a>, a physician and researcher at the University of Otago in New Zealand who was not involved in the work. \"They've very successfully investigated one of the many series of problems in this reasoning,\" she says. \"People used studies to say, 'Hey, look there's a benefit [to alcohol], and when we talk about harms we have to balance that against the benefit.' That's always been a fallacious argument, and it's really been reduced to nothing now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm/\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a> has also given the purported health benefit of alcohol a wary eye. The agency recommends people have no more than one drink a day for women and two a day for men. This refers to the amount imbibed on one day and isn't meant to be taken as an average over several days. The \u003cem>Dietary Guidelines for Americans \u003c/em>suggests people who don't drink alcohol should not start for health reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naimi says the biological hypothesis for why alcohol could be good for health has also been eroding. \"[Alcohol] raises your good cholesterol. That's the main biological argument,\" he says. \"But the whole idea that [good cholesterol] causes heart health is going away now.\" A recent study published in \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6278/1166\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> showed that people with naturally higher levels of good cholesterol had more cardiovascular diseases than those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But still, the notion that alcohol extends our lifespans is a persistent one. According to Connor and \u003ca href=\"http://sph.umn.edu/faculty1/expertise/alcohol/name/traci-toomey/\" target=\"_blank\">Traci Toomey\u003c/a>, an alcohol policy researcher at the University of Minnesota, studies supporting the link between moderate drinking and long life have been used to argue against certain alcohol harm reduction policies. \"Usually there are proposals of having [health] labels,\" Toomey says. \"[The industry] controls a lot of the messaging around alcohol.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Connor's eyes, that messaging has kept the notion alive in spite of recent work showing moderate drinking does not provide a cardiovascular benefit. \"Even if it were true,\" she says, \"the idea that people are going to drink only one or two drinks a day as medication for the rest of their lives is just ridiculous. We've been sold an idea that's incoherent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=That+Cabernet+Might+Not+Be+Good+For+Your+Health+After+All&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You've probably heard that a little booze a day is good for you. I've even said it at parties. \"Look at the French,\" I've said gleefully over my own cup. \"Wine all the time and they still live to be not a day younger than 82.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm sorry to say we're probably wrong. The evidence that alcohol has any benefit on longevity or heart health is thin, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.bumc.bu.edu/busm/profile/timothy-naimi/\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Timothy Naimi\u003c/a>, a physician and epidemiologist at Boston Medical Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his colleagues published an analysis of the 87 best research studies on alcohol's effect on death from any cause in the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2016.77.185\" target=\"_blank\">Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs\u003c/a>\u003c/em> on Tuesday. \"[Our] findings here cast a great deal of skepticism on this long-cherished belief that moderate drinking has a survival advantage,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these studies, the participants get sorted into categories based on how much alcohol they think they drink. Researchers typically size up occasional, moderate and heavy drinkers against nondrinkers. When you do this, the moderates, one to three drinks a day, usually come out on top. They're less likely to die early from health problems like heart disease or cancer and injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then it gets very tricky, \"because moderate drinkers tend to be very socially advantaged,\" Naimi says. Moderate drinkers tend to be healthier on average because they're well-educated and more affluent, not because they're drinking a bottle of wine a week on average. \"[Their] alcohol consumption ends up looking good from a health perspective because they're already healthy to begin with.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make things worse, Naimi says that some of the nondrinkers in these studies weren't always dry. \"People in poor health tend to quit drinking,\" he says. In the studies, those who abstained from alcohol altogether were lumped together with those who quit later in life, bringing down the overall health of the entire group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naimi and his colleagues sorted the lifetime nondrinkers from the quitters, controlled for socioeconomic class and reanalyzed the data from all 87 studies. \"When we accounted for these biases, moderate drinkers had no survival advantage,\" Naimi says. \"It became a wash either way.\" Those who imbibe one or three glasses a day appeared to do no better than those who never touch alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's more, Naimi says, the group that did the best were the people who had on average one drink every 10 days. \"It's almost homeopathic amounts of alcohol. So it's extremely unlikely that it's the alcohol that's making them look good,\" he says. The heavy drinkers had the shortest lives on average, which should come as no surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meta-analysis severs one arm of reasoning as to why alcohol might be beneficial, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.otago.ac.nz/mediaexpertise/?option=display&staff=623\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Jennie Connor\u003c/a>, a physician and researcher at the University of Otago in New Zealand who was not involved in the work. \"They've very successfully investigated one of the many series of problems in this reasoning,\" she says. \"People used studies to say, 'Hey, look there's a benefit [to alcohol], and when we talk about harms we have to balance that against the benefit.' That's always been a fallacious argument, and it's really been reduced to nothing now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm/\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a> has also given the purported health benefit of alcohol a wary eye. The agency recommends people have no more than one drink a day for women and two a day for men. This refers to the amount imbibed on one day and isn't meant to be taken as an average over several days. The \u003cem>Dietary Guidelines for Americans \u003c/em>suggests people who don't drink alcohol should not start for health reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naimi says the biological hypothesis for why alcohol could be good for health has also been eroding. \"[Alcohol] raises your good cholesterol. That's the main biological argument,\" he says. \"But the whole idea that [good cholesterol] causes heart health is going away now.\" A recent study published in \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6278/1166\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> showed that people with naturally higher levels of good cholesterol had more cardiovascular diseases than those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But still, the notion that alcohol extends our lifespans is a persistent one. According to Connor and \u003ca href=\"http://sph.umn.edu/faculty1/expertise/alcohol/name/traci-toomey/\" target=\"_blank\">Traci Toomey\u003c/a>, an alcohol policy researcher at the University of Minnesota, studies supporting the link between moderate drinking and long life have been used to argue against certain alcohol harm reduction policies. \"Usually there are proposals of having [health] labels,\" Toomey says. \"[The industry] controls a lot of the messaging around alcohol.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Connor's eyes, that messaging has kept the notion alive in spite of recent work showing moderate drinking does not provide a cardiovascular benefit. \"Even if it were true,\" she says, \"the idea that people are going to drink only one or two drinks a day as medication for the rest of their lives is just ridiculous. We've been sold an idea that's incoherent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=That+Cabernet+Might+Not+Be+Good+For+Your+Health+After+All&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When it comes to school breakfasts, two is better than none, says a new report released Thursday in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijpo.v11.2/issuetoc\" target=\"_blank\">Pediatric Obesity\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers tracked nearly 600 middle-school students from fifth to seventh grade, looking to see if students ate no breakfast; ate breakfast at home or school; or ate both — and whether that affected obesity rates. The result: Weight gain among students who ate \"double-breakfast\" was no different than that seen among all other students. Meanwhile, the risk of obesity doubled among students who skipped breakfast or ate it inconsistently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems it's a bigger problem to have kids skipping breakfast than to have these kids eating two breakfasts,\" says Marlene Schwartz of the \u003ca href=\"http://chip.uconn.edu/person/marlene-schwartz/\" target=\"_blank\">Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity\u003c/a> and one of the study's authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This study ... debunks an important misconception that school breakfast contributes to childhood obesity,\" says Duke Storen from \u003ca href=\"http://https/www.nokidhungry.org/about-us\" target=\"_blank\">Share Our Strength\u003c/a>, a national group that runs anti-hunger and nutrition programs for children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While direct opposition to free school breakfast is unusual, says Storen, officials sometimes balk at implementing \"alternative breakfast models\" designed to encourage use of the program — such as offering breakfast in grab-and-go bags or in classrooms, rather than traditional sit-down meals in a cafeteria. That's a concern, say hunger advocates, because while eligibility rules for free and reduced-price breakfast are the same as for lunch, only about \u003ca href=\"http://frac.org/pdf/School_Breakfast_Scorecard_SY_2014_2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">half as many children get subsidized breakfast as receive lunch\u003c/a>, according to the Food Research and Action Center, an advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, the study was inspired in part by real-world concerns that school breakfast programs might promote obesity, says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the administration of New York City's then-Mayor Michael Bloomberg \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/20/nyregion/with-classroom-breakfasts-some-children-may-eat-twice.html\" target=\"_blank\">opposed\u003c/a> offering breakfast in classrooms instead of school cafeterias, arguing that the change would exacerbate childhood obesity. A year later, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23947326\" target=\"_blank\">American Journal of Public Health study\u003c/a> showed that, on average, kids eating two breakfasts in New York City schools consumed 95 more calories daily than did those eating one breakfast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers of the new study didn't examine why eating double breakfasts did not affect obesity, but skipping the meal did. But Schwartz has a few hypotheses. First, school breakfast is fairly healthful; \"they weren't eating doughnuts or Denny's Grand Slam,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, kids who skip breakfast — a habit that doubled in frequency between grades 5 and 7, according to the study — are likely to overeat later in the day. And, of course, just the fact that growing adolescents often need a lot of food to grow means that they can eat more without necessarily gaining weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also draws a direct line between school breakfast and fighting childhood hunger, underscoring the idea that malnourishment and obesity in the U.S. are not so much opposites as two sides of the same coin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The latest figures show that 15 million children live in food insecure households,\" says Heather Hardline-Grafton, a senior researcher at FRAC. \"While obesity is a serious problem for many children in the United States, so, too, is food insecurity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tracie McMillan is the author of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.americanwayofeating.com/\">The American Way of Eating\u003c/a>,\u003cem> a \u003c/em>New York Times \u003cem>best-seller, and a senior fellow at the Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism at Brandeis University. You can follow her on Twitter @tmmcmillan.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=2+Breakfasts+May+Be+Better+Than+None+For+School+Kids&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A study looked at students who ate breakfast at school versus those who ate at home, at both places, or not at all. One of these groups had a higher risk of obesity, and it's not the one you'd think.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to school breakfasts, two is better than none, says a new report released Thursday in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijpo.v11.2/issuetoc\" target=\"_blank\">Pediatric Obesity\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers tracked nearly 600 middle-school students from fifth to seventh grade, looking to see if students ate no breakfast; ate breakfast at home or school; or ate both — and whether that affected obesity rates. The result: Weight gain among students who ate \"double-breakfast\" was no different than that seen among all other students. Meanwhile, the risk of obesity doubled among students who skipped breakfast or ate it inconsistently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems it's a bigger problem to have kids skipping breakfast than to have these kids eating two breakfasts,\" says Marlene Schwartz of the \u003ca href=\"http://chip.uconn.edu/person/marlene-schwartz/\" target=\"_blank\">Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity\u003c/a> and one of the study's authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This study ... debunks an important misconception that school breakfast contributes to childhood obesity,\" says Duke Storen from \u003ca href=\"http://https/www.nokidhungry.org/about-us\" target=\"_blank\">Share Our Strength\u003c/a>, a national group that runs anti-hunger and nutrition programs for children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While direct opposition to free school breakfast is unusual, says Storen, officials sometimes balk at implementing \"alternative breakfast models\" designed to encourage use of the program — such as offering breakfast in grab-and-go bags or in classrooms, rather than traditional sit-down meals in a cafeteria. That's a concern, say hunger advocates, because while eligibility rules for free and reduced-price breakfast are the same as for lunch, only about \u003ca href=\"http://frac.org/pdf/School_Breakfast_Scorecard_SY_2014_2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">half as many children get subsidized breakfast as receive lunch\u003c/a>, according to the Food Research and Action Center, an advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, the study was inspired in part by real-world concerns that school breakfast programs might promote obesity, says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the administration of New York City's then-Mayor Michael Bloomberg \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/20/nyregion/with-classroom-breakfasts-some-children-may-eat-twice.html\" target=\"_blank\">opposed\u003c/a> offering breakfast in classrooms instead of school cafeterias, arguing that the change would exacerbate childhood obesity. A year later, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23947326\" target=\"_blank\">American Journal of Public Health study\u003c/a> showed that, on average, kids eating two breakfasts in New York City schools consumed 95 more calories daily than did those eating one breakfast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers of the new study didn't examine why eating double breakfasts did not affect obesity, but skipping the meal did. But Schwartz has a few hypotheses. First, school breakfast is fairly healthful; \"they weren't eating doughnuts or Denny's Grand Slam,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, kids who skip breakfast — a habit that doubled in frequency between grades 5 and 7, according to the study — are likely to overeat later in the day. And, of course, just the fact that growing adolescents often need a lot of food to grow means that they can eat more without necessarily gaining weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also draws a direct line between school breakfast and fighting childhood hunger, underscoring the idea that malnourishment and obesity in the U.S. are not so much opposites as two sides of the same coin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The latest figures show that 15 million children live in food insecure households,\" says Heather Hardline-Grafton, a senior researcher at FRAC. \"While obesity is a serious problem for many children in the United States, so, too, is food insecurity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tracie McMillan is the author of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.americanwayofeating.com/\">The American Way of Eating\u003c/a>,\u003cem> a \u003c/em>New York Times \u003cem>best-seller, and a senior fellow at the Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism at Brandeis University. You can follow her on Twitter @tmmcmillan.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=2+Breakfasts+May+Be+Better+Than+None+For+School+Kids&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Forget About It! Your Middle-Aged Brain Is Not On The Decline",
"title": "Forget About It! Your Middle-Aged Brain Is Not On The Decline",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Faced with her own forgetfulness, former NPR correspondent and author Barbara Bradley Hagerty tried to do something about it. She's written about her efforts in her book on midlife, called \u003c/em>Life Reimagined.\u003cem> To her surprise, she discovered that an older dog can learn new tricks. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A confession: I loathe standardized tests, and one of the perks of reaching midlife is that I thought I'd never have to take another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But lately I've noticed that in my 50s, my memory isn't the same as it once was. And so I decided to take a radical leap into the world of brain training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the memory laboratory at the University of Maryland, manager Ally Stegman slides a sheet of paper in front of me. It has a series of boxes containing different patterns and one blank space. My job is to figure out the missing pattern. The test measures a sort of raw intelligence, the ability to figure out novel problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Time races by. It takes me two minutes to crack the first question. I am stumped by the second and third. Finally, I begin to guess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 25 minutes, the test is over, and to my relief, Stegman walks in. This test was really, really hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason I am here, voluntarily reliving my nightmare, is simple: I want to tune up my 50-something brain. So over the next month, I will do brain-training exercises, then come back, take the test again and see if I made myself smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers typically talk about two aspects of intelligence. One is crystallized intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_160476\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-160476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/img_0299edit-9f6a7eed9e77782e90b0802f5ecafc78a43f579c-400x300.jpg\" alt=\"Taking an intelligence test at the University of Maryland: In one month of brain training, former NPR correspondent Barbara Bradley Hagerty vastly increased her scores in intelligence tests.\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Taking an intelligence test at the University of Maryland: In one month of brain training, former NPR correspondent Barbara Bradley Hagerty vastly increased her scores in intelligence tests. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Barbara Bradley Hagerty)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Crystallized intelligence is our accumulated experience and skills, general knowledge, vocabulary that we learn across our lifespan, so to speak,\" says Susanne Jaeggi, a cognitive neuroscientist and my guide through my brain training experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This crystallized intelligence can keep rising through your 60s and 70s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there is fluid intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We talk about fluid intelligence when we mean our ability to solve new problems or approach or reason without relying on previously acquired knowledge or skills or experience,\" Jaeggi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think: Sherlock Holmes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluid intelligence is thought to be limited by your genes and generally begins to decrease after your 20s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaeggi, who now teaches at the University of California at Irvine, says scientists have long thought that you cannot increase fluid intelligence. But Jaeggi and Martin Buschkuehl, her colleague and her husband, wondered about that. They decided to focus on working memory — that is, your ability to hold information in your head as you manipulate, juggle and update it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Working memory ... is kind of the cardiovascular functioning of the brain,\" Jaeggi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says working memory is an underlying brain mechanism. It's critical to higher cognitive skills such as reading, math and fluid intelligence. So, just as jogging boosts your cardio system and can make you better at other activities like climbing stairs or swimming, the same may be true of your brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we can strengthen working memory skills, we might see benefits on all other tasks that rely on the functioning of the working memory system, such as fluid intelligence or reading comprehension or others,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Mentally Agile\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Buschkuehl didn't think it would work. \"And then we decided, well, let's try to replicate it,\" he says. \"And it actually worked.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that when people practiced on a computerized game that built up working memory, they improved their scores on fluid intelligence tests. When they \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/105/19/6829.full\">published their findings\u003c/a> in the prestigious Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, they set off a firestorm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zach Hambrick, a cognitive psychologist at Michigan State University, says scientists are divided as to whether brain training works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Who cares if you get better at a video game task?\" Hambrick asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has tried to replicate their findings, and failed. And even if Jaeggi's and Buschkuehl's participants did perform better on tests, he says, \"what we want to see is that people are improving in the workplace, in the classroom, maybe for soldiers on the battlefield making better decisions about when to engage the enemy and so forth, and this is the evidence that's really lacking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've heard this reservation many times. Still, I'm curious and slightly desperate to sharpen my brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_160477\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-160477\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/img_0287edit_custom-4971672ba8f74188d467751f297d1fb5aeb5facb.jpg\" alt=\"Martin Buschkuehl and Susanne Jaeggi of the Working Memory and Plasticity Laboratory at the University of California, Irvine.\" width=\"200\" height=\"244\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Martin Buschkuehl and Susanne Jaeggi of the \u003ca href=\"http://wmp.education.uci.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Working Memory and Plasticity Laboratory\u003c/a> at the University of California, Irvine. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Barbara Bradley Hagerty)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The day after I meet Jaeggi and Buschkuehl, I sit in my living room and start their brain training game, called the \u003cem>n\u003c/em>-back. (You can give an \u003ca href=\"http://themindflow.com/flash.html\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>n\u003c/em>-back test a try here\u003c/a>.) Light blue boxes fill my computer screen. When one square lights up, I decide whether it's in the same location as the square that lit up last time. Sounds easy, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It gets trickier when you have to decide if that square lit up two times ago or three or four.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theoretically, after 20 days of practicing, I will become more mentally agile. I'll be able to hold memories in my head and manipulate them. I've got my doubts. For example, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lumosity.com/landing_pages/949?gclid=CjwKEAiA9om3BRDpzvihsdGnhTwSJAAkSewLm0OUb9KgcrMZxjKw_N2uBk8r3OY2lhtLwLX-7yyJlRoC92Pw_wcB\">brain training company, Lumosity\u003c/a> has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2016/01/06/462177379/so-far-theres-no-magic-bullet-for-the-mind\">fined for promising\u003c/a> more cognitive improvements than it's delivered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even if it doesn't work, brain researchers have great news for people 30 and up who feel their brains are slowing down. We can get smarter. Remember, intelligence can be divided into two parts: fluid intelligence, the kind of IQ you're born with, and crystallized intelligence, which are things like skill, knowledge, expertise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no controversy about whether we can increase crystallized intelligence,\" Hambrick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just read the newspaper, Hambrick says. You've made yourself smarter, and you can keep improving your brain right into your 70s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People learn new things, and we take up hobbies and learn how to play music, and how to cook new dishes. That's increasing crystallized intelligence,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intelligence experts say not all learning is equal. To sharpen your brain, you should practice something new and hard. If you're already good at crosswords, doing more won't help much, so try learning Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'I'm Gonna Take The 50-Year-Old'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My 20th day of brain training. It has been painful, but I think I am getting a little bit better. But the game still has very challenging moments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, I feel as if I'm walking through water, as if one part of my identity — my ability to be quick, and, above all, accurate — is vanishing. So I was delighted to hear Laura Carstensen, who directs the Stanford Center on Longevity, say this: \"The middle-aged brain is fantastic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carstensen says in your 50s, your cognitive abilities — processing speed and fluid intelligence, for example — haven't declined that much, while your knowledge and expertise are quite advanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Now add into that emotion regulation — the ability to solve hotly charged, emotional conflicts — and you've got a real powerhouse,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever judgment or wisdom is required, we tend to opt for the 50- or 60- or 70-year-old — just look at the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I ask Hambrick: Would he rather have a 30-year-old surgeon, or a 50-year-old?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm gonna take the 50-year-old,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doctor has 20 more years in the operating room. \"They performed hundreds, perhaps even thousands of surgeries. So what's going to rule the day is your crystallized intelligence,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if something goes awry in the operating room, the veteran surgeon is more likely to have seen it before. In fact, studies have found that older air traffic controllers, pilots and chess masters outperform younger ones. Not because they're faster — they're not — but because they've handled crises in the air, or seen patterns on the chess board before. And at a glance, they know what to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Am I Smarter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a month of brain training to increase my fluid intelligence, I return with some dread to the University of Maryland. This time, when Stegman shuts me in the room to take the tests, it feels as if time slows down. I have more time to figure out each answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two hours later, Jaeggi and Buschkuehl walk into the room, grim-faced. They have my results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Buschkuehl allows a small smile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I improved on average 18 percent across all the tests. Some of that, he says, could be because I had taken these tests a month earlier. It's called the re-test effect. But on the test that's considered a gold standard measure of fluid intelligence — the Advanced Progressive Matrix — I improved by 75 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So it means solving new problems that you haven't seen before,\" Buschkuehl says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very close to your overall mental ability, which people have assumed to be highly fixed. But you improved by 75 percent. It's pretty good,\" Jaeggi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raising the $64,000 question: Am I smarter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sure you are!\" Jaeggi says. She quickly notes that I am a study of one. I may be a fluke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And I do still forget where I put my keys, I still stare at my phone wondering whom I was about to call. And yet, after all this, I believe there's hope for my middle-aged brain. And yours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2016 NPR. \u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Forget+About+It%3A+Your+Middle-Aged+Brain+Is+Not+On+The+Decline&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Yes, you forget someone's name, or why you ran downstairs. But research shows the middle-aged brain is actually operating at its peak.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Faced with her own forgetfulness, former NPR correspondent and author Barbara Bradley Hagerty tried to do something about it. She's written about her efforts in her book on midlife, called \u003c/em>Life Reimagined.\u003cem> To her surprise, she discovered that an older dog can learn new tricks. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A confession: I loathe standardized tests, and one of the perks of reaching midlife is that I thought I'd never have to take another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But lately I've noticed that in my 50s, my memory isn't the same as it once was. And so I decided to take a radical leap into the world of brain training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the memory laboratory at the University of Maryland, manager Ally Stegman slides a sheet of paper in front of me. It has a series of boxes containing different patterns and one blank space. My job is to figure out the missing pattern. The test measures a sort of raw intelligence, the ability to figure out novel problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Time races by. It takes me two minutes to crack the first question. I am stumped by the second and third. Finally, I begin to guess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 25 minutes, the test is over, and to my relief, Stegman walks in. This test was really, really hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason I am here, voluntarily reliving my nightmare, is simple: I want to tune up my 50-something brain. So over the next month, I will do brain-training exercises, then come back, take the test again and see if I made myself smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers typically talk about two aspects of intelligence. One is crystallized intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_160476\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-160476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/img_0299edit-9f6a7eed9e77782e90b0802f5ecafc78a43f579c-400x300.jpg\" alt=\"Taking an intelligence test at the University of Maryland: In one month of brain training, former NPR correspondent Barbara Bradley Hagerty vastly increased her scores in intelligence tests.\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Taking an intelligence test at the University of Maryland: In one month of brain training, former NPR correspondent Barbara Bradley Hagerty vastly increased her scores in intelligence tests. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Barbara Bradley Hagerty)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Crystallized intelligence is our accumulated experience and skills, general knowledge, vocabulary that we learn across our lifespan, so to speak,\" says Susanne Jaeggi, a cognitive neuroscientist and my guide through my brain training experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This crystallized intelligence can keep rising through your 60s and 70s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there is fluid intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We talk about fluid intelligence when we mean our ability to solve new problems or approach or reason without relying on previously acquired knowledge or skills or experience,\" Jaeggi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think: Sherlock Holmes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluid intelligence is thought to be limited by your genes and generally begins to decrease after your 20s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaeggi, who now teaches at the University of California at Irvine, says scientists have long thought that you cannot increase fluid intelligence. But Jaeggi and Martin Buschkuehl, her colleague and her husband, wondered about that. They decided to focus on working memory — that is, your ability to hold information in your head as you manipulate, juggle and update it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Working memory ... is kind of the cardiovascular functioning of the brain,\" Jaeggi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says working memory is an underlying brain mechanism. It's critical to higher cognitive skills such as reading, math and fluid intelligence. So, just as jogging boosts your cardio system and can make you better at other activities like climbing stairs or swimming, the same may be true of your brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we can strengthen working memory skills, we might see benefits on all other tasks that rely on the functioning of the working memory system, such as fluid intelligence or reading comprehension or others,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Mentally Agile\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Buschkuehl didn't think it would work. \"And then we decided, well, let's try to replicate it,\" he says. \"And it actually worked.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that when people practiced on a computerized game that built up working memory, they improved their scores on fluid intelligence tests. When they \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/105/19/6829.full\">published their findings\u003c/a> in the prestigious Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, they set off a firestorm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Zach Hambrick, a cognitive psychologist at Michigan State University, says scientists are divided as to whether brain training works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Who cares if you get better at a video game task?\" Hambrick asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has tried to replicate their findings, and failed. And even if Jaeggi's and Buschkuehl's participants did perform better on tests, he says, \"what we want to see is that people are improving in the workplace, in the classroom, maybe for soldiers on the battlefield making better decisions about when to engage the enemy and so forth, and this is the evidence that's really lacking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've heard this reservation many times. Still, I'm curious and slightly desperate to sharpen my brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_160477\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-160477\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/img_0287edit_custom-4971672ba8f74188d467751f297d1fb5aeb5facb.jpg\" alt=\"Martin Buschkuehl and Susanne Jaeggi of the Working Memory and Plasticity Laboratory at the University of California, Irvine.\" width=\"200\" height=\"244\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Martin Buschkuehl and Susanne Jaeggi of the \u003ca href=\"http://wmp.education.uci.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Working Memory and Plasticity Laboratory\u003c/a> at the University of California, Irvine. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Barbara Bradley Hagerty)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The day after I meet Jaeggi and Buschkuehl, I sit in my living room and start their brain training game, called the \u003cem>n\u003c/em>-back. (You can give an \u003ca href=\"http://themindflow.com/flash.html\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>n\u003c/em>-back test a try here\u003c/a>.) Light blue boxes fill my computer screen. When one square lights up, I decide whether it's in the same location as the square that lit up last time. Sounds easy, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It gets trickier when you have to decide if that square lit up two times ago or three or four.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theoretically, after 20 days of practicing, I will become more mentally agile. I'll be able to hold memories in my head and manipulate them. I've got my doubts. For example, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lumosity.com/landing_pages/949?gclid=CjwKEAiA9om3BRDpzvihsdGnhTwSJAAkSewLm0OUb9KgcrMZxjKw_N2uBk8r3OY2lhtLwLX-7yyJlRoC92Pw_wcB\">brain training company, Lumosity\u003c/a> has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2016/01/06/462177379/so-far-theres-no-magic-bullet-for-the-mind\">fined for promising\u003c/a> more cognitive improvements than it's delivered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even if it doesn't work, brain researchers have great news for people 30 and up who feel their brains are slowing down. We can get smarter. Remember, intelligence can be divided into two parts: fluid intelligence, the kind of IQ you're born with, and crystallized intelligence, which are things like skill, knowledge, expertise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no controversy about whether we can increase crystallized intelligence,\" Hambrick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just read the newspaper, Hambrick says. You've made yourself smarter, and you can keep improving your brain right into your 70s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People learn new things, and we take up hobbies and learn how to play music, and how to cook new dishes. That's increasing crystallized intelligence,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intelligence experts say not all learning is equal. To sharpen your brain, you should practice something new and hard. If you're already good at crosswords, doing more won't help much, so try learning Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'I'm Gonna Take The 50-Year-Old'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My 20th day of brain training. It has been painful, but I think I am getting a little bit better. But the game still has very challenging moments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, I feel as if I'm walking through water, as if one part of my identity — my ability to be quick, and, above all, accurate — is vanishing. So I was delighted to hear Laura Carstensen, who directs the Stanford Center on Longevity, say this: \"The middle-aged brain is fantastic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carstensen says in your 50s, your cognitive abilities — processing speed and fluid intelligence, for example — haven't declined that much, while your knowledge and expertise are quite advanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Now add into that emotion regulation — the ability to solve hotly charged, emotional conflicts — and you've got a real powerhouse,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever judgment or wisdom is required, we tend to opt for the 50- or 60- or 70-year-old — just look at the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I ask Hambrick: Would he rather have a 30-year-old surgeon, or a 50-year-old?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm gonna take the 50-year-old,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That doctor has 20 more years in the operating room. \"They performed hundreds, perhaps even thousands of surgeries. So what's going to rule the day is your crystallized intelligence,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if something goes awry in the operating room, the veteran surgeon is more likely to have seen it before. In fact, studies have found that older air traffic controllers, pilots and chess masters outperform younger ones. Not because they're faster — they're not — but because they've handled crises in the air, or seen patterns on the chess board before. And at a glance, they know what to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Am I Smarter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a month of brain training to increase my fluid intelligence, I return with some dread to the University of Maryland. This time, when Stegman shuts me in the room to take the tests, it feels as if time slows down. I have more time to figure out each answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two hours later, Jaeggi and Buschkuehl walk into the room, grim-faced. They have my results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Buschkuehl allows a small smile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I improved on average 18 percent across all the tests. Some of that, he says, could be because I had taken these tests a month earlier. It's called the re-test effect. But on the test that's considered a gold standard measure of fluid intelligence — the Advanced Progressive Matrix — I improved by 75 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So it means solving new problems that you haven't seen before,\" Buschkuehl says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very close to your overall mental ability, which people have assumed to be highly fixed. But you improved by 75 percent. It's pretty good,\" Jaeggi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raising the $64,000 question: Am I smarter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sure you are!\" Jaeggi says. She quickly notes that I am a study of one. I may be a fluke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And I do still forget where I put my keys, I still stare at my phone wondering whom I was about to call. And yet, after all this, I believe there's hope for my middle-aged brain. And yours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2016 NPR. \u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Forget+About+It%3A+Your+Middle-Aged+Brain+Is+Not+On+The+Decline&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Help is Scarce, Expensive as Family Struggles With Daughter's Mental Illness",
"title": "Help is Scarce, Expensive as Family Struggles With Daughter's Mental Illness",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>In March 2010, Pam Lipp received the call she’d been dreading for months. She figured it would come from one of three places: the police, the hospital or the morgue. Instead, it was her husband, Doug, saying that he’d just received word that their 18-year-old daughter, Amanda, a freshman at Chico State University in California, was being held at a psychiatric crisis center after trying to throw herself in front of a moving car. Amanda had lost her grip on reality and fallen into a state of psychosis. She’d started selling off her belongings and believed that cameras were following her everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug was away at a speaking engagement, so Pam jumped in the car with a friend and raced to the crisis center two hours away. When they arrived, they found Amanda, curled up in a ball on the floor in a fetal position, sobbing. “I was hallucinating. I thought I was a doctor. When my mom got there, I realized I was the one in trouble,” says Amanda. “Nothing prepares you for seeing your child in such turmoil. I felt helpless,” says Pam.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">The mental health parity law helps guarantee consumers fair access to mental health care. If you believe you’ve been unfairly denied or charged for treatment, you can start by reaching out to a consumer advocacy organization. Two resources to try: \u003ca href=\"https://www.paritytrack.org/\" target=\"_blank\">ParityTrack\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://parityispersonal.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The Parity Implementation Coalition\u003c/a>.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Amanda was soon diagnosed with bipolar disorder, a mental illness characterized by manic highs, depressive lows and possible periods of psychosis. Although the diagnosis provided a new direction to what had been an all-consuming journey for the Lipp family, it was just one stop on the bumpy road to navigating the mental health system. The Lipps are not alone: Nearly one in five Americans experiences a mental illness in any given year, but fewer than half of them receive treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Signs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amanda first started acting out when she was in middle school in Fair Oaks, California. She had extreme mood swings and explosive arguments with her parents. Pam and Doug, who run a small business together, hoped it was typical adolescent drama that would soon fade. “We never knew which Amanda we were going to get,” Pam recalls — the edgy Amanda looking for a heated debate, or the down, depressed Amanda who would retreat to her room. Eventually, the intensity and unpredictability of her moods made them realize she needed professional help.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">When you break a leg, you get a cast and people sign it and put smiley faces on it. When you’re given a mental illness diagnosis, you’re cast out.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They took her to the family doctor, who agreed that Amanda required more help but said that she didn’t have anyone to refer her to. Instead, the doctor recommended that Pam request a copy of all the therapists in her zip code who worked with her insurance company and call down the list. Pam called dozens of practitioners, leaving message after message. Not only was the list outdated, but most were too busy to even see her daughter and the ones who were highly recommended didn’t accept her insurance anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For her part, Amanda was reluctant about seeing a therapist. She worried about what other people might think, and that it would change the image she had of herself. “I was the popular kid who people looked up to,” says Amanda. “I thought that if my friends saw me as someone to be pitied, they wouldn’t lean on me anymore. Part of me wanted to get help, yet the other part of me didn’t want to admit I needed it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She agreed to give therapy a try and Pam found someone Amanda was comfortable with. Yet, at an out-of-pocket rate of $120 per hour, the Lipps just couldn’t afford the amount of care she needed, which was about three sessions per week. She visited a psychiatrist and was diagnosed with depression and put on an antidepressant. Despite the treatment, Amanda continued to spiral downward — staying out late, self-medicating with drugs and arguing with her family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During those years, Pam says, she and Doug were living one exhausting day to the next. They had three children to raise, but taking care of Amanda consumed their lives. “We felt like we were in prison in our own home with all the hostility and upheaval.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time Amanda headed to college, she was barely speaking to her parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fighting For Care\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amanda’s bipolar diagnosis was a turning point — it meant that she could begin to receive the treatment she desperately needed. But it wasn’t easy to find at first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crisis center would only hold her for a maximum of 72 hours, and Amanda needed much more treatment than that. When Pam asked where her daughter would be sent next, the doctor told her Amanda would be discharged and likely end up back in the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Pam spent the next day in the crisis center waiting room, desperately calling one psychiatric hospital after another to find a place to send Amanda. They were all full. She begged them to call her back when they had an opening, but they told her they couldn’t reserve a spot. Instead, they told her to call every half hour in the hope that she’d be able to grab the next available bed. Pam plugged her cellphone into the waiting room wall and repeatedly called each one on speed dial. “You go into mother-bear mode, where you dig in and do what you have to do to protect your cub. I knew I couldn’t stop until Amanda had the help she needed,” says Pam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After eight hours of continuous dialing, Pam finally found Amanda an open bed at a hospital near their home. For Pam, it was a huge relief that her daughter was safe. “We felt like we were finally entering a new phase of tackling her condition. In the hospital, at least we knew where she was and that she was under a watchful eye. We felt safest knowing she didn’t have a choice to leave.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Amanda had a different perspective. She didn’t see her psychosis as a disease — she saw it as a transformation where she was finally able to face her vulnerability and deal with her issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the hospital, I felt like a prisoner,” she says. “I felt trapped in a space where people were always watching me and monitoring my behavior.” Amanda is an artist who finds solace in creativity, but she says the staff in the hospital was more focused on trying to treat her medically and didn’t seem to value what she was doing with her art. “Trying to express myself and heal felt impossible,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Figuring Out Finances\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Amanda was in the hospital, Pam was gripped with fear over the coverage of the treatment. “I was terrified that insurance would run out and we’d lose our savings and everything we’d worked for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, a federal law passed in 2008 guarantees that mental illnesses be covered “at parity” with any other disease, without special limitations. Her insurer informed Pam that any care Amanda needed would be covered. “I was so relieved,” says Pam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a month in the hospital, two months of a full-time outpatient program, the temporary help of an antipsychotic medication and years of therapy with a new psychologist, Amanda made an impressive recovery, learning to manage her condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key point for her was a change in perspective. She went from seeing her symptoms as evidence of illness to seeing them as strengths that she could use to her benefit. For example, she could turn a period of introspection that she might have previously seen as “depression” into a piece of art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Living Out Loud\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many families end up running into similar obstacles — they don’t know where to go for proper care or they’re worried about the cost. But there’s also the stigma of mental illness that prevents people from reaching out because they fear judgment or worry that it might affect their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you break a leg, you get a cast and people sign it and put smiley faces on it. When you’re given a mental illness diagnosis, you’re cast out,” says Amanda, who is now a 24-year-old college graduate and member of the board of California’s National Alliance on Mental Illness, an advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, Pam wasn’t afraid of the stigma, having learned from her own family’s mistakes. “I grew up in an environment where everything was pushed under the rug,” she says. “People were suffering from mental illness, but they blamed it on other things like migraines. In reality, they needed therapy. I wasn’t going to let that happen with Amanda.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pam faced the stigma head-on and was completely open with her friends about what was happening. While this didn’t help the Lipps crack the code on their daughter’s illness earlier, it gave them strength when they needed it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mental illness is not usually a casserole disease — when you tell your friends that a family member is suffering from a mental illness, they don’t deliver a lasagna. But in our case, our friends did because we were open about it,” says Pam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People rallied around her. In particular, Pam was already part of a monthly mothers’ group that got together to make care packages for their children in college. The other women urged her to keep coming to the group and making care packages for Amanda throughout her illness. “They were my rock of friendship. It truly took a village and a community of friends to help Amanda heal,” says Pam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hard-won strides in the area of mental illness like the parity law helped Pam and her family get through the crisis intact, but it was a difficult road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re so proud of Amanda and everything she’s overcome,” says Pam. That doesn’t mean she’s stopped worrying. “We experienced a mental health emergency, an illness and a recovery, and now we’re stable. But every day I wake up and worry, could she relapse?” For anyone with a history of psychosis, another breakdown is always a possibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now armed with knowledge and experience, Pam feels more confident. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In March 2010, Pam Lipp received the call she’d been dreading for months. She figured it would come from one of three places: the police, the hospital or the morgue. Instead, it was her husband, Doug, saying that he’d just received word that their 18-year-old daughter, Amanda, a freshman at Chico State University in California, was being held at a psychiatric crisis center after trying to throw herself in front of a moving car. Amanda had lost her grip on reality and fallen into a state of psychosis. She’d started selling off her belongings and believed that cameras were following her everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug was away at a speaking engagement, so Pam jumped in the car with a friend and raced to the crisis center two hours away. When they arrived, they found Amanda, curled up in a ball on the floor in a fetal position, sobbing. “I was hallucinating. I thought I was a doctor. When my mom got there, I realized I was the one in trouble,” says Amanda. “Nothing prepares you for seeing your child in such turmoil. I felt helpless,” says Pam.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">The mental health parity law helps guarantee consumers fair access to mental health care. If you believe you’ve been unfairly denied or charged for treatment, you can start by reaching out to a consumer advocacy organization. Two resources to try: \u003ca href=\"https://www.paritytrack.org/\" target=\"_blank\">ParityTrack\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://parityispersonal.org/\" target=\"_blank\">The Parity Implementation Coalition\u003c/a>.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Amanda was soon diagnosed with bipolar disorder, a mental illness characterized by manic highs, depressive lows and possible periods of psychosis. Although the diagnosis provided a new direction to what had been an all-consuming journey for the Lipp family, it was just one stop on the bumpy road to navigating the mental health system. The Lipps are not alone: Nearly one in five Americans experiences a mental illness in any given year, but fewer than half of them receive treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Signs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amanda first started acting out when she was in middle school in Fair Oaks, California. She had extreme mood swings and explosive arguments with her parents. Pam and Doug, who run a small business together, hoped it was typical adolescent drama that would soon fade. “We never knew which Amanda we were going to get,” Pam recalls — the edgy Amanda looking for a heated debate, or the down, depressed Amanda who would retreat to her room. Eventually, the intensity and unpredictability of her moods made them realize she needed professional help.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">When you break a leg, you get a cast and people sign it and put smiley faces on it. When you’re given a mental illness diagnosis, you’re cast out.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They took her to the family doctor, who agreed that Amanda required more help but said that she didn’t have anyone to refer her to. Instead, the doctor recommended that Pam request a copy of all the therapists in her zip code who worked with her insurance company and call down the list. Pam called dozens of practitioners, leaving message after message. Not only was the list outdated, but most were too busy to even see her daughter and the ones who were highly recommended didn’t accept her insurance anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For her part, Amanda was reluctant about seeing a therapist. She worried about what other people might think, and that it would change the image she had of herself. “I was the popular kid who people looked up to,” says Amanda. “I thought that if my friends saw me as someone to be pitied, they wouldn’t lean on me anymore. Part of me wanted to get help, yet the other part of me didn’t want to admit I needed it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She agreed to give therapy a try and Pam found someone Amanda was comfortable with. Yet, at an out-of-pocket rate of $120 per hour, the Lipps just couldn’t afford the amount of care she needed, which was about three sessions per week. She visited a psychiatrist and was diagnosed with depression and put on an antidepressant. Despite the treatment, Amanda continued to spiral downward — staying out late, self-medicating with drugs and arguing with her family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During those years, Pam says, she and Doug were living one exhausting day to the next. They had three children to raise, but taking care of Amanda consumed their lives. “We felt like we were in prison in our own home with all the hostility and upheaval.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time Amanda headed to college, she was barely speaking to her parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fighting For Care\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amanda’s bipolar diagnosis was a turning point — it meant that she could begin to receive the treatment she desperately needed. But it wasn’t easy to find at first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crisis center would only hold her for a maximum of 72 hours, and Amanda needed much more treatment than that. When Pam asked where her daughter would be sent next, the doctor told her Amanda would be discharged and likely end up back in the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Pam spent the next day in the crisis center waiting room, desperately calling one psychiatric hospital after another to find a place to send Amanda. They were all full. She begged them to call her back when they had an opening, but they told her they couldn’t reserve a spot. Instead, they told her to call every half hour in the hope that she’d be able to grab the next available bed. Pam plugged her cellphone into the waiting room wall and repeatedly called each one on speed dial. “You go into mother-bear mode, where you dig in and do what you have to do to protect your cub. I knew I couldn’t stop until Amanda had the help she needed,” says Pam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After eight hours of continuous dialing, Pam finally found Amanda an open bed at a hospital near their home. For Pam, it was a huge relief that her daughter was safe. “We felt like we were finally entering a new phase of tackling her condition. In the hospital, at least we knew where she was and that she was under a watchful eye. We felt safest knowing she didn’t have a choice to leave.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Amanda had a different perspective. She didn’t see her psychosis as a disease — she saw it as a transformation where she was finally able to face her vulnerability and deal with her issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the hospital, I felt like a prisoner,” she says. “I felt trapped in a space where people were always watching me and monitoring my behavior.” Amanda is an artist who finds solace in creativity, but she says the staff in the hospital was more focused on trying to treat her medically and didn’t seem to value what she was doing with her art. “Trying to express myself and heal felt impossible,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Figuring Out Finances\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Amanda was in the hospital, Pam was gripped with fear over the coverage of the treatment. “I was terrified that insurance would run out and we’d lose our savings and everything we’d worked for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, a federal law passed in 2008 guarantees that mental illnesses be covered “at parity” with any other disease, without special limitations. Her insurer informed Pam that any care Amanda needed would be covered. “I was so relieved,” says Pam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a month in the hospital, two months of a full-time outpatient program, the temporary help of an antipsychotic medication and years of therapy with a new psychologist, Amanda made an impressive recovery, learning to manage her condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key point for her was a change in perspective. She went from seeing her symptoms as evidence of illness to seeing them as strengths that she could use to her benefit. For example, she could turn a period of introspection that she might have previously seen as “depression” into a piece of art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Living Out Loud\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many families end up running into similar obstacles — they don’t know where to go for proper care or they’re worried about the cost. But there’s also the stigma of mental illness that prevents people from reaching out because they fear judgment or worry that it might affect their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you break a leg, you get a cast and people sign it and put smiley faces on it. When you’re given a mental illness diagnosis, you’re cast out,” says Amanda, who is now a 24-year-old college graduate and member of the board of California’s National Alliance on Mental Illness, an advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, Pam wasn’t afraid of the stigma, having learned from her own family’s mistakes. “I grew up in an environment where everything was pushed under the rug,” she says. “People were suffering from mental illness, but they blamed it on other things like migraines. In reality, they needed therapy. I wasn’t going to let that happen with Amanda.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pam faced the stigma head-on and was completely open with her friends about what was happening. While this didn’t help the Lipps crack the code on their daughter’s illness earlier, it gave them strength when they needed it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mental illness is not usually a casserole disease — when you tell your friends that a family member is suffering from a mental illness, they don’t deliver a lasagna. But in our case, our friends did because we were open about it,” says Pam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People rallied around her. In particular, Pam was already part of a monthly mothers’ group that got together to make care packages for their children in college. The other women urged her to keep coming to the group and making care packages for Amanda throughout her illness. “They were my rock of friendship. It truly took a village and a community of friends to help Amanda heal,” says Pam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hard-won strides in the area of mental illness like the parity law helped Pam and her family get through the crisis intact, but it was a difficult road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re so proud of Amanda and everything she’s overcome,” says Pam. That doesn’t mean she’s stopped worrying. “We experienced a mental health emergency, an illness and a recovery, and now we’re stable. But every day I wake up and worry, could she relapse?” For anyone with a history of psychosis, another breakdown is always a possibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now armed with knowledge and experience, Pam feels more confident. 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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"
}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"
}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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