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"content": "\u003cp>Get ready to set your clock forward this Sunday for the start of daylight saving time. If the thought of losing an hour of sleep makes you roll your eyes and grumble, you are not alone. Recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/lifestyle/general_lifestyle/march_2014/just_33_see_the_purpose_of_daylight_saving_time\" target=\"_blank\">national polls\u003c/a> show that nearly half of adults think daylight saving time is not worth the hassle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One local critic of turning his clock forward in the spring and back in the fall is Richard Chavez. He frequents the daily lunch for seniors at the Berryessa Community Center in San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of us seniors, we forget. It's confusing,\" says Chavez, after finishing the last of a fish sandwich. \"You get used to the time, and then they are changing it again. Just leave it alone one way or the other!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chavez remembers when California voters first approved the statewide observance of daylight saving time in 1949 through a ballot proposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_158456\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-158456 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18783_IMG_9612.JPG-qut-400x267.jpg\" alt=\"Richard Chavez, at the Berryesa Community Center in San Jose, supports Assemblymember Chu's proposal to let California voters decide whether the state should keep one standard time year round.\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18783_IMG_9612.JPG-qut-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18783_IMG_9612.JPG-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18783_IMG_9612.JPG-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18783_IMG_9612.JPG-qut-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18783_IMG_9612.JPG-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18783_IMG_9612.JPG-qut-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Richard Chavez, at Berryessa Community Center's dining room in San Jose. He supports Assemblymember Chu's proposal to let California voters weigh on whether the state should keep moving clocks one hour forward in the spring and one hour back in the fall. \u003ccite>(Farida Jhabvala Romero / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those\u003ca href=\"http://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1501&context=ca_ballot_props\" target=\"_blank\"> 1949 supporters said the practice\u003c/a> \"gives people an extra hour of daylight after they get home, and thus increases public health and industrial efficiency,\" among other advantages. But Chavez contends he has never personally felt much benefit from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After feedback from constituents like Chavez, Assemblymember Kansen Chu, D-San Jose, introduced a bill that would allow voters to weigh in on whether the state should keep the practice of switching to daylight saving time. Potential alternatives, according to Chu, would be for the state to observe either standard time or daylight saving time permanently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of my constituents would love to stay on daylight saving time year round,\" said Chu. \"The older you get, giving up an hour of sleep has more impact on your physical condition.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chu cites recent studies linking the jetlag effect some people feel right after changing to daylight saving time with an uptick of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140329175108.htm\" target=\"_blank\">heart attacks\u003c/a>, and traffic and workplace\u003ca href=\"http://www.sleep-journal.com/article/S1389-9457%2800%2900032-0/abstract?nl=nytnow&em_pos=large&emc=edit_nn_20150309\" target=\"_blank\"> injuries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_158687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 943px\">\u003ca href=\"http://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1501&context=ca_ballot_props\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-158687\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-158687\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/Screen-Shot-2016-03-11-at-11.43.42-AM.png\" alt=\"Proposition 12, passed by California voters in 1949, established daylight saving time in California. \" width=\"943\" height=\"606\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/Screen-Shot-2016-03-11-at-11.43.42-AM.png 943w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/Screen-Shot-2016-03-11-at-11.43.42-AM-400x257.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/Screen-Shot-2016-03-11-at-11.43.42-AM-800x514.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/Screen-Shot-2016-03-11-at-11.43.42-AM-768x494.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 943px) 100vw, 943px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposition 12, passed by California voters in 1949, established daylight saving time in California. \u003ccite>(UC Hastings Scholarship Repository)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Do We Have Daylight Saving Time Anyway?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin Franklin proposed making more efficient use of daylight to save candles in a 1784 \u003ca href=\"http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/franklin3.html\" target=\"_blank\">letter\u003c/a>. But British businessman William Willett is credited with spreading the idea of tinkering with clocks to make better use of daylight in Britain and other parts of Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willett persistently lobbied the British parliament to adopt this change in the early 1900s. However, he died before Britons began observing it in 1916, a few months after Germany became the first country to implement the practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. as a whole first tried daylight saving time during World War I to save energy, and then again during World War II. But afterward, the decision to adopt daylight saving was up to cities and towns. Chaos ensued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could have one town that doesn't have daylight saving time, the neighboring town does, and then the third neighboring town has daylight saving time but starts and ends in different dates. So it got to be very confusing,\" says David Prerau, author of \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Seize-Daylight-Curious-Contentious-Saving/dp/1560257962\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Seize the Daylight: The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time\u003c/em>.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iowa alone had 23 different sets of starting and ending dates for daylight saving time, says Prerau, causing a major headache for businessmen and others traveling from one town to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/251396920\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress intervened in 1966 with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.transportation.gov/regulations/time-act\" target=\"_blank\">Uniform Time Act \u003c/a>that gave states two options: keep daylight saving time during federally mandated dates or stay on standard time year round. Most states opted for a coordinated daylight saving time. (Hawaii never observed it; Arizona opted out in 1968.) Initially, daylight saving time lasted only six months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Transportation, which oversees the uniform \u003ca href=\"https://www.transportation.gov/regulations/daylight-saving-time\" target=\"_blank\">observance\u003c/a> of daylight saving time, says having most people go about their business while the sun is shining saves electricity, prevents traffic deaths and injuries, and even reduces crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prerau researched for years the benefits of daylight saving time for the federal government, when the country was looking for ways to reduce energy consumption during the 1970s oil crisis. After the results were out, Congress issued months-long extensions of the practice in 1974 and 1975.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, daylight saving time \u003ca href=\"http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/b.html\" target=\"_blank\">begins\u003c/a> at 2 a.m. on the second Sunday in March, and ends at 2 a.m. the first Sunday of November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, not everyone agrees with those energy saving claims, including one\u003ca href=\"http://www.nber.org/papers/w14429\" target=\"_blank\"> widely cited study\u003c/a> conducted after Indiana adopted daylight saving time in 2006 questions its effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Energy consumption is much more complex than back in the 40s,\" says Assemblymember Chu, an electrical engineer who used to work for IBM.\u003cb> \"\u003c/b>It's about time for us to revisit this practice that we have been doing for the last 70 years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prerau counters that adjusting our clocks to maximize activity during daylight continues to be worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The negatives of switching the clock a\u003c/span>ffect some people the first few days of a daylight saving time period, at most\u003cb>,\u003c/b>\" says Prerau. \"But the benefits go on for eight months.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_158455\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-158455 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18781_IMG_9624.JPG-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Betty Smith, 81, and Bill Painter, 75, at the Berryesa Community Center in San Jose. Unlike other seniors who frequent the center's lunch program, they agree Daylight Saving Time is a "good thing."\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18781_IMG_9624.JPG-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18781_IMG_9624.JPG-qut-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18781_IMG_9624.JPG-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18781_IMG_9624.JPG-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18781_IMG_9624.JPG-qut-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18781_IMG_9624.JPG-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18781_IMG_9624.JPG-qut-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Betty Smith, 81, and Bill Painter, 75, frequent the Berryessa Community Center in San Jose. Unlike other seniors there, Smith says switching to daylight saving time is a \"good thing,\" and Painter agrees. \u003ccite>(Farida Jhabvala Romero / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For California or other states to opt daylight saving time year round (instead of standard time), Congress would have to amend federal law. Chu is working on a resolution that -- if approved by the Legislature -- would make that request to Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quitting the current switch to daylight saving time would leave California out of sync with most of the country. Prerau says that could hurt businesses and cause headaches in airline and other transportation schedules.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Get ready to set your clock forward this Sunday for the start of daylight saving time. If the thought of losing an hour of sleep makes you roll your eyes and grumble, you are not alone. Recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/lifestyle/general_lifestyle/march_2014/just_33_see_the_purpose_of_daylight_saving_time\" target=\"_blank\">national polls\u003c/a> show that nearly half of adults think daylight saving time is not worth the hassle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One local critic of turning his clock forward in the spring and back in the fall is Richard Chavez. He frequents the daily lunch for seniors at the Berryessa Community Center in San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of us seniors, we forget. It's confusing,\" says Chavez, after finishing the last of a fish sandwich. \"You get used to the time, and then they are changing it again. Just leave it alone one way or the other!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chavez remembers when California voters first approved the statewide observance of daylight saving time in 1949 through a ballot proposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_158456\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-158456 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18783_IMG_9612.JPG-qut-400x267.jpg\" alt=\"Richard Chavez, at the Berryesa Community Center in San Jose, supports Assemblymember Chu's proposal to let California voters decide whether the state should keep one standard time year round.\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18783_IMG_9612.JPG-qut-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18783_IMG_9612.JPG-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18783_IMG_9612.JPG-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18783_IMG_9612.JPG-qut-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18783_IMG_9612.JPG-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18783_IMG_9612.JPG-qut-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Richard Chavez, at Berryessa Community Center's dining room in San Jose. He supports Assemblymember Chu's proposal to let California voters weigh on whether the state should keep moving clocks one hour forward in the spring and one hour back in the fall. \u003ccite>(Farida Jhabvala Romero / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those\u003ca href=\"http://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1501&context=ca_ballot_props\" target=\"_blank\"> 1949 supporters said the practice\u003c/a> \"gives people an extra hour of daylight after they get home, and thus increases public health and industrial efficiency,\" among other advantages. But Chavez contends he has never personally felt much benefit from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After feedback from constituents like Chavez, Assemblymember Kansen Chu, D-San Jose, introduced a bill that would allow voters to weigh in on whether the state should keep the practice of switching to daylight saving time. Potential alternatives, according to Chu, would be for the state to observe either standard time or daylight saving time permanently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of my constituents would love to stay on daylight saving time year round,\" said Chu. \"The older you get, giving up an hour of sleep has more impact on your physical condition.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chu cites recent studies linking the jetlag effect some people feel right after changing to daylight saving time with an uptick of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140329175108.htm\" target=\"_blank\">heart attacks\u003c/a>, and traffic and workplace\u003ca href=\"http://www.sleep-journal.com/article/S1389-9457%2800%2900032-0/abstract?nl=nytnow&em_pos=large&emc=edit_nn_20150309\" target=\"_blank\"> injuries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_158687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 943px\">\u003ca href=\"http://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1501&context=ca_ballot_props\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-158687\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-158687\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/Screen-Shot-2016-03-11-at-11.43.42-AM.png\" alt=\"Proposition 12, passed by California voters in 1949, established daylight saving time in California. \" width=\"943\" height=\"606\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/Screen-Shot-2016-03-11-at-11.43.42-AM.png 943w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/Screen-Shot-2016-03-11-at-11.43.42-AM-400x257.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/Screen-Shot-2016-03-11-at-11.43.42-AM-800x514.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/Screen-Shot-2016-03-11-at-11.43.42-AM-768x494.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 943px) 100vw, 943px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposition 12, passed by California voters in 1949, established daylight saving time in California. \u003ccite>(UC Hastings Scholarship Repository)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Do We Have Daylight Saving Time Anyway?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benjamin Franklin proposed making more efficient use of daylight to save candles in a 1784 \u003ca href=\"http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/franklin3.html\" target=\"_blank\">letter\u003c/a>. But British businessman William Willett is credited with spreading the idea of tinkering with clocks to make better use of daylight in Britain and other parts of Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Willett persistently lobbied the British parliament to adopt this change in the early 1900s. However, he died before Britons began observing it in 1916, a few months after Germany became the first country to implement the practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. as a whole first tried daylight saving time during World War I to save energy, and then again during World War II. But afterward, the decision to adopt daylight saving was up to cities and towns. Chaos ensued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could have one town that doesn't have daylight saving time, the neighboring town does, and then the third neighboring town has daylight saving time but starts and ends in different dates. So it got to be very confusing,\" says David Prerau, author of \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Seize-Daylight-Curious-Contentious-Saving/dp/1560257962\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Seize the Daylight: The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time\u003c/em>.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iowa alone had 23 different sets of starting and ending dates for daylight saving time, says Prerau, causing a major headache for businessmen and others traveling from one town to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/251396920&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/251396920'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress intervened in 1966 with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.transportation.gov/regulations/time-act\" target=\"_blank\">Uniform Time Act \u003c/a>that gave states two options: keep daylight saving time during federally mandated dates or stay on standard time year round. Most states opted for a coordinated daylight saving time. (Hawaii never observed it; Arizona opted out in 1968.) Initially, daylight saving time lasted only six months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Transportation, which oversees the uniform \u003ca href=\"https://www.transportation.gov/regulations/daylight-saving-time\" target=\"_blank\">observance\u003c/a> of daylight saving time, says having most people go about their business while the sun is shining saves electricity, prevents traffic deaths and injuries, and even reduces crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prerau researched for years the benefits of daylight saving time for the federal government, when the country was looking for ways to reduce energy consumption during the 1970s oil crisis. After the results were out, Congress issued months-long extensions of the practice in 1974 and 1975.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, daylight saving time \u003ca href=\"http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/b.html\" target=\"_blank\">begins\u003c/a> at 2 a.m. on the second Sunday in March, and ends at 2 a.m. the first Sunday of November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, not everyone agrees with those energy saving claims, including one\u003ca href=\"http://www.nber.org/papers/w14429\" target=\"_blank\"> widely cited study\u003c/a> conducted after Indiana adopted daylight saving time in 2006 questions its effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Energy consumption is much more complex than back in the 40s,\" says Assemblymember Chu, an electrical engineer who used to work for IBM.\u003cb> \"\u003c/b>It's about time for us to revisit this practice that we have been doing for the last 70 years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prerau counters that adjusting our clocks to maximize activity during daylight continues to be worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The negatives of switching the clock a\u003c/span>ffect some people the first few days of a daylight saving time period, at most\u003cb>,\u003c/b>\" says Prerau. \"But the benefits go on for eight months.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_158455\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-158455 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18781_IMG_9624.JPG-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Betty Smith, 81, and Bill Painter, 75, at the Berryesa Community Center in San Jose. Unlike other seniors who frequent the center's lunch program, they agree Daylight Saving Time is a "good thing."\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18781_IMG_9624.JPG-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18781_IMG_9624.JPG-qut-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18781_IMG_9624.JPG-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18781_IMG_9624.JPG-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18781_IMG_9624.JPG-qut-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18781_IMG_9624.JPG-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/03/RS18781_IMG_9624.JPG-qut-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Betty Smith, 81, and Bill Painter, 75, frequent the Berryessa Community Center in San Jose. Unlike other seniors there, Smith says switching to daylight saving time is a \"good thing,\" and Painter agrees. \u003ccite>(Farida Jhabvala Romero / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For California or other states to opt daylight saving time year round (instead of standard time), Congress would have to amend federal law. Chu is working on a resolution that -- if approved by the Legislature -- would make that request to Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quitting the current switch to daylight saving time would leave California out of sync with most of the country. Prerau says that could hurt businesses and cause headaches in airline and other transportation schedules.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "He Rescued A Dog. Then The Dog Rescued Him",
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"content": "\u003cp>Eric O'Grey knew he was in trouble. His weight had ballooned to 320 pounds, and he was spending more than $1,000 a month on medications for high blood pressure, Type 2 diabetes and high cholesterol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, a physician told him to buy a funeral plot, because he would need it in five years. He was 51 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he went to talk with a naturopathic doctor about losing weight. She said: Get a shelter dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Grey was surprised, but he took that advice, heading to the Humane Society Silicon Valley near his home in San Jose. He told the shelter, \"I want an obese middle-aged dog, like me.\" That's how he met Peety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peety needed to be walked, so Eric and Peety walked, for at least a half-hour a day. O'Grey, who was working as an area sales manager for GE appliances, shifted to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldofvegan.com/inspiring-vegan-weight-loss-story/\" target=\"_blank\">plant-based diet\u003c/a>. Over the course of a year, he lost 140 pounds. Peety lost 25. O'Grey got off the meds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn't just the walks with Peety that transformed O'Grey's life. The dog helped keep him from backsliding into his old, unhealthful ways. \"He looked at me like I was the best person on the planet, and I wanted to become the person he thought I was.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their story might have ended there. But Carol Novello, president of the Humane Society Silicon Valley, had been trying to make the point that helping animals improves the lives of humans, too. She was finding that a tough sell, so she started looking for stories that made the case. \"A while ago, Eric O'Grey submitted his story, and I just loved it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Novello, a former tech executive, asked David Whitman, executive producer of the Tech Awards of Silicon Valley, what they could do with Eric and Peety's story. He came up with the idea of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hssv.org/betterfuture/mutual-rescue/faq.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Mutual Rescue\u003c/a> initiative, which includes a \u003ca href=\"http://hssv.convio.net/site/Survey?ACTION_REQUIRED=URI_ACTION_USER_REQUESTS&SURVEY_ID=16063&_ga=1.201837714.286648895.1457468764#intro\" target=\"_blank\">contest\u003c/a> where people can share stories of how a shelter animal changed their lives. The winning tale gets a video made about their rescue story. Donors to the HSSV funded the production of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rm0qYRWQpZI\" target=\"_blank\">Eric and Peety video\u003c/a> as an example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really about the transformation and the impact that animals can have on our lives,\" Novello says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the contest opened in February, the HSSV has received hundreds of stories, many of which focus on health. \"We may do a Mutual Rescue weight-loss series,\" Novello says. \"There are a lot of them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure, stories are nice, but do \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/health-benefits/\" target=\"_blank\">pets really improve human health\u003c/a>? No less an authority than the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says yes. Having a pet can help decrease blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides and feelings of loneliness, the CDC says, while increasing opportunities for exercise and socializing with other humans. And there's \u003ca href=\"https://petpartners.org/about-us/who-we-are/\" target=\"_blank\">increasing evidence\u003c/a> that interaction with pets helps people cope with challenges, including PTSD, Alzheimer's and the end of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know our shelter kitties make my family happier, even though they haven't helped me lose weight. And watching the Eric and Peety video has to be good for my heart, though it makes me reach for the tissues every time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He transformed me into a completely different person,\" O'Grey says in the video. \"I think about it now: Who rescued whom? Did I rescue him, or did he rescue me?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=He+Rescued+A+Dog.+Then+The+Dog+Rescued+Him+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Eric O'Grey knew he was in trouble. His weight had ballooned to 320 pounds, and he was spending more than $1,000 a month on medications for high blood pressure, Type 2 diabetes and high cholesterol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, a physician told him to buy a funeral plot, because he would need it in five years. He was 51 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he went to talk with a naturopathic doctor about losing weight. She said: Get a shelter dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Grey was surprised, but he took that advice, heading to the Humane Society Silicon Valley near his home in San Jose. He told the shelter, \"I want an obese middle-aged dog, like me.\" That's how he met Peety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peety needed to be walked, so Eric and Peety walked, for at least a half-hour a day. O'Grey, who was working as an area sales manager for GE appliances, shifted to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldofvegan.com/inspiring-vegan-weight-loss-story/\" target=\"_blank\">plant-based diet\u003c/a>. Over the course of a year, he lost 140 pounds. Peety lost 25. O'Grey got off the meds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn't just the walks with Peety that transformed O'Grey's life. The dog helped keep him from backsliding into his old, unhealthful ways. \"He looked at me like I was the best person on the planet, and I wanted to become the person he thought I was.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their story might have ended there. But Carol Novello, president of the Humane Society Silicon Valley, had been trying to make the point that helping animals improves the lives of humans, too. She was finding that a tough sell, so she started looking for stories that made the case. \"A while ago, Eric O'Grey submitted his story, and I just loved it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Novello, a former tech executive, asked David Whitman, executive producer of the Tech Awards of Silicon Valley, what they could do with Eric and Peety's story. He came up with the idea of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hssv.org/betterfuture/mutual-rescue/faq.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Mutual Rescue\u003c/a> initiative, which includes a \u003ca href=\"http://hssv.convio.net/site/Survey?ACTION_REQUIRED=URI_ACTION_USER_REQUESTS&SURVEY_ID=16063&_ga=1.201837714.286648895.1457468764#intro\" target=\"_blank\">contest\u003c/a> where people can share stories of how a shelter animal changed their lives. The winning tale gets a video made about their rescue story. Donors to the HSSV funded the production of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rm0qYRWQpZI\" target=\"_blank\">Eric and Peety video\u003c/a> as an example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really about the transformation and the impact that animals can have on our lives,\" Novello says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the contest opened in February, the HSSV has received hundreds of stories, many of which focus on health. \"We may do a Mutual Rescue weight-loss series,\" Novello says. \"There are a lot of them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure, stories are nice, but do \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/health-benefits/\" target=\"_blank\">pets really improve human health\u003c/a>? No less an authority than the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says yes. Having a pet can help decrease blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides and feelings of loneliness, the CDC says, while increasing opportunities for exercise and socializing with other humans. And there's \u003ca href=\"https://petpartners.org/about-us/who-we-are/\" target=\"_blank\">increasing evidence\u003c/a> that interaction with pets helps people cope with challenges, including PTSD, Alzheimer's and the end of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know our shelter kitties make my family happier, even though they haven't helped me lose weight. And watching the Eric and Peety video has to be good for my heart, though it makes me reach for the tissues every time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He transformed me into a completely different person,\" O'Grey says in the video. \"I think about it now: Who rescued whom? Did I rescue him, or did he rescue me?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=He+Rescued+A+Dog.+Then+The+Dog+Rescued+Him+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Big Drop in Chemical Levels in Girls Who Switched Cosmetics",
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"content": "\u003cp>Teenage girls who switched cosmetics for just three days had a big drop in certain chemicals in their bodies, according to a new study from researchers at UC Berkeley and Clinica de Salud del Valle de Salinas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team looked at four chemicals used in cosmetics, shampoos and lotions. These chemicals, known as \"hormone disruptors,\" can interfere with estrogen and testosterone in the human body. The four chemicals were:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>phthalates \u003c/strong>-- found in nail polish and fragrance\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>parabens \u003c/strong>-- a preservative used in cosmetics\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> triclosan\u003c/strong> -- an antibacterial agent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>oxybenzone\u003c/strong> -- a sunscreen agent\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In the study, 100 Latina girls in the Salinas area swapped their cosmetics and other personal care products for new ones that did not include the four chemicals on their labels. Researchers took urine samples before and after the three-day test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the girls showed a 25-45 percent drop in the levels of the four chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reducing Exposure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead author Kim Harley, associate director of UC Berkeley's Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, said this type of approach had never been studied before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We hoped that if we changed to lower-chemical products, we would see significant reductions,\" Harley said. \"So that was positive for us, that we found that you really could reduce your exposure to these chemicals through these changes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov\" target=\"_blank\">Environmental Health Perspectives\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harley said there's \"a lot we don't know yet\" about the effects of these chemicals in the human body, but some human research shows \"they are associated with neurodevelopment problems in children, respiratory problems like asthma in children and obesity problems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason the study was done on teenage girls is because they tend to use more personal care products than adult women and because adolescence may be a time of particular risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Adolescence is a time of rapid growth and development,\" Harley said. \"It's physical growth, reproductive development, brain development, all happening in adolescence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no identified safe level of the four chemicals, Harley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Limited FDA Authority\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Food and Drug Administration is responsible for regulating cosmetic products, their authority over these products is different than it is with drugs. Specifically, there is no \"pre-market\" approval. Instead, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/GuidanceRegulation/LawsRegulations/ucm074162.htm\" target=\"_blank\">the FDA says on its website\u003c/a>, \"Companies and individuals who manufacture or market cosmetics have a legal responsibility to ensure the safety of their products.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teens Helped Design Study\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find products that were free of the four chemicals, the researchers referred to consumer resources, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/\" target=\"_blank\">Environmental Working Group's SkinDeep Cosmetics Database\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UC Berkeley and Clinica de Salud researchers worked in tandem with a team of teen members of the CHAMACOS \u003ca href=\"http://cerch.org/research-programs/chamacos/chamacos-community-outreach/youth-community-council/\" target=\"_blank\">Youth Community Council\u003c/a>, a leadership training program for Salinas high school students. The student leaders helped design the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maritza Cardenas, a former council member, is an author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looking back, in such a short period of time\" using products that did not have the four chemicals in them, Cardenas said, \"and to realize that made such a big difference to hormone-disrupting levels in my body, was really amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cardenas worked on the study between her junior and senior year of high school. Now she is a junior majoring in molecular and cell biology at UC Berkeley. She said she remains conscious of what she's buying, although \"some of the products that might be more natural or organic might be a little more expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University researchers designing a study in coordination with teenagers is unusual. But the hope was to engage the students in public health education. The youth council included many teens from immigrant families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a great way for us to cross cultural barriers and language barriers by first educating the teenagers and then having them go home and educate their families,” Cardenas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While research is thin and cannot show the health benefits of switching to low-chemical products, Harley said the natural levels of hormones in the human body act at very low level, \"at a parts per billion level.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any additional chemicals -- in this case, from personal care products -- \"can act on very low levels also,\" she said. \"So it seems like things we can do to reduce the levels of the hormone-disrupting chemicals ... can potentially help our health in the long term.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/enviroblog/2016/03/nationwide-poll-finds-overwhelming-support-stronger-cosmetics-regulation\" target=\"_blank\">recent poll\u003c/a> showed that 70 percent of likely voters believe the government should be responsible for making sure chemicals in personal care products are safe. Senators Dianne Feinstein, D-California, and Susan Collins, R-Maine, have \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/files/serve/?File_id=445a9268-4964-4de0-89f9-4caf577099f2\" target=\"_blank\">introduced bipartisan legislation\u003c/a> to give the FDA more authority over regulating personal care products.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Teenage girls who switched cosmetics for just three days had a big drop in certain chemicals in their bodies, according to a new study from researchers at UC Berkeley and Clinica de Salud del Valle de Salinas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team looked at four chemicals used in cosmetics, shampoos and lotions. These chemicals, known as \"hormone disruptors,\" can interfere with estrogen and testosterone in the human body. The four chemicals were:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>phthalates \u003c/strong>-- found in nail polish and fragrance\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>parabens \u003c/strong>-- a preservative used in cosmetics\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> triclosan\u003c/strong> -- an antibacterial agent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>oxybenzone\u003c/strong> -- a sunscreen agent\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In the study, 100 Latina girls in the Salinas area swapped their cosmetics and other personal care products for new ones that did not include the four chemicals on their labels. Researchers took urine samples before and after the three-day test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the girls showed a 25-45 percent drop in the levels of the four chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reducing Exposure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead author Kim Harley, associate director of UC Berkeley's Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, said this type of approach had never been studied before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We hoped that if we changed to lower-chemical products, we would see significant reductions,\" Harley said. \"So that was positive for us, that we found that you really could reduce your exposure to these chemicals through these changes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov\" target=\"_blank\">Environmental Health Perspectives\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harley said there's \"a lot we don't know yet\" about the effects of these chemicals in the human body, but some human research shows \"they are associated with neurodevelopment problems in children, respiratory problems like asthma in children and obesity problems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason the study was done on teenage girls is because they tend to use more personal care products than adult women and because adolescence may be a time of particular risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Adolescence is a time of rapid growth and development,\" Harley said. \"It's physical growth, reproductive development, brain development, all happening in adolescence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no identified safe level of the four chemicals, Harley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Limited FDA Authority\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Food and Drug Administration is responsible for regulating cosmetic products, their authority over these products is different than it is with drugs. Specifically, there is no \"pre-market\" approval. Instead, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/GuidanceRegulation/LawsRegulations/ucm074162.htm\" target=\"_blank\">the FDA says on its website\u003c/a>, \"Companies and individuals who manufacture or market cosmetics have a legal responsibility to ensure the safety of their products.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Teens Helped Design Study\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find products that were free of the four chemicals, the researchers referred to consumer resources, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/\" target=\"_blank\">Environmental Working Group's SkinDeep Cosmetics Database\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UC Berkeley and Clinica de Salud researchers worked in tandem with a team of teen members of the CHAMACOS \u003ca href=\"http://cerch.org/research-programs/chamacos/chamacos-community-outreach/youth-community-council/\" target=\"_blank\">Youth Community Council\u003c/a>, a leadership training program for Salinas high school students. The student leaders helped design the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maritza Cardenas, a former council member, is an author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looking back, in such a short period of time\" using products that did not have the four chemicals in them, Cardenas said, \"and to realize that made such a big difference to hormone-disrupting levels in my body, was really amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cardenas worked on the study between her junior and senior year of high school. Now she is a junior majoring in molecular and cell biology at UC Berkeley. She said she remains conscious of what she's buying, although \"some of the products that might be more natural or organic might be a little more expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University researchers designing a study in coordination with teenagers is unusual. But the hope was to engage the students in public health education. The youth council included many teens from immigrant families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a great way for us to cross cultural barriers and language barriers by first educating the teenagers and then having them go home and educate their families,” Cardenas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While research is thin and cannot show the health benefits of switching to low-chemical products, Harley said the natural levels of hormones in the human body act at very low level, \"at a parts per billion level.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any additional chemicals -- in this case, from personal care products -- \"can act on very low levels also,\" she said. \"So it seems like things we can do to reduce the levels of the hormone-disrupting chemicals ... can potentially help our health in the long term.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/enviroblog/2016/03/nationwide-poll-finds-overwhelming-support-stronger-cosmetics-regulation\" target=\"_blank\">recent poll\u003c/a> showed that 70 percent of likely voters believe the government should be responsible for making sure chemicals in personal care products are safe. Senators Dianne Feinstein, D-California, and Susan Collins, R-Maine, have \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/files/serve/?File_id=445a9268-4964-4de0-89f9-4caf577099f2\" target=\"_blank\">introduced bipartisan legislation\u003c/a> to give the FDA more authority over regulating personal care products.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fighting Cancer By Putting Tumor Cells On A Diet",
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"content": "\u003cp>Cancer dogma holds that most malignancies are caused by DNA mutations inside the nuclei of cells, mutations that ultimately lead to runaway cellular proliferation. Given the countless genetic blips that have been associated with various cancers, the illness has actually come to be seen as a complex of diseases for which personalized treatments might offer the best chances of success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But prevailing oncology orthodoxy has its detractors, and some cancer biologists feel that while mutations are nearly ubiquitous in cancer, they may not always be the driving force for disease. Cancer, they suggest, might actually be as much a disorder of altered energy production as it is genetic damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This idea traces back to the work of German physician Otto Warburg who, in the 1920s, reported that rather than generating energy using the oxygen-based process of respiration as healthy cells do, cancer cells prefer the anaerobic, or oxygen-free, process of fermentation. Not all \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-fermentation-gives-us-beer-wine-cheese-and-cancer/\" target=\"_blank\">products of fermentation\u003c/a> are as welcome as beer, wine and cheese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boston College biology professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/biology/facadmin/seyfried.html\">Dr. Thomas Seyfried\u003c/a> is a leading proponent of the metabolic theory of cancer. He proselytizes Warburg's findings and in 2012 published an academic book called \u003cem>Cancer as a Metabolic Disease\u003c/em> that lays out the evidence behind his beliefs (Currently the book's Facebook page has over 6,000 followers and a lively exchange of self-help tips).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seyfried argues that decades of research, including his own, support the idea that aberrant metabolism can somehow induce malignancy. Further, he believes that research supports at the idea that limiting the fuels available for fermentation — that is, the sugar glucose and the amino acid glutamine — is an overlooked approach to aid treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He specifically implicates mitochondria, our energy-producing organelles, in spurring on malignancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This belief is in part based on work from the '70s and '80s showing that if the cytoplasm (the buoyant cellular goo that contains the mitochondria) is transferred from a normal cells to a tumorigenic cell (one with the potential to develop into a cancer) the tendency toward cancer is suppressed. Conversely, animal research has shown that transferring the nucleus of a malignant cell into the cytoplasm of a normal cell inhibits the tumor potential of that initially malignant cell, implying, according to Seyfried, that whatever is causing the cancer lies in the cytoplasm, not the nucleus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15647368\" target=\"_blank\">research\u003c/a> shows that the introduction of mutations in mitochondrial DNA (former single-celled organisms that our cells eventually engulfed, mitochondria have their own genetic material) reduces the tumor protection purportedly provided by normal mitochondria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you look at the data, you could say that there is clear evidence that cancer is a genetic disease since we can inherit mutations associated with increased cancer risk,\" says Seyfried, \"but many of these mutations disturb cellular respiration. And many non-inherited causes of cancer like radiation impair mitochondrial function.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seyfried's colleague Dominic D'Agostino, a biology professor at the University of South Florida also subscribes to the idea that the primary driver of cancer is mitochondrial dysfunction, which can be induced by any number of carcinogens — genetic predilections, radiation, chemical exposures and diet among them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do many mutations and pathways associated with cancer impair mitochondrial function and cell metabolism, he says, but injured mitochondria also produce volatile compounds called \"reactive oxygen species\" that can damage DNA. \"This can explain why most cancers have mutations,\" he speculates, \"in many cases they're secondary to mitochondrial damage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. E. Aubrey Thompson, a cancer biologist at the Mayo Clinic who in his own words is \"strongly on the mutation side,\" acknowledges that cancer cells re-orchestrate their metabolic activities and that interfering with cancer metabolism is a potentially fruitful area of research. \"There are hundreds of labs already working on this right now,\" he says. Yet, he adds genially, \"there is no evidence of malignancy developing in the absence of mutations. Anyone who thinks otherwise is obligated to design an experiment to disprove this concept ... that's how science works.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there is \u003cem>some\u003c/em> evidence that this might happen, but it's limited. Seyfried pointed me to a 2015 paper by Dr. Stuart Baker of the National Cancer Institute that reviews four recent studies reporting numerous tumors in which zero mutations were found. Seyfried acknowledges that mutations might have been found with more thorough screening and better DNA sequencing technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center President and CEO Dr. Craig Thompson (not to be confused with Mayo's Thompson) hedges on the metabolic theory of cancer. \"While the arguments raised [by Seyfried and others] have been considered by the growing field of cancer metabolism, most investigators have moved on to consider other explanations for the observations,\" he said in an interview. Still, he has \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/blog/license-build-new-theory-cancer-puts-metabolism-center\" target=\"_blank\">recently written\u003c/a> in support of some aspects of the theory with therapeutic implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a way, the various competing cancer theories aren't completely at odds. \"Despite all the talk of controversy in the field, the concepts that [Seyfried] and his colleagues are advancing are not really that novel,\" says Mayo's Thompson , \"I think everybody who works in cancer biology today appreciates the fact that there are many different processes involved in a conversion of a normal cell to a tumor cell.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He believes a coalescence of pernicious influences is required for a cancer to develop. \"One of these processes is probably altered metabolic activity,\" he says. \"But cancers also must acquire mutations, change the way they interact with neighboring cells and learn to evade the immune system. Every single one of these processes is probably essential to cancer development.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Vander Heiden, a biologist at MIT and oncologist at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute, also says many factors are necessary to induce cancer, including what could be considered the other major theory on the origin of malignancies, that they result from the impairment of signaling pathways that control cell division. \"My guess is it's probably metabolic, and it's probably genetic and it's probably cell signaling. I'm not sure you can separate these out since they all appear to be so interrelated,\" he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of the initial cancer trigger, the ultimate end of the biomedical bickering is to help patients. And as Vander Heiden points out, not only are researchers and pharmaceutical companies already developing drugs that target metabolic pathways, such drugs have been around for some time. \"I think targeting metabolic pathways in cancer is a great idea. We already have five or six mainstay chemotherapies that yes, attack cell division machinery, but also target metabolism \" explains Vander Heiden, \"They're just not billed that way.\"Seyfried is skeptical that medicines alone will cure cancer. Instead he and many of his colleagues — including Dr. Eugene Fine from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh neurosurgeon Dr. Joseph Maroon — are focusing on the potential of dietary approaches to contain the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's particular interest in the ketogenic diet, similar to the low-carb Atkins diet that is low in sugar and high in fat. It's intended to starve cancer cells of the glucose they use for fermentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The drugs we have now are so toxic and there's no reason people should have to be poisoned to be healthy. There are a number of studies, including those we've published, showing a direct relationship between the ketogenic diet and slowed tumor growth,\" says Seyfried, also citing the work of Dr. Valter Longo, of the University of Southern California's Davis School of Gerontology. That work shows that low-calorie diets are linked with slowed tumor growth and improved response to chemotherapy. \"Why spend all this money going after all these different pathways involved in cancer when you can simply go after the key fuels?\" Seyfried asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of fighting cancer by changing what patients eat has obvious appeal, but it also raises worries. \"I get a little scared when people start talking about diet for cancer since you can quickly get into pseudoscience here,\" Mayo's Thompson counters. He points out that data supporting the ketogenic diet in cancer are limited — and further that rigorous dietary studies are incredibly hard to pull off. \"The drug companies aren't going to fund these types of trials,\" he says. \"They can't make money marketing a diet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vander Heiden is also wary of many dietary claims, in part because of biased expectations. \"It seems that people have often decided what diet they think is best before they do a study,\" he says. \"There's a difference between setting out to prove something is a good therapy and asking what therapy is best.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His own work has shown that certain dietary interventions can be more effective than drugs at treating cancer in mice, but he says panacean claims about the ketogenic diet specifically are a bit premature. \"I think it's a really interesting hypothesis that should continue to be tested, but to claim that cancer is all metabolic or all genetic is probably incorrect,\" he says. \"Usually in science when you have something as complex as cancer, ascribing it to one particular cause is often going too far.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even Seyfried acknowledges, despite his zeal for treating cancer by tinkering with calories, that in all likelihood diet and nutrient-based cancer treatments will serve as adjuncts to existing therapies. But what would be wrong with that? \"We're slowing the tumor down and making it extremely vulnerable to lower, less-toxic doses of available drugs,\" he says, \"When people are locked into an ideology created by a dogma they tend not to focus on rational alternatives.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bret Stetka is a writer based in New York and an editorial director at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/public/bios/bio-bretstetka\" target=\"_blank\">Medscape\u003c/a>.\u003cem> His work has appeared in \u003c/em>Wired\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Scientific American\u003cem> and on The Atlantic.com. He graduated from University of Virginia School of Medicine in 2005. He's also on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BretStetka\" target=\"_blank\">@BretStetka\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Fighting+Cancer+By+Putting+Tumor+Cells+On+A+Diet&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Cancer dogma holds that most malignancies are caused by DNA mutations inside the nuclei of cells, mutations that ultimately lead to runaway cellular proliferation. Given the countless genetic blips that have been associated with various cancers, the illness has actually come to be seen as a complex of diseases for which personalized treatments might offer the best chances of success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But prevailing oncology orthodoxy has its detractors, and some cancer biologists feel that while mutations are nearly ubiquitous in cancer, they may not always be the driving force for disease. Cancer, they suggest, might actually be as much a disorder of altered energy production as it is genetic damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This idea traces back to the work of German physician Otto Warburg who, in the 1920s, reported that rather than generating energy using the oxygen-based process of respiration as healthy cells do, cancer cells prefer the anaerobic, or oxygen-free, process of fermentation. Not all \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-fermentation-gives-us-beer-wine-cheese-and-cancer/\" target=\"_blank\">products of fermentation\u003c/a> are as welcome as beer, wine and cheese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boston College biology professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/biology/facadmin/seyfried.html\">Dr. Thomas Seyfried\u003c/a> is a leading proponent of the metabolic theory of cancer. He proselytizes Warburg's findings and in 2012 published an academic book called \u003cem>Cancer as a Metabolic Disease\u003c/em> that lays out the evidence behind his beliefs (Currently the book's Facebook page has over 6,000 followers and a lively exchange of self-help tips).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seyfried argues that decades of research, including his own, support the idea that aberrant metabolism can somehow induce malignancy. Further, he believes that research supports at the idea that limiting the fuels available for fermentation — that is, the sugar glucose and the amino acid glutamine — is an overlooked approach to aid treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He specifically implicates mitochondria, our energy-producing organelles, in spurring on malignancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This belief is in part based on work from the '70s and '80s showing that if the cytoplasm (the buoyant cellular goo that contains the mitochondria) is transferred from a normal cells to a tumorigenic cell (one with the potential to develop into a cancer) the tendency toward cancer is suppressed. Conversely, animal research has shown that transferring the nucleus of a malignant cell into the cytoplasm of a normal cell inhibits the tumor potential of that initially malignant cell, implying, according to Seyfried, that whatever is causing the cancer lies in the cytoplasm, not the nucleus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15647368\" target=\"_blank\">research\u003c/a> shows that the introduction of mutations in mitochondrial DNA (former single-celled organisms that our cells eventually engulfed, mitochondria have their own genetic material) reduces the tumor protection purportedly provided by normal mitochondria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you look at the data, you could say that there is clear evidence that cancer is a genetic disease since we can inherit mutations associated with increased cancer risk,\" says Seyfried, \"but many of these mutations disturb cellular respiration. And many non-inherited causes of cancer like radiation impair mitochondrial function.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seyfried's colleague Dominic D'Agostino, a biology professor at the University of South Florida also subscribes to the idea that the primary driver of cancer is mitochondrial dysfunction, which can be induced by any number of carcinogens — genetic predilections, radiation, chemical exposures and diet among them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do many mutations and pathways associated with cancer impair mitochondrial function and cell metabolism, he says, but injured mitochondria also produce volatile compounds called \"reactive oxygen species\" that can damage DNA. \"This can explain why most cancers have mutations,\" he speculates, \"in many cases they're secondary to mitochondrial damage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. E. Aubrey Thompson, a cancer biologist at the Mayo Clinic who in his own words is \"strongly on the mutation side,\" acknowledges that cancer cells re-orchestrate their metabolic activities and that interfering with cancer metabolism is a potentially fruitful area of research. \"There are hundreds of labs already working on this right now,\" he says. Yet, he adds genially, \"there is no evidence of malignancy developing in the absence of mutations. Anyone who thinks otherwise is obligated to design an experiment to disprove this concept ... that's how science works.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there is \u003cem>some\u003c/em> evidence that this might happen, but it's limited. Seyfried pointed me to a 2015 paper by Dr. Stuart Baker of the National Cancer Institute that reviews four recent studies reporting numerous tumors in which zero mutations were found. Seyfried acknowledges that mutations might have been found with more thorough screening and better DNA sequencing technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center President and CEO Dr. Craig Thompson (not to be confused with Mayo's Thompson) hedges on the metabolic theory of cancer. \"While the arguments raised [by Seyfried and others] have been considered by the growing field of cancer metabolism, most investigators have moved on to consider other explanations for the observations,\" he said in an interview. Still, he has \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/blog/license-build-new-theory-cancer-puts-metabolism-center\" target=\"_blank\">recently written\u003c/a> in support of some aspects of the theory with therapeutic implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a way, the various competing cancer theories aren't completely at odds. \"Despite all the talk of controversy in the field, the concepts that [Seyfried] and his colleagues are advancing are not really that novel,\" says Mayo's Thompson , \"I think everybody who works in cancer biology today appreciates the fact that there are many different processes involved in a conversion of a normal cell to a tumor cell.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He believes a coalescence of pernicious influences is required for a cancer to develop. \"One of these processes is probably altered metabolic activity,\" he says. \"But cancers also must acquire mutations, change the way they interact with neighboring cells and learn to evade the immune system. Every single one of these processes is probably essential to cancer development.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Vander Heiden, a biologist at MIT and oncologist at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute, also says many factors are necessary to induce cancer, including what could be considered the other major theory on the origin of malignancies, that they result from the impairment of signaling pathways that control cell division. \"My guess is it's probably metabolic, and it's probably genetic and it's probably cell signaling. I'm not sure you can separate these out since they all appear to be so interrelated,\" he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of the initial cancer trigger, the ultimate end of the biomedical bickering is to help patients. And as Vander Heiden points out, not only are researchers and pharmaceutical companies already developing drugs that target metabolic pathways, such drugs have been around for some time. \"I think targeting metabolic pathways in cancer is a great idea. We already have five or six mainstay chemotherapies that yes, attack cell division machinery, but also target metabolism \" explains Vander Heiden, \"They're just not billed that way.\"Seyfried is skeptical that medicines alone will cure cancer. Instead he and many of his colleagues — including Dr. Eugene Fine from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh neurosurgeon Dr. Joseph Maroon — are focusing on the potential of dietary approaches to contain the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's particular interest in the ketogenic diet, similar to the low-carb Atkins diet that is low in sugar and high in fat. It's intended to starve cancer cells of the glucose they use for fermentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The drugs we have now are so toxic and there's no reason people should have to be poisoned to be healthy. There are a number of studies, including those we've published, showing a direct relationship between the ketogenic diet and slowed tumor growth,\" says Seyfried, also citing the work of Dr. Valter Longo, of the University of Southern California's Davis School of Gerontology. That work shows that low-calorie diets are linked with slowed tumor growth and improved response to chemotherapy. \"Why spend all this money going after all these different pathways involved in cancer when you can simply go after the key fuels?\" Seyfried asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of fighting cancer by changing what patients eat has obvious appeal, but it also raises worries. \"I get a little scared when people start talking about diet for cancer since you can quickly get into pseudoscience here,\" Mayo's Thompson counters. He points out that data supporting the ketogenic diet in cancer are limited — and further that rigorous dietary studies are incredibly hard to pull off. \"The drug companies aren't going to fund these types of trials,\" he says. \"They can't make money marketing a diet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vander Heiden is also wary of many dietary claims, in part because of biased expectations. \"It seems that people have often decided what diet they think is best before they do a study,\" he says. \"There's a difference between setting out to prove something is a good therapy and asking what therapy is best.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His own work has shown that certain dietary interventions can be more effective than drugs at treating cancer in mice, but he says panacean claims about the ketogenic diet specifically are a bit premature. \"I think it's a really interesting hypothesis that should continue to be tested, but to claim that cancer is all metabolic or all genetic is probably incorrect,\" he says. \"Usually in science when you have something as complex as cancer, ascribing it to one particular cause is often going too far.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even Seyfried acknowledges, despite his zeal for treating cancer by tinkering with calories, that in all likelihood diet and nutrient-based cancer treatments will serve as adjuncts to existing therapies. But what would be wrong with that? \"We're slowing the tumor down and making it extremely vulnerable to lower, less-toxic doses of available drugs,\" he says, \"When people are locked into an ideology created by a dogma they tend not to focus on rational alternatives.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bret Stetka is a writer based in New York and an editorial director at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/public/bios/bio-bretstetka\" target=\"_blank\">Medscape\u003c/a>.\u003cem> His work has appeared in \u003c/em>Wired\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Scientific American\u003cem> and on The Atlantic.com. He graduated from University of Virginia School of Medicine in 2005. He's also on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BretStetka\" target=\"_blank\">@BretStetka\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Fighting+Cancer+By+Putting+Tumor+Cells+On+A+Diet&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Bay Area Soccer Superstar Brandi Chastain to Donate Brain for Concussion Research",
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"content": "\u003cp>Retired soccer player Brandi Chastain, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbdddwVP7X4&feature=player_embedded\" target=\"_blank\">who became a legend\u003c/a> when she scored the winning goal in the 1999 World Cup final and famously ripped off her jersey in celebration, says she will donate her brain for concussion research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chastain, 47, a former Santa Clara University soccer star, who now lives in San Jose, has made concussion research a mission. In 2014, she joined with the Santa Clara Institute of Sports Law and Ethics and the Concussion Legacy Foundation to launch the \u003ca href=\"http://concussionfoundation.org/national-initiatives/safer-soccer\" target=\"_blank\">Safer Soccer\u003c/a> campaign to reduce the use of headers in youth soccer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She announced her donation to the Massachusetts-based \u003ca href=\"http://concussionfoundation.org\" target=\"_blank\">Concussion Legacy Foundation\u003c/a>. Researchers there are focused on studying chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or CTE, a degenerative condition caused by repeated blows to the head. CTE can only be definitively diagnosed by examining the brain after a person's death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/columnist/brennan/2016/03/03/brandi-chastain-donate-brain-concussion-research-cte-boston-university/81240436/\" target=\"_blank\">In an interview with USA Today\u003c/a>, Chastain said, \"Hopefully, what can be learned is, can doctors and scientists and neuroscientists look at the brain of someone like me, who has been playing soccer a majority of my life, and really dissect the brain and say, ‘Here’s where we see it beginning?’ Could we then use that information to help say that before the age of 14, it’s not a good idea to head the ball?’ \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concussion foundation's research team last month announced that it had \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/02/05/ken-stablers-partner-not-suprised-by-cte-findings\" target=\"_blank\">found signs of CTE i\u003c/a>n the brain of former Oakland Raiders quarterback and NFL MVP Ken Stabler. But of the 307 brains in the bank, just seven are from women and none has been found to have CTE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A question I have is, do men’s and women’s brains look and respond differently?” Chastain said. “I’m a recovering two-time ACL reconstruction athlete. Why are ACL injuries more common in girls and women than boys and men? Could that also be true with concussions? And if true, what can we do differently?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While football is responsible for the most concussions, girls soccer is second, according to\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22287642\" target=\"_blank\"> one major analysis\u003c/a>. Concussions have become a major issue for elite women's soccer players. One of Chastain's teammates on the 1999 World Cup championship team, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/12/health/cindy-parlow-cone-soccer-concussion/\" target=\"_blank\">Cindy Parlow Cone\u003c/a>, was forced to retire from soccer in 2006. She had suffered numerous concussions during her career and finally a mini-stroke contributed to ending her career..\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chastain spoke at a press conference in San Jose yesterday. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/04/sports/soccer/brandi-chastain-to-donate-her-brain-for-cte-research.html\" target=\"_blank\">The New York Times\u003c/a> reported Chastain's concerns for youth soccer. Only one percent of soccer players will become elite players, Chastain said. The Times summarized Chastain's comments further:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The rest of them will go on to have lives doing something else. You don’t ever want to look back on a kid and say that their life was adversely changed by playing sports — and soccer specifically. I don’t want that. I don’t want that for them; I don’t want that for soccer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love playing sports. Injuries and accidents are somewhat inherent in sports. But if you can protect your kids, you should. That’s your responsibility as a coach.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NCAA \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/estimated-probability-competing-college-athletics\" target=\"_blank\">estimates the probability \u003c/a>of high school athletes going on to play Division I, II, or III college sports. With the exception of ice hockey and lacrosse, the odds are less than 10 percent. For women's soccer, the odds are seven percent.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Retired soccer player Brandi Chastain, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbdddwVP7X4&feature=player_embedded\" target=\"_blank\">who became a legend\u003c/a> when she scored the winning goal in the 1999 World Cup final and famously ripped off her jersey in celebration, says she will donate her brain for concussion research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chastain, 47, a former Santa Clara University soccer star, who now lives in San Jose, has made concussion research a mission. In 2014, she joined with the Santa Clara Institute of Sports Law and Ethics and the Concussion Legacy Foundation to launch the \u003ca href=\"http://concussionfoundation.org/national-initiatives/safer-soccer\" target=\"_blank\">Safer Soccer\u003c/a> campaign to reduce the use of headers in youth soccer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She announced her donation to the Massachusetts-based \u003ca href=\"http://concussionfoundation.org\" target=\"_blank\">Concussion Legacy Foundation\u003c/a>. Researchers there are focused on studying chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or CTE, a degenerative condition caused by repeated blows to the head. CTE can only be definitively diagnosed by examining the brain after a person's death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/columnist/brennan/2016/03/03/brandi-chastain-donate-brain-concussion-research-cte-boston-university/81240436/\" target=\"_blank\">In an interview with USA Today\u003c/a>, Chastain said, \"Hopefully, what can be learned is, can doctors and scientists and neuroscientists look at the brain of someone like me, who has been playing soccer a majority of my life, and really dissect the brain and say, ‘Here’s where we see it beginning?’ Could we then use that information to help say that before the age of 14, it’s not a good idea to head the ball?’ \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concussion foundation's research team last month announced that it had \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/02/05/ken-stablers-partner-not-suprised-by-cte-findings\" target=\"_blank\">found signs of CTE i\u003c/a>n the brain of former Oakland Raiders quarterback and NFL MVP Ken Stabler. But of the 307 brains in the bank, just seven are from women and none has been found to have CTE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A question I have is, do men’s and women’s brains look and respond differently?” Chastain said. “I’m a recovering two-time ACL reconstruction athlete. Why are ACL injuries more common in girls and women than boys and men? Could that also be true with concussions? And if true, what can we do differently?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While football is responsible for the most concussions, girls soccer is second, according to\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22287642\" target=\"_blank\"> one major analysis\u003c/a>. Concussions have become a major issue for elite women's soccer players. One of Chastain's teammates on the 1999 World Cup championship team, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/12/health/cindy-parlow-cone-soccer-concussion/\" target=\"_blank\">Cindy Parlow Cone\u003c/a>, was forced to retire from soccer in 2006. She had suffered numerous concussions during her career and finally a mini-stroke contributed to ending her career..\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chastain spoke at a press conference in San Jose yesterday. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/04/sports/soccer/brandi-chastain-to-donate-her-brain-for-cte-research.html\" target=\"_blank\">The New York Times\u003c/a> reported Chastain's concerns for youth soccer. Only one percent of soccer players will become elite players, Chastain said. The Times summarized Chastain's comments further:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The rest of them will go on to have lives doing something else. You don’t ever want to look back on a kid and say that their life was adversely changed by playing sports — and soccer specifically. I don’t want that. I don’t want that for them; I don’t want that for soccer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love playing sports. Injuries and accidents are somewhat inherent in sports. But if you can protect your kids, you should. That’s your responsibility as a coach.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NCAA \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/estimated-probability-competing-college-athletics\" target=\"_blank\">estimates the probability \u003c/a>of high school athletes going on to play Division I, II, or III college sports. With the exception of ice hockey and lacrosse, the odds are less than 10 percent. For women's soccer, the odds are seven percent.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What Offers Better Immunity: The Flu Vaccine or the Flu Itself?",
"title": "What Offers Better Immunity: The Flu Vaccine or the Flu Itself?",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>This year’s flu season has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-february-flu-20160211-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">fairly mild\u003c/a> so far, as predicted. But also as \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2015/12/17/flu-season-february/\">predicted\u003c/a>, flu cases have been picking up, in line with the expected February peak this year. The most \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/summary.htm\">recent report\u003c/a> from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows an increase in influenza-like illnesses and notes that it’s never too late to get vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The big problem with immunity you might get from having the flu ... is that you have to actually get the flu. It can be a serious illness.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But the flu vaccines varies widely in its effectiveness from year to year. So, how worthwhile is it, really? You could instead take your chances with the flu, and if you get it, you’ll have even better immunity to the flu in the future anyway, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, it’s not that simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two things to unpack here: how effective the flu vaccine is and whether getting the flu might protect someone more than the vaccine from future illness. Both of these start with understanding the virus itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What makes the flu virus so confusing and tricky is it mutates,” explained Dr. Kawsar R. Talaat with the Center For Immunization Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. “When it makes copies of itself, it does so sloppily, and there are mistakes made,” Talaat said. “Some of those mistakes don’t work — the virus doesn’t leave the cell or dies — but occasionally in the copying process, it allows the virus to be a little bit better at infecting the next person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The influenza virus also mutates very rapidly, explained Litjen Tan, Ph.D., chief strategy officer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.immunize.org/\">Immunization Action Coalition\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With flu, we’re dealing with a very cool virus,” Tan said. “It’s got these great ways of switching around its genes so it can look different, and it wants to look different so it can better evade the immune system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These rapid mutations account for the different strains among the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/types.htm\" target=\"_blank\">four basic types\u003c/a> of flu viruses that infect humans. That variety of strains partly explains the variation in the flu vaccine’s effectiveness. To make an effective vaccine, public health officials must predict which strains will be circulating almost a year ahead of time, all while the virus is a moving target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine’s effectiveness falls short for other reasons too, Talaat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A person's \"immune response to flu vaccine is not perfect, so effectiveness will never be 100 percent even if the strains perfectly match,” Talaat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, even if strains or antibodies match well, each new vaccine’s ability to induce an immune response varies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, individuals respond differently to the vaccine. Older adults do not mount as strong a defense because their immune systems are older. Infants don’t mount a strong response because their immune systems aren’t fully developed yet. And if you're in the middle -- being sick, tired, sleep-deprived or otherwise run down in some way may affect how well your own body responds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the evidence suggesting \u003ca href=\"http://www.statnews.com/2015/11/11/flu-shots-reduce-effectiveness/\" target=\"_blank\">annual flu shots are less effective\u003c/a> when you’ve had one the previous year. One possible explanation for this is that the body’s response to a previous year’s vaccine blunts the response the following year, Tan said, but scientists are still trying to understand it. A blunted immune response from the vaccine, however, still offers more protection than not getting the vaccine at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until we get a true handle on what the mechanism could be, the current recommendation is the best one we have,” Tan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point you might be thinking -- maybe I'll just take the immunity I would get from contracting the flu itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_152607\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-152607 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/02/RS12665_20141017_vaccines_jt_002-400x267.jpg\" alt='A student gets a \"flu mist\" vaccine at a campaign at hi Oakland elementary school. The Centers for Disease Control says people ages 2-49 can get this nasal spray vaccine.' width=\"400\" height=\"267\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A student gets a \"flu mist\" vaccine during a clinic at his Oakland elementary school. The Centers for Disease Control says people ages 2-49 can get this nasal spray vaccine. \u003ccite>(James Tensuan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That might make some sense — except it requires actually getting sick, and the flu is not a mild illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first problem with this idea is that you can get really, really sick and die from the flu,” Talaat said. “If you get the flu vaccine, even if it doesn’t protect you from getting sick, hopefully it protects you from severe disease and from death. It tends to mitigate the illness somewhat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is true that a flu infection will stimulate the immune system more strongly than the vaccine will, said Tan, but that comes with a price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a country, we don’t think flu is a big deal, but it is deceivingly serious,” Tan said. Deaths from flu each year \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/us_flu-related_deaths.htm\" target=\"_blank\">vary widely\u003c/a>, but they’re always in the thousands, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5933a1.htm\" target=\"_blank\">ranging from 3,000 to 49,000\u003c/a> people a year in the U.S. “It makes absolutely no sense when we have proven safe and effective vaccine against flu -- and all these other diseases -- that we don’t use them,” Tan said. “It’s like throwing the dice with your child’s, your own or your grandparent’s life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even aside from that gamble, however, the immunity gained from a bout of the flu only protects against that particular subtype and won’t last long because of those rapid mutations described above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Getting the flu and surviving is the best immunity against that particular strain of flu, but that’s just one of the four lineages, and it drifts. That one may be circulating for only three or four years,” Talaat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are you willing to get the flu every three or four years to maintain immunity to it? That doesn’t make a lot of sense.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This year’s flu season has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-february-flu-20160211-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">fairly mild\u003c/a> so far, as predicted. But also as \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2015/12/17/flu-season-february/\">predicted\u003c/a>, flu cases have been picking up, in line with the expected February peak this year. The most \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/summary.htm\">recent report\u003c/a> from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows an increase in influenza-like illnesses and notes that it’s never too late to get vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The big problem with immunity you might get from having the flu ... is that you have to actually get the flu. It can be a serious illness.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But the flu vaccines varies widely in its effectiveness from year to year. So, how worthwhile is it, really? You could instead take your chances with the flu, and if you get it, you’ll have even better immunity to the flu in the future anyway, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, it’s not that simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two things to unpack here: how effective the flu vaccine is and whether getting the flu might protect someone more than the vaccine from future illness. Both of these start with understanding the virus itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What makes the flu virus so confusing and tricky is it mutates,” explained Dr. Kawsar R. Talaat with the Center For Immunization Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. “When it makes copies of itself, it does so sloppily, and there are mistakes made,” Talaat said. “Some of those mistakes don’t work — the virus doesn’t leave the cell or dies — but occasionally in the copying process, it allows the virus to be a little bit better at infecting the next person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The influenza virus also mutates very rapidly, explained Litjen Tan, Ph.D., chief strategy officer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.immunize.org/\">Immunization Action Coalition\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With flu, we’re dealing with a very cool virus,” Tan said. “It’s got these great ways of switching around its genes so it can look different, and it wants to look different so it can better evade the immune system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These rapid mutations account for the different strains among the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/types.htm\" target=\"_blank\">four basic types\u003c/a> of flu viruses that infect humans. That variety of strains partly explains the variation in the flu vaccine’s effectiveness. To make an effective vaccine, public health officials must predict which strains will be circulating almost a year ahead of time, all while the virus is a moving target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine’s effectiveness falls short for other reasons too, Talaat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A person's \"immune response to flu vaccine is not perfect, so effectiveness will never be 100 percent even if the strains perfectly match,” Talaat said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, even if strains or antibodies match well, each new vaccine’s ability to induce an immune response varies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, individuals respond differently to the vaccine. Older adults do not mount as strong a defense because their immune systems are older. Infants don’t mount a strong response because their immune systems aren’t fully developed yet. And if you're in the middle -- being sick, tired, sleep-deprived or otherwise run down in some way may affect how well your own body responds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the evidence suggesting \u003ca href=\"http://www.statnews.com/2015/11/11/flu-shots-reduce-effectiveness/\" target=\"_blank\">annual flu shots are less effective\u003c/a> when you’ve had one the previous year. One possible explanation for this is that the body’s response to a previous year’s vaccine blunts the response the following year, Tan said, but scientists are still trying to understand it. A blunted immune response from the vaccine, however, still offers more protection than not getting the vaccine at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until we get a true handle on what the mechanism could be, the current recommendation is the best one we have,” Tan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point you might be thinking -- maybe I'll just take the immunity I would get from contracting the flu itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_152607\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-152607 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/02/RS12665_20141017_vaccines_jt_002-400x267.jpg\" alt='A student gets a \"flu mist\" vaccine at a campaign at hi Oakland elementary school. The Centers for Disease Control says people ages 2-49 can get this nasal spray vaccine.' width=\"400\" height=\"267\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A student gets a \"flu mist\" vaccine during a clinic at his Oakland elementary school. The Centers for Disease Control says people ages 2-49 can get this nasal spray vaccine. \u003ccite>(James Tensuan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That might make some sense — except it requires actually getting sick, and the flu is not a mild illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first problem with this idea is that you can get really, really sick and die from the flu,” Talaat said. “If you get the flu vaccine, even if it doesn’t protect you from getting sick, hopefully it protects you from severe disease and from death. It tends to mitigate the illness somewhat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is true that a flu infection will stimulate the immune system more strongly than the vaccine will, said Tan, but that comes with a price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a country, we don’t think flu is a big deal, but it is deceivingly serious,” Tan said. Deaths from flu each year \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/us_flu-related_deaths.htm\" target=\"_blank\">vary widely\u003c/a>, but they’re always in the thousands, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5933a1.htm\" target=\"_blank\">ranging from 3,000 to 49,000\u003c/a> people a year in the U.S. “It makes absolutely no sense when we have proven safe and effective vaccine against flu -- and all these other diseases -- that we don’t use them,” Tan said. “It’s like throwing the dice with your child’s, your own or your grandparent’s life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even aside from that gamble, however, the immunity gained from a bout of the flu only protects against that particular subtype and won’t last long because of those rapid mutations described above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Getting the flu and surviving is the best immunity against that particular strain of flu, but that’s just one of the four lineages, and it drifts. 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"content": "\u003cp>My husband died. He wasn't young any more and was sick and weak but we weren't expecting his death to come as quickly as it did, within a few days, almost overnight. He just went away. Maybe there are worse things than a quick, quiet death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what happened next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My brother and sister-in-law (who live a couple of hours away) called: We'll be there tonight, and we're staying until you make us leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A friend: I have some lentil soup, may I bring it over? And may I bring the rest of my family and we'll all eat it together?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A neighbor: When you need to start sorting through things, may I help?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A friend: The kids and I are coming to Baltimore for the weekend. May I bring them and some pies, and come sit by the fire?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Empathy. These people aren't indulging in pity, they're not \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/50/2/314/\">practicing social niceties\u003c/a>. They almost can't help but do this, this completely familiar and utterly strange ability to feel the pain of someone else in pain, to offer the comfort they themselves would need, to merge the comforter with the comforted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A neighbor: I experimented with chicken tikka masala and have some left over. Would you like it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another neighbor: I really miss your husband. Shall we have some tea?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another neighbor: I made lemon cookies, here, have these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another neighbor: I made too much butternut squash soup. Want some?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psychology is interested in empathy, partly to understand its famous failures, partly to understand its social role. It turns out that empathy doesn't reserve its virtues for humans: rats, pigs, and primates \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/trends/neurosciences/abstract/S0166-2236(13)00083-0?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0166223613000830%3Fshowall%3Dtrue&cc=y=\">react\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1686/20150077.abstract\">empathically\u003c/a> to another rat's or pig's or primate's pain. \u003ca href=\"http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/the_evolution_of_empathy\">A monkey pulls a chain\u003c/a>, it gets food but a nearby monkey get shocked; the first monkey, even if it's hungry, refuses to pull the chain again. When I lived in the country, my dog got run over (it lived) and gave a doggy scream of pain; faraway dogs on neighboring farms, dogs I couldn't even see, howled and howled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another neighbor: Drinks tonight? Come over, I've got cheese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another neighbor: Let's go out, there's a nice new restaurant, I'll drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another neighbor: I made you this little pumpkin cake. It's good for breakfast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So empathy isn't only social or psychological; it's also something in the brain, conserved over the species, it's neurological. When a rat or pig or monkey or dog or human sees someone doing some particular action, some of their own neurons, \u003ca href=\"http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/do_mirror_neurons_give_empathy\">called mirror neurons\u003c/a>, controlling the same action also fire: a monkey sees another monkey picking something up, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~pineda/COGS260Mirroring/readings/Uddin%20-%20self%20and%20social%20cognition.pdf\">the picking-up neurons\u003c/a> in the first monkey's brain also fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another neighbor: Come to dinner. I'm making rack of lamb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another neighbor: Need help hanging those pictures? I'm an expert at hanging pictures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A friend: Can we pick up some doughnuts and come over for breakfast?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the arborist consulting about a maple tree: I noticed your lilac got broken in the storm. Let me trim it for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what happens after that? what happens with the empathized? The only research I could find on the effect of empathy was negative, that is, the lack of empathy for certain people in certain situations, and how this lack was hard on those people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I'll tell you the positive effect and you know it already: empathy is pain's best antidote. It is, says Robert Burton in his astonishing \u003ca href=\"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10800/10800-h/10800-h.htm\">Anatomy of Melancholy\u003c/a>, \"as fire in Winter, shade in Summer, as sleep on the grass to them that are weary, meat and drink to him that is hungry or athirst.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pain doesn't go away; but somehow or other, empathy gives the pain meaning, and pain-with-meaning is bearable. I don't actually know how to say what the effect of empathy is, I can only say what it's like. Like magic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the morning after my husband's death, I was sitting with him, waiting for the funeral home people to come get him. They did, a couple of substantial guys in suits and oily manners who were having trouble getting him onto the gurney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just then my husband's nurses, Bridget and Elizabeth, both Africans, came into the room. They moved deliberately, and with great authority they dismissed the funeral home men and took over. They smoothed my husband's hair and touched his cheek and stroked his shoulder, and they pulled his sheet up around him. Together they used the sheet to lift him to the gurney, then touched his face again and laid the sheet gently over it. I've never seen such a thing — such comforting of a man now far from comfort but comforting him anyway. Like a blessing, a sacrament.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ann Finkbeiner is a science writer whose books include \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/After-Death-Child-Living-through/dp/080185914X/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1455812511&sr=1-2&keywords=finkbeiner\" target=\"_blank\">After the Death of a Child\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Jasons-Secret-History-Sciences-Postwar/dp/0143038478/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1455812511&sr=1-5\" target=\"_blank\">The Jasons\u003c/a>. She is co-founder of the blog \u003ca href=\"http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/\" target=\"_blank\">The Last Word on Nothing\u003c/a>, where this \u003ca href=\"http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2016/02/17/what-happened-next/\">essay \u003c/a>first appeared. Her husband, \u003ca href=\"http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/obituaries/bs-md-ob-james-walker-20160126-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">James Calvin (Cal) Walker\u003c/a>, a retired physicist, died on Jan. 15 at age 80. They were married for 30 years.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=They+Brought+Cookies%3A+For+A+New+Widow%2C+Empathy+Eases+Death%27s+Pain&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>My husband died. He wasn't young any more and was sick and weak but we weren't expecting his death to come as quickly as it did, within a few days, almost overnight. He just went away. Maybe there are worse things than a quick, quiet death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what happened next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My brother and sister-in-law (who live a couple of hours away) called: We'll be there tonight, and we're staying until you make us leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A friend: I have some lentil soup, may I bring it over? And may I bring the rest of my family and we'll all eat it together?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A neighbor: When you need to start sorting through things, may I help?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A friend: The kids and I are coming to Baltimore for the weekend. May I bring them and some pies, and come sit by the fire?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Empathy. These people aren't indulging in pity, they're not \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/50/2/314/\">practicing social niceties\u003c/a>. They almost can't help but do this, this completely familiar and utterly strange ability to feel the pain of someone else in pain, to offer the comfort they themselves would need, to merge the comforter with the comforted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A neighbor: I experimented with chicken tikka masala and have some left over. Would you like it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another neighbor: I really miss your husband. Shall we have some tea?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another neighbor: I made lemon cookies, here, have these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another neighbor: I made too much butternut squash soup. Want some?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psychology is interested in empathy, partly to understand its famous failures, partly to understand its social role. It turns out that empathy doesn't reserve its virtues for humans: rats, pigs, and primates \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/trends/neurosciences/abstract/S0166-2236(13)00083-0?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0166223613000830%3Fshowall%3Dtrue&cc=y=\">react\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1686/20150077.abstract\">empathically\u003c/a> to another rat's or pig's or primate's pain. \u003ca href=\"http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/the_evolution_of_empathy\">A monkey pulls a chain\u003c/a>, it gets food but a nearby monkey get shocked; the first monkey, even if it's hungry, refuses to pull the chain again. When I lived in the country, my dog got run over (it lived) and gave a doggy scream of pain; faraway dogs on neighboring farms, dogs I couldn't even see, howled and howled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another neighbor: Drinks tonight? Come over, I've got cheese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another neighbor: Let's go out, there's a nice new restaurant, I'll drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another neighbor: I made you this little pumpkin cake. It's good for breakfast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So empathy isn't only social or psychological; it's also something in the brain, conserved over the species, it's neurological. When a rat or pig or monkey or dog or human sees someone doing some particular action, some of their own neurons, \u003ca href=\"http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/do_mirror_neurons_give_empathy\">called mirror neurons\u003c/a>, controlling the same action also fire: a monkey sees another monkey picking something up, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~pineda/COGS260Mirroring/readings/Uddin%20-%20self%20and%20social%20cognition.pdf\">the picking-up neurons\u003c/a> in the first monkey's brain also fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another neighbor: Come to dinner. I'm making rack of lamb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another neighbor: Need help hanging those pictures? I'm an expert at hanging pictures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A friend: Can we pick up some doughnuts and come over for breakfast?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the arborist consulting about a maple tree: I noticed your lilac got broken in the storm. Let me trim it for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what happens after that? what happens with the empathized? The only research I could find on the effect of empathy was negative, that is, the lack of empathy for certain people in certain situations, and how this lack was hard on those people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I'll tell you the positive effect and you know it already: empathy is pain's best antidote. It is, says Robert Burton in his astonishing \u003ca href=\"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10800/10800-h/10800-h.htm\">Anatomy of Melancholy\u003c/a>, \"as fire in Winter, shade in Summer, as sleep on the grass to them that are weary, meat and drink to him that is hungry or athirst.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pain doesn't go away; but somehow or other, empathy gives the pain meaning, and pain-with-meaning is bearable. I don't actually know how to say what the effect of empathy is, I can only say what it's like. Like magic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the morning after my husband's death, I was sitting with him, waiting for the funeral home people to come get him. They did, a couple of substantial guys in suits and oily manners who were having trouble getting him onto the gurney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just then my husband's nurses, Bridget and Elizabeth, both Africans, came into the room. They moved deliberately, and with great authority they dismissed the funeral home men and took over. They smoothed my husband's hair and touched his cheek and stroked his shoulder, and they pulled his sheet up around him. Together they used the sheet to lift him to the gurney, then touched his face again and laid the sheet gently over it. I've never seen such a thing — such comforting of a man now far from comfort but comforting him anyway. Like a blessing, a sacrament.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ann Finkbeiner is a science writer whose books include \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/After-Death-Child-Living-through/dp/080185914X/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1455812511&sr=1-2&keywords=finkbeiner\" target=\"_blank\">After the Death of a Child\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Jasons-Secret-History-Sciences-Postwar/dp/0143038478/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1455812511&sr=1-5\" target=\"_blank\">The Jasons\u003c/a>. She is co-founder of the blog \u003ca href=\"http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/\" target=\"_blank\">The Last Word on Nothing\u003c/a>, where this \u003ca href=\"http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2016/02/17/what-happened-next/\">essay \u003c/a>first appeared. Her husband, \u003ca href=\"http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/obituaries/bs-md-ob-james-walker-20160126-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">James Calvin (Cal) Walker\u003c/a>, a retired physicist, died on Jan. 15 at age 80. They were married for 30 years.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=They+Brought+Cookies%3A+For+A+New+Widow%2C+Empathy+Eases+Death%27s+Pain&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Health Reform Roils Downton Abbey",
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"content": "\u003cp>This season, Downton Abbey has a new plot line that has health wonks on the edge of their seats: a heated debate about hospital consolidation that closely parallels what’s going on in the U.S. health care system today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re not a Downton fan (and even if you are), here’s a quick plot recap.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The royal Yorkshire county hospital wants to take over our little hospital, which is outrageous!'\u003ccite> Dowager Countess of Grantham \u003c/cite>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s 1925 for the lords and ladies at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/downtonabbey/\" target=\"_blank\">Downton Abbey \u003c/a>— think flapper dresses, cocktail parties and women’s rights. A big hospital in the nearby city of York is making a play to take over the Downton Cottage Hospital next to the posh estate. Or as Maggie Smith’s character, the Dowager Countess of Grantham, sees it, “The royal Yorkshire county hospital wants to take over our little hospital, which is outrageous!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle lines have been drawn between the Dowager Countess, who wants the hospital to stay a small community endeavor, and the rest of the family, which hopes the merger will turn the dinky open-ward affair into a first-rate modern medical institution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health care historian Howard Markel, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://chm.med.umich.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for the History of Medicine at the University of Michigan\u003c/a>, said the conceit is actually fairly accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The 1920s really begins the golden age of medicine,” he explained. Before then, hospitals didn’t have much to offer in the way of treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were really based on old time 19th century medicine, and what that entails is basically nursing. You feed people, you make them comfortable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There weren’t many medications — no antibiotics, insulin or even intravenous fluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the early 20th century, all sorts of new medical technologies came onto the scene — new ways to peer into the body, new medications and pathogen-free surgeries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To provide modern care, “you need X-ray machines of all kinds, you need a chemistry laboratory and you need special operating rooms,” said Markel, all of which cost much more than the gauze and broth of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cities started to build bigger, grander hospitals, which in turn started to absorb the smaller, old-fashioned hospitals in the surrounding towns and villages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those mergers did have some benefits for local populations. “If we form such a partnership, our patients would have more access to more modern equipment. To more advanced treatments,” Downton Abbey’s Lord Merton noted on the show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of his real-life contemporaries agreed, making the golden age of medicine a heyday for hospital consolidation on both sides of the pond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowadays, said Kathy McDonald, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://healthpolicy.fsi.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford University Center for Health Policy\u003c/a>, we appear to be in another Downton-like consolidation surge here in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been since about 2010 that there’s been sort of an uptick in terms of consolidations,” said McDonald. About 100 mergers and acquisitions occur each year right now, about twice as many as there were before 2010, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this time around, it’s not about technology — it’s about finances. Hospitals want to be part of larger networks to flex their muscles in negotiations for profitable contracts with insurers. And thanks to the Affordable Care Act, they are now often paid based on the quality and efficiency of the care they provide, rather than for each test or procedure. Actually tracking how good their quality is turns out to be very expensive. And it can be more economical to team up to manage care and track quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They might be providing perfectly good quality, but if they can’t prove it, then they’re not going to get paid as well,” said McDonald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those mergers can have real consequences for communities, which may see a local hospital transform or even disappear entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just like on Downton Abbey, the local hospital is a resource that people care about. They employ people in a community and they take care of people,” said McDonald. So the debates continue, now as then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And true to form, the indomitable Dowager Countess tells us exactly what she thinks about all this so-called progress: “For years, I’ve watched governments take control of our lives and their argument is always the same: fewer costs, greater efficiency. But the result is the same too. Less control by the people, more control by the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So whose side are the experts on in this Downton debate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Personally I love Maggie Smith and have loved her since I was a young boy, so I’m on her side as a fan,” said Markel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, the other side is probably right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McDonald is also on the side of progress. But even for health care policy experts, it’s hard to argue against the Dowager Countess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are plenty of Downton fans who say the whole hospital plot line is kind of a snoozer. Maybe it’s no surprise — the wonks love it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Health care just matters to people, so even though we might not be paying attention to this plot line, we probably should,” said McDonald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with an audience of nearly 10 million viewers this season, there’s a good chance at least a few people are.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This season, Downton Abbey has a new plot line that has health wonks on the edge of their seats: a heated debate about hospital consolidation that closely parallels what’s going on in the U.S. health care system today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re not a Downton fan (and even if you are), here’s a quick plot recap.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The royal Yorkshire county hospital wants to take over our little hospital, which is outrageous!'\u003ccite> Dowager Countess of Grantham \u003c/cite>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s 1925 for the lords and ladies at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/downtonabbey/\" target=\"_blank\">Downton Abbey \u003c/a>— think flapper dresses, cocktail parties and women’s rights. A big hospital in the nearby city of York is making a play to take over the Downton Cottage Hospital next to the posh estate. Or as Maggie Smith’s character, the Dowager Countess of Grantham, sees it, “The royal Yorkshire county hospital wants to take over our little hospital, which is outrageous!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle lines have been drawn between the Dowager Countess, who wants the hospital to stay a small community endeavor, and the rest of the family, which hopes the merger will turn the dinky open-ward affair into a first-rate modern medical institution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health care historian Howard Markel, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://chm.med.umich.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for the History of Medicine at the University of Michigan\u003c/a>, said the conceit is actually fairly accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The 1920s really begins the golden age of medicine,” he explained. Before then, hospitals didn’t have much to offer in the way of treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were really based on old time 19th century medicine, and what that entails is basically nursing. You feed people, you make them comfortable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There weren’t many medications — no antibiotics, insulin or even intravenous fluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the early 20th century, all sorts of new medical technologies came onto the scene — new ways to peer into the body, new medications and pathogen-free surgeries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To provide modern care, “you need X-ray machines of all kinds, you need a chemistry laboratory and you need special operating rooms,” said Markel, all of which cost much more than the gauze and broth of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cities started to build bigger, grander hospitals, which in turn started to absorb the smaller, old-fashioned hospitals in the surrounding towns and villages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those mergers did have some benefits for local populations. “If we form such a partnership, our patients would have more access to more modern equipment. To more advanced treatments,” Downton Abbey’s Lord Merton noted on the show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of his real-life contemporaries agreed, making the golden age of medicine a heyday for hospital consolidation on both sides of the pond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowadays, said Kathy McDonald, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://healthpolicy.fsi.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford University Center for Health Policy\u003c/a>, we appear to be in another Downton-like consolidation surge here in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been since about 2010 that there’s been sort of an uptick in terms of consolidations,” said McDonald. About 100 mergers and acquisitions occur each year right now, about twice as many as there were before 2010, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this time around, it’s not about technology — it’s about finances. Hospitals want to be part of larger networks to flex their muscles in negotiations for profitable contracts with insurers. And thanks to the Affordable Care Act, they are now often paid based on the quality and efficiency of the care they provide, rather than for each test or procedure. Actually tracking how good their quality is turns out to be very expensive. And it can be more economical to team up to manage care and track quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They might be providing perfectly good quality, but if they can’t prove it, then they’re not going to get paid as well,” said McDonald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those mergers can have real consequences for communities, which may see a local hospital transform or even disappear entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just like on Downton Abbey, the local hospital is a resource that people care about. They employ people in a community and they take care of people,” said McDonald. So the debates continue, now as then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And true to form, the indomitable Dowager Countess tells us exactly what she thinks about all this so-called progress: “For years, I’ve watched governments take control of our lives and their argument is always the same: fewer costs, greater efficiency. But the result is the same too. Less control by the people, more control by the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So whose side are the experts on in this Downton debate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Personally I love Maggie Smith and have loved her since I was a young boy, so I’m on her side as a fan,” said Markel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, the other side is probably right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McDonald is also on the side of progress. But even for health care policy experts, it’s hard to argue against the Dowager Countess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are plenty of Downton fans who say the whole hospital plot line is kind of a snoozer. Maybe it’s no surprise — the wonks love it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Health care just matters to people, so even though we might not be paying attention to this plot line, we probably should,” said McDonald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with an audience of nearly 10 million viewers this season, there’s a good chance at least a few people are.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Is Organic More Nutritious? New Study Adds To The Evidence",
"title": "Is Organic More Nutritious? New Study Adds To The Evidence",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>It's often a split-second decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You're in the produce aisle, and those organic apples on display look nice. You like the \u003cem>idea\u003c/em> of organic — but they're a few bucks extra. Ditto for the organic milk and meat. Do you splurge? Or do you ask yourself: What am I really getting from organic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been trying to answer this question. And the results of a huge \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26878105\" target=\"_blank\">new meta-analysis\u003c/a> published this week in the \u003cem>British Journal of Nutrition\u003c/em> adds to the evidence that organic production can boost key nutrients in foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study finds that organic dairy and meat contain about 50 percent more omega-3 fatty acids. The increase is the result of animals foraging on grasses rich in omega-3s, which then end up in dairy and meats. The findings are based on data pooled from more than 200 studies, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/12/09/249794467/fresh-research-finds-organic-milk-packs-in-omega-3s\" target=\"_blank\">research in the U.S.\u003c/a> has pointed to similar benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Omega-3s are linked to reductions in cardiovascular disease, improved neurological development and function, and better immune function,\" writes study co-author \u003ca href=\"Such%20small%20changes%20are%20unlikely%20to%20represent%20any%20nutritional%20or%20health%20benefit.\" target=\"_blank\">Chris Seal\u003c/a>, a professor of food and human nutrition at Newcastle University in the U.K. \"So we think it's important for nutrition,\" Seal told us. That said, organic meat and dairy contain far lower concentrations of omega-3s than what are found in fish such as salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are part of a growing body of evidence documenting how farming methods can influence the nutritional content of foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24968103\" target=\"_blank\">large meta-analysis\u003c/a> published in 2014, also in the \u003cem>British Journal of Nutrition,\u003c/em> found that organic crops — ranging from carrots and broccoli to apples and blueberries — have substantially higher concentrations of a range of antioxidants and other potentially beneficial compounds. That review included data from more than 300 studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, organic crops had about 50 percent more anthocyanins and flavonols compared with conventional crops. Anthocyanins are compounds that give fruits and vegetables, such as blueberries, their blue, purple and red hues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumption of these compounds is linked to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22129334\" target=\"_blank\">variety of benefits\u003c/a>, including anti-inflammatory effects. \u003ca href=\"http://nutrition.ucdavis.edu/content/infosheets/fact-pro-flavonol.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Flavonol compounds\u003c/a> — found widely in fruits and vegetables — have also been shown to protect cells from damage, which can help fend off disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_149764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-149764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/02/organicmilk_enl-54e9b2c1cbcfdbec176a87ae39792f7fc3a9ff11-e1455825296434.jpg\" alt=\"Organic milk is processed at a dairy farm in Westbrook, Maine. A new meta-analysis finds that organic milk contains significantly more omega-3 fatty acids than its conventional counterpart. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1365\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Organic milk is processed at a dairy farm in Westbrook, Maine. A new meta-analysis finds that organic milk contains significantly more omega-3 fatty acids than its conventional counterpart. \u003ccite>(Pat Wellenbach/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, what explains these boosts in antioxidant and other beneficial compounds in organic crops? Well, as Seal explains, it comes down to stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organic crops tend to be exposed to higher levels of stress — including insect attacks, Seal says. And in response, they form compounds to help combat the stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if a carrot fly lands on a carrot and starts to chew on it, what options does the plant have?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it's a conventionally grown carrot, a pesticide can be applied to repel the pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in organic agriculture, that carrot has to fend for itself a bit more. So, Seal explains, the carrot produces compounds known as polyacetylenes, which taste bitter to the carrot fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These polyacetylene compounds may help drive the fly away — and, serendipitously, this compound may benefit us as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in animals \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22263789\" target=\"_blank\">suggests\u003c/a> polyacetylene compounds may play a role in reducing inflammation and cancer risk, but it's unclear how much must be eaten to benefit human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current research aims to address this question, but the answer is difficult to suss out, given that our diets are so complex and our bodies may not absorb all the nutrients we eat. In fact, broadly speaking, this is the challenge in trying to isolate the benefits of micronutrients in our diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another difference between organic and conventional crops is the way plants get nitrogen. Conventional crops are given steady doses of nitrogen from synthetic fertilizer. In organic systems, which rely heavily on crop rotation and composting, there's typically less nitrogen available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, organic crops tend to grow more slowly, and produce more of what scientists call secondary plant metabolites. These compounds also may be health-promoting when we eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study of tomatoes conducted at the UC Davis back in 2008 found that organic tomatoes have almost \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90914182\" target=\"_blank\">double the concentration \u003c/a>of a beneficial flavonoid known as quercetin, compared with conventional tomatoes grown on an adjacent field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2014 meta-analysis in the \u003cem>British Journal of Nutrition\u003c/em> pointed to other differences in organic crops as well, including lower levels of pesticide residues on produce and lower concentrations of the metal cadmium, which is naturally occurring in soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And these findings — according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncl.ac.uk/energy/people/profile/carlo.leifert\" target=\"_blank\">Carlo Leifert\u003c/a>, a professor of agriculture at Newcastle and co-author of the latest study — suggest there are indeed benefits to buying and eating organic. \"Taken together, the studies on crops, meat and milk suggest that a switch to organic fruit, vegetables, meat and dairy products would provide significantly higher amounts of dietary antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids,\" Leifert wrote in a release about the new papers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plenty of skeptics remain. \"Such small changes are unlikely to represent any nutritional or health benefit,\" writes \u003ca href=\"https://www.reading.ac.uk/apd/staff/d-i-givens.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Ian Givens\u003c/a>, a professor of nutrition at the University of Reading. In a statement on the new findings, Givens points out that switching from conventional milk to organic milk would increase omega-3 intake by only very small margins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And an \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/09/04/160395259/why-organic-food-may-not-be-healthier-for-you\" target=\"_blank\">analysis\u003c/a> by researchers at Stanford University published several years ago concluded there was no good evidence that organic fruits and vegetables were more nutritious overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are echoes of this finding in the newer meta-analysis studies. Although organic crops had higher levels of antioxidants, they did not consistently contain higher levels of vitamins. For instance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/07/11/330760923/are-organic-vegetables-more-nutritious-after-all\" target=\"_blank\">as we've reported\u003c/a>, vitamin E levels didn't vary much between organic and conventional crops. And protein levels were lower in organic crops such as wheat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the big picture, lots of experts say that, from a health perspective, what you eat matters more than whether you choose organic or conventional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at a time when most Americans \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/downloads/State-Indicator-Report-Fruits-Vegetables-2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">don't eat the recommended servings\u003c/a> of fruits and vegetables, perhaps the more important step is to add them to your diet — no matter what farming methods were used to grow them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you like the environmental benefits of organic agriculture, these studies point to potential nutritional benefits as well, at least when it comes to maximizing the antioxidants and micronutrients you get from foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+Organic+More+Nutritious%3F+New+Study+Adds+To+The+Evidence&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Organic dairy and meat contain significantly more omega-3s than their conventional counterparts, a huge new study finds. It's the latest research to show organic production can boost key nutrients.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's often a split-second decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You're in the produce aisle, and those organic apples on display look nice. You like the \u003cem>idea\u003c/em> of organic — but they're a few bucks extra. Ditto for the organic milk and meat. Do you splurge? Or do you ask yourself: What am I really getting from organic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been trying to answer this question. And the results of a huge \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26878105\" target=\"_blank\">new meta-analysis\u003c/a> published this week in the \u003cem>British Journal of Nutrition\u003c/em> adds to the evidence that organic production can boost key nutrients in foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study finds that organic dairy and meat contain about 50 percent more omega-3 fatty acids. The increase is the result of animals foraging on grasses rich in omega-3s, which then end up in dairy and meats. The findings are based on data pooled from more than 200 studies, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/12/09/249794467/fresh-research-finds-organic-milk-packs-in-omega-3s\" target=\"_blank\">research in the U.S.\u003c/a> has pointed to similar benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Omega-3s are linked to reductions in cardiovascular disease, improved neurological development and function, and better immune function,\" writes study co-author \u003ca href=\"Such%20small%20changes%20are%20unlikely%20to%20represent%20any%20nutritional%20or%20health%20benefit.\" target=\"_blank\">Chris Seal\u003c/a>, a professor of food and human nutrition at Newcastle University in the U.K. \"So we think it's important for nutrition,\" Seal told us. That said, organic meat and dairy contain far lower concentrations of omega-3s than what are found in fish such as salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are part of a growing body of evidence documenting how farming methods can influence the nutritional content of foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24968103\" target=\"_blank\">large meta-analysis\u003c/a> published in 2014, also in the \u003cem>British Journal of Nutrition,\u003c/em> found that organic crops — ranging from carrots and broccoli to apples and blueberries — have substantially higher concentrations of a range of antioxidants and other potentially beneficial compounds. That review included data from more than 300 studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, organic crops had about 50 percent more anthocyanins and flavonols compared with conventional crops. Anthocyanins are compounds that give fruits and vegetables, such as blueberries, their blue, purple and red hues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumption of these compounds is linked to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22129334\" target=\"_blank\">variety of benefits\u003c/a>, including anti-inflammatory effects. \u003ca href=\"http://nutrition.ucdavis.edu/content/infosheets/fact-pro-flavonol.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Flavonol compounds\u003c/a> — found widely in fruits and vegetables — have also been shown to protect cells from damage, which can help fend off disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_149764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-149764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/02/organicmilk_enl-54e9b2c1cbcfdbec176a87ae39792f7fc3a9ff11-e1455825296434.jpg\" alt=\"Organic milk is processed at a dairy farm in Westbrook, Maine. A new meta-analysis finds that organic milk contains significantly more omega-3 fatty acids than its conventional counterpart. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1365\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Organic milk is processed at a dairy farm in Westbrook, Maine. A new meta-analysis finds that organic milk contains significantly more omega-3 fatty acids than its conventional counterpart. \u003ccite>(Pat Wellenbach/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, what explains these boosts in antioxidant and other beneficial compounds in organic crops? Well, as Seal explains, it comes down to stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organic crops tend to be exposed to higher levels of stress — including insect attacks, Seal says. And in response, they form compounds to help combat the stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if a carrot fly lands on a carrot and starts to chew on it, what options does the plant have?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it's a conventionally grown carrot, a pesticide can be applied to repel the pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in organic agriculture, that carrot has to fend for itself a bit more. So, Seal explains, the carrot produces compounds known as polyacetylenes, which taste bitter to the carrot fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These polyacetylene compounds may help drive the fly away — and, serendipitously, this compound may benefit us as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in animals \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22263789\" target=\"_blank\">suggests\u003c/a> polyacetylene compounds may play a role in reducing inflammation and cancer risk, but it's unclear how much must be eaten to benefit human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current research aims to address this question, but the answer is difficult to suss out, given that our diets are so complex and our bodies may not absorb all the nutrients we eat. In fact, broadly speaking, this is the challenge in trying to isolate the benefits of micronutrients in our diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another difference between organic and conventional crops is the way plants get nitrogen. Conventional crops are given steady doses of nitrogen from synthetic fertilizer. In organic systems, which rely heavily on crop rotation and composting, there's typically less nitrogen available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, organic crops tend to grow more slowly, and produce more of what scientists call secondary plant metabolites. These compounds also may be health-promoting when we eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study of tomatoes conducted at the UC Davis back in 2008 found that organic tomatoes have almost \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90914182\" target=\"_blank\">double the concentration \u003c/a>of a beneficial flavonoid known as quercetin, compared with conventional tomatoes grown on an adjacent field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2014 meta-analysis in the \u003cem>British Journal of Nutrition\u003c/em> pointed to other differences in organic crops as well, including lower levels of pesticide residues on produce and lower concentrations of the metal cadmium, which is naturally occurring in soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And these findings — according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncl.ac.uk/energy/people/profile/carlo.leifert\" target=\"_blank\">Carlo Leifert\u003c/a>, a professor of agriculture at Newcastle and co-author of the latest study — suggest there are indeed benefits to buying and eating organic. \"Taken together, the studies on crops, meat and milk suggest that a switch to organic fruit, vegetables, meat and dairy products would provide significantly higher amounts of dietary antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids,\" Leifert wrote in a release about the new papers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plenty of skeptics remain. \"Such small changes are unlikely to represent any nutritional or health benefit,\" writes \u003ca href=\"https://www.reading.ac.uk/apd/staff/d-i-givens.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Ian Givens\u003c/a>, a professor of nutrition at the University of Reading. In a statement on the new findings, Givens points out that switching from conventional milk to organic milk would increase omega-3 intake by only very small margins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And an \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/09/04/160395259/why-organic-food-may-not-be-healthier-for-you\" target=\"_blank\">analysis\u003c/a> by researchers at Stanford University published several years ago concluded there was no good evidence that organic fruits and vegetables were more nutritious overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are echoes of this finding in the newer meta-analysis studies. Although organic crops had higher levels of antioxidants, they did not consistently contain higher levels of vitamins. For instance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/07/11/330760923/are-organic-vegetables-more-nutritious-after-all\" target=\"_blank\">as we've reported\u003c/a>, vitamin E levels didn't vary much between organic and conventional crops. And protein levels were lower in organic crops such as wheat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the big picture, lots of experts say that, from a health perspective, what you eat matters more than whether you choose organic or conventional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at a time when most Americans \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/downloads/State-Indicator-Report-Fruits-Vegetables-2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">don't eat the recommended servings\u003c/a> of fruits and vegetables, perhaps the more important step is to add them to your diet — no matter what farming methods were used to grow them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you like the environmental benefits of organic agriculture, these studies point to potential nutritional benefits as well, at least when it comes to maximizing the antioxidants and micronutrients you get from foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+Organic+More+Nutritious%3F+New+Study+Adds+To+The+Evidence&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Inside A Doctor's Mind At The End Of His Life",
"title": "Inside A Doctor's Mind At The End Of His Life",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Dr. Paul Kalanithi was preparing to wrap up his medical residency in neurosurgery when, in 2013, a CT scan revealed tumors throughout his body. He had stage 4 lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his last two years of life, he continued caring for patients. He and his wife became parents. And Kalanithi, a gifted writer, wrote a book, \u003cem>When Breath Becomes Air, \u003c/em>a reflection on being a doctor with a terminal illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/03/12/dr-paul-kalanithi-stanford-writer-and-neurosurgeon-dies-at-37\" target=\"_blank\">died\u003c/a> March 9, 2015. He was 37 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_146919\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 294px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-146919 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/02/Screen-Shot-2016-02-12-at-9.49.26-AM.png\" alt=\"When Breath Becomes Air by Paul Kalanithi Hardcover, 228 pages\" width=\"294\" height=\"445\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When Breath Becomes Air\u003cbr> by Paul Kalanithi\u003cbr> Hardcover, 228 pages\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His widow, Dr. Lucy Kalanithi, is on a book tour for \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/463803406/when-breath-becomes-air\" target=\"_blank\">When Breath Becomes Air\u003c/a>,\u003c/em> which has resonated with a wide audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really kind of a bittersweet process, as you can imagine, quite bitter and quite sweet,\" she tells NPR's David Greene. \"Paul died nearly 11 months ago, but being able to talk about how I feel and remember Paul is actually very healing for me. So it's actually kind of wonderful at the same time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her interview on \u003cem>Morning Edition,\u003c/em> she reads excerpts from \u003cem>When Breath Becomes Air \u003c/em>and talks about her late husband's life.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the cancer spreading to his brain and having a neurological impact\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Would you trade your ability to speak for another five months of life, or what type of neurologic devastation would make it more reasonable to stop living than to be alive? And these are not theoretical questions in the neurosurgical context. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, that was very hard. This whole second half of the book is Paul thinking about how to grapple, in a very real way, with his own mortality. And then when he was diagnosed with a form of metastatic brain cancer called \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/leptomeningeal-metastases\">leptomeningeal disease\u003c/a> — it's essentially like tumors are coating your brain and your spinal cord, and it also holds the prospect of seizures or trouble speaking, trouble thinking. So, it was so intense to get this diagnosis on top of everything else that meant that his ability to participate in all of the things that were bringing him meaning — particularly writing this book and being together with our daughter and our family — was really devastating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On their daughter, Elizabeth Acadia Kalanithi\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was just thrilled to be a dad, and just the fact of having this infant just breathed this unbelievable life into our house. He was the one who initially had the strong instinct to have a child despite his illness. ... I said to Paul, \"Don't you think that saying goodbye to a child would make your death more painful?\" And he said, \"Wouldn't it be great if it did?\" And what he meant by that was the joy and meaning of having a new family member is so great that wouldn't it be great if that made it even more painful?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On whether Paul's illness and death gave him the opportunity to help others through similar journeys\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, it's sort of bringing tears to my eyes ... because he makes this joke in the book where he says something like, \"Wouldn't a terminal illness be the perfect gift to this young man who hoped to grasp mortality in a kind of intellectual sense?\" Those questions became not at all theoretical. Paul really had to draw on all these things that he had been developing his whole life — he really returned to literature to cope, he fell back on his training as a physician. ... What a funny confluence of factors that would prepare a young person to face this in a particular way despite looking at the fiery light of illness in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Inside+A+Doctor%27s+Mind+At+The+End+Of+His+Life&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dr. Paul Kalanithi was preparing to wrap up his medical residency in neurosurgery when, in 2013, a CT scan revealed tumors throughout his body. He had stage 4 lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his last two years of life, he continued caring for patients. He and his wife became parents. And Kalanithi, a gifted writer, wrote a book, \u003cem>When Breath Becomes Air, \u003c/em>a reflection on being a doctor with a terminal illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/03/12/dr-paul-kalanithi-stanford-writer-and-neurosurgeon-dies-at-37\" target=\"_blank\">died\u003c/a> March 9, 2015. He was 37 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_146919\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 294px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-146919 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/02/Screen-Shot-2016-02-12-at-9.49.26-AM.png\" alt=\"When Breath Becomes Air by Paul Kalanithi Hardcover, 228 pages\" width=\"294\" height=\"445\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When Breath Becomes Air\u003cbr> by Paul Kalanithi\u003cbr> Hardcover, 228 pages\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His widow, Dr. Lucy Kalanithi, is on a book tour for \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/463803406/when-breath-becomes-air\" target=\"_blank\">When Breath Becomes Air\u003c/a>,\u003c/em> which has resonated with a wide audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really kind of a bittersweet process, as you can imagine, quite bitter and quite sweet,\" she tells NPR's David Greene. \"Paul died nearly 11 months ago, but being able to talk about how I feel and remember Paul is actually very healing for me. So it's actually kind of wonderful at the same time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her interview on \u003cem>Morning Edition,\u003c/em> she reads excerpts from \u003cem>When Breath Becomes Air \u003c/em>and talks about her late husband's life.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the cancer spreading to his brain and having a neurological impact\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Would you trade your ability to speak for another five months of life, or what type of neurologic devastation would make it more reasonable to stop living than to be alive? And these are not theoretical questions in the neurosurgical context. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, that was very hard. This whole second half of the book is Paul thinking about how to grapple, in a very real way, with his own mortality. And then when he was diagnosed with a form of metastatic brain cancer called \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/leptomeningeal-metastases\">leptomeningeal disease\u003c/a> — it's essentially like tumors are coating your brain and your spinal cord, and it also holds the prospect of seizures or trouble speaking, trouble thinking. So, it was so intense to get this diagnosis on top of everything else that meant that his ability to participate in all of the things that were bringing him meaning — particularly writing this book and being together with our daughter and our family — was really devastating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On their daughter, Elizabeth Acadia Kalanithi\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was just thrilled to be a dad, and just the fact of having this infant just breathed this unbelievable life into our house. He was the one who initially had the strong instinct to have a child despite his illness. ... I said to Paul, \"Don't you think that saying goodbye to a child would make your death more painful?\" And he said, \"Wouldn't it be great if it did?\" And what he meant by that was the joy and meaning of having a new family member is so great that wouldn't it be great if that made it even more painful?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On whether Paul's illness and death gave him the opportunity to help others through similar journeys\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, it's sort of bringing tears to my eyes ... because he makes this joke in the book where he says something like, \"Wouldn't a terminal illness be the perfect gift to this young man who hoped to grasp mortality in a kind of intellectual sense?\" Those questions became not at all theoretical. Paul really had to draw on all these things that he had been developing his whole life — he really returned to literature to cope, he fell back on his training as a physician. ... What a funny confluence of factors that would prepare a young person to face this in a particular way despite looking at the fiery light of illness in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Inside+A+Doctor%27s+Mind+At+The+End+Of+His+Life&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Food writer Bee Wilson has a message of hope for parents struggling to get their children to eat their veggies: \"As parents, we have a far greater power than we think we have to form children's tastes,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\" target=\"_blank\">Wilson tells \u003cem>Fresh Air's\u003c/em> Terry Gross\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her new book, \u003cem>First Bite,\u003c/em> Wilson examines how genetics, culture, memory and early feeding patterns contribute to our food preferences. She says that a child's palate can be formed even before birth. And this insight can be helpful for parents who want their children to eat well and healthfully.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the main things we know about taste is that liking is a consequence of familiarity, so the things that our mothers eat, even before we're born, affect the way we'll respond to those flavors when we later encounter them because they seem familiar,\" Wilson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mother of three, Wilson notes that babies are most open to trying new flavors between the ages of 4 and 7 months. But, Wilson adds, even if parents miss introducing a food during the so-called \"flavor window,\" all hope is not lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not that the flavor window then flips shut ... and we can never learn to love bitter green vegetables. Humans can learn to love new flavors at any age,\" Wilson says. \"One of the amazing things about our relationship with food is how malleable it is, how plastic it is. But we don't usually as adults give ourselves an opportunity to change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the \"flavor window\" that occurs between 4 and 7 months \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers I've spoken to [about] the question of how you get children to be less picky eaters [and] how you get them to try more different vegetables say that the World Health Organization advice, which currently says you should keep them on an exclusive milk diet up to 6 months, is wrong. It's not that a child necessarily needs any nutrition besides milk before 6 months, it's that you're missing an opportunity to introduce them to all of these flavors which they would likely accept at this age. Then, having accepted them, they would seem familiar when they encounter them again as toddlers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how our palates are formed while we're still in the womb \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Our palate is] formed [before breast-feeding] — it's formed when our mothers are expecting us. There have been remarkable studies done showing that if someone eats a lot of garlic when they're pregnant, their amniotic fluid will taste and smell garlicky. So imagine swimming around in that for 9 months. ... That baby will grow up to love garlic. ... It feels like home, it tastes like home. One of the main things we know about taste is that liking is a consequence of familiarity. So the things that our mothers eat, even before we're born, affect the way we'll respond to those flavors when we later encounter them because they seem familiar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flavor of milk is then hugely important as well. With mothers who breast-feed, there was a study done showing that if they drank a lot of carrot juice, when those babies first tasted solid food, they preferred cereal that was flavored with carrot juice. So the flavor of carrots goes into the [breast milk], the babies experience it, and then they have all of these wonderful, positive feelings about carrot. This is getting replicated many, many times. In most cases it's not something like carrot or broccoli. There have been studies done with rats who are fed on a junk food diet and their babies gravitate towards junk food rat chow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how store-bought formula can also affect taste long-term\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast milk has varied flavors, whereas formula milk has a single flavor, depending on which brand you pick. But even with formula-fed babies there are some interesting things that have come out of scientific experiments. There's a type of formula called hydrolysate, which is designed for babies who can't tolerate regular cow's milk, and to adults it has a really offensive, horrible, hay-like, musty aroma. But to the babies who've been reared on it, it's like nectar. One study showed that these children, when they were older, when they're aged 4, gravitated towards sour flavors. So it was if they were imprinted with the flavor of this nasty formula milk. But, again, it's a really useful case of how powerful these early tastes can be. As parents, we have a far greater power than we think we have to form children's tastes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how we are hard-wired to love sweetness\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All human beings are hard-wired to love sweetness. This is a cross-cultural phenomenon — it's been seen in babies in every continent of the world, that they smile if you offer them a little taste of something sweet. Equally, we all are born with a mild aversion to bitterness. And curiously, with salt, we have no feelings at all about salt when we're born. And then [by age] 4 months we get switched onto it and develop a salt preference, and nobody really knows why that's true. But with the sweetness thing — so, we're hard-wired to love sweetness. Many people have interpreted this to mean that we're doomed to grow up and love junk food. ... All of our specific tastes for particular flavors are learned. As omnivores, this has to be the case because human beings are forced to eat in such different food environments. So the fact that we love sweetness as a baby doesn't mean that we're going to love nothing but chocolate; we could get that sweetness in the form of corn on the cob, or caramelized fennel. All of our flavor preferences are ones that we learn over the course of a lifetime. The trouble is that most of us don't see it that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how children's food has changed since World War II \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you look to previous generations, before the second world war, and indeed afterwards a bit, there was a nursery food mentality. So the idea was it was safest to give children foods that they didn't actually like, which were very plain but very nourishing. Then, in the postwar years, partly fueled by a transformation of the food supply, much greater industrialization, we went to a completely opposite view of what children's food should be. It was that it should be sweet and palatable and designed to make children smile. We all know that the kid's breakfast cereals are the ones which are highest in sugar in the whole of the cereal aisle. And it's really curious that we should've swung in this way from one extreme to another — from food which was nourishing but unpleasant, to food which was too pleasant and deeply un-nourishing. The ideal way to feed children would be somewhere in the middle. And actually, the ideal way to feed children would be to give them food that's not that dissimilar from an adult diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On authoritative, authoritarian and indulgent styles of feeding\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An authoritative feeder would place high demands on the child to eat well. In other words, you wouldn't be stocking your house with loads of junk food. You'd make sure there were nutritious, home-cooked meals on the table, but equally you would be highly responsive to the child and their needs, and you would be respectful when they say \"no.\" ... On the one hand, there are authoritarian forms of feeding. ... Force-feeding would be an extreme example, but also just any form of saying, \"I demand that you eat this.\" ... \"I want a clean plate.\" ... That style of feeding ... creates an unpleasant atmosphere at the dinner table, but, interestingly, research shows it also seems to result in children who are actually less responsive to their own hunger cues, so they're more likely to end up overweight, paradoxically. The parent who thinks that they're doing the right thing by insisting that you finish this nourishing meal is not allowing the child to develop their own skills, their own judgment about when they stop and when they start eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other style of parenting, or feeding, would be indulgent. And there are signs that this is becoming one of the most common ways of feeding a child, and as with so much of what we do as parents, it comes with the most loving intentions. To feed a child in an indulgent way would be to be highly responsive to them as a person, what they love, what they seem to need, the foods they crave, the foods they demand, but the indulgent style would place no demands on them to eat well, or fewer demands. There'd be no sense of, \"Are you really hungry?\" There'd be no sense of, \"Well, I only want you to have these foods because they're the ones that'll do you good.\" Again, there are studies done showing indulgent parenting is strongly correlated with higher child obesity. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's such a wonderful feeling to see the treat disappear and to see the happy face. Feeding, no less than eating, is a learned behavior, and we learn to feed through our parents, who probably themselves rewarded us with food. Food and love are so bound up, it's sometimes hard to see where the sugar ends and the love begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 Fresh Air. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\" target=\"_blank\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=+In+Baby%27s+%27First+Bite%2C%27+A+Chance+To+Shape+A+Child%27s+Taste&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Food writer Bee Wilson has a message of hope for parents struggling to get their children to eat their veggies: \"As parents, we have a far greater power than we think we have to form children's tastes,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\" target=\"_blank\">Wilson tells \u003cem>Fresh Air's\u003c/em> Terry Gross\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her new book, \u003cem>First Bite,\u003c/em> Wilson examines how genetics, culture, memory and early feeding patterns contribute to our food preferences. She says that a child's palate can be formed even before birth. And this insight can be helpful for parents who want their children to eat well and healthfully.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the main things we know about taste is that liking is a consequence of familiarity, so the things that our mothers eat, even before we're born, affect the way we'll respond to those flavors when we later encounter them because they seem familiar,\" Wilson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mother of three, Wilson notes that babies are most open to trying new flavors between the ages of 4 and 7 months. But, Wilson adds, even if parents miss introducing a food during the so-called \"flavor window,\" all hope is not lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not that the flavor window then flips shut ... and we can never learn to love bitter green vegetables. Humans can learn to love new flavors at any age,\" Wilson says. \"One of the amazing things about our relationship with food is how malleable it is, how plastic it is. But we don't usually as adults give ourselves an opportunity to change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the \"flavor window\" that occurs between 4 and 7 months \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers I've spoken to [about] the question of how you get children to be less picky eaters [and] how you get them to try more different vegetables say that the World Health Organization advice, which currently says you should keep them on an exclusive milk diet up to 6 months, is wrong. It's not that a child necessarily needs any nutrition besides milk before 6 months, it's that you're missing an opportunity to introduce them to all of these flavors which they would likely accept at this age. Then, having accepted them, they would seem familiar when they encounter them again as toddlers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how our palates are formed while we're still in the womb \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Our palate is] formed [before breast-feeding] — it's formed when our mothers are expecting us. There have been remarkable studies done showing that if someone eats a lot of garlic when they're pregnant, their amniotic fluid will taste and smell garlicky. So imagine swimming around in that for 9 months. ... That baby will grow up to love garlic. ... It feels like home, it tastes like home. One of the main things we know about taste is that liking is a consequence of familiarity. So the things that our mothers eat, even before we're born, affect the way we'll respond to those flavors when we later encounter them because they seem familiar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flavor of milk is then hugely important as well. With mothers who breast-feed, there was a study done showing that if they drank a lot of carrot juice, when those babies first tasted solid food, they preferred cereal that was flavored with carrot juice. So the flavor of carrots goes into the [breast milk], the babies experience it, and then they have all of these wonderful, positive feelings about carrot. This is getting replicated many, many times. In most cases it's not something like carrot or broccoli. There have been studies done with rats who are fed on a junk food diet and their babies gravitate towards junk food rat chow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how store-bought formula can also affect taste long-term\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breast milk has varied flavors, whereas formula milk has a single flavor, depending on which brand you pick. But even with formula-fed babies there are some interesting things that have come out of scientific experiments. There's a type of formula called hydrolysate, which is designed for babies who can't tolerate regular cow's milk, and to adults it has a really offensive, horrible, hay-like, musty aroma. But to the babies who've been reared on it, it's like nectar. One study showed that these children, when they were older, when they're aged 4, gravitated towards sour flavors. So it was if they were imprinted with the flavor of this nasty formula milk. But, again, it's a really useful case of how powerful these early tastes can be. As parents, we have a far greater power than we think we have to form children's tastes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how we are hard-wired to love sweetness\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All human beings are hard-wired to love sweetness. This is a cross-cultural phenomenon — it's been seen in babies in every continent of the world, that they smile if you offer them a little taste of something sweet. Equally, we all are born with a mild aversion to bitterness. And curiously, with salt, we have no feelings at all about salt when we're born. And then [by age] 4 months we get switched onto it and develop a salt preference, and nobody really knows why that's true. But with the sweetness thing — so, we're hard-wired to love sweetness. Many people have interpreted this to mean that we're doomed to grow up and love junk food. ... All of our specific tastes for particular flavors are learned. As omnivores, this has to be the case because human beings are forced to eat in such different food environments. So the fact that we love sweetness as a baby doesn't mean that we're going to love nothing but chocolate; we could get that sweetness in the form of corn on the cob, or caramelized fennel. All of our flavor preferences are ones that we learn over the course of a lifetime. The trouble is that most of us don't see it that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how children's food has changed since World War II \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you look to previous generations, before the second world war, and indeed afterwards a bit, there was a nursery food mentality. So the idea was it was safest to give children foods that they didn't actually like, which were very plain but very nourishing. Then, in the postwar years, partly fueled by a transformation of the food supply, much greater industrialization, we went to a completely opposite view of what children's food should be. It was that it should be sweet and palatable and designed to make children smile. We all know that the kid's breakfast cereals are the ones which are highest in sugar in the whole of the cereal aisle. And it's really curious that we should've swung in this way from one extreme to another — from food which was nourishing but unpleasant, to food which was too pleasant and deeply un-nourishing. The ideal way to feed children would be somewhere in the middle. And actually, the ideal way to feed children would be to give them food that's not that dissimilar from an adult diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On authoritative, authoritarian and indulgent styles of feeding\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An authoritative feeder would place high demands on the child to eat well. In other words, you wouldn't be stocking your house with loads of junk food. You'd make sure there were nutritious, home-cooked meals on the table, but equally you would be highly responsive to the child and their needs, and you would be respectful when they say \"no.\" ... On the one hand, there are authoritarian forms of feeding. ... Force-feeding would be an extreme example, but also just any form of saying, \"I demand that you eat this.\" ... \"I want a clean plate.\" ... That style of feeding ... creates an unpleasant atmosphere at the dinner table, but, interestingly, research shows it also seems to result in children who are actually less responsive to their own hunger cues, so they're more likely to end up overweight, paradoxically. The parent who thinks that they're doing the right thing by insisting that you finish this nourishing meal is not allowing the child to develop their own skills, their own judgment about when they stop and when they start eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other style of parenting, or feeding, would be indulgent. And there are signs that this is becoming one of the most common ways of feeding a child, and as with so much of what we do as parents, it comes with the most loving intentions. To feed a child in an indulgent way would be to be highly responsive to them as a person, what they love, what they seem to need, the foods they crave, the foods they demand, but the indulgent style would place no demands on them to eat well, or fewer demands. There'd be no sense of, \"Are you really hungry?\" There'd be no sense of, \"Well, I only want you to have these foods because they're the ones that'll do you good.\" Again, there are studies done showing indulgent parenting is strongly correlated with higher child obesity. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's such a wonderful feeling to see the treat disappear and to see the happy face. Feeding, no less than eating, is a learned behavior, and we learn to feed through our parents, who probably themselves rewarded us with food. Food and love are so bound up, it's sometimes hard to see where the sugar ends and the love begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 Fresh Air. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\" target=\"_blank\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=+In+Baby%27s+%27First+Bite%2C%27+A+Chance+To+Shape+A+Child%27s+Taste&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Pregnant women and new mothers need more attention when it comes to screening for depression, according to recommendations issued Tuesday by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That came as part of the panel's recommendation that all adults should be screened, in a situation where they can be provided or referred for treatment if they are clinically depressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2015.18392\" target=\"_blank\">announcement \u003c/a>follows similar recommendations in 2002 and 2009. What's new this time is the special shout-out for pregnant women and new moms. They need special recognition, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/\" target=\"_blank\">task force\u003c/a> says, because of evidence showing that they can be accurately diagnosed and successfully treated, and because untreated depression harms not only the mother, but her child as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depression is the leading cause of disease-related disability in women around the world. Nine percent of pregnant women and 10 percent of new moms will go through a major depressive episode, according to evidence cited by the task force. And studies have shown that babies and toddlers with depressed moms are subject to lots of problems. They may be more difficult to console, be less likely to interact or have more sleeping problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The independent panel's recommendations are influential — many health insurers and health systems follow their suggestions. But the announcements often come with controversy. Recent and recurring \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/01/11/462693737/federal-panel-finalizes-mammogram-advice-that-stirred-controversy\" target=\"_blank\">recommendations\u003c/a> against automatic annual mammograms for women in their 40s have generated multiple headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But concerns among mental health researchers who got an early glimpse of the advice about testing for depression have been mild — mostly questions about the best depression screening test to use and the importance of emphasizing more research on treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no argument about the task force's call for recognizing the needs of pregnant women and new moms. \"Historically, depression in these populations has been underrecognized and undertreated,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.grouphealthresearch.org/our-research/our-scientists/ludman-evette-j/\" target=\"_blank\">Evette Ludman\u003c/a>, a clinical psychologist who studies behavioral science for Group Health Research Institute in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most important, she says, is the recommendation that there be access to some sort of effective care when someone is diagnosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heidi Koss got no screening with the birth of her first child 20 years ago, not even an open ear when she mentioned symptoms of depression to her obstetrician at her six-week checkup. \"He said 'Oh, this is typical of a lot of moms; perhaps you should get out more, maybe buy a new dress.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It just added to a sense of helplessness, hopelessness and isolation,\" she says now. In 2011, she \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/08/01/138830120/stigma-hinders-treatment-for-postpartum-depression\" target=\"_blank\">told NPR \u003c/a>about several attempts to commit suicide before finally finding a sympathetic mental health counselor about a year after her first child was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her experience with postpartum depression inspired Koss to get a degree in counseling. She now practices in Kirkland, Wash., and is on the board of directors of a nonprofit education group, \u003ca href=\"http://www.postpartum.net/\" target=\"_blank\">Postpartum Support International\u003c/a>. \"Pregnancy is not from the neck down,\" she says, pointing to studies that show that more women suffer from mental illness during pregnancy and after pregnancy than develop gestational diabetes or pre-eclampsia, or go into preterm labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she singles out a small British \u003ca href=\"http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/67/1/219.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> done in the late 1990s that claimed that psychiatric disorders, and suicide in particular, were the leading cause of maternal death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task force report notes that one of the biggest challenges is treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Because hopelessness and inertia are often part and parcel of depression, it can be challenging for persons living with depression to keep at it until finding the treatment that is right for them,\" says Ludman of Group Health Research Institute. The task force notes that talk therapy (specifically a kind called \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/basics/definition/prc-20013594\" target=\"_blank\">cognitive behavioral therapy\u003c/a>), drug therapy or a combination of medication and therapy may be necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the group backs off on recommending drug treatment for pregnant women with depression because of the possibility of problems associated with certain drugs called SSRIs. Some \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/07/09/421203272/some-antidepressants-may-pose-increased-risk-of-birth-defects\" target=\"_blank\">studies\u003c/a> have shown a small risk of increased problems that include miscarriage and preterm birth. Instead, the suggestion for pregnant or breastfeeding women is for cognitive behavioral therapy or some form of counseling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task force's \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2015.18392\" target=\"_blank\">recommendations\u003c/a> for pre- and post-term moms appear in the current issue of \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em>, the journal of the American Medical Association. They track with advice from other groups, including the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislation introduced in Congress last July would \u003ca href=\"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr3235\" target=\"_blank\">authorize\u003c/a> the federal government to fund screening and treatment for pregnant women or women who have given birth within the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Joanne Silberner, a former health policy correspondent for NPR, is an \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.com.washington.edu/silberner/\" target=\"_blank\">artist in residence\u003c/a> \u003cem>at the University of Washington's department of communication. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Depression+Screening+Recommended+For+All+Pregnant+Women%2C+New+Mothers&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Pregnant women and new mothers need more attention when it comes to screening for depression, according to recommendations issued Tuesday by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That came as part of the panel's recommendation that all adults should be screened, in a situation where they can be provided or referred for treatment if they are clinically depressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2015.18392\" target=\"_blank\">announcement \u003c/a>follows similar recommendations in 2002 and 2009. What's new this time is the special shout-out for pregnant women and new moms. They need special recognition, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/\" target=\"_blank\">task force\u003c/a> says, because of evidence showing that they can be accurately diagnosed and successfully treated, and because untreated depression harms not only the mother, but her child as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depression is the leading cause of disease-related disability in women around the world. Nine percent of pregnant women and 10 percent of new moms will go through a major depressive episode, according to evidence cited by the task force. And studies have shown that babies and toddlers with depressed moms are subject to lots of problems. They may be more difficult to console, be less likely to interact or have more sleeping problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The independent panel's recommendations are influential — many health insurers and health systems follow their suggestions. But the announcements often come with controversy. Recent and recurring \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/01/11/462693737/federal-panel-finalizes-mammogram-advice-that-stirred-controversy\" target=\"_blank\">recommendations\u003c/a> against automatic annual mammograms for women in their 40s have generated multiple headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But concerns among mental health researchers who got an early glimpse of the advice about testing for depression have been mild — mostly questions about the best depression screening test to use and the importance of emphasizing more research on treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no argument about the task force's call for recognizing the needs of pregnant women and new moms. \"Historically, depression in these populations has been underrecognized and undertreated,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.grouphealthresearch.org/our-research/our-scientists/ludman-evette-j/\" target=\"_blank\">Evette Ludman\u003c/a>, a clinical psychologist who studies behavioral science for Group Health Research Institute in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most important, she says, is the recommendation that there be access to some sort of effective care when someone is diagnosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heidi Koss got no screening with the birth of her first child 20 years ago, not even an open ear when she mentioned symptoms of depression to her obstetrician at her six-week checkup. \"He said 'Oh, this is typical of a lot of moms; perhaps you should get out more, maybe buy a new dress.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It just added to a sense of helplessness, hopelessness and isolation,\" she says now. In 2011, she \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/08/01/138830120/stigma-hinders-treatment-for-postpartum-depression\" target=\"_blank\">told NPR \u003c/a>about several attempts to commit suicide before finally finding a sympathetic mental health counselor about a year after her first child was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her experience with postpartum depression inspired Koss to get a degree in counseling. She now practices in Kirkland, Wash., and is on the board of directors of a nonprofit education group, \u003ca href=\"http://www.postpartum.net/\" target=\"_blank\">Postpartum Support International\u003c/a>. \"Pregnancy is not from the neck down,\" she says, pointing to studies that show that more women suffer from mental illness during pregnancy and after pregnancy than develop gestational diabetes or pre-eclampsia, or go into preterm labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she singles out a small British \u003ca href=\"http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/67/1/219.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> done in the late 1990s that claimed that psychiatric disorders, and suicide in particular, were the leading cause of maternal death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task force report notes that one of the biggest challenges is treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Because hopelessness and inertia are often part and parcel of depression, it can be challenging for persons living with depression to keep at it until finding the treatment that is right for them,\" says Ludman of Group Health Research Institute. The task force notes that talk therapy (specifically a kind called \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/basics/definition/prc-20013594\" target=\"_blank\">cognitive behavioral therapy\u003c/a>), drug therapy or a combination of medication and therapy may be necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the group backs off on recommending drug treatment for pregnant women with depression because of the possibility of problems associated with certain drugs called SSRIs. Some \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/07/09/421203272/some-antidepressants-may-pose-increased-risk-of-birth-defects\" target=\"_blank\">studies\u003c/a> have shown a small risk of increased problems that include miscarriage and preterm birth. Instead, the suggestion for pregnant or breastfeeding women is for cognitive behavioral therapy or some form of counseling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task force's \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2015.18392\" target=\"_blank\">recommendations\u003c/a> for pre- and post-term moms appear in the current issue of \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em>, the journal of the American Medical Association. They track with advice from other groups, including the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislation introduced in Congress last July would \u003ca href=\"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr3235\" target=\"_blank\">authorize\u003c/a> the federal government to fund screening and treatment for pregnant women or women who have given birth within the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Joanne Silberner, a former health policy correspondent for NPR, is an \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.com.washington.edu/silberner/\" target=\"_blank\">artist in residence\u003c/a> \u003cem>at the University of Washington's department of communication. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Depression+Screening+Recommended+For+All+Pregnant+Women%2C+New+Mothers&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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"order": 8
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},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"order": 9
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"hidden-brain": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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