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"content": "\u003cp>President-Elect Donald Trump has made clear his support for fossil fuels, which scientists have determined are a leading contributor to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the campaign trail, Trump went as far as promising a triumphant comeback for coal, which produces the most greenhouse gases of all. Meanwhile renewable energy sources got mixed reviews from the candidate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know a lot about solar,” Trump said at a Fresno campaign rally over the summer. “I love solar, except there’s a problem with it. It’s got a lot of problems with it. One problem is it’s so expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like enough to make any solar company executive break out in a sweat, but the mood in some executive suites is surprisingly buoyant.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think there’s no question that states are going to be critical.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Dan Kammen, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I’m cautiously optimistic,” says Michael Wheeler of Recurrent Energy, a San Francisco-based solar company. “We’re feeling as though we’re going to be okay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason: Wheeler says Trump’s perception of the cost is hopelessly out of date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anybody who thinks that solar is expensive at the utility scale right now hasn’t seen the latest,” he says. “Solar’s price, because it’s a technology, will continue to go lower and lower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Upside\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Power from big solar projects is \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2015/09/30/price-of-solar-energy-in-the-united-states-has-fallen-to-5%C2%A2kwh-on-average/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about 70 percent cheaper\u003c/a> today than it was a decade ago. The cost of wind power has also come down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means, in some places, the price of the power they produce is competitive with fossil fuels like natural gas. Some electric utilities are choosing renewables based on cost alone, even in red states like Texas and Georgia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clean energy is not a niche product anymore,” Wheeler says.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1210283\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1059px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1210283 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4.jpg\" alt=\"The Barren Ridge solar project in Kern County, California.\" width=\"1059\" height=\"624\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4.jpg 1059w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-160x94.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-800x471.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-768x453.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-1020x601.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-960x566.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-240x141.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-375x221.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-520x306.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1059px) 100vw, 1059px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Barren Ridge solar project in Kern County, California. \u003ccite>(Recurrent Energy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration could also open more public land for development, something cheered by oil and gas companies and opposed by many environmentalists. But renewable energy companies also stand to gain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a place where we think we could do even better under a Trump administration,” Wheeler says. “We’ve had a very difficult time building solar on public lands under the Obama Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When state and federal agencies \u003ca href=\"http://largely%20end%20wind%20energy%20development%20in%20California\">unveiled a recent plan\u003c/a> prioritizing federal lands for renewables in California, the wind energy industry’s trade association said restrictions in the plan would “largely end wind energy development in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Downside\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some other clouds in the forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar and wind companies rely on longstanding tax credits, which were extended in Congress last December, after a lengthy struggle. The 30 percent Solar Investment Tax Credit (ITC) will expire at the end of 2019, when it starts ramping down eventually to 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”nBhyhpsAqwZDFdglnpNrbMhgjZCX8FOc”]“The legislation is one of the greatest investments in renewable energy in American history,” said Senator Harry Reid upon passing the credit extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Trump Administration allows those credits to dry up, which could take several years, demand for solar and wind could drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly there would be a different forecast for price projection, but it’s not so significant that the market would crater,” Wheeler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second potential downer for renewable energy: Trump has \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/11/11/trump-has-vowed-to-kill-the-clean-power-plan-heres-how-he-might-and-might-not-succeed/?utm_term=.97d4f9822d22\">vowed to shelve\u003c/a> one of the keystones in Obama’s climate change policy, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/cleanpowerplan/fact-sheet-overview-clean-power-plan\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, under which states would have to move away from coal power. Wheeler says that would have quadrupled the market for renewables.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-9OlGJ\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/9OlGJ/8/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"400\" height=\"500\" align=\"right\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not depending upon it but to have that be messaged as being dead was pretty heart-wrenching,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>States Drive the Market\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s no question that states are going to be critical,” said Dan Kammen, professor of energy at UC Berkeley. He says, sometimes, a hostile White House can actually energize regional efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just like under President George Bush, we saw tremendous action at the state level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is all in on renewables. State law requires \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/rps_homepage/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 percent renewable energy\u003c/a> by 2030 and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/renewable-portfolio-standards.aspx\">twenty-eight other states\u003c/a> have their own targets, known as Renewable Portfolio Standards. That means the renewable energy market has momentum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An administration can dramatically put its finger on the scale and accelerate that or they can hold it back,” Kammen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, worldwide demand is growing. Kammen just returned from Dubai, where a new solar farm is expected to break the record for lowest cost, a sign to him the solar industry can stand on its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is the MC Hammer of energy projects,” Kammen says. “Can’t touch this.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Trump's campaign rhetoric cast a dark cloud over solar and wind development -- but market forces and state commitments could maintain momentum for renewable energy.",
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"title": "Renewable Energy Can Flourish Despite Trump | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President-Elect Donald Trump has made clear his support for fossil fuels, which scientists have determined are a leading contributor to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the campaign trail, Trump went as far as promising a triumphant comeback for coal, which produces the most greenhouse gases of all. Meanwhile renewable energy sources got mixed reviews from the candidate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know a lot about solar,” Trump said at a Fresno campaign rally over the summer. “I love solar, except there’s a problem with it. It’s got a lot of problems with it. One problem is it’s so expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like enough to make any solar company executive break out in a sweat, but the mood in some executive suites is surprisingly buoyant.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I think there’s no question that states are going to be critical.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Dan Kammen, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I’m cautiously optimistic,” says Michael Wheeler of Recurrent Energy, a San Francisco-based solar company. “We’re feeling as though we’re going to be okay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason: Wheeler says Trump’s perception of the cost is hopelessly out of date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anybody who thinks that solar is expensive at the utility scale right now hasn’t seen the latest,” he says. “Solar’s price, because it’s a technology, will continue to go lower and lower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Upside\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Power from big solar projects is \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2015/09/30/price-of-solar-energy-in-the-united-states-has-fallen-to-5%C2%A2kwh-on-average/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about 70 percent cheaper\u003c/a> today than it was a decade ago. The cost of wind power has also come down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means, in some places, the price of the power they produce is competitive with fossil fuels like natural gas. Some electric utilities are choosing renewables based on cost alone, even in red states like Texas and Georgia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clean energy is not a niche product anymore,” Wheeler says.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1210283\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1059px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1210283 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4.jpg\" alt=\"The Barren Ridge solar project in Kern County, California.\" width=\"1059\" height=\"624\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4.jpg 1059w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-160x94.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-800x471.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-768x453.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-1020x601.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-960x566.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-240x141.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-375x221.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/recurrent4-520x306.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1059px) 100vw, 1059px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Barren Ridge solar project in Kern County, California. \u003ccite>(Recurrent Energy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration could also open more public land for development, something cheered by oil and gas companies and opposed by many environmentalists. But renewable energy companies also stand to gain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a place where we think we could do even better under a Trump administration,” Wheeler says. “We’ve had a very difficult time building solar on public lands under the Obama Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When state and federal agencies \u003ca href=\"http://largely%20end%20wind%20energy%20development%20in%20California\">unveiled a recent plan\u003c/a> prioritizing federal lands for renewables in California, the wind energy industry’s trade association said restrictions in the plan would “largely end wind energy development in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Downside\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some other clouds in the forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar and wind companies rely on longstanding tax credits, which were extended in Congress last December, after a lengthy struggle. The 30 percent Solar Investment Tax Credit (ITC) will expire at the end of 2019, when it starts ramping down eventually to 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“The legislation is one of the greatest investments in renewable energy in American history,” said Senator Harry Reid upon passing the credit extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Trump Administration allows those credits to dry up, which could take several years, demand for solar and wind could drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly there would be a different forecast for price projection, but it’s not so significant that the market would crater,” Wheeler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second potential downer for renewable energy: Trump has \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/11/11/trump-has-vowed-to-kill-the-clean-power-plan-heres-how-he-might-and-might-not-succeed/?utm_term=.97d4f9822d22\">vowed to shelve\u003c/a> one of the keystones in Obama’s climate change policy, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/cleanpowerplan/fact-sheet-overview-clean-power-plan\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, under which states would have to move away from coal power. Wheeler says that would have quadrupled the market for renewables.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-9OlGJ\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/9OlGJ/8/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"400\" height=\"500\" align=\"right\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not depending upon it but to have that be messaged as being dead was pretty heart-wrenching,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>States Drive the Market\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s no question that states are going to be critical,” said Dan Kammen, professor of energy at UC Berkeley. He says, sometimes, a hostile White House can actually energize regional efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just like under President George Bush, we saw tremendous action at the state level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is all in on renewables. State law requires \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/rps_homepage/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 percent renewable energy\u003c/a> by 2030 and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/renewable-portfolio-standards.aspx\">twenty-eight other states\u003c/a> have their own targets, known as Renewable Portfolio Standards. That means the renewable energy market has momentum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An administration can dramatically put its finger on the scale and accelerate that or they can hold it back,” Kammen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, worldwide demand is growing. Kammen just returned from Dubai, where a new solar farm is expected to break the record for lowest cost, a sign to him the solar industry can stand on its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is the MC Hammer of energy projects,” Kammen says. “Can’t touch this.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought on Colorado River Sparks Revolutionary Idea: Sharing Water",
"headTitle": "Drought on Colorado River Sparks Revolutionary Idea: Sharing Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Business as usual on the Colorado River may be about to come to a screeching halt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the worst recorded droughts in human history has stretched water supplies thin across the far-reaching river basin, which serves 40 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowhere is this more obvious than Lake Mead, which straddles the border of Arizona and Nevada. The water level in the country’s largest manmade reservoir has been plummeting; it’s now only 38 percent full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With an official water shortage imminent, Arizona, Nevada and California are taking matters into their own hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states are hammering out a voluntary agreement to cut their water use — an approach some consider revolutionary after so many decades of fighting and lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cooperation springs from self-preservation. If Lake Mead drops too low, the federal government could step in and reallocate the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Can we get through? Yes, but not the same way we got through the last 100 years.’\u003ccite>Pat Mulroy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At the same time, upper basin states like Colorado and Wyoming want to use more Colorado River water — something they’re legally entitled to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Colorado, Denver Water is in the final stages of seeking approval on a water storage project that would take more water out of the Colorado River. Wyoming is researching whether to store more water from the Green River, a Colorado tributary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah is discussing whether to build a pipeline to transport water from Lake Powell, the reservoir found up river from Lake Mead along the Utah-Arizona border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add in the likely impacts of climate change and how it’s affecting the Colorado River basin and you have an increasingly complex and challenging picture developing for the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pat Mulroy, a senior fellow at the William S. Boyd School of Law at the University of Nevada Las Vegas and a leading Western water expert, says the time for a new toolbox and ideas to approach water management has arrived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There won’t be any winners and losers,” Mulroy says, unless Colorado River states move beyond the fighting and lawsuits of the last century as they try to adapt to the next century. “There will only be losers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Upper Basin States Want More Storage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a silent miracle that delivers water every day to Denver Water’s 1.4 million customers. For decades, the Fraser River, a tributary of the Colorado River, has flowed through a manmade system of dams, diversions and tunnels beneath the Continental Divide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A critical linchpin sits just outside Boulder. Gross Reservoir is a man-made lake that provides reliable storage for Denver Water. Retired IBM workers Beverly Kurtz and Tim Guenthner live just out of eyesight from the reservoir. For Kurtz, that’s on purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s choking off a wild river which in my opinion is never a good thing,” Kurtz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1164303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1164303\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir.jpg\" alt=\"Beverly Kurtz and Tim Guenthner live near Gross Reservoir outside Boulder and oppose a reservoir expansion project. Denver Water is seeking to raise the dam behind them 131 feet.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1313\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-800x547.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-768x525.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-1020x698.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-1180x807.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-960x657.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-520x356.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beverly Kurtz and Tim Guenthner live near Gross Reservoir outside Boulder and oppose a reservoir expansion project. Denver Water is seeking to raise the dam behind them 131 feet. \u003ccite>(Grace Hood/CPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The couple have a new-found job in retirement. It’s fighting a proposed expansion to Gross Reservoir’s dam. Denver Water wants to raise the dam by 131 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t make sense to build a multi-million dollar dam and disrupt the environment here, when down the line,” Kurtz says. “That’s not going to solve the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that Colorado’s population is expected to nearly double by 2050. A carefully crafted water plan by Colorado’s top chiefs calls for 400,000 more acre feet of storage, and 400,000 additional acre feet of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denver Water CEO Jim Lochhead says more storage is an important part of the solution. It’s also an insurance policy against future drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From Denver Water’s perspective, if we can’t provide clean, reliable, sustainable water 100 years from now to our customers, we’re not doing our jobs,” says Lochhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the proposed expansion of Gross Reservoir, Denver Water took a new approach. The agency worked with environmental groups and Western Slope water interests on the Colorado River Cooperative Agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the effort involves Denver Water actively working on the Fraser River to narrow the stream channel and restore the river. If the agency gets the green light to expand Gross, it would be required to keep a formal relationship with environmental groups and local governments through the life of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/293230158″ params=”auto_play=false&hide_related=true&show_comments=false&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true” width=”100%” height=”300″ iframe=”true” /]But that expansion is still expected to decrease stream flows by about one half of what they are now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Wyoming, state engineer Pat Tyrrell says the state is studying whether to store more water from the Green River, another Colorado River tributary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel we have some room to grow. But we understand that growth comes with risk,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s risk because Wyoming could expand reservoirs with proper permits. In 10 or 20 years there may not be enough water to fill that storage — or deliver enough water to existing reservoirs like Lake Powell. Upper basin states have developed a contingency plan to make sure that happens in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Imbalance Between Supply and Demand\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What unites all water planners from Colorado down to California is the need for certainty. They need confidence there will be enough water to fuel population and agricultural growth. And there’s a huge new wildcard in the deck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change upsets all aspects of the water cycle,” says Brad Udall, Senior Water and Climate Scientist at the Colorado Water Institute at Colorado State University. He says hotter temperatures and drought make certainty a thing of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Lh4Bea3bDk0rRmssEqlXBdk5irZlMba8″]Udall says a 16-year drought has dramatically decreased water supply. This recent past could be indicative of what the future holds. He worries that flows across the basin could be reduced by as much as 20 percent by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that temperatures are going to go up,” Udall says. “We know the temperature increases will influence the river flows, and that influence is likely to be strongly downward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now users along the Colorado River face a critical juncture. Deputy Secretary of the Interior Michael Connor recognizes the stress that climate change could have on future water supply. He also understands how overallocated the river is now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The imbalance between supply and demand, is just going to increase over the next 50 years if we don’t have some very strategic plans that we put in place,” Connor says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lower Basin States Turn to Cooperation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Downstream, the imbalance between supply and demand is already a reality. With an historic water shortage on the horizon, California, Arizona and Nevada are working on a voluntary agreement to cut back water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are especially high in California, where Colorado River water has played a critical role in the state’s five year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been the reliable source of water for us,” says Jeffrey Kightlinger, manager of the Metropolitan Water District, a water wholesaler that serves 19 million people in Southern California, and major power player in California water policy. “We’ve been getting hardly anything from Northern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/293229143″ params=”auto_play=false&hide_related=true&show_comments=false&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true” width=”100%” height=”300″ iframe=”true” /]At least a quarter of Metropolitan’s water supply comes from the Colorado River, which is delivered through a 240-mile aqueduct that stretches to the Arizona border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That supply is reaching a crisis point. Lake Mead could drop so low in 2017, an unprecedented shortage could be declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’ll be a historic moment,” Kightlinger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona and Nevada would be forced to cut back on how much water they draw from the river. California wouldn’t be required to, because it has senior water rights. But if levels in Lake Mead keep dropping, the federal government could step in and reallocate the water, including California’s share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a last-ditch effort to avoid that, the three states are hashing out a voluntary agreement. Arizona and Nevada are considering deeper water cuts, if California agrees to cuts amounting to somewhere between five and eight percent of its supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all realize if we model the future and we build in climate change, we could be in a world of hurt if we do nothing,” says Kightlinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These negotiations would have been unthinkable just a decade ago, Kightlinger says. The three states have years of bad blood among them over the river. Most disagreements have been settled with lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some, that’s not easy to forget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know there’s a target on our back in Imperial Valley for the amount of water we use,” says farmer Steve Benson, checking on one of his alfalfa fields near the Mexican border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The valley produces two-thirds of the country’s vegetables in the winter. Its sole source of water is the Colorado River. Benson sees little reason to share it because the district has senior water rights that trump the rights of Metropolitan Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Other districts need to understand their place and their rights,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1164305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1164305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID.jpg\" alt=\"The Imperial Valley produces around two-thirds of the country’s vegetables in the winter, solely with Colorado River water.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1165\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-160x93.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-800x466.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-768x447.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1020x594.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1920x1118.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1180x687.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-960x559.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-240x140.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-375x218.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-520x303.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Imperial Valley produces around two-thirds of the country’s vegetables in the winter, solely with Colorado River water. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many farmers also say they’ve compromised enough already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, California used more than its legal share of the Colorado River and finally agreed to cut back in 2003. The Imperial Irrigation District was under pressure to transfer water to cities like San Diego to make the cutbacks possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was the single, hardest decision I have ever made in my life,” says Bruce Kuhn, who voted on the water transfer as a board member of the district. He cast the deciding vote to share the water, but it came at a personal price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It cost me some friends,” he reflects, still sighing at the memory. “I mean, we still talk but it isn’t the same.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kuhn may have to make that same call again, and soon. California’s plan to voluntarily give up water to avoid an emergency shortage will likely come up for a vote. The Imperial Irrigation District is considering the deal, but is looking for incentives like the ability to bank water in Lake Mead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Kightlinger of the Metropolitan Water District says it’s a tough conversation. “But if the Colorado River dries up, Imperial goes out of business. It’s in all our interest to solve this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some, the negotiations are sign of what’s to come on an increasingly-stressed river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can we get through?” asks UNLV’s Pat Mulroy. “Yes, but not the same way we got through the last 100 years. There’s a different set of interconnections and relationships that have to be forged. So it’s how we tackle the problem that has to change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Arizona Public Media and \u003ca href=\"http://beyondthemirage.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Beyond the Mirage\u003c/a> contributed audio to this story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A shrinking water supply on the Colorado River has some states grabbing more water, but California is considering giving some back.",
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"description": "A shrinking water supply on the Colorado River has some states grabbing more water, but California is considering giving some back.",
"title": "Drought on Colorado River Sparks Revolutionary Idea: Sharing Water | KQED",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/laurensommer/\" target=\"_blank\">Lauren Sommer\u003c/a>, KQED and \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpr.org/news/profile/grace-hood\" target=\"_blank\">Grace Hood\u003c/a>, CPR",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Business as usual on the Colorado River may be about to come to a screeching halt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the worst recorded droughts in human history has stretched water supplies thin across the far-reaching river basin, which serves 40 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowhere is this more obvious than Lake Mead, which straddles the border of Arizona and Nevada. The water level in the country’s largest manmade reservoir has been plummeting; it’s now only 38 percent full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With an official water shortage imminent, Arizona, Nevada and California are taking matters into their own hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states are hammering out a voluntary agreement to cut their water use — an approach some consider revolutionary after so many decades of fighting and lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cooperation springs from self-preservation. If Lake Mead drops too low, the federal government could step in and reallocate the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Can we get through? Yes, but not the same way we got through the last 100 years.’\u003ccite>Pat Mulroy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At the same time, upper basin states like Colorado and Wyoming want to use more Colorado River water — something they’re legally entitled to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Colorado, Denver Water is in the final stages of seeking approval on a water storage project that would take more water out of the Colorado River. Wyoming is researching whether to store more water from the Green River, a Colorado tributary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah is discussing whether to build a pipeline to transport water from Lake Powell, the reservoir found up river from Lake Mead along the Utah-Arizona border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add in the likely impacts of climate change and how it’s affecting the Colorado River basin and you have an increasingly complex and challenging picture developing for the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pat Mulroy, a senior fellow at the William S. Boyd School of Law at the University of Nevada Las Vegas and a leading Western water expert, says the time for a new toolbox and ideas to approach water management has arrived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There won’t be any winners and losers,” Mulroy says, unless Colorado River states move beyond the fighting and lawsuits of the last century as they try to adapt to the next century. “There will only be losers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Upper Basin States Want More Storage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a silent miracle that delivers water every day to Denver Water’s 1.4 million customers. For decades, the Fraser River, a tributary of the Colorado River, has flowed through a manmade system of dams, diversions and tunnels beneath the Continental Divide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A critical linchpin sits just outside Boulder. Gross Reservoir is a man-made lake that provides reliable storage for Denver Water. Retired IBM workers Beverly Kurtz and Tim Guenthner live just out of eyesight from the reservoir. For Kurtz, that’s on purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s choking off a wild river which in my opinion is never a good thing,” Kurtz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1164303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1164303\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir.jpg\" alt=\"Beverly Kurtz and Tim Guenthner live near Gross Reservoir outside Boulder and oppose a reservoir expansion project. Denver Water is seeking to raise the dam behind them 131 feet.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1313\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-800x547.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-768x525.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-1020x698.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-1180x807.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-960x657.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-520x356.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beverly Kurtz and Tim Guenthner live near Gross Reservoir outside Boulder and oppose a reservoir expansion project. Denver Water is seeking to raise the dam behind them 131 feet. \u003ccite>(Grace Hood/CPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The couple have a new-found job in retirement. It’s fighting a proposed expansion to Gross Reservoir’s dam. Denver Water wants to raise the dam by 131 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t make sense to build a multi-million dollar dam and disrupt the environment here, when down the line,” Kurtz says. “That’s not going to solve the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that Colorado’s population is expected to nearly double by 2050. A carefully crafted water plan by Colorado’s top chiefs calls for 400,000 more acre feet of storage, and 400,000 additional acre feet of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denver Water CEO Jim Lochhead says more storage is an important part of the solution. It’s also an insurance policy against future drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From Denver Water’s perspective, if we can’t provide clean, reliable, sustainable water 100 years from now to our customers, we’re not doing our jobs,” says Lochhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the proposed expansion of Gross Reservoir, Denver Water took a new approach. The agency worked with environmental groups and Western Slope water interests on the Colorado River Cooperative Agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the effort involves Denver Water actively working on the Fraser River to narrow the stream channel and restore the river. If the agency gets the green light to expand Gross, it would be required to keep a formal relationship with environmental groups and local governments through the life of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”300″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/293230158″&visual=true&”auto_play=false&hide_related=true&show_comments=false&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/293230158″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But that expansion is still expected to decrease stream flows by about one half of what they are now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Wyoming, state engineer Pat Tyrrell says the state is studying whether to store more water from the Green River, another Colorado River tributary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel we have some room to grow. But we understand that growth comes with risk,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s risk because Wyoming could expand reservoirs with proper permits. In 10 or 20 years there may not be enough water to fill that storage — or deliver enough water to existing reservoirs like Lake Powell. Upper basin states have developed a contingency plan to make sure that happens in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Imbalance Between Supply and Demand\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What unites all water planners from Colorado down to California is the need for certainty. They need confidence there will be enough water to fuel population and agricultural growth. And there’s a huge new wildcard in the deck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change upsets all aspects of the water cycle,” says Brad Udall, Senior Water and Climate Scientist at the Colorado Water Institute at Colorado State University. He says hotter temperatures and drought make certainty a thing of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Udall says a 16-year drought has dramatically decreased water supply. This recent past could be indicative of what the future holds. He worries that flows across the basin could be reduced by as much as 20 percent by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that temperatures are going to go up,” Udall says. “We know the temperature increases will influence the river flows, and that influence is likely to be strongly downward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now users along the Colorado River face a critical juncture. Deputy Secretary of the Interior Michael Connor recognizes the stress that climate change could have on future water supply. He also understands how overallocated the river is now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The imbalance between supply and demand, is just going to increase over the next 50 years if we don’t have some very strategic plans that we put in place,” Connor says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lower Basin States Turn to Cooperation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Downstream, the imbalance between supply and demand is already a reality. With an historic water shortage on the horizon, California, Arizona and Nevada are working on a voluntary agreement to cut back water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are especially high in California, where Colorado River water has played a critical role in the state’s five year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been the reliable source of water for us,” says Jeffrey Kightlinger, manager of the Metropolitan Water District, a water wholesaler that serves 19 million people in Southern California, and major power player in California water policy. “We’ve been getting hardly anything from Northern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”300″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/293229143″&visual=true&”auto_play=false&hide_related=true&show_comments=false&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/293229143″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>At least a quarter of Metropolitan’s water supply comes from the Colorado River, which is delivered through a 240-mile aqueduct that stretches to the Arizona border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That supply is reaching a crisis point. Lake Mead could drop so low in 2017, an unprecedented shortage could be declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’ll be a historic moment,” Kightlinger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona and Nevada would be forced to cut back on how much water they draw from the river. California wouldn’t be required to, because it has senior water rights. But if levels in Lake Mead keep dropping, the federal government could step in and reallocate the water, including California’s share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a last-ditch effort to avoid that, the three states are hashing out a voluntary agreement. Arizona and Nevada are considering deeper water cuts, if California agrees to cuts amounting to somewhere between five and eight percent of its supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all realize if we model the future and we build in climate change, we could be in a world of hurt if we do nothing,” says Kightlinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These negotiations would have been unthinkable just a decade ago, Kightlinger says. The three states have years of bad blood among them over the river. Most disagreements have been settled with lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some, that’s not easy to forget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know there’s a target on our back in Imperial Valley for the amount of water we use,” says farmer Steve Benson, checking on one of his alfalfa fields near the Mexican border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The valley produces two-thirds of the country’s vegetables in the winter. Its sole source of water is the Colorado River. Benson sees little reason to share it because the district has senior water rights that trump the rights of Metropolitan Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Other districts need to understand their place and their rights,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1164305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1164305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID.jpg\" alt=\"The Imperial Valley produces around two-thirds of the country’s vegetables in the winter, solely with Colorado River water.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1165\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-160x93.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-800x466.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-768x447.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1020x594.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1920x1118.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1180x687.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-960x559.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-240x140.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-375x218.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-520x303.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Imperial Valley produces around two-thirds of the country’s vegetables in the winter, solely with Colorado River water. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many farmers also say they’ve compromised enough already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, California used more than its legal share of the Colorado River and finally agreed to cut back in 2003. The Imperial Irrigation District was under pressure to transfer water to cities like San Diego to make the cutbacks possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was the single, hardest decision I have ever made in my life,” says Bruce Kuhn, who voted on the water transfer as a board member of the district. He cast the deciding vote to share the water, but it came at a personal price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It cost me some friends,” he reflects, still sighing at the memory. “I mean, we still talk but it isn’t the same.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kuhn may have to make that same call again, and soon. California’s plan to voluntarily give up water to avoid an emergency shortage will likely come up for a vote. The Imperial Irrigation District is considering the deal, but is looking for incentives like the ability to bank water in Lake Mead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Kightlinger of the Metropolitan Water District says it’s a tough conversation. “But if the Colorado River dries up, Imperial goes out of business. It’s in all our interest to solve this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some, the negotiations are sign of what’s to come on an increasingly-stressed river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can we get through?” asks UNLV’s Pat Mulroy. “Yes, but not the same way we got through the last 100 years. There’s a different set of interconnections and relationships that have to be forged. So it’s how we tackle the problem that has to change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Arizona Public Media and \u003ca href=\"http://beyondthemirage.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Beyond the Mirage\u003c/a> contributed audio to this story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Despite spending countless hours of her Ph.D. at Stanford making visits to remote stretches of Alaska, poring over yellow cedar measurements and photos and ultimately publishing her findings, \u003ca href=\"http://www.leoakes.com/\">Lauren Oakes\u003c/a> was about to experience her data in a new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driving for a weekend trip to the Sierras, she turned the volume way up in her car and hit play. A cascading piano was joined by a flute, cello and other instruments. As the piece continued, the piano’s high staccato notes gave way to lower, more intermittent ones before ending on a wave of strings, leaving a sense of another movement yet to be written.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakes had just heard the sound of climate change in Alaska’s yellow cedar forests and the ways it’s already altered the landscape. It wasn’t just a composer’s impression of her research, though. She had just heard her data — data meticulously collected and pored over for years — translated from numbers and charts into music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To hear the patterns it took me years to understand was incredible,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/281855016″ params=”color=ff5500″ width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The piece has the potential to change how researchers and the public engage with data. Music based on data has the potential to reveal new patterns to scientists and get data out of the arcane language of empirical orthogonal functions, p-values and Kruskal-Wallis tests and into a language that everyone can understand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research Oakes had just heard came courtesy of Nik Sawe, a fellow Stanford PhD student at the time the music was created and a current researcher there. He had emailed a group of fellow students at the university hoping to find some data to turn into music after going to a talk about using a technique called data sonification to make music from seizure data.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘To hear the patterns it took me years to understand was incredible.’\u003ccite>Lauren Oakes, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“When you look at the readout that a doctor could analyze, it looked like noise,” he said. “But when you hear the stuff with one speaker playing the healthy side of a brain and one playing the afflicted side, you can hear the difference with this structured noise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it worked for medical data, Sawe thought it could work for environmental data as well. He had written a computer program that essentially reads data as sheet music, much like a player piano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Oakes’ work presented a compelling piece. There were multiple types of trees in the forest and a clear progression as climate change is killing off yellow cedars. Rising temperatures are decimating snowpack, but when still frequent cold snaps hit, there’s not enough insulation to protect the cedar’s shallow roots so they die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1016145\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1016145\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Gravina_Island_from_Ketchikan_Alaska_3-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A view of Gravina Island, Alexander Archipelago, Alaska\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Gravina_Island_from_Ketchikan_Alaska_3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Gravina_Island_from_Ketchikan_Alaska_3-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Gravina_Island_from_Ketchikan_Alaska_3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Gravina_Island_from_Ketchikan_Alaska_3-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Gravina_Island_from_Ketchikan_Alaska_3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Gravina_Island_from_Ketchikan_Alaska_3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Gravina_Island_from_Ketchikan_Alaska_3-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of Gravina Island, Alexander Archipelago, Alaska \u003ccite>(U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s an odd scenario — death by freezing in a warming world — but one that could have profound impacts on one of the most culturally and economically important trees in Alaska as it dies out and other, less valuable trees take its place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Culturally, they’ve been used for about 9,000 years in carvings,” Oakes, now a lecturer at Stanford, said. “From an economic standpoint, they are the most valuable conifer in Alaska. Even though right now they comprise a lower percentage of the forest in terms of density, when there is a sale for timber in Alaska, they tend to drive it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Sawe picked up Oakes’ data and turned it into tunes. Though a computer played the music, Sawe helped arrange the piece so it made sense. He assigned different trees to different instruments based on their role in the forest (though in the case of sitka spruce, he assigned it to the cello because it’s a common wood used in cello construction) and a key so all the players were on the same page (in this case, a rather foreboding D minor).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each note in the piece is a single tree from one of Oakes’ study sites while its pitch conveys the age and loudness conveys its size. All the parts are played by a computer using a Musical Instrument Digital Interface, known more frequently by its less wonky acronym MIDI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, the piece conveys a forest in flux. Sawe also isolated the piano as a solo piece to highlight what’s happening to yellow cedars in particular. In that context, the lively tinkle of notes reminiscent of Philip Glass slips into a dirge by the end as gaps of silence and single notes dominate the piece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/281853932″ params=”color=ff5500″ width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawe isn’t a composer by trade — he studies how why we make decisions on the environment using a mix of neurology and economics — but he is someone who wants to take complex data and make it understandable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With data sonification, you can handle a lot more dimensions if you’re listening to data than looking at it,” he said. “It’s useful for scientists on the one hand but on the other hand, the fact that you can take something like the data from 2,000 trees in Alaska and give someone a 20-second description of what that song is portraying and they pick it up (means) it has huge potential to share these narratives with people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Oakes, that’s exactly what she was hoping for when she responded back to Sawe’s initial email. She wanted her data to be so compelling that people would have to stop and pay attention to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The early feedback indicates the project has already realized some of that potential. The California Academy of Science has reached out to them about a public event and Stanford has expressed interest in having a chamber music group do a live performance of the piece. And Sawe has started working with the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute to explore some of their Pacific Ocean data for another data sonification project down the road that could add another song to the soundtrack of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While data sonification is still far from the mainstream scientific process, music could be a lynch pin for taking climate research out of the pages of academic journals and into our lives. And it may serve as a reminder that we’re all composers and our choices will define what the next movement sounds like.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite spending countless hours of her Ph.D. at Stanford making visits to remote stretches of Alaska, poring over yellow cedar measurements and photos and ultimately publishing her findings, \u003ca href=\"http://www.leoakes.com/\">Lauren Oakes\u003c/a> was about to experience her data in a new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driving for a weekend trip to the Sierras, she turned the volume way up in her car and hit play. A cascading piano was joined by a flute, cello and other instruments. As the piece continued, the piano’s high staccato notes gave way to lower, more intermittent ones before ending on a wave of strings, leaving a sense of another movement yet to be written.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakes had just heard the sound of climate change in Alaska’s yellow cedar forests and the ways it’s already altered the landscape. It wasn’t just a composer’s impression of her research, though. She had just heard her data — data meticulously collected and pored over for years — translated from numbers and charts into music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To hear the patterns it took me years to understand was incredible,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/281855016″&visual=true&”color=ff5500″'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/281855016″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The piece has the potential to change how researchers and the public engage with data. Music based on data has the potential to reveal new patterns to scientists and get data out of the arcane language of empirical orthogonal functions, p-values and Kruskal-Wallis tests and into a language that everyone can understand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research Oakes had just heard came courtesy of Nik Sawe, a fellow Stanford PhD student at the time the music was created and a current researcher there. He had emailed a group of fellow students at the university hoping to find some data to turn into music after going to a talk about using a technique called data sonification to make music from seizure data.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘To hear the patterns it took me years to understand was incredible.’\u003ccite>Lauren Oakes, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“When you look at the readout that a doctor could analyze, it looked like noise,” he said. “But when you hear the stuff with one speaker playing the healthy side of a brain and one playing the afflicted side, you can hear the difference with this structured noise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it worked for medical data, Sawe thought it could work for environmental data as well. He had written a computer program that essentially reads data as sheet music, much like a player piano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Oakes’ work presented a compelling piece. There were multiple types of trees in the forest and a clear progression as climate change is killing off yellow cedars. Rising temperatures are decimating snowpack, but when still frequent cold snaps hit, there’s not enough insulation to protect the cedar’s shallow roots so they die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1016145\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1016145\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Gravina_Island_from_Ketchikan_Alaska_3-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A view of Gravina Island, Alexander Archipelago, Alaska\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Gravina_Island_from_Ketchikan_Alaska_3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Gravina_Island_from_Ketchikan_Alaska_3-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Gravina_Island_from_Ketchikan_Alaska_3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Gravina_Island_from_Ketchikan_Alaska_3-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Gravina_Island_from_Ketchikan_Alaska_3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Gravina_Island_from_Ketchikan_Alaska_3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Gravina_Island_from_Ketchikan_Alaska_3-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of Gravina Island, Alexander Archipelago, Alaska \u003ccite>(U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s an odd scenario — death by freezing in a warming world — but one that could have profound impacts on one of the most culturally and economically important trees in Alaska as it dies out and other, less valuable trees take its place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Culturally, they’ve been used for about 9,000 years in carvings,” Oakes, now a lecturer at Stanford, said. “From an economic standpoint, they are the most valuable conifer in Alaska. Even though right now they comprise a lower percentage of the forest in terms of density, when there is a sale for timber in Alaska, they tend to drive it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Sawe picked up Oakes’ data and turned it into tunes. Though a computer played the music, Sawe helped arrange the piece so it made sense. He assigned different trees to different instruments based on their role in the forest (though in the case of sitka spruce, he assigned it to the cello because it’s a common wood used in cello construction) and a key so all the players were on the same page (in this case, a rather foreboding D minor).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each note in the piece is a single tree from one of Oakes’ study sites while its pitch conveys the age and loudness conveys its size. All the parts are played by a computer using a Musical Instrument Digital Interface, known more frequently by its less wonky acronym MIDI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, the piece conveys a forest in flux. Sawe also isolated the piano as a solo piece to highlight what’s happening to yellow cedars in particular. In that context, the lively tinkle of notes reminiscent of Philip Glass slips into a dirge by the end as gaps of silence and single notes dominate the piece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/281853932″&visual=true&”color=ff5500″'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/281853932″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawe isn’t a composer by trade — he studies how why we make decisions on the environment using a mix of neurology and economics — but he is someone who wants to take complex data and make it understandable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With data sonification, you can handle a lot more dimensions if you’re listening to data than looking at it,” he said. “It’s useful for scientists on the one hand but on the other hand, the fact that you can take something like the data from 2,000 trees in Alaska and give someone a 20-second description of what that song is portraying and they pick it up (means) it has huge potential to share these narratives with people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Oakes, that’s exactly what she was hoping for when she responded back to Sawe’s initial email. 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"title": "Brown Says He'll Push California's Climate Agenda Whoever Wins in November",
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"content": "\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown says he will continue to push California’s climate change policies, no matter the results of November’s presidential election. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would do what I’m doing now,” he said, speaking in Sacramento at the Doubletree Hotel on the opening night of the Society of Environmental Journalists conference, an annual meeting attended by more than 300 journalists from around the country this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, who has made climate change a centerpiece of his final term as governor, touted the group of climate change bills signed over the last month, including SB32, which set a new climate change agenda for California. It requires the state to cut greenhouse gas emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will mean tougher rules for factories and power plants and an ongoing expansion of solar, wind and other green energy. The bill recently passed the state legislature after a contentious debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has goals,” Brown said. “They’re steep and they’ll get steeper as we go down the road. We need technology, the investment and the understanding, and that’s where journalism comes in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown said climate change is a slow-moving and complex problem, and America’s journalists need to do a better job of explaining it and the threats it poses if political leaders are going to make progress in averting catastrophe. He implored the room of reporters to keep writing about the widespread challenges of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of things that are of deep concern are not that exciting,” he said. “Donald Trump is more exciting for many journalists than climate change because he can make a lot of noise. That’s one of your infirmities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown also recently signed a bill to address what are known as “short-lived” climate pollutants — those that have a more potent greenhouse gas effect than carbon dioxide — such as methane, hydrofluorocarbon gases, and soot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists tell us if the rest of the world would do what California is proposing to do by 2030, we’d cut the pace of climate change in half,” he said. “That’s how powerful the super-pollutants are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NASA, nine of the 10 warmest years on record have occurred since 2000, and carbon dioxide levels in the air are at their highest in 650,000 years. The hottest year globally was 2015, and 2016 is on pace to break the record again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SEJ conference, the nation’s largest gathering of journalists who cover environmental issues, continues through Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown says he will continue to push California’s climate change policies, no matter the results of November’s presidential election. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would do what I’m doing now,” he said, speaking in Sacramento at the Doubletree Hotel on the opening night of the Society of Environmental Journalists conference, an annual meeting attended by more than 300 journalists from around the country this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, who has made climate change a centerpiece of his final term as governor, touted the group of climate change bills signed over the last month, including SB32, which set a new climate change agenda for California. It requires the state to cut greenhouse gas emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will mean tougher rules for factories and power plants and an ongoing expansion of solar, wind and other green energy. The bill recently passed the state legislature after a contentious debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has goals,” Brown said. “They’re steep and they’ll get steeper as we go down the road. We need technology, the investment and the understanding, and that’s where journalism comes in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown said climate change is a slow-moving and complex problem, and America’s journalists need to do a better job of explaining it and the threats it poses if political leaders are going to make progress in averting catastrophe. He implored the room of reporters to keep writing about the widespread challenges of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of things that are of deep concern are not that exciting,” he said. “Donald Trump is more exciting for many journalists than climate change because he can make a lot of noise. That’s one of your infirmities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown also recently signed a bill to address what are known as “short-lived” climate pollutants — those that have a more potent greenhouse gas effect than carbon dioxide — such as methane, hydrofluorocarbon gases, and soot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists tell us if the rest of the world would do what California is proposing to do by 2030, we’d cut the pace of climate change in half,” he said. “That’s how powerful the super-pollutants are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NASA, nine of the 10 warmest years on record have occurred since 2000, and carbon dioxide levels in the air are at their highest in 650,000 years. The hottest year globally was 2015, and 2016 is on pace to break the record again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SEJ conference, the nation’s largest gathering of journalists who cover environmental issues, continues through Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Human-Driven Global Warming Started as Early as the 1830s: Study",
"headTitle": "Human-Driven Global Warming Started as Early as the 1830s: Study | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>To fully understand the warming of the planet that is being driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases, scientists need to examine the history of climate changes on Earth. Hampering this effort is the fact that direct measurements of temperature and other climate data only go back to about the late 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by using records kept by the Earth itself, that history can be extended back hundreds or even thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study published Wednesday in the journal Nature, a group of researchers has knitted together such natural records — found, for example, in coral reefs, ice sheets and caves. They used those records to trace the thread of human-driven warming back to what they say is its beginning, nearly 200 years ago, when the coal-burning that took off with the Industrial Revolution was still revving up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the impact then on temperatures was small, it is measurable in certain regions, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some climate scientists not involved in the research quibble with just how much of that early signal can actually be attributed to greenhouse gases. However, there is broad agreement that the study reinforces the importance of the starting point that is used when evaluating how much the Earth has already warmed and how close we are to breaching international climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_944019\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-944019\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/8_24_16_Andrea_CC_icecore_400_533_s_c1_c_c.jpg\" alt=\"An ice core still sits inside a drill.\" width=\"400\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An ice core still sits inside a drill. \u003ccite>(Nerilie Abram )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This early warming does mean that our instrumental records (which typically only begin in the 1880s) don’t allow us to see the picture of how humans have changed the climate,” study co-author Nerilie Abram, a paleoclimatologist at Australian National University, said in an email. “So when we are talking about targets of trying to limit climate warming to less than 1.5˚C, we are actually closer to that limit than what we would calculate from instrumental records alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>What Is Pre-Industrial?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>When international negotiators forged an agreement last year on limiting temperature rise this century, they settled on a threshold of 2˚C from pre-industrial times (with some talk of tightening that limit to 1.5˚C). But exactly what period is picked to represent the pre-industrial era is key. Comparing temperatures today to the beginning of the instrumental record is problematic because at best that record goes back only to the 1880s, when some warming had likely already occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Earth itself keeps records of how climate has changed over millennia, in the growth of coral reefs, the layers of ice laid down in glaciers, and the rings added each year to trees. The study authors worked with a consortium that has brought together records from different sources from spots all over the world and worked to put them together into a coherent picture of past climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record includes new reconstructions of sea surface temperatures, something often left out of such projects because of the difficulty of obtaining ocean records, Abram said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reconstruction allowed the group to examine global and regional temperature records going back 500 years. With that extended record, they picked the period 1622 to 1799 as their preindustrial era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That period is “definitely before we really started burning any significant amount of fossil fuels,” NASA climate scientist Kate Marvel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The early warming is a small but detectable signal that can be explained by the small increases in greenhouse gases that were already happening in the mid 19th century.’\u003ccite>Nerilie Abram, Australian National University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Using statistical analyses, the team picked out a small, but measureable, increase in temperatures as early as the 1830s for some regions, including the tropical oceans, as well as the Northern Hemisphere more broadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are “further evidence that the climate has already changed significantly since the pre-industrial period,” Ed Hawkins, a climate scientist at the University of Reading in England, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Regional Differences\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>These changes wouldn’t have been noticeable to people at the time. It was only in the 20th century that warming pushed the climate outside of what would be seen from natural variations. That natural variability also explains why the warming signal emerged first in the tropics — year-to-year variability in that region is very low, which means the signal is easier to tease out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found that the rate of warming of the tropical oceans was about the same as that of the continents in the Northern Hemisphere. Unsurprisingly, the Arctic showed the highest rate of warming.[contextly_sidebar id=”O7Ih1x43marWKs782O7VHmOuQ1dELSBB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming in the Southern Hemisphere, however, was delayed compared to the Northern Hemisphere in the reconstruction, though the researchers aren’t sure why, particularly as climate models don’t show that delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some possible explanations include a higher variability of the Southern Hemisphere climate, as well as some unappreciated aspects of how sea ice might regulate the climate. There is also a relative dearth of data compared to the Northern Hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More specifically, a clear warming signal has yet to emerge for Antarctica, which could be because the continent is somewhat isolated from broader climate changes by both atmospheric and oceanic currents that encircle it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Antarctica sort of does its own thing,” study co-author Nicholas McKay, a climatologist at Northern Arizona University, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Baseline Matters\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The researchers were surprised that they found such an early onset of warming, both Abram and McKay said. At first they suspected that the initial warming was actually the climate rebounding from the cooling impact of two major volcanic eruptions in the early 1800s, and that greenhouse warming took over later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But by testing our methods, and by looking at when warming develops in climate model simulations where only greenhouse gases are changed, we were able to show that the early warming is a small but detectable signal that can be explained by the small increases in greenhouse gases that were already happening in the mid 19th century,” Abram said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Mann, a Penn State climatologist, who put together the famous “Hockey Stick” climate reconstruction, still thinks that more of that early warming is due to the rebound from volcanic cooling and that a more rigorous analysis is needed to tease out just how much warming can be attributed to greenhouse gas-driven warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_944020\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-944020\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-800x554.jpg\" alt='The so-called \"hockey stick\" graph, which shows temperatures both from the instrumental record (in red) and paleoclimate data.' width=\"800\" height=\"554\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-800x554.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-400x277.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-768x532.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-960x665.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c.jpg 1050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The so-called “hockey stick” graph, which shows temperatures both from the instrumental record (in red) and paleoclimate data. \u003ccite>(IPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In particular, Mann takes issue with a statement in the study that their findings indicate the Earth’s temperature may respond faster to changes in greenhouse gases levels than previously thought, which he says is “a really basic error in interpretation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mann does agree, however, that warming goes back further than instrumental records can show and that today’s temperature rise should be compared to an earlier baseline than it currently is, or we risk underestimating warming. This was the point that other climate scientists said was the main contribution of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>To fully understand the warming of the planet that is being driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases, scientists need to examine the history of climate changes on Earth. Hampering this effort is the fact that direct measurements of temperature and other climate data only go back to about the late 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by using records kept by the Earth itself, that history can be extended back hundreds or even thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study published Wednesday in the journal Nature, a group of researchers has knitted together such natural records — found, for example, in coral reefs, ice sheets and caves. They used those records to trace the thread of human-driven warming back to what they say is its beginning, nearly 200 years ago, when the coal-burning that took off with the Industrial Revolution was still revving up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the impact then on temperatures was small, it is measurable in certain regions, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some climate scientists not involved in the research quibble with just how much of that early signal can actually be attributed to greenhouse gases. However, there is broad agreement that the study reinforces the importance of the starting point that is used when evaluating how much the Earth has already warmed and how close we are to breaching international climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_944019\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-944019\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/8_24_16_Andrea_CC_icecore_400_533_s_c1_c_c.jpg\" alt=\"An ice core still sits inside a drill.\" width=\"400\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An ice core still sits inside a drill. \u003ccite>(Nerilie Abram )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This early warming does mean that our instrumental records (which typically only begin in the 1880s) don’t allow us to see the picture of how humans have changed the climate,” study co-author Nerilie Abram, a paleoclimatologist at Australian National University, said in an email. “So when we are talking about targets of trying to limit climate warming to less than 1.5˚C, we are actually closer to that limit than what we would calculate from instrumental records alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>What Is Pre-Industrial?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>When international negotiators forged an agreement last year on limiting temperature rise this century, they settled on a threshold of 2˚C from pre-industrial times (with some talk of tightening that limit to 1.5˚C). But exactly what period is picked to represent the pre-industrial era is key. Comparing temperatures today to the beginning of the instrumental record is problematic because at best that record goes back only to the 1880s, when some warming had likely already occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Earth itself keeps records of how climate has changed over millennia, in the growth of coral reefs, the layers of ice laid down in glaciers, and the rings added each year to trees. The study authors worked with a consortium that has brought together records from different sources from spots all over the world and worked to put them together into a coherent picture of past climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record includes new reconstructions of sea surface temperatures, something often left out of such projects because of the difficulty of obtaining ocean records, Abram said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reconstruction allowed the group to examine global and regional temperature records going back 500 years. With that extended record, they picked the period 1622 to 1799 as their preindustrial era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That period is “definitely before we really started burning any significant amount of fossil fuels,” NASA climate scientist Kate Marvel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The early warming is a small but detectable signal that can be explained by the small increases in greenhouse gases that were already happening in the mid 19th century.’\u003ccite>Nerilie Abram, Australian National University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Using statistical analyses, the team picked out a small, but measureable, increase in temperatures as early as the 1830s for some regions, including the tropical oceans, as well as the Northern Hemisphere more broadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are “further evidence that the climate has already changed significantly since the pre-industrial period,” Ed Hawkins, a climate scientist at the University of Reading in England, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Regional Differences\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>These changes wouldn’t have been noticeable to people at the time. It was only in the 20th century that warming pushed the climate outside of what would be seen from natural variations. That natural variability also explains why the warming signal emerged first in the tropics — year-to-year variability in that region is very low, which means the signal is easier to tease out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found that the rate of warming of the tropical oceans was about the same as that of the continents in the Northern Hemisphere. Unsurprisingly, the Arctic showed the highest rate of warming.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming in the Southern Hemisphere, however, was delayed compared to the Northern Hemisphere in the reconstruction, though the researchers aren’t sure why, particularly as climate models don’t show that delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some possible explanations include a higher variability of the Southern Hemisphere climate, as well as some unappreciated aspects of how sea ice might regulate the climate. There is also a relative dearth of data compared to the Northern Hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More specifically, a clear warming signal has yet to emerge for Antarctica, which could be because the continent is somewhat isolated from broader climate changes by both atmospheric and oceanic currents that encircle it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Antarctica sort of does its own thing,” study co-author Nicholas McKay, a climatologist at Northern Arizona University, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Baseline Matters\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The researchers were surprised that they found such an early onset of warming, both Abram and McKay said. At first they suspected that the initial warming was actually the climate rebounding from the cooling impact of two major volcanic eruptions in the early 1800s, and that greenhouse warming took over later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But by testing our methods, and by looking at when warming develops in climate model simulations where only greenhouse gases are changed, we were able to show that the early warming is a small but detectable signal that can be explained by the small increases in greenhouse gases that were already happening in the mid 19th century,” Abram said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Mann, a Penn State climatologist, who put together the famous “Hockey Stick” climate reconstruction, still thinks that more of that early warming is due to the rebound from volcanic cooling and that a more rigorous analysis is needed to tease out just how much warming can be attributed to greenhouse gas-driven warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_944020\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-944020\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-800x554.jpg\" alt='The so-called \"hockey stick\" graph, which shows temperatures both from the instrumental record (in red) and paleoclimate data.' width=\"800\" height=\"554\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-800x554.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-400x277.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-768x532.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-960x665.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c.jpg 1050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The so-called “hockey stick” graph, which shows temperatures both from the instrumental record (in red) and paleoclimate data. \u003ccite>(IPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In particular, Mann takes issue with a statement in the study that their findings indicate the Earth’s temperature may respond faster to changes in greenhouse gases levels than previously thought, which he says is “a really basic error in interpretation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mann does agree, however, that warming goes back further than instrumental records can show and that today’s temperature rise should be compared to an earlier baseline than it currently is, or we risk underestimating warming. This was the point that other climate scientists said was the main contribution of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Change Signs Seen in California Wildfires",
"headTitle": "Climate Change Signs Seen in California Wildfires | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Reports this week from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-sand-fire-santa-clarita-20160725-snap-story.html\">front lines\u003c/a> of the Sand Fire in Southern California painted the scene as apocalyptic. The drought-fueled blaze was explosive, fast-moving and devastating, burning through 38,000 acres in the Santa Clarita Valley and forcing the evacuation of more than 10,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Climate change has exacerbated naturally occurring droughts, and therefore fuel conditions.’\u003ccite>Robert Field, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If the state’s wildfire season holds true to forecasts, the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4878/\">Sand Fire\u003c/a> will be one of many catastrophic wildfires to scorch drought-stricken forests and shrublands across California this year. So far, only one wildfire has been larger — the 48,019-acre \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4806/\">Erskine Fire\u003c/a>, which started in June in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and destroyed 250 homes and buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the fires have been among the worst or largest wildfires the state has seen in recent years, but they’re part of a dire global warming-fueled trend toward larger, more frequent and intense wildfires. The number of blazes on public lands across the West has increased 500 percent since the late 1970s, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/content/leroy-westerling\">LeRoy Westerling\u003c/a>, a professor studying climate and wildfire at the University of California-Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outlook this summer is sobering: Wildland fire potential for most of coastal California and the Sierra Nevada Mountains is above normal and is expected to remain that way through October, \u003ca href=\"http://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/outlooks/monthly_seasonal_outlook.pdf\">according to\u003c/a> the National Interagency Fire Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildfire forecast follows a major heat wave in California, where the temperatures soared above 120°F (48.9°C) in some parts of Southern California. The region is seeing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-temperature-trends-united-states-20040\">significant warming trend\u003c/a>. Each decade since 1970, average summer temperatures \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-temperature-trends-united-states-20040\">have warmed\u003c/a> about 0.45°F (0.25°C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst of the fire season in Southern California may be yet to come, said \u003ca href=\"https://saffordlab.wordpress.com/people-2/\">Hugh Safford\u003c/a>, a U.S. Forest Service ecologist based in Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most dangerous fire conditions occur from the end of September to December, when Santa Ana winds from the desert interact with the driest fuels of the season after five to six months of drying,” he said. “I would expect an active fire season, and critical conditions in the fall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westerling said 140,000 acres have burned across Southern California this year — a figure that amounts to nearly four times the five-year average for annual acreage burned in an entire wildfire season in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming’s fingerprints can be clearly seen on this year’s fire season in California, where the state’s extreme drought is entering its fifth year and record-breaking heat has baked the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change has exacerbated naturally occurring droughts, and therefore fuel conditions,” said Robert Field, a research scientist at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worse the drought, the more of a tinderbox forests become.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures exacerbate the drought by increasing evaporation and transpiration,” Westerling said. “Drier conditions mean highly flammable (wildfire) fuels. Drier conditions and high temperatures drive more extreme fire behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California fire conditions today are already bad as firefighters attempt to contain the Sand Fire and battle the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4888/\">Soberanes Fire\u003c/a>, which has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/29/soberanes-fire-containment-update/\">burned more than 31,000 acres\u003c/a> south of Monterey since the fire started on July 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sand Fire, burning in mountainous shrubland known as chaparral, has surprised wildfire scientists because of the speed with which it scorched the slopes north of Los Angeles. It’s an example of how climate change affects the way wildfires burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chaparral always burns at high intensity, but the mean size of chaparral fires has been growing,” Safford said. “We haven’t seen much change in the severity of these fires, but they are getting bigger on average, which may be due to drought-driven shrub mortality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dead and dry trees do a lot to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-firefighters-wrangling-with-dead-trees-20471\">help fires spread\u003c/a>, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This last factor results in fire embers that are cast far ahead of the flaming front and leads to faster fire growth and more difficult control,” Safford said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Reports this week from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-sand-fire-santa-clarita-20160725-snap-story.html\">front lines\u003c/a> of the Sand Fire in Southern California painted the scene as apocalyptic. The drought-fueled blaze was explosive, fast-moving and devastating, burning through 38,000 acres in the Santa Clarita Valley and forcing the evacuation of more than 10,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Climate change has exacerbated naturally occurring droughts, and therefore fuel conditions.’\u003ccite>Robert Field, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If the state’s wildfire season holds true to forecasts, the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4878/\">Sand Fire\u003c/a> will be one of many catastrophic wildfires to scorch drought-stricken forests and shrublands across California this year. So far, only one wildfire has been larger — the 48,019-acre \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4806/\">Erskine Fire\u003c/a>, which started in June in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and destroyed 250 homes and buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the fires have been among the worst or largest wildfires the state has seen in recent years, but they’re part of a dire global warming-fueled trend toward larger, more frequent and intense wildfires. The number of blazes on public lands across the West has increased 500 percent since the late 1970s, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/content/leroy-westerling\">LeRoy Westerling\u003c/a>, a professor studying climate and wildfire at the University of California-Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outlook this summer is sobering: Wildland fire potential for most of coastal California and the Sierra Nevada Mountains is above normal and is expected to remain that way through October, \u003ca href=\"http://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/outlooks/monthly_seasonal_outlook.pdf\">according to\u003c/a> the National Interagency Fire Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildfire forecast follows a major heat wave in California, where the temperatures soared above 120°F (48.9°C) in some parts of Southern California. The region is seeing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-temperature-trends-united-states-20040\">significant warming trend\u003c/a>. Each decade since 1970, average summer temperatures \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-temperature-trends-united-states-20040\">have warmed\u003c/a> about 0.45°F (0.25°C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst of the fire season in Southern California may be yet to come, said \u003ca href=\"https://saffordlab.wordpress.com/people-2/\">Hugh Safford\u003c/a>, a U.S. Forest Service ecologist based in Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most dangerous fire conditions occur from the end of September to December, when Santa Ana winds from the desert interact with the driest fuels of the season after five to six months of drying,” he said. “I would expect an active fire season, and critical conditions in the fall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westerling said 140,000 acres have burned across Southern California this year — a figure that amounts to nearly four times the five-year average for annual acreage burned in an entire wildfire season in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming’s fingerprints can be clearly seen on this year’s fire season in California, where the state’s extreme drought is entering its fifth year and record-breaking heat has baked the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change has exacerbated naturally occurring droughts, and therefore fuel conditions,” said Robert Field, a research scientist at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worse the drought, the more of a tinderbox forests become.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures exacerbate the drought by increasing evaporation and transpiration,” Westerling said. “Drier conditions mean highly flammable (wildfire) fuels. Drier conditions and high temperatures drive more extreme fire behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California fire conditions today are already bad as firefighters attempt to contain the Sand Fire and battle the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4888/\">Soberanes Fire\u003c/a>, which has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/29/soberanes-fire-containment-update/\">burned more than 31,000 acres\u003c/a> south of Monterey since the fire started on July 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sand Fire, burning in mountainous shrubland known as chaparral, has surprised wildfire scientists because of the speed with which it scorched the slopes north of Los Angeles. It’s an example of how climate change affects the way wildfires burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chaparral always burns at high intensity, but the mean size of chaparral fires has been growing,” Safford said. “We haven’t seen much change in the severity of these fires, but they are getting bigger on average, which may be due to drought-driven shrub mortality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dead and dry trees do a lot to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-firefighters-wrangling-with-dead-trees-20471\">help fires spread\u003c/a>, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This last factor results in fire embers that are cast far ahead of the flaming front and leads to faster fire growth and more difficult control,” Safford said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>At the foot of a giant sequoia in California’s Sierra Nevada, two arborists stepped into harnesses then inched up ropes more than 20 stories into the dizzying canopy of a tree that survived thousands of years, enduring drought, wildfire and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, the arborists clipped off tips of young branches to be hand-delivered across the country, cloned in a lab and eventually planted in a forest in some other part of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two are among a cadre of modern day Johnny Appleseeds who believe California’s giant sequoias and coastal redwoods are blessed with some of the heartiest genetics of any trees on Earth — and that propagating them will help reverse climate change, at least in a small way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a biological miracle,” said tree climber Jim Clark, firmly back on the ground and holding a green sprig to his lips as if to kiss it. “This piece of tissue … can be rooted, and we have a miniature 3,000-year-old tree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cloning expedition to Camp Nelson, a mountain community about 100 miles southeast of Fresno, was led by David Milarch, co-founder of Archangel Ancient Tree Archive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Michigan-based nurseryman preaches the urgency of restoring the Earth’s decimated forests. In two decades, he says his nonprofit group has cloned 170 types of trees and planted more than 300,000 of them in seven countries with willing landowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a biological miracle. We have a miniature 3,000-year-old tree.’\u003ccite>Jim Clark\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a race against time,” Milarch said. “If we start right now, we can go after climate change and reverse it before it’s too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sequoias growing in the Sierra are among the biggest and oldest trees on Earth, some nearly 300 feet tall and up to 3,000 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relying on common sense that he says is being borne out by science, Milarch, 66, believes their size and robustness make them ideal for absorbing greenhouse gases that drive climate change on the planet. He likens them to people who drink and smoke all their lives, yet thrive well into their 90s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One skeptic is Todd Dawson, a professor of integrated biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He admires Archangel’s creative efforts but says it’s unclear whether the towering trees have superior genes or whether they were simply lucky not to meet the fate of a logger’s saw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chances are slim, he said, that cloning and planting a limited number of trees will cool the warming planet. He favors more sweeping approaches such as curbing the use of fossil fuels and protecting vast rainforests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s one of the things about global warming — it’s a global problem,” Dawson said. “You’re going to have to plant a lot of trees to combat global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of about a dozen expert tree climbers from across the country volunteered for the expedition in May to restock Archangel’s store of genetic samples. They risked their lives to climb to the ends of massive limbs, starting in the southern Sierra sequoia grove and winding up nearly 500 miles away in Northern California, where they carefully collected additional samples from coastal redwoods — a taller, thinner cousin of the giant sequoia. [contextly_sidebar id=”I6Je3Fpl7kMVmUyX8g4zO3Wr5pO1yOZZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark wrapped the clippings he gathered in damp newspaper, placed them inside ice-filled duffel bags and boarded an overnight flight to the Archangel’s lab across country in Copemish, a rural village in northwestern Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, Clark and another propagation specialist snipped off some 2,000 shoots a few inches long and planted them in small containers of a peat-and-gel mixture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another 1,000 fingernail-sized bits of greenery were placed into jars containing a blend of seaweed-based gelatin and growth hormones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The samples grow beneath purplish fluorescent lights under humidity and temperatures designed to encourage rooting. Cloning ancient trees is tricky business, lab workers say, and many samples don’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later this year, Archangel’s team will come west to plant up to 1,000 sequoia and redwood saplings in a cool, damp region of Oregon where the trees will have the best chance to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Werner, a horticulture consultant based in Monterey, California, who has worked with Archangel, says that in the face of global warming, it’s easy to dismiss the efforts of a “renegade” group that relies heavily on donations and volunteer nurserymen and arborists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not fair,” Werner said. “It may be a drop in the bucket, but at least somebody’s doing something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AP correspondent John Flesher contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At the foot of a giant sequoia in California’s Sierra Nevada, two arborists stepped into harnesses then inched up ropes more than 20 stories into the dizzying canopy of a tree that survived thousands of years, enduring drought, wildfire and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, the arborists clipped off tips of young branches to be hand-delivered across the country, cloned in a lab and eventually planted in a forest in some other part of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two are among a cadre of modern day Johnny Appleseeds who believe California’s giant sequoias and coastal redwoods are blessed with some of the heartiest genetics of any trees on Earth — and that propagating them will help reverse climate change, at least in a small way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a biological miracle,” said tree climber Jim Clark, firmly back on the ground and holding a green sprig to his lips as if to kiss it. “This piece of tissue … can be rooted, and we have a miniature 3,000-year-old tree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cloning expedition to Camp Nelson, a mountain community about 100 miles southeast of Fresno, was led by David Milarch, co-founder of Archangel Ancient Tree Archive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Michigan-based nurseryman preaches the urgency of restoring the Earth’s decimated forests. In two decades, he says his nonprofit group has cloned 170 types of trees and planted more than 300,000 of them in seven countries with willing landowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a biological miracle. We have a miniature 3,000-year-old tree.’\u003ccite>Jim Clark\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a race against time,” Milarch said. “If we start right now, we can go after climate change and reverse it before it’s too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sequoias growing in the Sierra are among the biggest and oldest trees on Earth, some nearly 300 feet tall and up to 3,000 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relying on common sense that he says is being borne out by science, Milarch, 66, believes their size and robustness make them ideal for absorbing greenhouse gases that drive climate change on the planet. He likens them to people who drink and smoke all their lives, yet thrive well into their 90s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One skeptic is Todd Dawson, a professor of integrated biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He admires Archangel’s creative efforts but says it’s unclear whether the towering trees have superior genes or whether they were simply lucky not to meet the fate of a logger’s saw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chances are slim, he said, that cloning and planting a limited number of trees will cool the warming planet. He favors more sweeping approaches such as curbing the use of fossil fuels and protecting vast rainforests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s one of the things about global warming — it’s a global problem,” Dawson said. “You’re going to have to plant a lot of trees to combat global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of about a dozen expert tree climbers from across the country volunteered for the expedition in May to restock Archangel’s store of genetic samples. They risked their lives to climb to the ends of massive limbs, starting in the southern Sierra sequoia grove and winding up nearly 500 miles away in Northern California, where they carefully collected additional samples from coastal redwoods — a taller, thinner cousin of the giant sequoia. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark wrapped the clippings he gathered in damp newspaper, placed them inside ice-filled duffel bags and boarded an overnight flight to the Archangel’s lab across country in Copemish, a rural village in northwestern Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, Clark and another propagation specialist snipped off some 2,000 shoots a few inches long and planted them in small containers of a peat-and-gel mixture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another 1,000 fingernail-sized bits of greenery were placed into jars containing a blend of seaweed-based gelatin and growth hormones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The samples grow beneath purplish fluorescent lights under humidity and temperatures designed to encourage rooting. Cloning ancient trees is tricky business, lab workers say, and many samples don’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later this year, Archangel’s team will come west to plant up to 1,000 sequoia and redwood saplings in a cool, damp region of Oregon where the trees will have the best chance to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Werner, a horticulture consultant based in Monterey, California, who has worked with Archangel, says that in the face of global warming, it’s easy to dismiss the efforts of a “renegade” group that relies heavily on donations and volunteer nurserymen and arborists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not fair,” Werner said. “It may be a drop in the bucket, but at least somebody’s doing something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AP correspondent John Flesher contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Man-made global warming is making America sicker, and it’s only going to get worse, according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://health2016.globalchange.gov/\">federal government report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 332-page report issued Monday by the Obama administration said global warming will make the air dirtier, water more contaminated and food more tainted. It warned of diseases, such as those spread by ticks and mosquitoes, longer allergy seasons, and thousands of heat wave deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> chief Gina McCarthy said if that’s not enough, climate change affects people’s mental health, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just about polar bears and melting ice caps. It’s about our families. It’s about our future,” McCarthy said at a White House event unveiling the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change affects more people in more ways than anything doctors have seen in the past, said Surgeon General Vivek Murthy. He said the report allows doctors to better quantify “the sheer number of pathways through which climate affects health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes air pollution worsened from power plants, pollen and even wildfires, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not being able to breathe is one of the most frightening experience” for people, Murthy said. “We’re talking about scary moments for parents and children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asthma is already the No. 1 cause of children going to the hospital and “now we’re seeing it worsening because of the heat, the allergens,” and air pollution, said Lynn Goldman, dean of the George Washington University’s public health school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White House science adviser John Holdren highlighted heat waves, saying that even with some reduction in emissions of heat-trapping gases globally, “we can see thousands to tens of thousands of heat-related deaths in the United States each summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centers of Disease Control and Prevention computer simulations of 209 cities show that extra summer heat deaths will outweigh fewer winter cold deaths from climate change, said CDC’s Shubhayu Saha, a study lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holdren said the report is based on more than 1,800 published scientific studies and new federal research, and was reviewed by the National Academies of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The report clearly establishes that climate change is a major threat to public health in the United States,” said Howard Frumkin, dean of the University of Washington’s public health school, who wasn’t part of the report. He said the government isn’t doing enough. “There is a vast disconnect between the magnitude of the problem, as outlined by this report, and the response of government health agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Josh Lederman contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Man-made global warming is making America sicker, and it’s only going to get worse, according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://health2016.globalchange.gov/\">federal government report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 332-page report issued Monday by the Obama administration said global warming will make the air dirtier, water more contaminated and food more tainted. It warned of diseases, such as those spread by ticks and mosquitoes, longer allergy seasons, and thousands of heat wave deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> chief Gina McCarthy said if that’s not enough, climate change affects people’s mental health, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just about polar bears and melting ice caps. It’s about our families. It’s about our future,” McCarthy said at a White House event unveiling the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change affects more people in more ways than anything doctors have seen in the past, said Surgeon General Vivek Murthy. He said the report allows doctors to better quantify “the sheer number of pathways through which climate affects health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes air pollution worsened from power plants, pollen and even wildfires, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not being able to breathe is one of the most frightening experience” for people, Murthy said. “We’re talking about scary moments for parents and children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asthma is already the No. 1 cause of children going to the hospital and “now we’re seeing it worsening because of the heat, the allergens,” and air pollution, said Lynn Goldman, dean of the George Washington University’s public health school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White House science adviser John Holdren highlighted heat waves, saying that even with some reduction in emissions of heat-trapping gases globally, “we can see thousands to tens of thousands of heat-related deaths in the United States each summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centers of Disease Control and Prevention computer simulations of 209 cities show that extra summer heat deaths will outweigh fewer winter cold deaths from climate change, said CDC’s Shubhayu Saha, a study lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holdren said the report is based on more than 1,800 published scientific studies and new federal research, and was reviewed by the National Academies of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The report clearly establishes that climate change is a major threat to public health in the United States,” said Howard Frumkin, dean of the University of Washington’s public health school, who wasn’t part of the report. He said the government isn’t doing enough. “There is a vast disconnect between the magnitude of the problem, as outlined by this report, and the response of government health agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Josh Lederman contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low Peak, Again",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s been a winter for the books in the Arctic. Capping off a season of sustained, mind-boggling warm weather and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-again-20044\">stunted sea ice growth\u003c/a>, the annual Arctic sea ice maximum hit its lowest level ever recorded. That marks the second straight year that the winter maximum ice extent set a record low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen such a warm, crazy winter in the Arctic,” Mark Serreze, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Snow and Ice Data Center\u003c/a>, said in a statement. “The heat was relentless.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with other indicators like global average temperature and sea level rise, the record-setting sea ice cover is a key example of how much climate change is affecting the planet. Diminished sea ice can impact the ability of Arctic species like polar bears and walruses to find food, and could \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/polar-vortex-whats-the-role-of-warming-18654\">impact the weather\u003c/a> across North America, Europe and Asia, though that connection is still contentious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Arctic is in crisis. Year by year, it’s slipping into a new state, and it’s hard to see how that won’t have an effect on weather throughout the Northern Hemisphere,” Ted Scambos, an NSIDC lead scientist, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://nsidc.org/news/newsroom/arctic-sets-yet-another-record-low-maximum-extent\">NSIDC announced on Monday\u003c/a> that Arctic sea ice hit its maximum extent for the winter on March 24, when it averaged 5.607 million square miles. That beat \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-hits-record-low-winter-peak-18795\">last year’s record low\u003c/a> of 5.612 million square miles, set on Feb. 25, 2015, by 5,000 square miles or just a bit smaller than the area of Connecticut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ferqrZi4WF4?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s peak came earlier than is typical, while this year’s was later than the average peak time. That late peak date sets up a shorter-than-normal ice melt season this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record low maximum doesn’t necessarily guarantee a record-low summer sea ice minimum, though, as ice melt depends heavily on Arctic weather patterns through the spring and summer months. Last year’s minimum was the\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-ice-4th-lowest-record-19455\">fourth lowest on record\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, though, Arctic sea ice has seen \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/video-old-arctic-sea-ice-20112\">a clear decline\u003c/a> since satellites first began monitoring it in 1979. Since that time, winter sea ice extent has dropped 3.2 percent per decade, while the summer minimum has seen an even steeper drop of 13.7 percent per decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decline is linked to the rapid warming of the region, which is heating up twice as fast as the rest of the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter, that warmth reached astounding levels, with air temperatures over the Arctic Ocean ranging from 4°F to 11°F (2°C to 6°C) above average in nearly every region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That incredible warmth helped contribute to January and February successively setting the record for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/february-winter-record-warm-for-planet-20150\">most anomalously warm months\u003c/a> globally in more than 130 years of record keeping.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s been a winter for the books in the Arctic. Capping off a season of sustained, mind-boggling warm weather and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-again-20044\">stunted sea ice growth\u003c/a>, the annual Arctic sea ice maximum hit its lowest level ever recorded. That marks the second straight year that the winter maximum ice extent set a record low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen such a warm, crazy winter in the Arctic,” Mark Serreze, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Snow and Ice Data Center\u003c/a>, said in a statement. “The heat was relentless.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with other indicators like global average temperature and sea level rise, the record-setting sea ice cover is a key example of how much climate change is affecting the planet. Diminished sea ice can impact the ability of Arctic species like polar bears and walruses to find food, and could \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/polar-vortex-whats-the-role-of-warming-18654\">impact the weather\u003c/a> across North America, Europe and Asia, though that connection is still contentious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Arctic is in crisis. Year by year, it’s slipping into a new state, and it’s hard to see how that won’t have an effect on weather throughout the Northern Hemisphere,” Ted Scambos, an NSIDC lead scientist, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://nsidc.org/news/newsroom/arctic-sets-yet-another-record-low-maximum-extent\">NSIDC announced on Monday\u003c/a> that Arctic sea ice hit its maximum extent for the winter on March 24, when it averaged 5.607 million square miles. That beat \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-hits-record-low-winter-peak-18795\">last year’s record low\u003c/a> of 5.612 million square miles, set on Feb. 25, 2015, by 5,000 square miles or just a bit smaller than the area of Connecticut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ferqrZi4WF4?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s peak came earlier than is typical, while this year’s was later than the average peak time. That late peak date sets up a shorter-than-normal ice melt season this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record low maximum doesn’t necessarily guarantee a record-low summer sea ice minimum, though, as ice melt depends heavily on Arctic weather patterns through the spring and summer months. Last year’s minimum was the\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-ice-4th-lowest-record-19455\">fourth lowest on record\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, though, Arctic sea ice has seen \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/video-old-arctic-sea-ice-20112\">a clear decline\u003c/a> since satellites first began monitoring it in 1979. Since that time, winter sea ice extent has dropped 3.2 percent per decade, while the summer minimum has seen an even steeper drop of 13.7 percent per decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decline is linked to the rapid warming of the region, which is heating up twice as fast as the rest of the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter, that warmth reached astounding levels, with air temperatures over the Arctic Ocean ranging from 4°F to 11°F (2°C to 6°C) above average in nearly every region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That incredible warmth helped contribute to January and February successively setting the record for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/february-winter-record-warm-for-planet-20150\">most anomalously warm months\u003c/a> globally in more than 130 years of record keeping.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How a Monster El Niño Transforms the World’s Weather",
"headTitle": "How a Monster El Niño Transforms the World’s Weather | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From crippling drought in southern Africa to a record number of February tornadoes in the U.S. Southeast, an exceptionally strong El Niño has been making headlines around the globe as it tampers with the world’s weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the event has begun its slow decline, those wide-ranging impacts will continue to be felt for weeks and months to come — good news for those in California, who need El Niño-fueled rains, but bad news for the many areas, like Indonesia, which is suffering from deep drought, food and water shortages, and wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already this year, El Niño-related weather has cost billions of dollars in damage and left some 100 million people \u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/feb/17/el-nino-leaves-100-million-people-hungry-short-of-water-droughts-floods-worldwide\">facing food and water shortages\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the interactive graphic below, Climate Central takes a look at how this major climate pattern typically influences the world’s weather, what it can mean for societies in the areas it affects, and what has actually been happening with this particular event, which ranks amongst the strongest on record. After all, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/comparing-el-nino-to-1997-19278\">no two El Niños are the same\u003c/a>. For instance, while Southern California was drenched during the 1997-1998 El Niño, it has remained disconcertingly dry this time around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"720\" height=\"571\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/wgts/el-nino-impacts/index.html?utm_source=ext&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=2016ElNinoImpacts\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the big picture: El Niño is most known for \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/why-do-we-care-so-much-about-el-nino-17806\">shifting a large pool of warm ocean waters\u003c/a> from the western to the central and eastern tropical Pacific. That shift changes where heat is pumped into the tropical atmosphere, disrupting its typical circulation patterns. Those local disruptions cause a domino effect through the global atmosphere that can alter weather thousands of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two main circulation patterns that are affected. All around the tropics is a pattern of rising and sinking air — like a vertical loop — called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/walker-circulation-ensos-atmospheric-buddy\">Walker Circulation\u003c/a>. The rising air corresponds to areas of unsettled, rainy weather, while the sinking air creates a stable, dry clime. Normally in the tropical Pacific, a major area of rising air is found over the western portions, where the warmest waters are found. With the eastward shift from El Niño, that rising air (and its sinking counterpart) move eastward as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This displacement shifts the other branches of the Walker Circulation around the tropics, pushing wetter weather over areas that might normally be dry and vice versa. These areas typically see some of the strongest impacts from El Niño because they are in a region more directly linked to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in the Walker Circulation in turn cause shifts in another looping pattern called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/how-enso-leads-cascade-global-impacts\">Hadley Circulation\u003c/a> that runs north-to-south to the Walker’s east-to-west. And those changes in the Hadley Circulation can affect the subtropical jet stream — an area of fast-moving air that guides storms — in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. This is how El Niño can affect regions far from the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in these main circulation patterns interact with other factors, like seasonal monsoons and other major climate patterns, which is why none of the typical impacts associated with El Niño are guaranteed. It merely shifts the odds in their favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s dive in for a closer look at some of the local and regional impacts and what has actually played out this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581808\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581808\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic.jpg\" alt=\"How the Walker Circulation changes from neutral to El Niño conditions.\" width=\"450\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic.jpg 450w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-400x401.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How the Walker Circulation changes from neutral to El Niño conditions. \u003ccite>(Fiona Martin)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Southeast Asia\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Indonesia, and Southeast Asia more broadly, is one of the areas most directly impacted by El Niño. The eastward shift in the Walker Circulation means the normal area of rising air and rainy weather is shifted eastward as well, leaving the Indonesian area high and dry during much of the year. This can lead to drought that can cause water shortages and crop and livestock losses from dried up fields. Those losses then lead to food shortages and rising prices, and can also increase the odds of large wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year has seen major drought grip Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines and much of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/drought/201601#det-reg-pacis-usapi\">U.S. Pacific Island territories\u003c/a>. In Indonesia there were \u003ca href=\"https://www.irinnews.org/report/102140/el-nino-brings-drought-hunger-indonesia-and-south-pacific\">major delays\u003c/a> in the planting of the rice crop, leading to concerns over food shortages. And when farmers set their usual fires to clear brush for planting, the dry conditions caused many to burn out of control, causing one of the biggest burn years on record and leading to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/indonesias-fires-climate-public-health-19601\">a pall of smoke\u003c/a> over the region. In Vietnam, drought has led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/vietnam-hit-by-worst/2562802.html\">salinization issues in the Mekong Delta\u003c/a> region, home to some 20 million people and a major rice growing area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought has caused the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia to \u003ca href=\"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/sotc/drought/2016/01/RMI-Proclamation-Declaring-State-of-Emergency-160203.pdf\">declare states of emergency\u003c/a>, with some islands enacting water rationing and having to have water shipped in.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Australia\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>That same eastward shift of storm activity tends to bring drier conditions to northern Australia during the Southern Hemisphere summer and more broadly to the east in the winter. It also tends to bring warmer summer weather to southeast Australia because of the larger mass of stable, subsiding air in place. During El Niño years, drought and wildfires also become a concern here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581810\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581810\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Australia_CC_image.jpg\" alt=\"A wildfire burns along the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, Australia in December 2015.\" width=\"550\" height=\"396\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Australia_CC_image.jpg 550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Australia_CC_image-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wildfire burns along the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, Australia in December 2015. \u003ccite>(Victoria County Fire Authority)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far this year, Australia has seen a mixed bag of El Niño impacts. While dry conditions have been in place in much of the usual areas, some of the inland regions of the eastern part of the country actually had fairly normal rains. That may be due to exceptionally warm Indian Ocean waters providing more moisture to storm systems. The southeast has seen some\u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/feb/10/perth-heatwave-temperatures-climb-above-40c-for-fourth-day-in-a-row\">major heat waves\u003c/a>, though, with temperatures sometimes climbing above 100°F (40°C). The hot and dry conditions have helped create more favorable wildfire conditions, with several burning in Victoria this year. One of the worst \u003ca href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-25/great-ocean-road-fire-destroys-dozens-of-homes/7054028\">destroyed 116 houses\u003c/a> around Christmas.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>India\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>India also tends to see drier weather during the Northern Hemisphere summer because the changes to atmospheric circulation patterns delay the onset of the seasonal monsoons. Monsoon rains are critical to supplying water for drinking and agriculture, and El Niño years tend to see drought develop in parts of India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, rainfall in India was 14 percent below normal and reservoirs were down by 30 percent, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/El%20Nino%20Advisory%20Note%20Dec%202015%20Final.pdf\">a United Nations report\u003c/a>. That led to shortages of drinking water in some areas and caused rice, corn and soybean fields to dry up, setting off worries for food shortages and \u003ca href=\"http://profit.ndtv.com/news/economy/article-rising-food-prices-to-hit-rural-india-in-2016-1242073\">inflated food prices\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño can lead to wetter weather in southern India, which also happened this year, with torrential rains that caused \u003ca href=\"http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/india-tamil-nadu-chennai-flooding-continues-wet-november/53943597\">major flooding\u003c/a> in the area around Chennai.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Pacific Ocean\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Moving back out into the Pacific Ocean, the warmer ocean waters can cause bleaching of coral reefs, killing them. This event has seen one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/longest-global-coral-bleaching-20062\">longest global bleaching events\u003c/a> ever recorded, according to experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer ocean waters in that area also provide more fuel for hurricanes in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean basins. The atmospheric changes El Niño brings also mean more favorable winds for storm formation. This year saw\u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/a-tale-of-two-hurricane-seasons\">above-normal hurricane activity\u003c/a> in the region, including the strongest storm ever directly measured in the Western Hemisphere. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/patricia-record-setting-monster-beeline-for-mexico-19595\">Hurricane Patricia\u003c/a>, which had winds that clocked in at 200 mph, hit the west coast of Mexico, though its effects were mostly confined to less populated areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>South America\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Parts of South America are also more directly affected by El Niño. The warmer ocean waters off its west coast tend to bring warmer weather to coastal areas during the Southern Hemisphere winter. Those waters also make more moisture available to storms. Combined with changes to storm tracks linked to atmospheric circulation changes, this can mean wetter winter weather for central Chile. Several rounds of storms during this event had some benefits, bringing moisture to a region in drought and \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-weather-idUSKCN0S127O20151007\">snows to ski resorts\u003c/a>. But the rains also brought flooding and mudslides. A rare storm event in March saw parts of the bone dry Atacama Desert receive a \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/flooding-chile%E2%80%99s-atacama-desert-after-years%E2%80%99-worth-rain-one-day\">year’s worth of rain\u003c/a> in just one day. The Copiapó River — dry for nearly 17 years — filled to overflowing and flash floods swept through several towns. Come spring, that influx of water led to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2015/10/29/the-driest-place-on-earth-is-covered-in-pink-flowers-after-a-crazy-year-of-rain/\">surreal bloom of flowers\u003c/a> across the desert that tends to coincide with rainy El Niño years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chain of changes to the Walker and Hadley circulations also tends to bring rainier weather to an area that includes Paraguay, northern Argentina, part of southern Brazil and Uruguay during the Southern Hemisphere summer. In December and January, heavy rains caused the \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=87334\">worst flooding in the region\u003c/a> in 50 years, displacing more than 200,000 people. The Paraguay River in Asunción reached more than 16 feet above its normal level in December. Thousands of acres of cropland were inundated and concerns were heightened for the spread of mosquito-borne disease like dengue fever and the Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In northern Brazil and other countries in the north of South America, the eastward shift of the Walker Circulation brings sinking air and drier conditions. Those come with the usual tendency toward drought, water shortages and crop and livestock losses. Drought and those follow-on impacts \u003ca href=\"http://news.trust.org//item/20151125082700-93r0x/?source=leadCarousel\">have been recorded\u003c/a> in northeastern Brazil, an area already vulnerable due to poverty and remoteness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some \u003ca href=\"http://health.usnews.com/health-news/articles/2016-02-05/record-heat-drought-may-explain-zika-outbreak-in-brazil-research\">recent research\u003c/a> has suggested that the exceptional heat and drought in the area may actually have helped fuel the rise of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/zika-virus-climate-change-19970\">Zika virus epidemic\u003c/a> in the region. Heat promotes the growth of the mosquito that carries the disease, and during drought, residents tend to store water in containers in which the mosquitoes can breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Central America and the Caribbean\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Further north, drier weather also tends to grip Central America and the Caribbean for the same reasons as northern South America. The area that spans Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador is experiencing one of its worst droughts in decades, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ECHO%20Crisis%20Report%20no%201-%20World%20El%20Nino.pdf\">European Commission\u003c/a>. Major crop losses have caused huge financial hits to farmers and left some 3.5 million people facing food shortages, the agency reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the eastern Caribbean, 2015 was the driest year on record and led to water restrictions on many islands, including St. Lucia, St. Kitts, Barbados and \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/how-puerto-rico-is-coping-with-the-worst-drought-in-decades/\">Puerto Rico\u003c/a>. Diminished water supplies also led to crop losses in the Dominican Republic, Haiti and other areas. As of August,\u003ca href=\"https://anumetservice.wordpress.com/2015/08/17/antigua-is-out-of-surface-water-again/\">Antigua had no surface water\u003c/a> supplies, and by October it was using 100 percent desalinated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subsiding air that leads to drought also tends to help tamp down on hurricane formation in the region. This year saw a \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/a-tale-of-two-hurricane-seasons\">below-average Atlantic hurricane season\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>United States\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Not far away, though, El Niño brings the opposite conditions to Florida. The shifts in the Hadley Circulation affect the subtropical jet stream that crosses the U.S., pushing it southward and making it extend further eastward. This puts Florida in a prime location for storms during the winter months, which is normally its dry season. It also ups the odds for tornadoes thanks to the added energy from the jet stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florida did have a \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/el-nino-boosting-south-floridas-wild-winter-rains\">wetter than normal winter\u003c/a> this year, and its southern tip had its wettest year on record. It also \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/record-high-number-of-tornadoes-hit-southeast-in-february\">saw 18 tornadoes\u003c/a> in January and February, compared to the seven it usually sees during those months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tornado activity may typically rise in Florida in El Niño years, it is usually tamped down in the area of the central U.S. known as Tornado Alley. The more southward jet blocks the moisture from the Gulf of Mexico that is key to fueling spring storms there. An experimental seasonal tornado forecast \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-tornado-season-19910\">favors a below-average tornado season\u003c/a> there this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tweak to the jet stream also tends to favor wetter weather over Southern California — much needed this year after four years of deep drought. While \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/el-nino-helps-fuel-string-of-california-storms\">storms have been hitting California\u003c/a>, they have mostly affected the northern portions of the state because the jet stream has been slightly further north than is typical during an El Niño. The rains shut off almost completely in February, \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/warm-west-cold-east-pattern-re-emerges-cuts-off-california-snows\">bringing hot and dry weather\u003c/a> to the state, though storms \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/march-miracle-el-nino-fueled-storms-return-to-california\">have since returned\u003c/a>and look to bring at least some rain to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the northern tier of the U.S., from the Northeast all the way up into eastern Alaska, El Niño tends to favor warmer than normal conditions. That has indeed been the case this year, with nearly all northern states recording one of their top 10 warmest winters. Alaska saw its \u003ca href=\"https://www.climatecentral.org/news/winter-warmest-on-record-for-us-20110\">second-warmest winter\u003c/a> in the books, which has contributed to a \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/winter-snow-a-no-show-in-parts-of-alaska\">lack of snow\u003c/a> in varied locations there. That dearth of snow can have ecological impacts and promote the spread of invasive species. El Niño wasn’t the only reason Alaska was warm, though, as the Arctic more broadly was exceptionally warm this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Africa\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>And, finally, across the Atlantic in Africa, some of the populations most vulnerable to El Niño’s impacts are found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Southern Hemisphere summer, the eastward shift of the Walker Circulation leads to rising air over Kenya, southern Somalia and southern Ethiopia, which can enhance seasonal rains. Increased rains can lead to flooding, mudslides and outbreaks of diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kenyaredcross.org/PDF/El%20NinoSituationReport28.pdf\">Heavy rains\u003c/a> in the area began in late October, inundating villages and agricultural lands. By January, more than 100,000 people had been displaced and 112 killed, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://floodlist.com/africa/kenya-3-months-of-flooding-leaves-112-dead-and-over-100000-displaced\">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies\u003c/a>. Authorities are concerned about the spread of both waterborne diseases, such as cholera, and mosquito-borne ones, particularly \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/el-ni%C3%B1o-east-africa-and-rift-valley-fever\">Rift Valley Fever\u003c/a>, which tends to occur in years with unusually heavy rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just to the north, in Ethiopia and Somalia, El Niño has brought dry conditions that have exacerbated a drought and led to crop failures and widespread livestock deaths, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53381#.VucLz4wrKRs\">United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought has also gripped \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/not-so-rainy-season-drought-southern-africa-january-2016\">large parts of southern Africa\u003c/a>, particularly the northeast of South Africa, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The changes to the Walker and Hadley circulations interact with the normal monsoon there and tend to suppress monsoon rains, leading to drought, crop losses and food and water shortages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe rainfall deficits this year have lead to widespread drought that has decimated the maize crop, costing hundreds of millions of dollars in losses. Zimbabwe \u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/zimbabwean-president-robert-mugabe-declares-state-of-disaster-as-drought-means-24m-need-food-aid-a6857046.html\">declared a state of disaster\u003c/a> as some 2.5 million people are in need of food aid. South Africa, normally an exporter of corn, is expected to have to import it this year to feed its citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has also severely reduced the flow of rivers that feed hydropower dams, leading to power rationing and even blackouts in the region. The flow down the majestic Victoria Falls has \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-drought-victoriafalls-idUSKCN0W340I?feedType=RSS&feedName=environmentNews\">reached a 30-year low\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While El Niño has shown signs in recent weeks that it is beginning to weaken, it will likely be late summer or early fall before it fully dissipates. Its weather affects around the world are expected to continue for several more months, and the impacts of that weather could reverberate for years to come, making it one for the record books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "An exceptionally strong El Niño has tampered with the world’s weather, bringing drought, floods and heat waves",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From crippling drought in southern Africa to a record number of February tornadoes in the U.S. Southeast, an exceptionally strong El Niño has been making headlines around the globe as it tampers with the world’s weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the event has begun its slow decline, those wide-ranging impacts will continue to be felt for weeks and months to come — good news for those in California, who need El Niño-fueled rains, but bad news for the many areas, like Indonesia, which is suffering from deep drought, food and water shortages, and wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already this year, El Niño-related weather has cost billions of dollars in damage and left some 100 million people \u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/feb/17/el-nino-leaves-100-million-people-hungry-short-of-water-droughts-floods-worldwide\">facing food and water shortages\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the interactive graphic below, Climate Central takes a look at how this major climate pattern typically influences the world’s weather, what it can mean for societies in the areas it affects, and what has actually been happening with this particular event, which ranks amongst the strongest on record. After all, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/comparing-el-nino-to-1997-19278\">no two El Niños are the same\u003c/a>. For instance, while Southern California was drenched during the 1997-1998 El Niño, it has remained disconcertingly dry this time around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"720\" height=\"571\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/wgts/el-nino-impacts/index.html?utm_source=ext&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=2016ElNinoImpacts\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the big picture: El Niño is most known for \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/why-do-we-care-so-much-about-el-nino-17806\">shifting a large pool of warm ocean waters\u003c/a> from the western to the central and eastern tropical Pacific. That shift changes where heat is pumped into the tropical atmosphere, disrupting its typical circulation patterns. Those local disruptions cause a domino effect through the global atmosphere that can alter weather thousands of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two main circulation patterns that are affected. All around the tropics is a pattern of rising and sinking air — like a vertical loop — called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/walker-circulation-ensos-atmospheric-buddy\">Walker Circulation\u003c/a>. The rising air corresponds to areas of unsettled, rainy weather, while the sinking air creates a stable, dry clime. Normally in the tropical Pacific, a major area of rising air is found over the western portions, where the warmest waters are found. With the eastward shift from El Niño, that rising air (and its sinking counterpart) move eastward as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This displacement shifts the other branches of the Walker Circulation around the tropics, pushing wetter weather over areas that might normally be dry and vice versa. These areas typically see some of the strongest impacts from El Niño because they are in a region more directly linked to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in the Walker Circulation in turn cause shifts in another looping pattern called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/how-enso-leads-cascade-global-impacts\">Hadley Circulation\u003c/a> that runs north-to-south to the Walker’s east-to-west. And those changes in the Hadley Circulation can affect the subtropical jet stream — an area of fast-moving air that guides storms — in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. This is how El Niño can affect regions far from the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in these main circulation patterns interact with other factors, like seasonal monsoons and other major climate patterns, which is why none of the typical impacts associated with El Niño are guaranteed. It merely shifts the odds in their favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s dive in for a closer look at some of the local and regional impacts and what has actually played out this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581808\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581808\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic.jpg\" alt=\"How the Walker Circulation changes from neutral to El Niño conditions.\" width=\"450\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic.jpg 450w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-400x401.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/NOAA_el-Nino-graphic-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How the Walker Circulation changes from neutral to El Niño conditions. \u003ccite>(Fiona Martin)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Southeast Asia\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Indonesia, and Southeast Asia more broadly, is one of the areas most directly impacted by El Niño. The eastward shift in the Walker Circulation means the normal area of rising air and rainy weather is shifted eastward as well, leaving the Indonesian area high and dry during much of the year. This can lead to drought that can cause water shortages and crop and livestock losses from dried up fields. Those losses then lead to food shortages and rising prices, and can also increase the odds of large wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year has seen major drought grip Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines and much of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/drought/201601#det-reg-pacis-usapi\">U.S. Pacific Island territories\u003c/a>. In Indonesia there were \u003ca href=\"https://www.irinnews.org/report/102140/el-nino-brings-drought-hunger-indonesia-and-south-pacific\">major delays\u003c/a> in the planting of the rice crop, leading to concerns over food shortages. And when farmers set their usual fires to clear brush for planting, the dry conditions caused many to burn out of control, causing one of the biggest burn years on record and leading to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/indonesias-fires-climate-public-health-19601\">a pall of smoke\u003c/a> over the region. In Vietnam, drought has led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/vietnam-hit-by-worst/2562802.html\">salinization issues in the Mekong Delta\u003c/a> region, home to some 20 million people and a major rice growing area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought has caused the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia to \u003ca href=\"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/sotc/drought/2016/01/RMI-Proclamation-Declaring-State-of-Emergency-160203.pdf\">declare states of emergency\u003c/a>, with some islands enacting water rationing and having to have water shipped in.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Australia\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>That same eastward shift of storm activity tends to bring drier conditions to northern Australia during the Southern Hemisphere summer and more broadly to the east in the winter. It also tends to bring warmer summer weather to southeast Australia because of the larger mass of stable, subsiding air in place. During El Niño years, drought and wildfires also become a concern here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_581810\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-581810\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Australia_CC_image.jpg\" alt=\"A wildfire burns along the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, Australia in December 2015.\" width=\"550\" height=\"396\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Australia_CC_image.jpg 550w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/Australia_CC_image-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wildfire burns along the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, Australia in December 2015. \u003ccite>(Victoria County Fire Authority)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far this year, Australia has seen a mixed bag of El Niño impacts. While dry conditions have been in place in much of the usual areas, some of the inland regions of the eastern part of the country actually had fairly normal rains. That may be due to exceptionally warm Indian Ocean waters providing more moisture to storm systems. The southeast has seen some\u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/feb/10/perth-heatwave-temperatures-climb-above-40c-for-fourth-day-in-a-row\">major heat waves\u003c/a>, though, with temperatures sometimes climbing above 100°F (40°C). The hot and dry conditions have helped create more favorable wildfire conditions, with several burning in Victoria this year. One of the worst \u003ca href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-25/great-ocean-road-fire-destroys-dozens-of-homes/7054028\">destroyed 116 houses\u003c/a> around Christmas.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>India\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>India also tends to see drier weather during the Northern Hemisphere summer because the changes to atmospheric circulation patterns delay the onset of the seasonal monsoons. Monsoon rains are critical to supplying water for drinking and agriculture, and El Niño years tend to see drought develop in parts of India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, rainfall in India was 14 percent below normal and reservoirs were down by 30 percent, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/El%20Nino%20Advisory%20Note%20Dec%202015%20Final.pdf\">a United Nations report\u003c/a>. That led to shortages of drinking water in some areas and caused rice, corn and soybean fields to dry up, setting off worries for food shortages and \u003ca href=\"http://profit.ndtv.com/news/economy/article-rising-food-prices-to-hit-rural-india-in-2016-1242073\">inflated food prices\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño can lead to wetter weather in southern India, which also happened this year, with torrential rains that caused \u003ca href=\"http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/india-tamil-nadu-chennai-flooding-continues-wet-november/53943597\">major flooding\u003c/a> in the area around Chennai.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Pacific Ocean\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Moving back out into the Pacific Ocean, the warmer ocean waters can cause bleaching of coral reefs, killing them. This event has seen one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/longest-global-coral-bleaching-20062\">longest global bleaching events\u003c/a> ever recorded, according to experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer ocean waters in that area also provide more fuel for hurricanes in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean basins. The atmospheric changes El Niño brings also mean more favorable winds for storm formation. This year saw\u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/a-tale-of-two-hurricane-seasons\">above-normal hurricane activity\u003c/a> in the region, including the strongest storm ever directly measured in the Western Hemisphere. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/patricia-record-setting-monster-beeline-for-mexico-19595\">Hurricane Patricia\u003c/a>, which had winds that clocked in at 200 mph, hit the west coast of Mexico, though its effects were mostly confined to less populated areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>South America\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Parts of South America are also more directly affected by El Niño. The warmer ocean waters off its west coast tend to bring warmer weather to coastal areas during the Southern Hemisphere winter. Those waters also make more moisture available to storms. Combined with changes to storm tracks linked to atmospheric circulation changes, this can mean wetter winter weather for central Chile. Several rounds of storms during this event had some benefits, bringing moisture to a region in drought and \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-weather-idUSKCN0S127O20151007\">snows to ski resorts\u003c/a>. But the rains also brought flooding and mudslides. A rare storm event in March saw parts of the bone dry Atacama Desert receive a \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/flooding-chile%E2%80%99s-atacama-desert-after-years%E2%80%99-worth-rain-one-day\">year’s worth of rain\u003c/a> in just one day. The Copiapó River — dry for nearly 17 years — filled to overflowing and flash floods swept through several towns. Come spring, that influx of water led to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2015/10/29/the-driest-place-on-earth-is-covered-in-pink-flowers-after-a-crazy-year-of-rain/\">surreal bloom of flowers\u003c/a> across the desert that tends to coincide with rainy El Niño years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chain of changes to the Walker and Hadley circulations also tends to bring rainier weather to an area that includes Paraguay, northern Argentina, part of southern Brazil and Uruguay during the Southern Hemisphere summer. In December and January, heavy rains caused the \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=87334\">worst flooding in the region\u003c/a> in 50 years, displacing more than 200,000 people. The Paraguay River in Asunción reached more than 16 feet above its normal level in December. Thousands of acres of cropland were inundated and concerns were heightened for the spread of mosquito-borne disease like dengue fever and the Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In northern Brazil and other countries in the north of South America, the eastward shift of the Walker Circulation brings sinking air and drier conditions. Those come with the usual tendency toward drought, water shortages and crop and livestock losses. Drought and those follow-on impacts \u003ca href=\"http://news.trust.org//item/20151125082700-93r0x/?source=leadCarousel\">have been recorded\u003c/a> in northeastern Brazil, an area already vulnerable due to poverty and remoteness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some \u003ca href=\"http://health.usnews.com/health-news/articles/2016-02-05/record-heat-drought-may-explain-zika-outbreak-in-brazil-research\">recent research\u003c/a> has suggested that the exceptional heat and drought in the area may actually have helped fuel the rise of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/zika-virus-climate-change-19970\">Zika virus epidemic\u003c/a> in the region. Heat promotes the growth of the mosquito that carries the disease, and during drought, residents tend to store water in containers in which the mosquitoes can breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Central America and the Caribbean\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Further north, drier weather also tends to grip Central America and the Caribbean for the same reasons as northern South America. The area that spans Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador is experiencing one of its worst droughts in decades, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ECHO%20Crisis%20Report%20no%201-%20World%20El%20Nino.pdf\">European Commission\u003c/a>. Major crop losses have caused huge financial hits to farmers and left some 3.5 million people facing food shortages, the agency reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the eastern Caribbean, 2015 was the driest year on record and led to water restrictions on many islands, including St. Lucia, St. Kitts, Barbados and \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/how-puerto-rico-is-coping-with-the-worst-drought-in-decades/\">Puerto Rico\u003c/a>. Diminished water supplies also led to crop losses in the Dominican Republic, Haiti and other areas. As of August,\u003ca href=\"https://anumetservice.wordpress.com/2015/08/17/antigua-is-out-of-surface-water-again/\">Antigua had no surface water\u003c/a> supplies, and by October it was using 100 percent desalinated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subsiding air that leads to drought also tends to help tamp down on hurricane formation in the region. This year saw a \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/a-tale-of-two-hurricane-seasons\">below-average Atlantic hurricane season\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>United States\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Not far away, though, El Niño brings the opposite conditions to Florida. The shifts in the Hadley Circulation affect the subtropical jet stream that crosses the U.S., pushing it southward and making it extend further eastward. This puts Florida in a prime location for storms during the winter months, which is normally its dry season. It also ups the odds for tornadoes thanks to the added energy from the jet stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florida did have a \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/el-nino-boosting-south-floridas-wild-winter-rains\">wetter than normal winter\u003c/a> this year, and its southern tip had its wettest year on record. It also \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/record-high-number-of-tornadoes-hit-southeast-in-february\">saw 18 tornadoes\u003c/a> in January and February, compared to the seven it usually sees during those months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While tornado activity may typically rise in Florida in El Niño years, it is usually tamped down in the area of the central U.S. known as Tornado Alley. The more southward jet blocks the moisture from the Gulf of Mexico that is key to fueling spring storms there. An experimental seasonal tornado forecast \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-tornado-season-19910\">favors a below-average tornado season\u003c/a> there this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tweak to the jet stream also tends to favor wetter weather over Southern California — much needed this year after four years of deep drought. While \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/el-nino-helps-fuel-string-of-california-storms\">storms have been hitting California\u003c/a>, they have mostly affected the northern portions of the state because the jet stream has been slightly further north than is typical during an El Niño. The rains shut off almost completely in February, \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/warm-west-cold-east-pattern-re-emerges-cuts-off-california-snows\">bringing hot and dry weather\u003c/a> to the state, though storms \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/march-miracle-el-nino-fueled-storms-return-to-california\">have since returned\u003c/a>and look to bring at least some rain to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the northern tier of the U.S., from the Northeast all the way up into eastern Alaska, El Niño tends to favor warmer than normal conditions. That has indeed been the case this year, with nearly all northern states recording one of their top 10 warmest winters. Alaska saw its \u003ca href=\"https://www.climatecentral.org/news/winter-warmest-on-record-for-us-20110\">second-warmest winter\u003c/a> in the books, which has contributed to a \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/winter-snow-a-no-show-in-parts-of-alaska\">lack of snow\u003c/a> in varied locations there. That dearth of snow can have ecological impacts and promote the spread of invasive species. El Niño wasn’t the only reason Alaska was warm, though, as the Arctic more broadly was exceptionally warm this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Africa\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>And, finally, across the Atlantic in Africa, some of the populations most vulnerable to El Niño’s impacts are found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Southern Hemisphere summer, the eastward shift of the Walker Circulation leads to rising air over Kenya, southern Somalia and southern Ethiopia, which can enhance seasonal rains. Increased rains can lead to flooding, mudslides and outbreaks of diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kenyaredcross.org/PDF/El%20NinoSituationReport28.pdf\">Heavy rains\u003c/a> in the area began in late October, inundating villages and agricultural lands. By January, more than 100,000 people had been displaced and 112 killed, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://floodlist.com/africa/kenya-3-months-of-flooding-leaves-112-dead-and-over-100000-displaced\">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies\u003c/a>. Authorities are concerned about the spread of both waterborne diseases, such as cholera, and mosquito-borne ones, particularly \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/el-ni%C3%B1o-east-africa-and-rift-valley-fever\">Rift Valley Fever\u003c/a>, which tends to occur in years with unusually heavy rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just to the north, in Ethiopia and Somalia, El Niño has brought dry conditions that have exacerbated a drought and led to crop failures and widespread livestock deaths, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53381#.VucLz4wrKRs\">United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drought has also gripped \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/not-so-rainy-season-drought-southern-africa-january-2016\">large parts of southern Africa\u003c/a>, particularly the northeast of South Africa, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The changes to the Walker and Hadley circulations interact with the normal monsoon there and tend to suppress monsoon rains, leading to drought, crop losses and food and water shortages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe rainfall deficits this year have lead to widespread drought that has decimated the maize crop, costing hundreds of millions of dollars in losses. Zimbabwe \u003ca href=\"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/zimbabwean-president-robert-mugabe-declares-state-of-disaster-as-drought-means-24m-need-food-aid-a6857046.html\">declared a state of disaster\u003c/a> as some 2.5 million people are in need of food aid. South Africa, normally an exporter of corn, is expected to have to import it this year to feed its citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has also severely reduced the flow of rivers that feed hydropower dams, leading to power rationing and even blackouts in the region. The flow down the majestic Victoria Falls has \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-drought-victoriafalls-idUSKCN0W340I?feedType=RSS&feedName=environmentNews\">reached a 30-year low\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While El Niño has shown signs in recent weeks that it is beginning to weaken, it will likely be late summer or early fall before it fully dissipates. Its weather affects around the world are expected to continue for several more months, and the impacts of that weather could reverberate for years to come, making it one for the record books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Report Outlines Decline of Pollinators and Threat to World Food Supply",
"headTitle": "Report Outlines Decline of Pollinators and Threat to World Food Supply | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A major global assessment of pollinators is raising concerns about the future of the planet’s food supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.N.-sponsored report drawing on about 3,000 scientific papers concludes that about 40 percent of invertebrate pollinator species (such as bees and butterflies) are facing extinction. Vertebrate pollinators (such as bats and birds) are somewhat better off by comparison — 16 percent are threatened with extinction, “with a trend towards more extinctions,” the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75 percent of the world’s food crops, the report notes, depend at least partly on pollination.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Pollinators are important contributors to world food production and nutritional security.’\u003ccite> Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of São Paulo \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Pollinators are important contributors to world food production and nutritional security,” assessment co-Chair Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipbes.net/article/pollinators-vital-our-food-supply-under-threat\">in a statement\u003c/a>. “Their health is directly linked to our own well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crops that need help from pollinators include coffee, apples, cacao, cotton, mangoes and almonds, to name just a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re also talking big business: “The annual value of global crops directly affected by pollinators” ranges from $235 billion to $577 billion, according to the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Dan Charles says the report “is largely based on studies in North America and Europe; there’s been less research on pollinators in Africa and Asia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was released by The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, which operates under U.N. auspices. The assessment cites about 3,000 scientific papers and, researchers say, “includes information about practices based on indigenous and local knowledge from more than 60 locations around the world.” The report was presented by IPBES on Friday in Kuala Lumpur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_550641\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 431px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-550641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Worker bees surround a queen, who is marked with a yellow spot on her back, Bees are essential in nature in pollinating a wide variety of plants and trees. \" width=\"431\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi.jpg 502w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi-400x287.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worker bees surround a queen, who is marked with a yellow spot on her back. Bees are essential for pollinating a wide variety of plants and trees. \u003ccite>(Sean Gallup/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pollinators are under threat for a number of reasons.\u003cbr>\nThe decline of wild butterflies, bees and other pollinators “is primarily due to changes in land use, intensive agricultural practices and pesticide use, alien invasion species, diseases and pest, and climate change,” says IPBES Vice-Chair Robert Watson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also harming pollinators: “the decline of practices based on indigenous and local knowledge,” the assessment states. “These practices include traditional farming systems; maintenance of diverse landscapes and gardens; kinship relationships that protect specific pollinators; and cultures and languages that are connected to pollinators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the researchers say there’s plenty governments and communities can do to support these animals. “The good news is that a number of steps can be taken to reduce the risks to pollinators, including practices based on indigenous and local knowledge,” says IPBES founding Chair Zakri Abdul Hamid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement cites such examples as:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>“The promotion of sustainable agriculture” that emphasizes diverse habitats.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Supporting traditional practices that manage habitat patchiness, crop rotation, and coproduction between science and indigenous local knowledge.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing their exposure to pesticides, including “seeking alternative forms of pest control, and adopting a range of specific applications, including technologies to reduce pesticide drift.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Improving managed bee husbandry for pathogen control, coupled with better regulation of trade and use of commercial pollinators.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Report%3A+More+Pollinator+Species+In+Jeopardy%2C+Threatening+World+Food+Supply&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A major global assessment of pollinators is raising concerns about the future of the planet’s food supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.N.-sponsored report drawing on about 3,000 scientific papers concludes that about 40 percent of invertebrate pollinator species (such as bees and butterflies) are facing extinction. Vertebrate pollinators (such as bats and birds) are somewhat better off by comparison — 16 percent are threatened with extinction, “with a trend towards more extinctions,” the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75 percent of the world’s food crops, the report notes, depend at least partly on pollination.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Pollinators are important contributors to world food production and nutritional security.’\u003ccite> Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of São Paulo \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Pollinators are important contributors to world food production and nutritional security,” assessment co-Chair Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipbes.net/article/pollinators-vital-our-food-supply-under-threat\">in a statement\u003c/a>. “Their health is directly linked to our own well-being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crops that need help from pollinators include coffee, apples, cacao, cotton, mangoes and almonds, to name just a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re also talking big business: “The annual value of global crops directly affected by pollinators” ranges from $235 billion to $577 billion, according to the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Dan Charles says the report “is largely based on studies in North America and Europe; there’s been less research on pollinators in Africa and Asia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was released by The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, which operates under U.N. auspices. The assessment cites about 3,000 scientific papers and, researchers say, “includes information about practices based on indigenous and local knowledge from more than 60 locations around the world.” The report was presented by IPBES on Friday in Kuala Lumpur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_550641\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 431px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-550641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"Worker bees surround a queen, who is marked with a yellow spot on her back, Bees are essential in nature in pollinating a wide variety of plants and trees. \" width=\"431\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi.jpg 502w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/RS4802_167524958-sfi-400x287.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worker bees surround a queen, who is marked with a yellow spot on her back. Bees are essential for pollinating a wide variety of plants and trees. \u003ccite>(Sean Gallup/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pollinators are under threat for a number of reasons.\u003cbr>\nThe decline of wild butterflies, bees and other pollinators “is primarily due to changes in land use, intensive agricultural practices and pesticide use, alien invasion species, diseases and pest, and climate change,” says IPBES Vice-Chair Robert Watson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also harming pollinators: “the decline of practices based on indigenous and local knowledge,” the assessment states. “These practices include traditional farming systems; maintenance of diverse landscapes and gardens; kinship relationships that protect specific pollinators; and cultures and languages that are connected to pollinators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the researchers say there’s plenty governments and communities can do to support these animals. “The good news is that a number of steps can be taken to reduce the risks to pollinators, including practices based on indigenous and local knowledge,” says IPBES founding Chair Zakri Abdul Hamid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement cites such examples as:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>“The promotion of sustainable agriculture” that emphasizes diverse habitats.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Supporting traditional practices that manage habitat patchiness, crop rotation, and coproduction between science and indigenous local knowledge.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing their exposure to pesticides, including “seeking alternative forms of pest control, and adopting a range of specific applications, including technologies to reduce pesticide drift.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>“Improving managed bee husbandry for pathogen control, coupled with better regulation of trade and use of commercial pollinators.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Report%3A+More+Pollinator+Species+In+Jeopardy%2C+Threatening+World+Food+Supply&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"link": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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