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"content": "\u003cp>The types of storms that have been bringing heavy snow and rain to the West this winter, triggering landslides and floods while easing stubborn droughts, are likely to become stronger and more frequent, according to the results of a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drenching storms have been falling from atmospheric rivers — high-altitude streams of moisture that carry much of the West’s water from the Pacific Ocean in sometimes-violent spurts that can lead to floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”BJnVHIn18HVUXBsJbtwYgOnWbIlKMh44″]The latest study to project an increase in the frequency and ferocity with which atmospheric rivers will reach the West Coast was \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL067392/full\">published over the weekend\u003c/a> in Geophysical Research Letters. Scientists described the analysis as more robust than earlier ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days on which atmospheric rivers reach the West Coast each year could increase by a third this century, if greenhouse gas pollution continues to rise sharply, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory researchers concluded after running model simulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the West Coast is likely to receive rain or snow from atmospheric rivers between 25 and 40 days each year, the analysis concluded. By century’s end, that’s expected to rise to between 35 and 55 days annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the number of days each year on which the atmospheric rivers bring “extreme” amounts of rain and snow to the region could increase by more than a quarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of the study were “consistent” with findings from earlier modeling-based studies, said Scripps Institution of Oceanography researcher \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/mralph\">Marty Ralph\u003c/a>, who wasn’t involved with it. He said the study went further than others in demonstrating that the projections were likely to play out in the real world, rather than being the result of any modeling errors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, the majority of the variation from one year to the next in total precipitation is the result of just the few wettest days each year,” said Ralph, who is based in California. “The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-here-so-why-is-california-still-in-drought-19975\">drought we’re in\u003c/a> is a result of the absence of the atmospheric rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although storms caused by atmospheric rivers are needed to quench landscapes and fill reservoirs, they can also deliver deadly hazards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Momentous floods of the early 1860s, which affected several Western states, evacuating Californian lawmakers from Sacramento after the Central Valley filled like a tub, were linked to a series of atmospheric rivers. Scientists warn such floods could again beset the region under a winter storm scenario \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/\">they call ARkStorm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we noticed is that the entire West Coast of North America will experience increased atmospheric river frequency,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnl.gov/science/staff/staff_info.asp?staff_num=7433\">Samson Hagos\u003c/a>, a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory earth system scientist who led the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s largely because a warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture. Which would mean worse floods, more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strongest atmospheric river events along the West Coast during the 20th century are strongly linked to flood events of historical significance,” said \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/daniel-swain\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a PhD candidate at Stanford who researches extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A reasonable inference to draw from these studies is that the risk of severe flood events along the West Coast will likely increase,” Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings may also have implications for projecting tempestuous conditions in other regions as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This paper provides a nice framework for exploring storm variability in other regions of the world,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/sarah-kapnicks-homepage\">Sarah Kapnick\u003c/a>, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration climate change scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s harder to say what such findings might mean for the frequency or severity of droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent research has suggested that higher temperatures linked to global warming exacerbated the intensity of California’s ongoing drought, by drying out the state. It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hints-of-climate-change-in-californias-drought-18109\">far less clear\u003c/a> what effect climate change had on the likelihood that such a drought would occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The role of anthropogenic influences on the lack of precipitation is still an open question,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.u.arizona.edu/~kanchukaitis/people.html\">Kevin Anchukaitis\u003c/a>, a paleoclimatologist and earth systems geographer at the University of Arizona. “Different research groups have come to different conclusions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures are expected to accelerate evaporation and lead to drier conditions across the West — producing what scientists call hot droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anchukaitis said atmospheric rivers don’t necessarily affect the conditions that produce hot droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the “severity and duration” of droughts, Anchukaitis said, “will depend on a complex interplay between temperature increases, uncertain long-term precipitation trends and the punctuated role of drought-busting atmospheric rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the number of days each year on which the atmospheric rivers bring “extreme” amounts of rain and snow to the region could increase by more than a quarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of the study were “consistent” with findings from earlier modeling-based studies, said Scripps Institution of Oceanography researcher \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/mralph\">Marty Ralph\u003c/a>, who wasn’t involved with it. He said the study went further than others in demonstrating that the projections were likely to play out in the real world, rather than being the result of any modeling errors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, the majority of the variation from one year to the next in total precipitation is the result of just the few wettest days each year,” said Ralph, who is based in California. “The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-here-so-why-is-california-still-in-drought-19975\">drought we’re in\u003c/a> is a result of the absence of the atmospheric rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although storms caused by atmospheric rivers are needed to quench landscapes and fill reservoirs, they can also deliver deadly hazards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Momentous floods of the early 1860s, which affected several Western states, evacuating Californian lawmakers from Sacramento after the Central Valley filled like a tub, were linked to a series of atmospheric rivers. Scientists warn such floods could again beset the region under a winter storm scenario \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/\">they call ARkStorm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we noticed is that the entire West Coast of North America will experience increased atmospheric river frequency,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnl.gov/science/staff/staff_info.asp?staff_num=7433\">Samson Hagos\u003c/a>, a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory earth system scientist who led the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s largely because a warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture. Which would mean worse floods, more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strongest atmospheric river events along the West Coast during the 20th century are strongly linked to flood events of historical significance,” said \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/daniel-swain\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a PhD candidate at Stanford who researches extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A reasonable inference to draw from these studies is that the risk of severe flood events along the West Coast will likely increase,” Swain said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings may also have implications for projecting tempestuous conditions in other regions as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This paper provides a nice framework for exploring storm variability in other regions of the world,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/sarah-kapnicks-homepage\">Sarah Kapnick\u003c/a>, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration climate change scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s harder to say what such findings might mean for the frequency or severity of droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent research has suggested that higher temperatures linked to global warming exacerbated the intensity of California’s ongoing drought, by drying out the state. It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hints-of-climate-change-in-californias-drought-18109\">far less clear\u003c/a> what effect climate change had on the likelihood that such a drought would occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The role of anthropogenic influences on the lack of precipitation is still an open question,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.u.arizona.edu/~kanchukaitis/people.html\">Kevin Anchukaitis\u003c/a>, a paleoclimatologist and earth systems geographer at the University of Arizona. “Different research groups have come to different conclusions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures are expected to accelerate evaporation and lead to drier conditions across the West — producing what scientists call hot droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anchukaitis said atmospheric rivers don’t necessarily affect the conditions that produce hot droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the “severity and duration” of droughts, Anchukaitis said, “will depend on a complex interplay between temperature increases, uncertain long-term precipitation trends and the punctuated role of drought-busting atmospheric rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Supreme Court Puts Obama's Clean Power Plan on Hold",
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"content": "\u003cp>A divided \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span> agreed Tuesday to halt enforcement of President Barack Obama’s sweeping plan to address climate change until after legal challenges are resolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surprising move is a blow to the administration and a victory for the coalition of 27 mostly Republican-led states and industry opponents that call the regulations “an unprecedented power grab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”KhfrftL96N9dt5tgPTQfjAfNmkRXIpvz”]By temporarily freezing the rule the high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> order signals that opponents have made a strong argument against the plan, which aims to stave off the worst predicted impacts of climate change by reducing carbon dioxide emissions at existing power plants by about one-third by 2030. A federal appeals \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> last month refused to put it on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> is not likely to issue a ruling on the plan until months after it hears oral arguments begin on June 2. But any decision likely would be appealed to the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span>, meaning resolution of the legal fight is not likely to happen until Obama leaves office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> four liberal justices said Tuesday they would have denied the request for delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compliance with the new rules isn’t required until 2022, but states must submit their plans to the Environmental Protection Administration by September or seek an extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many states opposing the plan depend on economic activity tied to such fossil fuels as coal, oil and gas. They argued that power plants will have to spend billions of dollars to begin complying with a rule that may end up being overturned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney General Patrick Morrisey of West Virginia, whose coal-dependent state is helping lead the legal fight, hailed the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thrilled that the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span> realized the rule’s immediate impact and froze its implementation, protecting workers and saving countless dollars as our fight against its legality continues,” Morrisey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Implementation of the rules is considered essential to the United States meeting emissions-reduction targets in a global climate agreement signed in Paris last month. The Obama administration and environmental groups also say the plan will spur new clean-energy jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To convince the high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> to temporarily halt the plan, opponents had to convince the justices that there was a “fair prospect” the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> would strike down the rule. The \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> also had to consider whether denying a stay would cause irreparable harm to the states and utility companies affected.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A divided \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span> agreed Tuesday to halt enforcement of President Barack Obama’s sweeping plan to address climate change until after legal challenges are resolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surprising move is a blow to the administration and a victory for the coalition of 27 mostly Republican-led states and industry opponents that call the regulations “an unprecedented power grab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>By temporarily freezing the rule the high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> order signals that opponents have made a strong argument against the plan, which aims to stave off the worst predicted impacts of climate change by reducing carbon dioxide emissions at existing power plants by about one-third by 2030. A federal appeals \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> last month refused to put it on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> is not likely to issue a ruling on the plan until months after it hears oral arguments begin on June 2. But any decision likely would be appealed to the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span>, meaning resolution of the legal fight is not likely to happen until Obama leaves office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> four liberal justices said Tuesday they would have denied the request for delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compliance with the new rules isn’t required until 2022, but states must submit their plans to the Environmental Protection Administration by September or seek an extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many states opposing the plan depend on economic activity tied to such fossil fuels as coal, oil and gas. They argued that power plants will have to spend billions of dollars to begin complying with a rule that may end up being overturned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney General Patrick Morrisey of West Virginia, whose coal-dependent state is helping lead the legal fight, hailed the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court’s\u003c/span> decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thrilled that the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Supreme\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">Court\u003c/span> realized the rule’s immediate impact and froze its implementation, protecting workers and saving countless dollars as our fight against its legality continues,” Morrisey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Implementation of the rules is considered essential to the United States meeting emissions-reduction targets in a global climate agreement signed in Paris last month. The Obama administration and environmental groups also say the plan will spur new clean-energy jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To convince the high \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> to temporarily halt the plan, opponents had to convince the justices that there was a “fair prospect” the \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> would strike down the rule. The \u003cspan style=\"color: red\">court\u003c/span> also had to consider whether denying a stay would cause irreparable harm to the states and utility companies affected.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Change Is Leaving Native Plants Behind",
"headTitle": "Climate Change Is Leaving Native Plants Behind | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Willis Linn Jepson encountered a squat shrub while he was collecting botanical specimens on California’s Mount Tamalpais in the fall of 1936. He trimmed off a few branches and jotted down the location along the ridge trail where the manzanita grew, 2,255 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The desiccated specimen is now part of an \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/\">herbarium here\u003c/a> that’s named for the famed botanist. It was among hundreds of thousands of specimens of thousands of different species that were used recently to track the movement of plant species up the state’s many hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7swK7Qp0JuUh8gyefXT0ZWzUlphgkOLV”]The results of the analysis warn that native plants are struggling to keep up with changes around them as pollution from fuel burning and deforestation continues to warm the planet. Earlier research into the movement of Californian animals shows they’re shifting more quickly than the native plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big takeaway is that species are on the move, and they’re moving at different rates,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/people/jon-christensen\">Jon Christensen\u003c/a>, a scientist and historian at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California, Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “Which raises the concern that the ecosystems of California could be unraveling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christensen and four other scientists analyzed a database of 2 million specimens from a network of \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/participants.html\">35 Californian herbariums\u003c/a>. Herbariums are like little-known natural history museums that store vast collections of ferns, mosses, algae and other plants. They found 681,609 specimen records to include in their analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They discovered that the range of the Eastwood’s manzanita, which was the type of plant Jepson trimmed on the mountain trail in 1936, hasn’t budged — even as temperatures have risen around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures have been rising around the world because of the heat-trapping effects of carbon dioxide, methane and other types of atmospheric pollution. The combined effects of global warming and phases in ocean cycles contributed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2015-hottest-year-2016-could-surpass-19929\">record-breaking warmth\u003c/a> globally in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More warming is anticipated in the years and decades ahead, yet ecologists remain unsure how wildlife will be affected. The discovery that the Eastwood’s manzanita range has been locked in its original range “raises questions” about whether it will be able to adapt as the climate changes around it, Christensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, just one in eight native Californian species shifted their ranges significantly upward during more than a century of specimen collecting in California, during which time temperatures rose by about 1°C (nearly 2°F), the researchers \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12423/abstract\">concluded in a paper\u003c/a> published in Global Ecology and Biogeography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plants and animals aren’t moving together in sync,” University of Connecticut ornithologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.morgantingley.com/\">Morgan Tingley\u003c/a>, who has studied the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/Supplement_2/19637.full.pdf\">shifting ranges of native birds\u003c/a> in parts of California, said after reading the new paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This leads us to suspect that ecological communities are breaking down and disassembling,” Tingley said. “It’s a worrying possibility, and one that we don’t yet know the consequences of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The native plants were also found to be moving more slowly into higher altitudes than their invasive counterparts, one in four of which were found to be spreading uphill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the planet warms, ideal climatic conditions for different species of wildlife tend to shift to higher latitudes and greater altitudes. Not all species are expected to be able to keep pace with the changes underway. Of those that do, some will encounter mountaintops, shorelines and freeways that prevent them from going any further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the climate changes too quickly, and species can’t keep up with it, they might be left behind in a climate that’s completely unsuitable for them,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/person.aspx?personid=138\">Nate Stephenson\u003c/a>, a federal forest ecologist who researches climate change. “Then their population numbers may go down. In extreme cases, they might even blink out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While animals can fly or clamber to new grounds, most plants expand their ranges only when they cast their seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a legitimate concern that many plant species are simply not evolved to be able to shift their population distributions as fast as the current climate-change event will require,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a bioclimatologist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams described the new paper, with which he was not involved, as the “culmination of an incredible amount of work.” He said its conclusions are also “broadly relevant” outside California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is a great place to study species’ range responses to climate,” Williams said. “They have a great dataset, and also a lot of diversity in terms of elevation and climate type.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study relied on the results of the ongoing digitization of the specimens at the Californian herbariums. Digitization involves shooting digital photographs of samples and noting the coordinates and other details of the sites where they were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a quarter of more than 2 million specimens stored in manilla folders in long rows of tall cabinets in a large herbarium at the University of California, Berkeley have been digitized so far. “Big data is a big thing on our campus,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/people/mishler.html\">Brent Mishler\u003c/a>, a biology professor who oversees the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential power of each piece of data is limited by the amount of information recorded when the specimen was collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The older ones — they may not have as much data,” Mishler said. “But it still tells you where it was collected and when.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis of the big herbarium data showed small-seeded native plant species, such as grasses, are moving more quickly and more often up California’s hills than those with larger seeds — such as manzanita. Small seeds travel further than large ones, making it easier for those types of plants to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s huge variation in the species distribution shifts, depending on whether a plant is endemic, native or invasive,” said \u003ca href=\"https://adamwolf.princeton.edu/about/\">Adam Wolf\u003c/a>, a former Princeton University scientist who led the study. “On top of that, there’s huge variation, depending on whether they have little seeds, medium seeds or big seeds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Invasive species were more likely to be stretching their ranges upward than native species, and the ranges are moving or expanding more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unwanted weeds aren’t necessarily growing their Californian footprints because of climate change, although it may be helping some of them. Many would still be conquering new territory as they continued to invade after finding footholds in the state in decades past, regardless of climatic changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expanding ranges of unwanted weeds is putting extra pressures on native plants, which are already struggling to withstand the effects climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that non-native plant species have been shifting upslope faster than native plant species is worrisome,” Lamont-Doherty’s Williams said. “In the time required for some slow-migrating native plant species to shift their distributions to locations where the climate is more suitable, those locations may already be colonized by invasive plants.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Willis Linn Jepson encountered a squat shrub while he was collecting botanical specimens on California’s Mount Tamalpais in the fall of 1936. He trimmed off a few branches and jotted down the location along the ridge trail where the manzanita grew, 2,255 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The desiccated specimen is now part of an \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/\">herbarium here\u003c/a> that’s named for the famed botanist. It was among hundreds of thousands of specimens of thousands of different species that were used recently to track the movement of plant species up the state’s many hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The results of the analysis warn that native plants are struggling to keep up with changes around them as pollution from fuel burning and deforestation continues to warm the planet. Earlier research into the movement of Californian animals shows they’re shifting more quickly than the native plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big takeaway is that species are on the move, and they’re moving at different rates,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/people/jon-christensen\">Jon Christensen\u003c/a>, a scientist and historian at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California, Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “Which raises the concern that the ecosystems of California could be unraveling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christensen and four other scientists analyzed a database of 2 million specimens from a network of \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/participants.html\">35 Californian herbariums\u003c/a>. Herbariums are like little-known natural history museums that store vast collections of ferns, mosses, algae and other plants. They found 681,609 specimen records to include in their analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They discovered that the range of the Eastwood’s manzanita, which was the type of plant Jepson trimmed on the mountain trail in 1936, hasn’t budged — even as temperatures have risen around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures have been rising around the world because of the heat-trapping effects of carbon dioxide, methane and other types of atmospheric pollution. The combined effects of global warming and phases in ocean cycles contributed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2015-hottest-year-2016-could-surpass-19929\">record-breaking warmth\u003c/a> globally in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More warming is anticipated in the years and decades ahead, yet ecologists remain unsure how wildlife will be affected. The discovery that the Eastwood’s manzanita range has been locked in its original range “raises questions” about whether it will be able to adapt as the climate changes around it, Christensen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, just one in eight native Californian species shifted their ranges significantly upward during more than a century of specimen collecting in California, during which time temperatures rose by about 1°C (nearly 2°F), the researchers \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12423/abstract\">concluded in a paper\u003c/a> published in Global Ecology and Biogeography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plants and animals aren’t moving together in sync,” University of Connecticut ornithologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.morgantingley.com/\">Morgan Tingley\u003c/a>, who has studied the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/Supplement_2/19637.full.pdf\">shifting ranges of native birds\u003c/a> in parts of California, said after reading the new paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This leads us to suspect that ecological communities are breaking down and disassembling,” Tingley said. “It’s a worrying possibility, and one that we don’t yet know the consequences of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The native plants were also found to be moving more slowly into higher altitudes than their invasive counterparts, one in four of which were found to be spreading uphill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the planet warms, ideal climatic conditions for different species of wildlife tend to shift to higher latitudes and greater altitudes. Not all species are expected to be able to keep pace with the changes underway. Of those that do, some will encounter mountaintops, shorelines and freeways that prevent them from going any further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the climate changes too quickly, and species can’t keep up with it, they might be left behind in a climate that’s completely unsuitable for them,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/person.aspx?personid=138\">Nate Stephenson\u003c/a>, a federal forest ecologist who researches climate change. “Then their population numbers may go down. In extreme cases, they might even blink out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While animals can fly or clamber to new grounds, most plants expand their ranges only when they cast their seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a legitimate concern that many plant species are simply not evolved to be able to shift their population distributions as fast as the current climate-change event will require,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a bioclimatologist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams described the new paper, with which he was not involved, as the “culmination of an incredible amount of work.” He said its conclusions are also “broadly relevant” outside California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is a great place to study species’ range responses to climate,” Williams said. “They have a great dataset, and also a lot of diversity in terms of elevation and climate type.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study relied on the results of the ongoing digitization of the specimens at the Californian herbariums. Digitization involves shooting digital photographs of samples and noting the coordinates and other details of the sites where they were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a quarter of more than 2 million specimens stored in manilla folders in long rows of tall cabinets in a large herbarium at the University of California, Berkeley have been digitized so far. “Big data is a big thing on our campus,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/people/mishler.html\">Brent Mishler\u003c/a>, a biology professor who oversees the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential power of each piece of data is limited by the amount of information recorded when the specimen was collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The older ones — they may not have as much data,” Mishler said. “But it still tells you where it was collected and when.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis of the big herbarium data showed small-seeded native plant species, such as grasses, are moving more quickly and more often up California’s hills than those with larger seeds — such as manzanita. Small seeds travel further than large ones, making it easier for those types of plants to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s huge variation in the species distribution shifts, depending on whether a plant is endemic, native or invasive,” said \u003ca href=\"https://adamwolf.princeton.edu/about/\">Adam Wolf\u003c/a>, a former Princeton University scientist who led the study. “On top of that, there’s huge variation, depending on whether they have little seeds, medium seeds or big seeds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Invasive species were more likely to be stretching their ranges upward than native species, and the ranges are moving or expanding more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unwanted weeds aren’t necessarily growing their Californian footprints because of climate change, although it may be helping some of them. Many would still be conquering new territory as they continued to invade after finding footholds in the state in decades past, regardless of climatic changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expanding ranges of unwanted weeds is putting extra pressures on native plants, which are already struggling to withstand the effects climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that non-native plant species have been shifting upslope faster than native plant species is worrisome,” Lamont-Doherty’s Williams said. “In the time required for some slow-migrating native plant species to shift their distributions to locations where the climate is more suitable, those locations may already be colonized by invasive plants.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Any sign of precipitation in the forecast is a welcome sight for Californians these days. But with temperatures \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expected to be above normal\u003c/a> this winter, California’s snowpack may not reach the heights it could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting snow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains is crucial to the state’s water supply. But scientists say as the climate continues to warm, more precipitation will fall as rain instead of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>All in the Timing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all precipitation is created equal,” said Kelly Redmond, who studies the snowpack at the Desert Research Institute in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both snow and rainfall end up in the same place in California, feeding its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/09/21/now-that-summers-over-what-do-californias-reservoirs-look-like-a-real-time-visualization/\">network rivers and reservoirs\u003c/a>. The key difference is timing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it falls as snow, it stays there,” said Redmond. “It’s like a free reservoir. It doesn’t run off, doesn’t cause floods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/02/20160208ScienceWarmerWinters.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra snowpack melts just as California’s dry season begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It releases slowly in the spring, and shows up in the rivers and in our faucets in the summer months,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This timing is critical, Redmond says. The snowpack feeds about a third of the California’s water supply. If it fell as rain instead, water managers would need to find a way to store it in reservoirs in the winter until the dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Record Warm Winter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials, understandably, keep a very close eye on snow levels, doing \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/02/good-news-sierra-snowpack-is-above-average/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">monthly snow surveys\u003c/a> in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the snowpack is its best in years – \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">110 percent of normal\u003c/a>. But last year at this time, it was just 21 percent. Dry weather was the main culprit to blame, but so was record-breaking warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, for the first time ever recorded in the Sierra, the coldest winter temperatures were above freezing on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://kroodsma.com/charts/california_water/snow.php?width=700&height=350\" width=\"700\" height=\"350\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t take much warming to switch from rain to snow,” said Redmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snow is already nicknamed “Sierra cement,” because it’s known for being wet and heavy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost ready to turn to rain,” Redmond said. “It’s not like the powder you get in Utah and Montana and Colorado, which are at higher altitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For every five degrees of warming, the freezing point of a storm, or the altitude of the “snow level” as it’s called, will rise by a thousand feet, driving the snowpack higher into the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If rain falls on top of snow, it diminishes the snowpack further by melting it and producing heaving runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Overall the freezing level in the Sierra Nevada has been going up,” said Redmond. “It’s been more in the spring. What this means is that melting is starting to occur earlier at higher altitudes and runoff is starting earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Future of Warming\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this has been kind of a wake up call,” said Dan Cayan, who studies climate change at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the US Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The last couple years were extraordinarily warm and I think to some extent those are models for what we might expect in the future.’\u003ccite>Dan Cayan, USGS\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The last couple years were extraordinarily warm and I think to some extent those are models for what we might expect in the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cayan says California’s snowpack has already shrunk by 10 percent on average since World War II, a trend that is likely to continue as the climate warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the end of the century, if we’re lucky, we’ll only lose half,” said Cayan. “And if we’re unlucky, we could lose more than that. We’re in an era of unprecedented changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether California will get more or less precipitation overall with climate change is something that’s been debated, but a \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/southwest-sliding-into-a-drier-normal-weather-patterns-that-bring-rain-are-becoming-less-frequent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study released on Thursday\u003c/a> indicates that periods of dryness could increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the low-pressure weather systems that typically bring rain to the Southwestern US \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpr.org/news/newsbeat/wet-weather-less-likely-southwest-us-ncar-study-finds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have formed less often\u003c/a> during the last three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Droughts in the Southwest, specifically in California, are getting more intense and can last longer than in the past,” said Andreas Prein of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who led the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparing for More Runoff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big deal,” said Mark Cowin, director of California’s Department of Water Resources. “It really does change the dynamic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prepare for a future with more extreme winter runoff, some have called for expanding California’s system of reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_510440\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-510440\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A snow survey last April in the Sierra Nevada turned up only dry ground.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A snow survey last April in the Sierra Nevada turned up only dry ground. \u003ccite>(Max Whittaker/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Of course, there’s always been interest in dams,” said Cowin. “They’re big. You can see them. But the fact is we’re not going to appreciably change the amount of reservoir capacity we have in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from a handful of proposed projects, there are not many good locations left for dams, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Cowin says the state will need to look at other options, like storing more water underground through groundwater banking, preparing for floods and using water more efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those options will also take substantial financial investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could spend a hundred billion dollars over the next decade or two pretty easily,” Cowin said. “Even more than that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s recent water bond could help with that, but at just $7 billion dollars, it’s really (and here comes the water metaphor) only a drop in the bucket.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Any sign of precipitation in the forecast is a welcome sight for Californians these days. But with temperatures \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expected to be above normal\u003c/a> this winter, California’s snowpack may not reach the heights it could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting snow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains is crucial to the state’s water supply. But scientists say as the climate continues to warm, more precipitation will fall as rain instead of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>All in the Timing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all precipitation is created equal,” said Kelly Redmond, who studies the snowpack at the Desert Research Institute in Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both snow and rainfall end up in the same place in California, feeding its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/09/21/now-that-summers-over-what-do-californias-reservoirs-look-like-a-real-time-visualization/\">network rivers and reservoirs\u003c/a>. The key difference is timing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it falls as snow, it stays there,” said Redmond. “It’s like a free reservoir. It doesn’t run off, doesn’t cause floods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Sierra snowpack melts just as California’s dry season begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It releases slowly in the spring, and shows up in the rivers and in our faucets in the summer months,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This timing is critical, Redmond says. The snowpack feeds about a third of the California’s water supply. If it fell as rain instead, water managers would need to find a way to store it in reservoirs in the winter until the dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Record Warm Winter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials, understandably, keep a very close eye on snow levels, doing \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/02/good-news-sierra-snowpack-is-above-average/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">monthly snow surveys\u003c/a> in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the snowpack is its best in years – \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">110 percent of normal\u003c/a>. But last year at this time, it was just 21 percent. Dry weather was the main culprit to blame, but so was record-breaking warmth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, for the first time ever recorded in the Sierra, the coldest winter temperatures were above freezing on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://kroodsma.com/charts/california_water/snow.php?width=700&height=350\" width=\"700\" height=\"350\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t take much warming to switch from rain to snow,” said Redmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snow is already nicknamed “Sierra cement,” because it’s known for being wet and heavy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost ready to turn to rain,” Redmond said. “It’s not like the powder you get in Utah and Montana and Colorado, which are at higher altitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For every five degrees of warming, the freezing point of a storm, or the altitude of the “snow level” as it’s called, will rise by a thousand feet, driving the snowpack higher into the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If rain falls on top of snow, it diminishes the snowpack further by melting it and producing heaving runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Overall the freezing level in the Sierra Nevada has been going up,” said Redmond. “It’s been more in the spring. What this means is that melting is starting to occur earlier at higher altitudes and runoff is starting earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Future of Warming\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this has been kind of a wake up call,” said Dan Cayan, who studies climate change at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the US Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The last couple years were extraordinarily warm and I think to some extent those are models for what we might expect in the future.’\u003ccite>Dan Cayan, USGS\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The last couple years were extraordinarily warm and I think to some extent those are models for what we might expect in the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cayan says California’s snowpack has already shrunk by 10 percent on average since World War II, a trend that is likely to continue as the climate warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the end of the century, if we’re lucky, we’ll only lose half,” said Cayan. “And if we’re unlucky, we could lose more than that. We’re in an era of unprecedented changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether California will get more or less precipitation overall with climate change is something that’s been debated, but a \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/southwest-sliding-into-a-drier-normal-weather-patterns-that-bring-rain-are-becoming-less-frequent/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study released on Thursday\u003c/a> indicates that periods of dryness could increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the low-pressure weather systems that typically bring rain to the Southwestern US \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpr.org/news/newsbeat/wet-weather-less-likely-southwest-us-ncar-study-finds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have formed less often\u003c/a> during the last three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Droughts in the Southwest, specifically in California, are getting more intense and can last longer than in the past,” said Andreas Prein of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who led the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparing for More Runoff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a big deal,” said Mark Cowin, director of California’s Department of Water Resources. “It really does change the dynamic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prepare for a future with more extreme winter runoff, some have called for expanding California’s system of reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_510440\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-510440\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A snow survey last April in the Sierra Nevada turned up only dry ground.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/Survey-April15-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A snow survey last April in the Sierra Nevada turned up only dry ground. \u003ccite>(Max Whittaker/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Of course, there’s always been interest in dams,” said Cowin. “They’re big. You can see them. But the fact is we’re not going to appreciably change the amount of reservoir capacity we have in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from a handful of proposed projects, there are not many good locations left for dams, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Cowin says the state will need to look at other options, like storing more water underground through groundwater banking, preparing for floods and using water more efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those options will also take substantial financial investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could spend a hundred billion dollars over the next decade or two pretty easily,” Cowin said. “Even more than that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s recent water bond could help with that, but at just $7 billion dollars, it’s really (and here comes the water metaphor) only a drop in the bucket.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Carbon Capture Flops in California Despite Millions in Investment | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California is barreling ahead with its ambitious climate change goals, pushing renewable energy and cleaner cars. That doesn’t mean that fossil fuels are going away anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some doubt that the state can meet its lofty goals without capturing carbon emissions from fossil-fired power plants and stashing it someplace, like deep underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite millions in government investment, “carbon capture and storage,” as it’s called, has largely flopped in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with high costs and public opposition, several projects have failed to move beyond the planning stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/01/Sciencecarboncapturefull.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot projects gathered momentum six years ago, when they got a boost from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.gov/recovery-act\">federal Recovery Act funding program\u003c/a>, which was designed to develop emerging technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, Keith Pronske, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleanenergysystems.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Energy Systems\u003c/a> was riding a wave of optimism for the carbon capture project he was developing, known as the Kimberlina power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“This is about changing the way power is produced.”\u003ccite>Keith Pronske, Clean Energy Systems\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had a lot of interest,” he told me in 2009. “We’ve had a lot of folks from really all over the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The power plant burned natural gas, which is still where most of California’s electricity comes from. But this one had a key difference: Pronske pointed to an overhead pipe wide enough that it looked like you could roll basketballs through it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we have here is essentially pure CO2,” he said. “Instead of a big stack venting everything to atmosphere, we’re capturing it all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pronske’s idea was to take the carbon dioxide, compress it, and inject it underground, where it would be permanently trapped by rock layers thousands of feet down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is about changing the way power is produced,” he said. “If you bring the carbon up, use it and put it back is the basic idea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was designed to be a model project, the first of its kind in California to demonstrate zero-carbon energy from fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six years later, it remains a dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, it’s been a bit of a wild ride and we’ve had a few bumps,” Pronske said, when I caught up with him in December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His company’s plans had largely stalled. He had looked for a utility to buy the electricity from his power plant, but with little success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_485136\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-485136 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/CCS-image.jpg\" alt=\"How carbon capture and sequestration works.\" width=\"800\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/CCS-image.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/CCS-image-400x248.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/CCS-image-768x475.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many carbon-capture-and-sequestration, or CCS schemes aim to intercept carbon emissions and store them underground. \u003ccite>(Vattenfall)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The big focus is on renewable energy – wind and solar,” he said, which utilities are mandated to purchase by state policy. “So we had a hard time finding a market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His project’s electricity would be pricier than wind or solar because it also has to cover the cost of burying the carbon underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You bang your head against the wall several times and you figure out it’s not going to really accomplish anything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Projects Stall Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pronske isn’t alone. Two other carbon capture projects in California are facing the same fate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One in Northern California was cancelled. C6 Resources, an affiliate of Shell, \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/fe/articles/secretary-chu-announces-first-awards-14-billion-industrial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was awarded $3 million\u003c/a> in stimulus funds for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westcarb.org/norcal_co2reduction_project.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Northern California CO2 Reduction Project\u003c/a>, where a million tons of carbon were to be sequestered underground in Solano County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the lion’s share of stimulus funding went to \u003ca href=\"http://hydrogenenergycalifornia.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hydrogen Energy California\u003c/a> (HECA), a larger project in Kern County. The Department of Energy offered it more than $400 million in grants. It’s already spent $152 million, but it missed so many deadlines, it had to give up its claim on $122 million last summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HECA had originally planned to sell the carbon it captured to the oil industry, where it would have been used to boost production from oil wells. After those plans fell through, the project is now looking to sequester the carbon underground, if it can overcome some fierce pubic opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea that these projects are green in some way is not true,” said Evan Gillespie, who runs the campaign against the project for the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gQN8H1y3bLQFyuhusmTVtazUF1miwYuW”]Unlike Pronske’s natural gas project, HECA would use coal, a fuel California has spurned because of its air pollution and huge carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea that we were going to provide a lifeline to an industry that is a huge public health threat and is actively destroying our climate,” said Gillespie. “We found it really problematic to see a state like California that was such a leader on green energy be so open to coal again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie does see a limited role for capturing carbon. “There are a number of heavy industries: steel, cement factories,” he said. “But in the electric sector, there are just too many cheaper options that have no carbon footprint.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a core debate around capturing carbon from power plants. Some see it as a way to prop up fossil fuels. Others say we won’t be able to cut carbon emissions fast enough without it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, when international leaders met in Paris to tackle climate change, scientists said that the world would have to \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/54e0d2bd61d24a6eb9d1d57840bc8a22/paris-climate-goals-mean-emissions-need-drop-below-zero\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drastically cut emissions\u003c/a>, even to negative levels, to avoid the most catastrophic impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to de-carbonize everything we can,” says Sally Benson, a professor of energy at Stanford University and a longtime proponent of carbon capture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we have to wait to replace every gas or coal plant with renewables, I think we’ve run out of time,” she says. The power plants being built today will keep emitting for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Going Too Big?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benson admits that big challenges remain for carbon capture. Getting permits for the projects at the county and state level can be complicated, to put it kindly. There are also questions of liability about who is responsible for keeping the carbon underground indefinitely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_485140\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-485140\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Kimberlina-800x520.jpg\" alt=\"Clean Energy Systems' Kimberlina Power Plant, just north of Bakersfield.\" width=\"800\" height=\"520\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Kimberlina-800x520.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Kimberlina-400x260.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Kimberlina-768x499.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Kimberlina-1180x767.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Kimberlina-960x624.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Kimberlina.jpg 1372w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clean Energy Systems’ Kimberlina Power Plant, just north of Bakersfield.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Financing may be the biggest challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you start talking half-billion to one-billion-dollar projects, people begin to get nervous,” said Pronske.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hasn’t stopped a state agency, the California Air Resources Board, from kick-starting a brand new process in February to \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ccs/ccs.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">set up rules and guidelines\u003c/a> for carbon capture projects, in the hope that the technology will become part of the state’s strategy to meet its climate change goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carbon capture and sequestration has the potential to help us meet our long term goals, but we need to better understand the extent and ensure that any projects would maintain environmental integrity,” said Dave Clegern, a spokesperson at the Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming state guidelines are giving many in the carbon capture industry hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These regulations are critical to establish greater certainty for investors in commercialization and in assuring environmental protection and climate change benefits,” said Elizabeth Burton, technical director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westcarb.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">West Coast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership\u003c/a> (WESTCARB), a research collaboration launched by the Department of Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burton defends the use of government stimulus funding on the previous projects, saying the work they completed could inform future projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were also useful in progressing the technology by laying the groundwork and providing lessons learned for how to develop a carbon capture, use and storage project in California,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with a string of high-profile failures around the country, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bna.com/doe-suspends-billion-n17179922773/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$1.65 billion FutureGen project\u003c/a> in Illinois, Pronske worries that carbon capture is getting a bad reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a little frustrating, just because it’s Goldilocks and the Three Bears,” he said. “We went too big to start with. The real issue is getting across the valley of death of: how do we get these first plants built?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Putting a hefty price on carbon pollution could be the silver bullet the industry is looking for. If polluters have to pay for every ton of carbon they emit, capturing carbon from power plants starts to look pretty good, Benson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there really has to be clear price on carbon,” she speculates. “$50 a ton plus – that will get people to really pay attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California already has put a price on carbon, as part of its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>, but it’s only about $12 dollars a ton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re on a roller coaster and I’m sure it will continue to be that way for a long time,” Benson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, regulators at the California Energy Commission will decide the final fate of the HECA project sometime this spring.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is barreling ahead with its ambitious climate change goals, pushing renewable energy and cleaner cars. That doesn’t mean that fossil fuels are going away anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some doubt that the state can meet its lofty goals without capturing carbon emissions from fossil-fired power plants and stashing it someplace, like deep underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite millions in government investment, “carbon capture and storage,” as it’s called, has largely flopped in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with high costs and public opposition, several projects have failed to move beyond the planning stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot projects gathered momentum six years ago, when they got a boost from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.gov/recovery-act\">federal Recovery Act funding program\u003c/a>, which was designed to develop emerging technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, Keith Pronske, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleanenergysystems.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Energy Systems\u003c/a> was riding a wave of optimism for the carbon capture project he was developing, known as the Kimberlina power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“This is about changing the way power is produced.”\u003ccite>Keith Pronske, Clean Energy Systems\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had a lot of interest,” he told me in 2009. “We’ve had a lot of folks from really all over the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The power plant burned natural gas, which is still where most of California’s electricity comes from. But this one had a key difference: Pronske pointed to an overhead pipe wide enough that it looked like you could roll basketballs through it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we have here is essentially pure CO2,” he said. “Instead of a big stack venting everything to atmosphere, we’re capturing it all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pronske’s idea was to take the carbon dioxide, compress it, and inject it underground, where it would be permanently trapped by rock layers thousands of feet down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is about changing the way power is produced,” he said. “If you bring the carbon up, use it and put it back is the basic idea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was designed to be a model project, the first of its kind in California to demonstrate zero-carbon energy from fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six years later, it remains a dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, it’s been a bit of a wild ride and we’ve had a few bumps,” Pronske said, when I caught up with him in December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His company’s plans had largely stalled. He had looked for a utility to buy the electricity from his power plant, but with little success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_485136\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-485136 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/CCS-image.jpg\" alt=\"How carbon capture and sequestration works.\" width=\"800\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/CCS-image.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/CCS-image-400x248.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/CCS-image-768x475.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many carbon-capture-and-sequestration, or CCS schemes aim to intercept carbon emissions and store them underground. \u003ccite>(Vattenfall)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The big focus is on renewable energy – wind and solar,” he said, which utilities are mandated to purchase by state policy. “So we had a hard time finding a market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His project’s electricity would be pricier than wind or solar because it also has to cover the cost of burying the carbon underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You bang your head against the wall several times and you figure out it’s not going to really accomplish anything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Projects Stall Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pronske isn’t alone. Two other carbon capture projects in California are facing the same fate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One in Northern California was cancelled. C6 Resources, an affiliate of Shell, \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/fe/articles/secretary-chu-announces-first-awards-14-billion-industrial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was awarded $3 million\u003c/a> in stimulus funds for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westcarb.org/norcal_co2reduction_project.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Northern California CO2 Reduction Project\u003c/a>, where a million tons of carbon were to be sequestered underground in Solano County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the lion’s share of stimulus funding went to \u003ca href=\"http://hydrogenenergycalifornia.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hydrogen Energy California\u003c/a> (HECA), a larger project in Kern County. The Department of Energy offered it more than $400 million in grants. It’s already spent $152 million, but it missed so many deadlines, it had to give up its claim on $122 million last summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HECA had originally planned to sell the carbon it captured to the oil industry, where it would have been used to boost production from oil wells. After those plans fell through, the project is now looking to sequester the carbon underground, if it can overcome some fierce pubic opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea that these projects are green in some way is not true,” said Evan Gillespie, who runs the campaign against the project for the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Unlike Pronske’s natural gas project, HECA would use coal, a fuel California has spurned because of its air pollution and huge carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea that we were going to provide a lifeline to an industry that is a huge public health threat and is actively destroying our climate,” said Gillespie. “We found it really problematic to see a state like California that was such a leader on green energy be so open to coal again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie does see a limited role for capturing carbon. “There are a number of heavy industries: steel, cement factories,” he said. “But in the electric sector, there are just too many cheaper options that have no carbon footprint.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a core debate around capturing carbon from power plants. Some see it as a way to prop up fossil fuels. Others say we won’t be able to cut carbon emissions fast enough without it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, when international leaders met in Paris to tackle climate change, scientists said that the world would have to \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/54e0d2bd61d24a6eb9d1d57840bc8a22/paris-climate-goals-mean-emissions-need-drop-below-zero\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drastically cut emissions\u003c/a>, even to negative levels, to avoid the most catastrophic impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to de-carbonize everything we can,” says Sally Benson, a professor of energy at Stanford University and a longtime proponent of carbon capture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we have to wait to replace every gas or coal plant with renewables, I think we’ve run out of time,” she says. The power plants being built today will keep emitting for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Going Too Big?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benson admits that big challenges remain for carbon capture. Getting permits for the projects at the county and state level can be complicated, to put it kindly. There are also questions of liability about who is responsible for keeping the carbon underground indefinitely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_485140\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-485140\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Kimberlina-800x520.jpg\" alt=\"Clean Energy Systems' Kimberlina Power Plant, just north of Bakersfield.\" width=\"800\" height=\"520\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Kimberlina-800x520.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Kimberlina-400x260.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Kimberlina-768x499.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Kimberlina-1180x767.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Kimberlina-960x624.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Kimberlina.jpg 1372w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clean Energy Systems’ Kimberlina Power Plant, just north of Bakersfield.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Financing may be the biggest challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you start talking half-billion to one-billion-dollar projects, people begin to get nervous,” said Pronske.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hasn’t stopped a state agency, the California Air Resources Board, from kick-starting a brand new process in February to \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ccs/ccs.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">set up rules and guidelines\u003c/a> for carbon capture projects, in the hope that the technology will become part of the state’s strategy to meet its climate change goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carbon capture and sequestration has the potential to help us meet our long term goals, but we need to better understand the extent and ensure that any projects would maintain environmental integrity,” said Dave Clegern, a spokesperson at the Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming state guidelines are giving many in the carbon capture industry hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These regulations are critical to establish greater certainty for investors in commercialization and in assuring environmental protection and climate change benefits,” said Elizabeth Burton, technical director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westcarb.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">West Coast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership\u003c/a> (WESTCARB), a research collaboration launched by the Department of Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burton defends the use of government stimulus funding on the previous projects, saying the work they completed could inform future projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were also useful in progressing the technology by laying the groundwork and providing lessons learned for how to develop a carbon capture, use and storage project in California,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with a string of high-profile failures around the country, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bna.com/doe-suspends-billion-n17179922773/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$1.65 billion FutureGen project\u003c/a> in Illinois, Pronske worries that carbon capture is getting a bad reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a little frustrating, just because it’s Goldilocks and the Three Bears,” he said. “We went too big to start with. The real issue is getting across the valley of death of: how do we get these first plants built?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Putting a hefty price on carbon pollution could be the silver bullet the industry is looking for. If polluters have to pay for every ton of carbon they emit, capturing carbon from power plants starts to look pretty good, Benson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there really has to be clear price on carbon,” she speculates. “$50 a ton plus – that will get people to really pay attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California already has put a price on carbon, as part of its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>, but it’s only about $12 dollars a ton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re on a roller coaster and I’m sure it will continue to be that way for a long time,” Benson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, regulators at the California Energy Commission will decide the final fate of the HECA project sometime this spring.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Methane Leaks: A Visible 'Environmental Disaster' and Hidden Threat",
"headTitle": "Methane Leaks: A Visible ‘Environmental Disaster’ and Hidden Threat | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 7 January 2016, 12:20 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, UC Davis released the first estimates of methane emissions from an underground gas storage field north of Los Angeles. Owned by Southern California Gas Company, the gas has been leaking since October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis pilot and scientist Stephen Conley measured the plume and estimates nearly 80,000 tons of methane have been released, or about 1,000 tons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To put this into perspective, the leak effectively doubles the emission rate for the entire Los Angeles Basin,” says Conley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane has traveled and affected nearby Los Angeles suburb Porter Ranch, displacing thousands of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday, California Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency over the leak and its impact on the Porter Ranch community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 31 December 2015, 1:45 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utility officials in Southern California say they have determined the underground location of a pipe leak that has spewed natural gas into the air since late October, but it could be months before they’re able to fix the rupture that has driven up the state’s methane emissions and chased thousands of families from their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti has called the leak an “environmental disaster,” and the Los Angeles Unified School District shuttered two area schools for the rest of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the leak at Southern California Gas Company’s Aliso Canyon storage facility is pouring methane into the air at a rate equal to putting an additional 7 million cars on the road daily. The Environmental Defense Fund created this real-time counter showing how many metric tons of methane are estimated to have escaped from the Aliso Canyon facility since Oct. 23:\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.edf.org/embed/methane-counters\" width=\"100%\" height=\"515\" style=\"width: 100%; border: none; height: 515px;\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Original Story:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World leaders left Paris over the weekend with an aggressive agreement to cut methane emissions and other so-called short-lived climate pollutants. Methane doesn’t last as long in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, but it’s much more potent. That’s one reason the city of Los Angeles is suing over the methane leak from a natural gas well north of L.A., and it’s why state leaders are concerned about a long-hidden source of methane emissions: leaking natural gas pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, utilities in California have logged, but not repaired, thousands of pinprick leaks in pipelines criss-crossing the state. These leaks are considered non-hazardous because they don’t pose a health or safety risk. But they do pose an environmental risk. Tim O’Connor, an attorney with the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), says not many people, from utilities to state leaders, have been thinking about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is this hidden environmental issue which is quite significant,” O’Connor says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Certain situations—not all, I want to be very clear on this—you’d find some leaks that would go unrepaired for literally years.’\u003ccite>Eric Hofmann,\u003cbr>\nUtility Workers Union of America\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If you add up the greenhouse gas emissions coming from all pipeline leaks statewide, he says, it’s as if we’re putting 700,000 more cars on the roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane is a Potent Greenhouse Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Californians who care about climate change understand that carbon dioxide emissions are a key part of the problem, but methane – which can seep from landfills, oil and gas infrastructure, wastewater ponds or agricultural facilities – is an important piece of the puzzle when it comes to combating climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has a stronger global warming potential,” explains Riley Duren, a climate scientist who has been tracking atmospheric methane with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “On a 20-year timeline, methane is about 80 times more efficient at trapping heat than an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the biggest single source of methane emissions in the state is in a hilly territory north of Los Angeles, where a massive natural gas leak from Southern California Gas Company’s underground Aliso Canyon storage field has permeated the nearby community of Porter Ranch with a foul smell, sickening some residents and prompting hundreds to relocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I moved here, I didn’t know about the gas facility,” said Matt Pakucko, who lives near the leaking gas well and started a grassroots organization called Save Porter Ranch. Even before the leak started, he said, he’d notice the smell of gas sometimes. “Late night or early morning, it smells like natural gas, like my stove is on,” he explained. “I’d call the gas company, they would come out, and nothing in my house was leaking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aO8HraNes9w\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the leak started Oct. 23, he said the fumes grew to an extreme level – and started to affect residents’ health. “It was hard to breathe,” he said. “It’s the kind of thing where you call the emergency number. It’s that strong all over the neighborhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three weeks after the rupture began, the Los Angeles Department of Public Health issued \u003ca href=\"http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/eh/docs/AlisoCanyonFactSheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a fact sheet\u003c/a> noting that exposure to the methane gas wasn’t expected to cause long-term health impacts, but an additive called mercaptans is known to cause dizziness, respiratory issues, headaches and other short-term health issues. SoCalGas made several unsuccessful attempts to plug the leak, and it’s now \u003ca href=\"https://www.alisoupdates.com/main\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drilling a relief well\u003c/a> to contain it—a process that could take up to four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SoCalGas now faces a class-action lawsuit from residents of Porter Ranch, charging the company showed a “willful disregard for public health,” and a lawsuit from the city of Los Angeles charging that the utility failed to notify residents of the health hazard in a timely manner and didn’t have a sufficient plan in place to repair the breach. The company has also drawn heat from environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”j8ZKAhTyX6vUmZUPJsNS6vYz2BUiiQ2Q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a calculated rate per hour of about 50,000 kilograms of methane emissions, this single leak is likely responsible for over 25 percent of the state’s daily total methane emissions from all sources, including landfills and agriculture,” O’Connor wrote in a recent blog post. “Depending on when it is fixed, this one leak is also likely to single-handedly double the methane emissions associated with natural gas use in California this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Aliso Canyon leak has released a staggering amount of heat-trapping gases, leaking natural gas pipelines are a more insidious problem that has persisted for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hidden Source of Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-hazardous pipeline leaks are graded differently from ruptures that cause gas explosions – under state law, utilities must respond immediately if a detected leak is deemed hazardous. But leaks that vent outdoors, or emit only a small amount of gas, are classified as Grade 3 and have historically ranked as utilities’ lowest priority for repair. Usually the amount of gas they leak is so minuscule you can’t smell it, and if they’re venting outdoors, there’s no danger of a gas build-up that could lead to explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/12/WEBLeakyPipelinesBowe151214.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there are really high levels that could be dangerous, flammable, [utilities] come out immediately,” explains Francesca Hopkins, who works with Duren on the NASA carbon monitoring team. “What we’re talking about is worrying about methane leaks because of their impact on climate, not finding leaks because they’re a public safety hazard. We care because it’s those smaller, long-term leaks that affect global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board estimates gas pipeline leaks will account for 12 percent of the state’s methane emissions by 2030—a problem that will translate to higher utility bills in the long run, since customers pay for that wasted fuel. Policymakers have only recently started taking action to require utilities to fix them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Governor Jerry Brown signed legislation requiring utilities to seal non-hazardous pipeline leaks that don’t pose a threat to public safety. Before this policy, it was common practice to simply allow them to vent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_408396\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 497px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-408396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/armato-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A PG&E crew member uses soap to identify the exact location of a gas pipeline leak.\" width=\"497\" height=\"373\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E crew member uses soap to identify the exact location of a gas pipeline leak. \u003ccite>(Rebecca Bowe/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Certain situations — not all, I want to be very clear on this — you’d find some leaks that would go unrepaired for literally years,” said Eric Hofmann, business agent with the SoCalGas utility workers’ union. He said leaks from plastic pipes were more likely to be repaired, but leaks from steel pipes could persist for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partly because the deadly 2010 explosion in San Bruno drew attention to leaky pipelines, and partly because of the new state law, utilities are paying more attention to these small, non-hazardous leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the industry, Hofmann said, “there’s definitely been a sense of a more aggressive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities are currently working with state regulators to formulate long-term plans for complying with the new legislation. In the meantime, Hofmann and others say the gas companies have started adopting new practices, with the recognition that addressing environmentally hazardous leaks is now mandated under state law.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAround the time of this paradigm shift, PG&E adopted new air-monitoring technology that’s 1,000 times more sensitive than the devices it used to rely on. Now they’re finding leaks they couldn’t detect before. In 2014, PG&E reported to regulators that crews found more than 18,800 new, non-hazardous pipeline leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane has drawn a lot of attention from policymakers lately. Speaking at a press conference in Paris, Democratic Senator Ricardo Lara of Los Angeles County issued a proposal to slash methane emissions in California to 40 percent below current rates by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scientific evidence is really quite clear,” O’Connor said. “Methane, actual methane into the air, is responsible for 20 to 30 percent of the temperature increases we’re feeling today.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 7 January 2016, 12:20 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, UC Davis released the first estimates of methane emissions from an underground gas storage field north of Los Angeles. Owned by Southern California Gas Company, the gas has been leaking since October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis pilot and scientist Stephen Conley measured the plume and estimates nearly 80,000 tons of methane have been released, or about 1,000 tons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To put this into perspective, the leak effectively doubles the emission rate for the entire Los Angeles Basin,” says Conley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane has traveled and affected nearby Los Angeles suburb Porter Ranch, displacing thousands of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday, California Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency over the leak and its impact on the Porter Ranch community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 31 December 2015, 1:45 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utility officials in Southern California say they have determined the underground location of a pipe leak that has spewed natural gas into the air since late October, but it could be months before they’re able to fix the rupture that has driven up the state’s methane emissions and chased thousands of families from their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti has called the leak an “environmental disaster,” and the Los Angeles Unified School District shuttered two area schools for the rest of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the leak at Southern California Gas Company’s Aliso Canyon storage facility is pouring methane into the air at a rate equal to putting an additional 7 million cars on the road daily. The Environmental Defense Fund created this real-time counter showing how many metric tons of methane are estimated to have escaped from the Aliso Canyon facility since Oct. 23:\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.edf.org/embed/methane-counters\" width=\"100%\" height=\"515\" style=\"width: 100%; border: none; height: 515px;\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Original Story:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World leaders left Paris over the weekend with an aggressive agreement to cut methane emissions and other so-called short-lived climate pollutants. Methane doesn’t last as long in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, but it’s much more potent. That’s one reason the city of Los Angeles is suing over the methane leak from a natural gas well north of L.A., and it’s why state leaders are concerned about a long-hidden source of methane emissions: leaking natural gas pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, utilities in California have logged, but not repaired, thousands of pinprick leaks in pipelines criss-crossing the state. These leaks are considered non-hazardous because they don’t pose a health or safety risk. But they do pose an environmental risk. Tim O’Connor, an attorney with the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), says not many people, from utilities to state leaders, have been thinking about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is this hidden environmental issue which is quite significant,” O’Connor says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Certain situations—not all, I want to be very clear on this—you’d find some leaks that would go unrepaired for literally years.’\u003ccite>Eric Hofmann,\u003cbr>\nUtility Workers Union of America\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If you add up the greenhouse gas emissions coming from all pipeline leaks statewide, he says, it’s as if we’re putting 700,000 more cars on the roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane is a Potent Greenhouse Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Californians who care about climate change understand that carbon dioxide emissions are a key part of the problem, but methane – which can seep from landfills, oil and gas infrastructure, wastewater ponds or agricultural facilities – is an important piece of the puzzle when it comes to combating climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has a stronger global warming potential,” explains Riley Duren, a climate scientist who has been tracking atmospheric methane with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “On a 20-year timeline, methane is about 80 times more efficient at trapping heat than an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the biggest single source of methane emissions in the state is in a hilly territory north of Los Angeles, where a massive natural gas leak from Southern California Gas Company’s underground Aliso Canyon storage field has permeated the nearby community of Porter Ranch with a foul smell, sickening some residents and prompting hundreds to relocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I moved here, I didn’t know about the gas facility,” said Matt Pakucko, who lives near the leaking gas well and started a grassroots organization called Save Porter Ranch. Even before the leak started, he said, he’d notice the smell of gas sometimes. “Late night or early morning, it smells like natural gas, like my stove is on,” he explained. “I’d call the gas company, they would come out, and nothing in my house was leaking.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/aO8HraNes9w'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/aO8HraNes9w'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>But when the leak started Oct. 23, he said the fumes grew to an extreme level – and started to affect residents’ health. “It was hard to breathe,” he said. “It’s the kind of thing where you call the emergency number. It’s that strong all over the neighborhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three weeks after the rupture began, the Los Angeles Department of Public Health issued \u003ca href=\"http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/eh/docs/AlisoCanyonFactSheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a fact sheet\u003c/a> noting that exposure to the methane gas wasn’t expected to cause long-term health impacts, but an additive called mercaptans is known to cause dizziness, respiratory issues, headaches and other short-term health issues. SoCalGas made several unsuccessful attempts to plug the leak, and it’s now \u003ca href=\"https://www.alisoupdates.com/main\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drilling a relief well\u003c/a> to contain it—a process that could take up to four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SoCalGas now faces a class-action lawsuit from residents of Porter Ranch, charging the company showed a “willful disregard for public health,” and a lawsuit from the city of Los Angeles charging that the utility failed to notify residents of the health hazard in a timely manner and didn’t have a sufficient plan in place to repair the breach. The company has also drawn heat from environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a calculated rate per hour of about 50,000 kilograms of methane emissions, this single leak is likely responsible for over 25 percent of the state’s daily total methane emissions from all sources, including landfills and agriculture,” O’Connor wrote in a recent blog post. “Depending on when it is fixed, this one leak is also likely to single-handedly double the methane emissions associated with natural gas use in California this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Aliso Canyon leak has released a staggering amount of heat-trapping gases, leaking natural gas pipelines are a more insidious problem that has persisted for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hidden Source of Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-hazardous pipeline leaks are graded differently from ruptures that cause gas explosions – under state law, utilities must respond immediately if a detected leak is deemed hazardous. But leaks that vent outdoors, or emit only a small amount of gas, are classified as Grade 3 and have historically ranked as utilities’ lowest priority for repair. Usually the amount of gas they leak is so minuscule you can’t smell it, and if they’re venting outdoors, there’s no danger of a gas build-up that could lead to explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“If there are really high levels that could be dangerous, flammable, [utilities] come out immediately,” explains Francesca Hopkins, who works with Duren on the NASA carbon monitoring team. “What we’re talking about is worrying about methane leaks because of their impact on climate, not finding leaks because they’re a public safety hazard. We care because it’s those smaller, long-term leaks that affect global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board estimates gas pipeline leaks will account for 12 percent of the state’s methane emissions by 2030—a problem that will translate to higher utility bills in the long run, since customers pay for that wasted fuel. Policymakers have only recently started taking action to require utilities to fix them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Governor Jerry Brown signed legislation requiring utilities to seal non-hazardous pipeline leaks that don’t pose a threat to public safety. Before this policy, it was common practice to simply allow them to vent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_408396\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 497px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-408396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/armato-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A PG&E crew member uses soap to identify the exact location of a gas pipeline leak.\" width=\"497\" height=\"373\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E crew member uses soap to identify the exact location of a gas pipeline leak. \u003ccite>(Rebecca Bowe/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Certain situations — not all, I want to be very clear on this — you’d find some leaks that would go unrepaired for literally years,” said Eric Hofmann, business agent with the SoCalGas utility workers’ union. He said leaks from plastic pipes were more likely to be repaired, but leaks from steel pipes could persist for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partly because the deadly 2010 explosion in San Bruno drew attention to leaky pipelines, and partly because of the new state law, utilities are paying more attention to these small, non-hazardous leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the industry, Hofmann said, “there’s definitely been a sense of a more aggressive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities are currently working with state regulators to formulate long-term plans for complying with the new legislation. In the meantime, Hofmann and others say the gas companies have started adopting new practices, with the recognition that addressing environmentally hazardous leaks is now mandated under state law.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAround the time of this paradigm shift, PG&E adopted new air-monitoring technology that’s 1,000 times more sensitive than the devices it used to rely on. Now they’re finding leaks they couldn’t detect before. In 2014, PG&E reported to regulators that crews found more than 18,800 new, non-hazardous pipeline leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane has drawn a lot of attention from policymakers lately. Speaking at a press conference in Paris, Democratic Senator Ricardo Lara of Los Angeles County issued a proposal to slash methane emissions in California to 40 percent below current rates by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scientific evidence is really quite clear,” O’Connor said. “Methane, actual methane into the air, is responsible for 20 to 30 percent of the temperature increases we’re feeling today.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Local Warming:' Radio Documentary Captures California Attitudes Toward Climate Change",
"headTitle": "‘Local Warming:’ Radio Documentary Captures California Attitudes Toward Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Drought. Wildfire. Mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do Californians who’ve lived through these natural disasters think about climate change? Governor Jerry Brown is determined to\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/04/brown-on-climate-the-california-governors-big-footprint-in-paris/\"> leave a big footprint\u003c/a> at the Paris climate talks, but how do the attitudes of average Californians shape the state’s role on the world climate stage?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldserviceradio\">BBC World Service\u003c/a> set out to explore when it chose to feature California as one of three locations around the world for its new series\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p037t3tg\"> ‘Local Warming,\u003c/a>’ airing as the Paris talks progress. KQED partnered with the BBC for the California segment. Radio reporters in the Philippines and Nigeria anchored the other two segments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/236712945&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I teamed up with BBC producer Ben Carter to bring the voices of regular Californians to World Service listeners from Nairobi to New Delhi. Our goal: to hear the voices behind the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=1172\">polling data \u003c/a> that an overwhelming majority of Californians see climate change as a serious threat to the state’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/pressrelease.asp?i=1824\">Polls\u003c/a> also show that most Californians think the state’s drought has been intensified by climate change. We traveled the state talking to farmers who’ve lost their crops, and rural residents who have no drinking water because their wells went dry. Guillermo Lopez, a Fresno County resident, showed us how he brushes his teeth using two tiny paper cups of water he pours from a jug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400051\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-400051 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Guillermo Lopez brushes his teeth using a portable water jug. He and his mother lived without running water for nine months after their well went dry in rural Fresno County.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guillermo Lopez brushes his teeth using a portable water jug. He and his mother lived without running water for nine months after their well went dry in rural Fresno County. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you think of California, people all over the world think we live by a beach, or there’s water and palm trees everywhere,” Lopez told me. “But the reality is there is no water here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BBC listeners may be shocked to hear from people living without running water in the wealthiest state of one of the richest countries in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most memorable interviews for me, though, had to do with the other climate extreme: sudden, intense rain after months of drought. Trucker Shannon Doyle showed us chilling video he shot on his iPhone when his 18-wheeler was stuck in the October mudslides in the Tehachapis. The river of mud was 12 feet deep in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400053\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400053\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Trucker Shannon Doyle with his big rig. Every day, he drives 500 miles from Fresno to Los Angeles, hauling auto parts. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trucker Shannon Doyle with his big rig. Every day, he drives 500 miles from Fresno to Los Angeles, hauling auto parts. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doyle makes his living as a diesel trucker, and he resents California’s strict regulations on air pollution (including \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/newsrel/newsrelease.php?id=444\">carbon pollution\u003c/a>) that require drivers to spend money upgrading their trucks and make them more \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/hdghg/hdghg.htm\">aerodynamic and fuel efficient\u003c/a>. But at the same time, he thinks climate change is already reshaping California in very real ways, and he’s worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to think of future generations to come, and if it does help them, I’m willing to sacrifice,” he told me. “I have a grandson, and I want him to have a place to live as he grows up. We can’t just keep going like we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s car culture fascinated BBC producer Ben Carter. He doesn’t drive in the UK, but takes the train to most of his radio interviews. He was fascinated by our Amtrak ride from Fresno to the Bay Area, when he realized that the five-hour journey could be made in just three by car. Californians are still heavily car-dependent, even if they’re environmentally conscious and willing to alter their lives in other ways to reduce their carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Luke Iseman and the others we met at “Containertopia,” a Bay Area village of shipping containers occupied by a group of young artists and entrepreneurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that for sustainability to be scalable, we have to do a ‘less-but-better’ version of modernity, where we have modern conveniences but we create a different model, a new desirability, instead of everyone wanting giant houses in the suburbs,” Iseman told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documentary also tries to capture the devastation and intensity of California wildfires during this drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400048\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The Prather family includes a number of retired firefighters. They rigged up a homemade fire engine to battle the Valley Fire. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Prather family includes a number of retired firefighters. They rigged up a homemade fire engine to battle the Valley Fire. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Lake County, we were invited to a family barbecue with the Prather brothers, who battled this fall’s Valley Fire using jerry-built fire engines around their mountain property. Many of them consider themselves politically conservative, especially when it comes to gun laws. But when I asked them about climate change, they could rattle off the statistics in flash:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parts per million of C02 in the atmosphere is 400,” piped up one of the seven brothers. “It’s here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Prathers say they’d like to find an electric vehicle that could scale their steep, muddy mountain roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also toured the charred remains of Jessica Pyska’s home, where she pointed out her son’s melted toy trucks in the rubble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400049\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400049\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Jessica Pyska's two children watched the valley fire start, minutes before their parents realized they had to evacuate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jessica Pyska’s two children watched the valley fire start, minutes before their parents realized they had to evacuate. \u003ccite>(Jessica Pyska)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One silver lining for Pyska: she and her neighbors are planning to rebuild their houses to be more energy-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can all be fully solar now,” she laughs. “Because we don’t have trees.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "And some of them might surprise you. KQED's Sasha Khokha teams up with the BBC for a three-part documentary series.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Drought. Wildfire. Mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do Californians who’ve lived through these natural disasters think about climate change? Governor Jerry Brown is determined to\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/04/brown-on-climate-the-california-governors-big-footprint-in-paris/\"> leave a big footprint\u003c/a> at the Paris climate talks, but how do the attitudes of average Californians shape the state’s role on the world climate stage?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldserviceradio\">BBC World Service\u003c/a> set out to explore when it chose to feature California as one of three locations around the world for its new series\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p037t3tg\"> ‘Local Warming,\u003c/a>’ airing as the Paris talks progress. KQED partnered with the BBC for the California segment. Radio reporters in the Philippines and Nigeria anchored the other two segments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/236712945&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I teamed up with BBC producer Ben Carter to bring the voices of regular Californians to World Service listeners from Nairobi to New Delhi. Our goal: to hear the voices behind the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=1172\">polling data \u003c/a> that an overwhelming majority of Californians see climate change as a serious threat to the state’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/pressrelease.asp?i=1824\">Polls\u003c/a> also show that most Californians think the state’s drought has been intensified by climate change. We traveled the state talking to farmers who’ve lost their crops, and rural residents who have no drinking water because their wells went dry. Guillermo Lopez, a Fresno County resident, showed us how he brushes his teeth using two tiny paper cups of water he pours from a jug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400051\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-400051 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Guillermo Lopez brushes his teeth using a portable water jug. He and his mother lived without running water for nine months after their well went dry in rural Fresno County.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guillermo Lopez brushes his teeth using a portable water jug. He and his mother lived without running water for nine months after their well went dry in rural Fresno County. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you think of California, people all over the world think we live by a beach, or there’s water and palm trees everywhere,” Lopez told me. “But the reality is there is no water here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BBC listeners may be shocked to hear from people living without running water in the wealthiest state of one of the richest countries in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most memorable interviews for me, though, had to do with the other climate extreme: sudden, intense rain after months of drought. Trucker Shannon Doyle showed us chilling video he shot on his iPhone when his 18-wheeler was stuck in the October mudslides in the Tehachapis. The river of mud was 12 feet deep in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400053\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400053\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Trucker Shannon Doyle with his big rig. Every day, he drives 500 miles from Fresno to Los Angeles, hauling auto parts. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trucker Shannon Doyle with his big rig. Every day, he drives 500 miles from Fresno to Los Angeles, hauling auto parts. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doyle makes his living as a diesel trucker, and he resents California’s strict regulations on air pollution (including \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/newsrel/newsrelease.php?id=444\">carbon pollution\u003c/a>) that require drivers to spend money upgrading their trucks and make them more \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/hdghg/hdghg.htm\">aerodynamic and fuel efficient\u003c/a>. But at the same time, he thinks climate change is already reshaping California in very real ways, and he’s worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to think of future generations to come, and if it does help them, I’m willing to sacrifice,” he told me. “I have a grandson, and I want him to have a place to live as he grows up. We can’t just keep going like we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s car culture fascinated BBC producer Ben Carter. He doesn’t drive in the UK, but takes the train to most of his radio interviews. He was fascinated by our Amtrak ride from Fresno to the Bay Area, when he realized that the five-hour journey could be made in just three by car. Californians are still heavily car-dependent, even if they’re environmentally conscious and willing to alter their lives in other ways to reduce their carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Luke Iseman and the others we met at “Containertopia,” a Bay Area village of shipping containers occupied by a group of young artists and entrepreneurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that for sustainability to be scalable, we have to do a ‘less-but-better’ version of modernity, where we have modern conveniences but we create a different model, a new desirability, instead of everyone wanting giant houses in the suburbs,” Iseman told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documentary also tries to capture the devastation and intensity of California wildfires during this drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400048\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The Prather family includes a number of retired firefighters. They rigged up a homemade fire engine to battle the Valley Fire. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Prather family includes a number of retired firefighters. They rigged up a homemade fire engine to battle the Valley Fire. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Lake County, we were invited to a family barbecue with the Prather brothers, who battled this fall’s Valley Fire using jerry-built fire engines around their mountain property. Many of them consider themselves politically conservative, especially when it comes to gun laws. But when I asked them about climate change, they could rattle off the statistics in flash:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parts per million of C02 in the atmosphere is 400,” piped up one of the seven brothers. “It’s here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Prathers say they’d like to find an electric vehicle that could scale their steep, muddy mountain roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also toured the charred remains of Jessica Pyska’s home, where she pointed out her son’s melted toy trucks in the rubble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400049\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400049\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Jessica Pyska's two children watched the valley fire start, minutes before their parents realized they had to evacuate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jessica Pyska’s two children watched the valley fire start, minutes before their parents realized they had to evacuate. \u003ccite>(Jessica Pyska)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One silver lining for Pyska: she and her neighbors are planning to rebuild their houses to be more energy-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can all be fully solar now,” she laughs. “Because we don’t have trees.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Leads on Climate Policy ... But Also in Greenhouse Gases",
"headTitle": "California Leads on Climate Policy … But Also in Greenhouse Gases | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When Gov. Jerry Brown arrives in Paris for a major international conference on climate change, he will showcase one of the world’s most sweeping programs to cut greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has perhaps the most comprehensive cap-and-trade program in the world, setting a limit and a price for pollution from factories, utilities and transportation fuels. The state’s 2030 goals of getting half of its electricity from renewable sources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels are also among the most ambitious anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the world’s eighth-largest economy, California is often cited as an international example of what is possible on climate, alongside powerhouses like Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/28/california-leads-on-climate-policy-but-also-greenhouse-gases/emissions/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-377535\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-377535\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/emissions.png\" alt=\"emissions\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/emissions.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/emissions-400x300.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>“California definitely is in a leadership role, and has been for quite a long time,” said Richard Kinley, a top official with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which is the forum for the Paris conference. The state, he added, has “a lot of opportunity” to work with other jurisdictions to push for climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the state is a global model for climate policy, however, it also produces more greenhouse gas emissions per person than almost anywhere else in the world, due partly to its heavy reliance on cars. Among the eight largest economies, California is second only to the U.S. in emissions per capita.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transportation is the largest single source of California’s greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 37 percent of the state’s total. For most of the world’s large economies, the most polluting sector is electricity and heat, according to data from World Resources Institute, a nonprofit research organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California fares better compared to other major economies in terms of the emissions intensity of its economy — meaning that its emissions are relatively low per unit of economic output. But Severin Borenstein, an energy expert at UC Berkeley’s Haas School of Business, said that measure can be misleading because California imports many items that are manufactured elsewhere, effectively outsourcing the carbon-intensive activities to other nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you count … greenhouse gases per-capita or per dollar of GDP, I think it’s too early to claim California is a real leader,” Borenstein said. “California’s leadership is in recognizing the problem, and in starting to propose and investigate real solutions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what California leaders will be emphasizing when they arrive at the Paris conference with perhaps the biggest state delegation.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Transportation is the largest single source of California’s greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 37 percent of the state’s total.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The goal of the Paris conference, running from November 30th to December 11th, is to produce a global pact that describes what the world, and each nation, will do to cut emissions and slow global warming. The conference is continuing despite the recent terrorist attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will have no negotiating role. But state officials will ensure that federal negotiators hear their views, and they will showcase California at the innumerable climate action panels and meetings that happen alongside the negotiations. Brown plans to meet with officials from a number of countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going into the Paris conference, “we’re concerned that the international effort is insufficiently ambitious — that it’s going to come up short,” said Ken Alex, a senior policy advisor to Brown. California has a major stake in climate action, due to concerns about rising sea levels, shrinking snow packs, wildfires and drought, Alex said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of its lobbying effort in Paris, California has been helping to organize more than 55 “sub-national” governments around the world. Each government, from the Chinese city of Zhenjiang to Wales, has signed or endorsed the “Under 2 MOU,” encouraging the conference to adopt goals that will limit global warming to less than 2-degrees Celsius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex is one of approximately six officials from the governor’s office who will travel to Paris alongside Brown, with costs paid by foundations and business groups. Other Californians attending the conference include former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger; the Democratic leaders of the state Senate and Assembly; state Sen. Fran Pavley (D-Agoura Hills); Mary Nichols, chair of the California Air Resources Board, the state’s powerful regulatory agency and Tom Steyer, a wealthy Bay Area environmentalist and prominent political donor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavley was the co-author of the California Global Warming Solutions Act in 2006, which calls for the state to cut greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. The act, also known as AB 32, led to the creation of the state’s cap-and-trade program and a requirement for lowering the carbon intensity of motor fuels like gasoline and diesel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavley said California has had plenty of opportunity to preview the Paris conference, with a parade of international officials visiting to discuss climate. “Almost never a week goes by that we don’t have people from a foreign country coming to Sacramento on these policies,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s international reputation was buttressed this year by a law requiring half of the state’s electricity to come from renewable sources in 15 years. That is more ambitious than most US states or the federal government, and it runs parallel to the aggressive clean-energy goals in Germany, which plans to get 80 percent of its electricity from renewables by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic leaders had hoped to require halving the amount of petroleum used in motor vehicles by 2030, but that goal was cut from the bill after opposition from moderate Democrats. Brown, aware of California’s outsize transportation emissions, has vowed to achieve such cuts anyway. California’s cap-and-trade program covers transportation fuels like gasoline and diesel, in contrast to Europe’s cap-and-trade program, which does not include most transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate President pro Tempore Kevin de León (D-Los Angeles), who authored the climate change bill this year, said a crucial goal of his in Paris will be attracting more investment to California “so we can keep innovating and create the technology that will help reduce carbon emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s greenhouse gas emissions are declining, but not rapidly. They fell by less than 1 percent between 2009 and 2013, the latest year available, according to a state inventory. Emissions need to fall dramatically, by more than 40 percent, to meet the 2030 goal Brown has set, and even farther for another goal in 2050.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Gov. Jerry Brown arrives in Paris for a major international conference on climate change, he will showcase one of the world’s most sweeping programs to cut greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has perhaps the most comprehensive cap-and-trade program in the world, setting a limit and a price for pollution from factories, utilities and transportation fuels. The state’s 2030 goals of getting half of its electricity from renewable sources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels are also among the most ambitious anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the world’s eighth-largest economy, California is often cited as an international example of what is possible on climate, alongside powerhouses like Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/28/california-leads-on-climate-policy-but-also-greenhouse-gases/emissions/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-377535\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-377535\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/emissions.png\" alt=\"emissions\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/emissions.png 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/emissions-400x300.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>“California definitely is in a leadership role, and has been for quite a long time,” said Richard Kinley, a top official with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which is the forum for the Paris conference. The state, he added, has “a lot of opportunity” to work with other jurisdictions to push for climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the state is a global model for climate policy, however, it also produces more greenhouse gas emissions per person than almost anywhere else in the world, due partly to its heavy reliance on cars. Among the eight largest economies, California is second only to the U.S. in emissions per capita.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transportation is the largest single source of California’s greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 37 percent of the state’s total. For most of the world’s large economies, the most polluting sector is electricity and heat, according to data from World Resources Institute, a nonprofit research organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California fares better compared to other major economies in terms of the emissions intensity of its economy — meaning that its emissions are relatively low per unit of economic output. But Severin Borenstein, an energy expert at UC Berkeley’s Haas School of Business, said that measure can be misleading because California imports many items that are manufactured elsewhere, effectively outsourcing the carbon-intensive activities to other nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you count … greenhouse gases per-capita or per dollar of GDP, I think it’s too early to claim California is a real leader,” Borenstein said. “California’s leadership is in recognizing the problem, and in starting to propose and investigate real solutions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what California leaders will be emphasizing when they arrive at the Paris conference with perhaps the biggest state delegation.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Transportation is the largest single source of California’s greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 37 percent of the state’s total.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The goal of the Paris conference, running from November 30th to December 11th, is to produce a global pact that describes what the world, and each nation, will do to cut emissions and slow global warming. The conference is continuing despite the recent terrorist attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will have no negotiating role. But state officials will ensure that federal negotiators hear their views, and they will showcase California at the innumerable climate action panels and meetings that happen alongside the negotiations. Brown plans to meet with officials from a number of countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going into the Paris conference, “we’re concerned that the international effort is insufficiently ambitious — that it’s going to come up short,” said Ken Alex, a senior policy advisor to Brown. California has a major stake in climate action, due to concerns about rising sea levels, shrinking snow packs, wildfires and drought, Alex said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of its lobbying effort in Paris, California has been helping to organize more than 55 “sub-national” governments around the world. Each government, from the Chinese city of Zhenjiang to Wales, has signed or endorsed the “Under 2 MOU,” encouraging the conference to adopt goals that will limit global warming to less than 2-degrees Celsius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex is one of approximately six officials from the governor’s office who will travel to Paris alongside Brown, with costs paid by foundations and business groups. Other Californians attending the conference include former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger; the Democratic leaders of the state Senate and Assembly; state Sen. Fran Pavley (D-Agoura Hills); Mary Nichols, chair of the California Air Resources Board, the state’s powerful regulatory agency and Tom Steyer, a wealthy Bay Area environmentalist and prominent political donor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavley was the co-author of the California Global Warming Solutions Act in 2006, which calls for the state to cut greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. The act, also known as AB 32, led to the creation of the state’s cap-and-trade program and a requirement for lowering the carbon intensity of motor fuels like gasoline and diesel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavley said California has had plenty of opportunity to preview the Paris conference, with a parade of international officials visiting to discuss climate. “Almost never a week goes by that we don’t have people from a foreign country coming to Sacramento on these policies,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s international reputation was buttressed this year by a law requiring half of the state’s electricity to come from renewable sources in 15 years. That is more ambitious than most US states or the federal government, and it runs parallel to the aggressive clean-energy goals in Germany, which plans to get 80 percent of its electricity from renewables by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic leaders had hoped to require halving the amount of petroleum used in motor vehicles by 2030, but that goal was cut from the bill after opposition from moderate Democrats. Brown, aware of California’s outsize transportation emissions, has vowed to achieve such cuts anyway. California’s cap-and-trade program covers transportation fuels like gasoline and diesel, in contrast to Europe’s cap-and-trade program, which does not include most transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate President pro Tempore Kevin de León (D-Los Angeles), who authored the climate change bill this year, said a crucial goal of his in Paris will be attracting more investment to California “so we can keep innovating and create the technology that will help reduce carbon emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s greenhouse gas emissions are declining, but not rapidly. They fell by less than 1 percent between 2009 and 2013, the latest year available, according to a state inventory. Emissions need to fall dramatically, by more than 40 percent, to meet the 2030 goal Brown has set, and even farther for another goal in 2050.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Both globally and in California, it is virtually certain that 2015 will be the warmest year on record, with one of the strongest El Niños ever recorded combining with manmade warming to send global temperatures soaring. But which of these is more responsible for the record heat this year?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming fueled by the buildup of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere is the overwhelming contributor, according to a new analysis by scientists involved with Climate Central’s World Weather Attribution program and at the University of Reading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_377298\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/25/global-warming-is-key-driver-of-2015s-record-heat-says-analysis/greenhouse-gases/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-377298\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/greenhouse-gases-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The gray line on this graph shows observed surface temperatures from 1880 to 2015. The red line shows the effective temperature forcing of greenhouse gases and aerosols (converted to CO2), and the blue line shows the forcing from both those manmade sources and natural factors, like solar radiation. Early on in the temperature record, the red and blue lines diverge because natural factors meant the full impact of greenhouse gases on temperatures wasn't being felt, but in recent years, the two lines match closely, showing how much greenhouse gases are dominating global temperatures. 2015 is slightly above the red line because of a small push from El Niño as well as even smaller contributions from solar radiation and random weather variations.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-377298\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The gray line on this graph shows observed surface temperatures from 1880 to 2015. The red line shows the effective temperature forcing of greenhouse gases and aerosols (converted to CO2), and the blue line shows the forcing from both those manmade sources and natural factors, like solar radiation. Early on in the temperature record, the red and blue lines diverge because natural factors meant the full impact of greenhouse gases on temperatures wasn’t being felt, but in recent years, the two lines match closely, showing how much greenhouse gases are dominating global temperatures. 2015 is slightly above the red line because of a small push from El Niño as well as even smaller contributions from solar radiation and random weather variations.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That analysis, which broke down the effects of a number of different possible influences on the global temperature, found that El Niño provided only a relatively small, though still noticeable, assist. And with 2015 not even officially yet in the record books, 2016 could see even more of a warming boost from El Niño, thanks to the delayed effect it has on temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“2015 is a climate milestone in several ways. Atmospheric carbon dioxide has now passed 400 [parts per million] for the foreseeable future. It will also be the warmest year on record, primarily because of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, with CO2 being the main culprit,” Ed Hawkins, a climate scientist at the University of Reading, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average global temperature for 2015 is well ahead of last year, the current titleholder of warmest year. October provided a particularly large boost, with a temperature that was above average by more than any other single month in the past 135 years. By NASA’s reckoning, October was more than a full degree Celsius (nearly 2°F) above the average from 1951-1980, the first month that has ever happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new analysis underscores what climate scientists have long been saying: The unabated accumulation of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is steadily raising the planet’s temperature. The CO2 levels that are currently rising above 400 parts per million are unlikely to drop below that mark for the foreseeable future — a stark difference from the 280 ppm that prevailed before the Industrial Revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite that steady climb, not every year is warmer than the one before it, thanks to the vagaries of weather, the influence of natural climate cycles, and the effects of events like volcanic eruptions. (The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines depressed global temperatures by nearly 1°F, or 0.5°C, for a couple years afterward.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out the relative contributions from all these potential factors, the WWA program team did a simple analysis that matched up surface temperature measurements going back to 1880 with two other sets of data. One just included the effective influence on temperatures from manmade forces (including greenhouse gases and aerosols, which tend to have a cooling effect), while the second included both manmade and natural ones (including volcanic activity and solar radiation).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To come up with a final temperature for this year, the analysis assumed that November and December would differ about as much from average as August and September did (given that October had a boost from particular weather patterns). With that assumption, the year would finish out 1.05°C (1.89°F) above the average from pre-industrial times, which the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has defined as 1850-1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis showed that of that temperature difference, about 1°C (1.8°F) was due to human-caused warming. The remainder was predominantly the influence of El Niño with some smaller contribution from random weather fluctuations and slightly elevated solar radiation. (There was no significant volcanic activity.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiators are meeting in Paris next week to try to hammer out an international agreement to limit warming to no more than 2°C (3.6°F) from pre-industrial times, a mark the analysis makes clear the world is already halfway toward reaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contribution from El Niño depended on how long the delay in its effects on temperature was determined to be. The analysis calculated a delay of about five months, which resulted in El Niño contributing about 0.05°C (0.09°F) to 2015’s elevated temperature. Shorter delays, as others have calculated, raise that contribution up to about 0.1°C (0.18°F).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The delayed effects of El Niño mean it is likely to have a larger impact on 2016’s temperature than it did this year. This also happened during the major El Niño of 1997-1998, which had its biggest temperature impacts on that second year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, how 2016 will ultimately rank is impossible to say at the moment, given other factors that could come into play and can’t yet be predicted, but, as this analysis makes clear, the heat steadily building in the atmosphere is the major force pushing Earth’s temperature ever higher.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Both globally and in California, it is virtually certain that 2015 will be the warmest year on record, with one of the strongest El Niños ever recorded combining with manmade warming to send global temperatures soaring. But which of these is more responsible for the record heat this year?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming fueled by the buildup of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere is the overwhelming contributor, according to a new analysis by scientists involved with Climate Central’s World Weather Attribution program and at the University of Reading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_377298\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/25/global-warming-is-key-driver-of-2015s-record-heat-says-analysis/greenhouse-gases/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-377298\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/greenhouse-gases-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The gray line on this graph shows observed surface temperatures from 1880 to 2015. The red line shows the effective temperature forcing of greenhouse gases and aerosols (converted to CO2), and the blue line shows the forcing from both those manmade sources and natural factors, like solar radiation. Early on in the temperature record, the red and blue lines diverge because natural factors meant the full impact of greenhouse gases on temperatures wasn't being felt, but in recent years, the two lines match closely, showing how much greenhouse gases are dominating global temperatures. 2015 is slightly above the red line because of a small push from El Niño as well as even smaller contributions from solar radiation and random weather variations.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-377298\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The gray line on this graph shows observed surface temperatures from 1880 to 2015. The red line shows the effective temperature forcing of greenhouse gases and aerosols (converted to CO2), and the blue line shows the forcing from both those manmade sources and natural factors, like solar radiation. Early on in the temperature record, the red and blue lines diverge because natural factors meant the full impact of greenhouse gases on temperatures wasn’t being felt, but in recent years, the two lines match closely, showing how much greenhouse gases are dominating global temperatures. 2015 is slightly above the red line because of a small push from El Niño as well as even smaller contributions from solar radiation and random weather variations.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That analysis, which broke down the effects of a number of different possible influences on the global temperature, found that El Niño provided only a relatively small, though still noticeable, assist. And with 2015 not even officially yet in the record books, 2016 could see even more of a warming boost from El Niño, thanks to the delayed effect it has on temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“2015 is a climate milestone in several ways. Atmospheric carbon dioxide has now passed 400 [parts per million] for the foreseeable future. It will also be the warmest year on record, primarily because of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, with CO2 being the main culprit,” Ed Hawkins, a climate scientist at the University of Reading, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average global temperature for 2015 is well ahead of last year, the current titleholder of warmest year. October provided a particularly large boost, with a temperature that was above average by more than any other single month in the past 135 years. By NASA’s reckoning, October was more than a full degree Celsius (nearly 2°F) above the average from 1951-1980, the first month that has ever happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new analysis underscores what climate scientists have long been saying: The unabated accumulation of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is steadily raising the planet’s temperature. The CO2 levels that are currently rising above 400 parts per million are unlikely to drop below that mark for the foreseeable future — a stark difference from the 280 ppm that prevailed before the Industrial Revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite that steady climb, not every year is warmer than the one before it, thanks to the vagaries of weather, the influence of natural climate cycles, and the effects of events like volcanic eruptions. (The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines depressed global temperatures by nearly 1°F, or 0.5°C, for a couple years afterward.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out the relative contributions from all these potential factors, the WWA program team did a simple analysis that matched up surface temperature measurements going back to 1880 with two other sets of data. One just included the effective influence on temperatures from manmade forces (including greenhouse gases and aerosols, which tend to have a cooling effect), while the second included both manmade and natural ones (including volcanic activity and solar radiation).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To come up with a final temperature for this year, the analysis assumed that November and December would differ about as much from average as August and September did (given that October had a boost from particular weather patterns). With that assumption, the year would finish out 1.05°C (1.89°F) above the average from pre-industrial times, which the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has defined as 1850-1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis showed that of that temperature difference, about 1°C (1.8°F) was due to human-caused warming. The remainder was predominantly the influence of El Niño with some smaller contribution from random weather fluctuations and slightly elevated solar radiation. (There was no significant volcanic activity.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiators are meeting in Paris next week to try to hammer out an international agreement to limit warming to no more than 2°C (3.6°F) from pre-industrial times, a mark the analysis makes clear the world is already halfway toward reaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contribution from El Niño depended on how long the delay in its effects on temperature was determined to be. The analysis calculated a delay of about five months, which resulted in El Niño contributing about 0.05°C (0.09°F) to 2015’s elevated temperature. Shorter delays, as others have calculated, raise that contribution up to about 0.1°C (0.18°F).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The delayed effects of El Niño mean it is likely to have a larger impact on 2016’s temperature than it did this year. This also happened during the major El Niño of 1997-1998, which had its biggest temperature impacts on that second year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, how 2016 will ultimately rank is impossible to say at the moment, given other factors that could come into play and can’t yet be predicted, but, as this analysis makes clear, the heat steadily building in the atmosphere is the major force pushing Earth’s temperature ever higher.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "CO2: Earth Passes Into 'Uncharted Territory'",
"headTitle": "CO2: Earth Passes Into ‘Uncharted Territory’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>This week, \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">you can watch\u003c/a> as Earth passes a threshold not seen for at least a million years. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air will rise above 400 parts per million. And scientists predict neither you nor your children will ever see it go below 400 ppm again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) said on Monday that this year’s El Niño combined with global warming puts the world “\u003ca href=\"https://www.wmo.int/media/content/el-ni%C3%B1o-expected-strengthen-further-high-impacts-unprecedented-preparation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in uncharted territory\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This naturally occurring El Niño event and human induced climate change may interact and modify each other in ways which we have \u003ca href=\"https://www.wmo.int/media/content/weather-reports-future-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">never before experienced\u003c/a>,” said WMO Secretary-General Michel Jarraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘An Icon of Climate Change’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When scientists talk about atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, their yardstick is the so-called Keeling curve. It’s the record of the air’s composition, made each day at a station run by the \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a> in the pure air high on Mauna Loa volcano, in Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_364994\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-364994\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week-800x480.png\" alt=\"CO2 at Mauna Loa this week\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week-800x480.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week-400x240.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week-960x576.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This week’s carbon dioxide readings at the Mauna Loa Observatory are updated every day. As they rise above the 400 parts-per-million threshold, scientists warn that they will not return to it in our lifetimes. \u003ccite>(Scripps/UC San Diego)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ralph Keeling, the custodian of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> record, made his prediction last week in \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/2015/10/21/is-this-the-last-year-below-400/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a blog post on the Keeling Curve website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Keeling curve was started in 1958 under the direction of Keeling’s father, Charles David “Dave” Keeling. Today it’s the longest series of such measurements in the world. It was named a \u003ca href=\"http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/landmarksdirectory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Historic Chemical Landmark\u003c/a> this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Keeling curve is an icon of climate change. What does it show?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1960s, Dave Keeling’s measurements showed that the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> level in the air was rising steadily. That long-term increase is the mark of human influence. It comes overwhelmingly \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ff.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">from the fossil fuels we burn\u003c/a> — largely to generate electricity, but also to smelt metals, produce cement, run motors and so on. Other smaller sources of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> are from humans cutting down forests and from large-scale mechanical farming, which removes most of the carbon-rich humus contained in soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the 1960s, the long-term increase in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> has sped up. A little over half of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> we produce is absorbed by the ocean and by growing plants. The rest stays in the air and acts as a greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_365502\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mauna-loa2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-365502\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mauna-loa2.jpg\" alt=\"NOAA's Mauna Loa Observatory on Hawaii, a small collection of buildings where scientists take key measurements on air and sunlight.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mauna-loa2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mauna-loa2-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s Mauna Loa Observatory on Hawaii, a small collection of buildings where scientists take key measurements on air and sunlight. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> weren’t a greenhouse gas, we might welcome it for promoting plant growth. But because it is one, higher CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels will make Earth steadily warmer until either human ingenuity or geology can bring them back down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What led to Ralph Keeling’s prediction, and the significance of this week? That stems from another of Dave Keeling’s early discoveries — the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> curve also goes through a yearly cycle, rising to a peak around May and falling to a low around October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yearly cycle is a signal of natural life. Plants absorb CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from the air during the growing season, then release it as they are eaten or die back. Because most of Earth’s land area is in the northern hemisphere, the yearly cycle is dominated by the seasons in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this year we have \u003ca href=\"https://wunderground.atavist.com/el-nino-forecast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a record-breaking El Niño\u003c/a> in the cycle, triggering drought in the tropics and hampering plant growth there, and fueling widespread forest fires that pour CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> into the air. The forest grows back, but not in time for next summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_364992\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 398px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-364992\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years-800x454.png\" alt=\"CO2 at L+Mauna Loa, 2014-2015\" width=\"398\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years-800x454.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years-400x227.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years.png 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 398px) 100vw, 398px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> at the Mauna Loa Observatory in the last two years. \u003ccite>(Scripps/UC San Diego)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So Ralph Keeling predicts the annual summer dip won’t bring readings back down into the 390s, as it did in 2014 and 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will daily values at Mauna Loa ever fall below 400 ppm again in our lifetimes?” Keeling asked. “I’m prepared to project that they won’t, making the current values the last time the Mauna Loa record will produce numbers in the 300s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile the stubborn long-term climb caused by humans shows no sign of slackening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Change Can Happen, But Are We Willing?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn the 1700s, before coal began to be burned for industrial processes, CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> was at about 280 ppm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-term upward trend has never gone down since the Keeling measurements began. The only way to make the climb stop is to burn less carbon and, at the same time, fix more carbon. Burning less means changing our economic system severely and rapidly. It can be done, but the change will be profound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_364991\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 492px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-364991\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958-800x480.png\" alt=\"Full record from Mauna Loa\" width=\"492\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958-800x480.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958-400x240.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958-960x576.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 492px) 100vw, 492px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rise in atmospheric CO2 at the Mauna Loa Observatory since March 1958. \u003ccite>(Scripps/UC San Diego)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fixing more carbon is a project with many options, most of which involve burying CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> underground. One promising frontier is working with the natural carbon cycle to increase the world’s biomass. Restoring the soil, by reforming our farming practices, could help turn the Keeling curve back toward 400 and below, once again. That, too, would be a profound change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, geology will take care of the atmosphere through the \u003ci>really\u003c/i> long-term carbon cycle. First the ocean will stir excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> throughout its deepest waters. That will take on the order of 1,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, the erosion of rocks will fertilize the sea with dissolved carbon minerals, which plankton will use to make their microscopic shells, which will fall to the seafloor as the plankton die and be buried. It’s a roundabout system, but that’s how the Earth works. That will take many thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We probably can’t wait that long.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This week, \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">you can watch\u003c/a> as Earth passes a threshold not seen for at least a million years. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air will rise above 400 parts per million. And scientists predict neither you nor your children will ever see it go below 400 ppm again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) said on Monday that this year’s El Niño combined with global warming puts the world “\u003ca href=\"https://www.wmo.int/media/content/el-ni%C3%B1o-expected-strengthen-further-high-impacts-unprecedented-preparation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in uncharted territory\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This naturally occurring El Niño event and human induced climate change may interact and modify each other in ways which we have \u003ca href=\"https://www.wmo.int/media/content/weather-reports-future-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">never before experienced\u003c/a>,” said WMO Secretary-General Michel Jarraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘An Icon of Climate Change’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When scientists talk about atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, their yardstick is the so-called Keeling curve. It’s the record of the air’s composition, made each day at a station run by the \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a> in the pure air high on Mauna Loa volcano, in Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_364994\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-364994\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week-800x480.png\" alt=\"CO2 at Mauna Loa this week\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week-800x480.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week-400x240.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week-960x576.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-this-week.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This week’s carbon dioxide readings at the Mauna Loa Observatory are updated every day. As they rise above the 400 parts-per-million threshold, scientists warn that they will not return to it in our lifetimes. \u003ccite>(Scripps/UC San Diego)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ralph Keeling, the custodian of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> record, made his prediction last week in \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/2015/10/21/is-this-the-last-year-below-400/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a blog post on the Keeling Curve website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Keeling curve was started in 1958 under the direction of Keeling’s father, Charles David “Dave” Keeling. Today it’s the longest series of such measurements in the world. It was named a \u003ca href=\"http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/landmarksdirectory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Historic Chemical Landmark\u003c/a> this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Keeling curve is an icon of climate change. What does it show?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1960s, Dave Keeling’s measurements showed that the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> level in the air was rising steadily. That long-term increase is the mark of human influence. It comes overwhelmingly \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ff.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">from the fossil fuels we burn\u003c/a> — largely to generate electricity, but also to smelt metals, produce cement, run motors and so on. Other smaller sources of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> are from humans cutting down forests and from large-scale mechanical farming, which removes most of the carbon-rich humus contained in soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the 1960s, the long-term increase in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> has sped up. A little over half of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> we produce is absorbed by the ocean and by growing plants. The rest stays in the air and acts as a greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_365502\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mauna-loa2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-365502\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mauna-loa2.jpg\" alt=\"NOAA's Mauna Loa Observatory on Hawaii, a small collection of buildings where scientists take key measurements on air and sunlight.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mauna-loa2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/mauna-loa2-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s Mauna Loa Observatory on Hawaii, a small collection of buildings where scientists take key measurements on air and sunlight. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> weren’t a greenhouse gas, we might welcome it for promoting plant growth. But because it is one, higher CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels will make Earth steadily warmer until either human ingenuity or geology can bring them back down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What led to Ralph Keeling’s prediction, and the significance of this week? That stems from another of Dave Keeling’s early discoveries — the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> curve also goes through a yearly cycle, rising to a peak around May and falling to a low around October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yearly cycle is a signal of natural life. Plants absorb CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from the air during the growing season, then release it as they are eaten or die back. Because most of Earth’s land area is in the northern hemisphere, the yearly cycle is dominated by the seasons in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this year we have \u003ca href=\"https://wunderground.atavist.com/el-nino-forecast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a record-breaking El Niño\u003c/a> in the cycle, triggering drought in the tropics and hampering plant growth there, and fueling widespread forest fires that pour CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> into the air. The forest grows back, but not in time for next summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_364992\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 398px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-364992\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years-800x454.png\" alt=\"CO2 at L+Mauna Loa, 2014-2015\" width=\"398\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years-800x454.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years-400x227.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-two-years.png 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 398px) 100vw, 398px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> at the Mauna Loa Observatory in the last two years. \u003ccite>(Scripps/UC San Diego)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So Ralph Keeling predicts the annual summer dip won’t bring readings back down into the 390s, as it did in 2014 and 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will daily values at Mauna Loa ever fall below 400 ppm again in our lifetimes?” Keeling asked. “I’m prepared to project that they won’t, making the current values the last time the Mauna Loa record will produce numbers in the 300s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile the stubborn long-term climb caused by humans shows no sign of slackening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Change Can Happen, But Are We Willing?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn the 1700s, before coal began to be burned for industrial processes, CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> was at about 280 ppm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-term upward trend has never gone down since the Keeling measurements began. The only way to make the climb stop is to burn less carbon and, at the same time, fix more carbon. Burning less means changing our economic system severely and rapidly. It can be done, but the change will be profound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_364991\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 492px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-364991\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958-800x480.png\" alt=\"Full record from Mauna Loa\" width=\"492\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958-800x480.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958-400x240.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958-960x576.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/CO2-since-1958.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 492px) 100vw, 492px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rise in atmospheric CO2 at the Mauna Loa Observatory since March 1958. \u003ccite>(Scripps/UC San Diego)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fixing more carbon is a project with many options, most of which involve burying CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> underground. One promising frontier is working with the natural carbon cycle to increase the world’s biomass. Restoring the soil, by reforming our farming practices, could help turn the Keeling curve back toward 400 and below, once again. That, too, would be a profound change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, geology will take care of the atmosphere through the \u003ci>really\u003c/i> long-term carbon cycle. First the ocean will stir excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> throughout its deepest waters. That will take on the order of 1,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, the erosion of rocks will fertilize the sea with dissolved carbon minerals, which plankton will use to make their microscopic shells, which will fall to the seafloor as the plankton die and be buried. It’s a roundabout system, but that’s how the Earth works. That will take many thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We probably can’t wait that long.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Governor Brown Takes Climate Message to World Stage",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cb>Listen to the story:\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/11/20151123ScienceJerryBrownclimatetalks.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World leaders have vowed to go forward with a summit in Paris in two weeks, where they’ll be hashing out a much-anticipated agreement to combat climate change. And among the heads of state and dignitaries, you’ll also see California’s Governor Jerry Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown will be making the case that what California does matters to the rest of world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s been spearheading a separate international agreement to cut emissions – not with other countries, but among regional governments like states and provinces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the product of an international diplomatic tour Brown’s been on for the past year. He visited the United Nations, the Vatican and met with officials from China, India, Canada and Europe, to garner support for the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world faces an existential threat,” he told Canadian leaders in July. “I believe the real source of climate change action comes from states and provinces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason Brown feels compelled to lead the charge? “Troglodytes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Somebody has to wake up the country to the real danger.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Governor Jerry Brown\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s what the Governor has been calling climate change doubters. And when I caught up with him in an interview recently, he was clear about who he’s pointing the finger at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Republican Congress and all the Republican candidates are in a very deep state of denial despite the vast, vast overwhelming scientific consensus,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says that while a political stalemate in Washington D.C. is leaving a void, California is there to lead the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise, extreme weather events, drought – there’s real catastrophe on the way,” he said. “Somebody has to wake up the country to the real danger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cooperating Across Borders\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Brown announced that with the latest additions to the \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/\">Under 2 MOU\u003c/a> agreement that he co-founded, the total economies of “subnationals” signed on now exceed the GDP of the entire United States. Parties commit to either reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80 to 95 percent below 1990 levels by 2050 or achieve a per capita annual emission target of less than 2 metric tons by 2050. The name is a reference to the two degrees (Celsius) of warming that scientists say, if the world sticks to, would avoid the most serious impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regional governments have agreed to cut their emissions 80 percent or more by 2050. “That’s more than the nation-states,” Brown said. “They are far modest in their commitments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not a binding promise to cut emissions, but the regions have agreed to cooperate on policy and technology ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether the agreement sticks over the years remains to be seen. But Brown argues, when you add up all the signatories, they make up what would be the second largest economy in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_357093\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/smudsolar.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-357093\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/smudsolar-1440x874.jpg\" alt=\"Workers install a solar farm outside Sacramento.\" width=\"640\" height=\"388\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/smudsolar-1440x874.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/smudsolar-400x243.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/smudsolar-800x485.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/smudsolar-1920x1165.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/smudsolar-1180x716.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/smudsolar-960x582.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers install a solar farm outside Sacramento. California’s goal is to reach 50 percent renewable energy by 2030. \u003ccite>(Sacramento Municipal Utility District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s a show of support that he thinks will galvanize momentum in Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to light the fire, if I can use that metaphor, putting as much pressure and support behind this global commitment,” he said. “As we know in Silicon Valley or Hollywood, California does set trends.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Governor Brown does feel that it is probably the most significant issue of our generation,” said Matt Rodriquez, California’s Secretary for Environmental Protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can tell you, I sometimes wish we did have a diplomatic core or a state department here,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going it alone is something California is known for. Almost a decade ago, the state took on a landmark climate change goal under the state law AB 32, requiring a cut in emissions of about 30 percent by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://climatechange.ca.gov/\">The number of policies\u003c/a> under the law makes it the most ambitious in the country. Experts say to reach the state’s eventual goal of cutting emission 80 percent under 1990 levels by 2050, the state’s entire economy will be remade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record amounts of renewable energy are coming online to meet California’s renewable energy goals. Manufacturers and electric utilities are cutting their emissions, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">under a cap-and-trade system\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuels that power cars and trucks are getting cleaner under the state’s low carbon fuel standard. And automakers are required to offer hundreds of thousands of clean cars for sale on the California market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Facing the Critics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, California has more electric vehicles than any other state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I gotta tell you, I love the car,” said Jeff Stone, parking his all-electric Nissan Leaf at his office in Murrieta, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone is what you’d call an early adopter. This is his third electric car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had a Tesla that I loved,” he said. “And then I had a Coda, one of the first electric cars on the market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_357097\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 448px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/chinaforum-web.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-357097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/chinaforum-web.jpg\" alt=\"The Chinese province Sichuan signed Governor Brown's international climate agreement in September.\" width=\"448\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/chinaforum-web.jpg 448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/chinaforum-web-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chinese province of Sichuan signed Governor Brown’s international climate agreement in September. \u003ccite>(Joe McHugh, California Highway Patrol)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stone is also a Republican state senator representing Riverside County and one of the climate skeptics Brown has been pointing a finger at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone is not a fan of California’s go-it-alone approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We represent about one percent or less of any contribution to global warming that happens, if it’s truly man-caused,” he said. “We can’t do it alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He argues California’s many climate rules lead to higher energy costs and give the state a reputation for being un-friendly to business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think you have business people who are throwing up their arms and they’re vacating the state,” Stone said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a common refrain when the state legislature debated SB 350 this summer, a bill designed to raise the bar on California’s climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the law, the state will have to reach 50 percent renewable energy and improve building efficiency by 50 percent, both by 2030. But a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/Democrats-strip-oil-goal-from-climate-legislation\">provision to cut California’s petroleum use\u003c/a> by 50 percent failed, spurred by oil industry-funded ads warning of job losses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thought Leader\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the Governor has answered back with a political trump card. While the state’s climate change policies have raised both gas and electricity prices by a few percent, they haven’t fulfilled predictions of economic ruin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“None of them came true,” said Dan Kammen, a professor of energy at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In fact, California’s economy grew faster than the national average,” he said. “So we benefited to some extent by having these environmental laws.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”NMeBiT2ggfM6JI2B0ZJUlaq5tTrOm1zL”]Kammen argues that setting that example is California’s real contribution to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California’s the seventh biggest economy in the world,” he said. “It makes a big difference and it’s a big thought leader.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state acts as a testing ground for environmental policies, he says. Many of today’s national environmental standards, including building efficiency, appliance standards and car tailpipe emissions, were based on rules that California passed first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Getting a lead actor like California really helps the federal government see what the options are, see what the hurdles are likely to be,” Kammen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That trendsetting goes overseas, he says. Some of the Chinese provinces that are piloting cap-and-trade systems worked with California officials to design them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which means at the international climate talks, and Kammen has been to 11 of them, California comes up a lot. “We talk about California all the time,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something he expects to continue, as California’s Governor heads off to Paris, hoping to make his mark on international discussions to slow the Earth’s steady warming.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Governor Brown Takes Climate Message to World Stage | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cb>Listen to the story:\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>World leaders have vowed to go forward with a summit in Paris in two weeks, where they’ll be hashing out a much-anticipated agreement to combat climate change. And among the heads of state and dignitaries, you’ll also see California’s Governor Jerry Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown will be making the case that what California does matters to the rest of world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s been spearheading a separate international agreement to cut emissions – not with other countries, but among regional governments like states and provinces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the product of an international diplomatic tour Brown’s been on for the past year. He visited the United Nations, the Vatican and met with officials from China, India, Canada and Europe, to garner support for the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world faces an existential threat,” he told Canadian leaders in July. “I believe the real source of climate change action comes from states and provinces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason Brown feels compelled to lead the charge? “Troglodytes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Somebody has to wake up the country to the real danger.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Governor Jerry Brown\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s what the Governor has been calling climate change doubters. And when I caught up with him in an interview recently, he was clear about who he’s pointing the finger at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Republican Congress and all the Republican candidates are in a very deep state of denial despite the vast, vast overwhelming scientific consensus,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown says that while a political stalemate in Washington D.C. is leaving a void, California is there to lead the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise, extreme weather events, drought – there’s real catastrophe on the way,” he said. “Somebody has to wake up the country to the real danger.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cooperating Across Borders\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Brown announced that with the latest additions to the \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/\">Under 2 MOU\u003c/a> agreement that he co-founded, the total economies of “subnationals” signed on now exceed the GDP of the entire United States. Parties commit to either reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80 to 95 percent below 1990 levels by 2050 or achieve a per capita annual emission target of less than 2 metric tons by 2050. The name is a reference to the two degrees (Celsius) of warming that scientists say, if the world sticks to, would avoid the most serious impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regional governments have agreed to cut their emissions 80 percent or more by 2050. “That’s more than the nation-states,” Brown said. “They are far modest in their commitments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not a binding promise to cut emissions, but the regions have agreed to cooperate on policy and technology ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether the agreement sticks over the years remains to be seen. But Brown argues, when you add up all the signatories, they make up what would be the second largest economy in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_357093\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/smudsolar.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-357093\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/smudsolar-1440x874.jpg\" alt=\"Workers install a solar farm outside Sacramento.\" width=\"640\" height=\"388\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/smudsolar-1440x874.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/smudsolar-400x243.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/smudsolar-800x485.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/smudsolar-1920x1165.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/smudsolar-1180x716.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/smudsolar-960x582.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers install a solar farm outside Sacramento. California’s goal is to reach 50 percent renewable energy by 2030. \u003ccite>(Sacramento Municipal Utility District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s a show of support that he thinks will galvanize momentum in Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to light the fire, if I can use that metaphor, putting as much pressure and support behind this global commitment,” he said. “As we know in Silicon Valley or Hollywood, California does set trends.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Governor Brown does feel that it is probably the most significant issue of our generation,” said Matt Rodriquez, California’s Secretary for Environmental Protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can tell you, I sometimes wish we did have a diplomatic core or a state department here,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going it alone is something California is known for. Almost a decade ago, the state took on a landmark climate change goal under the state law AB 32, requiring a cut in emissions of about 30 percent by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://climatechange.ca.gov/\">The number of policies\u003c/a> under the law makes it the most ambitious in the country. Experts say to reach the state’s eventual goal of cutting emission 80 percent under 1990 levels by 2050, the state’s entire economy will be remade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record amounts of renewable energy are coming online to meet California’s renewable energy goals. Manufacturers and electric utilities are cutting their emissions, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">under a cap-and-trade system\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuels that power cars and trucks are getting cleaner under the state’s low carbon fuel standard. And automakers are required to offer hundreds of thousands of clean cars for sale on the California market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Facing the Critics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, California has more electric vehicles than any other state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I gotta tell you, I love the car,” said Jeff Stone, parking his all-electric Nissan Leaf at his office in Murrieta, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone is what you’d call an early adopter. This is his third electric car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had a Tesla that I loved,” he said. “And then I had a Coda, one of the first electric cars on the market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_357097\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 448px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/chinaforum-web.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-357097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/chinaforum-web.jpg\" alt=\"The Chinese province Sichuan signed Governor Brown's international climate agreement in September.\" width=\"448\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/chinaforum-web.jpg 448w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/chinaforum-web-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chinese province of Sichuan signed Governor Brown’s international climate agreement in September. \u003ccite>(Joe McHugh, California Highway Patrol)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stone is also a Republican state senator representing Riverside County and one of the climate skeptics Brown has been pointing a finger at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stone is not a fan of California’s go-it-alone approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We represent about one percent or less of any contribution to global warming that happens, if it’s truly man-caused,” he said. “We can’t do it alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He argues California’s many climate rules lead to higher energy costs and give the state a reputation for being un-friendly to business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think you have business people who are throwing up their arms and they’re vacating the state,” Stone said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a common refrain when the state legislature debated SB 350 this summer, a bill designed to raise the bar on California’s climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the law, the state will have to reach 50 percent renewable energy and improve building efficiency by 50 percent, both by 2030. But a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/Democrats-strip-oil-goal-from-climate-legislation\">provision to cut California’s petroleum use\u003c/a> by 50 percent failed, spurred by oil industry-funded ads warning of job losses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thought Leader\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the Governor has answered back with a political trump card. While the state’s climate change policies have raised both gas and electricity prices by a few percent, they haven’t fulfilled predictions of economic ruin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“None of them came true,” said Dan Kammen, a professor of energy at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In fact, California’s economy grew faster than the national average,” he said. “So we benefited to some extent by having these environmental laws.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Kammen argues that setting that example is California’s real contribution to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California’s the seventh biggest economy in the world,” he said. “It makes a big difference and it’s a big thought leader.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state acts as a testing ground for environmental policies, he says. Many of today’s national environmental standards, including building efficiency, appliance standards and car tailpipe emissions, were based on rules that California passed first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Getting a lead actor like California really helps the federal government see what the options are, see what the hurdles are likely to be,” Kammen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That trendsetting goes overseas, he says. Some of the Chinese provinces that are piloting cap-and-trade systems worked with California officials to design them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which means at the international climate talks, and Kammen has been to 11 of them, California comes up a lot. “We talk about California all the time,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something he expects to continue, as California’s Governor heads off to Paris, hoping to make his mark on international discussions to slow the Earth’s steady warming.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What's Left to Discover About Microbes? Pretty Much Everything",
"headTitle": "What’s Left to Discover About Microbes? Pretty Much Everything | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Last week a group of 48 scientists, in the prestigious journal Science, urged America to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/350/6260/507.full\">launch a national project to study microbes\u003c/a>. The next day, eminent scientists commenting in Nature, a journal of like prestige, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/microbiology-create-a-global-microbiome-effort-1.18636\">we should launch a \u003ci>worldwide\u003c/i> effort\u003c/a> to study microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We will never escape our microbial cradle.’\u003ccite>David Montgomery and Anne Biklé\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This is not a farfetched idea. If you put all life on Earth upon a scale, the weight of microbes would exceed all the rest put together. Microbes are within us and around us. We cannot survive without them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In “\u003ca href=\"http://books.wwnorton.com/books/The-Hidden-Half-of-Nature/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hidden Half of Nature\u003c/a>,” geologist David Montgomery and biologist Anne Biklé underscore the importance of microbes. “Consider the many microbial landscapes composing our bodies, from the river valley of our gut, to forests of hair, dry toenail deserts, and the skies of our eyes. These places have a multitude of interacting inhabitants and are as dynamic as any other ecosystem on Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Microbes: From Curiosities to Powerhouses\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The invisible world of microbes was unknown until the 1600s, when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek devised a powerful microscope. Whatever he put under its lens — rainwater, the plaque from his teeth, cheese — he found it teeming with “animalcules,” tiny living things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1800s, Louis Pasteur showed that microbes called yeasts are essential for fermenting wine and beer. He proved that microbes are responsible for souring milk and decomposing meat. Sterilization and isolation of pure microbial cultures were great advances in feeding the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_341360\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 419px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/microbiome-study-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-341360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/microbiome-study-1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Microbiologist Amy Charkowski and graduate student Abdulah Harris observe the microscopic view of an alfalfa sprout root that has been experimentally contaminated with Salmonella. The microbes show up green or blue on the screen.\" width=\"419\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/microbiome-study-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/microbiome-study-1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/microbiome-study-1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/microbiome-study-1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Microbiologist Amy Charkowski of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and graduate student Abdulah Harris observe the microscopic view of an alfalfa sprout root that has been experimentally contaminated with Salmonella. The microbes show up green or blue on the screen. \u003ccite>(Scott Bauer/U.S. Dept Agriculture)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Later we learned that other microbes have the power to cause disease. This time, sterile practices and isolation revolutionized medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given this history, many people think of microbes only as germs to be eradicated. But recent research shows that communities of diverse microbes form invisible ecosystems, called microbiomes, supporting the ecosystems of the visible world — forests, lakes, agricultural fields and us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my own field of geology, we’ve learned that microbes are crucial agents in weathering rocks, depositing ores and preserving fossils. We’ve learned that microbes, the oldest form of life, were responsible for putting oxygen in the atmosphere over 2 billion years ago. “We will never escape our microbial cradle,” Montgomery and Biklé write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everywhere we look, we find a dizzying expanse of microbial mystery. Our very life — soil productivity, human health, global climate and more — is intimately tied to this universe of microbiomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Studying Our ‘Microbial Cradle’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know as much about microbes today as we knew about the sky before telescopes. Our current tools for sequencing DNA, familiar for solving crimes and studying our ancestries, are the equivalent of Leeuwenhoek’s first microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_341366\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/5927204872_5a6d669faf_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-341366\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/5927204872_5a6d669faf_o.jpg\" alt=\"This scanning electron micrograph shows MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (the yellow, round items), killing and escaping from a human white cell. \" width=\"640\" height=\"611\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/5927204872_5a6d669faf_o.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/5927204872_5a6d669faf_o-400x382.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/5927204872_5a6d669faf_o-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This scanning electron micrograph shows MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (the yellow, round items), killing and escaping from a human white cell. \u003ccite>(NIAID)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When we turn those tools upon ordinary soil, we find it swarming with genetic material, but we recognize less than 1 percent of it. The same is true of the microbiome inside the human gut. The same is true of seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/350/6260/507.full\">the Science paper\u003c/a>, therefore, propose “an interdisciplinary Unified Microbiome Initiative to discover and advance tools to understand and harness the capabilities of Earth’s microbial ecosystems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, better technologies could tell us what specific genes do, sequence the DNA of individual microbes, decode the “chemical conversations” in microbial communities and experiment on lab-based microbiomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Improve Health, Replenish Soil\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s likely the first targets of this microbiome research will center on human health. Montgomery and Biklé say the proposed initiative will help us better understand “the unintended scrambling of the human microbiome through drugs like antibiotics, low-fiber diets, and other factors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Replenishing the world’s soil is another worthy target that can help us draw down the greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. The carbon sequestered in soils outweighs all the living mass in plants and animals. Thus increasing the organic matter in soil will rely on learning to work well with microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Success in those fields will help us meet the greater challenge of the oceans. It’s a virtually infinite space filled with species we’ve barely begun to count, plus free-floating genes that can move between microbial species. It has evolved for billions of years. You could call the ocean Earth’s gut. As geology, biology and climatology converge in the study of the past and present ocean, microbiome studies will have a scientific payoff for centuries to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We and the planet will be a lot better off the sooner we embrace and work with, rather than against, microbiomes,” Montgomery and Biklé say. “It may be our best way yet of gaining headway on some of humanity’s long-standing conflicts with the natural world of which we are a part.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last week a group of 48 scientists, in the prestigious journal Science, urged America to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/350/6260/507.full\">launch a national project to study microbes\u003c/a>. The next day, eminent scientists commenting in Nature, a journal of like prestige, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/microbiology-create-a-global-microbiome-effort-1.18636\">we should launch a \u003ci>worldwide\u003c/i> effort\u003c/a> to study microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We will never escape our microbial cradle.’\u003ccite>David Montgomery and Anne Biklé\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This is not a farfetched idea. If you put all life on Earth upon a scale, the weight of microbes would exceed all the rest put together. Microbes are within us and around us. We cannot survive without them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In “\u003ca href=\"http://books.wwnorton.com/books/The-Hidden-Half-of-Nature/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hidden Half of Nature\u003c/a>,” geologist David Montgomery and biologist Anne Biklé underscore the importance of microbes. “Consider the many microbial landscapes composing our bodies, from the river valley of our gut, to forests of hair, dry toenail deserts, and the skies of our eyes. These places have a multitude of interacting inhabitants and are as dynamic as any other ecosystem on Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Microbes: From Curiosities to Powerhouses\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The invisible world of microbes was unknown until the 1600s, when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek devised a powerful microscope. Whatever he put under its lens — rainwater, the plaque from his teeth, cheese — he found it teeming with “animalcules,” tiny living things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1800s, Louis Pasteur showed that microbes called yeasts are essential for fermenting wine and beer. He proved that microbes are responsible for souring milk and decomposing meat. Sterilization and isolation of pure microbial cultures were great advances in feeding the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_341360\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 419px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/microbiome-study-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-341360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/microbiome-study-1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Microbiologist Amy Charkowski and graduate student Abdulah Harris observe the microscopic view of an alfalfa sprout root that has been experimentally contaminated with Salmonella. The microbes show up green or blue on the screen.\" width=\"419\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/microbiome-study-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/microbiome-study-1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/microbiome-study-1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/microbiome-study-1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Microbiologist Amy Charkowski of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and graduate student Abdulah Harris observe the microscopic view of an alfalfa sprout root that has been experimentally contaminated with Salmonella. The microbes show up green or blue on the screen. \u003ccite>(Scott Bauer/U.S. Dept Agriculture)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Later we learned that other microbes have the power to cause disease. This time, sterile practices and isolation revolutionized medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given this history, many people think of microbes only as germs to be eradicated. But recent research shows that communities of diverse microbes form invisible ecosystems, called microbiomes, supporting the ecosystems of the visible world — forests, lakes, agricultural fields and us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my own field of geology, we’ve learned that microbes are crucial agents in weathering rocks, depositing ores and preserving fossils. We’ve learned that microbes, the oldest form of life, were responsible for putting oxygen in the atmosphere over 2 billion years ago. “We will never escape our microbial cradle,” Montgomery and Biklé write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everywhere we look, we find a dizzying expanse of microbial mystery. Our very life — soil productivity, human health, global climate and more — is intimately tied to this universe of microbiomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Studying Our ‘Microbial Cradle’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know as much about microbes today as we knew about the sky before telescopes. Our current tools for sequencing DNA, familiar for solving crimes and studying our ancestries, are the equivalent of Leeuwenhoek’s first microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_341366\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/5927204872_5a6d669faf_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-341366\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/5927204872_5a6d669faf_o.jpg\" alt=\"This scanning electron micrograph shows MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (the yellow, round items), killing and escaping from a human white cell. \" width=\"640\" height=\"611\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/5927204872_5a6d669faf_o.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/5927204872_5a6d669faf_o-400x382.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/5927204872_5a6d669faf_o-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This scanning electron micrograph shows MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (the yellow, round items), killing and escaping from a human white cell. \u003ccite>(NIAID)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When we turn those tools upon ordinary soil, we find it swarming with genetic material, but we recognize less than 1 percent of it. The same is true of the microbiome inside the human gut. The same is true of seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/350/6260/507.full\">the Science paper\u003c/a>, therefore, propose “an interdisciplinary Unified Microbiome Initiative to discover and advance tools to understand and harness the capabilities of Earth’s microbial ecosystems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, better technologies could tell us what specific genes do, sequence the DNA of individual microbes, decode the “chemical conversations” in microbial communities and experiment on lab-based microbiomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Improve Health, Replenish Soil\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s likely the first targets of this microbiome research will center on human health. Montgomery and Biklé say the proposed initiative will help us better understand “the unintended scrambling of the human microbiome through drugs like antibiotics, low-fiber diets, and other factors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Replenishing the world’s soil is another worthy target that can help us draw down the greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. The carbon sequestered in soils outweighs all the living mass in plants and animals. Thus increasing the organic matter in soil will rely on learning to work well with microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Success in those fields will help us meet the greater challenge of the oceans. It’s a virtually infinite space filled with species we’ve barely begun to count, plus free-floating genes that can move between microbial species. It has evolved for billions of years. You could call the ocean Earth’s gut. As geology, biology and climatology converge in the study of the past and present ocean, microbiome studies will have a scientific payoff for centuries to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We and the planet will be a lot better off the sooner we embrace and work with, rather than against, microbiomes,” Montgomery and Biklé say. “It may be our best way yet of gaining headway on some of humanity’s long-standing conflicts with the natural world of which we are a part.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
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"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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