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"content": "\u003cp>In 2007, years into a record-breaking drought throughout the southwestern U.S., officials along the Colorado River finally came to an agreement on how they’d deal with future water shortages — and then quietly hoped that wet weather would return.[contextly_sidebar id=”lliViJOAg1AmH71o9IssxV2yP7CUXru8″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it didn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those states are now back at the negotiating table to hammer out new deals to avoid a slow-moving crisis on the river system that supports 40 million people in seven Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extent of the problem can be seen in a place like Page, Ariz., on the southern edge of Lake Powell, the second-largest reservoir in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Pitt, who works on Colorado River policy for the National Audubon Society, is standing on an overlook peering down at the lake itself and the giant concrete dam holding it in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now you can tell that there’s a river here underneath this reservoir because it has somewhat of a linear shape,” Pitt says, tracing the red rock canyon with her finger. “And it’s wending its way towards where we’re standing, here, overlooking the Glen Canyon Dam.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The canyon beyond the dam is stained with a stark white ring. This past year was one of the driest on record, and this spring the reservoir only received about a third of the amount of water it does in an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past 20 years, Pitt says, demands for water have outstripped the supply, meaning Lake Powell and its sister reservoir, Lake Mead further downstream, continue to drop. Both are less than half full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pitt says without changes to how the two human-made lakes are managed, they could plummet to levels where no water can be released, referred to as “dead pool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that happened, that would be a catastrophe for this region’s economy, for all of the people who depend on the Colorado River, and for all of the wildlife that depends on it as well,” Pitt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drought Contingency Planning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dystopian future of shuttered farms, dried up streams and water-stressed cities is one water managers, like the Upper Colorado River Commission’s James Eklund, are attempting to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Take Lake Mead,” Eklund says. “More is being taken out than comes into it. Like your bank account, if you do that over a sustained period you will run a deficit, and if you’re talking about water for 40 million people and economies that are massive — [the] fifth largest economy in the world [is what] the Colorado River Basin represents — then that’s significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers are attempting to boost reservoir levels with a suite of agreements under the umbrella of “drought contingency planning.” The premise is simple: Cut water use now, and use that saved water to bump up Powell and Mead to help to avoid bigger problems in the future, when supplies are likely to be even tighter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water officials in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Wyoming are working on a plan that covers the river’s Upper Basin and focuses on boosting snowpack with weather modification, better managing existing reservoirs and creating a water bank in Lake Powell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lower Basin plan, being worked on by officials in Arizona, California and Nevada, is meant to create new incentives for water users like farmers and cities to conserve water in Lake Mead and to agree to earlier, deeper cuts to water use so the reservoir can avoid dropping to dead pool levels.[contextly_sidebar id=”ypnzIKhd8oswgMF8IIqsSvTLobkLbuwa”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is clearly enough evidence that if we were to have another 2000 to 2004 kind of a multi-year drought, the system is in very serious trouble,” says Eric Kuhn, the former general manager of the Colorado River District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the current guidelines for river management were written back in 2007, he says people were feeling optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Historically we’ve always said, ‘Well, next year will be better,'” Kuhn says. “And that’s the easy way out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After just finishing one of the driest and hottest water years on record, much of that optimism is gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona has had the hardest time coming to an agreement due to intrastate battles over who will take cuts to water allocations and when they’ll take them. But states in the river’s Upper Basin have had issues, too, especially with the concept of ‘demand management.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the difficult one,” Kuhn says. “Somebody’s going to have to use less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economies Throughout the Southwest at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the process of using less water, Kuhn says, there’s a fear that if those cuts aren’t doled out fairly, it could injure economies throughout the southwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last three years drought contingency plan negotiations have laid bare familiar tensions throughout the basin. For decades it’s been common for farmers and cities to point fingers at their each other’s collective water uses. The same is true with water managers protective of their own interests in either the Upper or Lower Basins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado River District officials and Western Slope agricultural interests have said they’re on board with a demand management program only if farmers are given a choice about how much water they give up, and that they’re paid for forgoing water deliveries to their operations. But state officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.aspentimes.com/news/local/mandatory-curtailment-of-water-rights-in-co-raised-as-possibility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have left the door open\u003c/a> to mandatory cutbacks in a crisis.[contextly_sidebar id=”ICj6nMnvnky3gcPFFyp1vLcuWIFAamX7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing we have to remember is [water use] in the basin is over 80 percent agriculture,” says Colby Pellegrino, who handles Colorado River issues for the Southern Nevada Water Authority, the Las Vegas metro area’s water utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pellegrino says current conservation programs, like their aggressive buyback of residential lawns, won’t be enough to avoid a crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can take out all the lawns we want and still not solve the problems that climate change is going to throw at us,” Pellegrino says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fear of Federal Intervention\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is just one factor to get these deals done quickly. Another is pressure from the federal government. Officials with the U.S. Department of the Interior have given states an end-of-year deadline to get things done. If not, the assumption is the feds will step in and do it for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s, I think, a fear of everybody on the river especially in the Upper Basin,” says Jennifer Gimbel, a former Interior undersecretary, now with Colorado State University. “And the last thing we want is interference by the federal government in that role.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gimbel says the fate of the entire region hangs in the balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Glen Canyon Dam, the National Audubon Society’s Jennifer Pitt says it’s more than just the fates of people and economies tied up in river politics: an entire ecosystem is at stake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot of people who care about wildlife in this region are concerned,” she says. “And it’s not just birds. Seventy percent of all wildlife in the arid West rely on rivers at some point in their life cycle. So it has outsized importance for anyone who appreciates nature in this part of the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a project covering the Colorado River, produced by KUNC and supported through a Walton Family Foundation grant. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+In+Drought%3A+States+Take+On+Urgent+Negotiations+To+Avoid+Colorado+River+Crisis&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now you can tell that there’s a river here underneath this reservoir because it has somewhat of a linear shape,” Pitt says, tracing the red rock canyon with her finger. “And it’s wending its way towards where we’re standing, here, overlooking the Glen Canyon Dam.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The canyon beyond the dam is stained with a stark white ring. This past year was one of the driest on record, and this spring the reservoir only received about a third of the amount of water it does in an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past 20 years, Pitt says, demands for water have outstripped the supply, meaning Lake Powell and its sister reservoir, Lake Mead further downstream, continue to drop. Both are less than half full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pitt says without changes to how the two human-made lakes are managed, they could plummet to levels where no water can be released, referred to as “dead pool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that happened, that would be a catastrophe for this region’s economy, for all of the people who depend on the Colorado River, and for all of the wildlife that depends on it as well,” Pitt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drought Contingency Planning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dystopian future of shuttered farms, dried up streams and water-stressed cities is one water managers, like the Upper Colorado River Commission’s James Eklund, are attempting to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Take Lake Mead,” Eklund says. “More is being taken out than comes into it. Like your bank account, if you do that over a sustained period you will run a deficit, and if you’re talking about water for 40 million people and economies that are massive — [the] fifth largest economy in the world [is what] the Colorado River Basin represents — then that’s significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers are attempting to boost reservoir levels with a suite of agreements under the umbrella of “drought contingency planning.” The premise is simple: Cut water use now, and use that saved water to bump up Powell and Mead to help to avoid bigger problems in the future, when supplies are likely to be even tighter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water officials in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Wyoming are working on a plan that covers the river’s Upper Basin and focuses on boosting snowpack with weather modification, better managing existing reservoirs and creating a water bank in Lake Powell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lower Basin plan, being worked on by officials in Arizona, California and Nevada, is meant to create new incentives for water users like farmers and cities to conserve water in Lake Mead and to agree to earlier, deeper cuts to water use so the reservoir can avoid dropping to dead pool levels.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is clearly enough evidence that if we were to have another 2000 to 2004 kind of a multi-year drought, the system is in very serious trouble,” says Eric Kuhn, the former general manager of the Colorado River District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the current guidelines for river management were written back in 2007, he says people were feeling optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Historically we’ve always said, ‘Well, next year will be better,'” Kuhn says. “And that’s the easy way out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After just finishing one of the driest and hottest water years on record, much of that optimism is gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona has had the hardest time coming to an agreement due to intrastate battles over who will take cuts to water allocations and when they’ll take them. But states in the river’s Upper Basin have had issues, too, especially with the concept of ‘demand management.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the difficult one,” Kuhn says. “Somebody’s going to have to use less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economies Throughout the Southwest at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the process of using less water, Kuhn says, there’s a fear that if those cuts aren’t doled out fairly, it could injure economies throughout the southwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last three years drought contingency plan negotiations have laid bare familiar tensions throughout the basin. For decades it’s been common for farmers and cities to point fingers at their each other’s collective water uses. The same is true with water managers protective of their own interests in either the Upper or Lower Basins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado River District officials and Western Slope agricultural interests have said they’re on board with a demand management program only if farmers are given a choice about how much water they give up, and that they’re paid for forgoing water deliveries to their operations. But state officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.aspentimes.com/news/local/mandatory-curtailment-of-water-rights-in-co-raised-as-possibility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have left the door open\u003c/a> to mandatory cutbacks in a crisis.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing we have to remember is [water use] in the basin is over 80 percent agriculture,” says Colby Pellegrino, who handles Colorado River issues for the Southern Nevada Water Authority, the Las Vegas metro area’s water utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pellegrino says current conservation programs, like their aggressive buyback of residential lawns, won’t be enough to avoid a crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can take out all the lawns we want and still not solve the problems that climate change is going to throw at us,” Pellegrino says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fear of Federal Intervention\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is just one factor to get these deals done quickly. Another is pressure from the federal government. Officials with the U.S. Department of the Interior have given states an end-of-year deadline to get things done. If not, the assumption is the feds will step in and do it for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s, I think, a fear of everybody on the river especially in the Upper Basin,” says Jennifer Gimbel, a former Interior undersecretary, now with Colorado State University. “And the last thing we want is interference by the federal government in that role.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gimbel says the fate of the entire region hangs in the balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Glen Canyon Dam, the National Audubon Society’s Jennifer Pitt says it’s more than just the fates of people and economies tied up in river politics: an entire ecosystem is at stake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot of people who care about wildlife in this region are concerned,” she says. “And it’s not just birds. Seventy percent of all wildlife in the arid West rely on rivers at some point in their life cycle. So it has outsized importance for anyone who appreciates nature in this part of the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a project covering the Colorado River, produced by KUNC and supported through a Walton Family Foundation grant. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+In+Drought%3A+States+Take+On+Urgent+Negotiations+To+Avoid+Colorado+River+Crisis&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>They lived for two years and 20 minutes under the glass of a miniature Earth, complete with an ocean, rain forest, desert, grasslands and mangroves. Their air and water were recycled, and they grew the sweet potatoes, rice and other food they needed to survive.[contextly_sidebar id=”vAhk3ez7HbI2bnqSHjyPT5s7salbQmHV”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1,500 people were invited and some 200 journalists were on hand as the eight original inhabitants of Biosphere 2 left their glass terrarium a quarter-century ago last month in two groups that no longer talked to each other amid the stress of sharing a small space and disputes over how the project should be run. Detractors called the $150 million experiment a failure because additional oxygen was pumped into what was supposed to be a self-sustaining system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A power struggle in subsequent months led Texas billionaire backer Edward P. Bass to hire investment banker Stephen Bannon, who was later President Trump’s chief strategist, to bring the project back from financial disarray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Biosphere 2 is a different kind of place, a University of Arizona site where researchers from around the world can study everything from the effects of the ocean’s acidification on coral to ways of ensuring food security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It started out as a great, big kind of societal experiment and was transformed by pure ingenuity into something else that has proved useful,” said Jeffrey S. Dukes, director of the Perdue Climate Change Research Center. “It’s also a really cool facility to tour.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joaquin Ruiz, a geologist who directs the project in the Sonoran Desert about 30 miles northeast of Tucson, said Biosphere 2′s controlled environments allow researchers to conduct experiments they won’t try outside “because you don’t want to have unintended circumstances.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means researchers from the Global Institute for Water Security at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada don’t have to worry about harming the environment while studying how plants in the tiny rainforest adjust their water consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The miniature ocean is being renovated so researchers from places including the University of Hawaii can continue experiments on a miniature reef without hurting reefs in the Pacific. A $550,000 grant from Johns Hopkins University is helping scientists test theories about water movement on three artificial hillslopes known as the Landscape Evolution Observatory, a gigantic Earth science laboratory.[contextly_sidebar id=”iM24vQgI5QlRF0rTdOHTWhN4MXVwi9j7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university assumed management of Biosphere 2 in mid-2007 and in June 2011 announced full acquisition of the glass-enclosed area of just over 3 acres (1 hectare) that reaches as tall as 75 feet (23 meters) in some places, and the buildings and grounds around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Dukes, independent ecologist Christopher Field, director of the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, said Biosphere 2 has proved useful for science in its current iteration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to separate it from what it was originally to see its worth today,” said Field, adding that controlled environment facilities like Biosphere 2 “are a powerful way to help us understand the way the world works. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is an important piece in our portfolio for understanding climate change,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologist John Adams, Biosphere 2′s deputy director, has been with the project since 1995, when he was a new University of Arizona graduate. “It’s always been an audacious, ambitious project,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adams said 55 people now work at the site, including 30 researchers. Bass donated $30 million to Biosphere 2 last year and sits on its advisory board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have been doing a really great job, laying some strong foundations for their science,” Jane Poynter, one of the eight original Biosphere 2 inhabitants, said of the current research. “Twenty-five years after we came out it’s still very forward-looking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poynter said that since she and the other “Biospherians” emerged from the greenhouse, much of the original animosity has faded away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial project was the brainchild of systems ecologist John Allen, and Bass was financial backer when the first group of four women and four men entered Biosphere 2 on Sept. 26, 1991. Now almost 90, Allen lives quietly in Santa Fe, New Mexico.[contextly_sidebar id=”4sggZbfPmrBzcyvbzK1tdjVgFMVPfDHV”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mission by a second group was terminated early after Bass ousted Allen and other top managers in April 1994 and temporarily made Bannon acting director during a management dispute. Bannon led the project for about two years, and Columbia University then took over, changing the once virtually airtight structure to a “flow-through” system and manipulating carbon dioxide levels to study global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poynter and Taber MacCallum later married and settled in Tucson, where they operate World View Enterprises, a company that is pioneering flight to the edge of space with high-altitude balloons. They met during training for Biosphere 2, and their romance flourished after entering the enclosure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple hopes World View’s high-altitude remote-controlled balloons will eventually be used for weather monitoring, communications and research at a fraction of the cost of satellites. They are also working on a craft called Voyager, which they want to use to take people some 100,000 feet (30,480 meters) above Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crew members Abigail Alling, Mark Van Thillo and Sarah Silverstone work with their Biosphere Foundation, which conducts marine research in southeast Asia. Fellow crew member Linda Leigh, a botanist lives near Biosphere 2 in Arizona. Crew physician \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Walford\">Roy Walford\u003c/a>, a well-known researcher on the effects of a low-calorie diet on longevity, died from Lou Gehrig’s disease in 2004 at age 79.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other crew member, Mark Nelson, lives in Santa Fe and recently published a book called “Pushing Our Limits: Insights from Biosphere 2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the book, Nelson reflects on the group’s experiences and calls on people to renew their relationship with nature to help reverse trends threatening the original biosphere, Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remain optimistic about the prospects for the ‘human experiment,’” he writes. “Problems humans cause can also be solved by humans.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>They lived for two years and 20 minutes under the glass of a miniature Earth, complete with an ocean, rain forest, desert, grasslands and mangroves. Their air and water were recycled, and they grew the sweet potatoes, rice and other food they needed to survive.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1,500 people were invited and some 200 journalists were on hand as the eight original inhabitants of Biosphere 2 left their glass terrarium a quarter-century ago last month in two groups that no longer talked to each other amid the stress of sharing a small space and disputes over how the project should be run. Detractors called the $150 million experiment a failure because additional oxygen was pumped into what was supposed to be a self-sustaining system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A power struggle in subsequent months led Texas billionaire backer Edward P. Bass to hire investment banker Stephen Bannon, who was later President Trump’s chief strategist, to bring the project back from financial disarray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Biosphere 2 is a different kind of place, a University of Arizona site where researchers from around the world can study everything from the effects of the ocean’s acidification on coral to ways of ensuring food security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It started out as a great, big kind of societal experiment and was transformed by pure ingenuity into something else that has proved useful,” said Jeffrey S. Dukes, director of the Perdue Climate Change Research Center. “It’s also a really cool facility to tour.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joaquin Ruiz, a geologist who directs the project in the Sonoran Desert about 30 miles northeast of Tucson, said Biosphere 2′s controlled environments allow researchers to conduct experiments they won’t try outside “because you don’t want to have unintended circumstances.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means researchers from the Global Institute for Water Security at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada don’t have to worry about harming the environment while studying how plants in the tiny rainforest adjust their water consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The miniature ocean is being renovated so researchers from places including the University of Hawaii can continue experiments on a miniature reef without hurting reefs in the Pacific. A $550,000 grant from Johns Hopkins University is helping scientists test theories about water movement on three artificial hillslopes known as the Landscape Evolution Observatory, a gigantic Earth science laboratory.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university assumed management of Biosphere 2 in mid-2007 and in June 2011 announced full acquisition of the glass-enclosed area of just over 3 acres (1 hectare) that reaches as tall as 75 feet (23 meters) in some places, and the buildings and grounds around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Dukes, independent ecologist Christopher Field, director of the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, said Biosphere 2 has proved useful for science in its current iteration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to separate it from what it was originally to see its worth today,” said Field, adding that controlled environment facilities like Biosphere 2 “are a powerful way to help us understand the way the world works. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is an important piece in our portfolio for understanding climate change,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologist John Adams, Biosphere 2′s deputy director, has been with the project since 1995, when he was a new University of Arizona graduate. “It’s always been an audacious, ambitious project,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adams said 55 people now work at the site, including 30 researchers. Bass donated $30 million to Biosphere 2 last year and sits on its advisory board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have been doing a really great job, laying some strong foundations for their science,” Jane Poynter, one of the eight original Biosphere 2 inhabitants, said of the current research. “Twenty-five years after we came out it’s still very forward-looking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poynter said that since she and the other “Biospherians” emerged from the greenhouse, much of the original animosity has faded away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial project was the brainchild of systems ecologist John Allen, and Bass was financial backer when the first group of four women and four men entered Biosphere 2 on Sept. 26, 1991. Now almost 90, Allen lives quietly in Santa Fe, New Mexico.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mission by a second group was terminated early after Bass ousted Allen and other top managers in April 1994 and temporarily made Bannon acting director during a management dispute. Bannon led the project for about two years, and Columbia University then took over, changing the once virtually airtight structure to a “flow-through” system and manipulating carbon dioxide levels to study global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poynter and Taber MacCallum later married and settled in Tucson, where they operate World View Enterprises, a company that is pioneering flight to the edge of space with high-altitude balloons. They met during training for Biosphere 2, and their romance flourished after entering the enclosure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple hopes World View’s high-altitude remote-controlled balloons will eventually be used for weather monitoring, communications and research at a fraction of the cost of satellites. They are also working on a craft called Voyager, which they want to use to take people some 100,000 feet (30,480 meters) above Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crew members Abigail Alling, Mark Van Thillo and Sarah Silverstone work with their Biosphere Foundation, which conducts marine research in southeast Asia. Fellow crew member Linda Leigh, a botanist lives near Biosphere 2 in Arizona. Crew physician \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Walford\">Roy Walford\u003c/a>, a well-known researcher on the effects of a low-calorie diet on longevity, died from Lou Gehrig’s disease in 2004 at age 79.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other crew member, Mark Nelson, lives in Santa Fe and recently published a book called “Pushing Our Limits: Insights from Biosphere 2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the book, Nelson reflects on the group’s experiences and calls on people to renew their relationship with nature to help reverse trends threatening the original biosphere, Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remain optimistic about the prospects for the ‘human experiment,’” he writes. “Problems humans cause can also be solved by humans.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Fact-Checking California Governor's Debate on KQED: Climate and Energy",
"headTitle": "Fact-Checking California Governor’s Debate on KQED: Climate and Energy | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>You won’t be seeing much of California’s gubernatorial candidates this fall — at least, you won’t be seeing much of them \u003cem>together\u003c/em>. The only debate between Democrat Gavin Newsom and Republican John Cox took place on KQED’s Forum radio \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101867627/cox-newsom-face-off-in-final-california-gubernatorial-debate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prompted by host Scott Shafer, the two had a lengthy exchange about the state’s approach to climate change. Newsom applauded the state’s aggressive goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while Cox said they would impose too high a price for the average Californian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is a transcript of what Newsom and Cox said, along with our fact-checking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Shafer kicked off the debate by asking Cox if he agreed with the steps California had taken to reduce the greenhouse gases that are affecting the climate. .\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Cox: \u003c/strong>I’m not an ideologue on this. I’m a problem solver. I’m also not a climatologist but I’ll certainly listen to climatologists. I believe the Earth is getting warmer and humans may well have an effect on it. And I want the air as clean as possible. I drive an electric car; I’m proud of that. The point is, are we getting enough of an impact on the world’s atmosphere to justify the cost to the people of this state? India and China are dumping tons of carbon into the air. We’ve done a lot in California to clean the air. Frankly, the politicians like Gavin have failed miserably to police the forest and take care of the forest and manage the forest. The carbon that was released by the fires comprised months of carbon from cars, trucks that we’re working to reduce.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK\u003c/strong>: When Cox says “humans may well have” an effect on the climate, that is understating the case. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalchange.gov/nca4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4th National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, released by the Trump administration in 2017:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Natural factors are still affecting the planet’s climate today. The difference is that, since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, humans have been increasingly affecting global climate, to the point where we are now the primary cause of recent and projected future change. The majority of the warming at the global scale over the past 50 years can only be explained by the effects of human influences, especially the emissions from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and from deforestation.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>It is true that California “has done a lot” in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This year the state met its goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels four years ahead of its target date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox mentions India and China as big C02 emitters. While it is true that China is the \u003ca href=\"http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/emis/top2014.tot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">top emitter\u003c/a> of CO2, as of 2014, India produced less than half that of the U.S., which remains the largest emitter on a per capita basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox also asks if California is making enough of an impact on global emissions to “justify the cost to the people of this state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear what Cox means by “cost.” Overall, the state’s economy has grown since the 2006 passage of AB 32, the landmark bill that mandated cuts in carbon emissions. Consumers also get a “climate rebate” on their electric bills from revenues generated by the state’s cap and trade system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California produces roughly 1 percent of the world’s carbon emissions. The “impact” that the state has made in helping solve the problem of climate change has less to do with the actual reduction of emissions than it does with serving as a model for other states and subnational entities around the world to follow. A dozen or so other states have adopted California’s stricter standards for auto emissions, and several have copied AB 32, to the point of even replicating its name — the Global Warming Solutions Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regarding tending to forests and its relationship to the increasingly destructive and deadly fires California has been experiencing, Cox is correct in saying the state has fallen \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927354/controlled-burns-can-help-solve-californias-fire-problem-so-why-arent-there-more-of-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">way behind\u003c/a> in forest management. Most fire scientists agree that there has to be much more aggressive use of tools like thinning, controlled burns and “managed fire,” all of which are controversial to some degree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cars and trucks, not fires, remain the largest source of greenhouse gases in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gavin Newsom:\u003c/strong> John Cox at least acknowledged enthusiastically that Donald Trump did the right thing when he pulled out of Paris. [The Paris Agreement, signed by almost 200 countries, aims to limit the global temperature increase.] I reject that and I applaud the leadership in the state of California, particularly Gov. Brown, to radically change the way we produce and consume energy. I applaud his effort to get to 100 percent renewables by 2045, to get to 60 percent renewables by 2030. And I believe California has a unique role and responsibility, not just nationally, but internationally to lead. Again, this reflects a stark contrast in this campaign for governor, someone who believes in climate change and believes that it’s man-made. John still is not convinced it’s man-made.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK: \u003c/strong>The U.S. is technically still in the Paris accord. President Trump has announced his intention to withdraw, but it’s a multi-year process to do so. (For practical purposes, this might be a matter of semantics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers on renewables that Newsom cites refer to SB 100, which Gov. Brown signed last month. By 100 pecent “renewables,” he really means 100 percent clean or low-carbon energy, because under the new law, allowable energy sources include hydropower dams, nuclear power andfossil fuels in which carbon emissions are captured. Meeting those goals will be no small feat, necessitating a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wholesale transformation\u003c/a> of the way the state gets its energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932506\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-768x524.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1200x818.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1920x1309.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1180x804.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Lt. Gov. and gubernatorial candidate Gavin Newsom (L) talks with residents as he visits the Alice Griffith Apartments in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Cox:\u003c/strong> I certainly want the air to be clean but we’re going to keep pounding people of this state into poverty. Electricity prices in the state are already almost twice what Texas pays. I think it’s a wonderful goal to have renewable energy. \u003cb>\u003c/b>I’m all in favor but we can’t keep increasing the cost of electricity. I favor nuclear power, I think that can be done cleanly. Natural gas can be done cleanly. I believe we could use technology to ultimately have cars that are much cleaner burning. But right now the wind doesn’t always blow and the sun doesn’t always shine, and we need to make sure that we have a backup power. We need to make sure that we have a backup and Jerry Brown has been taking flack from the left from the keep-it-in-the-ground lobby about fracking and about drilling in California, not off the coast but in the mainland of California.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932507\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932507\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California GOP Gubernatorial Candidate John Cox speaks at the U.S. Grant Hotel on in San Diego. \u003ccite>(Sandy Huffaker/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK: \u003c/strong>It’s true that Californians pay more than Texans per unit of electricity, measured in kilowatt-hours. (It’s about a third more, not twice.) But monthly residential bills are actually about a third \u003cem>lower\u003c/em> because we use less electricity than Texans do. Californians rank in the lowest fourth of all the states when it comes to their electricity bills, having invested heavily in energy efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Newsom: \u003c/strong> I think fracking is starting to fall on its own petard and Wall Street is the one leading this recognition. You’re seeing interest rates rise; the fracking experiment is beginning to wane. So I think that’s a natural opportunity for the next governor to get a little bit more aggressive as it relates to fracking.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK : \u003c/strong>Fracking has not been profitable for companies. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/aug/30/how-the-us-fracking-boom-almost-fell-apart\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a> in August: “Because so few fracking companies actually make money, the most vital ingredient in fracking isn’t chemicals, but capital, with companies relying on Wall Street’s willingness to fund them. If it weren’t for historically low interest rates, it’s not clear there would even have been a fracking boom at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom may also be using “fracking” in this context as a proxy for all oil and gas production. (Fracking is just one method used in energy production, one that has largely enabled the national boom in natural gas production.) It’s true that fossil fuels are beginning to fall out of favor among investors, but that’s a long way from saying they’re toast. One recent report from \u003ca href=\"https://www.carbontracker.org/reports/2020-vision-why-you-should-see-the-fossil-fuel-peak-coming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carbon Tracker\u003c/a> suggested that “peak fossil” could occur as soon as sometime around 2023, but even if this optimistic scenario is on target, fossil fuels will be omnipresent for decades to come; they’ll just be a gradually shrinking part of the mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Cox: \u003c/strong>That’s wonderful except people can’t afford to live in this state. And they’re moving out, and our electricity costs and our gasoline costs are pounding the average person. And it’s all well and good to talk about this wonderful goal that we have. Let’s work toward it, but let’s not kill people in terms of their affordable lifestyles.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK\u003c/strong>\u003cem>: \u003c/em>It’s true that California has high gas prices — in fact, currently, the second highest after Hawaii, according to \u003ca href=\"https://gasprices.aaa.com/state-gas-price-averages/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AAA. \u003c/a>One reason is that the state requires a specialized gas formula in order to reduce air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state has also said that AB 32’s cap-and-trade rules have added 11 cents per gallon to gas prices. That’s in addition to the 12-cent per gallon gas tax that Jerry Brown signed last year to raise $5 billion a year to improve roads, highways and other transportation in California. Voters will decide whether or not to repeal that tax through \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11696663/what-if-californians-repealed-the-gas-tax-prop-6-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 6\u003c/a> this election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Amel Ahmed, Jon Brooks, Craig Miller, and Lauren Sommer contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "California's Gubernatorial candidates sound off on climate change policies, fracking, and California's new goal of obtaining all of its energy from clean sources by 2045. But did they get it right?",
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"description": "California's Gubernatorial candidates sound off on climate change policies, fracking, and California's new goal of obtaining all of its energy from clean sources by 2045. But did they get it right?",
"title": "Fact-Checking California Governor's Debate on KQED: Climate and Energy | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You won’t be seeing much of California’s gubernatorial candidates this fall — at least, you won’t be seeing much of them \u003cem>together\u003c/em>. The only debate between Democrat Gavin Newsom and Republican John Cox took place on KQED’s Forum radio \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101867627/cox-newsom-face-off-in-final-california-gubernatorial-debate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prompted by host Scott Shafer, the two had a lengthy exchange about the state’s approach to climate change. Newsom applauded the state’s aggressive goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while Cox said they would impose too high a price for the average Californian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is a transcript of what Newsom and Cox said, along with our fact-checking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Shafer kicked off the debate by asking Cox if he agreed with the steps California had taken to reduce the greenhouse gases that are affecting the climate. .\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Cox: \u003c/strong>I’m not an ideologue on this. I’m a problem solver. I’m also not a climatologist but I’ll certainly listen to climatologists. I believe the Earth is getting warmer and humans may well have an effect on it. And I want the air as clean as possible. I drive an electric car; I’m proud of that. The point is, are we getting enough of an impact on the world’s atmosphere to justify the cost to the people of this state? India and China are dumping tons of carbon into the air. We’ve done a lot in California to clean the air. Frankly, the politicians like Gavin have failed miserably to police the forest and take care of the forest and manage the forest. The carbon that was released by the fires comprised months of carbon from cars, trucks that we’re working to reduce.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK\u003c/strong>: When Cox says “humans may well have” an effect on the climate, that is understating the case. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalchange.gov/nca4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4th National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, released by the Trump administration in 2017:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Natural factors are still affecting the planet’s climate today. The difference is that, since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, humans have been increasingly affecting global climate, to the point where we are now the primary cause of recent and projected future change. The majority of the warming at the global scale over the past 50 years can only be explained by the effects of human influences, especially the emissions from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and from deforestation.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>It is true that California “has done a lot” in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This year the state met its goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels four years ahead of its target date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox mentions India and China as big C02 emitters. While it is true that China is the \u003ca href=\"http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/emis/top2014.tot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">top emitter\u003c/a> of CO2, as of 2014, India produced less than half that of the U.S., which remains the largest emitter on a per capita basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox also asks if California is making enough of an impact on global emissions to “justify the cost to the people of this state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear what Cox means by “cost.” Overall, the state’s economy has grown since the 2006 passage of AB 32, the landmark bill that mandated cuts in carbon emissions. Consumers also get a “climate rebate” on their electric bills from revenues generated by the state’s cap and trade system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California produces roughly 1 percent of the world’s carbon emissions. The “impact” that the state has made in helping solve the problem of climate change has less to do with the actual reduction of emissions than it does with serving as a model for other states and subnational entities around the world to follow. A dozen or so other states have adopted California’s stricter standards for auto emissions, and several have copied AB 32, to the point of even replicating its name — the Global Warming Solutions Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regarding tending to forests and its relationship to the increasingly destructive and deadly fires California has been experiencing, Cox is correct in saying the state has fallen \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927354/controlled-burns-can-help-solve-californias-fire-problem-so-why-arent-there-more-of-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">way behind\u003c/a> in forest management. Most fire scientists agree that there has to be much more aggressive use of tools like thinning, controlled burns and “managed fire,” all of which are controversial to some degree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cars and trucks, not fires, remain the largest source of greenhouse gases in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gavin Newsom:\u003c/strong> John Cox at least acknowledged enthusiastically that Donald Trump did the right thing when he pulled out of Paris. [The Paris Agreement, signed by almost 200 countries, aims to limit the global temperature increase.] I reject that and I applaud the leadership in the state of California, particularly Gov. Brown, to radically change the way we produce and consume energy. I applaud his effort to get to 100 percent renewables by 2045, to get to 60 percent renewables by 2030. And I believe California has a unique role and responsibility, not just nationally, but internationally to lead. Again, this reflects a stark contrast in this campaign for governor, someone who believes in climate change and believes that it’s man-made. John still is not convinced it’s man-made.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK: \u003c/strong>The U.S. is technically still in the Paris accord. President Trump has announced his intention to withdraw, but it’s a multi-year process to do so. (For practical purposes, this might be a matter of semantics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers on renewables that Newsom cites refer to SB 100, which Gov. Brown signed last month. By 100 pecent “renewables,” he really means 100 percent clean or low-carbon energy, because under the new law, allowable energy sources include hydropower dams, nuclear power andfossil fuels in which carbon emissions are captured. Meeting those goals will be no small feat, necessitating a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wholesale transformation\u003c/a> of the way the state gets its energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932506\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-768x524.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1200x818.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1920x1309.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1180x804.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Lt. Gov. and gubernatorial candidate Gavin Newsom (L) talks with residents as he visits the Alice Griffith Apartments in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Cox:\u003c/strong> I certainly want the air to be clean but we’re going to keep pounding people of this state into poverty. Electricity prices in the state are already almost twice what Texas pays. I think it’s a wonderful goal to have renewable energy. \u003cb>\u003c/b>I’m all in favor but we can’t keep increasing the cost of electricity. I favor nuclear power, I think that can be done cleanly. Natural gas can be done cleanly. I believe we could use technology to ultimately have cars that are much cleaner burning. But right now the wind doesn’t always blow and the sun doesn’t always shine, and we need to make sure that we have a backup power. We need to make sure that we have a backup and Jerry Brown has been taking flack from the left from the keep-it-in-the-ground lobby about fracking and about drilling in California, not off the coast but in the mainland of California.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932507\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932507\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California GOP Gubernatorial Candidate John Cox speaks at the U.S. Grant Hotel on in San Diego. \u003ccite>(Sandy Huffaker/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK: \u003c/strong>It’s true that Californians pay more than Texans per unit of electricity, measured in kilowatt-hours. (It’s about a third more, not twice.) But monthly residential bills are actually about a third \u003cem>lower\u003c/em> because we use less electricity than Texans do. Californians rank in the lowest fourth of all the states when it comes to their electricity bills, having invested heavily in energy efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Newsom: \u003c/strong> I think fracking is starting to fall on its own petard and Wall Street is the one leading this recognition. You’re seeing interest rates rise; the fracking experiment is beginning to wane. So I think that’s a natural opportunity for the next governor to get a little bit more aggressive as it relates to fracking.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK : \u003c/strong>Fracking has not been profitable for companies. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/aug/30/how-the-us-fracking-boom-almost-fell-apart\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a> in August: “Because so few fracking companies actually make money, the most vital ingredient in fracking isn’t chemicals, but capital, with companies relying on Wall Street’s willingness to fund them. If it weren’t for historically low interest rates, it’s not clear there would even have been a fracking boom at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom may also be using “fracking” in this context as a proxy for all oil and gas production. (Fracking is just one method used in energy production, one that has largely enabled the national boom in natural gas production.) It’s true that fossil fuels are beginning to fall out of favor among investors, but that’s a long way from saying they’re toast. One recent report from \u003ca href=\"https://www.carbontracker.org/reports/2020-vision-why-you-should-see-the-fossil-fuel-peak-coming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carbon Tracker\u003c/a> suggested that “peak fossil” could occur as soon as sometime around 2023, but even if this optimistic scenario is on target, fossil fuels will be omnipresent for decades to come; they’ll just be a gradually shrinking part of the mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Cox: \u003c/strong>That’s wonderful except people can’t afford to live in this state. And they’re moving out, and our electricity costs and our gasoline costs are pounding the average person. And it’s all well and good to talk about this wonderful goal that we have. Let’s work toward it, but let’s not kill people in terms of their affordable lifestyles.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK\u003c/strong>\u003cem>: \u003c/em>It’s true that California has high gas prices — in fact, currently, the second highest after Hawaii, according to \u003ca href=\"https://gasprices.aaa.com/state-gas-price-averages/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AAA. \u003c/a>One reason is that the state requires a specialized gas formula in order to reduce air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state has also said that AB 32’s cap-and-trade rules have added 11 cents per gallon to gas prices. That’s in addition to the 12-cent per gallon gas tax that Jerry Brown signed last year to raise $5 billion a year to improve roads, highways and other transportation in California. Voters will decide whether or not to repeal that tax through \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11696663/what-if-californians-repealed-the-gas-tax-prop-6-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 6\u003c/a> this election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Amel Ahmed, Jon Brooks, Craig Miller, and Lauren Sommer contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Nobel in Economics for Climate Research Includes ex-Stanford professor",
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"content": "\u003cp>Two Americans won the Nobel Prize in economics on Monday for studying a pressing issue facing the global economy: how to deal with pollution and climate change and how to foster the innovation needed to tackle such problems.[contextly_sidebar id=”aFMmotvNSht1tek6ZSafnBmy5J7U2Pye”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William Nordhaus of Yale University and Paul Romer of New York University were announced winners of the 9-million-kronor ($1.01 million) prize by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before moving to New York University, Romer, 62, was a professor at Stanford University as well as a senior fellow at Stanford’s Center for International Development, the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, and the Hoover Institution. Previously, he taught at the University of California, Berkeley. He also founded Aplia, an educational technology company that was based in Belmont, Calif., and then San Francisco; it was bought in 2007 by Cengage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romer’s father is Roy Romer, who was governor of Colorado from 1987 to 1999 and superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2000 to 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Romer’s work “explains how ideas are different to other goods and require specific conditions to thrive in a market,” the academy said. Romer’s work found that unregulated economies will produce technological change, but insufficiently provide research and development; this can be addressed by government interventions such and R&D subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus in the 1990s became the first person to create a model that “describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate,” the academy said. Working separately from Romer, he showed that “the most efficient remedy for problems caused by greenhouse gases is a global scheme of universally imposed carbon taxes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon taxes are fees imposed on companies that burn carbon-based fuels such as coal and oil. Advocates see the taxes as encouraging companies to use less-polluting fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, for sure, a Nobel Prize about the big questions,” University of Michigan economist Justin Wolfers said on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per Stromberg, head of the Nobel economics prize committee, said “it’s about the long-run future of the world economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first one is how do we keep on generating the new ideas, the new innovations, the new research that’s so important to solve the problems we’re facing in the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The second is how do we deal with the negative effects of economic growth, which have to do with the emission of greenhouse gases leading to a warmer climate – which not just hurts the economy, but risks the life of everyone on earth,” Stromberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize comes just a day after an international panel of scientists issued a report detailing how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus has argued that climate change should be considered a “global public good,” like public health and international trade, and regulated accordingly, but not through a command-and-control approach. Instead, by agreeing on a global price for burning carbon that reflects its whole cost, this primary cause of rising temperatures could be traded and taxed, putting market forces to work on the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many economists have since endorsed the concept of taxing carbon and using this financial lever to influence societal behavior. But adopting the regulatory frameworks on a global scale has been a complex challenge, and the world’s political leaders are failing to meet it, the head of the United Nations said last month.[contextly_sidebar id=”OaXVPC74ERrdCqrpdk9jzqTXMv0Fk432″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres bluntly told leaders in New York that unless current emission trends for greenhouse gases are reversed by 2020, it will be impossible to keep global warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit), which was a key goal of the 2015 Paris climate accords. The U.N. chief challenged governments to end fossil fuel subsidies, help shift toward renewable energy and back a price for carbon emissions that reflects their actual cost. He cited, for example, that climate-related disasters already cost the world $320 billion last year, a figure likely to grow with increased warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people think that dealing with protecting the environment will be so costly and so hard that they just want to ignore the problem,” Romer said by telephone to the Swedish academy. “I hope the prize today could help everyone see that humans are capable of amazing accomplishments when we set about trying to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economics prize is the last of the Nobels to be announced this year. Last year’s prize went to American Richard Thaler for studying how human irrationality affects economic theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peace prize was awarded Friday to Denis Mukwege of Congo and Iraqi Nadia Murad for their work to draw attention to how sexual violence is used as a weapon of war.___Heintz reported from Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two Americans won the Nobel Prize in economics on Monday for studying a pressing issue facing the global economy: how to deal with pollution and climate change and how to foster the innovation needed to tackle such problems.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William Nordhaus of Yale University and Paul Romer of New York University were announced winners of the 9-million-kronor ($1.01 million) prize by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before moving to New York University, Romer, 62, was a professor at Stanford University as well as a senior fellow at Stanford’s Center for International Development, the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, and the Hoover Institution. Previously, he taught at the University of California, Berkeley. He also founded Aplia, an educational technology company that was based in Belmont, Calif., and then San Francisco; it was bought in 2007 by Cengage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romer’s father is Roy Romer, who was governor of Colorado from 1987 to 1999 and superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2000 to 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Romer’s work “explains how ideas are different to other goods and require specific conditions to thrive in a market,” the academy said. Romer’s work found that unregulated economies will produce technological change, but insufficiently provide research and development; this can be addressed by government interventions such and R&D subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus in the 1990s became the first person to create a model that “describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate,” the academy said. Working separately from Romer, he showed that “the most efficient remedy for problems caused by greenhouse gases is a global scheme of universally imposed carbon taxes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon taxes are fees imposed on companies that burn carbon-based fuels such as coal and oil. Advocates see the taxes as encouraging companies to use less-polluting fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, for sure, a Nobel Prize about the big questions,” University of Michigan economist Justin Wolfers said on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per Stromberg, head of the Nobel economics prize committee, said “it’s about the long-run future of the world economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first one is how do we keep on generating the new ideas, the new innovations, the new research that’s so important to solve the problems we’re facing in the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The second is how do we deal with the negative effects of economic growth, which have to do with the emission of greenhouse gases leading to a warmer climate – which not just hurts the economy, but risks the life of everyone on earth,” Stromberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize comes just a day after an international panel of scientists issued a report detailing how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus has argued that climate change should be considered a “global public good,” like public health and international trade, and regulated accordingly, but not through a command-and-control approach. Instead, by agreeing on a global price for burning carbon that reflects its whole cost, this primary cause of rising temperatures could be traded and taxed, putting market forces to work on the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many economists have since endorsed the concept of taxing carbon and using this financial lever to influence societal behavior. But adopting the regulatory frameworks on a global scale has been a complex challenge, and the world’s political leaders are failing to meet it, the head of the United Nations said last month.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres bluntly told leaders in New York that unless current emission trends for greenhouse gases are reversed by 2020, it will be impossible to keep global warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit), which was a key goal of the 2015 Paris climate accords. The U.N. chief challenged governments to end fossil fuel subsidies, help shift toward renewable energy and back a price for carbon emissions that reflects their actual cost. He cited, for example, that climate-related disasters already cost the world $320 billion last year, a figure likely to grow with increased warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people think that dealing with protecting the environment will be so costly and so hard that they just want to ignore the problem,” Romer said by telephone to the Swedish academy. “I hope the prize today could help everyone see that humans are capable of amazing accomplishments when we set about trying to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economics prize is the last of the Nobels to be announced this year. Last year’s prize went to American Richard Thaler for studying how human irrationality affects economic theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peace prize was awarded Friday to Denis Mukwege of Congo and Iraqi Nadia Murad for their work to draw attention to how sexual violence is used as a weapon of war.___Heintz reported from Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "UN Report Issues Life-Or-Death Warning For Planetary Survival",
"headTitle": "UN Report Issues Life-Or-Death Warning For Planetary Survival | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Preventing an extra single degree of heat could make a life-or-death difference in the next few decades for multitudes of people and ecosystems on this fast-warming planet, an international panel of scientists reported Sunday. But they provide little hope the world will rise to the challenge.[contextly_sidebar id=”sohluwz08eQDArC4pTov5vMO4JxNCAB0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nobel Prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued its gloomy report at a meeting in Incheon, South Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 728-page document, the U.N. organization detailed how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C). Among other things:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many people would suffer from lack of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be fewer deaths and illnesses from heat, smog and infectious diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Seas would rise nearly 4 inches (0.1 meters) less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many animals with back bones and plants would lose the majority of their habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be substantially fewer heat waves, downpours and droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— The West Antarctic ice sheet might not kick into irreversible melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— And it just may be enough to save most of the world’s coral reefs from dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some people this is a life-or-death situation without a doubt,” said Cornell University climate scientist Natalie Mahowald, a lead author on the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to 0.9 degrees from now means the world can keep “a semblance” of the ecosystems we have. Adding another 0.9 degrees on top of that — the looser global goal — essentially means a different and more challenging Earth for people and species, said another of the report’s lead authors, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, director of the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland, Australia.[contextly_sidebar id=”6iGTegzlqnJy3vvE51EIswJGMTsbNzDB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But meeting the more ambitious goal of slightly less warming would require immediate, draconian cuts in emissions of heat-trapping gases and dramatic changes in the energy field. While the U.N. panel says technically that’s possible, it saw little chance of the needed adjustments happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, international negotiators adopted a goal of limiting warming to 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees F) since pre-industrial times. It’s called the 2-degree goal. In 2015, when the nations of the world agreed to the historic Paris climate agreement, they set dual goals: 2 degrees C and a more demanding target of 1.5 degrees C from pre-industrial times. The 1.5 was at the urging of vulnerable countries that called 2 degrees a death sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world has already warmed 1 degree C since pre-industrial times, so the talk is really about the difference of another half-degree C or 0.9 degrees F from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no definitive way to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 above pre-industrial levels,” the U.N.-requested report said. More than 90 scientists wrote the report, which is based on more than 6,000 peer reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Global warming is likely to reach 1.5 degrees C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate,” the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep in the report, scientists say less than 2 percent of 529 of their calculated possible future scenarios kept warming below the 1.5 goal without the temperature going above that and somehow coming back down in the future.[contextly_sidebar id=”in2KgHa53e2tcTtamr1IDOwgLLpCZBnm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pledges nations made in the Paris agreement in 2015 are “clearly insufficient to limit warming to 1.5 in any way,” one of the study’s lead authors, Joerj Roeglj of the Imperial College in London, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just don’t see the possibility of doing the one and a half” and even 2 degrees looks unlikely, said Appalachian State University environmental scientist Gregg Marland, who isn’t part of the U.N. panel but has tracked global emissions for decades for the U.S. Energy Department. He likened the report to an academic exercise wondering what would happen if a frog had wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet report authors said they remain optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to the lower goal is “not impossible but will require unprecedented changes,” U.N. panel chief Hoesung Lee said in a news conference in which scientists repeatedly declined to spell out just how feasible that goal is. They said it is up to governments to decide whether those unprecedented changes are acted upon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a monumental task in front of us, but it is not impossible,” Mahowald said earlier. “This is our chance to decide what the world is going to look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To limit warming to the lower temperature goal, the world needs “rapid and far-reaching” changes in energy systems, land use, city and industrial design, transportation and building use, the report said. Annual carbon dioxide pollution levels that are still rising now would have to drop by about half by 2030 and then be near zero by 2050. Emissions of other greenhouse gases, such as methane, also will have to drop. Switching away rapidly from fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas to do this could be more expensive than the less ambitious goal, but it would clean the air of other pollutants. And that would have the side benefit of avoiding more than 100 million premature deaths through this century, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate-related risks to health, livelihoods, food security, water supply, human security and economic growth are projected to increase with global warming” the report said, adding that the world’s poor are more likely to get hit hardest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Princeton University climate scientist Michael Oppenheimer said extreme weather, especially heat waves, will be deadlier if the lower goal is passed.[contextly_sidebar id=”1kD3REVLsFvJR9oJ9qWuEXYNwpnE1SPp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting the tougher-to-reach goal “could result in around 420 million fewer people being frequently exposed to extreme heat waves, and about 65 million fewer people being exposed to exceptional heat waves,” the report said. The deadly heat waves that hit India and Pakistan in 2015 will become practically yearly events if the world reaches the hotter of the two goals, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral and other ecosystems are also at risk. The report said warmer water coral reefs “will largely disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outcome will determine whether “my grandchildren would get to see beautiful coral reefs,” Princeton’s Oppenheimer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For scientists there is a bit of “wishful thinking” that the report will spur governments and people to act quickly and strongly, one of the panel’s leaders, German biologist Hans-Otto Portner, said. “If action is not taken it will take the planet into an unprecedented climate future.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Preventing an extra single degree of heat could make a life-or-death difference in the next few decades for multitudes of people and ecosystems on this fast-warming planet, an international panel of scientists reported Sunday. But they provide little hope the world will rise to the challenge.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nobel Prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued its gloomy report at a meeting in Incheon, South Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 728-page document, the U.N. organization detailed how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C). Among other things:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many people would suffer from lack of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be fewer deaths and illnesses from heat, smog and infectious diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Seas would rise nearly 4 inches (0.1 meters) less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many animals with back bones and plants would lose the majority of their habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be substantially fewer heat waves, downpours and droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— The West Antarctic ice sheet might not kick into irreversible melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— And it just may be enough to save most of the world’s coral reefs from dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some people this is a life-or-death situation without a doubt,” said Cornell University climate scientist Natalie Mahowald, a lead author on the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to 0.9 degrees from now means the world can keep “a semblance” of the ecosystems we have. Adding another 0.9 degrees on top of that — the looser global goal — essentially means a different and more challenging Earth for people and species, said another of the report’s lead authors, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, director of the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland, Australia.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But meeting the more ambitious goal of slightly less warming would require immediate, draconian cuts in emissions of heat-trapping gases and dramatic changes in the energy field. While the U.N. panel says technically that’s possible, it saw little chance of the needed adjustments happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, international negotiators adopted a goal of limiting warming to 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees F) since pre-industrial times. It’s called the 2-degree goal. In 2015, when the nations of the world agreed to the historic Paris climate agreement, they set dual goals: 2 degrees C and a more demanding target of 1.5 degrees C from pre-industrial times. The 1.5 was at the urging of vulnerable countries that called 2 degrees a death sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world has already warmed 1 degree C since pre-industrial times, so the talk is really about the difference of another half-degree C or 0.9 degrees F from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no definitive way to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 above pre-industrial levels,” the U.N.-requested report said. More than 90 scientists wrote the report, which is based on more than 6,000 peer reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Global warming is likely to reach 1.5 degrees C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate,” the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep in the report, scientists say less than 2 percent of 529 of their calculated possible future scenarios kept warming below the 1.5 goal without the temperature going above that and somehow coming back down in the future.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pledges nations made in the Paris agreement in 2015 are “clearly insufficient to limit warming to 1.5 in any way,” one of the study’s lead authors, Joerj Roeglj of the Imperial College in London, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just don’t see the possibility of doing the one and a half” and even 2 degrees looks unlikely, said Appalachian State University environmental scientist Gregg Marland, who isn’t part of the U.N. panel but has tracked global emissions for decades for the U.S. Energy Department. He likened the report to an academic exercise wondering what would happen if a frog had wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet report authors said they remain optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to the lower goal is “not impossible but will require unprecedented changes,” U.N. panel chief Hoesung Lee said in a news conference in which scientists repeatedly declined to spell out just how feasible that goal is. They said it is up to governments to decide whether those unprecedented changes are acted upon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a monumental task in front of us, but it is not impossible,” Mahowald said earlier. “This is our chance to decide what the world is going to look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To limit warming to the lower temperature goal, the world needs “rapid and far-reaching” changes in energy systems, land use, city and industrial design, transportation and building use, the report said. Annual carbon dioxide pollution levels that are still rising now would have to drop by about half by 2030 and then be near zero by 2050. Emissions of other greenhouse gases, such as methane, also will have to drop. Switching away rapidly from fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas to do this could be more expensive than the less ambitious goal, but it would clean the air of other pollutants. And that would have the side benefit of avoiding more than 100 million premature deaths through this century, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate-related risks to health, livelihoods, food security, water supply, human security and economic growth are projected to increase with global warming” the report said, adding that the world’s poor are more likely to get hit hardest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Princeton University climate scientist Michael Oppenheimer said extreme weather, especially heat waves, will be deadlier if the lower goal is passed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting the tougher-to-reach goal “could result in around 420 million fewer people being frequently exposed to extreme heat waves, and about 65 million fewer people being exposed to exceptional heat waves,” the report said. The deadly heat waves that hit India and Pakistan in 2015 will become practically yearly events if the world reaches the hotter of the two goals, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral and other ecosystems are also at risk. The report said warmer water coral reefs “will largely disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outcome will determine whether “my grandchildren would get to see beautiful coral reefs,” Princeton’s Oppenheimer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For scientists there is a bit of “wishful thinking” that the report will spur governments and people to act quickly and strongly, one of the panel’s leaders, German biologist Hans-Otto Portner, said. “If action is not taken it will take the planet into an unprecedented climate future.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "No Free Lunch for Renewables: Wind Power Causes Local Warming",
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"content": "\u003cp>Ramping up wind power in America could also dial up the nation’s temperatures in the neighborhood of the wind farms, a new study out of Harvard found.[contextly_sidebar id=”JSXad718EhNubOe4ETT84QWtwbUWEEHj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While wind energy is widely celebrated as environmentally friendly, the researchers concluded that a dramatic, all-out expansion in the number of turbines could warm the country even more than climate change from burning coal and other fossil fuels, because of the way the spinning blades disturb the layers of warm and cold air in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parts of the central United States are already seeing nights that are up to 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.1 degrees Celsius) warmer because of nearby wind farms, said study lead author Lee Miller, an environmental scientist at Harvard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any big energy system has an environmental impact,” said Harvard engineering and physics professor David Keith, a study co-author. “There is no free lunch. You do wind on a scale big enough … it’ll change things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers and other scientists stressed that climate change from greenhouse gas emissions is clearly a far bigger threat globally and over the long term than turbine-caused warming, which is temporary and stops when the blades aren’t turning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the potential drawbacks, wind energy still makes more sense for the environment than fossil fuels, Keith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s just that advocates of wind power have been ignoring growing evidence of a downside, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the Harvard study, published Thursday in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/joule/home\">Joule\u003c/a> , found that in the unlikely event that the U.S. switched massively to wind to supply nearly all of its electricity, there would be so many turbines that on average the nation’s temperature would go up about 0.4 degrees (0.2 Celsius). Some central areas would see localized warming around 2.5 degrees (1.4 Celsius), though there would also be some cooling in places, such as the East Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, \u003ca href=\"https://eerscmap.usgs.gov/uswtdb/\">wind\u003c/a> provides 6.3 percent of the nation’s electricity, according to the American Wind Energy Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which looked at just the United States, said that the turbines would cause more warming in the short term this century than the carbon dioxide America spews into the atmosphere would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for this \u003ca href=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/292029786\">effect\u003c/a> : Normally the air is more still at night, with cold air staying near the surface and warmer air resting a little higher. But turbines bring the warm air down and cool air up, making the ground a bit toastier. The effect is seen less during the day but is still there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the effect from turbines is different from human-caused climate change. It mostly consists of warming, it’s local, and it’s temporary. When the turbines are still because the air is calm, there’s no warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, in contrast, is a global effect that involves many more elements than temperature, such as sea level rise, extreme weather, melting glaciers and shifts in the jet stream. Even if a country stopped emitting greenhouse gases, it would still experience climate change if the rest of the world kept on polluting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past studies have observed a temporary nighttime warming of as much as 2 degrees (1.1 Celsius) in places with lots of wind turbines, such as North Texas. The Harvard study took observations and used computer simulation to project what a dramatic increase in turbines would look like for temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other technologies considered environmentally friendly have their downsides, too. Nuclear energy has no carbon dioxide emissions, but there are concerns about waste, safety and cost. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/7250a40e0b1e49a5988ef31259728ef0\">ethanol\u003c/a> boom has wiped out habitats, led farmers to plow over prairies, caused water pollution and raised food prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind advocates emphasized that the Harvard study doesn’t show turbines causing global warming, just local heating.[contextly_sidebar id=”RIpsqIWy32bftHiHFliFPosDIJqCydsK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the paper instead looked across the global and long-lasting timescales that matter, renewable resources would fare hundreds of times if not infinitely better than fossil resources,” Michael Goggin, vice president of Grid Strategies and a former researcher for a wind energy group, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ken Caldeira, a climate scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science who wasn’t part of the research, said the study is sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate effect of burning fossil fuels is cumulative,” Caldeira said in an email. “The longer you run a coal plant, the worse the climate change gets. In contrast, the climate effect of wind turbines is what it is. You build the wind turbine. Climate is affected. But as long as you run the wind turbine, the climate change doesn’t get any worse. So in the long run, as far as the climate is concerned, wind turbines are obviously better than fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ramping up wind power in America could also dial up the nation’s temperatures in the neighborhood of the wind farms, a new study out of Harvard found.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While wind energy is widely celebrated as environmentally friendly, the researchers concluded that a dramatic, all-out expansion in the number of turbines could warm the country even more than climate change from burning coal and other fossil fuels, because of the way the spinning blades disturb the layers of warm and cold air in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parts of the central United States are already seeing nights that are up to 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.1 degrees Celsius) warmer because of nearby wind farms, said study lead author Lee Miller, an environmental scientist at Harvard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any big energy system has an environmental impact,” said Harvard engineering and physics professor David Keith, a study co-author. “There is no free lunch. You do wind on a scale big enough … it’ll change things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers and other scientists stressed that climate change from greenhouse gas emissions is clearly a far bigger threat globally and over the long term than turbine-caused warming, which is temporary and stops when the blades aren’t turning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the potential drawbacks, wind energy still makes more sense for the environment than fossil fuels, Keith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s just that advocates of wind power have been ignoring growing evidence of a downside, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the Harvard study, published Thursday in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/joule/home\">Joule\u003c/a> , found that in the unlikely event that the U.S. switched massively to wind to supply nearly all of its electricity, there would be so many turbines that on average the nation’s temperature would go up about 0.4 degrees (0.2 Celsius). Some central areas would see localized warming around 2.5 degrees (1.4 Celsius), though there would also be some cooling in places, such as the East Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, \u003ca href=\"https://eerscmap.usgs.gov/uswtdb/\">wind\u003c/a> provides 6.3 percent of the nation’s electricity, according to the American Wind Energy Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which looked at just the United States, said that the turbines would cause more warming in the short term this century than the carbon dioxide America spews into the atmosphere would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for this \u003ca href=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/292029786\">effect\u003c/a> : Normally the air is more still at night, with cold air staying near the surface and warmer air resting a little higher. But turbines bring the warm air down and cool air up, making the ground a bit toastier. The effect is seen less during the day but is still there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the effect from turbines is different from human-caused climate change. It mostly consists of warming, it’s local, and it’s temporary. When the turbines are still because the air is calm, there’s no warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, in contrast, is a global effect that involves many more elements than temperature, such as sea level rise, extreme weather, melting glaciers and shifts in the jet stream. Even if a country stopped emitting greenhouse gases, it would still experience climate change if the rest of the world kept on polluting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past studies have observed a temporary nighttime warming of as much as 2 degrees (1.1 Celsius) in places with lots of wind turbines, such as North Texas. The Harvard study took observations and used computer simulation to project what a dramatic increase in turbines would look like for temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other technologies considered environmentally friendly have their downsides, too. Nuclear energy has no carbon dioxide emissions, but there are concerns about waste, safety and cost. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/7250a40e0b1e49a5988ef31259728ef0\">ethanol\u003c/a> boom has wiped out habitats, led farmers to plow over prairies, caused water pollution and raised food prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind advocates emphasized that the Harvard study doesn’t show turbines causing global warming, just local heating.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the paper instead looked across the global and long-lasting timescales that matter, renewable resources would fare hundreds of times if not infinitely better than fossil resources,” Michael Goggin, vice president of Grid Strategies and a former researcher for a wind energy group, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ken Caldeira, a climate scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science who wasn’t part of the research, said the study is sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate effect of burning fossil fuels is cumulative,” Caldeira said in an email. “The longer you run a coal plant, the worse the climate change gets. In contrast, the climate effect of wind turbines is what it is. You build the wind turbine. Climate is affected. But as long as you run the wind turbine, the climate change doesn’t get any worse. So in the long run, as far as the climate is concerned, wind turbines are obviously better than fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In Poor Neighborhoods, Add Rising Seas to List of Housing Woes",
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"content": "\u003ch4>Housing is already a major issue for the Bay Area’s economically vulnerable. Now, the rising sea level is compounding worries about environmental contamination and housing scarcity.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Along the San Rafael canal in Marin County, yacht clubs catering to the well-to-do stand cheek by jowl with working-class housing. On the canal’s south side, a squat, crowded apartment complex juts out, a mini-peninsula surrounded on three sides by blue water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little more than a creaky wooden deck and some thin walls stand between these renters and a bay already swollen with tides and storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level rise is changing Bay Area shorelines, and the focus of planning discussions on mitigating the effects suggests most communities in the water’s way have time to adapt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it doesn’t always feel that way in East Oakland or West Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Bay Area’s most economically vulnerable residents, many of whom are people of color, sea level rise is a threat multiplier, worsening existing concerns about environmental contamination and housing scarcity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It is going to affect me a lot, 100 percent. Because if I already work seven days to survive, I don’t know what I’m going to do.’\u003ccite>Maria Sanchez, resident of east San Rafael\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to sea level rise, our first concern is: Are we even going to be here?” says Marquita Price, a community organizer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastoaklandcollective.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Oakland Collective\u003c/a>, which focuses on underserved communities. Rising rent, she says, is a tide rolling through her neighborhood faster than the bay’s waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But among her friends and neighbors in historically black East Oakland, Price says, disastrous events have increased awareness of the risks posed by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you were to ask somebody about sea level rise and climate change before Texas, before New York, it would not have been on the radar,” Price says, referring to the damage from hurricanes Harvey and Sandy. “Now they might have a different answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Workforce Housing Threatened in Marin\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are almost indefensible conditions there, and they need a new way of thinking about it,” says Marcel Wilson, referring to the apartment complex precariously close to the San Rafael Canal. Wilson’s a founder of San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/bionic-team/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bionic\u003c/a>, a landscape architecture and urban planning firm. He led a team focused on the canal neighborhood for the recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/resilient-by-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resilient By Design competition\u003c/a>, an effort to develop strategies against sea level rise, sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932157\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 648px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1932157\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-800x534.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-768x513.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1020x681.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1200x801.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1180x788.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-960x641.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-520x347.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ellen Plane, left, a grad student at UC Berkeley, and Kristina Hill, associate professor at UC Berkeley of Landscape Architecture & Environmental Planning and Urban Design, at the Martin Luther King Jr. Regional Shoreline in Oakland, Calif. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wilson’s team of urban designers suggests pulling back from the mudflats, relying less on the pump-and-levee infrastructure that secures east Marin, and putting taller buildings on higher ground. The Bionic\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/elevate-san-rafael/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> design\u003c/a> promotes “multiple lines of defense,” meaning as waters rise, people could retreat behind layers of protection, including an elevated Bay Trail, earthen levees, raised roads and an improved drainage system. That strategy would protect the neighborhood community center, among other structures; if waters rose further, a sports field could serve as a retention pond to control flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s a huge project, and neither money nor a plan currently exists to implement this kind of redesign. “It would be very expensive to build something or improve something this big in the community to protect the families from sea level rise,” says Douglas Mundo, the co-director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.shoreupmarin.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shore Up Marin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In east San Rafael, where individual incomes average one-third of Marin County’s, intermittent flooding already threatens cars parked on the street, preventing residents like Juan Antonio Morales from going to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morales doesn’t want to move. He has lived in Marin County for 30 years. His children play here; he’s close to his neighbors. Besides, he says, he can’t imagine where else he could afford to keep a roof over his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a complicated policy equation,” says Sarah Moos Thomson, a project manager for the Bionic team. “It’s going to take the partnership of the residents of the city or the state to design a new process for enabling them to stay and to remain. But we think there’s hope there, not just false hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moos Thompson met with people like Maria Sanchez, who worries about getting stuck in housing already at risk for flooding. A single mother, she works seven days a week as a cleaner. There’s no time for going to public meetings or lobbying local officials for help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanchez is scared rising seas will eliminate affordable housing and price her out of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is going to affect me a lot, 100 percent,” Sanchez says. “Because if I already work seven days to survive, I don’t know what I’m going to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hadn’t thought of Plan B.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Underground Contamination in Oakland\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yellow gumplant and white clover bloom along the Martin Luther King Shoreline, not far from the Oakland Coliseum. It’s beautiful, but underneath and across East Oakland, like the bay, groundwater is rising. As it does, it carries industrial pollution up through soil and mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t pump and just build walls to keep it out,” says UC Berkeley professor and urban ecologist Kristina Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1932160 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-800x533.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1200x800.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1180x787.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-960x640.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-520x347.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maria Sanchez, a 16-year resident of San Rafael, California. She lives close to the San Rafael canal and is worried about sea level rise. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hill and graduate student Ellen Plane have used groundwater wells to map the rising toxic plumes under the surface of the city and the shoreline. Contamination in soil and groundwater won’t be stopped by a wall, they point out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The East Oakland Collective’s Marquita Price says she values this research, and the work of Janette Kim, a California College of the Arts architectural designer who helped design a sea level rise adaptation game for community engagement. Hill, Kim and their students are the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/the-all-bay-collective/\">All Bay Collective\u003c/a>, a Resilient By Design team proposing a project called the Estuary Commons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Price remains skeptical of efforts to adapt to climate change along the East Bay’s shoreline. She questions whether the big international teams did enough to incorporate local perspectives in the design process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t have … one black designer on the design team for East Oakland,” she says. As for the competition itself, she says, “We feel that it’s very unnecessary. It feels completely like a fun thing for people with money to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blue-Sky Solutions for Intersecting Problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley professor Kristina Hill says she understands Price’s objections. But she wants to encourage the public, officials, and agencies to think big to address the intersecting challenges presented by the combination of toxic water, rising seas and scarce housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill advocates for digging out and treating contaminated soil, then using it to shape a ring of marsh and tidal lands between Oakland and Alameda. People could then live on the land, which would be managed and owned by a community land trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of why I recommend that we live with the water is that we would see the world around us changing,” Hill says. “If you don’t see it you really don’t get it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her ideas for the Resilient by Design project, \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/estuary-commons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Estuary Commons\u003c/a>, are beyond ambitious. They would require unprecedented cooperation among multiple layers of government, significant financial investment, and a collective re-imagination of property rights, financial risk and the shape and purpose of the shoreline itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But none of that dissuades Hill, who points out that we’ve changed the bay before, moving creeks that feed it, or building out shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And there’s no reason we shouldn’t keep changing things,” she says. “Just, we need to do it in a way that we learn from our past mistakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill says those mistakes involved ignoring the connection between communities and land, and pushing water away from the shore. Around the Bay Area, Hill says, building a better relationship with rising water isn’t optional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither is addressing problems lingering in our communities, on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s our survival,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "Sea level rise is changing Bay Area shorelines, and for the region's most economically vulnerable residents, it's just one more thing to worry about when it comes to housing.",
"title": "In Poor Neighborhoods, Add Rising Seas to List of Housing Woes | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch4>Housing is already a major issue for the Bay Area’s economically vulnerable. Now, the rising sea level is compounding worries about environmental contamination and housing scarcity.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Along the San Rafael canal in Marin County, yacht clubs catering to the well-to-do stand cheek by jowl with working-class housing. On the canal’s south side, a squat, crowded apartment complex juts out, a mini-peninsula surrounded on three sides by blue water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little more than a creaky wooden deck and some thin walls stand between these renters and a bay already swollen with tides and storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level rise is changing Bay Area shorelines, and the focus of planning discussions on mitigating the effects suggests most communities in the water’s way have time to adapt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it doesn’t always feel that way in East Oakland or West Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Bay Area’s most economically vulnerable residents, many of whom are people of color, sea level rise is a threat multiplier, worsening existing concerns about environmental contamination and housing scarcity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It is going to affect me a lot, 100 percent. Because if I already work seven days to survive, I don’t know what I’m going to do.’\u003ccite>Maria Sanchez, resident of east San Rafael\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to sea level rise, our first concern is: Are we even going to be here?” says Marquita Price, a community organizer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastoaklandcollective.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Oakland Collective\u003c/a>, which focuses on underserved communities. Rising rent, she says, is a tide rolling through her neighborhood faster than the bay’s waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But among her friends and neighbors in historically black East Oakland, Price says, disastrous events have increased awareness of the risks posed by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you were to ask somebody about sea level rise and climate change before Texas, before New York, it would not have been on the radar,” Price says, referring to the damage from hurricanes Harvey and Sandy. “Now they might have a different answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Workforce Housing Threatened in Marin\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are almost indefensible conditions there, and they need a new way of thinking about it,” says Marcel Wilson, referring to the apartment complex precariously close to the San Rafael Canal. Wilson’s a founder of San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/bionic-team/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bionic\u003c/a>, a landscape architecture and urban planning firm. He led a team focused on the canal neighborhood for the recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/resilient-by-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resilient By Design competition\u003c/a>, an effort to develop strategies against sea level rise, sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932157\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 648px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1932157\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-800x534.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-768x513.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1020x681.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1200x801.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1180x788.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-960x641.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-520x347.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ellen Plane, left, a grad student at UC Berkeley, and Kristina Hill, associate professor at UC Berkeley of Landscape Architecture & Environmental Planning and Urban Design, at the Martin Luther King Jr. Regional Shoreline in Oakland, Calif. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wilson’s team of urban designers suggests pulling back from the mudflats, relying less on the pump-and-levee infrastructure that secures east Marin, and putting taller buildings on higher ground. The Bionic\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/elevate-san-rafael/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> design\u003c/a> promotes “multiple lines of defense,” meaning as waters rise, people could retreat behind layers of protection, including an elevated Bay Trail, earthen levees, raised roads and an improved drainage system. That strategy would protect the neighborhood community center, among other structures; if waters rose further, a sports field could serve as a retention pond to control flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s a huge project, and neither money nor a plan currently exists to implement this kind of redesign. “It would be very expensive to build something or improve something this big in the community to protect the families from sea level rise,” says Douglas Mundo, the co-director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.shoreupmarin.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shore Up Marin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In east San Rafael, where individual incomes average one-third of Marin County’s, intermittent flooding already threatens cars parked on the street, preventing residents like Juan Antonio Morales from going to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morales doesn’t want to move. He has lived in Marin County for 30 years. His children play here; he’s close to his neighbors. Besides, he says, he can’t imagine where else he could afford to keep a roof over his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a complicated policy equation,” says Sarah Moos Thomson, a project manager for the Bionic team. “It’s going to take the partnership of the residents of the city or the state to design a new process for enabling them to stay and to remain. But we think there’s hope there, not just false hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moos Thompson met with people like Maria Sanchez, who worries about getting stuck in housing already at risk for flooding. A single mother, she works seven days a week as a cleaner. There’s no time for going to public meetings or lobbying local officials for help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanchez is scared rising seas will eliminate affordable housing and price her out of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is going to affect me a lot, 100 percent,” Sanchez says. “Because if I already work seven days to survive, I don’t know what I’m going to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hadn’t thought of Plan B.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Underground Contamination in Oakland\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yellow gumplant and white clover bloom along the Martin Luther King Shoreline, not far from the Oakland Coliseum. It’s beautiful, but underneath and across East Oakland, like the bay, groundwater is rising. As it does, it carries industrial pollution up through soil and mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t pump and just build walls to keep it out,” says UC Berkeley professor and urban ecologist Kristina Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1932160 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-800x533.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1200x800.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1180x787.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-960x640.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-520x347.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maria Sanchez, a 16-year resident of San Rafael, California. She lives close to the San Rafael canal and is worried about sea level rise. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hill and graduate student Ellen Plane have used groundwater wells to map the rising toxic plumes under the surface of the city and the shoreline. Contamination in soil and groundwater won’t be stopped by a wall, they point out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The East Oakland Collective’s Marquita Price says she values this research, and the work of Janette Kim, a California College of the Arts architectural designer who helped design a sea level rise adaptation game for community engagement. Hill, Kim and their students are the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/the-all-bay-collective/\">All Bay Collective\u003c/a>, a Resilient By Design team proposing a project called the Estuary Commons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Price remains skeptical of efforts to adapt to climate change along the East Bay’s shoreline. She questions whether the big international teams did enough to incorporate local perspectives in the design process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t have … one black designer on the design team for East Oakland,” she says. As for the competition itself, she says, “We feel that it’s very unnecessary. It feels completely like a fun thing for people with money to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blue-Sky Solutions for Intersecting Problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley professor Kristina Hill says she understands Price’s objections. But she wants to encourage the public, officials, and agencies to think big to address the intersecting challenges presented by the combination of toxic water, rising seas and scarce housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill advocates for digging out and treating contaminated soil, then using it to shape a ring of marsh and tidal lands between Oakland and Alameda. People could then live on the land, which would be managed and owned by a community land trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of why I recommend that we live with the water is that we would see the world around us changing,” Hill says. “If you don’t see it you really don’t get it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her ideas for the Resilient by Design project, \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/estuary-commons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Estuary Commons\u003c/a>, are beyond ambitious. They would require unprecedented cooperation among multiple layers of government, significant financial investment, and a collective re-imagination of property rights, financial risk and the shape and purpose of the shoreline itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But none of that dissuades Hill, who points out that we’ve changed the bay before, moving creeks that feed it, or building out shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And there’s no reason we shouldn’t keep changing things,” she says. “Just, we need to do it in a way that we learn from our past mistakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill says those mistakes involved ignoring the connection between communities and land, and pushing water away from the shore. Around the Bay Area, Hill says, building a better relationship with rising water isn’t optional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither is addressing problems lingering in our communities, on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.terisasiagatonu.com/youth-speaks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terisa Siagatonu\u003c/a> is a poet and mental health advocate who works with young people. She grew up in San Francisco, but her family is from Samoa, in the Pacific Islands. She says to be from Samoa is to be from water, and that this belonging with water is shifting because of climate change. We talked to her for our series, This Moment on Earth, about how climate change has impacted people’s lives in personal and specific ways. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is Terisa Siagatonu’s Moment. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water, for me, equates to belonging, or the sense of belonging, the sense of home. Because I know my home and my homeland is in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the water is also a threat. There’s now such a thing as a climate change refugee, and I see that amongst my community of folks having to leave where they’re living, because the sea levels are rising and they literally cannot survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to imagine being hopeful when you know that there are very real things happening to the place that you’re from. I imagine having children one day and wondering, can I bring them with me to visit Samoa? Will it still be there or will it be underwater?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will the only things I have to understand my culture and my identity be the books that my grandpa wrote, and the limited knowledge I have from what was passed down to me? And so, I get really scared. I get really nervous about what legacy will be left for future generations in my community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the poet is responsible for making what is typically taboo or typically off-limits to talk about — make it to make it possible to talk about, and make it accessible. Especially right now in regards to climate change — I see poetry, I see it literally as medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZMgGzD1–g&t=20s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Atlas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"layoutArea\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"column\">\n\u003cp>If you open up any atlas\u003cbr>\nand take a look at a map of the world,\u003cbr>\nalmost every single one of them\u003cbr>\nslices the Pacific Ocean in half.\u003cbr>\nTo the human eye,\u003cbr>\nevery map centers all the land masses on Earth\u003cbr>\ncreating the illusion\u003cbr>\nthat water can handle the butchering\u003cbr>\nand be pushed to the edges\u003cbr>\nof the world.\u003cbr>\nAs if the Pacific Ocean isn’t the largest body\u003cbr>\nliving today, beating the loudest heart,\u003cbr>\nthe reason why land has a pulse in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audacity one must have to create a visual so\u003cbr>\nviolent as to assume that no one comes\u003cbr>\nfrom water so no one will care\u003cbr>\nwhat you do with it\u003cbr>\nand yet,\u003cbr>\npeople came from land,\u003cbr>\nare still coming from land,\u003cbr>\nand look what was done to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people ask me where I’m from,\u003cbr>\nthey don’t believe me when I say water.\u003cbr>\nSo instead, I tell them that home is a machete\u003cbr>\nand that I belong to places\u003cbr>\nthat don’t belong to themselves anymore,\u003cbr>\nbroken and butchered places that have made me\u003cbr>\na hyphen of a woman:\u003cbr>\na Samoan-American that carries the weight of both\u003cbr>\ncolonizer and colonized,\u003cbr>\nboth blade and blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California stolen.\u003cbr>\nSamoa sliced in half stolen.\u003cbr>\nCalifornia, nestled on the western coast of the most powerful\u003cbr>\ncountry on this planet.\u003cbr>\nSamoa, an island so microscopic on a map, it’s no wonder\u003cbr>\npeople doubt its existence.\u003cbr>\nCalifornia, a state of emergency away from having the drought\u003cbr>\nrid it of all its water.\u003cbr>\nSamoa, a state of emergency away from becoming a saltwater cemetery\u003cbr>\nif the sea level doesn’t stop rising.\u003cbr>\nWhen people ask me where I’m from,\u003cbr>\nwhat they want is to hear me speak of land,\u003cbr>\nwhat they want is to know where I go once I leave here,\u003cbr>\nthe privilege that comes with assuming that home\u003cbr>\nis just a destination, and not the panic.\u003cbr>\nNot the constant migration that the panic gives birth to.\u003cbr>\nWhat is it like? 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A queer Samoan woman and activist, Siagatonu has spoken and performed at the White House and the UN Conference on Climate Change in Paris. In 2012, she received President Obama’s Champion of Change Award for her activism as a spoken word poet/organizer in her Pacific Islander community. Her Moment was recorded and produced by Peter Arcuni and Becky Hoag.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.terisasiagatonu.com/youth-speaks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terisa Siagatonu\u003c/a> is a poet and mental health advocate who works with young people. She grew up in San Francisco, but her family is from Samoa, in the Pacific Islands. She says to be from Samoa is to be from water, and that this belonging with water is shifting because of climate change. We talked to her for our series, This Moment on Earth, about how climate change has impacted people’s lives in personal and specific ways. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is Terisa Siagatonu’s Moment. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water, for me, equates to belonging, or the sense of belonging, the sense of home. Because I know my home and my homeland is in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the water is also a threat. 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Especially right now in regards to climate change — I see poetry, I see it literally as medicine.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mZMgGzD1'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mZMgGzD1'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Atlas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"layoutArea\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"column\">\n\u003cp>If you open up any atlas\u003cbr>\nand take a look at a map of the world,\u003cbr>\nalmost every single one of them\u003cbr>\nslices the Pacific Ocean in half.\u003cbr>\nTo the human eye,\u003cbr>\nevery map centers all the land masses on Earth\u003cbr>\ncreating the illusion\u003cbr>\nthat water can handle the butchering\u003cbr>\nand be pushed to the edges\u003cbr>\nof the world.\u003cbr>\nAs if the Pacific Ocean isn’t the largest body\u003cbr>\nliving today, beating the loudest heart,\u003cbr>\nthe reason why land has a pulse in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audacity one must have to create a visual so\u003cbr>\nviolent as to assume that no one comes\u003cbr>\nfrom water so no one will care\u003cbr>\nwhat you do with it\u003cbr>\nand yet,\u003cbr>\npeople came from land,\u003cbr>\nare still coming from land,\u003cbr>\nand look what was done to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people ask me where I’m from,\u003cbr>\nthey don’t believe me when I say water.\u003cbr>\nSo instead, I tell them that home is a machete\u003cbr>\nand that I belong to places\u003cbr>\nthat don’t belong to themselves anymore,\u003cbr>\nbroken and butchered places that have made me\u003cbr>\na hyphen of a woman:\u003cbr>\na Samoan-American that carries the weight of both\u003cbr>\ncolonizer and colonized,\u003cbr>\nboth blade and blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California stolen.\u003cbr>\nSamoa sliced in half stolen.\u003cbr>\nCalifornia, nestled on the western coast of the most powerful\u003cbr>\ncountry on this planet.\u003cbr>\nSamoa, an island so microscopic on a map, it’s no wonder\u003cbr>\npeople doubt its existence.\u003cbr>\nCalifornia, a state of emergency away from having the drought\u003cbr>\nrid it of all its water.\u003cbr>\nSamoa, a state of emergency away from becoming a saltwater cemetery\u003cbr>\nif the sea level doesn’t stop rising.\u003cbr>\nWhen people ask me where I’m from,\u003cbr>\nwhat they want is to hear me speak of land,\u003cbr>\nwhat they want is to know where I go once I leave here,\u003cbr>\nthe privilege that comes with assuming that home\u003cbr>\nis just a destination, and not the panic.\u003cbr>\nNot the constant migration that the panic gives birth to.\u003cbr>\nWhat is it like? To know that home is something\u003cbr>\nthat’s waiting for you to return to it?\u003cbr>\nWhat does it mean to belong to something that isn’t sinking?\u003cbr>\nWhat does it mean to belong to what is causing the flood?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many of us come from water\u003cbr>\nbut when you come from water\u003cbr>\nno one believes you.\u003cbr>\nColonization keeps laughing.\u003cbr>\nGlobal warming is grinning\u003cbr>\nat all your grief.\u003cbr>\nHow you mourn the loss of a home\u003cbr>\nthat isn’t even gone yet.\u003cbr>\nThat no one believes you’re from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How everyone is beginning\u003cbr>\nto hear more about your island\u003cbr>\nbut only in the context of\u003cbr>\nvacations and honeymoons,\u003cbr>\nfootball and military life,\u003cbr>\nexotic women exotic fruit exotic beaches\u003cbr>\nbut never asks about the rest of its body.\u003cbr>\nThe water.\u003cbr>\nThe islands breathing in it.\u003cbr>\nThe reason why they’re sinking.\u003cbr>\nNo one visualizes islands in the Pacific\u003cbr>\nas actually being there.\u003cbr>\nYou explain and explain and clarify\u003cbr>\nand correct their incorrect pronunciation\u003cbr>\nand explain\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>until they remember just how vast your ocean is,\u003cbr>\nhow microscopic your islands look in it,\u003cbr>\nhow easy it is to miss when looking\u003cbr>\non a map of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excuses people make\u003cbr>\nfor why they didn’t see it\u003cbr>\nbefore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Terisa Siagatonu is an award-winning poet, teaching artist, mental health educator, and community leader born and rooted in the Bay Area. A queer Samoan woman and activist, Siagatonu has spoken and performed at the White House and the UN Conference on Climate Change in Paris. In 2012, she received President Obama’s Champion of Change Award for her activism as a spoken word poet/organizer in her Pacific Islander community. Her Moment was recorded and produced by Peter Arcuni and Becky Hoag.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Despite decades of research, the trigger that causes algal blooms to begin poisoning their environment has long confounded scientists. [contextly_sidebar id=”fnAsXqYMH2wXuMPiM7XaZXpzPiY89ReR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers from Scripps and UC San Diego have found the genetic underpinning of domoic acid, a harmful neurotoxin. In a new study published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>, \u003c/em>researchers describe three genes responsible for producing domoic acid in the phytoplankton \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitoring how the cluster of genes behave could one day yield information on which environmental or biological triggers are responsible for activating them, according to Bradley Moore, a professor of marine chemical biology and geneticist at Scripps and UC San Diego. That information could help fisheries and public health officials predict when harmful algal blooms will occur, allowing them to effectively prepare. [contextly_sidebar id=”wBZEargCce4eVX1RDaJLL0oQY2wnfmtJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says that the “very small” cluster of genes responsible for the production of the toxin is a relatively rare phenomena compared to other similar organisms, indicating that they may serve some important biological function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not there to make us sick. There are different theories for why it’s there, including serving as a feeding deterrent,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore speculates the toxin may deter organisms that would feed upon the algae. Or it may be that the toxin allows algae to chemically bond to nutrients, such as iron, present in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The discovery of these genes will allow us to explore these theories,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and his colleagues focused on \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia\u003c/em> because it occasionally causes serious economic and environmental damage along coastal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, closures due to toxic blooms have become increasingly common. Several popular swimming areas in the Bay Area, including Lake Temescal and Quarry Lakes, were shut down for most of the summer due to harmful algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/Lake-Cunningham-Park-179\">San Jose’s Lake Cunningham\u003c/a> has been closed since January and has yet to reopen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans, the toxin can cause rashes, skin lesions, headaches and stomach pain. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">There have also been cases\u003c/a> of animals dying in Napa County from swallowing the contaminated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To monitor local bloom sightings online, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harmful Algae Bloom Portal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite decades of research, the trigger that causes algal blooms to begin poisoning their environment has long confounded scientists. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers from Scripps and UC San Diego have found the genetic underpinning of domoic acid, a harmful neurotoxin. In a new study published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>, \u003c/em>researchers describe three genes responsible for producing domoic acid in the phytoplankton \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitoring how the cluster of genes behave could one day yield information on which environmental or biological triggers are responsible for activating them, according to Bradley Moore, a professor of marine chemical biology and geneticist at Scripps and UC San Diego. That information could help fisheries and public health officials predict when harmful algal blooms will occur, allowing them to effectively prepare. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says that the “very small” cluster of genes responsible for the production of the toxin is a relatively rare phenomena compared to other similar organisms, indicating that they may serve some important biological function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not there to make us sick. There are different theories for why it’s there, including serving as a feeding deterrent,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore speculates the toxin may deter organisms that would feed upon the algae. Or it may be that the toxin allows algae to chemically bond to nutrients, such as iron, present in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The discovery of these genes will allow us to explore these theories,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and his colleagues focused on \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia\u003c/em> because it occasionally causes serious economic and environmental damage along coastal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, closures due to toxic blooms have become increasingly common. Several popular swimming areas in the Bay Area, including Lake Temescal and Quarry Lakes, were shut down for most of the summer due to harmful algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/Lake-Cunningham-Park-179\">San Jose’s Lake Cunningham\u003c/a> has been closed since January and has yet to reopen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans, the toxin can cause rashes, skin lesions, headaches and stomach pain. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">There have also been cases\u003c/a> of animals dying in Napa County from swallowing the contaminated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To monitor local bloom sightings online, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harmful Algae Bloom Portal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Fire Ecologists Say Stop Smothering Fires, Let Them Burn",
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"content": "\u003cp>When a wildfire starts, whether by lightning or human hand, it is almost always smothered.[contextly_sidebar id=”rAPdiOusjR0JcHb07qYq15XwzGemasFQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters and aircraft are dispatched at the first sign of smoke. Ground crews build tight containment lines, contouring where they can with the fire’s edge. Helicopters douse hot spots and flames with deluges of foamy water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public and media extol their efforts. The headline reads, “Brave firefighters tame destructive fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malcolm North, a fire ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service and the University of California, Davis, gets it. He once worked as a wildland firefighter himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, he says, is that approach to wildfire is not just short-sighted, it’s dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overgrown forests, the result of a century of aggressive firefighting, are one of the biggest contributors to the types of massive, catastrophic fires that are becoming more common in much of the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lesson we learn \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/06/635983535/photos-as-one-california-wildfire-ebbs-another-explodes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/01/634696282/california-carr-fire-leaves-many-unsure-about-their-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/07/23/425519562/wildfires-in-montana-california-scorch-thousands-of-acres-trigger-evacuationshttps://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/07/23/425519562/wildfires-in-montana-california-scorch-thousands-of-acres-trigger-evacuations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you get one of these big fires, it is the result of 100 years of management decisions where they went and put out lightning strikes, they limited or shut down prescribed fire. And those decisions eventually accumulate and bite you in the butt,” he says, between quick breaths, hiking up a rock-strewn trail in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miles back, North passed a sign declaring the trail closed due to a fire ahead. The sky is a muted blue and the jagged Sierra peaks to the west are fuzzy from a haze of drifting smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North is hiking towards the fire — \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5850/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Lions Fire\u003c/a> — because it’s an example of a different approach. It was, for a brief moment, the rare fire that forest managers decided not to smother, but to let burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also a good example of just how difficult that decision can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Rare Opportunity \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire started the way a wildfire should, when lightning struck a tree-covered ridge in the Ansel Adams Wilderness, south of Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That already made it a rarity. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/27/517100594/whats-the-leading-cause-of-wildfires-in-the-u-s-humans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vast majority of wildfires\u003c/a>, 84 percent, are human-caused.[contextly_sidebar id=”4m3cHY0fNql9k9UTgKMD6a3F4sluq5MY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also made the fire an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service has been talking about \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/01/05/508319075/forest-service-tries-a-different-approach-on-whether-to-let-fires-burn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letting more naturally-caused wildfires burn\u003c/a> for decades. There’s a recognition that wildfire is part of the landscape across much of America. Forests evolved with fire. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17147189\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">depend on it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area the Lions Fire was burning hadn’t burned in a long time, and there were indications that fire was needed. Half of the trees in the surrounding forest were already dead, killed by beetles. A windstorm, years earlier, had downed thousands of trees to the east of the fire, creating a jumbled mess on the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For forest managers like Denise Tolmie, a district ranger in the Sierra National Forest, the Lions Fire seemed like an opportunity to restore some health to the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It checked all of the boxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started naturally, early in the season. It was far away from people and property. It was in an area that had seen fire historically but hadn’t burned in some time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Initially we said, ‘Yup. This fire is in a good place,'” Tolmie says. “Can we have positive effects from the fire? Yes we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the Forest Service allowed the fire to burn over a 2,000 acre area, she says. Fire crews were sent in to make sure the fire stayed in that area, but they didn’t go with the goal of stamping out every flame. They were there to manage the fire, not fight it.[contextly_sidebar id=”PmzdUgtKebdZOFLvEkIFV7HQTwb0qpx7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This decision is incredibly rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a nail-biter,” Tolmie says. “You’re making a decision where — I usually do it as: Did I dot every ‘i’ and cross every ‘t’?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service stopped counting how many fires it and other agencies manage this way in 2009, as part of a larger policy change. From the years 1998 to 2008 though, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/fireInfo_stats_fireUse.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the last with data\u003c/a>, less than half of one percent — 0.4 percent — of all ignitions in the U.S. were allowed to burn. The rest were put out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire would be no different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delaying The Inevitable\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A stump burns in a swirl of flame on the eastern edge of the Lions Fire. Smoke rises from downed logs and stump holes under a canopy of tall trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forest is quiet, apart from the occasional crack or pop of wood and flame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It almost seems peaceful,” North says. “It’s kind of nice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire is burning through this area at a low-intensity, slowly creeping through pine needles, branches and brush on the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, North says, a lot of the forests in the Sierras saw fire like this about every 20 years. For the last century, the Forest Service has been aggressively putting those fires out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the conifers didn’t stop dropping needles. Trees didn’t stop growing or falling down. Without fire, that vegetation has built up over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North looks at that accumulation as a debt that society, someday, is going to have to pay off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you put a fire out, you’re just postponing it. You’re just kicking the can down the road,” he says. “And not only are you postponing it, but you just increase the actual fuel load that is out there, so when it does happen you get these massive megafire events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/8/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate change\u003c/a> is another major contributor to the those types of fires. And the effects of it are only expected to\u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0188486#sec006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> worsen the problem\u003c/a> going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there has been more political attention on the issue of overgrown forests of late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-zinke-directs-interior-bureaus-take-aggressive-action-prevent-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calling for more ‘active’ logging\u003c/a> and thinning in western forests. The goal is to reduce fire risk and jump-start resource-dependent economies in parts of the rural west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are logistical challenges to doing that though. The Lions Fire, for example, is burning in the wilderness, an area where mechanical thinning or logging is prohibited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t thin our way out of this,” North says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prescribed fire needs to be utilized more often, he says, and more fires need to be allowed to burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Full suppression\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of days after forest managers decided to let the Lions Fire burn, a weather event brought high winds to the area. The fire jumped from a couple dozen acres to over 1,000 overnight, expanding beyond the area in which forest managers wanted to keep it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the change in conditions, management of the fire changed too. Helicopters went in to douse the flames. Fire crews came in by aircraft to stop the fire’s spread. It was now being fully suppressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was welcome news to the residents of Mammoth Lakes, a resort ski town about seven miles from where the fire was burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For weeks, smoke from the Lions Fire had inundated the town, driving away tourists and vacation home owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature has to do its thing, but there comes a point where it gets too close for comfort,” says Cruz Jonathan Valleflores, who works at a local car rental agency. “Tourism is a huge part of this community, so if tourism doesn’t come through, there’s no money. There’s no jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those concerns were shared by many in the community. Some wrote angry op-eds in the local newspaper. Others vented their frustrations on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are all angry about the smoke,” says John Wentworth, a town councilman. “But personally, I know there’s no future in denial. There’s no future in just saying, ‘put out every fire that you see,’ because that’s just going to put money in the bank for the big one that’s going to come here and burn us to the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North was disappointed with the decision to suppress the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He understands why it was made, but he points to a section of forest floor in the still-smoldering Lions Fire. The pine needles and branches are gone, replaced by a layer of black ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the fire effects you want to see,” he says. “High-severity catastrophic fire — it’s going to be a lot harder for that to happen here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Fire+Ecologists+Say+More+Fires+Should+Be+Left+To+Burn.+So+Why+Aren%27t+They%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When a wildfire starts, whether by lightning or human hand, it is almost always smothered.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters and aircraft are dispatched at the first sign of smoke. Ground crews build tight containment lines, contouring where they can with the fire’s edge. Helicopters douse hot spots and flames with deluges of foamy water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public and media extol their efforts. The headline reads, “Brave firefighters tame destructive fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malcolm North, a fire ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service and the University of California, Davis, gets it. He once worked as a wildland firefighter himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, he says, is that approach to wildfire is not just short-sighted, it’s dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overgrown forests, the result of a century of aggressive firefighting, are one of the biggest contributors to the types of massive, catastrophic fires that are becoming more common in much of the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lesson we learn \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/06/635983535/photos-as-one-california-wildfire-ebbs-another-explodes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/01/634696282/california-carr-fire-leaves-many-unsure-about-their-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/07/23/425519562/wildfires-in-montana-california-scorch-thousands-of-acres-trigger-evacuationshttps://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/07/23/425519562/wildfires-in-montana-california-scorch-thousands-of-acres-trigger-evacuations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you get one of these big fires, it is the result of 100 years of management decisions where they went and put out lightning strikes, they limited or shut down prescribed fire. And those decisions eventually accumulate and bite you in the butt,” he says, between quick breaths, hiking up a rock-strewn trail in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miles back, North passed a sign declaring the trail closed due to a fire ahead. The sky is a muted blue and the jagged Sierra peaks to the west are fuzzy from a haze of drifting smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North is hiking towards the fire — \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5850/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Lions Fire\u003c/a> — because it’s an example of a different approach. It was, for a brief moment, the rare fire that forest managers decided not to smother, but to let burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also a good example of just how difficult that decision can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Rare Opportunity \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire started the way a wildfire should, when lightning struck a tree-covered ridge in the Ansel Adams Wilderness, south of Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That already made it a rarity. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/27/517100594/whats-the-leading-cause-of-wildfires-in-the-u-s-humans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vast majority of wildfires\u003c/a>, 84 percent, are human-caused.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also made the fire an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service has been talking about \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/01/05/508319075/forest-service-tries-a-different-approach-on-whether-to-let-fires-burn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letting more naturally-caused wildfires burn\u003c/a> for decades. There’s a recognition that wildfire is part of the landscape across much of America. Forests evolved with fire. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17147189\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">depend on it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area the Lions Fire was burning hadn’t burned in a long time, and there were indications that fire was needed. Half of the trees in the surrounding forest were already dead, killed by beetles. A windstorm, years earlier, had downed thousands of trees to the east of the fire, creating a jumbled mess on the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For forest managers like Denise Tolmie, a district ranger in the Sierra National Forest, the Lions Fire seemed like an opportunity to restore some health to the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It checked all of the boxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started naturally, early in the season. It was far away from people and property. It was in an area that had seen fire historically but hadn’t burned in some time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Initially we said, ‘Yup. This fire is in a good place,'” Tolmie says. “Can we have positive effects from the fire? Yes we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the Forest Service allowed the fire to burn over a 2,000 acre area, she says. Fire crews were sent in to make sure the fire stayed in that area, but they didn’t go with the goal of stamping out every flame. They were there to manage the fire, not fight it.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This decision is incredibly rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a nail-biter,” Tolmie says. “You’re making a decision where — I usually do it as: Did I dot every ‘i’ and cross every ‘t’?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service stopped counting how many fires it and other agencies manage this way in 2009, as part of a larger policy change. From the years 1998 to 2008 though, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/fireInfo_stats_fireUse.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the last with data\u003c/a>, less than half of one percent — 0.4 percent — of all ignitions in the U.S. were allowed to burn. The rest were put out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire would be no different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delaying The Inevitable\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A stump burns in a swirl of flame on the eastern edge of the Lions Fire. Smoke rises from downed logs and stump holes under a canopy of tall trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forest is quiet, apart from the occasional crack or pop of wood and flame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It almost seems peaceful,” North says. “It’s kind of nice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire is burning through this area at a low-intensity, slowly creeping through pine needles, branches and brush on the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, North says, a lot of the forests in the Sierras saw fire like this about every 20 years. For the last century, the Forest Service has been aggressively putting those fires out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the conifers didn’t stop dropping needles. Trees didn’t stop growing or falling down. Without fire, that vegetation has built up over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North looks at that accumulation as a debt that society, someday, is going to have to pay off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you put a fire out, you’re just postponing it. You’re just kicking the can down the road,” he says. “And not only are you postponing it, but you just increase the actual fuel load that is out there, so when it does happen you get these massive megafire events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/8/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate change\u003c/a> is another major contributor to the those types of fires. And the effects of it are only expected to\u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0188486#sec006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> worsen the problem\u003c/a> going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there has been more political attention on the issue of overgrown forests of late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-zinke-directs-interior-bureaus-take-aggressive-action-prevent-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calling for more ‘active’ logging\u003c/a> and thinning in western forests. The goal is to reduce fire risk and jump-start resource-dependent economies in parts of the rural west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are logistical challenges to doing that though. The Lions Fire, for example, is burning in the wilderness, an area where mechanical thinning or logging is prohibited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t thin our way out of this,” North says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prescribed fire needs to be utilized more often, he says, and more fires need to be allowed to burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Full suppression\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of days after forest managers decided to let the Lions Fire burn, a weather event brought high winds to the area. The fire jumped from a couple dozen acres to over 1,000 overnight, expanding beyond the area in which forest managers wanted to keep it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the change in conditions, management of the fire changed too. Helicopters went in to douse the flames. Fire crews came in by aircraft to stop the fire’s spread. It was now being fully suppressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was welcome news to the residents of Mammoth Lakes, a resort ski town about seven miles from where the fire was burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For weeks, smoke from the Lions Fire had inundated the town, driving away tourists and vacation home owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature has to do its thing, but there comes a point where it gets too close for comfort,” says Cruz Jonathan Valleflores, who works at a local car rental agency. “Tourism is a huge part of this community, so if tourism doesn’t come through, there’s no money. There’s no jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those concerns were shared by many in the community. Some wrote angry op-eds in the local newspaper. Others vented their frustrations on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are all angry about the smoke,” says John Wentworth, a town councilman. “But personally, I know there’s no future in denial. There’s no future in just saying, ‘put out every fire that you see,’ because that’s just going to put money in the bank for the big one that’s going to come here and burn us to the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North was disappointed with the decision to suppress the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He understands why it was made, but he points to a section of forest floor in the still-smoldering Lions Fire. The pine needles and branches are gone, replaced by a layer of black ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the fire effects you want to see,” he says. “High-severity catastrophic fire — it’s going to be a lot harder for that to happen here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Fire+Ecologists+Say+More+Fires+Should+Be+Left+To+Burn.+So+Why+Aren%27t+They%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Severe Effect From Climate Change Predicted in National Parks",
"headTitle": "Severe Effect From Climate Change Predicted in National Parks | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Global warming could drive many small animals and plants to extinction, according to the first study to measure the impact of climate change on America’s national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Researchers found that the average temperatures in national parks increased at twice the rate as the rest of the nation.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Unless action is taken to curb greenhouse gas emissions, higher temperatures\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aade09\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> could virtually eliminate the habitats\u003c/a> of small mammals, such as the mountain-dwelling \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915117/climate-change-spells-extinction-for-pikas-of-lake-tahoe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American pika\u003c/a>, according to the study, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research Letters\u003c/em>. The pika has become a kind of poster critter for climate threats, as it can only survive at high elevations, where temperatures remain cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Human-caused emissions [are] shifting warmth up mountains, which could destroy suitable habitats from the tops of these mountains,” says Patrick Gonzales, a climate change scientist at UC Berkeley and lead author of the study. “We have more leverage to deal with this now, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions that could harm small mammals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks are especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because they’re often located in regions that are hardest hit by global warming, such as at high elevation or upper latitudes. Researchers found that the average temperatures in national parks increased at twice the rate as the rest of the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parks also experienced a significant decline in annual rainfall compared to the U.S. as a whole, according to the joint study by UC Berkeley and the University of Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the current rate of emissions, temperatures in the most vulnerable parks could soar by as much as 16 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100 — a rate that gives species little time to adapt or migrate to more suitable climates, if there are any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are “bad news” for biodiversity, according to Rodolfo Dirzo, a biologist at Stanford University, who was not part of the study team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since protected areas represent currently one of our best instruments to protect biodiversity, the fact that North American parks are going to experience such drastic changes in their climatic conditions is a critical message,” says Dirzo.[contextly_sidebar id=”2cAvntmHbAEBZ68IS79VMx3mCv8vcGuI”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that many populations of small animals and plants are typically less vulnerable to anthropogenic warming, so the fact that these same populations are expected to experience such formidable challenges demands “immediate, effective action to prevent massive declines of our already threatened biodiversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing climate conditions in our national parks also increases human vulnerability, according to Gonzalez. He points to San Francisco residents’ reliance on the Hetch Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s essential that park officials conserve the watershed so that water is plentiful and clean for human consumption,” says Gonzalez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mapping Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers made their projections using data collected from weather stations located throughout the U.S. that track monthly temperature and rainfall going back to 1895.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They created maps of the average annual temperature and rainfall amounts throughout the country, at points approximately 800 meters apart. They then compared the maps to historical temperature and rainfall data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data revealed that on average, temperatures in national parks increased by nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit from 1895 to 2010 — roughly twice the warming experienced by the rest of the country. [contextly_sidebar id=”fsagCxvrtz8z5M5LkPwG8EXRRv8an2eW”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks also saw a 12 percent decline in rainfall compared to 3 percent for the U.S. at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks in Alaska endured the greatest increases, while rainfall decreased the most in Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also estimated future changes in temperature and precipitation using four different climate scenarios developed by the United Nations’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scenarios include one where no action is taken to reduce emissions, one based on commitments made in the \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paris Agreement \u003c/a>on climate three years ago, and two that range somewhere in the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the most extreme climate change scenario, the study found that the collective average temperature of all the national parks could rise between 9 and 13 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abiding by the Paris Agreement could limit this rise to between roughly 2 to 6 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under both scenarios, projected temperature increases are greatest in Alaska’s national parks, while rainfall decreases most in the Virgin Islands and the southwestern U.S.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers hope that the maps can aid park officials in developing stronger measures to protect endangered species and park resources from the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results show that reducing pollution from human resources can save parks from the most extreme heat,” says Gonzalez. “Compared to the highest emissions scenario, a scenario of adhering to the Paris Agreement would lower the rate of heating in parks by two-thirds by the end of the century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, he says, only underscore the National Park Service’s mandate of protecting parks for future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data can point parks in the direction of conserving the most vulnerable places or potential \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS713US713&ei=Ed2qW-BnsdL0A8-AiagF&q=refugia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refugia\u003c/a>, which are stable places that might provide shelter to plant and animal species,” he says. “The future of these national parks is in our hands.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Small critters and plants could take a big hit from a changing climate, according to a new study. The researchers say abiding by the Paris climate agreement could curtail some of the more extreme effects.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Global warming could drive many small animals and plants to extinction, according to the first study to measure the impact of climate change on America’s national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Researchers found that the average temperatures in national parks increased at twice the rate as the rest of the nation.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Unless action is taken to curb greenhouse gas emissions, higher temperatures\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aade09\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> could virtually eliminate the habitats\u003c/a> of small mammals, such as the mountain-dwelling \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915117/climate-change-spells-extinction-for-pikas-of-lake-tahoe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American pika\u003c/a>, according to the study, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research Letters\u003c/em>. The pika has become a kind of poster critter for climate threats, as it can only survive at high elevations, where temperatures remain cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Human-caused emissions [are] shifting warmth up mountains, which could destroy suitable habitats from the tops of these mountains,” says Patrick Gonzales, a climate change scientist at UC Berkeley and lead author of the study. “We have more leverage to deal with this now, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions that could harm small mammals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks are especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because they’re often located in regions that are hardest hit by global warming, such as at high elevation or upper latitudes. Researchers found that the average temperatures in national parks increased at twice the rate as the rest of the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parks also experienced a significant decline in annual rainfall compared to the U.S. as a whole, according to the joint study by UC Berkeley and the University of Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the current rate of emissions, temperatures in the most vulnerable parks could soar by as much as 16 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100 — a rate that gives species little time to adapt or migrate to more suitable climates, if there are any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are “bad news” for biodiversity, according to Rodolfo Dirzo, a biologist at Stanford University, who was not part of the study team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since protected areas represent currently one of our best instruments to protect biodiversity, the fact that North American parks are going to experience such drastic changes in their climatic conditions is a critical message,” says Dirzo.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that many populations of small animals and plants are typically less vulnerable to anthropogenic warming, so the fact that these same populations are expected to experience such formidable challenges demands “immediate, effective action to prevent massive declines of our already threatened biodiversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing climate conditions in our national parks also increases human vulnerability, according to Gonzalez. He points to San Francisco residents’ reliance on the Hetch Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s essential that park officials conserve the watershed so that water is plentiful and clean for human consumption,” says Gonzalez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mapping Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers made their projections using data collected from weather stations located throughout the U.S. that track monthly temperature and rainfall going back to 1895.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They created maps of the average annual temperature and rainfall amounts throughout the country, at points approximately 800 meters apart. They then compared the maps to historical temperature and rainfall data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data revealed that on average, temperatures in national parks increased by nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit from 1895 to 2010 — roughly twice the warming experienced by the rest of the country. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks also saw a 12 percent decline in rainfall compared to 3 percent for the U.S. at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks in Alaska endured the greatest increases, while rainfall decreased the most in Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also estimated future changes in temperature and precipitation using four different climate scenarios developed by the United Nations’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scenarios include one where no action is taken to reduce emissions, one based on commitments made in the \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paris Agreement \u003c/a>on climate three years ago, and two that range somewhere in the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the most extreme climate change scenario, the study found that the collective average temperature of all the national parks could rise between 9 and 13 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abiding by the Paris Agreement could limit this rise to between roughly 2 to 6 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under both scenarios, projected temperature increases are greatest in Alaska’s national parks, while rainfall decreases most in the Virgin Islands and the southwestern U.S.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers hope that the maps can aid park officials in developing stronger measures to protect endangered species and park resources from the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results show that reducing pollution from human resources can save parks from the most extreme heat,” says Gonzalez. “Compared to the highest emissions scenario, a scenario of adhering to the Paris Agreement would lower the rate of heating in parks by two-thirds by the end of the century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, he says, only underscore the National Park Service’s mandate of protecting parks for future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data can point parks in the direction of conserving the most vulnerable places or potential \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS713US713&ei=Ed2qW-BnsdL0A8-AiagF&q=refugia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refugia\u003c/a>, which are stable places that might provide shelter to plant and animal species,” he says. “The future of these national parks is in our hands.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Sea Level Rise Will Cause Increasing Disruption at U.S. Airports",
"headTitle": "Sea Level Rise Will Cause Increasing Disruption at U.S. Airports | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From the ramp tower 120 feet above the runway, it’s clear Philadelphia International Airport is surrounded by water. There is wetland, a network of creeks, and just a couple hundred yards away, the tidal Delaware River leading out to the Bay. As with many airports, the original idea was to build on a large tract of land convenient to a city, but far enough away from homes and tall buildings. Often, that meant coastal wetlands and landfill.[contextly_sidebar id=”U29eft1fiVfzwfT2TqSQvPyQpkUQkBuq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, such airports are threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/transportation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A federal report\u003c/a> lists Philadelphia International as one of 13 major U.S. airports that have at least one runway within 12 feet of current sea levels. There are many\u003ca href=\"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2018/09/07/500429.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> more\u003c/a> at risk around the world, and some have already faced flight disruptions or closure from storms and floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists, city planners and engineers say that will become more common as sea levels rise, storm surge and intense rain events worsen, and — in some areas — the land slowly sinks. Increasingly, it won’t take a major tropical storm to shut down an airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Superstorm Sandy spilled more than 100 million gallons of seawater into New York City’s LaGuardia airport, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/laguardia-to-get-37-5m-in-storm-protection-aid-1.6451288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shutting it down\u003c/a> for three days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we got hit by that, we could have flooding on some of our taxiways or runways,” says Ray Scheinfeld, who’s in charge of preparing for rising sea levels at Philadelphia International. “We could have problems with some of our infrastructure.”[contextly_sidebar id=”oU3nap8iRyiUm0Bd9PsEfnZNpJUHbBIp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheinfeld says if an airport shuts down, that not only leaves passengers stranded but also prevents delivery of crucial items like medicine or emergency services. It could cost millions of dollars in revenue for the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to the risk in Philadelphia, some of the most critical infrastructure is 15 feet underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, a storm flooded a tunnel serving one terminal with three feet of water, shutting down baggage conveyor belts and inundating an electric substation. It knocked out all power, and resulted in about 12 canceled flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, the airport installed stackable aluminum barriers that seal the doors to the substation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know a storm is coming or there’s a potential problem, we can insert those,” says Scheinfeld, “and protect probably up to about 40 inches above the floor level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheinfeld says new facilities built at the airport will also incorporate future sea level rise. “We may put additional fill into a particular area,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Airports across the country are working to solve the same problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.massport.com/media/2774/massport-annual-sustainability-and-resiliency-report-2018_lr.pdf\">Boston’s Logan airport \u003c/a>has \u003ca href=\"https://airportimprovement.com/article/logan-intl-heeds-warnings-prepares-potential-flooding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raised its electrical equipment\u003c/a> and purchased new flood barriers. San Francisco’s airport has runways that jut out into the bay. It’s already installed concrete berms and walls and is \u003ca href=\"http://www.adaptingtorisingtides.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/SFO_SanBruno_Colma-Resiliency-FINAL_Rpt_150820.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">working with the Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> to do more.[contextly_sidebar id=”EP2tDLEXpOAirOBxNpi4QYVBaFAJ5u2n”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Freudenberg has \u003ca href=\"http://library.rpa.org/pdf/RPA-Upgrading-to-World-Class-Revisited.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studied\u003c/a> climate impacts on New York area airports for the Regional Plan Association. He says solutions don’t come easy or cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about airports on the edge of the sea, the most likely thing you would think to do is build a higher wall around that airport,” he says. “But there is a point at which you can’t build a wall so high that an airplane couldn’t clear it. So this is a tricky thing with airports.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freudenberg says the problem will only get worse as the planet continues to warm and seas keep rising. In a few decades, he expects some airports may even be underwater and in need of a new home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coastal flooding isn’t the only climate-related problem for airports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/20/533662790/its-too-hot-for-some-planes-to-fly-in-phoenix\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grounded\u003c/a> planes in Phoenix. Melinda Pagliarello, of the Airports Council International North America, also cites warmer temperatures that lead to reduced snowfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When an airport that used to get x number of feet of snow, but now is getting the equivalent in rain,” she says, “that is in some cases overwhelming or challenging the existing drainage system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all that increased wetness can have another impact, this one somewhat icky. “Worms are infesting the runways,” Pagliarello says, making them slippery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes to us from StateImpact Pennsylvania, a public media collaboration covering Pennsylvania’s energy economy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 WHYY. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://whyy.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WHYY\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Airports+At+Water%27s+Edge+Battle+Rising+Sea+Levels&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From the ramp tower 120 feet above the runway, it’s clear Philadelphia International Airport is surrounded by water. There is wetland, a network of creeks, and just a couple hundred yards away, the tidal Delaware River leading out to the Bay. As with many airports, the original idea was to build on a large tract of land convenient to a city, but far enough away from homes and tall buildings. Often, that meant coastal wetlands and landfill.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, such airports are threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/transportation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A federal report\u003c/a> lists Philadelphia International as one of 13 major U.S. airports that have at least one runway within 12 feet of current sea levels. There are many\u003ca href=\"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2018/09/07/500429.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> more\u003c/a> at risk around the world, and some have already faced flight disruptions or closure from storms and floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists, city planners and engineers say that will become more common as sea levels rise, storm surge and intense rain events worsen, and — in some areas — the land slowly sinks. Increasingly, it won’t take a major tropical storm to shut down an airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Superstorm Sandy spilled more than 100 million gallons of seawater into New York City’s LaGuardia airport, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/laguardia-to-get-37-5m-in-storm-protection-aid-1.6451288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shutting it down\u003c/a> for three days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we got hit by that, we could have flooding on some of our taxiways or runways,” says Ray Scheinfeld, who’s in charge of preparing for rising sea levels at Philadelphia International. “We could have problems with some of our infrastructure.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheinfeld says if an airport shuts down, that not only leaves passengers stranded but also prevents delivery of crucial items like medicine or emergency services. It could cost millions of dollars in revenue for the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to the risk in Philadelphia, some of the most critical infrastructure is 15 feet underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, a storm flooded a tunnel serving one terminal with three feet of water, shutting down baggage conveyor belts and inundating an electric substation. It knocked out all power, and resulted in about 12 canceled flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, the airport installed stackable aluminum barriers that seal the doors to the substation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know a storm is coming or there’s a potential problem, we can insert those,” says Scheinfeld, “and protect probably up to about 40 inches above the floor level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheinfeld says new facilities built at the airport will also incorporate future sea level rise. “We may put additional fill into a particular area,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Airports across the country are working to solve the same problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.massport.com/media/2774/massport-annual-sustainability-and-resiliency-report-2018_lr.pdf\">Boston’s Logan airport \u003c/a>has \u003ca href=\"https://airportimprovement.com/article/logan-intl-heeds-warnings-prepares-potential-flooding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raised its electrical equipment\u003c/a> and purchased new flood barriers. San Francisco’s airport has runways that jut out into the bay. It’s already installed concrete berms and walls and is \u003ca href=\"http://www.adaptingtorisingtides.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/SFO_SanBruno_Colma-Resiliency-FINAL_Rpt_150820.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">working with the Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> to do more.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Freudenberg has \u003ca href=\"http://library.rpa.org/pdf/RPA-Upgrading-to-World-Class-Revisited.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studied\u003c/a> climate impacts on New York area airports for the Regional Plan Association. He says solutions don’t come easy or cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about airports on the edge of the sea, the most likely thing you would think to do is build a higher wall around that airport,” he says. “But there is a point at which you can’t build a wall so high that an airplane couldn’t clear it. So this is a tricky thing with airports.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freudenberg says the problem will only get worse as the planet continues to warm and seas keep rising. In a few decades, he expects some airports may even be underwater and in need of a new home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coastal flooding isn’t the only climate-related problem for airports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/20/533662790/its-too-hot-for-some-planes-to-fly-in-phoenix\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grounded\u003c/a> planes in Phoenix. Melinda Pagliarello, of the Airports Council International North America, also cites warmer temperatures that lead to reduced snowfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When an airport that used to get x number of feet of snow, but now is getting the equivalent in rain,” she says, “that is in some cases overwhelming or challenging the existing drainage system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all that increased wetness can have another impact, this one somewhat icky. “Worms are infesting the runways,” Pagliarello says, making them slippery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes to us from StateImpact Pennsylvania, a public media collaboration covering Pennsylvania’s energy economy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 WHYY. 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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
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