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"content": "\u003cp>Imagine a California where springtime temperatures are 7F warmer than they are today, where snowmelt runoff comes 50 days earlier and the average snowpack is just 36 percent of the 1981–2000 average.[contextly_sidebar id=”MZIIX4X0g03kP0hWMZS4EUb3EtsJl5yh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be the reality by the end of the century if we don’t curb greenhouse gas emissions, say researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles. A recent report from the UCLA Center for Climate Science analyzes how climate change will impact the Sierra Nevada and what that will mean for water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular the research examines changes to temperature, the amount of snowpack and the timing of runoff and which elevations and watersheds will be most affected as the climate warms. It also compares how these factors may change with “business as usual” and do little to curb greenhouse gas emissions, versus a scenario in which greenhouse gas emissions begin to level off around 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither forecast is great, but the research does show that curbing greenhouse gas emissions can make a difference. “Business as usual is the path we’re on, but it isn’t a foregone conclusion,” the report states. “Cutting greenhouse gas emissions can mitigate end-of-century impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with one of the report’s coauthors, Neil Berg, associate director of science at the UCLA Center for Climate Science and the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, to discuss the findings and their implication for Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What prompted this report?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNeil Berg: If you look at a place like California, the global climate models really don’t capture the fine-scale topography and regional characteristics that we know shape our weather and climate around us. So we embarked on two studies, and they used a process called downscaling, which translates global models to a finer resolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We took about a year, maybe 18 months, to do all the modeling, and it’s run on numerous supercomputers, both at UCLA and other national laboratories. And then we got to work analyzing the huge amounts of data and thinking through the most interesting variables and questions related to climate impacts for Californians.[contextly_sidebar id=”hnlYrmvGH1mqREWIz0pg84ccVZjuw3W8″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That included, how was snowpack changing? How was runoff changing? And how was temperature changing behind each of those?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What did you find?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you look at the entire Sierra Nevada, if we don’t curb our climate emissions, so if we stay on the business as usual pathway, we would expect a 7F rise in springtime temperature. But if we do take some significant action to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, that amount of change could be nearly cut in half. So, somewhere around 3–4F of warming by the spring, and this is for the end of the century, so from roughly 2080 to 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Your study found that the middle elevations, around 5,000–8,000ft, are the most vulnerable as temperatures warm. Why?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: Those middle elevations tend to be located where that freezing line, that 32F line, lies within the Sierra Nevada mountains. So even small changes in temperature – 1 degree, 2 degrees, 3 degrees – increase significantly the type of precipitation that falls in those mid elevations from frozen to liquid. The highest elevations, above 8,000ft, are so high that they in many cases remain sheltered from even a significant amount of warming in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1806825\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1806825\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-960x643.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kern River’s water is 10-times stronger than it was a year ago, after near-record snowmelt from California’s wet winter flows down from Mount Whitney in the Sierra Nevada. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And then there’s this really interesting thing called the snow albedo feedback, which is a cyclical process where you start out with some snow at these mid elevations and you have some future warming that melts away part of that snow, or just more rain instead of snow falls, and that exposes a darker underlying surface, either vegetation or bare soils. And they have a lower reflectivity or albedo of sunlight, so it’s absorbing more incoming sunlight which further warms the ground and the surrounding air, which further shrinks the snowpack, which further exposes more land, further shrinking snowpack, and so forth. Those mid elevations are most sensitive to changes in temperature and then it kicks off this snow albedo feedback in those elevation bands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Snowpack in those middle elevation areas is really crucial to the state’s water supply, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: Yes, it’s a critical area for water resources across the state. In my opinion this was one of the more dramatic and alarming findings that was produced from this paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Most of this research focused on projections of future impacts from warming, but you have also done research about what’s been happening already. What did you find there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: There was a companion study that I authored a couple of years ago, and this was during the 2011–15 drought, looking at what the snowpack in the Sierra would be in the absence of any existing or observed warming over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And using advanced modeling tools we were able to simulate a hypothetical natural world over that drought period and we found that in the absence of observed warming, which was on the level of 1–2C [1.8–3.6F], right now, that snowpack in the Sierra would have been about 25 percent more during that drought period. It’s a pretty significant finding to say that in the last drought climate change removed a quarter of the snowpack in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So in other words, climate change is not something that’s only happening in the future.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: Oh definitely, the projected changes are dramatic and huge and really sobering, but to me it was surprising to see there was a huge impact happening right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What should water managers be taking away from your research?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: That the snowpack in the Sierra will not under any greenhouse gas emissions scenario be as full and healthy as it has been in the past, and to see that as an opportunity to rethink a snow-based water transport system across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think water managers need to be looking at much more local water storage and capture and recycling. The resizing of reservoirs is an option, but that has to be weighed against the huge financial cost and ecological concerns. But I see an opportunity to not be so reliant on this water conveyance system, and particularly for these major urban areas like L.A. The limited amount of rain that we do get should be used to its maximum potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I was a water manager, I’d view this as a challenging opportunity, but a feasible opportunity to actually develop more local water solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It seems like there is also a call to action in presenting these two different scenarios of what the world may hold if we work to curb greenhouse gas emissions and if we don’t.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: There is no question that the only way to avoid the worst outcomes is to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. That has to be part of the dialogue, and if we don’t do anything on the mitigation then our adaptation becomes even harder. I don’t think there is any question that the need to reduce global emissions is an absolute necessity in order to avoid some of the most dire projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/05/09/impact-of-a-warming-climate-on-the-sierra-nevada-and-californias-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What prompted this report?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNeil Berg: If you look at a place like California, the global climate models really don’t capture the fine-scale topography and regional characteristics that we know shape our weather and climate around us. So we embarked on two studies, and they used a process called downscaling, which translates global models to a finer resolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We took about a year, maybe 18 months, to do all the modeling, and it’s run on numerous supercomputers, both at UCLA and other national laboratories. And then we got to work analyzing the huge amounts of data and thinking through the most interesting variables and questions related to climate impacts for Californians.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That included, how was snowpack changing? How was runoff changing? And how was temperature changing behind each of those?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What did you find?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you look at the entire Sierra Nevada, if we don’t curb our climate emissions, so if we stay on the business as usual pathway, we would expect a 7F rise in springtime temperature. But if we do take some significant action to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, that amount of change could be nearly cut in half. So, somewhere around 3–4F of warming by the spring, and this is for the end of the century, so from roughly 2080 to 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Your study found that the middle elevations, around 5,000–8,000ft, are the most vulnerable as temperatures warm. Why?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: Those middle elevations tend to be located where that freezing line, that 32F line, lies within the Sierra Nevada mountains. So even small changes in temperature – 1 degree, 2 degrees, 3 degrees – increase significantly the type of precipitation that falls in those mid elevations from frozen to liquid. The highest elevations, above 8,000ft, are so high that they in many cases remain sheltered from even a significant amount of warming in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1806825\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1806825\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-960x643.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kern River’s water is 10-times stronger than it was a year ago, after near-record snowmelt from California’s wet winter flows down from Mount Whitney in the Sierra Nevada. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And then there’s this really interesting thing called the snow albedo feedback, which is a cyclical process where you start out with some snow at these mid elevations and you have some future warming that melts away part of that snow, or just more rain instead of snow falls, and that exposes a darker underlying surface, either vegetation or bare soils. And they have a lower reflectivity or albedo of sunlight, so it’s absorbing more incoming sunlight which further warms the ground and the surrounding air, which further shrinks the snowpack, which further exposes more land, further shrinking snowpack, and so forth. Those mid elevations are most sensitive to changes in temperature and then it kicks off this snow albedo feedback in those elevation bands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Snowpack in those middle elevation areas is really crucial to the state’s water supply, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: Yes, it’s a critical area for water resources across the state. In my opinion this was one of the more dramatic and alarming findings that was produced from this paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Most of this research focused on projections of future impacts from warming, but you have also done research about what’s been happening already. What did you find there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: There was a companion study that I authored a couple of years ago, and this was during the 2011–15 drought, looking at what the snowpack in the Sierra would be in the absence of any existing or observed warming over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And using advanced modeling tools we were able to simulate a hypothetical natural world over that drought period and we found that in the absence of observed warming, which was on the level of 1–2C [1.8–3.6F], right now, that snowpack in the Sierra would have been about 25 percent more during that drought period. It’s a pretty significant finding to say that in the last drought climate change removed a quarter of the snowpack in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So in other words, climate change is not something that’s only happening in the future.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: Oh definitely, the projected changes are dramatic and huge and really sobering, but to me it was surprising to see there was a huge impact happening right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What should water managers be taking away from your research?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: That the snowpack in the Sierra will not under any greenhouse gas emissions scenario be as full and healthy as it has been in the past, and to see that as an opportunity to rethink a snow-based water transport system across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think water managers need to be looking at much more local water storage and capture and recycling. The resizing of reservoirs is an option, but that has to be weighed against the huge financial cost and ecological concerns. But I see an opportunity to not be so reliant on this water conveyance system, and particularly for these major urban areas like L.A. The limited amount of rain that we do get should be used to its maximum potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I was a water manager, I’d view this as a challenging opportunity, but a feasible opportunity to actually develop more local water solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It seems like there is also a call to action in presenting these two different scenarios of what the world may hold if we work to curb greenhouse gas emissions and if we don’t.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: There is no question that the only way to avoid the worst outcomes is to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. That has to be part of the dialogue, and if we don’t do anything on the mitigation then our adaptation becomes even harder. I don’t think there is any question that the need to reduce global emissions is an absolute necessity in order to avoid some of the most dire projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/05/09/impact-of-a-warming-climate-on-the-sierra-nevada-and-californias-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Straw Wars! Bay Area Push to Ban Plastic Straws Picks Up Steam",
"headTitle": "Straw Wars! Bay Area Push to Ban Plastic Straws Picks Up Steam | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Oakland is now the latest Bay Area city to consider a proposal to bar food vendors from serving plastic straws unless requested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Councilmember Abel Guillen, who introduced the proposal in March, says the legislation is part of broader effort in the city to reduce environmental waste. In 2006, Oakland adopted a policy called the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/PWA/o/FE/s/IDR/o/ZW/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zero Waste Strategic Plan,\u003c/a> which aims to dramatically reduce the city’s waste disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To make further progress on our waste-reduction goals and shift our culture away from single-use products, my ordinance will focus on ‘by request only’ use and better enforcement of existing legislation,” said Guillen in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.abelforoakland.com/abel_s_enews_reducing_waste_and_dumping_standing_up_for_immigrants_updates_on_housing_park_blvd_and_ballpark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley is considering similar legislation that would go one step further by banning single-use plastic straws altogether. Meanwhile straw-upon-request ordinances are already in place in Alameda, Davis, Manhattan Beach and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Big Culprits’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Local environmental advocates say that anti-plastic straw ordinances would eliminate a key source of pollution in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastic straws and stirrers are big culprits in trashing San Francisco Bay and our oceans,” David Lewis, the executive director of Save the Bay, told the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Plastic-straws-stir-up-environmental-debate-in-11192651.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>In a statement issued\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101864939/the-last-straw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> to KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> radio program, the Plastics Industry Association says that straws are not the problem:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Straws have come under fire in some circles. But the issue with straws isn’t that they exist, it’s that they aren’t always being disposed of properly. No matter what straw is made of, it should not end up as litter. The real challenge is making it easier for everyone to better dispose of straws and single use products by enhancing our recycling technologies.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Environmental advocate Nicole Kozlowski told Forum that the industry has been pointing the finger at consumers for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have surpassed the tipping point of how much plastic can be in the system and we can’t recycle our way out of this issue,” said Kozlowski, who is the co-leader of \u003ca href=\"https://www.surfrider.org/programs/rise-above-plastics\">Rise Above Plastics\u003c/a>, an initiative of the Surfrider Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are one of the top 10 items routinely found on beaches around the world, according to the nonprofit group \u003ca href=\"https://oceanconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/International-Coastal-Cleanup_2017-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ocean Conservancy. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because plastic litter is not biodegradable, it ends up breaking into small parts that release toxins into the oceans, threatening the habitat of 500 wildlife species,\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Plastic-straws-stir-up-environmental-debate-in-11192651.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> including 23 endange\u003c/a>red species in San Francisco Bay, the Chronicle reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seabirds for example can ingest as much as 8 percent of their body weight in plastic, which for humans “is equivalent to the average woman having the weight of two babies in her stomach,” said Denise Hardesty, senior research scientist at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Georgia environmental engineering professor Jenna Jambeck calculated that nearly 9 million tons end up in the world’s oceans and coastlines each year, as of 2010, according to her 2015 study in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/768\">Science\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For every pound of tuna we’re taking out of the ocean, we’re putting two pounds of plastic in the ocean,” said ocean scientist Sherry Lippiatt, California regional coordinator for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s marine debris \u003ca href=\"https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/\">program.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area cities are looking into reinterpreting current laws on the books to go after plastic rather than crafting new legislation from scratch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Cruz, for instance\u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofsantacruz.com/home/showdocument?id=64417\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">, expanded a 2007 ordinance\u003c/a> on food packaging to include straws, among other items. That went into effect in November of last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Difficult to Recycle\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Because plastic is potentially recyclable, straws have traditionally been left out of the scope of these ordinances even though many waste-disposal sites don’t accept single-use plastic due to the high costs associated with processing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are especially difficult to recycle because their small size makes them difficult to sort, and they can clog up machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland, Emeryville and Albany have existing ordinances on waste reduction with similar wording to Santa Cruz, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/the-last-straws-several-east-bay-governments-aim-to-ban-the-plastic-foodware/Content?oid=7855804\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Express.\u003c/a> On the other hand, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/DocumentCenter/Home/View/4859\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richmond\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.hayward-ca.gov/sites/default/files/Ch-5_A-11_PolystyreneFoamBan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hayward’s\u003c/a> ordinances explicitly exclude straws from their definition of “disposable foodware” and are therefore exempt from the ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area legislation targeting single-use plastic straws is part of a growing effort in the state to curtail their use. An Assembly bill introduced in January would enact a straw-upon-request policy at restaurants statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Oakland is now the latest Bay Area city to consider a proposal to bar food vendors from serving plastic straws unless requested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Councilmember Abel Guillen, who introduced the proposal in March, says the legislation is part of broader effort in the city to reduce environmental waste. In 2006, Oakland adopted a policy called the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/PWA/o/FE/s/IDR/o/ZW/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zero Waste Strategic Plan,\u003c/a> which aims to dramatically reduce the city’s waste disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To make further progress on our waste-reduction goals and shift our culture away from single-use products, my ordinance will focus on ‘by request only’ use and better enforcement of existing legislation,” said Guillen in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.abelforoakland.com/abel_s_enews_reducing_waste_and_dumping_standing_up_for_immigrants_updates_on_housing_park_blvd_and_ballpark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley is considering similar legislation that would go one step further by banning single-use plastic straws altogether. Meanwhile straw-upon-request ordinances are already in place in Alameda, Davis, Manhattan Beach and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Big Culprits’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Local environmental advocates say that anti-plastic straw ordinances would eliminate a key source of pollution in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastic straws and stirrers are big culprits in trashing San Francisco Bay and our oceans,” David Lewis, the executive director of Save the Bay, told the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Plastic-straws-stir-up-environmental-debate-in-11192651.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>In a statement issued\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101864939/the-last-straw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> to KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> radio program, the Plastics Industry Association says that straws are not the problem:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Straws have come under fire in some circles. But the issue with straws isn’t that they exist, it’s that they aren’t always being disposed of properly. No matter what straw is made of, it should not end up as litter. The real challenge is making it easier for everyone to better dispose of straws and single use products by enhancing our recycling technologies.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Environmental advocate Nicole Kozlowski told Forum that the industry has been pointing the finger at consumers for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have surpassed the tipping point of how much plastic can be in the system and we can’t recycle our way out of this issue,” said Kozlowski, who is the co-leader of \u003ca href=\"https://www.surfrider.org/programs/rise-above-plastics\">Rise Above Plastics\u003c/a>, an initiative of the Surfrider Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are one of the top 10 items routinely found on beaches around the world, according to the nonprofit group \u003ca href=\"https://oceanconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/International-Coastal-Cleanup_2017-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ocean Conservancy. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because plastic litter is not biodegradable, it ends up breaking into small parts that release toxins into the oceans, threatening the habitat of 500 wildlife species,\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Plastic-straws-stir-up-environmental-debate-in-11192651.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> including 23 endange\u003c/a>red species in San Francisco Bay, the Chronicle reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seabirds for example can ingest as much as 8 percent of their body weight in plastic, which for humans “is equivalent to the average woman having the weight of two babies in her stomach,” said Denise Hardesty, senior research scientist at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Georgia environmental engineering professor Jenna Jambeck calculated that nearly 9 million tons end up in the world’s oceans and coastlines each year, as of 2010, according to her 2015 study in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/768\">Science\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For every pound of tuna we’re taking out of the ocean, we’re putting two pounds of plastic in the ocean,” said ocean scientist Sherry Lippiatt, California regional coordinator for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s marine debris \u003ca href=\"https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/\">program.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area cities are looking into reinterpreting current laws on the books to go after plastic rather than crafting new legislation from scratch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Cruz, for instance\u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofsantacruz.com/home/showdocument?id=64417\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">, expanded a 2007 ordinance\u003c/a> on food packaging to include straws, among other items. That went into effect in November of last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Difficult to Recycle\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Because plastic is potentially recyclable, straws have traditionally been left out of the scope of these ordinances even though many waste-disposal sites don’t accept single-use plastic due to the high costs associated with processing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Straws are especially difficult to recycle because their small size makes them difficult to sort, and they can clog up machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland, Emeryville and Albany have existing ordinances on waste reduction with similar wording to Santa Cruz, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/the-last-straws-several-east-bay-governments-aim-to-ban-the-plastic-foodware/Content?oid=7855804\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Express.\u003c/a> On the other hand, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/DocumentCenter/Home/View/4859\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richmond\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.hayward-ca.gov/sites/default/files/Ch-5_A-11_PolystyreneFoamBan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hayward’s\u003c/a> ordinances explicitly exclude straws from their definition of “disposable foodware” and are therefore exempt from the ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area legislation targeting single-use plastic straws is part of a growing effort in the state to curtail their use. An Assembly bill introduced in January would enact a straw-upon-request policy at restaurants statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">As is often \u003c/span>said, it’s not a matter of if, but of when, a large earthquake strikes the heart of one of California’s most densely populated regions. State officials and local agencies know the clock is ticking, and mile by mile, pipe by pipe, work crews are replacing or retrofitting water lines throughout much of the Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay areas. Upgrades have also been made in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the heart of the state’s water distribution system, where potential levee ruptures have made water officials uneasy for decades.[contextly_sidebar id=”eCyZJgsECfXTErNlRtmykxjLXaQjXZXR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas Fault, which generated the 1906 (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.9\u003c/span> magnitude) and the 1989 (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.9\u003c/span> magnitude) Bay Area earthquakes, could potentially produce a quake greater than \u003cspan class=\"caps\">8.0.\u003c/span> However, the Hayward Fault is widely considered the greater threat at this moment in geologic time. Scientists consider a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.0\u003c/span> magnitude quake to be the largest likely to occur on the Hayward Fault, an offshoot of the San Andreas that runs through San Jose, Oakland, Berkeley and Richmond. The Hayward Fault hasn’t slipped significantly since 1868, and experts say it’s overdue for the proverbial “Big One.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the historical and global context, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.0\u003c/span> isn’t huge, but if it strikes a heavily populated area, the damage could be significant. About 5,000 water connections that cross the Hayward Fault, as well as several critical water mains, could potentially be sheared in half by a powerful temblor, according to Richard Sykes, director of natural resources for the East Bay Municipal Utility District. That’s just within East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>’s service area. San Francisco’s water supply, sourced from Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in Yosemite National Park, also travels through large pipes that cross major East Bay fault zones. Several of its reservoirs, including Crystal Springs, San Andreas and Calaveras, sit literally on the San Andreas and Calaveras faults, with the water actually contained within the linear depressions created by these tectonic plate boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of a joke here that two of our reservoirs are named after faults,” said Steven Ritchie, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s assistant general manager for water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”WuFTiINrd9wn9bgSlpCxrEE9cPxlt4ro”]To protect the water supply of their collective 4 million customers, both East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span> and the San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span> have protected their water mains with clever engineering systems that allow the earth to shift around the pipes, which range from 6 to 9ft in diameter, without damaging them. One of the San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span>’s major pipes is fitted with ball joints and slip joints that allow the steel-lined tube to shift and move without breaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span>’s ongoing upgrades are part of the $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">4.8\u003c/span> billion Regional Management Program, of which a key element is major seismic upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>’s major supply pipes, critical sections in high-risk fault zones have been retrofitted so they can shift and flex within spacious concrete tunnels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pipe is on rollers so that when that offset occurs, it can move with the shifting earth,” said Andrea Pook, an East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span> spokesperson, referring to a 2,000ft section of pipeline bored through the East Bay Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That tunnel could actually shear, but without shearing the pipe itself,” Sykes added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the unlikely event that the main water line is ruptured, East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>keeps a six-month supply of reservoir water ready on the west side of the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Southern California, the Metropolitan Water District also has a six-month backup supply of water at hand, stored in reservoirs on the west side of the San Andreas Fault.[contextly_sidebar id=”epfspCdbJrK0CccGJFSslKijOVxyIufO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will buy us time to make any necessary repairs,” said Gordon Johnson, Metropolitan’s chief engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his district began seriously seismically upgrading reservoirs, dams and various structures following the San Fernando earthquake of 1971, an early morning \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.7\u003c/span> magnitude quake that tore the region apart, killing 64 people and destroying freeways, sewer lines and thousands of buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he said, the agency – which delivers water to about 12 million people – is working on strengthening canals, aqueducts and pipelines. The district, in conjunction with the California Department of Water Resources and the City of Los Angeles, has formed a “seismic task force” that is currently identifying weak spots in the local water supply system and developing emergency response plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The preparations include stockpiling repair equipment and materials near likely rupture locations on numerous local faults. And two projects now in the works aim to seismically protect the Colorado River Aqueduct, as well as a 7ft-wide pipe that delivers treated water to several million people north of Long Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government also has its eye on California and its shifting tectonic plates. The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Bureau of Reclamation has seismically retrofitted seven dams, according to Steve Melavic, the agency’s mid-Pacific region chief engineer. More upgrades, he said, are in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”B8EwpisdAimFkWYYr3VFxGpG3jLdGX1k”]Meanwhile, the California Division of Safety of Dams has mandated extensive upgrades to dams. Over the past two decades, inspections by the state agency – a branch of the Department of Water Resources – have resulted in dam owners spending more than $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span> billion on repairing and upgrading dams to protect them from seismic risks, according to Erin Mellon, a spokesperson with the Department of Water Resources. Experts with her agency were unavailable for a phone interview, and questions sent via email about seismic upgrades in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta were not answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Sykes at East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>, the Department of Water Resources has provided his district with a $35 million grant to upgrade Delta levees that specifically protect the Mokelumne Aqueduct, which passes through the estuary. Sykes said upgrades to levees are generally made in accordance to the standards of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Army Corps of Engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the University of California, Los Angeles, Scott Brandenberg, a professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, has extensively studied the delta and its levees. He said the earthen barriers, which protect and contain more than 1,000 maze-like miles of critical water supply channels, are not threatened as much by the Hayward and San Andreas faults as they are by more localized ones like the Dunnigan Hills Fault, the Gordon Valley Fault and the Midland Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These faults wouldn’t be capable of producing a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.8\u003c/span> earthquake, like the San Andreas, but they could still cause strong shaking and serious damage,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One or more levee ruptures in the Delta could potentially flood freshwater supplies with saltwater – which would be a disaster for the state. These levees are vulnerable for a variety of reasons. For one, Brandenberg said, many were built on peat, which is soft and can become more so during an earthquake. In places, the levees are built of sand, which can essentially liquefy during intense shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think any improvements to these levees have made them earthquake-proof,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All in all, he said, the system is very fragile. In fact, the Delta’s vulnerability to earthquake damage is among the main arguments for building the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/03/09/california-fish-experts-delta-tunnels-could-help-save-native-species\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">controversial Delta tunnels\u003c/a>. This system would move water under the Delta and connect it to the pumps at the south edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“It’s much easier to protect and maintain a system like that,” Brandenberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/04/19/how-california-water-suppliers-are-getting-earthquake-ready\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">As is often \u003c/span>said, it’s not a matter of if, but of when, a large earthquake strikes the heart of one of California’s most densely populated regions. State officials and local agencies know the clock is ticking, and mile by mile, pipe by pipe, work crews are replacing or retrofitting water lines throughout much of the Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay areas. Upgrades have also been made in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the heart of the state’s water distribution system, where potential levee ruptures have made water officials uneasy for decades.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas Fault, which generated the 1906 (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.9\u003c/span> magnitude) and the 1989 (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.9\u003c/span> magnitude) Bay Area earthquakes, could potentially produce a quake greater than \u003cspan class=\"caps\">8.0.\u003c/span> However, the Hayward Fault is widely considered the greater threat at this moment in geologic time. Scientists consider a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.0\u003c/span> magnitude quake to be the largest likely to occur on the Hayward Fault, an offshoot of the San Andreas that runs through San Jose, Oakland, Berkeley and Richmond. The Hayward Fault hasn’t slipped significantly since 1868, and experts say it’s overdue for the proverbial “Big One.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the historical and global context, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.0\u003c/span> isn’t huge, but if it strikes a heavily populated area, the damage could be significant. About 5,000 water connections that cross the Hayward Fault, as well as several critical water mains, could potentially be sheared in half by a powerful temblor, according to Richard Sykes, director of natural resources for the East Bay Municipal Utility District. That’s just within East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>’s service area. San Francisco’s water supply, sourced from Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in Yosemite National Park, also travels through large pipes that cross major East Bay fault zones. Several of its reservoirs, including Crystal Springs, San Andreas and Calaveras, sit literally on the San Andreas and Calaveras faults, with the water actually contained within the linear depressions created by these tectonic plate boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of a joke here that two of our reservoirs are named after faults,” said Steven Ritchie, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s assistant general manager for water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>To protect the water supply of their collective 4 million customers, both East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span> and the San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span> have protected their water mains with clever engineering systems that allow the earth to shift around the pipes, which range from 6 to 9ft in diameter, without damaging them. One of the San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span>’s major pipes is fitted with ball joints and slip joints that allow the steel-lined tube to shift and move without breaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span>’s ongoing upgrades are part of the $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">4.8\u003c/span> billion Regional Management Program, of which a key element is major seismic upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>’s major supply pipes, critical sections in high-risk fault zones have been retrofitted so they can shift and flex within spacious concrete tunnels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pipe is on rollers so that when that offset occurs, it can move with the shifting earth,” said Andrea Pook, an East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span> spokesperson, referring to a 2,000ft section of pipeline bored through the East Bay Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That tunnel could actually shear, but without shearing the pipe itself,” Sykes added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the unlikely event that the main water line is ruptured, East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>keeps a six-month supply of reservoir water ready on the west side of the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Southern California, the Metropolitan Water District also has a six-month backup supply of water at hand, stored in reservoirs on the west side of the San Andreas Fault.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will buy us time to make any necessary repairs,” said Gordon Johnson, Metropolitan’s chief engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his district began seriously seismically upgrading reservoirs, dams and various structures following the San Fernando earthquake of 1971, an early morning \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.7\u003c/span> magnitude quake that tore the region apart, killing 64 people and destroying freeways, sewer lines and thousands of buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he said, the agency – which delivers water to about 12 million people – is working on strengthening canals, aqueducts and pipelines. The district, in conjunction with the California Department of Water Resources and the City of Los Angeles, has formed a “seismic task force” that is currently identifying weak spots in the local water supply system and developing emergency response plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The preparations include stockpiling repair equipment and materials near likely rupture locations on numerous local faults. And two projects now in the works aim to seismically protect the Colorado River Aqueduct, as well as a 7ft-wide pipe that delivers treated water to several million people north of Long Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government also has its eye on California and its shifting tectonic plates. The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Bureau of Reclamation has seismically retrofitted seven dams, according to Steve Melavic, the agency’s mid-Pacific region chief engineer. More upgrades, he said, are in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Meanwhile, the California Division of Safety of Dams has mandated extensive upgrades to dams. Over the past two decades, inspections by the state agency – a branch of the Department of Water Resources – have resulted in dam owners spending more than $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span> billion on repairing and upgrading dams to protect them from seismic risks, according to Erin Mellon, a spokesperson with the Department of Water Resources. Experts with her agency were unavailable for a phone interview, and questions sent via email about seismic upgrades in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta were not answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Sykes at East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>, the Department of Water Resources has provided his district with a $35 million grant to upgrade Delta levees that specifically protect the Mokelumne Aqueduct, which passes through the estuary. Sykes said upgrades to levees are generally made in accordance to the standards of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Army Corps of Engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the University of California, Los Angeles, Scott Brandenberg, a professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, has extensively studied the delta and its levees. He said the earthen barriers, which protect and contain more than 1,000 maze-like miles of critical water supply channels, are not threatened as much by the Hayward and San Andreas faults as they are by more localized ones like the Dunnigan Hills Fault, the Gordon Valley Fault and the Midland Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These faults wouldn’t be capable of producing a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.8\u003c/span> earthquake, like the San Andreas, but they could still cause strong shaking and serious damage,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One or more levee ruptures in the Delta could potentially flood freshwater supplies with saltwater – which would be a disaster for the state. These levees are vulnerable for a variety of reasons. For one, Brandenberg said, many were built on peat, which is soft and can become more so during an earthquake. In places, the levees are built of sand, which can essentially liquefy during intense shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think any improvements to these levees have made them earthquake-proof,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All in all, he said, the system is very fragile. In fact, the Delta’s vulnerability to earthquake damage is among the main arguments for building the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/03/09/california-fish-experts-delta-tunnels-could-help-save-native-species\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">controversial Delta tunnels\u003c/a>. This system would move water under the Delta and connect it to the pumps at the south edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“It’s much easier to protect and maintain a system like that,” Brandenberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/04/19/how-california-water-suppliers-are-getting-earthquake-ready\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Feds Target Unique Waiver That Allows California to Steer Emissions Limits",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scott Pruitt, administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, turned his sights this week on a nearly half-century-old federal waiver that allows California to pursue its own, tough tailpipe emission standards, and allows other states to opt in to California’s standards rather than federal ones if they choose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waiver has allowed California, the U.S. state with the most people and the biggest economy, to steer the rest of nation toward tougher limits on car and truck emissions that pollute the air and change the climate.[contextly_sidebar id=”kYiX9Yy6kOaTLV1xzkFzRsqTmkFo9o8n”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt said this week the agency will work with all states, including California, to set new pollution and mileage standards for gas- and diesel-powered vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at California’s unique waiver from federal emissions standards for cars, why it matters to the rest of the country, and what could happen if the Trump administration moves against California’s ability to set its own vehicle-emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the Waiver?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>A combination of climate, geography and a lot of cars and trucks has given California some of the worst smog in the country, especially in the Los Angeles basin and other inland valleys. To fight that, California has regulated vehicle-tailpipe emissions since before 1970, when the EPA and the federal Clean Air Act came into force. Because of that, Congress wrote an exemption into the landmark Clean Air Act: California could seek waivers to set its own limits for pollutants from cars as long as its rules were at least as tough as federal standards. Since then, Democratic and Republican administrations have renewed California’s waiver dozens of times. A Trump administration challenge would revive an abortive 2007 effort by the Bush administration to block California’s power to set its own emissions rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Does the Waiver Matter?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>While California’s waiver is unique, at least 12 other states in the Northeast and elsewhere have chosen to opt into the tougher tailpipe emissions standards that California sets. That means up to 40 percent of cars on the road nationwide follow California’s emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gasoline and diesel exhaust is a main source of pollutants and gases that endanger public health and are changing the climate. California Gov. Jerry Brown, a Democrat, wants to reduce the state’s climate-changing greenhouse-gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. Receiving continued federal waivers for progressively tougher state emissions standards will be a critical part of that.[contextly_sidebar id=”LLlksREiLTb7Uw9l5MEKa7ouFx7mppmb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the federal and California standards are the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some car manufacturers and conservative groups want the EPA to roll back federal controls on greenhouse-gas emissions from vehicles, arguing for a single emission standard set by the federal government. That makes the question of whether California’s waiver survives still more critical nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Happens if the Trump Administration Moves Against the Waiver?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>California officials have vowed to fight to preserve the state’s waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re ready to file suit if needed to protect these critical standards and to fight the Administration’s war on our environment,” California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said Monday in a statement. “California didn’t become the sixth-largest economy in the world by spectating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration would have a tough fight legally if it tries to revoke California’s waiver outright, especially since it’s stood for nearly a half-century, said Richard Frank, director of the California Environmental Law and Policy Center at the University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California would have “somewhat less of a powerful argument” legally, however, if the Trump administration refuses to renew the waiver the next time the state comes before the EPA with a plan to tighten state emissions rules, Frank said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President George W. Bush’s administration made its own move against California’s unique say on emissions standards in 2007, for the first time denying California its waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before courts could decide the matter conclusively, the Obama administration reversed that waiver denial in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scott Pruitt, administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, turned his sights this week on a nearly half-century-old federal waiver that allows California to pursue its own, tough tailpipe emission standards, and allows other states to opt in to California’s standards rather than federal ones if they choose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waiver has allowed California, the U.S. state with the most people and the biggest economy, to steer the rest of nation toward tougher limits on car and truck emissions that pollute the air and change the climate.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt said this week the agency will work with all states, including California, to set new pollution and mileage standards for gas- and diesel-powered vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at California’s unique waiver from federal emissions standards for cars, why it matters to the rest of the country, and what could happen if the Trump administration moves against California’s ability to set its own vehicle-emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the Waiver?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>A combination of climate, geography and a lot of cars and trucks has given California some of the worst smog in the country, especially in the Los Angeles basin and other inland valleys. To fight that, California has regulated vehicle-tailpipe emissions since before 1970, when the EPA and the federal Clean Air Act came into force. Because of that, Congress wrote an exemption into the landmark Clean Air Act: California could seek waivers to set its own limits for pollutants from cars as long as its rules were at least as tough as federal standards. Since then, Democratic and Republican administrations have renewed California’s waiver dozens of times. A Trump administration challenge would revive an abortive 2007 effort by the Bush administration to block California’s power to set its own emissions rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Does the Waiver Matter?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>While California’s waiver is unique, at least 12 other states in the Northeast and elsewhere have chosen to opt into the tougher tailpipe emissions standards that California sets. That means up to 40 percent of cars on the road nationwide follow California’s emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gasoline and diesel exhaust is a main source of pollutants and gases that endanger public health and are changing the climate. California Gov. Jerry Brown, a Democrat, wants to reduce the state’s climate-changing greenhouse-gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. Receiving continued federal waivers for progressively tougher state emissions standards will be a critical part of that.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the federal and California standards are the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some car manufacturers and conservative groups want the EPA to roll back federal controls on greenhouse-gas emissions from vehicles, arguing for a single emission standard set by the federal government. That makes the question of whether California’s waiver survives still more critical nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Happens if the Trump Administration Moves Against the Waiver?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>California officials have vowed to fight to preserve the state’s waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re ready to file suit if needed to protect these critical standards and to fight the Administration’s war on our environment,” California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said Monday in a statement. “California didn’t become the sixth-largest economy in the world by spectating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration would have a tough fight legally if it tries to revoke California’s waiver outright, especially since it’s stood for nearly a half-century, said Richard Frank, director of the California Environmental Law and Policy Center at the University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California would have “somewhat less of a powerful argument” legally, however, if the Trump administration refuses to renew the waiver the next time the state comes before the EPA with a plan to tighten state emissions rules, Frank said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President George W. Bush’s administration made its own move against California’s unique say on emissions standards in 2007, for the first time denying California its waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before courts could decide the matter conclusively, the Obama administration reversed that waiver denial in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Californians Go Back to Using About as Much Water as Before the Drought",
"headTitle": "Californians Go Back to Using About as Much Water as Before the Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Since Gov. Jerry Brown called off California’s drought emergency a year ago, we Californians seem to have gotten a little lazy when it comes to water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve started watering our lawns more often. We’re not putting buckets in our showers as much. (In fact, we’re taking longer showers.) And we don’t let yellow mellow — meaning, we flush our pee instead of just letting it sit in the toilet bowl, according to Southern California residents KPCC queried for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It definitely is the messaging,” said Isaiah Leslie of Anaheim Hills, a former yellow-mellower who now flushes after every use. “If we were still in a drought, mandated by the governor, then I think we would still do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these tiny decisions to relax and use a bit more water have added up. Statewide, Californians are using 18 percent more water than at the same time in 2017 — nearly the same amount as before the drought emergency was declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, Californians used about 71 gallons per person per day. That’s almost as much as the 74 gallons we were using in January 2013 — a year before California’s drought emergency was declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, we appear to be almost back to our free-wheeling attitudes about water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921985\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921985 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KPCC reporter Emily Guerin empties her shower bucket on the orange tree in her side yard. She no longer uses the bucket now that the drought has been called off. (Kyle Stokes/KPCC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That trend has taken on added urgency this week — the traditional end of California’s rain and snow season. State water officials use the first week of April to assess the water content in the Sierra Nevada snowpack. Runoff from melting snow provides about a third of California’s freshwater for drinking and agriculture. By the end of the March, electronic sensors indicated the water content in the snowpack was less than 60 percent of average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why did Gov. Brown declare the drought over in the first place?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>It has to do with the historic amount of snow that fell last year in the Sierra. On April 7, 2017, the day Brown issued an executive order calling off the drought emergency, the Sierra snowpack was 164 percent of average. Lake Oroville, the state’s largest reservoir, was completely full — so full that just two months earlier, Oroville dam operators were forced to use the emergency spillway for the first time in its 49-year history. The spillway eroded so much there was concern the dam could breech and flood the town of Oroville downstream. The six-year drought, which had left the Sierra Nevada nearly bare of snow in 2015, was clearly over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did calling off the drought change anything on the ground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Yes! Gov. Brown’s executive order put an end to mandatory water conservation in California. Since May 2015, the State Water Resources Control Board, an agency that emerged during the drought as California water cop, had been requiring every city and water district to cut its water use by a certain amount. The Water Board relaxed those rules a little bit in May 2016, when cities just had to prove they had enough water to make it through three dry years. But after April 2017, all those requirements went away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did we start using more water after the drought ended?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Oh yeah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1921983\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-800x446.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-800x446.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-768x428.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-240x134.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-375x209.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-520x290.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full.jpg 946w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"o-article__body\">\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How come?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake a city like Palmdale, where water use rose 5 percent after the drought was called off compared to the same period in 2016. Palmdale allowed people to water their lawns more often, and backed off on enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to maintain credibility with our customers,” said Dennis LaMoreaux, the general manager of the Palmdale Water District. “And if the state says the drought is over, and if customers don’t see a change in the rules, that kind of undermines the credibility of next time we really need them to save water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other cities, like Redlands, didn’t change any of its water rules, but officials suspect their customers started to slack off because they’re hearing mixed messages about the need to conserve. Water use during the six months following the end of the drought was up 18 percent compared to the same period in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We made the point to them that even though the state has declared the drought over, all the restrictions remain in place for Redlands customers,” said Cecilia Grado, a water resources specialist with the city of Redlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she added, “We can’t compete with the media.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does the media have to do with it?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMedia coverage of drought may be critically important in encouraging conservation, according to a 2017 study in \u003cem>Science Advances.\u003c/em> Researchers at Stanford University surveyed nine daily newspapers during two droughts, looking for stories having to do with “California drought,” “water conservation” and similar terms. The first drought occurred during the Great Recession and received relatively little media coverage, where as during the second, beginning in 2012, media coverage was “extraordinarily high.” They found that over a two-month period, an increase in 100 drought-related articles was associated with an 11 to 18 percent reduction in water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the media coverage wasn’t happening in a vacuum – reporters were covering changes in rules and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Political action was being broadcast by the media,” said Newsha Ajami, the head of Urban Water Policy at Stanford University, who co-authored the study. “And then that was impacting people’s behavior. And that was feeding back into more political action, and more media coverage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since Brown called off the drought, media coverage has also dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water issues in California have fallen off that priority list,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Should we all still be cutting back on water?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFor Ajami, that depends on what we’re doing with the water we’re using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people were collecting shower water to flush their toilets, I think they should take a break,” she said. “But if we’re using more water outdoors because we want to have lush lawns and green spaces, then that’s not OK. If we’re washing our cars, that’s not OK. We need to be mindful of the fact that this water comes to us through a lot of effort, and also, it’s not an infinite resource.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Jelena Hartman, a senior scientist at the State Water Resources Control Board, the main challenge is to get Californians to switch from an emergency conservation mindset, with shower buckets and dead grass, into a long-term, water-saving way of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means replacing lawns with artificial turf or native plants, fixing leaks, ripping out old toilets and washing machines and putting in more efficient ones instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a state there is a lot of work to be done to move away from those short-term emergency conservation measures to something that can be a permanent change,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can we save water in the long-term?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>At the state level, the Water Resources Control Board is working on a proposal to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scpr.org/news/2018/02/19/80855/state-to-ban-wasteful-uses-of-water-but-it-won-t-a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">permanently ban wasteful uses of water\u003c/a> like watering your lawn until it runs into the street, washing a car without a shut-off nozzle and irrigating street medians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also two bills in the state legislature, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1668&firstNav=tracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1668\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB606&firstNav=tracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 606,\u003c/a> that would clamp down on water use in cities by forcing them to use water more wisely. The bills would set a limit of 55 gallons per person, per day, for indoor use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But outdoor use is by far the bigger problem. More than half of all the water used in cities in California is sprinkled on lawns, flowers and ornamental trees. So the two bills would set limits on how much you can use depending on where you live. Cooler, denser cities with smaller lots and multi-family homes, like San Francisco and Santa Monica, would be required to use less water than hotter, more suburban cities with larger homes and yards like Riverside and Redlands. The State Water Board would slowly begin ratcheting up enforcement, with no fines until after the first five years of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about in my city?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Some cities are still doing a lot too! Places like Los Angeles and Redlands never let up on the rules and regulations they had during the drought. Others, like Santa Monica, are passing new, even more ambitious ordinances to keep water use low. \u003ca href=\"https://www.smgov.net/Departments/OSE/Categories/Water/Water_Neutrality.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santa Monica’s new water neutrality ordinance\u003c/a>, passed three months after Gov. Brown declared the drought over, requires new developments to use the same amount of water as the building they are replacing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others cities are phasing in “smart meters” that read water use data in real time and allow city staff to quickly detect leaks. In Beverly Hills, water conservation manager Debby Figoni gets a list every day of the biggest water users in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at graphs of their water use, she can tell if they’ve got “continuous flow issues” like leaky pipes, a broken sprinkler or a running toilet. When she calls residents to tell them about the leak, she offers them a rebate on their bill for fixing it – but only if they agree to reduce outdoor water use first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So now, I’ve had this opportunity because of this issue to also educate them on efficient irrigation,” she said. “And that’s very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some cities, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/faces/ladwp/aboutus/a-water/a-w-conservation/a-w-c-landscap?_afrLoop=691427684342227&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=180ktyer6k_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">like Los Angeles,\u003c/a> are still offering rebates to remove grass lawns, the largest source of additional rebates, the Metropolitan Water District, has dried up. The agency is voting in April whether to resume the program. However, MWD \u003ca href=\"http://www.bewaterwise.com/pdfs/mwd_rebates.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">does still offers rebates \u003c/a>on low-flow toilets, high-efficiency washers and irrigation controllers. It may boost the amount of those incentives to encourage people to switch them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.scpr.org/news/2018/04/02/81967/californians-go-back-to-wasting-as-much-water-as-b/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> is part of Elemental: Covering Sustainability, a new multimedia collaboration between Cronkite News, Arizona PBS, KJZZ, KPCC, Rocky Mountain PBS and PBS SoCal.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Since Gov. Jerry Brown called off California’s drought emergency a year ago, we Californians seem to have gotten a little lazy when it comes to water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve started watering our lawns more often. We’re not putting buckets in our showers as much. (In fact, we’re taking longer showers.) And we don’t let yellow mellow — meaning, we flush our pee instead of just letting it sit in the toilet bowl, according to Southern California residents KPCC queried for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It definitely is the messaging,” said Isaiah Leslie of Anaheim Hills, a former yellow-mellower who now flushes after every use. “If we were still in a drought, mandated by the governor, then I think we would still do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these tiny decisions to relax and use a bit more water have added up. Statewide, Californians are using 18 percent more water than at the same time in 2017 — nearly the same amount as before the drought emergency was declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, Californians used about 71 gallons per person per day. That’s almost as much as the 74 gallons we were using in January 2013 — a year before California’s drought emergency was declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, we appear to be almost back to our free-wheeling attitudes about water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921985\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921985 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KPCC reporter Emily Guerin empties her shower bucket on the orange tree in her side yard. She no longer uses the bucket now that the drought has been called off. (Kyle Stokes/KPCC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That trend has taken on added urgency this week — the traditional end of California’s rain and snow season. State water officials use the first week of April to assess the water content in the Sierra Nevada snowpack. Runoff from melting snow provides about a third of California’s freshwater for drinking and agriculture. By the end of the March, electronic sensors indicated the water content in the snowpack was less than 60 percent of average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why did Gov. Brown declare the drought over in the first place?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>It has to do with the historic amount of snow that fell last year in the Sierra. On April 7, 2017, the day Brown issued an executive order calling off the drought emergency, the Sierra snowpack was 164 percent of average. Lake Oroville, the state’s largest reservoir, was completely full — so full that just two months earlier, Oroville dam operators were forced to use the emergency spillway for the first time in its 49-year history. The spillway eroded so much there was concern the dam could breech and flood the town of Oroville downstream. The six-year drought, which had left the Sierra Nevada nearly bare of snow in 2015, was clearly over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did calling off the drought change anything on the ground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Yes! Gov. Brown’s executive order put an end to mandatory water conservation in California. Since May 2015, the State Water Resources Control Board, an agency that emerged during the drought as California water cop, had been requiring every city and water district to cut its water use by a certain amount. The Water Board relaxed those rules a little bit in May 2016, when cities just had to prove they had enough water to make it through three dry years. But after April 2017, all those requirements went away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did we start using more water after the drought ended?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Oh yeah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1921983\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-800x446.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-800x446.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-768x428.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-240x134.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-375x209.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-520x290.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full.jpg 946w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"o-article__body\">\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How come?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake a city like Palmdale, where water use rose 5 percent after the drought was called off compared to the same period in 2016. Palmdale allowed people to water their lawns more often, and backed off on enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to maintain credibility with our customers,” said Dennis LaMoreaux, the general manager of the Palmdale Water District. “And if the state says the drought is over, and if customers don’t see a change in the rules, that kind of undermines the credibility of next time we really need them to save water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other cities, like Redlands, didn’t change any of its water rules, but officials suspect their customers started to slack off because they’re hearing mixed messages about the need to conserve. Water use during the six months following the end of the drought was up 18 percent compared to the same period in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We made the point to them that even though the state has declared the drought over, all the restrictions remain in place for Redlands customers,” said Cecilia Grado, a water resources specialist with the city of Redlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she added, “We can’t compete with the media.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does the media have to do with it?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMedia coverage of drought may be critically important in encouraging conservation, according to a 2017 study in \u003cem>Science Advances.\u003c/em> Researchers at Stanford University surveyed nine daily newspapers during two droughts, looking for stories having to do with “California drought,” “water conservation” and similar terms. The first drought occurred during the Great Recession and received relatively little media coverage, where as during the second, beginning in 2012, media coverage was “extraordinarily high.” They found that over a two-month period, an increase in 100 drought-related articles was associated with an 11 to 18 percent reduction in water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the media coverage wasn’t happening in a vacuum – reporters were covering changes in rules and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Political action was being broadcast by the media,” said Newsha Ajami, the head of Urban Water Policy at Stanford University, who co-authored the study. “And then that was impacting people’s behavior. And that was feeding back into more political action, and more media coverage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since Brown called off the drought, media coverage has also dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water issues in California have fallen off that priority list,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Should we all still be cutting back on water?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFor Ajami, that depends on what we’re doing with the water we’re using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people were collecting shower water to flush their toilets, I think they should take a break,” she said. “But if we’re using more water outdoors because we want to have lush lawns and green spaces, then that’s not OK. If we’re washing our cars, that’s not OK. We need to be mindful of the fact that this water comes to us through a lot of effort, and also, it’s not an infinite resource.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Jelena Hartman, a senior scientist at the State Water Resources Control Board, the main challenge is to get Californians to switch from an emergency conservation mindset, with shower buckets and dead grass, into a long-term, water-saving way of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means replacing lawns with artificial turf or native plants, fixing leaks, ripping out old toilets and washing machines and putting in more efficient ones instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a state there is a lot of work to be done to move away from those short-term emergency conservation measures to something that can be a permanent change,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can we save water in the long-term?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>At the state level, the Water Resources Control Board is working on a proposal to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scpr.org/news/2018/02/19/80855/state-to-ban-wasteful-uses-of-water-but-it-won-t-a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">permanently ban wasteful uses of water\u003c/a> like watering your lawn until it runs into the street, washing a car without a shut-off nozzle and irrigating street medians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also two bills in the state legislature, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1668&firstNav=tracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1668\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB606&firstNav=tracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 606,\u003c/a> that would clamp down on water use in cities by forcing them to use water more wisely. The bills would set a limit of 55 gallons per person, per day, for indoor use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But outdoor use is by far the bigger problem. More than half of all the water used in cities in California is sprinkled on lawns, flowers and ornamental trees. So the two bills would set limits on how much you can use depending on where you live. Cooler, denser cities with smaller lots and multi-family homes, like San Francisco and Santa Monica, would be required to use less water than hotter, more suburban cities with larger homes and yards like Riverside and Redlands. The State Water Board would slowly begin ratcheting up enforcement, with no fines until after the first five years of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about in my city?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Some cities are still doing a lot too! Places like Los Angeles and Redlands never let up on the rules and regulations they had during the drought. Others, like Santa Monica, are passing new, even more ambitious ordinances to keep water use low. \u003ca href=\"https://www.smgov.net/Departments/OSE/Categories/Water/Water_Neutrality.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santa Monica’s new water neutrality ordinance\u003c/a>, passed three months after Gov. Brown declared the drought over, requires new developments to use the same amount of water as the building they are replacing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others cities are phasing in “smart meters” that read water use data in real time and allow city staff to quickly detect leaks. In Beverly Hills, water conservation manager Debby Figoni gets a list every day of the biggest water users in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at graphs of their water use, she can tell if they’ve got “continuous flow issues” like leaky pipes, a broken sprinkler or a running toilet. When she calls residents to tell them about the leak, she offers them a rebate on their bill for fixing it – but only if they agree to reduce outdoor water use first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So now, I’ve had this opportunity because of this issue to also educate them on efficient irrigation,” she said. “And that’s very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some cities, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/faces/ladwp/aboutus/a-water/a-w-conservation/a-w-c-landscap?_afrLoop=691427684342227&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=180ktyer6k_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">like Los Angeles,\u003c/a> are still offering rebates to remove grass lawns, the largest source of additional rebates, the Metropolitan Water District, has dried up. The agency is voting in April whether to resume the program. However, MWD \u003ca href=\"http://www.bewaterwise.com/pdfs/mwd_rebates.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">does still offers rebates \u003c/a>on low-flow toilets, high-efficiency washers and irrigation controllers. It may boost the amount of those incentives to encourage people to switch them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.scpr.org/news/2018/04/02/81967/californians-go-back-to-wasting-as-much-water-as-b/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> is part of Elemental: Covering Sustainability, a new multimedia collaboration between Cronkite News, Arizona PBS, KJZZ, KPCC, Rocky Mountain PBS and PBS SoCal.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "EPA Moves To Weaken Landmark Fuel Efficiency Rules",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump Administration today \u003ca href=\"http://createsend.com/t/d-4AC988BD1868DDC72540EF23F30FEDED\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved to weaken fuel economy standards\u003c/a> for automobiles, saying the current ones are inappropriate and wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-anticipated move is a win for auto manufacturers, which had lobbied for lower fuel-economy standards. It’s also a rejection of one of former President Barack Obama’s biggest efforts to combat climate change by curbing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”QfUGaDbIHqcY1JRkHpkaOE16MgcR5n0o”]In making the announcement, Scott Pruitt, head of the Environmental Protection Agency, accused Obama of making incorrect assumptions when setting the standards, which led to them being set “too high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration, working with California, aimed to nearly double the fleet wide average fuel economy for passenger cars and SUVs to more than 50 miles per gallon by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automobile emissions and transportation are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of the largest sources\u003c/a> of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt’s EPA is abandoning those goals and says it will work with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to set more appropriate standards at a later date.[contextly_sidebar id=”IXBWYDYsS0Q8BSuLFcqAU1VGIKondheQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move puts the Trump administration on the path toward another legal showdown with California, which has said that it will keep the stricter air standards in place. The state has a federal waiver under the Clean Air Act that allows it to set \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/03/26/521590802/in-conflict-with-trump-agenda-california-sets-stricter-auto-emissions-standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its own standards for vehicle emissions\u003c/a>. Twelve other states follow California’s lead, and together they account for a third of all car sales in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a politically motivated effort to weaken clean vehicle standards with no documentation, evidence or law to back up that decision,” said Mary Nichols, chair of the California Air Resources Board, in a statement. She accused EPA of aiming to “demolish the nation’s clean car program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, the federal government and California work together to set shared auto emissions and fuel economy standards. Car manufacturers want uniformity nationwide, so they’re not having to build different types of vehicles for consumers in different states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”g2CCVDMEc35bEmI6e9k1QYuI0D829yIx”]But the Trump administration and California are at odds on a number of issues, and it’s unclear if either side would be willing to make a concession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cooperative federalism doesn’t mean that one state can dictate standards for the rest of the country,” Pruitt said in a statement. “It’s in everyone’s best interest to have a national standard, and we look forward to working with all states, including California, as we work to finalize that standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement said California’s environmental waiver “is still being reexamined by EPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Gov. Jerry Brown also criticized the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This cynical and meretricious abuse of power will poison our air and jeopardize the health of all Americans,” he said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any split in the nation’s car market would be troublesome for auto manufacturers, which had lobbied the Trump administration to lower the standards. They argued that with low gas prices, consumers are buying more larger vehicles — SUV’s and pickup trucks — making the push for fuel-efficient electric vehicles and hybrids a costly burden. Lowering the fuel economy standards, they said, would give them more flexibility to meet consumer demands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Caldwell, executive director of industry analysis at the automotive website Edmunds, said in a statement that flexibility will come with a cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The unfortunate reality is that this decision comes with a logistical nightmare in the short term,” she said. If states divide into a patchwork of competing fuel economy standards, while a long court battle drags out, “it puts automakers in a very challenging scenario from a product development perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Moves+To+Weaken+Landmark+Fuel+Efficiency+Rules&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump Administration today \u003ca href=\"http://createsend.com/t/d-4AC988BD1868DDC72540EF23F30FEDED\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved to weaken fuel economy standards\u003c/a> for automobiles, saying the current ones are inappropriate and wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-anticipated move is a win for auto manufacturers, which had lobbied for lower fuel-economy standards. It’s also a rejection of one of former President Barack Obama’s biggest efforts to combat climate change by curbing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In making the announcement, Scott Pruitt, head of the Environmental Protection Agency, accused Obama of making incorrect assumptions when setting the standards, which led to them being set “too high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration, working with California, aimed to nearly double the fleet wide average fuel economy for passenger cars and SUVs to more than 50 miles per gallon by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automobile emissions and transportation are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of the largest sources\u003c/a> of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt’s EPA is abandoning those goals and says it will work with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to set more appropriate standards at a later date.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move puts the Trump administration on the path toward another legal showdown with California, which has said that it will keep the stricter air standards in place. The state has a federal waiver under the Clean Air Act that allows it to set \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/03/26/521590802/in-conflict-with-trump-agenda-california-sets-stricter-auto-emissions-standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its own standards for vehicle emissions\u003c/a>. Twelve other states follow California’s lead, and together they account for a third of all car sales in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a politically motivated effort to weaken clean vehicle standards with no documentation, evidence or law to back up that decision,” said Mary Nichols, chair of the California Air Resources Board, in a statement. She accused EPA of aiming to “demolish the nation’s clean car program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, the federal government and California work together to set shared auto emissions and fuel economy standards. Car manufacturers want uniformity nationwide, so they’re not having to build different types of vehicles for consumers in different states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But the Trump administration and California are at odds on a number of issues, and it’s unclear if either side would be willing to make a concession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cooperative federalism doesn’t mean that one state can dictate standards for the rest of the country,” Pruitt said in a statement. “It’s in everyone’s best interest to have a national standard, and we look forward to working with all states, including California, as we work to finalize that standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement said California’s environmental waiver “is still being reexamined by EPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Gov. Jerry Brown also criticized the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This cynical and meretricious abuse of power will poison our air and jeopardize the health of all Americans,” he said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any split in the nation’s car market would be troublesome for auto manufacturers, which had lobbied the Trump administration to lower the standards. They argued that with low gas prices, consumers are buying more larger vehicles — SUV’s and pickup trucks — making the push for fuel-efficient electric vehicles and hybrids a costly burden. Lowering the fuel economy standards, they said, would give them more flexibility to meet consumer demands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Caldwell, executive director of industry analysis at the automotive website Edmunds, said in a statement that flexibility will come with a cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The unfortunate reality is that this decision comes with a logistical nightmare in the short term,” she said. If states divide into a patchwork of competing fuel economy standards, while a long court battle drags out, “it puts automakers in a very challenging scenario from a product development perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Moves+To+Weaken+Landmark+Fuel+Efficiency+Rules&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wildfire Prevention Takes a Back Seat in California",
"headTitle": "Wildfire Prevention Takes a Back Seat in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Dave Kinateder has a keen eye for trees. But when Kinateder, a fire ecologist in the Plumas National Forest, surveys a hillside lush with pines, he doesn’t see abundance or the glory of nature’s bounty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees a disaster-in-waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”XvW8tq5rEZdq0j2MMxoysQoqzkOPsjwk”]“It’s a ticking time bomb,” he said, gazing across the dense, green carpet of trees near Quincy, a small community high in the northern Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfires, the worst in modern California history, have put a microscope on the forests that cover a third of the state–in particular, on managing these wooded lands in ways that would reduce the frequency and intensity of such blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is grappling with the counterintuitive dilemma of too many trees, packed too closely together, robbed of the space they need to thrive—and with how to clear out more than 100 million dead trees, felled by drought or insects, that provide tinder for the next infernos.[contextly_sidebar id=”W78j62BzZQgCQHG4Uhnb5gMw3bHmzNrJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curing these unhealthy forests is both difficult and expensive, and as with human health, prevention is far less costly than treatment. But these days the state firefighting agency, Cal Fire, spends the bulk of its resources battling fires rather than practicing preventive measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At stake is nothing less than life, property, air quality and the lands that hold most of California’s water. A state commission recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prescribed\u003c/a> radical changes to address what it terms the “neglect” of California’s largest forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 19th-century California forest would have held fewer than 50 trees an acre. Today the state’s forests have grown to an unnatural 300 to 500 trees an acre, or more. That doesn’t count the 2 million drought-stressed trees a month lost to bark beetles that have killed entire stands.[contextly_sidebar id=”7ztdqfj3wRFHxO5rfPD2guBOX7lJUHQJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, who in 2014 declared tree mortality a state of emergency, said in his January State of the State address that California needs to manage its forests more intelligently. He vowed to convene a task force “to review thoroughly the way our forests are managed and suggest ways to reduce the threat of devastating fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has dozens of agencies attacking problem but still cannot keep up with the work. Crews around the state have been busy clearing trees as fast as funding allows. This wielding of chainsaws they call “whacking and stacking” leaves massive wood piles along highways in some areas. But it amounts to no more than triage: Cal Fire removes trees on fewer than 40,000 acres a year, far short of its goal of clearing a half-million acres annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-1921881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1244\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-160x249.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-768x1194.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1020x1586.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1180x1835.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-960x1493.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-240x373.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-375x583.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-520x809.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1.png 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Kinateder estimates that removing trees in this way costs as much as $1,400 an acre. By comparison, controlled burns—those set by fire managers to remove vegetation from forests—is a bargain at less than $150 an acre. Fighting a wildfire comes in at just over $800 an acre, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from the forest floor, California officials are wrestling with the financial and environmental cost of the state’s forest practices. At a hearing in March in Sacramento, legislators listened to lurid descriptions of raging fire and wrenching stories of human misery recounted by a stream of state and local officials: flames rearing up like an enormous beast, residents running for their lives, neighborhoods leveled, fire burning so hot and for so long that soils were rendered sterile.[contextly_sidebar id=”0ul4kP3DzeWs0FzlnhMdgFepk98LDj0R”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A portion of the proceedings focused on a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> about wildfires and forest health from the Little Hoover Commission, an independent state oversight agency that gave its findings to the governor and Legislature in February. The document pulled no punches, calling the state of the Sierra Nevada’s forests “an unprecedented environmental catastrophe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It cited a century of “mismanaging” the 10 million wooded acres in the Sierra, calling out state and federal firefighting agencies for their longstanding policy of aggressively putting out all fires rather than letting those that can safely burn do so, thereby thinning the choked woodlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”I4v79I4vD7MYIXswWhic9rNtNP98HPtb”]Helge Eng, deputy director of Cal Fire, acknowledged the report was “spot on” in its assessment of the state of the Sierra, adding that the analysis “did an especially good job of recognizing that there are no easy, black-and-white answers to the problems we are facing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire boasts that it stops 95 percent of fires at 10 acres or less, saving lives, property and entire forests from conflagration. Fire experts argue that a negative could be turned into a positive if fire bosses let them burn while still steering them away from people and structures and toward overgrown wildlands in need of clearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an approach sometimes used by the National Park Service, but it’s difficult to defend when forests are ablaze, frightening the public and many elected officials alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the report said, “it is not enough for agency leaders, scientists and advocates to recognize the benefits of fire as a tool; the bureaucracy of the state government and public sentiment as a whole must undergo a culture shift to embrace fire as a tool for forest health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Forest Service employees in the Plumas National Forest near Quincy, in California’s northern Sierra. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eng said Cal Fire is considering adopting the managed-burn approach, when appropriate, but noted that federal firefighters are often working in wild settings, away from development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cal Fire’s mission is different; we protect life and property” in areas that may be densely populated, Eng said in a written response to questions. “There is most often not an opportunity to let a fire burn. The risk to human life is just too great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also detailed a public safety threat from 129 million \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/drought-pests-and-disease-are-killing-californias-trees/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dead trees\u003c/a>, the crushing cost—up to $1,000 a tree—to private property owners to have trees removed from their land and the enormous burden on rural governments to both recover from fire and prepare their forests to mitigate the intensity of the next one. In no uncertain terms, the commission prescribed dramatically ramping up tree-thinning projects and, as awful as the optics are, creating and controlling some fires to achieve the same result.[contextly_sidebar id=”o9bU6RxRQfRBAmu2y51bCPOsDeuxvWSO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eng agreed that the state firefighting agency was far from achieving its “aspirational” goal of clearing a half-million acres of land each year, citing such impediments as “the logistics of capacity of staff and equipment and environmental compliance,” among other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment notable for its rarity in Sacramento, there was bipartisan agreement in the hearing room this month about the problem, its scope and the appropriate measures to deal with it. Focus more intensely on the problem, they agreed, and throw money at it. The state spent $900 million fighting fires last year. Just one of those late-season blazes caused more than $9 billion in reported property damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve made mistakes, and we’ve created systems that are unwieldy….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all of our fault,” Jim Branham, executive officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/a>, a state agency, told CALmatters. “Money alone won’t solve it, but we won’t solve it without money, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mosaic of land ownership in California means the state owns only 2 percent of the forests but has legal responsibility over much more: 31 million acres, including land in rural counties.[contextly_sidebar id=”qdmMEBfcIp3vwOTTVG40OwwA7aE0POSd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire received more than $200 million for forest health projects last year and has proposed an additional $160 million for the next fiscal year. Those sums are on top of the agency’s current $2.7 billion budget. Cal Fire, in turn, doles out millions of those dollars in grants to local governments and community groups to do some thinning themselves, and it teams with the federal Forest Service to tackle clearing projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The work to improve forest health dovetails with other state priorities—protecting water sources and reducing greenhouse-gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada range is the headwaters for 60 percent of California’s developed water supply. Burned, denuded hillsides don’t store water efficiently when it rains. Sediment cascades downhill, filling streams, affecting water quality and loading up reservoirs, reducing their storage capacity\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The carbon equation is equally direct: When trees burn or decay, they release \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-wildfires-looming-threat-climate-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. The 2013 Rim Fire near Yosemite National Park produced \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/our-region/rim-fire/rimairqualityfacts.pdf/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emissions \u003c/a>equal to those of 2.3 million cars in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burns emit less carbon than higher-intensity fires, because managed fire is aimed at smaller trees and shrubs. Cleared forest land may still ignite, but it will burn with less intensity and fewer emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, when trees die, they stop absorbing carbon from the atmosphere. The state depends on that critical service to help reduce greenhouse gases. \u003ca href=\"https://nau.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/recovery-of-ponderosa-pine-ecosystem-carbon-and-water-fluxes-from\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research \u003c/a>suggests that severely burned areas regrow with shrubs or grasses, plants that store about 10 percent less carbon than trees do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Moorlach, a Republican state senator from Costa Mesa, suggests the Democratic governor, a champion of the fight against climate change, has a “gigantic blind spot” when it comes to reducing carbon emissions. Moorlach said in an interview that Brown’s emphasis on electric cars, for example, ignores the role of fire in California’s greenhouse gas inventory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“We’re being absolute phonies about climate change if we are not dealing with the real driver of greenhouse gas; that’s these wildfires,” said Moorlach. He has \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed\u003c/a> that the state dedicate 25 percent of the revenue from its cap and trade grreenhouse-gas-reduction system to help counties’ fire mitigation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties would welcome the help. Randy Hanvelt, a supervisor in Tuolumne County, said that where forest management is concerned, there’s a “leadership problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talk is cheap,” he said. “We have got ourselves a giant colossal mess. This is a war of sorts. Time is against us. Every available tool has to be applied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such tool is carefully designed burns. But the meticulous planning necessary can take two to three years, and the burns require favorable weather, a permit from the local air district and, crucially, buy-in from local communities that must first be educated about the benefits. And controlled doesn’t mean risk-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Politically, you have to have the ability to make mistakes and move on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[vimeo 262300538 w=640 h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nick Bunch, who plans thinning projects for the Plumas National Forest, pointed to a partly cleared hillside outside of Quincy where one of his extensively planned prescribed burns went awry, undone by a shift in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were about an hour into the burn and the smoke started going into town,” Bunch said, shaking his head at the memory. Even though the burn was going as planned, the smoke was not acceptable to nearby residents, who protested to fire officials. “Phones started ringing. Calls were made, and we shut it down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another method is used in Florida, which trains and certifies private property owners to burn their overgrown land and provides limited liability coverage in some cases. Florida cleared 2.1 million acres this way last year. Scott Stephens, who heads a wildland fire research lab at the University of California, Berkeley, said the widespread adoption of the policy has educated residents on both its benefits and risks.[contextly_sidebar id=”HXxaZrdRAqKYzcHGFu2bpkZlQEEg5Y6t”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Plumas County, a hulking building in a parking lot outside a community health complex may offer the final piece of the forest-health puzzle: creating a market for trees removed from California’s forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of a project managed by the Sierra Institute for Community and Environment, the unremarkable square structure shows a potential use for California trees. The building is the state’s first to be fully constructed from cross-laminated timber—layers of wood pressed together to make thick sheets and posts—equal to or greater than the strength of steel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the $2.3 million facility will house a large boiler to provide heat for the health center by consuming 500 tons of local wood chips a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is the brainchild of the institute, which envisions it as a way to boost the economies of forest communities. It’s the kind of innovation the governor and Legislature hoped to promote by establishing a \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Wood-Products-Recommendations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wood Products Working Group\u003c/a> to develop commercial uses for the piles of trees beside the state’s roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little left in California today of the early 20th century’s timber cutters, sawmills and biomass industry. If the state follows the Little Hoover Commission’s recommendations and accelerates forest thinning, an entire segment of state industry would need to be rejuvenated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, officials emphasize the need to educate Californians about the role of forests in the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you want people to care about something, they have to understand why it matters,” said Pedro Nava, chairman of the Little Hoover Commission. “They need to understand the deep connection between the health of our state and the state of our forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Branham, of the Sierra Nevada Conservancy, said that won’t be easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of our messages are counterintuitive: We must cut down healthy living trees to save the forest,” he noted. “It’s a challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CALmatters is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to exploring state policies and politics. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/author/julie-cart/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Julie Cart\u003c/a>,\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dave Kinateder has a keen eye for trees. But when Kinateder, a fire ecologist in the Plumas National Forest, surveys a hillside lush with pines, he doesn’t see abundance or the glory of nature’s bounty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees a disaster-in-waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“It’s a ticking time bomb,” he said, gazing across the dense, green carpet of trees near Quincy, a small community high in the northern Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfires, the worst in modern California history, have put a microscope on the forests that cover a third of the state–in particular, on managing these wooded lands in ways that would reduce the frequency and intensity of such blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is grappling with the counterintuitive dilemma of too many trees, packed too closely together, robbed of the space they need to thrive—and with how to clear out more than 100 million dead trees, felled by drought or insects, that provide tinder for the next infernos.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curing these unhealthy forests is both difficult and expensive, and as with human health, prevention is far less costly than treatment. But these days the state firefighting agency, Cal Fire, spends the bulk of its resources battling fires rather than practicing preventive measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At stake is nothing less than life, property, air quality and the lands that hold most of California’s water. A state commission recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prescribed\u003c/a> radical changes to address what it terms the “neglect” of California’s largest forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 19th-century California forest would have held fewer than 50 trees an acre. Today the state’s forests have grown to an unnatural 300 to 500 trees an acre, or more. That doesn’t count the 2 million drought-stressed trees a month lost to bark beetles that have killed entire stands.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, who in 2014 declared tree mortality a state of emergency, said in his January State of the State address that California needs to manage its forests more intelligently. He vowed to convene a task force “to review thoroughly the way our forests are managed and suggest ways to reduce the threat of devastating fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has dozens of agencies attacking problem but still cannot keep up with the work. Crews around the state have been busy clearing trees as fast as funding allows. This wielding of chainsaws they call “whacking and stacking” leaves massive wood piles along highways in some areas. But it amounts to no more than triage: Cal Fire removes trees on fewer than 40,000 acres a year, far short of its goal of clearing a half-million acres annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-1921881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1244\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-160x249.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-768x1194.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1020x1586.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1180x1835.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-960x1493.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-240x373.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-375x583.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-520x809.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1.png 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Kinateder estimates that removing trees in this way costs as much as $1,400 an acre. By comparison, controlled burns—those set by fire managers to remove vegetation from forests—is a bargain at less than $150 an acre. Fighting a wildfire comes in at just over $800 an acre, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from the forest floor, California officials are wrestling with the financial and environmental cost of the state’s forest practices. At a hearing in March in Sacramento, legislators listened to lurid descriptions of raging fire and wrenching stories of human misery recounted by a stream of state and local officials: flames rearing up like an enormous beast, residents running for their lives, neighborhoods leveled, fire burning so hot and for so long that soils were rendered sterile.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A portion of the proceedings focused on a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> about wildfires and forest health from the Little Hoover Commission, an independent state oversight agency that gave its findings to the governor and Legislature in February. The document pulled no punches, calling the state of the Sierra Nevada’s forests “an unprecedented environmental catastrophe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It cited a century of “mismanaging” the 10 million wooded acres in the Sierra, calling out state and federal firefighting agencies for their longstanding policy of aggressively putting out all fires rather than letting those that can safely burn do so, thereby thinning the choked woodlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Helge Eng, deputy director of Cal Fire, acknowledged the report was “spot on” in its assessment of the state of the Sierra, adding that the analysis “did an especially good job of recognizing that there are no easy, black-and-white answers to the problems we are facing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire boasts that it stops 95 percent of fires at 10 acres or less, saving lives, property and entire forests from conflagration. Fire experts argue that a negative could be turned into a positive if fire bosses let them burn while still steering them away from people and structures and toward overgrown wildlands in need of clearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an approach sometimes used by the National Park Service, but it’s difficult to defend when forests are ablaze, frightening the public and many elected officials alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the report said, “it is not enough for agency leaders, scientists and advocates to recognize the benefits of fire as a tool; the bureaucracy of the state government and public sentiment as a whole must undergo a culture shift to embrace fire as a tool for forest health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Forest Service employees in the Plumas National Forest near Quincy, in California’s northern Sierra. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eng said Cal Fire is considering adopting the managed-burn approach, when appropriate, but noted that federal firefighters are often working in wild settings, away from development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cal Fire’s mission is different; we protect life and property” in areas that may be densely populated, Eng said in a written response to questions. “There is most often not an opportunity to let a fire burn. The risk to human life is just too great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also detailed a public safety threat from 129 million \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/drought-pests-and-disease-are-killing-californias-trees/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dead trees\u003c/a>, the crushing cost—up to $1,000 a tree—to private property owners to have trees removed from their land and the enormous burden on rural governments to both recover from fire and prepare their forests to mitigate the intensity of the next one. In no uncertain terms, the commission prescribed dramatically ramping up tree-thinning projects and, as awful as the optics are, creating and controlling some fires to achieve the same result.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eng agreed that the state firefighting agency was far from achieving its “aspirational” goal of clearing a half-million acres of land each year, citing such impediments as “the logistics of capacity of staff and equipment and environmental compliance,” among other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment notable for its rarity in Sacramento, there was bipartisan agreement in the hearing room this month about the problem, its scope and the appropriate measures to deal with it. Focus more intensely on the problem, they agreed, and throw money at it. The state spent $900 million fighting fires last year. Just one of those late-season blazes caused more than $9 billion in reported property damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve made mistakes, and we’ve created systems that are unwieldy….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all of our fault,” Jim Branham, executive officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/a>, a state agency, told CALmatters. “Money alone won’t solve it, but we won’t solve it without money, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mosaic of land ownership in California means the state owns only 2 percent of the forests but has legal responsibility over much more: 31 million acres, including land in rural counties.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire received more than $200 million for forest health projects last year and has proposed an additional $160 million for the next fiscal year. Those sums are on top of the agency’s current $2.7 billion budget. Cal Fire, in turn, doles out millions of those dollars in grants to local governments and community groups to do some thinning themselves, and it teams with the federal Forest Service to tackle clearing projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The work to improve forest health dovetails with other state priorities—protecting water sources and reducing greenhouse-gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada range is the headwaters for 60 percent of California’s developed water supply. Burned, denuded hillsides don’t store water efficiently when it rains. Sediment cascades downhill, filling streams, affecting water quality and loading up reservoirs, reducing their storage capacity\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The carbon equation is equally direct: When trees burn or decay, they release \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-wildfires-looming-threat-climate-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. The 2013 Rim Fire near Yosemite National Park produced \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/our-region/rim-fire/rimairqualityfacts.pdf/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emissions \u003c/a>equal to those of 2.3 million cars in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burns emit less carbon than higher-intensity fires, because managed fire is aimed at smaller trees and shrubs. Cleared forest land may still ignite, but it will burn with less intensity and fewer emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, when trees die, they stop absorbing carbon from the atmosphere. The state depends on that critical service to help reduce greenhouse gases. \u003ca href=\"https://nau.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/recovery-of-ponderosa-pine-ecosystem-carbon-and-water-fluxes-from\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research \u003c/a>suggests that severely burned areas regrow with shrubs or grasses, plants that store about 10 percent less carbon than trees do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Moorlach, a Republican state senator from Costa Mesa, suggests the Democratic governor, a champion of the fight against climate change, has a “gigantic blind spot” when it comes to reducing carbon emissions. Moorlach said in an interview that Brown’s emphasis on electric cars, for example, ignores the role of fire in California’s greenhouse gas inventory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“We’re being absolute phonies about climate change if we are not dealing with the real driver of greenhouse gas; that’s these wildfires,” said Moorlach. He has \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed\u003c/a> that the state dedicate 25 percent of the revenue from its cap and trade grreenhouse-gas-reduction system to help counties’ fire mitigation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties would welcome the help. Randy Hanvelt, a supervisor in Tuolumne County, said that where forest management is concerned, there’s a “leadership problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talk is cheap,” he said. “We have got ourselves a giant colossal mess. This is a war of sorts. Time is against us. Every available tool has to be applied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such tool is carefully designed burns. But the meticulous planning necessary can take two to three years, and the burns require favorable weather, a permit from the local air district and, crucially, buy-in from local communities that must first be educated about the benefits. And controlled doesn’t mean risk-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Politically, you have to have the ability to make mistakes and move on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nick Bunch, who plans thinning projects for the Plumas National Forest, pointed to a partly cleared hillside outside of Quincy where one of his extensively planned prescribed burns went awry, undone by a shift in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were about an hour into the burn and the smoke started going into town,” Bunch said, shaking his head at the memory. Even though the burn was going as planned, the smoke was not acceptable to nearby residents, who protested to fire officials. “Phones started ringing. Calls were made, and we shut it down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another method is used in Florida, which trains and certifies private property owners to burn their overgrown land and provides limited liability coverage in some cases. Florida cleared 2.1 million acres this way last year. Scott Stephens, who heads a wildland fire research lab at the University of California, Berkeley, said the widespread adoption of the policy has educated residents on both its benefits and risks.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Plumas County, a hulking building in a parking lot outside a community health complex may offer the final piece of the forest-health puzzle: creating a market for trees removed from California’s forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of a project managed by the Sierra Institute for Community and Environment, the unremarkable square structure shows a potential use for California trees. The building is the state’s first to be fully constructed from cross-laminated timber—layers of wood pressed together to make thick sheets and posts—equal to or greater than the strength of steel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the $2.3 million facility will house a large boiler to provide heat for the health center by consuming 500 tons of local wood chips a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is the brainchild of the institute, which envisions it as a way to boost the economies of forest communities. It’s the kind of innovation the governor and Legislature hoped to promote by establishing a \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Wood-Products-Recommendations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wood Products Working Group\u003c/a> to develop commercial uses for the piles of trees beside the state’s roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little left in California today of the early 20th century’s timber cutters, sawmills and biomass industry. If the state follows the Little Hoover Commission’s recommendations and accelerates forest thinning, an entire segment of state industry would need to be rejuvenated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, officials emphasize the need to educate Californians about the role of forests in the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you want people to care about something, they have to understand why it matters,” said Pedro Nava, chairman of the Little Hoover Commission. “They need to understand the deep connection between the health of our state and the state of our forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Branham, of the Sierra Nevada Conservancy, said that won’t be easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of our messages are counterintuitive: We must cut down healthy living trees to save the forest,” he noted. “It’s a challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Self-Taught Rocket Scientist Blasts Off Into California Sky",
"headTitle": "Self-Taught Rocket Scientist Blasts Off Into California Sky | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>He finally went up — just like the self-taught rocket scientist always pledged he would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He came back down in one piece, too — a little dinged up and his steam-powered vessel a little cracked up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, mission accomplished for a guy more daredevil than engineer, who drew more comparisons to the cartoon character Wile E. Coyote from his critics than he did to iconic stunt man Evel Knievel.[contextly_sidebar id=”ngRxeodxfUHYtLDpIUYfyQQwe9vt6zrs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mad” Mike Hughes, the rocket man who believes the Earth is flat, propelled himself about 1,875 feet into the air Saturday before a hard landing in the Mojave Desert. He told The Associated Press that outside of an aching back he’s fine after the launch near Amboy, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Relieved,” he said after being checked out by paramedics. “I’m tired of people saying I chickened out and didn’t build a rocket. I’m tired of that stuff. I manned up and did it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The launch in the desert town — about 200 miles (321.85 kilometers) east of Los Angeles — was originally scheduled in November. It was scrubbed several times due to logistical issues with the Bureau of Land Management and mechanical problems that kept popping up.[contextly_sidebar id=”a720o37Rx6tWsxaTLmwN9ceEX8gqFLwM”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 61-year-old limo driver converted a mobile home into a ramp and modified it to launch from a vertical angle so he wouldn’t fall back to the ground on public land. For months he’s been working on overhauling his rocket in his garage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looked like Saturday might be another in a string of cancellations, given that the wind was blowing and his rocket was losing steam. Ideally, they wanted it at 350 psi for maximum thrust, but it was dropping to 340.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I told Mike we could try to keep charging it up and get it hotter,” said Waldo Stakes, who’s been helping Hughes with his endeavor. “He said, ‘No.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Take-Off\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSometime after 3 p.m. PDT, and without a countdown, Hughes’ rocket soared into the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes reached a speed that Stakes estimated to be around 350 mph before pulling his parachute. Hughes was dropping too fast, though, and he had to deploy a second one. He landed with a thud and the rocket’s nose broke in two places like it was designed to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This thing wants to kill you 10 different ways,” said Hughes, who had an altimeter in his cockpit to measure his altitude. “This thing will kill you in a heartbeat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Am I glad I did it? Yeah. I guess. I’ll feel it in the morning. I won’t be able to get out of bed. At least I can go home and have dinner and see my cats tonight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921682 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">He got permission to launch on the land owned by Albert Okura, who bought Amboy in 2005 for $435,000. Okura was in attendance and said the event lasted about three to four minutes. The rocket landed about 1,500 feet from the launch ramp, Stakes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mike branded us as ‘Rocket Town,’” Okura said. “It was amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has been quite an undertaking for Hughes, who lives in Apple Valley, California. He’s seen a flurry of reaction to his plans, with detractors labeling him a crackpot for planning the launch in a homemade contraption and his belief that the world is flat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some naysayers have posted things like “He’ll be fine” with a picture of Wile E. Coyote strapped to a rocket.[contextly_sidebar id=”s2Nqg4kPOmkz9e46nlR7mxJchPsN4sRo”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope he doesn’t blow something up,” retired NASA astronaut Jerry Linenger said as Hughes’ plans captured widespread attention. Linenger orbited the globe more than 2,000 times during four months in 1997. “Rocketry, as our private space companies found out, isn’t as easy as it looks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes often sparred with his critics on social media leading up to the launch, through Facebook comments and a 12-minute video addressed to his doubters. He’s always maintained that his mission isn’t to prove the Earth is flat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do I believe the Earth is shaped like a Frisbee? I believe it is,” he said. “Do I know for sure? No. That’s why I want to go up in space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s his project for down the road. He wants to build a “Rockoon,” a rocket that is carried into the atmosphere by a gas-filled balloon, then separated from the balloon and lit. This rocket would take Hughes about 68 miles up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has a documentary crew following him around to record his ambition, with a planned release in August.[contextly_sidebar id=”5929X1na4WjmRq40tT7oaBvvQFY5ffjT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was actually the second time he’s constructed and launched a rocket. He said he jumped on a private property in Winkelman, Arizona, on Jan. 30, 2014, and traveled 1,374 feet. He collapsed after that landing and needed three days to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there wasn’t any footage of him climbing into the craft, leading some to question whether he even took off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one was going to be shown online through Noize TV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My story really is incredible,” Hughes said. “It’s got a bunch of story lines — the garage-built thing. I’m an older guy. It’s out in the middle of nowhere, plus the Flat Earth. The problem is it brings out all the nuts also, people questioning everything. It’s the downside of all this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His future plans are simple: Fill out the paperwork to run for governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is no joke,” Hughes said. “I want to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_73518 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_73518\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_73518\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>He finally went up — just like the self-taught rocket scientist always pledged he would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He came back down in one piece, too — a little dinged up and his steam-powered vessel a little cracked up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, mission accomplished for a guy more daredevil than engineer, who drew more comparisons to the cartoon character Wile E. Coyote from his critics than he did to iconic stunt man Evel Knievel.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mad” Mike Hughes, the rocket man who believes the Earth is flat, propelled himself about 1,875 feet into the air Saturday before a hard landing in the Mojave Desert. He told The Associated Press that outside of an aching back he’s fine after the launch near Amboy, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Relieved,” he said after being checked out by paramedics. “I’m tired of people saying I chickened out and didn’t build a rocket. I’m tired of that stuff. I manned up and did it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The launch in the desert town — about 200 miles (321.85 kilometers) east of Los Angeles — was originally scheduled in November. It was scrubbed several times due to logistical issues with the Bureau of Land Management and mechanical problems that kept popping up.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 61-year-old limo driver converted a mobile home into a ramp and modified it to launch from a vertical angle so he wouldn’t fall back to the ground on public land. For months he’s been working on overhauling his rocket in his garage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looked like Saturday might be another in a string of cancellations, given that the wind was blowing and his rocket was losing steam. Ideally, they wanted it at 350 psi for maximum thrust, but it was dropping to 340.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I told Mike we could try to keep charging it up and get it hotter,” said Waldo Stakes, who’s been helping Hughes with his endeavor. “He said, ‘No.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Take-Off\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSometime after 3 p.m. PDT, and without a countdown, Hughes’ rocket soared into the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes reached a speed that Stakes estimated to be around 350 mph before pulling his parachute. Hughes was dropping too fast, though, and he had to deploy a second one. He landed with a thud and the rocket’s nose broke in two places like it was designed to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This thing wants to kill you 10 different ways,” said Hughes, who had an altimeter in his cockpit to measure his altitude. “This thing will kill you in a heartbeat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Am I glad I did it? Yeah. I guess. I’ll feel it in the morning. I won’t be able to get out of bed. At least I can go home and have dinner and see my cats tonight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921682 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">He got permission to launch on the land owned by Albert Okura, who bought Amboy in 2005 for $435,000. Okura was in attendance and said the event lasted about three to four minutes. The rocket landed about 1,500 feet from the launch ramp, Stakes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mike branded us as ‘Rocket Town,’” Okura said. “It was amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has been quite an undertaking for Hughes, who lives in Apple Valley, California. He’s seen a flurry of reaction to his plans, with detractors labeling him a crackpot for planning the launch in a homemade contraption and his belief that the world is flat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some naysayers have posted things like “He’ll be fine” with a picture of Wile E. Coyote strapped to a rocket.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope he doesn’t blow something up,” retired NASA astronaut Jerry Linenger said as Hughes’ plans captured widespread attention. Linenger orbited the globe more than 2,000 times during four months in 1997. “Rocketry, as our private space companies found out, isn’t as easy as it looks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes often sparred with his critics on social media leading up to the launch, through Facebook comments and a 12-minute video addressed to his doubters. He’s always maintained that his mission isn’t to prove the Earth is flat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do I believe the Earth is shaped like a Frisbee? I believe it is,” he said. “Do I know for sure? No. That’s why I want to go up in space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s his project for down the road. He wants to build a “Rockoon,” a rocket that is carried into the atmosphere by a gas-filled balloon, then separated from the balloon and lit. This rocket would take Hughes about 68 miles up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has a documentary crew following him around to record his ambition, with a planned release in August.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was actually the second time he’s constructed and launched a rocket. He said he jumped on a private property in Winkelman, Arizona, on Jan. 30, 2014, and traveled 1,374 feet. He collapsed after that landing and needed three days to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there wasn’t any footage of him climbing into the craft, leading some to question whether he even took off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one was going to be shown online through Noize TV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My story really is incredible,” Hughes said. “It’s got a bunch of story lines — the garage-built thing. I’m an older guy. It’s out in the middle of nowhere, plus the Flat Earth. The problem is it brings out all the nuts also, people questioning everything. It’s the downside of all this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His future plans are simple: Fill out the paperwork to run for governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is no joke,” Hughes said. “I want to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_73518 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_73518\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_73518\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Lessons In How To Manage California's Groundwater",
"headTitle": "Lessons In How To Manage California’s Groundwater | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California is well behind the curve on groundwater regulation. With a few exceptions, groundwater extraction has never been regulated in the state or even monitored with any precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a 2014 law, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a> (SGMA), at last will require groundwater basins in the state to reverse longstanding overdraft problems. This will mean metering individual groundwater wells for the first time, as well as collecting fees from groundwater users to fund management efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most western states started down this path decades ago. So to help inform the nascent effort in California, Environmental Defense Fund and the Daugherty Water for Food Global Initiative examined groundwater management programs in six states. Their \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/groundwater-case-study.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">new report\u003c/a> illuminates lessons from Arizona, Oregon, Colorado, Texas, Nebraska and a few pioneering groundwater managers within California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke with Christina Babbitt, a coauthor of the report and senior manager of the Environmental Defense Fund’s California groundwater program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why did you do this study?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christina Babbitt: We really did the report to better understand some of the challenges that water managers are facing across the West, and the tools and strategies they’re using to address these challenges. We think that by better understanding what others are doing across the West, we can leverage those lessons learned to inform water management under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking at some of these innovative approaches, we can give water managers hope in California that they can meet these difficult challenges that lie ahead of us. The weather this winter is yet another reminder of why California needs a safe and resilient water system. And groundwater plays a really important role in that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What were your main findings?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: The most effective groundwater programs had five key elements: trust and community involvement, accurate data, a portfolio of approaches, performance metrics and access to adequate funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building trust is key. It emerged as something that is needed, but is something that is often overlooked when developing successful groundwater management programs. And trust really began by having broad community involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How should groundwater agencies go about building trust?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: That is something we can’t stress enough in SGMA implementation. One way is to use data to build trust. So for example, in the Kings Basin in California they’ve been using these data-driven groundwater models to convey what is happening with groundwater so people can start to buy into what is happening within the basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also you can build trust by including stakeholders in the planning process from the very beginning, so they know how management is evolving and what information goes into making decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska they’ve done a lot of outreach and engagement and they are in charge of more than groundwater – for example, soil management and land conservation. It allows them to communicate and interact with the community in ways that are not always regulatory, which I think is a great way to build trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What do you mean by ‘broad community involvement,’ and why is that important?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: I think this broad community involvement needs to be from a diversity of voices, so it’s not just one sector making all of the decisions. All the interested stakeholders need to feel they have a voice at the table. And it’s not only a voice. They need to feel their voice is being considered by decision-makers. If that’s not done at these early stages of development, it’s going to come back and be detrimental.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s a huge educational component that goes along with it. There are a lot of people who depend on the well they might have outside their house. They need to understand why they should be interested in participating. That’s a responsibility of the folks who are making the decision to really reach out and be inclusive in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: The report also mentions the importance of patience. But it’s not one of your five key elements.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: Successful groundwater management is not something that happens overnight. It takes all of these five elements and it also takes a huge learning curve. It’s a process of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s interesting. I think when SGMA was first passed, a lot of the deadlines for achieving sustainability seemed really far off. But if you’re in a high-priority basin, you have to develop a sustainability plan by 2020. And that’s right around the corner. That’s not going to be easy with the challenges many of these areas are facing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: You examined policies in six states, all of them in the West except for Nebraska. Why Nebraska?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: I’m a bit biased because I did go to school at the University of Nebraska. But Nebraska is a state that’s dominated by irrigated agriculture. And I think 91 percent of the state’s total land area is dedicated to agricultural production. So they have a lot at stake when it comes to groundwater, and we can learn a lot from the things they’ve done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska has implemented a portfolio of approaches to manage their groundwater, including regulations, incentives and outreach programs. Some highlights from what they are doing really well are emphasizing public education and outreach to make sure water users and community members are informed. They have established a really interesting system for capping the number of irrigated acres that can be allowed, and a way to allocate water among individual users. It provides much-needed certainty to growers, but also allows itself to adapt to changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kind of data is needed, and how is it used?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: People are going to need to show why and how they are making decisions. And I think data is a key piece of the puzzle when it comes to building some of these incentive-based programs. For example, if you want to look at the Edwards aquifer [in Texas], they have implemented a system that allows them to trade pumping permits. It’s essentially a trading market, and you need a certain amount of data to be able to implement that program or to incentivize some of these mitigation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It really must be a portfolio of approaches. You can’t just have regulation. You can’t just have education and outreach. It really is many things that have to come together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/13/to-manage-groundwater-california-could-learn-from-its-neighbors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is well behind the curve on groundwater regulation. With a few exceptions, groundwater extraction has never been regulated in the state or even monitored with any precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a 2014 law, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a> (SGMA), at last will require groundwater basins in the state to reverse longstanding overdraft problems. This will mean metering individual groundwater wells for the first time, as well as collecting fees from groundwater users to fund management efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most western states started down this path decades ago. So to help inform the nascent effort in California, Environmental Defense Fund and the Daugherty Water for Food Global Initiative examined groundwater management programs in six states. Their \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/groundwater-case-study.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">new report\u003c/a> illuminates lessons from Arizona, Oregon, Colorado, Texas, Nebraska and a few pioneering groundwater managers within California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke with Christina Babbitt, a coauthor of the report and senior manager of the Environmental Defense Fund’s California groundwater program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why did you do this study?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christina Babbitt: We really did the report to better understand some of the challenges that water managers are facing across the West, and the tools and strategies they’re using to address these challenges. We think that by better understanding what others are doing across the West, we can leverage those lessons learned to inform water management under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking at some of these innovative approaches, we can give water managers hope in California that they can meet these difficult challenges that lie ahead of us. The weather this winter is yet another reminder of why California needs a safe and resilient water system. And groundwater plays a really important role in that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What were your main findings?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: The most effective groundwater programs had five key elements: trust and community involvement, accurate data, a portfolio of approaches, performance metrics and access to adequate funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building trust is key. It emerged as something that is needed, but is something that is often overlooked when developing successful groundwater management programs. And trust really began by having broad community involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How should groundwater agencies go about building trust?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: That is something we can’t stress enough in SGMA implementation. One way is to use data to build trust. So for example, in the Kings Basin in California they’ve been using these data-driven groundwater models to convey what is happening with groundwater so people can start to buy into what is happening within the basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also you can build trust by including stakeholders in the planning process from the very beginning, so they know how management is evolving and what information goes into making decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska they’ve done a lot of outreach and engagement and they are in charge of more than groundwater – for example, soil management and land conservation. It allows them to communicate and interact with the community in ways that are not always regulatory, which I think is a great way to build trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What do you mean by ‘broad community involvement,’ and why is that important?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: I think this broad community involvement needs to be from a diversity of voices, so it’s not just one sector making all of the decisions. All the interested stakeholders need to feel they have a voice at the table. And it’s not only a voice. They need to feel their voice is being considered by decision-makers. If that’s not done at these early stages of development, it’s going to come back and be detrimental.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s a huge educational component that goes along with it. There are a lot of people who depend on the well they might have outside their house. They need to understand why they should be interested in participating. That’s a responsibility of the folks who are making the decision to really reach out and be inclusive in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: The report also mentions the importance of patience. But it’s not one of your five key elements.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: Successful groundwater management is not something that happens overnight. It takes all of these five elements and it also takes a huge learning curve. It’s a process of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s interesting. I think when SGMA was first passed, a lot of the deadlines for achieving sustainability seemed really far off. But if you’re in a high-priority basin, you have to develop a sustainability plan by 2020. And that’s right around the corner. That’s not going to be easy with the challenges many of these areas are facing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: You examined policies in six states, all of them in the West except for Nebraska. Why Nebraska?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: I’m a bit biased because I did go to school at the University of Nebraska. But Nebraska is a state that’s dominated by irrigated agriculture. And I think 91 percent of the state’s total land area is dedicated to agricultural production. So they have a lot at stake when it comes to groundwater, and we can learn a lot from the things they’ve done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska has implemented a portfolio of approaches to manage their groundwater, including regulations, incentives and outreach programs. Some highlights from what they are doing really well are emphasizing public education and outreach to make sure water users and community members are informed. They have established a really interesting system for capping the number of irrigated acres that can be allowed, and a way to allocate water among individual users. It provides much-needed certainty to growers, but also allows itself to adapt to changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kind of data is needed, and how is it used?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: People are going to need to show why and how they are making decisions. And I think data is a key piece of the puzzle when it comes to building some of these incentive-based programs. For example, if you want to look at the Edwards aquifer [in Texas], they have implemented a system that allows them to trade pumping permits. It’s essentially a trading market, and you need a certain amount of data to be able to implement that program or to incentivize some of these mitigation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It really must be a portfolio of approaches. You can’t just have regulation. You can’t just have education and outreach. It really is many things that have to come together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/13/to-manage-groundwater-california-could-learn-from-its-neighbors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s attorney general is suing the Trump administration for rolling back a fracking rule that he says is designed to protect public health and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We take this action to protect the 40 million people of our great state of California against federal overreach and to insist that the rule of law be followed by everyone, including the occupant in the White House.’\u003ccite>Xavier Becerra, California Attorney General\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Attorney General Xavier Becerra announced the lawsuit as he celebrated his first year as California’s top law enforcement official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says his office has filed 25 lawsuits against President Donald Trump’s administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We take this action to protect the 40 million people of our great state of California against federal overreach and to insist that the rule of law be followed by everyone, including the occupant in the White House,” Becerra said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest suit challenges the federal Bureau of Land Management’s rollback of a major rule last month governing fracking, which cracks open underground oil and gas deposits with pressurized water, sand and chemicals. The rule would require drilling companies to disclose the chemicals they use for fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra says the administration broke the law by not following required procedures including getting public comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>With additional reporting from KQED. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s attorney general is suing the Trump administration for rolling back a fracking rule that he says is designed to protect public health and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We take this action to protect the 40 million people of our great state of California against federal overreach and to insist that the rule of law be followed by everyone, including the occupant in the White House.’\u003ccite>Xavier Becerra, California Attorney General\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Attorney General Xavier Becerra announced the lawsuit as he celebrated his first year as California’s top law enforcement official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says his office has filed 25 lawsuits against President Donald Trump’s administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We take this action to protect the 40 million people of our great state of California against federal overreach and to insist that the rule of law be followed by everyone, including the occupant in the White House,” Becerra said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest suit challenges the federal Bureau of Land Management’s rollback of a major rule last month governing fracking, which cracks open underground oil and gas deposits with pressurized water, sand and chemicals. The rule would require drilling companies to disclose the chemicals they use for fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]YouTube viewers are well-acquainted with the squirrel genre: Thousands of videos that show squirrels \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgDa_cpgHWs\">going to great lengths to extract seeds from bird feeders\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9-rE5RBZvU\">humans trying to thwart their efforts\u003c/a>, or the old favorite, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_15UrPHkVQo\">squirrels stuffing their cheeks with nuts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Squirrels are some of the wild animals we’re in closest proximity to, and we love either watching their antics or shooing them away. But maybe the popularity of squirrel videos also owes to the fact that we see some of ourselves in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is part of what fueled \u003ca href=\"http://jacobs.berkeley.edu/people/\">Mikel Delgado\u003c/a>’s interest in the fox squirrels she saw on the University of California, Berkeley, campus. Delgado, an animal behaviorist and doctoral student there, likes to quote from Charles Darwin’s book “The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex,” in which the English naturalist proposed that the differences between humans and other animals aren’t as clear-cut as we might want to think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nevertheless the difference in mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is,” wrote Darwin, “certainly is one of degree and not of kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time the book was published, in 1870, Darwin’s idea didn’t catch on, said Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was controversial because people thought animals were machines and didn’t feel pain,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_998371\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-998371\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Mikel Delgado, Amanda Robin and Breana Martinez take a break from studying fox squirrels on the University of California, Berkeley, campus. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mikel Delgado, Amanda Robin and Breana Martinez take a break from studying fox squirrels on the University of California, Berkeley, campus. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inspired by Darwin, Delgado was intrigued by squirrels’ emotional worlds. Though fox squirrels chatter their teeth, they don’t really make any facial expressions like we do to signal our sadness, anger or surprise. The way to tell what they’re feeling, researchers have found, is to watch their tails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a predator like a dog is around, a fox squirrel runs up a tree. When it’s safely at the top, it whips its tail back and forth to look big and fearsome. Researchers call this s-shaped movement “flagging” and it means the squirrel feels really threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_998366\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirresl_SQUIRRELFLAGSTAIL_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-998366\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirresl_SQUIRRELFLAGSTAIL_720.gif\" alt=\"When they’re threatened by a predator, fox squirrels whip their tails in an s-shaped pattern to look big and fearsome. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When they’re threatened by a predator, fox squirrels whip their tails in an s-shaped pattern to look big and fearsome. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Delgado wondered what else she could learn from watching squirrels flag their tails. For instance, do they get frustrated, the way that people do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have studied frustration in farm animals like pigs in France, hens in Scotland and trout in Norway, to see if it leads them to become aggressive, and to what degree. These studies were motivated by farmers’ desire to avoid situations in which their animals would attack each other and bring down productivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delgado was inspired by Darwin’s more philosophical question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was pioneering this idea that we weren’t that different from other animals,” said Delgado. “He saw that when animals were in pain or aggressive towards other animals, their bodies were showing signals that appeared to be related to emotion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Darwin’s writings were based on his observations, not on experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He didn’t have the evidence that we’d seek out today,” said Delgado. So she devised an experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fox squirrels love walnuts. So she lured some of the fox squirrels on campus down from the trees and taught them how to lift the lid of a black plastic box to find a piece of walnut inside. She coaxed the squirrels over to the box with peanuts, which are cheaper than walnuts, and encouraged them to open it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a squirrel lifted the lid with its snout, took the walnut out and ate it, she dropped another one into the box. By repeatedly putting walnuts in the box, Delgado trained the squirrels to expect one each time they looked inside. This training was important because frustration is usually defined as not getting what you expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_998372\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-998372\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"University of California, Berkeley, animal behaviorist Mikel Delgado trained fox squirrels to expect a walnut each time they opened a box. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California, Berkeley, animal behaviorist Mikel Delgado trained fox squirrels to expect a walnut each time they opened a box. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once she trained the squirrels to expect a walnut when they opened the box, Delgado changed things up. For a group of randomly selected squirrels, she replaced the walnut with corn, which squirrels don’t like as much. The squirrels flagged their tails. For another group of squirrels, Delgado left the box completely empty. These squirrels weren’t happy. They flagged their tails even more than the ones she had offered corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the third group, she locked the box. Of the three groups, these flagged their tails the most. They got aggressive, a hallmark of frustration. And they tried different ways to open the box. They bit it; they toppled it; they dragged it around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_998368\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_FRUSTRATEDSQUIRREL_720-1.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-998368\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_FRUSTRATEDSQUIRREL_720-1.gif\" alt=\"A fox squirrel trained to expect a walnut at the bottom of a box finds a locked box instead and tries to pry it open.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fox squirrel trained to expect a walnut at the bottom of a box finds a locked box instead and tries to pry it open. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What we saw is that when the box was locked, they spent more time interacting with the box,” said Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That made her believe that perhaps frustration isn’t just a way of blowing off steam, but instead a way to gather up the energy to “brute-force” a new solution, kind of like kicking the vending machine when it eats your dollar. She thinks frustration might have an evolutionary purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this brings us back to squirrels and bird feeders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re a squirrel and you’re trying to break into my bird feeder you could try to rip it open with your paws, you might start to chew,” said Delgado. “With all that energy, maybe by chance you accidentally knock the feeder. The idea is that between all these different attempts and the increased energy from being agitated, maybe that’s one way of solving the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delgado warns that this hypothesis goes beyond the results of her experiment, which were \u003ca href=\"http://jacobs.berkeley.edu/publications/\">recently published in the Journal of Comparative Psychology\u003c/a>. But it might well be that temper tantrums are useful after all, and that pitching a fit is helpful to squirrels – and maybe to people as well.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>YouTube viewers are well-acquainted with the squirrel genre: Thousands of videos that show squirrels \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgDa_cpgHWs\">going to great lengths to extract seeds from bird feeders\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9-rE5RBZvU\">humans trying to thwart their efforts\u003c/a>, or the old favorite, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_15UrPHkVQo\">squirrels stuffing their cheeks with nuts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Squirrels are some of the wild animals we’re in closest proximity to, and we love either watching their antics or shooing them away. But maybe the popularity of squirrel videos also owes to the fact that we see some of ourselves in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is part of what fueled \u003ca href=\"http://jacobs.berkeley.edu/people/\">Mikel Delgado\u003c/a>’s interest in the fox squirrels she saw on the University of California, Berkeley, campus. Delgado, an animal behaviorist and doctoral student there, likes to quote from Charles Darwin’s book “The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex,” in which the English naturalist proposed that the differences between humans and other animals aren’t as clear-cut as we might want to think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nevertheless the difference in mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is,” wrote Darwin, “certainly is one of degree and not of kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time the book was published, in 1870, Darwin’s idea didn’t catch on, said Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was controversial because people thought animals were machines and didn’t feel pain,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_998371\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-998371\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Mikel Delgado, Amanda Robin and Breana Martinez take a break from studying fox squirrels on the University of California, Berkeley, campus. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/Mikel-and-assistants-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mikel Delgado, Amanda Robin and Breana Martinez take a break from studying fox squirrels on the University of California, Berkeley, campus. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inspired by Darwin, Delgado was intrigued by squirrels’ emotional worlds. Though fox squirrels chatter their teeth, they don’t really make any facial expressions like we do to signal our sadness, anger or surprise. The way to tell what they’re feeling, researchers have found, is to watch their tails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a predator like a dog is around, a fox squirrel runs up a tree. When it’s safely at the top, it whips its tail back and forth to look big and fearsome. Researchers call this s-shaped movement “flagging” and it means the squirrel feels really threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_998366\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirresl_SQUIRRELFLAGSTAIL_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-998366\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirresl_SQUIRRELFLAGSTAIL_720.gif\" alt=\"When they’re threatened by a predator, fox squirrels whip their tails in an s-shaped pattern to look big and fearsome. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When they’re threatened by a predator, fox squirrels whip their tails in an s-shaped pattern to look big and fearsome. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Delgado wondered what else she could learn from watching squirrels flag their tails. For instance, do they get frustrated, the way that people do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have studied frustration in farm animals like pigs in France, hens in Scotland and trout in Norway, to see if it leads them to become aggressive, and to what degree. These studies were motivated by farmers’ desire to avoid situations in which their animals would attack each other and bring down productivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delgado was inspired by Darwin’s more philosophical question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was pioneering this idea that we weren’t that different from other animals,” said Delgado. “He saw that when animals were in pain or aggressive towards other animals, their bodies were showing signals that appeared to be related to emotion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Darwin’s writings were based on his observations, not on experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He didn’t have the evidence that we’d seek out today,” said Delgado. So she devised an experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fox squirrels love walnuts. So she lured some of the fox squirrels on campus down from the trees and taught them how to lift the lid of a black plastic box to find a piece of walnut inside. She coaxed the squirrels over to the box with peanuts, which are cheaper than walnuts, and encouraged them to open it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a squirrel lifted the lid with its snout, took the walnut out and ate it, she dropped another one into the box. By repeatedly putting walnuts in the box, Delgado trained the squirrels to expect one each time they looked inside. This training was important because frustration is usually defined as not getting what you expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_998372\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-998372\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"University of California, Berkeley, animal behaviorist Mikel Delgado trained fox squirrels to expect a walnut each time they opened a box. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_HANDDELIVERSNUT-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California, Berkeley, animal behaviorist Mikel Delgado trained fox squirrels to expect a walnut each time they opened a box. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once she trained the squirrels to expect a walnut when they opened the box, Delgado changed things up. For a group of randomly selected squirrels, she replaced the walnut with corn, which squirrels don’t like as much. The squirrels flagged their tails. For another group of squirrels, Delgado left the box completely empty. These squirrels weren’t happy. They flagged their tails even more than the ones she had offered corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the third group, she locked the box. Of the three groups, these flagged their tails the most. They got aggressive, a hallmark of frustration. And they tried different ways to open the box. They bit it; they toppled it; they dragged it around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_998368\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_FRUSTRATEDSQUIRREL_720-1.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-998368\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/DL_314FrustratedSquirrels_FRUSTRATEDSQUIRREL_720-1.gif\" alt=\"A fox squirrel trained to expect a walnut at the bottom of a box finds a locked box instead and tries to pry it open.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fox squirrel trained to expect a walnut at the bottom of a box finds a locked box instead and tries to pry it open. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What we saw is that when the box was locked, they spent more time interacting with the box,” said Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That made her believe that perhaps frustration isn’t just a way of blowing off steam, but instead a way to gather up the energy to “brute-force” a new solution, kind of like kicking the vending machine when it eats your dollar. She thinks frustration might have an evolutionary purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this brings us back to squirrels and bird feeders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re a squirrel and you’re trying to break into my bird feeder you could try to rip it open with your paws, you might start to chew,” said Delgado. “With all that energy, maybe by chance you accidentally knock the feeder. The idea is that between all these different attempts and the increased energy from being agitated, maybe that’s one way of solving the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delgado warns that this hypothesis goes beyond the results of her experiment, which were \u003ca href=\"http://jacobs.berkeley.edu/publications/\">recently published in the Journal of Comparative Psychology\u003c/a>. But it might well be that temper tantrums are useful after all, and that pitching a fit is helpful to squirrels – and maybe to people as well.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>At the foot of a giant sequoia in California’s Sierra Nevada, two arborists stepped into harnesses then inched up ropes more than 20 stories into the dizzying canopy of a tree that survived thousands of years, enduring drought, wildfire and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, the arborists clipped off tips of young branches to be hand-delivered across the country, cloned in a lab and eventually planted in a forest in some other part of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two are among a cadre of modern day Johnny Appleseeds who believe California’s giant sequoias and coastal redwoods are blessed with some of the heartiest genetics of any trees on Earth — and that propagating them will help reverse climate change, at least in a small way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a biological miracle,” said tree climber Jim Clark, firmly back on the ground and holding a green sprig to his lips as if to kiss it. “This piece of tissue … can be rooted, and we have a miniature 3,000-year-old tree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cloning expedition to Camp Nelson, a mountain community about 100 miles southeast of Fresno, was led by David Milarch, co-founder of Archangel Ancient Tree Archive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Michigan-based nurseryman preaches the urgency of restoring the Earth’s decimated forests. In two decades, he says his nonprofit group has cloned 170 types of trees and planted more than 300,000 of them in seven countries with willing landowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a biological miracle. We have a miniature 3,000-year-old tree.’\u003ccite>Jim Clark\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a race against time,” Milarch said. “If we start right now, we can go after climate change and reverse it before it’s too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sequoias growing in the Sierra are among the biggest and oldest trees on Earth, some nearly 300 feet tall and up to 3,000 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relying on common sense that he says is being borne out by science, Milarch, 66, believes their size and robustness make them ideal for absorbing greenhouse gases that drive climate change on the planet. He likens them to people who drink and smoke all their lives, yet thrive well into their 90s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One skeptic is Todd Dawson, a professor of integrated biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He admires Archangel’s creative efforts but says it’s unclear whether the towering trees have superior genes or whether they were simply lucky not to meet the fate of a logger’s saw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chances are slim, he said, that cloning and planting a limited number of trees will cool the warming planet. He favors more sweeping approaches such as curbing the use of fossil fuels and protecting vast rainforests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s one of the things about global warming — it’s a global problem,” Dawson said. “You’re going to have to plant a lot of trees to combat global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of about a dozen expert tree climbers from across the country volunteered for the expedition in May to restock Archangel’s store of genetic samples. They risked their lives to climb to the ends of massive limbs, starting in the southern Sierra sequoia grove and winding up nearly 500 miles away in Northern California, where they carefully collected additional samples from coastal redwoods — a taller, thinner cousin of the giant sequoia. [contextly_sidebar id=”I6Je3Fpl7kMVmUyX8g4zO3Wr5pO1yOZZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark wrapped the clippings he gathered in damp newspaper, placed them inside ice-filled duffel bags and boarded an overnight flight to the Archangel’s lab across country in Copemish, a rural village in northwestern Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, Clark and another propagation specialist snipped off some 2,000 shoots a few inches long and planted them in small containers of a peat-and-gel mixture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another 1,000 fingernail-sized bits of greenery were placed into jars containing a blend of seaweed-based gelatin and growth hormones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The samples grow beneath purplish fluorescent lights under humidity and temperatures designed to encourage rooting. Cloning ancient trees is tricky business, lab workers say, and many samples don’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later this year, Archangel’s team will come west to plant up to 1,000 sequoia and redwood saplings in a cool, damp region of Oregon where the trees will have the best chance to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Werner, a horticulture consultant based in Monterey, California, who has worked with Archangel, says that in the face of global warming, it’s easy to dismiss the efforts of a “renegade” group that relies heavily on donations and volunteer nurserymen and arborists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not fair,” Werner said. “It may be a drop in the bucket, but at least somebody’s doing something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AP correspondent John Flesher contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At the foot of a giant sequoia in California’s Sierra Nevada, two arborists stepped into harnesses then inched up ropes more than 20 stories into the dizzying canopy of a tree that survived thousands of years, enduring drought, wildfire and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, the arborists clipped off tips of young branches to be hand-delivered across the country, cloned in a lab and eventually planted in a forest in some other part of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two are among a cadre of modern day Johnny Appleseeds who believe California’s giant sequoias and coastal redwoods are blessed with some of the heartiest genetics of any trees on Earth — and that propagating them will help reverse climate change, at least in a small way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a biological miracle,” said tree climber Jim Clark, firmly back on the ground and holding a green sprig to his lips as if to kiss it. “This piece of tissue … can be rooted, and we have a miniature 3,000-year-old tree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cloning expedition to Camp Nelson, a mountain community about 100 miles southeast of Fresno, was led by David Milarch, co-founder of Archangel Ancient Tree Archive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Michigan-based nurseryman preaches the urgency of restoring the Earth’s decimated forests. In two decades, he says his nonprofit group has cloned 170 types of trees and planted more than 300,000 of them in seven countries with willing landowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a biological miracle. We have a miniature 3,000-year-old tree.’\u003ccite>Jim Clark\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a race against time,” Milarch said. “If we start right now, we can go after climate change and reverse it before it’s too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sequoias growing in the Sierra are among the biggest and oldest trees on Earth, some nearly 300 feet tall and up to 3,000 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relying on common sense that he says is being borne out by science, Milarch, 66, believes their size and robustness make them ideal for absorbing greenhouse gases that drive climate change on the planet. He likens them to people who drink and smoke all their lives, yet thrive well into their 90s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One skeptic is Todd Dawson, a professor of integrated biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He admires Archangel’s creative efforts but says it’s unclear whether the towering trees have superior genes or whether they were simply lucky not to meet the fate of a logger’s saw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chances are slim, he said, that cloning and planting a limited number of trees will cool the warming planet. He favors more sweeping approaches such as curbing the use of fossil fuels and protecting vast rainforests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s one of the things about global warming — it’s a global problem,” Dawson said. “You’re going to have to plant a lot of trees to combat global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of about a dozen expert tree climbers from across the country volunteered for the expedition in May to restock Archangel’s store of genetic samples. They risked their lives to climb to the ends of massive limbs, starting in the southern Sierra sequoia grove and winding up nearly 500 miles away in Northern California, where they carefully collected additional samples from coastal redwoods — a taller, thinner cousin of the giant sequoia. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark wrapped the clippings he gathered in damp newspaper, placed them inside ice-filled duffel bags and boarded an overnight flight to the Archangel’s lab across country in Copemish, a rural village in northwestern Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, Clark and another propagation specialist snipped off some 2,000 shoots a few inches long and planted them in small containers of a peat-and-gel mixture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another 1,000 fingernail-sized bits of greenery were placed into jars containing a blend of seaweed-based gelatin and growth hormones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The samples grow beneath purplish fluorescent lights under humidity and temperatures designed to encourage rooting. Cloning ancient trees is tricky business, lab workers say, and many samples don’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later this year, Archangel’s team will come west to plant up to 1,000 sequoia and redwood saplings in a cool, damp region of Oregon where the trees will have the best chance to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Werner, a horticulture consultant based in Monterey, California, who has worked with Archangel, says that in the face of global warming, it’s easy to dismiss the efforts of a “renegade” group that relies heavily on donations and volunteer nurserymen and arborists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not fair,” Werner said. “It may be a drop in the bucket, but at least somebody’s doing something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AP correspondent John Flesher contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
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"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
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