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"content": "\u003cp>The launch of a SpaceX rocket ship with two NASA astronauts on a history-making flight into orbit was called off with 16 minutes to go in the countdown Wednesday because of thunderclouds and the danger of lightning in Florida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liftoff was rescheduled for Saturday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commercially designed, built and owned spacecraft was set to blast off in the afternoon for the International Space Station, ushering in a new era in commercial spaceflight and putting NASA back in the business of launching astronauts from U.S. soil for the first time in nearly a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But thunderstorms for much of the day threatened to force a postponement, and the word finally came down that the atmosphere was so electrically charged that the spacecraft with NASA astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken aboard could get hit by a bolt of lightning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No launch for today — safety for our crew members @Astro_Doug and @AstroBehnken is our top priority,” NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine tweeted, using a lightning emoji.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two men were scheduled to ride into orbit aboard the SpaceX’s bullet-shaped Dragon capsule on top of a Falcon 9 rocket, taking off from the same launch pad used during the Apollo moon missions a half-century ago. Both President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence had arrived to watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flight — the long-held dream of SpaceX founder Elon Musk — would have marked the first time a private company sent humans into orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would also have been the first time in nearly a decade that the United States launched astronauts into orbit from U.S. soil. Ever since the space shuttle was retired in 2011, NASA has relied on Russian spaceships launched from Kazakhstan to take U.S. astronauts to and from the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the day, thunder could be heard as the astronauts made their way to the pad at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, and a tornado warning was issued moments after they climbed into their capsule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The preparations took place in the shadow of the coronavirus outbreak that has killed an estimated 100,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re launching American astronauts on American rockets from American soil. We haven’t done this really since 2011, so this is a unique moment in time,” Bridenstine said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this launch, he said, “everybody can look up and say, ‘Look, the future is so much brighter than the present.′ And I really hope that this is an inspiration to the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mission would put Musk and SpaceX in the same league as only three spacefaring countries — Russia, the U.S. and China, all of which sent astronauts into orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What today is about is reigniting the dream of space and getting people fired up about the future,” he said in a NASA interview before the flight was scrubbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A solemn-sounding Musk said he felt his responsibilities most strongly when he saw the astronauts’ wives and sons just before launch. He said he told them: “We’ve done everything we can to make sure your dads come back OK.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA pushed ahead with the launch despite the viral outbreak, but kept the guest list at Kennedy extremely limited and asked spectators to stay at home. Still, beaches and parks along Florida’s Space Coast are open again, and hours before the launch, cars and RVs already were lining the causeway in Cape Canaveral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The space agency also estimated 1.7 million people were watching the launch preparations online during the afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the sightseers was Erin Gatz, who came prepared for both rain and pandemic. Accompanied by her 14-year-old daughter and 12-year-old son, she brought face masks and a small tent to protect against the elements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the children had faint memories of watching in person one of the last shuttle launches almost a decade ago when they were preschoolers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wanted them to see the flip side and get to see the next era of space travel,” said Gatz, who lives in Deltona, Florida. “It’s exciting and hopeful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA hired SpaceX and Boeing in 2014 to transport astronauts to the space station in a new kind of public-private partnership. Development of SpaceX’s Dragon and Boeing’s Starliner capsules took longer than expected, however. Boeing’s ship is not expected to fly astronauts into space until early 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing it differently than we’ve ever done it before,” Bridenstine said. “We’re transforming how we do spaceflight in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The launch of a SpaceX rocket ship with two NASA astronauts on a history-making flight into orbit was called off with 16 minutes to go in the countdown Wednesday because of thunderclouds and the danger of lightning in Florida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liftoff was rescheduled for Saturday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commercially designed, built and owned spacecraft was set to blast off in the afternoon for the International Space Station, ushering in a new era in commercial spaceflight and putting NASA back in the business of launching astronauts from U.S. soil for the first time in nearly a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But thunderstorms for much of the day threatened to force a postponement, and the word finally came down that the atmosphere was so electrically charged that the spacecraft with NASA astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken aboard could get hit by a bolt of lightning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No launch for today — safety for our crew members @Astro_Doug and @AstroBehnken is our top priority,” NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine tweeted, using a lightning emoji.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two men were scheduled to ride into orbit aboard the SpaceX’s bullet-shaped Dragon capsule on top of a Falcon 9 rocket, taking off from the same launch pad used during the Apollo moon missions a half-century ago. Both President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence had arrived to watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flight — the long-held dream of SpaceX founder Elon Musk — would have marked the first time a private company sent humans into orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would also have been the first time in nearly a decade that the United States launched astronauts into orbit from U.S. soil. Ever since the space shuttle was retired in 2011, NASA has relied on Russian spaceships launched from Kazakhstan to take U.S. astronauts to and from the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the day, thunder could be heard as the astronauts made their way to the pad at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, and a tornado warning was issued moments after they climbed into their capsule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The preparations took place in the shadow of the coronavirus outbreak that has killed an estimated 100,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re launching American astronauts on American rockets from American soil. We haven’t done this really since 2011, so this is a unique moment in time,” Bridenstine said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this launch, he said, “everybody can look up and say, ‘Look, the future is so much brighter than the present.′ And I really hope that this is an inspiration to the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mission would put Musk and SpaceX in the same league as only three spacefaring countries — Russia, the U.S. and China, all of which sent astronauts into orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What today is about is reigniting the dream of space and getting people fired up about the future,” he said in a NASA interview before the flight was scrubbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A solemn-sounding Musk said he felt his responsibilities most strongly when he saw the astronauts’ wives and sons just before launch. He said he told them: “We’ve done everything we can to make sure your dads come back OK.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA pushed ahead with the launch despite the viral outbreak, but kept the guest list at Kennedy extremely limited and asked spectators to stay at home. Still, beaches and parks along Florida’s Space Coast are open again, and hours before the launch, cars and RVs already were lining the causeway in Cape Canaveral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The space agency also estimated 1.7 million people were watching the launch preparations online during the afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the sightseers was Erin Gatz, who came prepared for both rain and pandemic. Accompanied by her 14-year-old daughter and 12-year-old son, she brought face masks and a small tent to protect against the elements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the children had faint memories of watching in person one of the last shuttle launches almost a decade ago when they were preschoolers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wanted them to see the flip side and get to see the next era of space travel,” said Gatz, who lives in Deltona, Florida. “It’s exciting and hopeful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA hired SpaceX and Boeing in 2014 to transport astronauts to the space station in a new kind of public-private partnership. Development of SpaceX’s Dragon and Boeing’s Starliner capsules took longer than expected, however. Boeing’s ship is not expected to fly astronauts into space until early 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing it differently than we’ve ever done it before,” Bridenstine said. “We’re transforming how we do spaceflight in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Almost 40 years have passed since the last \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">time\u003c/a> NASA astronauts blasted off into space on a brand new spaceship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as NASA looks forward to Wednesday’s planned \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/dm2/\">test flight\u003c/a> of the SpaceX Crew Dragon with a pair of astronauts on board, some in the spaceflight community have a little bit of déjà vu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first space shuttle, Columbia, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/dm2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">flew\u003c/a> on April 12, 1981. Crowds gathered in Florida to watch this strange new spacecraft. It looked more like an airplane than the familiar bell-shaped capsules of the Apollo moon missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/waynehale?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wayne Hale’s\u003c/a> wife woke him up for the shuttle launch and he watched it on television in his bedroom, where he’d been trying to get a little sleep after working a prelaunch shift at Houston’s Mission Control. He’d just come to NASA a few years before, and he says that a lot about that time was not so different from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The substantially similar thing is that we’ve been waiting too long without being able to send Americans into orbit from America,” says Hale, who went on to be a flight director for dozens of shuttle missions and head of the shuttle program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost six years went by between the last \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/apollo-soyuz/overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">flight\u003c/a> of an Apollo spacecraft and the first space shuttle launch. “I remember a lot of talk about, ‘Well, we should never be in the position as a nation again of not being able to send astronauts into space for this long,'” Hale says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time around, though, NASA has been waiting even longer — almost nine years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/137712255/the-end-of-the-space-shuttle-era\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">retired\u003c/a> its space shuttles in 2011 and, since then, it has been paying for seats on the Russian \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/3591/soyuz-spacecraft/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Soyuz\u003c/a> spacecraft to get its astronauts to the International Space Station. That means American astronauts have been launching from Kazakhstan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the space agency has been partnering with companies such as SpaceX and Boeing to help them build their own space vehicles. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/commercial-crew-overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">idea\u003c/a> was that NASA would focus on more ambitious missions like a return to the lunar surface, while letting space companies basically operate a taxi service to nearby station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/11844/crew-dragon/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">One\u003c/a> of them — the SpaceX Crew Dragon — is finally ready to blast off with people on board. And some in the space industry think that this historic launch marks the start of a revolution for space travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because folks outside of NASA will be able to fly on these space taxis, too, if they can afford the fare, opening up space as a more accessible travel destination. Already there’s talk of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/05/05/851048199/tom-cruise-and-nasa-could-be-a-match-made-in-the-heavens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tom Cruise\u003c/a> riding a SpaceX capsule to the station to shoot an action movie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here again, history is repeating itself. Hale says the reusable space shuttle was supposed to transform space travel in a similar way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were going to take Walter Cronkite, my goodness, we were going to have journalists in space, we were going to take entertainers,” he recalls. “We were going to take John Denver into space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of that ended with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_gallery_2437.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Challenger\u003c/a> disaster and the deaths of all on board, including teacher Christa McAuliffe. The shuttle was more dangerous and more expensive than originally planned, and it flew far less often than NASA had hoped. The agency had to shelve its vision of bringing up lots of ordinary people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Let’s hope that this new generation of spacecraft really work out to be safe enough where we really can do that,” says Hale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The safety of SpaceX’s capsule and rocket is better understood than the shuttle was at its start. SpaceX had a successful flight \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/28/698073318/spacex-readies-for-key-test-of-capsule-built-to-carry-astronauts-into-space\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">test\u003c/a> to the station and back with no people on board — except after it had docked to the station, when astronauts on board the outpost \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/03/04/spacex-crew-dragon-hatch-opened-after-successfully-docking-to-station/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">opened\u003c/a> the hatch and went inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARIZnaMXTEU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">checked\u003c/a> out the safety system for astronauts by deliberately destroying one of its rockets and checking to ensure that the capsule escaped without harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing like that was true for the space shuttle. NASA had never launched anything like it before sending it up with two astronauts: veteran \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/astronautprofiles/young/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">John Young\u003c/a> and rookie \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/missions/highlights/webcasts/history/bcrippen-bio.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Crippen\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday afternoon at 4:33 p.m. EDT, from the very same launch pad, the Space X vehicle is scheduled to carry up another pair of astronauts: \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/biographies/douglas-g-hurley/biography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Douglas Hurley\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/biographies/robert-l-behnken\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Behnken\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably a dream of every test pilot school student to have the opportunity to fly on a brand-new spaceship and I’m lucky enough to get that opportunity,” says Behnken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurley says that during their time in the astronaut corps, they both had an opportunity to interact with the first space shuttle flyers. He recently saw Crippen at an event in Texas a few years ago, and they talked about that first shuttle launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think one thing that really registered with me with what Bob Crippen said was, you know, ‘We were so focused on flying the mission, flying the vehicle, and executing and not making a mistake,'” says Hurley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the kind of intense focus Hurley has to have, even in the midst of a pandemic that has NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/05/01/849119650/coronavirus-fears-have-nasa-urging-space-fans-to-stay-away-from-historic-launch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">begging\u003c/a> people not to gather in crowds to watch as they’ve done in the past for the shuttle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Behnken and Hurley have flown on the space shuttle — in fact, Hurley was on its last mission. The shuttle had a cockpit crammed full of switches and dials, but the more modern SpaceX capsule is controlled with a sleek touchscreen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growing up as a pilot, my whole career, having a certain way to control a vehicle,” says Hurley. “This is certainly different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the duo returns to Earth, they’ll splash down in the ocean rather than coasting to a stop on a landing strip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They will, however, be carrying some familiar cargo: an American \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/multimedia/gallery/fd11flag.html\">flag\u003c/a>. It flew on the first shuttle mission and the last. It’s been hung up on the space station for years, just waiting for a crew to launch from the U.S. and bring it back home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+Spaceship+Prepares+To+Blast+Off+And+Make+History&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA and SpaceX plan to launch astronauts to the International Space Station on Wednesday, It'll be the first time a new kind of spacecraft has launched astronauts into orbit since the space shuttle.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Almost 40 years have passed since the last \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">time\u003c/a> NASA astronauts blasted off into space on a brand new spaceship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as NASA looks forward to Wednesday’s planned \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/dm2/\">test flight\u003c/a> of the SpaceX Crew Dragon with a pair of astronauts on board, some in the spaceflight community have a little bit of déjà vu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first space shuttle, Columbia, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/dm2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">flew\u003c/a> on April 12, 1981. Crowds gathered in Florida to watch this strange new spacecraft. It looked more like an airplane than the familiar bell-shaped capsules of the Apollo moon missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/waynehale?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wayne Hale’s\u003c/a> wife woke him up for the shuttle launch and he watched it on television in his bedroom, where he’d been trying to get a little sleep after working a prelaunch shift at Houston’s Mission Control. He’d just come to NASA a few years before, and he says that a lot about that time was not so different from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The substantially similar thing is that we’ve been waiting too long without being able to send Americans into orbit from America,” says Hale, who went on to be a flight director for dozens of shuttle missions and head of the shuttle program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost six years went by between the last \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/apollo-soyuz/overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">flight\u003c/a> of an Apollo spacecraft and the first space shuttle launch. “I remember a lot of talk about, ‘Well, we should never be in the position as a nation again of not being able to send astronauts into space for this long,'” Hale says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time around, though, NASA has been waiting even longer — almost nine years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/137712255/the-end-of-the-space-shuttle-era\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">retired\u003c/a> its space shuttles in 2011 and, since then, it has been paying for seats on the Russian \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/3591/soyuz-spacecraft/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Soyuz\u003c/a> spacecraft to get its astronauts to the International Space Station. That means American astronauts have been launching from Kazakhstan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the space agency has been partnering with companies such as SpaceX and Boeing to help them build their own space vehicles. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/commercial-crew-overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">idea\u003c/a> was that NASA would focus on more ambitious missions like a return to the lunar surface, while letting space companies basically operate a taxi service to nearby station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/11844/crew-dragon/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">One\u003c/a> of them — the SpaceX Crew Dragon — is finally ready to blast off with people on board. And some in the space industry think that this historic launch marks the start of a revolution for space travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because folks outside of NASA will be able to fly on these space taxis, too, if they can afford the fare, opening up space as a more accessible travel destination. Already there’s talk of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/05/05/851048199/tom-cruise-and-nasa-could-be-a-match-made-in-the-heavens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tom Cruise\u003c/a> riding a SpaceX capsule to the station to shoot an action movie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here again, history is repeating itself. Hale says the reusable space shuttle was supposed to transform space travel in a similar way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were going to take Walter Cronkite, my goodness, we were going to have journalists in space, we were going to take entertainers,” he recalls. “We were going to take John Denver into space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of that ended with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_gallery_2437.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Challenger\u003c/a> disaster and the deaths of all on board, including teacher Christa McAuliffe. The shuttle was more dangerous and more expensive than originally planned, and it flew far less often than NASA had hoped. The agency had to shelve its vision of bringing up lots of ordinary people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Let’s hope that this new generation of spacecraft really work out to be safe enough where we really can do that,” says Hale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The safety of SpaceX’s capsule and rocket is better understood than the shuttle was at its start. SpaceX had a successful flight \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/28/698073318/spacex-readies-for-key-test-of-capsule-built-to-carry-astronauts-into-space\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">test\u003c/a> to the station and back with no people on board — except after it had docked to the station, when astronauts on board the outpost \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/03/04/spacex-crew-dragon-hatch-opened-after-successfully-docking-to-station/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">opened\u003c/a> the hatch and went inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARIZnaMXTEU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">checked\u003c/a> out the safety system for astronauts by deliberately destroying one of its rockets and checking to ensure that the capsule escaped without harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing like that was true for the space shuttle. NASA had never launched anything like it before sending it up with two astronauts: veteran \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/astronautprofiles/young/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">John Young\u003c/a> and rookie \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/missions/highlights/webcasts/history/bcrippen-bio.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Crippen\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday afternoon at 4:33 p.m. EDT, from the very same launch pad, the Space X vehicle is scheduled to carry up another pair of astronauts: \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/biographies/douglas-g-hurley/biography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Douglas Hurley\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/astronauts/biographies/robert-l-behnken\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Behnken\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably a dream of every test pilot school student to have the opportunity to fly on a brand-new spaceship and I’m lucky enough to get that opportunity,” says Behnken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hurley says that during their time in the astronaut corps, they both had an opportunity to interact with the first space shuttle flyers. He recently saw Crippen at an event in Texas a few years ago, and they talked about that first shuttle launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think one thing that really registered with me with what Bob Crippen said was, you know, ‘We were so focused on flying the mission, flying the vehicle, and executing and not making a mistake,'” says Hurley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the kind of intense focus Hurley has to have, even in the midst of a pandemic that has NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/05/01/849119650/coronavirus-fears-have-nasa-urging-space-fans-to-stay-away-from-historic-launch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">begging\u003c/a> people not to gather in crowds to watch as they’ve done in the past for the shuttle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Behnken and Hurley have flown on the space shuttle — in fact, Hurley was on its last mission. The shuttle had a cockpit crammed full of switches and dials, but the more modern SpaceX capsule is controlled with a sleek touchscreen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growing up as a pilot, my whole career, having a certain way to control a vehicle,” says Hurley. “This is certainly different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the duo returns to Earth, they’ll splash down in the ocean rather than coasting to a stop on a landing strip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They will, however, be carrying some familiar cargo: an American \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/multimedia/gallery/fd11flag.html\">flag\u003c/a>. It flew on the first shuttle mission and the last. It’s been hung up on the space station for years, just waiting for a crew to launch from the U.S. and bring it back home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+Spaceship+Prepares+To+Blast+Off+And+Make+History&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Coronavirus: Before and After from Space",
"headTitle": "Coronavirus: Before and After from Space | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The coronavirus pandemic has dramatically changed the landscape of California and the United States. Places that were regularly crowded are now empty. Landmarks and freeways that teemed with thousands of people every day before the outbreak are now mostly quiet. The satellite views below are from Planet, a San Francisco company.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>San Francisco Bay Bridge\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 19 2019, 10:30 a.m.\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 16, 2020, 1:00 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=c85eb9c4-73f0-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>San Francisco International Airport\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Jan. 7, 2020\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 20, 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=4dfed3e2-73f2-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Luxor Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Jan. 26, 2020\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 17, 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=0a25e936-73f1-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Hollywood Freeway\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 6 2020\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 18 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=2ada6102-73f1-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Disneyworld Orlando\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Jan. 6 2020\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 3 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=4cb283c2-7455-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Miami Beach\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Nov. 27 2019\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 20 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=69e30c82-73f1-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "You can see the impact of the stay-at-home orders on freeways and landmark vacation spots in satellite.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The coronavirus pandemic has dramatically changed the landscape of California and the United States. Places that were regularly crowded are now empty. Landmarks and freeways that teemed with thousands of people every day before the outbreak are now mostly quiet. The satellite views below are from Planet, a San Francisco company.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>San Francisco Bay Bridge\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 19 2019, 10:30 a.m.\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 16, 2020, 1:00 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=c85eb9c4-73f0-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>San Francisco International Airport\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Jan. 7, 2020\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 20, 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=4dfed3e2-73f2-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Luxor Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Jan. 26, 2020\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 17, 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=0a25e936-73f1-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\" height=\"1\">\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Hollywood Freeway\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Feb. 6 2020\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 18 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=2ada6102-73f1-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Disneyworld Orlando\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Jan. 6 2020\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 3 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=4cb283c2-7455-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cstrong>Miami Beach\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBefore: Nov. 27 2019\u003cbr>\nAfter: Mar. 20 2020\u003c/p>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"100%\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=69e30c82-73f1-11ea-b9b8-0edaf8f81e27\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Vote Here for the Name of New Mars Rover. Polls Close Monday Night",
"headTitle": "Vote Here for the Name of New Mars Rover. Polls Close Monday Night | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>What would you name NASA’s next Mars rover?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside link1=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/,Vote for the Mars rover's name here\"]Last year, the space agency posed this question to students in Kindergarten through 12th grade, along with a homework assignment: Write an essay to convince 4,700 contest judges that their name choice rises above all others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people submitted more than 28,000 essays after the competition opened in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the volunteer judges—professionals, teachers, and space science fanciers from all over the U.S. — have selected \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7578&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200121-1\">nine finalists\u003c/a> for interplanetary naming privileges. They are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/27179\">Promise\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/3762\">Courage\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/18788\">Clarity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/26909\">Tenacity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/24330\">Ingenuity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/6989\">Perseverance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/11318\">Endurance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/14360\">Fortitude\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/23269\">Vision\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The choices reflect public enthusiasm for Mars exploration. The children and teens used exceedingly positive words to describe the enterprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, NASA let the public consider the nine finalist names and essays, and even vote on their favorites. There’s not much time left – this \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/\">link\u003c/a> expires at midnight Monday, Jan. 27. The agency will consider the results in its final naming decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Robot With a Unique Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/overview/\">Mars 2020 rover\u003c/a> is scheduled for launch this July. If all goes well, it will land on Mars on Feb. 18, 2021. Bound for Jezero Crater, the car-sized, six-wheeled robot is built on the design of its predecessor, Curiosity. That rover still explores the water-lain sediments of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to investigate Mars’ climate and the role that water played in the past, Mars 2020 will look for signs of anything that might have lived in those ancient waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite imagery of the western edge of Jezero Crater, the designated landing site for the Mars 2020 rover. The river inlet to the left deposited the delta sediments that appear in the middle. Colors represent different mineral composition. Images by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Surveys made from space by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have revealed evidence that \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jezero-crater-mars-2020s-landing-site\">parts of Jezero Crater\u003c/a> were once sunken beneath the waters of a lake, and fed with runoff and sediment from at least one river inlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Excellent Hunting Ground for Ancient Martians\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No mission has searched for signs of Martian life since the 1977 Viking landers. They looked for present microbial activity in Mars’ soil and came up with inconclusive results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But subsequent missions— notably the Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity rovers, as well as orbital spacecraft — have revealed that in its early history Mars had a much more Earth-like environment: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, rain and rivers feeding deep lakes, and even wide shallow seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-1020x768.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa.jpg 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of estimated depths of an ancient sea that once existed in Mars’ southern Eridiani Basin. The sea is estimated to have contained nine times as much water as in all of the Great Lakes on Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, in the search for life beyond Earth, looking to Mars’ past may have a greater chance of payoff than hoping to find something surviving today in Mars’ cold, dry deserts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How NASA Names Its Spacecraft\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA doesn’t usually name its space-faring missions through contests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many mission names are acronyms, like the Mercury spacecraft \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/main/index.html\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging). This embodies a description of the scientific mission and offers a historical nod to the Roman messenger god for which the planet Mercury is named.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single person, Dr. Abe Silverstein, is responsible for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/history/silverstein_feature.html\">naming of Project Apollo \u003c/a>in 1960. While reading a book of mythology at home, NASA’s director of space flight programs decided that the Greek sun god Apollo blazing across the sky in his fiery chariot was an image that matched the grandeur of a mission to send people to the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only Mars landing missions — and of those, only rovers — have gotten their names through student essay contests. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars-pathfinder\">Sojourner\u003c/a>, which launched in 1996, was the first. Even the little rover’s parent lander, Pathfinder, bore only the official name of the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote] NASA doesn’t usually name its faring missions through contests. You have until midnight Monday, Jan. 27 to vote for a name. [/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956131\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956131\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cartoon illustration of the Mars 2020 rover, made for the student naming contest in August 2019. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Why do only rovers get personal names? Maybe because we give them wheels to scurry around on, and twin-camera “eyes” mounted on neck-like masts, and arms that dig into the Martian soil looking for cool things buried there. Robotic rovers just seem more “alive,” like us, and deserving of a personality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students, all girls 12 years old and younger, gave Sojourner, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Spirit \u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Opportunity \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/home/\">Curiosity \u003c/a>their names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the naming of Mars 2020, will pre-teen girls hold onto their unbroken record, or will a teenager or boy break into this hall of fame?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out in early March, when NASA plans to make the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Last year, the space agency posed this question to students in Kindergarten through 12th grade, along with a homework assignment: Write an essay to convince 4,700 contest judges that their name choice rises above all others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young people submitted more than 28,000 essays after the competition opened in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the volunteer judges—professionals, teachers, and space science fanciers from all over the U.S. — have selected \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7578&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200121-1\">nine finalists\u003c/a> for interplanetary naming privileges. They are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/27179\">Promise\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/3762\">Courage\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/18788\">Clarity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/26909\">Tenacity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/24330\">Ingenuity\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/6989\">Perseverance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/11318\">Endurance\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/14360\">Fortitude\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.futureengineers.org/nametherover/gallery/23269\">Vision\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The choices reflect public enthusiasm for Mars exploration. The children and teens used exceedingly positive words to describe the enterprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, NASA let the public consider the nine finalist names and essays, and even vote on their favorites. There’s not much time left – this \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/\">link\u003c/a> expires at midnight Monday, Jan. 27. The agency will consider the results in its final naming decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Robot With a Unique Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/overview/\">Mars 2020 rover\u003c/a> is scheduled for launch this July. If all goes well, it will land on Mars on Feb. 18, 2021. Bound for Jezero Crater, the car-sized, six-wheeled robot is built on the design of its predecessor, Curiosity. That rover still explores the water-lain sediments of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to investigate Mars’ climate and the role that water played in the past, Mars 2020 will look for signs of anything that might have lived in those ancient waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-800x641.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-768x616.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl-1020x818.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/jezero-landing-site-nasa-jpl-caltech-msss-jhu-apl.jpg 1865w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite imagery of the western edge of Jezero Crater, the designated landing site for the Mars 2020 rover. The river inlet to the left deposited the delta sediments that appear in the middle. Colors represent different mineral composition. Images by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Surveys made from space by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have revealed evidence that \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jezero-crater-mars-2020s-landing-site\">parts of Jezero Crater\u003c/a> were once sunken beneath the waters of a lake, and fed with runoff and sediment from at least one river inlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Excellent Hunting Ground for Ancient Martians\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No mission has searched for signs of Martian life since the 1977 Viking landers. They looked for present microbial activity in Mars’ soil and came up with inconclusive results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But subsequent missions— notably the Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity rovers, as well as orbital spacecraft — have revealed that in its early history Mars had a much more Earth-like environment: a thicker, warmer atmosphere, rain and rivers feeding deep lakes, and even wide shallow seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-800x602.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa-1020x768.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/eridiani-basin-nasa.jpg 1048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of estimated depths of an ancient sea that once existed in Mars’ southern Eridiani Basin. The sea is estimated to have contained nine times as much water as in all of the Great Lakes on Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, in the search for life beyond Earth, looking to Mars’ past may have a greater chance of payoff than hoping to find something surviving today in Mars’ cold, dry deserts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How NASA Names Its Spacecraft\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA doesn’t usually name its space-faring missions through contests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many mission names are acronyms, like the Mercury spacecraft \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/main/index.html\">MESSENGER\u003c/a> (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging). This embodies a description of the scientific mission and offers a historical nod to the Roman messenger god for which the planet Mercury is named.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single person, Dr. Abe Silverstein, is responsible for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/history/silverstein_feature.html\">naming of Project Apollo \u003c/a>in 1960. While reading a book of mythology at home, NASA’s director of space flight programs decided that the Greek sun god Apollo blazing across the sky in his fiery chariot was an image that matched the grandeur of a mission to send people to the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only Mars landing missions — and of those, only rovers — have gotten their names through student essay contests. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars-pathfinder\">Sojourner\u003c/a>, which launched in 1996, was the first. Even the little rover’s parent lander, Pathfinder, bore only the official name of the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": " NASA doesn’t usually name its faring missions through contests. You have until midnight Monday, Jan. 27 to vote for a name. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1956131\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1956131\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/cuterover-nasajplcaltech.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cartoon illustration of the Mars 2020 rover, made for the student naming contest in August 2019. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Why do only rovers get personal names? Maybe because we give them wheels to scurry around on, and twin-camera “eyes” mounted on neck-like masts, and arms that dig into the Martian soil looking for cool things buried there. Robotic rovers just seem more “alive,” like us, and deserving of a personality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students, all girls 12 years old and younger, gave Sojourner, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Spirit \u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/index.html\">Opportunity \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/home/\">Curiosity \u003c/a>their names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the naming of Mars 2020, will pre-teen girls hold onto their unbroken record, or will a teenager or boy break into this hall of fame?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out in early March, when NASA plans to make the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "the-big-science-and-environment-stories-of-the-decade",
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"content": "\u003cp>The 2010s saw breakthroughs in medical science and spectacular discoveries in space and physics. For Californians, it was also the decade that climate change arrived in our front yards in the form of serial cataclysmic fire seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the decade, scientists refined the regimen of HIV/AIDS medication, made life-saving advances in the treatment of cancer, and invented an entirely new gene-editing technology, with the hope of one day curing diseases before they begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons probe captured the first close-up \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">images\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">of\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">Pluto\u003c/a>, and the world caught its first \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101870482/first-photos-of-a-black-hole-captured-by-event-horizon-telescope-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">glimpse\u003c/a>, albeit a bit blurry, of a black hole. Our understanding of exoplanets exploded: the Kepler Space Telescope and the TESS satellite found thousands of new planets outside our solar system, and researchers began to comprehend what those worlds might actually look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the decade closes, the KQED Science team has created a sort of mixtape of the major trends, significant moments and noteworthy discoveries, with an eye toward California and the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do you want the good news or the bad news first? Well, let’s get it out of the way …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildfires Create Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952558\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952558 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crew of inmate firefighters make their way to firefighting operations to battle the Kincade Fire in Healdsburg, California on October 26, 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The changing climate is leading to longer dry periods in California, which is at least three degrees warmer since the beginning of the industrial era, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ca.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, combined with a century of suppressing wildfires and denser populations in areas perilously close to fire-prone wilderness, have created the worst fire seasons on record. Since 2012, four of the five \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/5510/top20_acres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">biggest\u003c/a> California wildfires have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934533/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning;%20https:/www.kqed.org/science/1950703/climate-change-is-driving-californias-wildfires-the-kincade-fire-not-so-much)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">burned\u003c/a> over 1.2 million acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late on Oct. 8, 2017, hot, dry winds downed power lines, carrying sparks and flaming embers long distances to ignite multiple fires. The Tubbs Fire and other North Bay blazes scorched large areas of Sonoma and Napa counties, claiming 44 lives and destroying over 8,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following summer, during the Carr Fire, a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fire tornado\u003c/a>” exploded into the outskirts of Redding, devastating everything in its path. The blaze killed eight people and destroyed 1,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the worst was yet to come. In November, the Camp Fire nearly wiped out the town of Paradise and surrounding communities. It was the deadliest wildfire in California history, killing 86 people, destroying almost 14,000 homes, and costing more money than any natural disaster in the world that year. Across wide swaths of the state, smoke from the fire rendered the air unhealthy to breathe, inundating the Bay Area for almost two weeks so that the region registered its worst air quality on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952579 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-800x516.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-768x495.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1020x658.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of homes destroyed by the Camp Fire on February 11, 2019 in Paradise, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As far as global warming goes, the outlook is not good, whether it relates to fires or to other natural disasters. The 2010s included the hottest year (2017) and the hottest month (July 2019) on record, and the 10 years that make up the decade will almost certainly set a new temperature mark as well, according to the U.N., based on millions of global measurements taken over the last 170 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, our series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Living With Wildfire: California Reimagined\u003c/a> asked some big questions about how the state can, in our warming world, learn to survive more frequent and ferocious conflagrations. Are some fire-prone areas now too dangerous to accommodate new housing? How can towns prepare for mass evacuations? And neighborhoods make themselves fire-resistant? Are Californians willing to suffer the inconvenience and financial cost to protect the state from extreme wildfires? Perhaps, but it will mean big changes in how we think and live. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Californians began to experience climate change in the form of hotter days and more destructive fires, state policies to mitigate global warming began to pay dividends. California’s investor-owned utilities shattered \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/rps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">renewable energy\u003c/a> targets mandated by the state, and California \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/942b5a251fac413a84fc4eb93a67c46c/California-meets-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goal-years-early\">reduced\u003c/a> its overall emissions of greenhouse gases below the 1990 level, two years ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These climate policies, in a state with the world’s fifth largest economy, helped spur a rapid decline in the cost of renewable energy around the U.S. This past decade, the cost of wind energy fell by 57%, utility-scale solar power by 86%, and battery energy storage by 76%. In 2019, for the first time, power generation in the U.S. from renewable energy \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=39992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">surpassed\u003c/a> power produced from coal. \u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952593 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are big successes, but California has a lot of work to do over the next 10 years if the state is going to meet its 2045 goal of net-zero emissions, also called carbon neutrality. California is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948712/your-suv-is-really-messing-with-the-states-climate-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">way behind \u003c/a>in meeting this ambitious objective, in part because emissions from the transportation sector are soaring, due to Californians driving more miles in larger, gas-guzzling trucks and of SUVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to reverse this trend by incentivizing fuel-efficient cars and setting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/zev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">target\u003c/a> of 5 million electric vehicles traversing California roads by 2030. But meeting that goal is going to be tough, with sales of EVs currently standing at only a \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/sales-dashboard/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fraction of that total.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, frustrated by the lack of progress in the fight against climate change, young people took to the streets the last couple of years. The Sunrise Movement, Youth vs. Apocalypse and other Bay Area advocacy groups participated in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1947584/live-blog-bay-area-climate-strike\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">global climate strikes \u003c/a>protesting the failure of government, finance, industry and other institutions to address climate change.– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kevin Stark\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medical Advances\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw major advances in the treatment of HIV and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 10 years, scientists have perfected antiretroviral drugs, taken daily in a single pill by people who are HIV-positive. These drugs allow HIV patients to live relatively free of sickness, a far cry from the first decade of the epidemic, when the diagnosis was tantamount to a death sentence. No longer highly toxic, antiretrovirals now work so well they can lower a patient’s viral load to undetectable levels, making it untransmittable from one person to another. Another daily pill, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfaf.org/resource-library/prep/?utm_source=GoogleAds&utm_medium=CPC&utm_campaign=GoogleAds_UEqualsU_PrEP&gclid=CjwKCAiAluLvBRASEiwAAbX3GcnQ19OOhwWeCw4YFui4HMm-wM45wQzXB0fgh9a1hPAxzgkFYKnxRBoCsswQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PrEP,\u003c/a> can be used as a prophylactic against HIV exposure by people who are still free of the virus. Such major strides in treatment and prevention are why scientists are optimistic HIV will be eradicated altogether within the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some types of cancer, a treatment called immunotherapy drastically improved survival and cure rates. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stage 4 melanoma \u003c/a>, which doesn’t respond to radiation or chemotherapy, used to mean \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">certain death\u003c/a>, with patients surviving less than a year on average. But over the last decade, instead of burning or poisoning cancer cells to stop the disease, new medicines have unleashed the body’s natural defenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally the immune system recognizes disease-causing organisms. But cancer cells go undetected as harmful. New drugs, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/439584/new-gene-therapy-gives-teen-a-second-chance-after-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">genetic engineering\u003c/a> techniques, make them visible and ripe for attack. Think of it like affixing a flag with the message “kill me” on cells that previously operated with impunity. Pancreatic, breast and prostate cancer, among other types, do not currently respond to immunotherapy, but scientists foresee a day when the treatment could be the primary weapon against an array of cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1952602 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may also be a day when doctors can eliminate genetic diseases altogether. A tool called \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR \u003c/a>acts as a molecular scalpel that can make precise changes to genetic mutations giving rise to disease. Scientists hope to one day cure genetic conditions like blindness or sickle cell anemia before they even start. Though tinkering with our DNA raises all kinds of ethical questions about “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934916/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-create-genetically-modified-babies-using-crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">playing God\u003c/a>.”– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lesleywmcclurg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesley McClurg\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predictions Fulfilled\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw some spectacular discoveries in space and physics, some of which had been predicted for decades. Theoretical foresight frequently falls short or remains unproven, but once in a while, it’s right on the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two discoveries in particular should be remembered as a vindication of the human ability to understand and model the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, two teams at CERN, often referred to as the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, announced they had independently detected the Higgs boson. This is a particle associated with an energy field, called the Higgs field, that was theorized in the 1960s and ’70s as a solution to the question: How does matter obtain mass?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer: Through the action of an elementary particle, such as an electron or a quark, interacting with the Higgs field. The more the particle interacts, the more massive it is. And the boson? That’s the particle that the Higgs field emits. The detection of the Higgs boson proved that the Higgs field is real, and it was the final piece of the puzzle for the Standard Model, a set of equations describing how three of the four fundamental forces work. Now, only gravity remains unexplained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade also saw the discovery of gravitational waves, predicted by none other than Albert Einstein in 1916. Einstein thought the acceleration of objects with enough mass would create ripples in the fabric of spacetime. And he thought right. About 100 years later, dual detectors that make up the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO, registered those ripples in the form of the aftershock created by two black holes colliding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling far above Earth-bound detection instruments like LIGO, spacecraft originating on Earth reached interstellar space for the first time. These are the Voyager probes, each carrying a copy of the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Record\u003c/a>, which holds images, music and greetings from Earth. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The 2010s saw breakthroughs in medical science and spectacular discoveries in space and physics. For Californians, it was also the decade that climate change arrived in our front yards in the form of serial cataclysmic fire seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the decade, scientists refined the regimen of HIV/AIDS medication, made life-saving advances in the treatment of cancer, and invented an entirely new gene-editing technology, with the hope of one day curing diseases before they begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons probe captured the first close-up \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">images\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">of\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">Pluto\u003c/a>, and the world caught its first \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101870482/first-photos-of-a-black-hole-captured-by-event-horizon-telescope-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">glimpse\u003c/a>, albeit a bit blurry, of a black hole. Our understanding of exoplanets exploded: the Kepler Space Telescope and the TESS satellite found thousands of new planets outside our solar system, and researchers began to comprehend what those worlds might actually look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the decade closes, the KQED Science team has created a sort of mixtape of the major trends, significant moments and noteworthy discoveries, with an eye toward California and the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do you want the good news or the bad news first? Well, let’s get it out of the way …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildfires Create Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952558\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952558 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crew of inmate firefighters make their way to firefighting operations to battle the Kincade Fire in Healdsburg, California on October 26, 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The changing climate is leading to longer dry periods in California, which is at least three degrees warmer since the beginning of the industrial era, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ca.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, combined with a century of suppressing wildfires and denser populations in areas perilously close to fire-prone wilderness, have created the worst fire seasons on record. Since 2012, four of the five \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/5510/top20_acres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">biggest\u003c/a> California wildfires have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934533/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning;%20https:/www.kqed.org/science/1950703/climate-change-is-driving-californias-wildfires-the-kincade-fire-not-so-much)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">burned\u003c/a> over 1.2 million acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late on Oct. 8, 2017, hot, dry winds downed power lines, carrying sparks and flaming embers long distances to ignite multiple fires. The Tubbs Fire and other North Bay blazes scorched large areas of Sonoma and Napa counties, claiming 44 lives and destroying over 8,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following summer, during the Carr Fire, a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fire tornado\u003c/a>” exploded into the outskirts of Redding, devastating everything in its path. The blaze killed eight people and destroyed 1,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the worst was yet to come. In November, the Camp Fire nearly wiped out the town of Paradise and surrounding communities. It was the deadliest wildfire in California history, killing 86 people, destroying almost 14,000 homes, and costing more money than any natural disaster in the world that year. Across wide swaths of the state, smoke from the fire rendered the air unhealthy to breathe, inundating the Bay Area for almost two weeks so that the region registered its worst air quality on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952579 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-800x516.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-768x495.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1020x658.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of homes destroyed by the Camp Fire on February 11, 2019 in Paradise, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As far as global warming goes, the outlook is not good, whether it relates to fires or to other natural disasters. The 2010s included the hottest year (2017) and the hottest month (July 2019) on record, and the 10 years that make up the decade will almost certainly set a new temperature mark as well, according to the U.N., based on millions of global measurements taken over the last 170 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, our series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Living With Wildfire: California Reimagined\u003c/a> asked some big questions about how the state can, in our warming world, learn to survive more frequent and ferocious conflagrations. Are some fire-prone areas now too dangerous to accommodate new housing? How can towns prepare for mass evacuations? And neighborhoods make themselves fire-resistant? Are Californians willing to suffer the inconvenience and financial cost to protect the state from extreme wildfires? Perhaps, but it will mean big changes in how we think and live. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Californians began to experience climate change in the form of hotter days and more destructive fires, state policies to mitigate global warming began to pay dividends. California’s investor-owned utilities shattered \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/rps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">renewable energy\u003c/a> targets mandated by the state, and California \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/942b5a251fac413a84fc4eb93a67c46c/California-meets-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goal-years-early\">reduced\u003c/a> its overall emissions of greenhouse gases below the 1990 level, two years ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These climate policies, in a state with the world’s fifth largest economy, helped spur a rapid decline in the cost of renewable energy around the U.S. This past decade, the cost of wind energy fell by 57%, utility-scale solar power by 86%, and battery energy storage by 76%. In 2019, for the first time, power generation in the U.S. from renewable energy \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=39992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">surpassed\u003c/a> power produced from coal. \u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952593 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are big successes, but California has a lot of work to do over the next 10 years if the state is going to meet its 2045 goal of net-zero emissions, also called carbon neutrality. California is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948712/your-suv-is-really-messing-with-the-states-climate-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">way behind \u003c/a>in meeting this ambitious objective, in part because emissions from the transportation sector are soaring, due to Californians driving more miles in larger, gas-guzzling trucks and of SUVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to reverse this trend by incentivizing fuel-efficient cars and setting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/zev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">target\u003c/a> of 5 million electric vehicles traversing California roads by 2030. But meeting that goal is going to be tough, with sales of EVs currently standing at only a \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/sales-dashboard/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fraction of that total.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, frustrated by the lack of progress in the fight against climate change, young people took to the streets the last couple of years. The Sunrise Movement, Youth vs. Apocalypse and other Bay Area advocacy groups participated in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1947584/live-blog-bay-area-climate-strike\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">global climate strikes \u003c/a>protesting the failure of government, finance, industry and other institutions to address climate change.– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kevin Stark\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medical Advances\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw major advances in the treatment of HIV and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 10 years, scientists have perfected antiretroviral drugs, taken daily in a single pill by people who are HIV-positive. These drugs allow HIV patients to live relatively free of sickness, a far cry from the first decade of the epidemic, when the diagnosis was tantamount to a death sentence. No longer highly toxic, antiretrovirals now work so well they can lower a patient’s viral load to undetectable levels, making it untransmittable from one person to another. Another daily pill, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfaf.org/resource-library/prep/?utm_source=GoogleAds&utm_medium=CPC&utm_campaign=GoogleAds_UEqualsU_PrEP&gclid=CjwKCAiAluLvBRASEiwAAbX3GcnQ19OOhwWeCw4YFui4HMm-wM45wQzXB0fgh9a1hPAxzgkFYKnxRBoCsswQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PrEP,\u003c/a> can be used as a prophylactic against HIV exposure by people who are still free of the virus. Such major strides in treatment and prevention are why scientists are optimistic HIV will be eradicated altogether within the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some types of cancer, a treatment called immunotherapy drastically improved survival and cure rates. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stage 4 melanoma \u003c/a>, which doesn’t respond to radiation or chemotherapy, used to mean \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">certain death\u003c/a>, with patients surviving less than a year on average. But over the last decade, instead of burning or poisoning cancer cells to stop the disease, new medicines have unleashed the body’s natural defenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally the immune system recognizes disease-causing organisms. But cancer cells go undetected as harmful. New drugs, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/439584/new-gene-therapy-gives-teen-a-second-chance-after-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">genetic engineering\u003c/a> techniques, make them visible and ripe for attack. Think of it like affixing a flag with the message “kill me” on cells that previously operated with impunity. Pancreatic, breast and prostate cancer, among other types, do not currently respond to immunotherapy, but scientists foresee a day when the treatment could be the primary weapon against an array of cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1952602 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may also be a day when doctors can eliminate genetic diseases altogether. A tool called \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR \u003c/a>acts as a molecular scalpel that can make precise changes to genetic mutations giving rise to disease. Scientists hope to one day cure genetic conditions like blindness or sickle cell anemia before they even start. Though tinkering with our DNA raises all kinds of ethical questions about “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934916/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-create-genetically-modified-babies-using-crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">playing God\u003c/a>.”– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lesleywmcclurg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesley McClurg\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predictions Fulfilled\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw some spectacular discoveries in space and physics, some of which had been predicted for decades. Theoretical foresight frequently falls short or remains unproven, but once in a while, it’s right on the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two discoveries in particular should be remembered as a vindication of the human ability to understand and model the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, two teams at CERN, often referred to as the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, announced they had independently detected the Higgs boson. This is a particle associated with an energy field, called the Higgs field, that was theorized in the 1960s and ’70s as a solution to the question: How does matter obtain mass?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer: Through the action of an elementary particle, such as an electron or a quark, interacting with the Higgs field. The more the particle interacts, the more massive it is. And the boson? That’s the particle that the Higgs field emits. The detection of the Higgs boson proved that the Higgs field is real, and it was the final piece of the puzzle for the Standard Model, a set of equations describing how three of the four fundamental forces work. Now, only gravity remains unexplained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade also saw the discovery of gravitational waves, predicted by none other than Albert Einstein in 1916. Einstein thought the acceleration of objects with enough mass would create ripples in the fabric of spacetime. And he thought right. About 100 years later, dual detectors that make up the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO, registered those ripples in the form of the aftershock created by two black holes colliding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling far above Earth-bound detection instruments like LIGO, spacecraft originating on Earth reached interstellar space for the first time. These are the Voyager probes, each carrying a copy of the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Record\u003c/a>, which holds images, music and greetings from Earth. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The spherical shape of Earth is what we like to call around here “settled science.” But nowadays, pit even a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200606/history.cfm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2,500-year-old\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> truism against the evangelism of Internet algorithms, and you got yourself an actual “debate,” no matter how inane.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951196\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 546px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/12/Blue-Marble-Apollo-Earth-e1575419529895.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1951196\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/12/Blue-Marble-Apollo-Earth-1200x1200.jpg\" alt=\"Apollo Earth photo\" width=\"546\" height=\"546\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Apollo 17 crew caught this breathtaking view of Earth as they were traveling to the moon on Dec. 7, 1972. It’s the first time astronauts were able to photograph the South polar ice cap. Nearly the entire coastline of Africa is clearly visible, along with the Arabian Peninsula. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We’re speaking of what appears to be the disturbing trend of people thinking the surface of the world is flat.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> No, really — this is a thing. For example, last month the third annual Flat Earth International Conference \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/16/us/flat-earth-conference-conspiracy-theories-scli-intl/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">convened\u003c/a> in Dallas; the rapper B.o.B once started a GoFundMe \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2017/09/25/us/b-o-b-flat-earth-gofundme-trnd/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">campaign\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as part of a quest to gather ungatherable evidence for the idea; and basketball star Kyrie Irving has found himself\u003c/span> having to\u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ftw/2018/10/01/kyrie-irving-apologized-for-saying-the-earth-is-flat-i-was-huge-into-conspiracies/38012367/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> apologize \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for publicizing the \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">view on Twitter. A 2018 YouGov\u003ca style=\"font-weight: 400;\" href=\"https://today.yougov.com/topics/philosophy/articles-reports/2018/04/02/most-flat-earthers-consider-themselves-religious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> survey\u003c/a> found that 16% of 8,215 American adults queried had various levels of doubt about the true shape of the Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At this point, it’s probably fair to ask: When is American society going to hit epistemological bottom?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perhaps the first step in answering that question is understanding \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">why \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a belief like flat Earth can flourish, at least among certain groups of willing adherents. To that end, we talked to \u003cstrong>Asheley Landrum, assistant professor of science communication at Texas Tech University\u003c/strong>, who has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15213269.2019.1669461\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">studying\u003c/a> the movement, if you want to call it that. We asked her, well, just what in the round world is going on here? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here are some of the key points from Landrum’s answers, edited for length and clarity. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>YouTube as Flat Earth Gateway\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the things we found is that many people with this belief discovered flat Earth through YouTube. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation=\"Asheley Landrum, Texas Tech University\"]‘What this tells us is how bad it can be when we start to truly distrust other people.’[/pullquote]One of our research participants told us he started off by watching videos that were suggested to him on YouTube because of his interest in conspiracy theories. He started looking into conspiracy theories about the Illuminati and Sandy Hook, and the whole time he was watching he kept being suggested flat Earth videos by the algorithm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He said he was going to watch one of the videos with the intention of discrediting it, but by the end he accepted that Earth is not round.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was very true for many of the people we talked to; they start by watching a series of conspiracy videos and then they’re introduced to this idea of a flat Earth. They choose not to watch it, but the more it’s suggested, the more compelled they are. By the time they view it, they’re ready to kind of accept that information.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Loving the Science, Not the Scientists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 428px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/flat-earth.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1951438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/flat-earth-1200x900.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's conception of Earth with a flat surfac\" width=\"428\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/flat-earth-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/flat-earth-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/flat-earth-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/flat-earth-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/flat-earth-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/flat-earth.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 428px) 100vw, 428px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s conception of Earth with a flat surface. (David Roberts/iStock)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of the people we interviewed do love science. They talk about how much they respect the process of science; they just don’t trust scientists. Scientists are seen as elite authorities who just make fun of them when they have legitimate questions to ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One person posed a question about motion that I think many individuals would not know the answer to: “If I can feel motion when I’m in a moving car, how come I wouldn’t be able to feel motion if I’m on a planet that’s hurtling through space?” To that person, that is evidence the planet is motionless. A physicist would be able to explain it, but if all that the scientist or media personality or opinion leader does is dismiss them for asking “stupid questions,” then of course they’re going to further distrust scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Religious Belief Doesn’t Predict Flat Earth Stance\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We recently wrote a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15213269.2019.1669461\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">paper\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on who is susceptible to flat Earth videos on YouTube. The number one characteristic that makes people more susceptible is their conspiracy ideation; how much they see conspiracies and accept that conspiracies are true. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many of the flat-earthers we spoke to at the conference told us that one of the reasons they believe in a flat Earth is that they think the Bible should be interpreted literally, and they would quote passages they said were explaining how Earth is actually flat. But in our research study, the intensity with which someone holds religious beliefs or the importance of religion in their daily lives was actually not predictive of being open to flat Earth views. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Scientific Knowledge Protects Against Distorted Thinking\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among people who had stronger conspiracy beliefs, the more science knowledge they had, the less likely they were to believe that Earth was flat or to believe that these videos were presenting good arguments. So scientific knowledge was protective in the conspiracy community against accepting these flat Earth beliefs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the things I thought was so compelling about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.netflix.com/title/81015076\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">flat Earth documentary\u003c/a> last year was that the flat earthers designed really fantastic experiments, and of course, they found that the experiments didn’t support the flat Earth worldview. They were upset because they felt like they did something wrong.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Trump and Flat Earth\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We definitely have heard from the flat-earthers that they like Donald Trump, but many of them said that they don’t even bother voting. In some cases, they’ll express very liberal views, and in others, very conservative, so it really is a phenomenon that is across the political spectrum.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They like Donald Trump because, to them, he represents somebody who is not part of the political elite coming into that political office. They see Donald Trump as a disruptor as opposed to just another establishment Republican.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Widespread Is This?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Well, there aren’t, at least as far as we can tell, a very large percentage of people who currently believe Earth is flat, but it is very difficult for us to know. Most of what we know about how many people in the U.S. or abroad believe in flat Earth is based on survey data, but many people who hold conspiracy beliefs and are suspicious of universities and government officials aren’t going to respond to phone surveys. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Trust Erodes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What belief in flat Earth tells us is how bad it can be when we start to truly distrust other people. We do live in a society that relies on a division of cognitive labor. We talk about this concept of elite, but it’s not that there are people who are elite and people who aren’t, it’s that each of us has our own domain that we are the expert in. I have to take my car to mechanics to have them tell me what’s wrong with it because I have no idea how to do that. My area of expertise is in something completely different.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Everybody has their own area of expertise and their own part to play in society. If we don’t rely on each other, we have this large burden of knowledge that we have to carry around with us, and it’s just not possible for us to be able to do everything. So that’s really the danger that Flat Earth represents: It’s what happens when we stop trusting each other and doubt those areas of expertise.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYQCIphJhAk&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The spherical shape of Earth is what we like to call around here “settled science.” But nowadays, pit even a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200606/history.cfm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2,500-year-old\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> truism against the evangelism of Internet algorithms, and you got yourself an actual “debate,” no matter how inane.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951196\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 546px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/12/Blue-Marble-Apollo-Earth-e1575419529895.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1951196\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/12/Blue-Marble-Apollo-Earth-1200x1200.jpg\" alt=\"Apollo Earth photo\" width=\"546\" height=\"546\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Apollo 17 crew caught this breathtaking view of Earth as they were traveling to the moon on Dec. 7, 1972. It’s the first time astronauts were able to photograph the South polar ice cap. Nearly the entire coastline of Africa is clearly visible, along with the Arabian Peninsula. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We’re speaking of what appears to be the disturbing trend of people thinking the surface of the world is flat.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> No, really — this is a thing. For example, last month the third annual Flat Earth International Conference \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/16/us/flat-earth-conference-conspiracy-theories-scli-intl/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">convened\u003c/a> in Dallas; the rapper B.o.B once started a GoFundMe \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2017/09/25/us/b-o-b-flat-earth-gofundme-trnd/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">campaign\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as part of a quest to gather ungatherable evidence for the idea; and basketball star Kyrie Irving has found himself\u003c/span> having to\u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ftw/2018/10/01/kyrie-irving-apologized-for-saying-the-earth-is-flat-i-was-huge-into-conspiracies/38012367/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> apologize \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for publicizing the \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">view on Twitter. A 2018 YouGov\u003ca style=\"font-weight: 400;\" href=\"https://today.yougov.com/topics/philosophy/articles-reports/2018/04/02/most-flat-earthers-consider-themselves-religious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> survey\u003c/a> found that 16% of 8,215 American adults queried had various levels of doubt about the true shape of the Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At this point, it’s probably fair to ask: When is American society going to hit epistemological bottom?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perhaps the first step in answering that question is understanding \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">why \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a belief like flat Earth can flourish, at least among certain groups of willing adherents. To that end, we talked to \u003cstrong>Asheley Landrum, assistant professor of science communication at Texas Tech University\u003c/strong>, who has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15213269.2019.1669461\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">studying\u003c/a> the movement, if you want to call it that. We asked her, well, just what in the round world is going on here? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here are some of the key points from Landrum’s answers, edited for length and clarity. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>YouTube as Flat Earth Gateway\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the things we found is that many people with this belief discovered flat Earth through YouTube. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>One of our research participants told us he started off by watching videos that were suggested to him on YouTube because of his interest in conspiracy theories. He started looking into conspiracy theories about the Illuminati and Sandy Hook, and the whole time he was watching he kept being suggested flat Earth videos by the algorithm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He said he was going to watch one of the videos with the intention of discrediting it, but by the end he accepted that Earth is not round.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was very true for many of the people we talked to; they start by watching a series of conspiracy videos and then they’re introduced to this idea of a flat Earth. They choose not to watch it, but the more it’s suggested, the more compelled they are. By the time they view it, they’re ready to kind of accept that information.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Loving the Science, Not the Scientists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 428px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/flat-earth.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1951438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/flat-earth-1200x900.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's conception of Earth with a flat surfac\" width=\"428\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/flat-earth-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/flat-earth-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/flat-earth-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/flat-earth-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/flat-earth-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/flat-earth.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 428px) 100vw, 428px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s conception of Earth with a flat surface. (David Roberts/iStock)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of the people we interviewed do love science. They talk about how much they respect the process of science; they just don’t trust scientists. Scientists are seen as elite authorities who just make fun of them when they have legitimate questions to ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One person posed a question about motion that I think many individuals would not know the answer to: “If I can feel motion when I’m in a moving car, how come I wouldn’t be able to feel motion if I’m on a planet that’s hurtling through space?” To that person, that is evidence the planet is motionless. A physicist would be able to explain it, but if all that the scientist or media personality or opinion leader does is dismiss them for asking “stupid questions,” then of course they’re going to further distrust scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Religious Belief Doesn’t Predict Flat Earth Stance\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We recently wrote a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15213269.2019.1669461\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">paper\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on who is susceptible to flat Earth videos on YouTube. The number one characteristic that makes people more susceptible is their conspiracy ideation; how much they see conspiracies and accept that conspiracies are true. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many of the flat-earthers we spoke to at the conference told us that one of the reasons they believe in a flat Earth is that they think the Bible should be interpreted literally, and they would quote passages they said were explaining how Earth is actually flat. But in our research study, the intensity with which someone holds religious beliefs or the importance of religion in their daily lives was actually not predictive of being open to flat Earth views. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Scientific Knowledge Protects Against Distorted Thinking\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among people who had stronger conspiracy beliefs, the more science knowledge they had, the less likely they were to believe that Earth was flat or to believe that these videos were presenting good arguments. So scientific knowledge was protective in the conspiracy community against accepting these flat Earth beliefs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the things I thought was so compelling about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.netflix.com/title/81015076\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">flat Earth documentary\u003c/a> last year was that the flat earthers designed really fantastic experiments, and of course, they found that the experiments didn’t support the flat Earth worldview. They were upset because they felt like they did something wrong.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Trump and Flat Earth\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We definitely have heard from the flat-earthers that they like Donald Trump, but many of them said that they don’t even bother voting. In some cases, they’ll express very liberal views, and in others, very conservative, so it really is a phenomenon that is across the political spectrum.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They like Donald Trump because, to them, he represents somebody who is not part of the political elite coming into that political office. They see Donald Trump as a disruptor as opposed to just another establishment Republican.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Widespread Is This?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Well, there aren’t, at least as far as we can tell, a very large percentage of people who currently believe Earth is flat, but it is very difficult for us to know. Most of what we know about how many people in the U.S. or abroad believe in flat Earth is based on survey data, but many people who hold conspiracy beliefs and are suspicious of universities and government officials aren’t going to respond to phone surveys. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Trust Erodes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What belief in flat Earth tells us is how bad it can be when we start to truly distrust other people. We do live in a society that relies on a division of cognitive labor. We talk about this concept of elite, but it’s not that there are people who are elite and people who aren’t, it’s that each of us has our own domain that we are the expert in. I have to take my car to mechanics to have them tell me what’s wrong with it because I have no idea how to do that. My area of expertise is in something completely different.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Everybody has their own area of expertise and their own part to play in society. If we don’t rely on each other, we have this large burden of knowledge that we have to carry around with us, and it’s just not possible for us to be able to do everything. So that’s really the danger that Flat Earth represents: It’s what happens when we stop trusting each other and doubt those areas of expertise.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/fYQCIphJhAk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/fYQCIphJhAk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"headTitle": "NASA’s Europa Clipper Is a Go | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA has taken a big step closer to testing the waters of the ocean hiding under the icy crust of Europa, Jupiter’s most enigmatic moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">Europa Clipper mission\u003c/a>, in development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, has just been approved for its final design and construction phase. It’s on track for a 2025 launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clipper” is the culmination of decades of dreaming and years of conceptual and preliminary design. It is only the second mission NASA has dedicated to exploring a moon in the solar system—our own moon was the first. The target, Jupiter’s icy \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/\">Europa\u003c/a>, is very different from Earth’s moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946853\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-800x515.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a view from Europa's icy surface, looking out upon Jupiter.\" width=\"800\" height=\"515\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-800x515.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-768x494.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-1020x657.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-1200x773.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a view from Europa’s icy surface, looking out upon Jupiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Believed to possess a heated rocky core and mantle surrounded by an ice-topped ocean of liquid water up to 100 miles deep, Europa is arguably the best place in our solar system to look for life beyond Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Are We Interested in this Icy Jovian Moon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">Astrobiologists\u003c/a>‘ mouths water at the prospect of an ocean of liquid water — particularly a salty one — in contact with a rocky ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They theorize that heat from within Europa’s rocky interior, generated by \u003ca href=\"https://tidal-heating.weebly.com/jupiters-moons.html\">tidal forces of Jupiter’s gravity,\u003c/a> powers eruptions of hot, mineral-laden water on Europa’s ocean floor. Such “hydrothermal vents” could supply all the ingredients necessary to sustain some form of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946849\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946849\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-800x796.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Europa's ice-topped ocean, showing hydrothermal vents injecting heat and chemicals into the waters.\" width=\"800\" height=\"796\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-800x796.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-160x159.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-768x764.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll.jpg 955w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Europa’s ice-topped ocean, showing hydrothermal vents injecting heat and chemicals into the waters. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Michael Carroll)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html\">Hydrothermal vents\u003c/a> dot Earth’s own oceans in volcanically active areas. Since their discovery, researchers have found communities of life forms that thrive around hydrothermal vents, subsisting entirely on thermal and chemical energy emerging from Earth’s interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How life arrived at these deep ocean oases is still open to scientific debate. One theory poses the idea that life on Earth could have gotten its start at hydrothermal vents and migrated later to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Challenge of Exploring a Concealed Ocean Half a Billion Miles Away\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might wonder, if there’s a saltwater ocean on Europa, and the strong possibility of a life-friendly environment, why don’t we already have robot submarines in the water sending us images of beautiful bioluminescent jellyfish, or something?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easier said than done. Even landing a robot on Europa’s unexplored surface would be a great engineering challenge. Designing a mission capable of boring through miles of ice and descending through a hundred miles of water to reach the ocean floor, and still able to communicate with us back on Earth, is presently an adventure of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/05/without-champion-europa-lander-falls-nasa-s-back-burner\">earlier mission concepts\u003c/a> flirted with dropping robots onto Europa’s surface, the Clipper mission won’t do that. It won’t even orbit Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That moon resides within \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation/\">bands of intense radiation\u003c/a> that surround Jupiter, an environment where even a radiation-hardened spacecraft might survive only a few weeks. Such a short visit wouldn’t allow much time to explore, let alone transmit the huge volumes of collected scientific data back to Earth before a fatal failure brought an end to the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Clipper will follow a looping trajectory around Jupiter that will send it careening past Europa on 45 close flybys. Some will pass as close as 16 miles near the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 673px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946854\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing NASA's strategy of close flybys of Europa on different trajectories, a plan designed to give Europa Clipper's observations global coverage. \" width=\"673\" height=\"622\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper.jpg 673w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper-160x148.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 673px) 100vw, 673px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing NASA’s strategy of close flybys of Europa on different trajectories, a plan designed to give Europa Clipper’s observations global coverage. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Between flybys the spacecraft will retreat to the far end of its elongated orbit, away from Jupiter and into safer climates beyond the deadly radiation zone. The longer mission time and extended orbits will ultimately let Clipper collect and send home up to three times as much data as a Europa-orbiting spacecraft could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Europa Clipper Will See Under Europa’s Skin\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Europa Clipper will carry \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/about-clipper/instruments/\">nine scientific instruments\u003c/a> designed to offer a detailed look at the moon, particularly the vast ocean lurking beneath its icy crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apart from the usual cameras and spectrometers that will take high-resolution pictures and analyze the composition of Europa’s surface, Clipper will carry instruments to investigate what lies below that surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ice-penetrating radar will probe the frozen crust to determine its thickness and map its structure. Scientists will look for any subsurface lakes in chambers closer to the surface, which may be sources of water plumes detected by the Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A magnetometer will measure the disturbance of Jupiter’s magnetic field by Europa’s salty ocean, divining its salinity and depth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two different instruments will analyze particles “sniffed” during very close flybys. The composition of particles and gases in Europa’s tenuous atmosphere and possibly plumes of water and chemicals erupting from its surface could help explain what Europa’s ocean is made of, if those plumes originate from the ocean’s waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Long Have We Known About Europa’s Ocean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We caught our \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/about-europa/ocean/\">first scent of Europa’s ocean\u003c/a> in 1979 when the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft flew through the Jupiter system. The spacecraft captured images of Europa’s fractured surface. Its patterns of cracks and fissures were best explained by a thin icy crust floating on a body of liquid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 732px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946847\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"732\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl.jpg 732w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 732px) 100vw, 732px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of the cracked icy surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa, captured by the Galileo spacecraft durin \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Starting in 1995 the \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/overview/\">Galileo spacecraft\u003c/a> made 11 close flybys of Europa, capturing images of much higher detail and measuring Europa’s effects on Jupiter’s magnetic field. The images further confirmed the presence of the hidden ocean, and Europa’s magnetic disturbances suggested that ocean is salty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past few years, observations by the Hubble Space Telescope have \u003ca href=\"https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo1717a/\">tentatively detected what may be plumes of water vapor\u003c/a> emanating from Europa’s southern polar region, further whetting scientists’ appetites to explore the exo-ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ll have to wait a few more years before getting our next taste of Europa’s ocean waters, but at least we know that Europa Clipper is on the way.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA has taken a big step closer to testing the waters of the ocean hiding under the icy crust of Europa, Jupiter’s most enigmatic moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">Europa Clipper mission\u003c/a>, in development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, has just been approved for its final design and construction phase. It’s on track for a 2025 launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clipper” is the culmination of decades of dreaming and years of conceptual and preliminary design. It is only the second mission NASA has dedicated to exploring a moon in the solar system—our own moon was the first. The target, Jupiter’s icy \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/\">Europa\u003c/a>, is very different from Earth’s moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946853\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-800x515.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a view from Europa's icy surface, looking out upon Jupiter.\" width=\"800\" height=\"515\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-800x515.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-768x494.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-1020x657.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper-1200x773.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/image_2927e-Europa-Clipper.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a view from Europa’s icy surface, looking out upon Jupiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Believed to possess a heated rocky core and mantle surrounded by an ice-topped ocean of liquid water up to 100 miles deep, Europa is arguably the best place in our solar system to look for life beyond Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Are We Interested in this Icy Jovian Moon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/\">Astrobiologists\u003c/a>‘ mouths water at the prospect of an ocean of liquid water — particularly a salty one — in contact with a rocky ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They theorize that heat from within Europa’s rocky interior, generated by \u003ca href=\"https://tidal-heating.weebly.com/jupiters-moons.html\">tidal forces of Jupiter’s gravity,\u003c/a> powers eruptions of hot, mineral-laden water on Europa’s ocean floor. Such “hydrothermal vents” could supply all the ingredients necessary to sustain some form of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946849\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1946849\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-800x796.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Europa's ice-topped ocean, showing hydrothermal vents injecting heat and chemicals into the waters.\" width=\"800\" height=\"796\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-800x796.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-160x159.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll-768x764.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/36_PIA10131-nasajplMichael-Carroll.jpg 955w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Europa’s ice-topped ocean, showing hydrothermal vents injecting heat and chemicals into the waters. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Michael Carroll)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html\">Hydrothermal vents\u003c/a> dot Earth’s own oceans in volcanically active areas. Since their discovery, researchers have found communities of life forms that thrive around hydrothermal vents, subsisting entirely on thermal and chemical energy emerging from Earth’s interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How life arrived at these deep ocean oases is still open to scientific debate. One theory poses the idea that life on Earth could have gotten its start at hydrothermal vents and migrated later to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Challenge of Exploring a Concealed Ocean Half a Billion Miles Away\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might wonder, if there’s a saltwater ocean on Europa, and the strong possibility of a life-friendly environment, why don’t we already have robot submarines in the water sending us images of beautiful bioluminescent jellyfish, or something?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easier said than done. Even landing a robot on Europa’s unexplored surface would be a great engineering challenge. Designing a mission capable of boring through miles of ice and descending through a hundred miles of water to reach the ocean floor, and still able to communicate with us back on Earth, is presently an adventure of science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/05/without-champion-europa-lander-falls-nasa-s-back-burner\">earlier mission concepts\u003c/a> flirted with dropping robots onto Europa’s surface, the Clipper mission won’t do that. It won’t even orbit Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That moon resides within \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/how-juno-spacecraft-will-survive-jupiters-devastating-radiation/\">bands of intense radiation\u003c/a> that surround Jupiter, an environment where even a radiation-hardened spacecraft might survive only a few weeks. Such a short visit wouldn’t allow much time to explore, let alone transmit the huge volumes of collected scientific data back to Earth before a fatal failure brought an end to the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Clipper will follow a looping trajectory around Jupiter that will send it careening past Europa on 45 close flybys. Some will pass as close as 16 miles near the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 673px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946854\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing NASA's strategy of close flybys of Europa on different trajectories, a plan designed to give Europa Clipper's observations global coverage. \" width=\"673\" height=\"622\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper.jpg 673w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/EuropaClipper-160x148.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 673px) 100vw, 673px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing NASA’s strategy of close flybys of Europa on different trajectories, a plan designed to give Europa Clipper’s observations global coverage. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Between flybys the spacecraft will retreat to the far end of its elongated orbit, away from Jupiter and into safer climates beyond the deadly radiation zone. The longer mission time and extended orbits will ultimately let Clipper collect and send home up to three times as much data as a Europa-orbiting spacecraft could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Europa Clipper Will See Under Europa’s Skin\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Europa Clipper will carry \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/about-clipper/instruments/\">nine scientific instruments\u003c/a> designed to offer a detailed look at the moon, particularly the vast ocean lurking beneath its icy crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apart from the usual cameras and spectrometers that will take high-resolution pictures and analyze the composition of Europa’s surface, Clipper will carry instruments to investigate what lies below that surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ice-penetrating radar will probe the frozen crust to determine its thickness and map its structure. Scientists will look for any subsurface lakes in chambers closer to the surface, which may be sources of water plumes detected by the Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A magnetometer will measure the disturbance of Jupiter’s magnetic field by Europa’s salty ocean, divining its salinity and depth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two different instruments will analyze particles “sniffed” during very close flybys. The composition of particles and gases in Europa’s tenuous atmosphere and possibly plumes of water and chemicals erupting from its surface could help explain what Europa’s ocean is made of, if those plumes originate from the ocean’s waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Long Have We Known About Europa’s Ocean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We caught our \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/about-europa/ocean/\">first scent of Europa’s ocean\u003c/a> in 1979 when the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft flew through the Jupiter system. The spacecraft captured images of Europa’s fractured surface. Its patterns of cracks and fissures were best explained by a thin icy crust floating on a body of liquid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 732px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946847\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"732\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl.jpg 732w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/jupitersmoon-nasajpl-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 732px) 100vw, 732px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of the cracked icy surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa, captured by the Galileo spacecraft durin \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Starting in 1995 the \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/overview/\">Galileo spacecraft\u003c/a> made 11 close flybys of Europa, capturing images of much higher detail and measuring Europa’s effects on Jupiter’s magnetic field. The images further confirmed the presence of the hidden ocean, and Europa’s magnetic disturbances suggested that ocean is salty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past few years, observations by the Hubble Space Telescope have \u003ca href=\"https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo1717a/\">tentatively detected what may be plumes of water vapor\u003c/a> emanating from Europa’s southern polar region, further whetting scientists’ appetites to explore the exo-ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ll have to wait a few more years before getting our next taste of Europa’s ocean waters, but at least we know that Europa Clipper is on the way.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Eight of the Most Important Space Discoveries Since the Apollo Landings",
"headTitle": "Eight of the Most Important Space Discoveries Since the Apollo Landings | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The 1969-72 Apollo moon landings took place in the era when humankind was just beginning to explore outer space with robotic probes and space-based observatories. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a time when we took the cosmos more at face value, with a \u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>what you see is what you get” attitude. Black holes, for instance, were mind-bending, hypothetical objects whose existence was yet to be verified. And we still wondered if our sun might be the only star in the universe with planets\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945623\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945623 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The unique perspective of observing the cosmos and our planet's place in it from the vantage point of outer space has led to many scientific discoveries and philosophical revelations. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The unique perspective of observing the cosmos and our planet’s place in it from the vantage point of outer space has led to many scientific discoveries and philosophical revelations. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the decades since the Apollo missions, a long list of fresh discoveries has reshaped our understanding of the universe, from the cosmic to the subatomic. Here are eight of the most important of those since humans last landed on the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Confirmed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1971 strong emissions of X-rays were detected from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/cygnusx1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">point\u003c/a> in the constellation Cygnus. Like smoke from an unseen gun, the X-rays were believed to emanate from the first-ever detected \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes\">black hole\u003c/a>, though this wasn’t \u003ca href=\"https://www.centauri-dreams.org/2011/11/29/cygnus-x-1-a-black-hole-confirmed/\">confirmed \u003c/a>for over 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notion of a massive object with gravity so strong that even light cannot escape goes back to at least 1784, when the Englishman John Michell first published the idea. Einstein’s theory of general relativity in the early 20th century predicted black holes, though the theoretical objects had such bizarre properties that \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/news/black-holes-albert-einstein-theory-relativity-space-time\">Einstein himself was not convinced\u003c/a> they could exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Life on the Ocean Floor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1977, a thriving ecosystem of living organisms was found on the floor of the deep ocean, surrounding a \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html\">hydrothermal vent\u003c/a> and subsisting entirely on heat and chemical energy emerging from Earth’s interior. An NSF-funded team of marine geologists made the discovery in the geothermal hot spot of the \u003ca href=\"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=334070\">Galapagos Rift\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945625\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/sully-main-endeavor-field.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/sully-main-endeavor-field.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/sully-main-endeavor-field-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A ‘black smoker.’ Hydrothermal vents on the deep ocean floor support thriving communities of life that are not dependent on energy from sunlight.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This find provided a first example of life that thrives without sunlight in the cold, dark environment of the ocean floor, encouraging scientists to imagine how extraterrestrial life might form and prosper under very alien conditions on other worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dinosaur Killer Identified \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1980, the Nobel-prize-winning physicist Luis Alvarez implicated an asteroid hitting Earth as the culprit responsible for the demise of the dinosaurs. This extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous geological period was a mystery that had gone unsolved for more than a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvarez’s team found an unusually high concentration of the element iridium in the worldwide geologic layer of sediment marking the end of the Cretaceous period. Iridium is rare in Earth rocks, but abundant in asteroids, suggesting that a global asteroid- impact catastrophe was the logical source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945626\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 536px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945626\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/536px-Chicxulub_radar_topography.jpg\" alt=\"A map of the northern Yucatan Peninsula showing the barely visible remnants of the Chixulub impact crater, formed by an asteroid strike about 66 million years ago. \" width=\"536\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/536px-Chicxulub_radar_topography.jpg 536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/536px-Chicxulub_radar_topography-160x179.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 536px) 100vw, 536px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the northern Yucatan Peninsula showing the barely visible remnants of the Chixulub impact crater, formed by an asteroid strike about 66 million years ago. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/science/kring/Chicxulub/regional-effects/\">100-mile wide impact crater\u003c/a> was identified at the northern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, with its center near the town of Chixulub. Mostly buried under jungle and sea floor sediment, the crater was chemically dated to around 66 million years old, coinciding with the dying off of the dinosaurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Chixulub crater is \u003ca href=\"https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2010/03/09/alvarez-theory-on-dinosaur/\">widely accepted\u003c/a> as the fatal wound that ended the 200 million year dynasty of Earth’s most famous extinct creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First Planets Outside Our Solar System Found\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first confirmed \u003ca href=\"https://futurism.com/the-first-exoplanet-was-discovered-25-years-ago-today\">discovery of a planet outside our solar system\u003c/a> occurred in 1992, when two extrasolar planets were detected orbiting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/8731/pulsars/\">pulsar\u003c/a>, which is the remnant core of a dead star, in the constellation Virgo. The first detection of an exoplanet orbiting a star that is still active and burning fuel took place three years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945627\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945627\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/20130108_2M1207.jpg\" alt=\"Most exoplanets are too far away and too small to be captured directly in an image, and are detected indirectly. This image is one of the first, and few, direct images of an exoplanet (small red blotch), shown next to its star. \" width=\"500\" height=\"435\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/20130108_2M1207.jpg 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/20130108_2M1207-160x139.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most exoplanets are too far away and too small to be captured directly in an image, and are detected indirectly. This image is one of the first, and few, direct images of an exoplanet (the small, red blotch) shown next to its star. \u003ccite>(NaCo/VLT/ESO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before these events, the existence of planets orbiting other stars was only speculation. To date, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">total of 4,096 planets\u003c/a> in almost 3,000 planetary systems outside our solar system have been confirmed, most of them in our general neighborhood of the Milky Way galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Expansion of the Universe is Speeding Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1998, the scientific community was stunned to discover that our universe is not only expanding, a fact known for decades, but expanding at an \u003cem>accelerating rate\u003c/em>. Conventional wisdom dictated that gravitational attraction by matter within the universe should be slowing the expansion, but careful observations of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thephysicsmill.com/2015/06/29/type-1a-the-other-type-of-supernova/\">special type of supernova\u003c/a> that serves as a precision tool for measuring distances across the universe revealed the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the idea of “\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy\">dark energy\u003c/a>” was born, a strange form of energy thought to permeate the universe and exert a \u003cem>repulsive\u003c/em> force on all large-scale structures — galaxies and clusters of galaxies — driving them farther apart at an ever-faster rate\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> Though its nature remains largely unknown, it is estimated that at least 68% of the \u003ca href=\"https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_matter.html\">universe’s overall composition\u003c/a> is made up of dark energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Factoring in another invisible substance called “\u003ca href=\"https://home.cern/science/physics/dark-matter\">dark matter\u003c/a>,” it turns out that the objects in the universe that we can see — the type of stuff we and our planet and the stars are made of — make up only about 4% of the universe’s mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Ocean on Jupiter’s Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1995, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo mission\u003c/a> all but confirmed the existence of a massive ocean of liquid water, \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/about-europa/ocean/\">concealed beneath the icy crust\u003c/a> of Jupiter’s moon Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images of Europa’s cracked surface suggested that it is a shell of ice floating on top of an ocean that may be up to 100 miles deep and contain twice the water in Earth’s ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1945628\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/the-puzzling-fascinating-surface-of-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-looms-large-in-this-newly-reprocessed.jpeg\" alt=\"The pattern of cracks in the icy crust of Jupiter's moon Europa was the first clue to the deep ocean it hides beneath.\" width=\"650\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/the-puzzling-fascinating-surface-of-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-looms-large-in-this-newly-reprocessed.jpeg 650w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/the-puzzling-fascinating-surface-of-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-looms-large-in-this-newly-reprocessed-160x118.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The existence of an ocean on a nearby world is reason for celebration by \u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/research/Astrobiology\">astrobiologists\u003c/a> interested in finding life beyond Earth, and has compelled \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">NASA\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://spacenews.com/scientists-want-nasa-and-esa-to-work-together-on-a-europa-lander-mission/\">ESA\u003c/a> to mount space missions to conduct further exploration of Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long after Europa’s ocean was discovered, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft detected plumes of water vapor spewing from Saturn’s tiny moon \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, further upping the stakes in the search for extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Holes Collide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, researchers at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/what-is-ligo\">Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory\u003c/a>, or LIGO, made the first-ever detection of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/what-are-gw\">gravity waves\u003c/a>. Gravity waves are disturbances, or ripples, in the fabric of \u003ca href=\"http://www.einstein-online.info/elementary/specialRT/spacetime.html\">space-time\u003c/a>, caused by the acceleration of massive objects in space. The detection of these waves allows us to perceive events in the universe that cannot be observed by conventional instruments like telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945630\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 454px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945630\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Ligosketch.jpg\" alt=\"The LIGO gravity wave observatory uses a laser to measure the extremely minute changes in distance between them caused by fluctuations in the fabric of spacetime. \" width=\"454\" height=\"260\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Ligosketch.jpg 454w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Ligosketch-160x92.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 454px) 100vw, 454px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The LIGO gravity wave observatory uses a laser to measure the extremely minute changes in distance between them caused by fluctuations in the fabric of spacetime. \u003ccite>(LIGO/Shane Larson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was LIGO that detected the disturbance caused by two black holes colliding and merging, an event whose possibility was hypothesized but never observed. But because LIGO’s highly sensitive laser-and-mirror array enables it to measure distortions in space-time smaller than the nucleus of an atom, it was able to catch the collision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First Image of a Black Hole \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2019, an international array of coordinated telescopes, collectively called the \u003ca href=\"https://eventhorizontelescope.org/\">Event Horizon Telescope\u003c/a>, or EHT, achieved what was conventionally thought to be impossible: It captured an image of the silhouette of one of the most elusive objects in the universe, a black hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/S/Supermassive+Black+Hole\">supermassive black hole\u003c/a> caught on camera lies 53 million light years away, at the heart of the galaxy Messier 87, and contains the equivalent mass of 6.5 billion stars the size of our sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black holes have long been famed as the ultimate dark object in the universe, impossible to capture in pictures by virtue of their strong gravity, which prevents any light from escaping. While it is a fact that light cannot get out of a black hole from inside its \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/E/Event+Horizon\">event horizon \u003c/a>— the distance at which the black hole’s gravity becomes strong enough to prevent light from escaping — it had long been thought that a black hole might be viewed in silhouette against the glow of hot gas surrounding it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But black holes are too small and distant for conventional telescopes to observe. The EHT array, however, is not a conventional telescope; it’s a collection of multiple millimeter-wavelength radio telescopes stationed at observatories from Antarctica to Greenland, Spain to Hawaii, and throughout the Americas. When their collective observations of a target object are synchronized, the EHT achieves imaging resolutions equal to an imaginary telescope that would measure half the size of Earth’s diameter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going forward, what can we imagine will be discovered in the next 50 years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life forms swimming in Europa’s remote ocean? A fresh and unexpected picture of the universe seen through the lens of dark energy telescopes? The long-sought radio signals from distant, intelligent civilizations?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If recent history is a guide, we can imagine now what we may soon no longer need to.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The 1969-72 Apollo moon landings took place in the era when humankind was just beginning to explore outer space with robotic probes and space-based observatories. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a time when we took the cosmos more at face value, with a \u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>what you see is what you get” attitude. Black holes, for instance, were mind-bending, hypothetical objects whose existence was yet to be verified. And we still wondered if our sun might be the only star in the universe with planets\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945623\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945623 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The unique perspective of observing the cosmos and our planet's place in it from the vantage point of outer space has led to many scientific discoveries and philosophical revelations. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Earthrise1_Apollo8AndersWeigang_2048.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The unique perspective of observing the cosmos and our planet’s place in it from the vantage point of outer space has led to many scientific discoveries and philosophical revelations. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the decades since the Apollo missions, a long list of fresh discoveries has reshaped our understanding of the universe, from the cosmic to the subatomic. Here are eight of the most important of those since humans last landed on the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Confirmed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1971 strong emissions of X-rays were detected from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/cygnusx1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">point\u003c/a> in the constellation Cygnus. Like smoke from an unseen gun, the X-rays were believed to emanate from the first-ever detected \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes\">black hole\u003c/a>, though this wasn’t \u003ca href=\"https://www.centauri-dreams.org/2011/11/29/cygnus-x-1-a-black-hole-confirmed/\">confirmed \u003c/a>for over 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notion of a massive object with gravity so strong that even light cannot escape goes back to at least 1784, when the Englishman John Michell first published the idea. Einstein’s theory of general relativity in the early 20th century predicted black holes, though the theoretical objects had such bizarre properties that \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/news/black-holes-albert-einstein-theory-relativity-space-time\">Einstein himself was not convinced\u003c/a> they could exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Life on the Ocean Floor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1977, a thriving ecosystem of living organisms was found on the floor of the deep ocean, surrounding a \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html\">hydrothermal vent\u003c/a> and subsisting entirely on heat and chemical energy emerging from Earth’s interior. An NSF-funded team of marine geologists made the discovery in the geothermal hot spot of the \u003ca href=\"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=334070\">Galapagos Rift\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945625\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/sully-main-endeavor-field.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/sully-main-endeavor-field.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/sully-main-endeavor-field-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A ‘black smoker.’ Hydrothermal vents on the deep ocean floor support thriving communities of life that are not dependent on energy from sunlight.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This find provided a first example of life that thrives without sunlight in the cold, dark environment of the ocean floor, encouraging scientists to imagine how extraterrestrial life might form and prosper under very alien conditions on other worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dinosaur Killer Identified \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1980, the Nobel-prize-winning physicist Luis Alvarez implicated an asteroid hitting Earth as the culprit responsible for the demise of the dinosaurs. This extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous geological period was a mystery that had gone unsolved for more than a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvarez’s team found an unusually high concentration of the element iridium in the worldwide geologic layer of sediment marking the end of the Cretaceous period. Iridium is rare in Earth rocks, but abundant in asteroids, suggesting that a global asteroid- impact catastrophe was the logical source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945626\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 536px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945626\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/536px-Chicxulub_radar_topography.jpg\" alt=\"A map of the northern Yucatan Peninsula showing the barely visible remnants of the Chixulub impact crater, formed by an asteroid strike about 66 million years ago. \" width=\"536\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/536px-Chicxulub_radar_topography.jpg 536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/536px-Chicxulub_radar_topography-160x179.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 536px) 100vw, 536px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the northern Yucatan Peninsula showing the barely visible remnants of the Chixulub impact crater, formed by an asteroid strike about 66 million years ago. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/science/kring/Chicxulub/regional-effects/\">100-mile wide impact crater\u003c/a> was identified at the northern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, with its center near the town of Chixulub. Mostly buried under jungle and sea floor sediment, the crater was chemically dated to around 66 million years old, coinciding with the dying off of the dinosaurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Chixulub crater is \u003ca href=\"https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2010/03/09/alvarez-theory-on-dinosaur/\">widely accepted\u003c/a> as the fatal wound that ended the 200 million year dynasty of Earth’s most famous extinct creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First Planets Outside Our Solar System Found\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first confirmed \u003ca href=\"https://futurism.com/the-first-exoplanet-was-discovered-25-years-ago-today\">discovery of a planet outside our solar system\u003c/a> occurred in 1992, when two extrasolar planets were detected orbiting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/8731/pulsars/\">pulsar\u003c/a>, which is the remnant core of a dead star, in the constellation Virgo. The first detection of an exoplanet orbiting a star that is still active and burning fuel took place three years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945627\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945627\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/20130108_2M1207.jpg\" alt=\"Most exoplanets are too far away and too small to be captured directly in an image, and are detected indirectly. This image is one of the first, and few, direct images of an exoplanet (small red blotch), shown next to its star. \" width=\"500\" height=\"435\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/20130108_2M1207.jpg 500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/20130108_2M1207-160x139.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most exoplanets are too far away and too small to be captured directly in an image, and are detected indirectly. This image is one of the first, and few, direct images of an exoplanet (the small, red blotch) shown next to its star. \u003ccite>(NaCo/VLT/ESO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before these events, the existence of planets orbiting other stars was only speculation. To date, a \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">total of 4,096 planets\u003c/a> in almost 3,000 planetary systems outside our solar system have been confirmed, most of them in our general neighborhood of the Milky Way galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Expansion of the Universe is Speeding Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1998, the scientific community was stunned to discover that our universe is not only expanding, a fact known for decades, but expanding at an \u003cem>accelerating rate\u003c/em>. Conventional wisdom dictated that gravitational attraction by matter within the universe should be slowing the expansion, but careful observations of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thephysicsmill.com/2015/06/29/type-1a-the-other-type-of-supernova/\">special type of supernova\u003c/a> that serves as a precision tool for measuring distances across the universe revealed the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the idea of “\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy\">dark energy\u003c/a>” was born, a strange form of energy thought to permeate the universe and exert a \u003cem>repulsive\u003c/em> force on all large-scale structures — galaxies and clusters of galaxies — driving them farther apart at an ever-faster rate\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> Though its nature remains largely unknown, it is estimated that at least 68% of the \u003ca href=\"https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_matter.html\">universe’s overall composition\u003c/a> is made up of dark energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Factoring in another invisible substance called “\u003ca href=\"https://home.cern/science/physics/dark-matter\">dark matter\u003c/a>,” it turns out that the objects in the universe that we can see — the type of stuff we and our planet and the stars are made of — make up only about 4% of the universe’s mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Ocean on Jupiter’s Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1995, NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo mission\u003c/a> all but confirmed the existence of a massive ocean of liquid water, \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/about-europa/ocean/\">concealed beneath the icy crust\u003c/a> of Jupiter’s moon Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images of Europa’s cracked surface suggested that it is a shell of ice floating on top of an ocean that may be up to 100 miles deep and contain twice the water in Earth’s ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1945628\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/the-puzzling-fascinating-surface-of-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-looms-large-in-this-newly-reprocessed.jpeg\" alt=\"The pattern of cracks in the icy crust of Jupiter's moon Europa was the first clue to the deep ocean it hides beneath.\" width=\"650\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/the-puzzling-fascinating-surface-of-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-looms-large-in-this-newly-reprocessed.jpeg 650w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/the-puzzling-fascinating-surface-of-jupiters-icy-moon-europa-looms-large-in-this-newly-reprocessed-160x118.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The existence of an ocean on a nearby world is reason for celebration by \u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/research/Astrobiology\">astrobiologists\u003c/a> interested in finding life beyond Earth, and has compelled \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">NASA\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://spacenews.com/scientists-want-nasa-and-esa-to-work-together-on-a-europa-lander-mission/\">ESA\u003c/a> to mount space missions to conduct further exploration of Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long after Europa’s ocean was discovered, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft detected plumes of water vapor spewing from Saturn’s tiny moon \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, further upping the stakes in the search for extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Holes Collide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, researchers at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/what-is-ligo\">Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory\u003c/a>, or LIGO, made the first-ever detection of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/what-are-gw\">gravity waves\u003c/a>. Gravity waves are disturbances, or ripples, in the fabric of \u003ca href=\"http://www.einstein-online.info/elementary/specialRT/spacetime.html\">space-time\u003c/a>, caused by the acceleration of massive objects in space. The detection of these waves allows us to perceive events in the universe that cannot be observed by conventional instruments like telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945630\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 454px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945630\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Ligosketch.jpg\" alt=\"The LIGO gravity wave observatory uses a laser to measure the extremely minute changes in distance between them caused by fluctuations in the fabric of spacetime. \" width=\"454\" height=\"260\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Ligosketch.jpg 454w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Ligosketch-160x92.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 454px) 100vw, 454px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The LIGO gravity wave observatory uses a laser to measure the extremely minute changes in distance between them caused by fluctuations in the fabric of spacetime. \u003ccite>(LIGO/Shane Larson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was LIGO that detected the disturbance caused by two black holes colliding and merging, an event whose possibility was hypothesized but never observed. But because LIGO’s highly sensitive laser-and-mirror array enables it to measure distortions in space-time smaller than the nucleus of an atom, it was able to catch the collision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>First Image of a Black Hole \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2019, an international array of coordinated telescopes, collectively called the \u003ca href=\"https://eventhorizontelescope.org/\">Event Horizon Telescope\u003c/a>, or EHT, achieved what was conventionally thought to be impossible: It captured an image of the silhouette of one of the most elusive objects in the universe, a black hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/S/Supermassive+Black+Hole\">supermassive black hole\u003c/a> caught on camera lies 53 million light years away, at the heart of the galaxy Messier 87, and contains the equivalent mass of 6.5 billion stars the size of our sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black holes have long been famed as the ultimate dark object in the universe, impossible to capture in pictures by virtue of their strong gravity, which prevents any light from escaping. While it is a fact that light cannot get out of a black hole from inside its \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/E/Event+Horizon\">event horizon \u003c/a>— the distance at which the black hole’s gravity becomes strong enough to prevent light from escaping — it had long been thought that a black hole might be viewed in silhouette against the glow of hot gas surrounding it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But black holes are too small and distant for conventional telescopes to observe. The EHT array, however, is not a conventional telescope; it’s a collection of multiple millimeter-wavelength radio telescopes stationed at observatories from Antarctica to Greenland, Spain to Hawaii, and throughout the Americas. When their collective observations of a target object are synchronized, the EHT achieves imaging resolutions equal to an imaginary telescope that would measure half the size of Earth’s diameter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going forward, what can we imagine will be discovered in the next 50 years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life forms swimming in Europa’s remote ocean? A fresh and unexpected picture of the universe seen through the lens of dark energy telescopes? The long-sought radio signals from distant, intelligent civilizations?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If recent history is a guide, we can imagine now what we may soon no longer need to.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Splashdown! The Inside Story of the Apollo 11 Recovery",
"headTitle": "Splashdown! The Inside Story of the Apollo 11 Recovery | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Fifty years ago, on July 24, 1969, the U.S.S. Hornet was 900 miles southwest of Hawaii, ready to recover the Apollo 11 astronauts upon their return to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the aircraft carrier is docked in Alameda and is open to the public as a museum. It’s a time capsule back to the day when our most daring explorers took their first steps on Earth after visiting the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hornet’s role in space history is the big reason it didn’t get scrapped after being decommissioned in 1970. Though the Apollo 11 assignment was kind of a fluke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945412\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 518px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945412\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Hornetship.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"518\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Hornetship.jpg 518w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Hornetship-160x111.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 518px) 100vw, 518px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The aircraft carrier USS Hornet docked in Alameda. The Hornet was the only ship to serve in World War II, the Cold War, Vietnam and the Space Race. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world generally thought the Apollo 10 recovery ship, the Princeton, would [also] do Apollo 11,” says Bob Fish, author of \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Hornet-Plus-Three-Apollo-Recovery/dp/0974961078\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hornet Plus Three\u003c/a>. He’s a former Marine, the Apollo curator for the USS Hornet Museum, and the world expert on the recovery of Apollo 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Right Place, Right Time\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early June 1969, Fish says, the Hornet was “the only aircraft carrier that wasn’t either going to Vietnam or being replenished or repaired was the Hornet, which had just come back from Vietnam.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crew had finished a six-month tour. Some hadn’t even left the ship yet when the new assignment came in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then it’s like, ‘All hands back on deck, we got to go recover these guys.’ If you really sit down with a crewman and you give him a beer he’ll say, ‘Yeah I wasn’t really happy about that.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the crew were galvanized by the realization that \u003cem>their\u003c/em> ship would soon be the center of the nation’s attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of a sudden the morale just changed completely,” says Fish. “[They thought:] ‘Oh my God. They actually are going to land on the moon and the President’s going to be here? Oh yeah!’ The mood flipped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945413\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 528px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945413\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/McLaughlin.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/McLaughlin.jpg 528w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/McLaughlin-160x109.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John McLaughlin, one of the Apollo 11 swimmers, stands in front of the Sikorsky Sea King aircraft which played a vital role in the the space program in recovering Gemini, Apollo and Skylab crews. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the members of the recovery team was John McLaughlin. He was a swimmer on the Underwater Demolition Team, sometimes called the “frogmen” (precursors to the Navy SEALs). If you’re wondering how someone comes to specialize in plucking newly-landed astronauts out of the ocean …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somebody just said, you’re going to do it. It was a job, but we took it very seriously and it was fun,” says McLaughlin, who also worked recovery on Apollo 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Precision Practice \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronaut recovery is a high-stakes affair, with an intricate choreography. Everyone wanted to make sure Apollo 11 had a picture-perfect finish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They practiced again, and again, and again — 26 times over a 10-day period. They had to jump out of helicopters, swim to a mock-up Command Module known as a “boilerplate,” and attach a sea anchor. Then, a different swimmer would affix a flotation collar that would surround the module, which the astronauts would step out on to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945422\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945422 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/s69-21698_medium-800x805.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"805\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/s69-21698_medium-800x805.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/s69-21698_medium-160x161.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/s69-21698_medium-768x773.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/s69-21698_medium-1020x1026.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/s69-21698_medium-1193x1200.jpg 1193w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/s69-21698_medium.jpg 1272w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The three Apollo 11 crew men await pickup by a helicopter from the USS Hornet. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Then there was a separate swimmer on Apollo 11 that brought the contamination suits and kind of washed them down to make sure no moon germs got around,” says McLaughlin. (The three long-distance travelers had been breathing moondust ever since Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin got back to the Lunar Module.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After getting sprayed and scrubbed with bleach, the astronauts would climb onto a raft, and from there into a net that functioned like a chair (known as a Billy Pugh net) to be hoisted into a helicopter hovering overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simulations didn’t always go as planned … they could be downright dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We practiced during the day and [at] night, so one night we jumped in and we jumped into probably 30 or 50 sharks. I mean, the water was just kind of boiling,” McLaughlin remembers. “We were 25 to 50 yards from the Command Module, the boilerplate — and nothing but sharks between us. There was no place to go in the middle of the ocean. So we just swam like hell and counted our lucky stars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the morning of the real recovery was shark-free. McLaughlin and the rest of the recovery team started off for the targeted splashdown site about an hour before sunrise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945417\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945417 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901201_medium-800x1091.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1091\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901201_medium-800x1091.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901201_medium-160x218.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901201_medium-768x1047.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901201_medium-880x1200.jpg 880w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901201_medium.jpg 939w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Apollo 11 astronauts exit the recovery helicopter and walk to the mobile quarantine unit aboard the USS Hornet, July 24, 1969. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I remember we saw the fireball. It was the Command Module re-entering,” he says. “And that was very exciting. We thought we were ready but you see that, boy, that got the heartbeat going a little faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The swimmers’ recovery went off without a hitch. A helicopter crew hoisted them up. Then, a three minute flight back to the Hornet to be welcomed back as heroes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The astronauts walked from the recovery helicopter into an Airstream trailer outfitted as a mobile quarantine facility. They took showers, changed into NASA jumpsuits and then, with a window separating them, were welcomed by President Nixon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want you to know that I think I’m the luckiest man in the world,” said the President, “because I have the privilege of speaking for so many in welcoming you back to Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the ship set sail for Pearl Harbor. The astronauts would go on to spend three more days in the Airstream and 21 days total in quarantine. Fish has spoken extensively with Neil Armstrong, who told him they appreciated the time spent apart from the hubbub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gave them some breathing space because they’d just been through the most incredible thing. I mean, they spent a lot of time crammed together in this little tiny aluminum can. The next thing you know, they’re down on the moon, walking around on the moon. When they come back, they needed to sort their thoughts out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And compared to their spacecraft, the Airstream trailer felt like a mansion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945418\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945418 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901208_medium-800x579.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"579\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901208_medium-800x579.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901208_medium-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901208_medium-768x556.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901208_medium-1020x739.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901208_medium-1200x869.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901208_medium.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The crew of Apollo 11 relaxes in an Airstream trailer outfitted as a quarantine unit, following their return from the moon. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, the Hornet is maintained just as it was in 1969, complete with war planes and space memorabilia. The Apollo 11 exhibit boasts an Apollo Command Module (used in earlier testing), plus a “Sea King” recovery helicopter and a Mobile Quarantine Unit you can visit. It’s is one of only three in the world and the only one you can enter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s what’s so cool about the Hornet,” says Fish. “You actually get a visceral feeling for it. It’s not just a video on TV.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish hopes the museum can help rekindle something he thinks we’ve lost as a society: big, crazy dreams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Shark-infested waters were just one thing U.S. Navy 'Frogmen' dealt with as they prepared to scoop the Apollo astronauts out of the Pacific and return them to shore. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fifty years ago, on July 24, 1969, the U.S.S. Hornet was 900 miles southwest of Hawaii, ready to recover the Apollo 11 astronauts upon their return to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the aircraft carrier is docked in Alameda and is open to the public as a museum. It’s a time capsule back to the day when our most daring explorers took their first steps on Earth after visiting the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hornet’s role in space history is the big reason it didn’t get scrapped after being decommissioned in 1970. Though the Apollo 11 assignment was kind of a fluke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945412\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 518px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945412\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Hornetship.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"518\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Hornetship.jpg 518w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/Hornetship-160x111.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 518px) 100vw, 518px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The aircraft carrier USS Hornet docked in Alameda. The Hornet was the only ship to serve in World War II, the Cold War, Vietnam and the Space Race. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world generally thought the Apollo 10 recovery ship, the Princeton, would [also] do Apollo 11,” says Bob Fish, author of \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Hornet-Plus-Three-Apollo-Recovery/dp/0974961078\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hornet Plus Three\u003c/a>. He’s a former Marine, the Apollo curator for the USS Hornet Museum, and the world expert on the recovery of Apollo 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Right Place, Right Time\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early June 1969, Fish says, the Hornet was “the only aircraft carrier that wasn’t either going to Vietnam or being replenished or repaired was the Hornet, which had just come back from Vietnam.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crew had finished a six-month tour. Some hadn’t even left the ship yet when the new assignment came in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then it’s like, ‘All hands back on deck, we got to go recover these guys.’ If you really sit down with a crewman and you give him a beer he’ll say, ‘Yeah I wasn’t really happy about that.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the crew were galvanized by the realization that \u003cem>their\u003c/em> ship would soon be the center of the nation’s attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of a sudden the morale just changed completely,” says Fish. “[They thought:] ‘Oh my God. They actually are going to land on the moon and the President’s going to be here? Oh yeah!’ The mood flipped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945413\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 528px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945413\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/McLaughlin.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/McLaughlin.jpg 528w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/McLaughlin-160x109.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John McLaughlin, one of the Apollo 11 swimmers, stands in front of the Sikorsky Sea King aircraft which played a vital role in the the space program in recovering Gemini, Apollo and Skylab crews. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the members of the recovery team was John McLaughlin. He was a swimmer on the Underwater Demolition Team, sometimes called the “frogmen” (precursors to the Navy SEALs). If you’re wondering how someone comes to specialize in plucking newly-landed astronauts out of the ocean …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somebody just said, you’re going to do it. It was a job, but we took it very seriously and it was fun,” says McLaughlin, who also worked recovery on Apollo 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Precision Practice \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronaut recovery is a high-stakes affair, with an intricate choreography. Everyone wanted to make sure Apollo 11 had a picture-perfect finish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They practiced again, and again, and again — 26 times over a 10-day period. They had to jump out of helicopters, swim to a mock-up Command Module known as a “boilerplate,” and attach a sea anchor. Then, a different swimmer would affix a flotation collar that would surround the module, which the astronauts would step out on to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945422\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945422 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/s69-21698_medium-800x805.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"805\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/s69-21698_medium-800x805.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/s69-21698_medium-160x161.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/s69-21698_medium-768x773.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/s69-21698_medium-1020x1026.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/s69-21698_medium-1193x1200.jpg 1193w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/s69-21698_medium.jpg 1272w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The three Apollo 11 crew men await pickup by a helicopter from the USS Hornet. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Then there was a separate swimmer on Apollo 11 that brought the contamination suits and kind of washed them down to make sure no moon germs got around,” says McLaughlin. (The three long-distance travelers had been breathing moondust ever since Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin got back to the Lunar Module.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After getting sprayed and scrubbed with bleach, the astronauts would climb onto a raft, and from there into a net that functioned like a chair (known as a Billy Pugh net) to be hoisted into a helicopter hovering overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simulations didn’t always go as planned … they could be downright dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We practiced during the day and [at] night, so one night we jumped in and we jumped into probably 30 or 50 sharks. I mean, the water was just kind of boiling,” McLaughlin remembers. “We were 25 to 50 yards from the Command Module, the boilerplate — and nothing but sharks between us. There was no place to go in the middle of the ocean. So we just swam like hell and counted our lucky stars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the morning of the real recovery was shark-free. McLaughlin and the rest of the recovery team started off for the targeted splashdown site about an hour before sunrise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945417\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945417 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901201_medium-800x1091.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1091\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901201_medium-800x1091.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901201_medium-160x218.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901201_medium-768x1047.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901201_medium-880x1200.jpg 880w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901201_medium.jpg 939w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Apollo 11 astronauts exit the recovery helicopter and walk to the mobile quarantine unit aboard the USS Hornet, July 24, 1969. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I remember we saw the fireball. It was the Command Module re-entering,” he says. “And that was very exciting. We thought we were ready but you see that, boy, that got the heartbeat going a little faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The swimmers’ recovery went off without a hitch. A helicopter crew hoisted them up. Then, a three minute flight back to the Hornet to be welcomed back as heroes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The astronauts walked from the recovery helicopter into an Airstream trailer outfitted as a mobile quarantine facility. They took showers, changed into NASA jumpsuits and then, with a window separating them, were welcomed by President Nixon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want you to know that I think I’m the luckiest man in the world,” said the President, “because I have the privilege of speaking for so many in welcoming you back to Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the ship set sail for Pearl Harbor. The astronauts would go on to spend three more days in the Airstream and 21 days total in quarantine. Fish has spoken extensively with Neil Armstrong, who told him they appreciated the time spent apart from the hubbub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gave them some breathing space because they’d just been through the most incredible thing. I mean, they spent a lot of time crammed together in this little tiny aluminum can. The next thing you know, they’re down on the moon, walking around on the moon. When they come back, they needed to sort their thoughts out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And compared to their spacecraft, the Airstream trailer felt like a mansion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945418\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1945418 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901208_medium-800x579.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"579\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901208_medium-800x579.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901208_medium-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901208_medium-768x556.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901208_medium-1020x739.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901208_medium-1200x869.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/6901208_medium.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The crew of Apollo 11 relaxes in an Airstream trailer outfitted as a quarantine unit, following their return from the moon. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, the Hornet is maintained just as it was in 1969, complete with war planes and space memorabilia. The Apollo 11 exhibit boasts an Apollo Command Module (used in earlier testing), plus a “Sea King” recovery helicopter and a Mobile Quarantine Unit you can visit. It’s is one of only three in the world and the only one you can enter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s what’s so cool about the Hornet,” says Fish. “You actually get a visceral feeling for it. It’s not just a video on TV.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish hopes the museum can help rekindle something he thinks we’ve lost as a society: big, crazy dreams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "50 Years On, Moon Rocks Still Rock",
"headTitle": "50 Years On, Moon Rocks Still Rock | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">F\u003c/span>or astronomers, collectors and lunar enthusiasts in general, moon rocks, it seems, still rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years ago this month, Apollo 11 astronauts bagged and brought home the first specimens from the lunar surface: rocks, soil, and even dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' citation='Kimberly Ennico Smith, NASA']‘Lunar samples are more valuable than the crown jewels.’[/pullquote]This week at Christie’s auction house in New York, buyers are \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/-n_nCVON1KCxE7PGtGL3i5?domain=onlineonly.christies.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bidding on lunar meteorites\u003c/a> — small chunks of the moon that landed on Earth without the aid of NASA. Some are likely to sell for hundreds of thousands of dollars. In a related auction of moon memorabilia, a Christie’s auctioneer was apparently so impressed that a strap had picked up some lunar dust on an Apollo mission, that she declined to sell it, passing on the top bid of $38,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists’ fascination is undiminished as well. Over the years, curators at the Johnson Space Center in Houston have provided more than 50,000 samples (many of them tiny, fragmentary bits) to scientists for study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Locked Up for Posterity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he six Apollo missions that made it to the moon brought back about \u003ca href=\"https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/index.cfm#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">845 pounds\u003c/a> of rocks, soil, and core samples, but much of it has been locked up in a NASA vault ever since their return, waiting for better analysis techniques to evolve. This fall, NASA will open some of those up for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945269\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1950px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945269\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: moon rock from Apollo 17\" width=\"1950\" height=\"1560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg.jpg 1950w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg-1020x816.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg-1200x960.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg-1920x1536.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1950px) 100vw, 1950px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A lunar rock sample from Apollo 17, one of six manned NASA missions that brought back lunar specimens. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m definitely very excited about it,” says Richard Walroth, a scientist on one of nine teams that will get first crack at the newly unveiled moon matter. “It’s just almost surreal in a way, the thought that I get to work on samples that were brought back from the moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’ll be looking at the samples’ chemical properties, as part of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/untouched-apollo-moon-rocks-to-be-studied-at-nasa-ames\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">team\u003c/a> at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View. His work could shed more light on the origins of the moon and Earth, since both bodies likely share a common geologic history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From a scientific perspective,” he explains, “we want to know how old the Earth is, we want to know how long ago did life arise on the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the story line that scientists have advanced is that the moon is essentially shrapnel — a clump of debris flung from when a space object the size of Mars \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/36661-late-heavy-bombardment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collided \u003c/a>with Earth in its early stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That impact would have completely sterilized the Earth,” says Walroth. “So at a minimum, it would provide an absolute oldest age for life to have arisen on the Earth, because there’s no way that life would have survived that dramatic of an impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMcbgNPayY0&w=560&h=315]\u003cstrong>Orange is the New Gray\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">W\u003c/span>hen Apollo 17 left the pad in December of 1972, it had something new on board: a geologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison “Jack” Schmitt would become the first (and only) astronaut-scientist to walk on the moon. And he was barely able to contain his excitement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh my golly! Unbelievable,” he blurted out over the radio during his moonwalk.”I never thought I’d do geology this way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his outing, he narrated various features of the topography and rocks he encountered until, there amid the grey lunar landscape: not green cheese, but one of the more startling discoveries from Apollo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hey!,” Schmitt famously shouted to his fellow moonwalker, Gene Cernan. “There is orange soil! It is all over — orange!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That “orange soil” turned out to be tiny beads of volcanic glass, from a volcanic eruption maybe 4 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945350\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945350\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215-800x637.jpeg\" alt=\"Lunar module pilot astronaut Harrison 'Jack' Schmitt, the first, and only, only astronaut-scientist to walk on the moon.\" width=\"800\" height=\"637\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215-800x637.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215-160x127.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215-768x611.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215-1020x812.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215-1200x955.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215-1920x1528.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215.jpeg 1974w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lunar module pilot astronaut Harrison ‘Jack’ Schmitt, the first, and only, only astronaut-scientist to walk on the moon. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Those samples have turned out to be some of the most important samples that we collected,” recalls Francis McCubbin, an astromaterials curator and one the keepers of NASA’s lunar sample collection. He says those glass beads helped unlock secrets into our collective past, and affirmed the foresight that someone at NASA had to wait for analytical tools to advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially with more recent studies, within the last 10 years,” says McCubbin, “they’ve been one of the key samples for understanding the history of water on the moon and the fact that the moon had any water at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a fairly recent revelation…and lunar samples from Apollo helped provide some of the first clues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Crown Jewels\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">“L\u003c/span>unar samples are more valuable than the crown jewels,” declares Kimberly Ennico Smith, a NASA astrophysicist who has been studying the moon from Earth for decades. As payload scientist on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/ames/LCROSS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">milestone lunar probe\u003c/a> in 2008, she helped explode the myth that the moon is bone-dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we look at the moon,” she says, “the moon becomes an opportunity to learn a lot more about our early Earth, because the early stages of the solar system, the early years of the solar system are recorded on the moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confirmation of water on the moon could also be a key to making the moon a way station for missions to more distant targets, such as Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the big challenges in launching anything into space is getting above the earth’s gravity well,” Ennico Smith explains. “If you’re able to build your infrastructure in space or from the surface of, say, the moon, which is nearby, a few days journey, and which has less gravity than the earth, and you’re able to make things in space that can sustain that infrastructure, it’s all about that type of exploration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the 2200 samples in NASA’s collection will stay locked up awaiting further advances in technology. McCubbin says that 80% of the mass of the Apollo collection remains stored in a pristine condition, “so the collection will be able to sustain intense scientific study for generations to come.” Still, the prospect of gathering fresh samples, either robotically or by hand, has scientists salivating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jack Schmitt threw down the gauntlet to keep collecting lunar samples back in 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the next generation ought to accept this as a challenge,” he told Cernan while Mission Control listened in. “Let’s see ‘em leave footsteps like these some day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The science is not over,” says Ennico Smith. “It’s far from over. There’s this exciting opportunity today looking at samples that were taken 45, 50 years ago, and then the future samples that will help us answer open questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those fresh footprints that Schmitt envisioned might appear sooner rather than later. NASA’s under heavy pressure to get boots back on the moon by 2024. And Ennico Smith isn’t content with more analysis of the lunar samples we already have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This new resurgence in actually getting more samples from the moon is going to once again change the way we think about the moon,” she says, “and how we use the moon, and also understand our place in the solar system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Moon rocks were all the rage when Apollo crews brought back the first specimens. They still hold keys to many unanswered questions about the moon, the Earth, and the solar system.",
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"description": "Moon rocks were all the rage when Apollo crews brought back the first specimens. They still hold keys to many unanswered questions about the moon, the Earth, and the solar system.",
"title": "50 Years On, Moon Rocks Still Rock | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">F\u003c/span>or astronomers, collectors and lunar enthusiasts in general, moon rocks, it seems, still rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years ago this month, Apollo 11 astronauts bagged and brought home the first specimens from the lunar surface: rocks, soil, and even dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>This week at Christie’s auction house in New York, buyers are \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/-n_nCVON1KCxE7PGtGL3i5?domain=onlineonly.christies.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bidding on lunar meteorites\u003c/a> — small chunks of the moon that landed on Earth without the aid of NASA. Some are likely to sell for hundreds of thousands of dollars. In a related auction of moon memorabilia, a Christie’s auctioneer was apparently so impressed that a strap had picked up some lunar dust on an Apollo mission, that she declined to sell it, passing on the top bid of $38,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists’ fascination is undiminished as well. Over the years, curators at the Johnson Space Center in Houston have provided more than 50,000 samples (many of them tiny, fragmentary bits) to scientists for study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Locked Up for Posterity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he six Apollo missions that made it to the moon brought back about \u003ca href=\"https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/index.cfm#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">845 pounds\u003c/a> of rocks, soil, and core samples, but much of it has been locked up in a NASA vault ever since their return, waiting for better analysis techniques to evolve. This fall, NASA will open some of those up for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945269\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1950px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1945269\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: moon rock from Apollo 17\" width=\"1950\" height=\"1560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg.jpg 1950w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg-1020x816.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg-1200x960.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/S75-34419-lg-1920x1536.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1950px) 100vw, 1950px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A lunar rock sample from Apollo 17, one of six manned NASA missions that brought back lunar specimens. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m definitely very excited about it,” says Richard Walroth, a scientist on one of nine teams that will get first crack at the newly unveiled moon matter. “It’s just almost surreal in a way, the thought that I get to work on samples that were brought back from the moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’ll be looking at the samples’ chemical properties, as part of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/untouched-apollo-moon-rocks-to-be-studied-at-nasa-ames\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">team\u003c/a> at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View. His work could shed more light on the origins of the moon and Earth, since both bodies likely share a common geologic history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From a scientific perspective,” he explains, “we want to know how old the Earth is, we want to know how long ago did life arise on the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the story line that scientists have advanced is that the moon is essentially shrapnel — a clump of debris flung from when a space object the size of Mars \u003ca href=\"https://www.space.com/36661-late-heavy-bombardment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collided \u003c/a>with Earth in its early stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That impact would have completely sterilized the Earth,” says Walroth. “So at a minimum, it would provide an absolute oldest age for life to have arisen on the Earth, because there’s no way that life would have survived that dramatic of an impact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/eMcbgNPayY0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/eMcbgNPayY0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Orange is the New Gray\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">W\u003c/span>hen Apollo 17 left the pad in December of 1972, it had something new on board: a geologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison “Jack” Schmitt would become the first (and only) astronaut-scientist to walk on the moon. And he was barely able to contain his excitement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh my golly! Unbelievable,” he blurted out over the radio during his moonwalk.”I never thought I’d do geology this way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his outing, he narrated various features of the topography and rocks he encountered until, there amid the grey lunar landscape: not green cheese, but one of the more startling discoveries from Apollo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hey!,” Schmitt famously shouted to his fellow moonwalker, Gene Cernan. “There is orange soil! It is all over — orange!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That “orange soil” turned out to be tiny beads of volcanic glass, from a volcanic eruption maybe 4 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1945350\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1945350\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215-800x637.jpeg\" alt=\"Lunar module pilot astronaut Harrison 'Jack' Schmitt, the first, and only, only astronaut-scientist to walk on the moon.\" width=\"800\" height=\"637\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215-800x637.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215-160x127.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215-768x611.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215-1020x812.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215-1200x955.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215-1920x1528.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/07/as17-143-21941-e1563583509215.jpeg 1974w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lunar module pilot astronaut Harrison ‘Jack’ Schmitt, the first, and only, only astronaut-scientist to walk on the moon. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Those samples have turned out to be some of the most important samples that we collected,” recalls Francis McCubbin, an astromaterials curator and one the keepers of NASA’s lunar sample collection. He says those glass beads helped unlock secrets into our collective past, and affirmed the foresight that someone at NASA had to wait for analytical tools to advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially with more recent studies, within the last 10 years,” says McCubbin, “they’ve been one of the key samples for understanding the history of water on the moon and the fact that the moon had any water at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a fairly recent revelation…and lunar samples from Apollo helped provide some of the first clues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Crown Jewels\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">“L\u003c/span>unar samples are more valuable than the crown jewels,” declares Kimberly Ennico Smith, a NASA astrophysicist who has been studying the moon from Earth for decades. As payload scientist on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/ames/LCROSS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">milestone lunar probe\u003c/a> in 2008, she helped explode the myth that the moon is bone-dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we look at the moon,” she says, “the moon becomes an opportunity to learn a lot more about our early Earth, because the early stages of the solar system, the early years of the solar system are recorded on the moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confirmation of water on the moon could also be a key to making the moon a way station for missions to more distant targets, such as Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the big challenges in launching anything into space is getting above the earth’s gravity well,” Ennico Smith explains. “If you’re able to build your infrastructure in space or from the surface of, say, the moon, which is nearby, a few days journey, and which has less gravity than the earth, and you’re able to make things in space that can sustain that infrastructure, it’s all about that type of exploration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the 2200 samples in NASA’s collection will stay locked up awaiting further advances in technology. McCubbin says that 80% of the mass of the Apollo collection remains stored in a pristine condition, “so the collection will be able to sustain intense scientific study for generations to come.” Still, the prospect of gathering fresh samples, either robotically or by hand, has scientists salivating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jack Schmitt threw down the gauntlet to keep collecting lunar samples back in 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the next generation ought to accept this as a challenge,” he told Cernan while Mission Control listened in. “Let’s see ‘em leave footsteps like these some day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The science is not over,” says Ennico Smith. “It’s far from over. There’s this exciting opportunity today looking at samples that were taken 45, 50 years ago, and then the future samples that will help us answer open questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those fresh footprints that Schmitt envisioned might appear sooner rather than later. NASA’s under heavy pressure to get boots back on the moon by 2024. And Ennico Smith isn’t content with more analysis of the lunar samples we already have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This new resurgence in actually getting more samples from the moon is going to once again change the way we think about the moon,” she says, “and how we use the moon, and also understand our place in the solar system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1a1gsB_aoT0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting at 1:00 p.m. PDT on Tuesday, some lucky spectators in parts of Chile and Argentina will get a chance to watch a total solar eclipse. It’s a rare event where the moon entirely obscures the\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1914425/eclipse-scientists-probe-the-mysteries-of-the-suns-atmosphere\">disc of the sun\u003c/a> (known as totality), leaving a glowing celestial crown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not in South America for the total solar eclipse? No worries, you can still watch it via the Exploratorium’s feed, right above. The museum will pick up a live stream from the telescope at Cerro Tololo Observatory in Chile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://players.brightcove.net/979328832001/NJgjituzjl_default/index.html?videoId=6046723165001\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locals can also attend the solar eclipse event \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/calendar/total-solar-eclipse-live-chile\">in person\u003c/a> at the Exploratorium, with commentary in English and Spanish. There’s an \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/explore/apps/total-solar-eclipse-app\">eclipse app\u003c/a>, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1914768/live-blog-the-great-american-solar-eclipse\">The Great American Eclipse of 2017 \u003c/a> was the last event that granted Americans (in certain parts of the country) a chance to witness a total solar eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//players.brightcove.net/979328832001/NJgjituzjl_default/index.html?videoId=6046723196001\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3 class=\"edTag\">What is a total solar eclipse?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1745905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 375px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1745905\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eclipse_V04B_170620.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"375\" height=\"668\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eclipse_V04B_170620.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eclipse_V04B_170620-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eclipse_V04B_170620-240x428.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eclipses are possible thanks to a happy coincidence: The Sun is 400 times the diameter of the moon, while also being 400 times farther away from Earth. To us, both the moon and the Sun appear to be the same size allowing the moon to block light from the sun during solar eclipses.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A total solar eclipse occurs when the moon moves directly between the sun and Earth, preventing the sun’s light from reaching the planet. When the three celestial bodies line up, the moon casts a shadow on a narrow band of the earth’s surface, with a ring of light around the moon. The sky becomes dark, simulating the night sky. You can watch a simulated total solar eclipse in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1914538/watch-see-a-total-solar-eclipse-in-this-stunning-animation\">animated view\u003c/a> from space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/1a1gsB_aoT0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/1a1gsB_aoT0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Starting at 1:00 p.m. PDT on Tuesday, some lucky spectators in parts of Chile and Argentina will get a chance to watch a total solar eclipse. It’s a rare event where the moon entirely obscures the\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1914425/eclipse-scientists-probe-the-mysteries-of-the-suns-atmosphere\">disc of the sun\u003c/a> (known as totality), leaving a glowing celestial crown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not in South America for the total solar eclipse? No worries, you can still watch it via the Exploratorium’s feed, right above. The museum will pick up a live stream from the telescope at Cerro Tololo Observatory in Chile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://players.brightcove.net/979328832001/NJgjituzjl_default/index.html?videoId=6046723165001\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locals can also attend the solar eclipse event \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/calendar/total-solar-eclipse-live-chile\">in person\u003c/a> at the Exploratorium, with commentary in English and Spanish. There’s an \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/explore/apps/total-solar-eclipse-app\">eclipse app\u003c/a>, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1914768/live-blog-the-great-american-solar-eclipse\">The Great American Eclipse of 2017 \u003c/a> was the last event that granted Americans (in certain parts of the country) a chance to witness a total solar eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//players.brightcove.net/979328832001/NJgjituzjl_default/index.html?videoId=6046723196001\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3 class=\"edTag\">What is a total solar eclipse?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1745905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 375px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1745905\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eclipse_V04B_170620.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"375\" height=\"668\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eclipse_V04B_170620.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eclipse_V04B_170620-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Eclipse_V04B_170620-240x428.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eclipses are possible thanks to a happy coincidence: The Sun is 400 times the diameter of the moon, while also being 400 times farther away from Earth. To us, both the moon and the Sun appear to be the same size allowing the moon to block light from the sun during solar eclipses.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A total solar eclipse occurs when the moon moves directly between the sun and Earth, preventing the sun’s light from reaching the planet. When the three celestial bodies line up, the moon casts a shadow on a narrow band of the earth’s surface, with a ring of light around the moon. The sky becomes dark, simulating the night sky. You can watch a simulated total solar eclipse in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1914538/watch-see-a-total-solar-eclipse-in-this-stunning-animation\">animated view\u003c/a> from space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "The Best Health and Science Books to Dip Into This Summer",
"headTitle": "The Best Health and Science Books to Dip Into This Summer | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he first day of summer has arrived, and so has STAT’s annual book list of great reads in health, science, and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read on for recommendations from CRISPR pioneer Jennifer Doudna and CDC Director Robert Redfield. Plus, STAT readers from Boston to Ireland to Australia share their picks, in addition to our staff. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Notable Figures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0805071806/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0805071806&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7bf123ab6184f5cac33d58beddbb56f6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Scientific Conversations: Interviews on Science from The New York Times”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Claudia Dreifus\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis is an awesome collection of 38 interviews, published originally in the Science Times section of the New York Times, that captures the wonder and excitement of scientific discovery. As an outstanding journalist and a relative outsider to science, Dreifus elicits from her subjects the passion, frustration, inspiration and, ultimately, the joy of doing science. Her writing reminds me of the work of John McPhee: deep and expansive with a sense of fun. A great read!\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jennifer Doudna, professor and HHMI Investigator, UC Berkeley; director, Innovative Genomics Institute of UC Berkeley/UCSF/Gladstone Institutes\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/006122796X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=006122796X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7cfcc6b0801cc1e4c567331d7f105411\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Vaccinated: One Man’s Quest to Defeat the World’s Deadliest Diseases”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Paul A. Offit\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nPhysicians, parents, and public health professionals seeking credible, timely information about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines will find those answers in Dr. Offit’s “Vaccinated.” He writes a compelling narrative, sharing the underlying science and historical context behind the vaccine regimen recommended today. This fact-based retrospective dispels myths and underscores the importance of immunization for children and adults alike. Readers will have a better understanding of the science-based reasoning to embrace vaccination for themselves, their families, and their communities.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Robert R. Redfield, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0520229134/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0520229134&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=f6872536969b6885c29cba642778c5ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Paul Farmer\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis book highlights so well the very inception of the Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute itself and our mission to develop treatments and preventive agents for diseases burdening the world’s poorest people. Tenderly, Farmer tells the stories of those who suffer, offering their complex circumstances in the face of overwhelming data. The Partners in Health co-founder challenges those determined to care for the most vulnerable to challenge the status quo. Although written 20 years ago, the stories ring truer than ever. Inequities in health have only become magnified and are now manifest in our own backyard. Although sobering, it is also inspiring and may make the reader leap to other resources such as “The Age of Living Machines” by Susan Hockfield, who posits that convergence across scientific disciplines led to the current technological capabilities. Can these not be leveraged with know-how and fortitude to meaningfully address inequities in health?\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Penny Heaton, CEO of the Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1845291557/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1845291557&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=424b9e11f98c4fb76b3a018ce157005a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“A Brief History of Medicine: from Hippocrates to Gene Therapy”\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cem>By Paul Strathern\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>Among the many histories of medicine, Paul Strathern’s narrative stands out for its lively prose and colorful portraits of figures who broke with dogma and proved new paradigms. Even the expert reader will find much that is novel and nuanced, not only in stories about prominent characters like Galen and Harvey, but less well known individuals like the Venerable Bede, an English monk who revived Greek and Roman knowledge during the Dark Ages, and Al-Razi, an Islamic scholar who challenged Aristotle’s prevailing notions with experimental data and showed that pediatric disorders need not be viewed as untreatable and hopeless. Each chapter offers a rich tableau depicting advances in medical thinking based on astute observation and rigorous induction. Strathern brilliantly succeeds in both educating and entertaining his reader, a perfect blend for a summer treat.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Jerome Groopman, New Yorker staff writer and author; Recanati Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0345804570/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0345804570&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=137ae7f66e5eee834172c881aa8f1b7a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“The Evolution of Beauty: How Darwin’s Forgotten Theory of Mate Choice Shapes the Animal World—and Us”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Richard Prum\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWhether you agree with Prum or not, his case for renewed attention to Darwin’s theory of sexual selection — that considerations of beauty, and not just functional adaptation, shape evolution — is eye-opening. The book also reminds us that politics (in this case, 19th-century disapproval of Darwin’s views on female mate choice) can influence what we are taught about science. Even if you are skeptical, Prum will make you think twice about the natural world, and will definitely change how you look at ducks.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Ron Klain, President Obama’s Ebola czar during the West African outbreak\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0062338781/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0062338781&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=a08377a6dbaebf506ffcb6efb996c457\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Bottle of Lies: The Inside Story of the Generic Drug Boom”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Katherine Eban\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>In her fierce and fearless book, “Bottle of Lies,” the investigative journalist Katherine Eban takes us on a journey through the loosely regulated and often corrupt manufacture of generic drugs. Weaving together the story of a terrified but determined whistleblower from India, shady drug producers from China, and a notably timid FDA, Eban’s compelling book should serve as cautionary tale and a wake-up call for consumers, manufacturers, and physicians — “should” being the operative word.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Deborah Blum, author of “The Poison Squad: One Chemist’s Single-Minded Crusade for Food Safety at the Turn of the Twentieth Century” and director of the Knight Science Journalism Program at MIT\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>STAT Readers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0735224153/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0735224153&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=e88ba9aa97ec231e13dcca5e20cbc7bf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Michael Pollan\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWith cannabis medicine now getting the attention it deserves, Michael Pollan has done a tremendous job at digging into the history of psychedelic use, both recreationally and in therapy, together with his own observations as a new psychedelic experimenter at the age of 60. All in all, a comprehensive history of the topic, together with interviews from key psychedelic researchers, and a call for serious researchers to think twice about hasty judgments surrounding this interesting compound.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jon Calder, Belfast, Northern Ireland\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/006289627X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=006289627X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ea6fc765acd3cc5ad1ccd85342cb04ae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Bitten: The Secret History of Lyme Disease and Biological Weapons”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Kris Newby\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Bitten” is a riveting narrative that digs into the origins of the Lyme disease epidemic. It connects many dots with compelling evidence and page-turning storytelling that point to the likelihood that a bio-weaponized tick program gone awry could have contributed to the more virulent forms of tick-borne illnesses that have been wreaking havoc on unwitting people for the past five decades. Doctors are not well-trained on tick-borne illness, diagnostics are inadequate, and there are no career tracks in the field other than a few courageous pioneers. Biotech is largely on the sidelines. Yet millions of people are being disabled. Perhaps this book will help stir some action. After all, we all are just one bite away from a nightmare illness.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Nancy Dougherty, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0544114515/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0544114515&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=4f6ff933051d07a5d66bb8d7906db1a2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“How Dogs Love Us: A Neuroscientist and His Adopted Dog Decode the Canine Brain”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Gregory Berns\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFabulous book for anyone interested in the realities of research. Getting MRI data on dogs to confirm the similarities in where dogs and human brains respond to stimuli sounds like a good idea. Getting permission to get the dogs into the places where there are MRIs, getting the dogs used to the MRI, selecting real-life animals, and the implications for the experimental conclusions is very different from what usually shows up in methods and results.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Joanna Haas, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0316418080/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0316418080&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ab87c536d62f16a84be8997dbe897c72\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Perfect Predator: A Scientist’s Race to Save Her Husband from a Deadly Superbug”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Steffanie Strathdee and Thomas Patterson\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>Riveting account of a scientist trying to save her husband through a combination of sheer will, determination, and cutting-edge science. It’s an amazing blend of mystery, thriller, and microbiology.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Mallory Johnson, Berkeley, Calif.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0671510576/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0671510576&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=cb77504e40e1a9467241ae7547ca194a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Billion Dollar Molecule: One Company’s Quest for the Perfect Drug”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Barry Werth\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Billion Dollar Molecule” is a thrilling story about the development of a now powerful pharmaceutical company, its revolutionary approach in structure-based drug development, and how closely it came to failing along the way. At a time when people doubt the justifications of pricing for pharmaceutical drugs, peeking at the risks involved in development and the arduous journeys of the scientists involved through this story could add nuance to the conversation.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eric Kishel, Buffalo, N.Y.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0190916834/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0190916834&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=4c465b27e88b48c0879f78555b17f6ef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Well: What We Need to Talk About When We Talk About Health”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Sandro Galea\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Well” moves beyond talk of health disparities as simply numbers and statistics, dissecting the factors that influence health and well-being. This is an excellent read for health professionals or anyone interested in better understanding all the variables that impact our decisions and behaviors, like power, politics, and luck.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jamie Klufts, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0312430000/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0312430000&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=35421e550159f565498198501246b2c1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Atul Gawande\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nYears after reading it, the message and themes of this book still resonate with me. One for everyone involved in health.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eliza Metcalfe, Melbourne, Australia \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/154164414X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=154164414X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=9df8ac5f5bb7af175e206e2ce490fcfb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Rigor Mortis: How Sloppy Science Creates Worthless Cures, Crushes Hope, and Wastes Billions”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Richard Harris\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Rigor Mortis” delves into data reproducibility and scientific rigor in biomedical research. Using deft anecdotes and commentary, Harris explores how sociocultural forces and perverse incentives in funding mechanisms can conspire to create a dirge of confidence in the research process. Anyone interested in learning about how flawed science undermines medicine should pick up this book for a relatively quick and incisive read.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Kyle Penrod, Providence, R.I.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0316051632/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0316051632&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=102a5090c27ba3b32e74ee3014fa30fc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Sam Kean\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis book is an entertaining and amazing look at the history of the periodic table and the discovery of the elements. Kean writes in a narrative fashion that gripped me from the very first page. This book is a must for lovers of science, history, and science history.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Katie Reeves, Augusta, Ga.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>STAT Reporters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1608192075/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1608192075&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7aa079684701270fecebca869fe0c79e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Methland: The Death and Life of an American Small Town”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Nick Reding\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThe 2016 election sparked a national obsession with reporting from “flyover country” — a hasty attempt from the national media to remember the forgotten swathes of land between the coasts. But some of the resulting coverage was so full of caricatures it seemed like just another version of flying over. Stumbling across “Methland” in the public library provided a strong antidote to those datelines without depth. Nick Reding’s portraits of small-town Iowans who are cooking, using, or working against meth are so deeply reported that you feel as if you’ve met these people in the flesh. The details are striking — kids mixing “crank” in soda bottles as they tootle around on their bikes, a dealer investing in car selling and horse racing as fronts for her drug empire — but the book also has an impressive sweep: It chronicles rural economies overtaken by agricultural behemoths, towns left behind by everyone with the means to leave, and public health and existential crises ensnaring the people who remain.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eric Boodman, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1568585810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1568585810&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=c7392af7e5427afc8fbd10e2f028fc99\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Ask Me About My Uterus: A Quest to Make Doctors Believe in Women’s Pain”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Abby Norman\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nAny woman whose pain has been dismissed as being “part of what it means to be a woman” will highly relate to this book. “Ask Me About My Uterus” is the story of Abby Norman, whose long and frustrating journey of finding out what was causing her excruciating pain, unexplainable weight loss, and a host of other symptoms meant she had to drop out of college her freshman year. Norman describes how relationships and hobbies all fell by the wayside as the constant pain kept her at home. Only after she got a job at a hospital and spent hours educating herself did Norman finally get a diagnosis of endometriosis. The book weaves together Norman’s own story as well as research and evidence to indicate how medicine continues to ignore women’s pain. I learned a lot of things, but how to be more assertive when I visit with a physician is at the top of the list!\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Shraddha Chakradhar, reporter and Morning Rounds writer\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07DP6MSJG/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B07DP6MSJG&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=169853d1a860b739e89a5805d07eee17\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Good to Go: What the Athlete in All of us Can Learn From the Strange Science of Recovery”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Christie Aschwanden\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nLike many who live life with a daily dose of sweat, I’m always on the lookout for the best ways to recover from exercise and get myself back out the door. In her new book, science journalist and athlete Christie Aschwanden deftly unravels the complex web of science, pseudoscience, and downright bogus claims in the world of exercise recovery. She takes the reader into infrared saunas, ice baths, and float spas and tests techniques I’d never heard of (meditation headbands are a thing?) meant to help athletes bounce back from their hard efforts.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Brittany Flaherty, news intern\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0812997417/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0812997417&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=3df4e39b8793e8725667e7c8b16161f3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Lake Success”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Gary Shteyngart\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Lake Success” is the story of Barry Cohen, a superlatively successful hedge fund manager whose enviable Manhattan life comes hideously unglued after he makes an ill-advised bet on what is clearly a stand-in for Valeant Pharmaceuticals. What ensues is a never sanguine, always empathetic, reliably funny portrait of a fabulously wealthy person who seems to have forgotten the concept of failure. It’s also a fascinating character study for those of us biotech schnooks who looked at alleged insider traders like Mathew Martoma and wondered how on earth they thought they’d get away with it all. Plus there’s fancy watches, generational angst, and a meditation on the creeping financialization of everything that promises to bring about a new Gilded Age. You know, beach stuff.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Damian Garde, national biotech reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1524732710/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1524732710&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=f0f49695f97eea1f87af0be2c561a5fe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Inheritance: A Memoir of Genealogy, Paternity, and Love”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Dani Shapiro\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWherever she speaks during her book tour for “Inheritance,” memoirist Dani Shapiro is approached by people who, like her, discovered through a DNA spit test that their biological father is not who they thought he was, and that their family history is a lot more twisted than they realized. Indeed, when I heard her in Boston, a man stood up during the Q&A and announced he’d learned he was the product of a sperm donor who turned out to be a fertility doctor who’d fathered dozens of children. Shapiro’s book is a very personal story, but clearly one that resonates broadly in our DNA-obsessed age.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Gideon Gil, managing editor\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1501168681/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1501168681&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=22c75b403593e8a3a77e635029a3d63f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought The American Ideal West”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By David McCullough\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nA great way to gain perspective on the impact of modern medicine is to consider life before it arrived. McCullough’s account of the pioneers who settled America’s Northwest Territory — an area that includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin — offers a window into the ruggedness required of both doctors and patients who stared down deadly illnesses in the unbroken wilderness with few defenses. Episodic disease outbreaks swept across the frontier like wildfire, often decimating settlements and taking the lives of multiple children in the same family. As a father living in present-day Ohio, it is hard to imagine the panic this must have instilled, and the resolve required to push forward despite the heart-wrenching costs. But this book has given me fresh insight and a few reasons to reconsider my own grievances in the relative utopia we’ve carved out of the Wild West.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Casey Ross, national technology correspondent\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0812982525/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0812982525&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ca6e6c07db5238906a40e5ea31a25d71\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Patient H.M.: A Story of Memory, Madness, and Family Secrets”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Luke Dittrich\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThe book weaves the neuroscience legend of Henry Molaison with author Luke Dittrich’s own family dramas. After Dittrich’s grandfather operated on Molaison’s brain in an effort to treat his debilitating epilepsy, he wasn’t able to form any short-term memories. For decades after the surgery, researchers worked with Molaison to better understand how human memory works. Patient H.M.’s story is interesting enough. But when the story is mentioned, the surgeon is usually a minor player. This time, Dittrich brings his grandfather to life — and uses his family’s own history to explore some of the darker chapters in neuroscience history.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Kate Sheridan, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0525552960/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0525552960&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=0abcda54b107dd77066adae0db4d637f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Darius The Great is Not Okay”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Adib Khorram\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nAdib Khorram’s debut novel is about many things: identity, immigration, family, friendship. It’s also about living with clinical depression as a teen, and being a teen with a parent who has depression. Khorram is able to give readers a window into living with mental illness without making it the sole focus of the characters or their stories. And while it’s technically a young adult book, I’d recommend it to adults of all ages.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Megan Thielking, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/05/01/from-protegee-to-whistleblower-a-former-theranos-scientist-says-elizabeth-holmes-should-come-forward-and-apologize/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he first day of summer has arrived, and so has STAT’s annual book list of great reads in health, science, and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read on for recommendations from CRISPR pioneer Jennifer Doudna and CDC Director Robert Redfield. Plus, STAT readers from Boston to Ireland to Australia share their picks, in addition to our staff. Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Notable Figures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0805071806/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0805071806&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7bf123ab6184f5cac33d58beddbb56f6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Scientific Conversations: Interviews on Science from The New York Times”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Claudia Dreifus\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis is an awesome collection of 38 interviews, published originally in the Science Times section of the New York Times, that captures the wonder and excitement of scientific discovery. As an outstanding journalist and a relative outsider to science, Dreifus elicits from her subjects the passion, frustration, inspiration and, ultimately, the joy of doing science. Her writing reminds me of the work of John McPhee: deep and expansive with a sense of fun. A great read!\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jennifer Doudna, professor and HHMI Investigator, UC Berkeley; director, Innovative Genomics Institute of UC Berkeley/UCSF/Gladstone Institutes\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/006122796X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=006122796X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7cfcc6b0801cc1e4c567331d7f105411\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Vaccinated: One Man’s Quest to Defeat the World’s Deadliest Diseases”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Paul A. Offit\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nPhysicians, parents, and public health professionals seeking credible, timely information about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines will find those answers in Dr. Offit’s “Vaccinated.” He writes a compelling narrative, sharing the underlying science and historical context behind the vaccine regimen recommended today. This fact-based retrospective dispels myths and underscores the importance of immunization for children and adults alike. Readers will have a better understanding of the science-based reasoning to embrace vaccination for themselves, their families, and their communities.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Robert R. Redfield, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0520229134/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0520229134&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=f6872536969b6885c29cba642778c5ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Paul Farmer\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis book highlights so well the very inception of the Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute itself and our mission to develop treatments and preventive agents for diseases burdening the world’s poorest people. Tenderly, Farmer tells the stories of those who suffer, offering their complex circumstances in the face of overwhelming data. The Partners in Health co-founder challenges those determined to care for the most vulnerable to challenge the status quo. Although written 20 years ago, the stories ring truer than ever. Inequities in health have only become magnified and are now manifest in our own backyard. Although sobering, it is also inspiring and may make the reader leap to other resources such as “The Age of Living Machines” by Susan Hockfield, who posits that convergence across scientific disciplines led to the current technological capabilities. Can these not be leveraged with know-how and fortitude to meaningfully address inequities in health?\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Penny Heaton, CEO of the Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1845291557/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1845291557&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=424b9e11f98c4fb76b3a018ce157005a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“A Brief History of Medicine: from Hippocrates to Gene Therapy”\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cem>By Paul Strathern\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>Among the many histories of medicine, Paul Strathern’s narrative stands out for its lively prose and colorful portraits of figures who broke with dogma and proved new paradigms. Even the expert reader will find much that is novel and nuanced, not only in stories about prominent characters like Galen and Harvey, but less well known individuals like the Venerable Bede, an English monk who revived Greek and Roman knowledge during the Dark Ages, and Al-Razi, an Islamic scholar who challenged Aristotle’s prevailing notions with experimental data and showed that pediatric disorders need not be viewed as untreatable and hopeless. Each chapter offers a rich tableau depicting advances in medical thinking based on astute observation and rigorous induction. Strathern brilliantly succeeds in both educating and entertaining his reader, a perfect blend for a summer treat.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Dr. Jerome Groopman, New Yorker staff writer and author; Recanati Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0345804570/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0345804570&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=137ae7f66e5eee834172c881aa8f1b7a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“The Evolution of Beauty: How Darwin’s Forgotten Theory of Mate Choice Shapes the Animal World—and Us”\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Richard Prum\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWhether you agree with Prum or not, his case for renewed attention to Darwin’s theory of sexual selection — that considerations of beauty, and not just functional adaptation, shape evolution — is eye-opening. The book also reminds us that politics (in this case, 19th-century disapproval of Darwin’s views on female mate choice) can influence what we are taught about science. Even if you are skeptical, Prum will make you think twice about the natural world, and will definitely change how you look at ducks.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Ron Klain, President Obama’s Ebola czar during the West African outbreak\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0062338781/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0062338781&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=a08377a6dbaebf506ffcb6efb996c457\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Bottle of Lies: The Inside Story of the Generic Drug Boom”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Katherine Eban\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>In her fierce and fearless book, “Bottle of Lies,” the investigative journalist Katherine Eban takes us on a journey through the loosely regulated and often corrupt manufacture of generic drugs. Weaving together the story of a terrified but determined whistleblower from India, shady drug producers from China, and a notably timid FDA, Eban’s compelling book should serve as cautionary tale and a wake-up call for consumers, manufacturers, and physicians — “should” being the operative word.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Deborah Blum, author of “The Poison Squad: One Chemist’s Single-Minded Crusade for Food Safety at the Turn of the Twentieth Century” and director of the Knight Science Journalism Program at MIT\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>STAT Readers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0735224153/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0735224153&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=e88ba9aa97ec231e13dcca5e20cbc7bf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Michael Pollan\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWith cannabis medicine now getting the attention it deserves, Michael Pollan has done a tremendous job at digging into the history of psychedelic use, both recreationally and in therapy, together with his own observations as a new psychedelic experimenter at the age of 60. All in all, a comprehensive history of the topic, together with interviews from key psychedelic researchers, and a call for serious researchers to think twice about hasty judgments surrounding this interesting compound.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jon Calder, Belfast, Northern Ireland\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/006289627X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=006289627X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ea6fc765acd3cc5ad1ccd85342cb04ae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Bitten: The Secret History of Lyme Disease and Biological Weapons”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Kris Newby\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Bitten” is a riveting narrative that digs into the origins of the Lyme disease epidemic. It connects many dots with compelling evidence and page-turning storytelling that point to the likelihood that a bio-weaponized tick program gone awry could have contributed to the more virulent forms of tick-borne illnesses that have been wreaking havoc on unwitting people for the past five decades. Doctors are not well-trained on tick-borne illness, diagnostics are inadequate, and there are no career tracks in the field other than a few courageous pioneers. Biotech is largely on the sidelines. Yet millions of people are being disabled. Perhaps this book will help stir some action. After all, we all are just one bite away from a nightmare illness.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Nancy Dougherty, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0544114515/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0544114515&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=4f6ff933051d07a5d66bb8d7906db1a2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“How Dogs Love Us: A Neuroscientist and His Adopted Dog Decode the Canine Brain”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Gregory Berns\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFabulous book for anyone interested in the realities of research. Getting MRI data on dogs to confirm the similarities in where dogs and human brains respond to stimuli sounds like a good idea. Getting permission to get the dogs into the places where there are MRIs, getting the dogs used to the MRI, selecting real-life animals, and the implications for the experimental conclusions is very different from what usually shows up in methods and results.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Joanna Haas, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0316418080/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0316418080&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ab87c536d62f16a84be8997dbe897c72\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Perfect Predator: A Scientist’s Race to Save Her Husband from a Deadly Superbug”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Steffanie Strathdee and Thomas Patterson\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>Riveting account of a scientist trying to save her husband through a combination of sheer will, determination, and cutting-edge science. It’s an amazing blend of mystery, thriller, and microbiology.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Mallory Johnson, Berkeley, Calif.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0671510576/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0671510576&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=cb77504e40e1a9467241ae7547ca194a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Billion Dollar Molecule: One Company’s Quest for the Perfect Drug”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Barry Werth\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Billion Dollar Molecule” is a thrilling story about the development of a now powerful pharmaceutical company, its revolutionary approach in structure-based drug development, and how closely it came to failing along the way. At a time when people doubt the justifications of pricing for pharmaceutical drugs, peeking at the risks involved in development and the arduous journeys of the scientists involved through this story could add nuance to the conversation.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eric Kishel, Buffalo, N.Y.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0190916834/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0190916834&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=4c465b27e88b48c0879f78555b17f6ef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Well: What We Need to Talk About When We Talk About Health”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Sandro Galea\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Well” moves beyond talk of health disparities as simply numbers and statistics, dissecting the factors that influence health and well-being. This is an excellent read for health professionals or anyone interested in better understanding all the variables that impact our decisions and behaviors, like power, politics, and luck.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Jamie Klufts, Boston\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0312430000/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0312430000&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=35421e550159f565498198501246b2c1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Atul Gawande\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nYears after reading it, the message and themes of this book still resonate with me. One for everyone involved in health.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eliza Metcalfe, Melbourne, Australia \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/154164414X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=154164414X&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=9df8ac5f5bb7af175e206e2ce490fcfb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Rigor Mortis: How Sloppy Science Creates Worthless Cures, Crushes Hope, and Wastes Billions”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Richard Harris\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Rigor Mortis” delves into data reproducibility and scientific rigor in biomedical research. Using deft anecdotes and commentary, Harris explores how sociocultural forces and perverse incentives in funding mechanisms can conspire to create a dirge of confidence in the research process. Anyone interested in learning about how flawed science undermines medicine should pick up this book for a relatively quick and incisive read.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Kyle Penrod, Providence, R.I.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0316051632/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0316051632&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=102a5090c27ba3b32e74ee3014fa30fc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Sam Kean\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThis book is an entertaining and amazing look at the history of the periodic table and the discovery of the elements. Kean writes in a narrative fashion that gripped me from the very first page. This book is a must for lovers of science, history, and science history.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Katie Reeves, Augusta, Ga.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>STAT Reporters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1608192075/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1608192075&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=7aa079684701270fecebca869fe0c79e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Methland: The Death and Life of an American Small Town”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Nick Reding\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThe 2016 election sparked a national obsession with reporting from “flyover country” — a hasty attempt from the national media to remember the forgotten swathes of land between the coasts. But some of the resulting coverage was so full of caricatures it seemed like just another version of flying over. Stumbling across “Methland” in the public library provided a strong antidote to those datelines without depth. Nick Reding’s portraits of small-town Iowans who are cooking, using, or working against meth are so deeply reported that you feel as if you’ve met these people in the flesh. The details are striking — kids mixing “crank” in soda bottles as they tootle around on their bikes, a dealer investing in car selling and horse racing as fronts for her drug empire — but the book also has an impressive sweep: It chronicles rural economies overtaken by agricultural behemoths, towns left behind by everyone with the means to leave, and public health and existential crises ensnaring the people who remain.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Eric Boodman, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1568585810/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1568585810&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=c7392af7e5427afc8fbd10e2f028fc99\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Ask Me About My Uterus: A Quest to Make Doctors Believe in Women’s Pain”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Abby Norman\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nAny woman whose pain has been dismissed as being “part of what it means to be a woman” will highly relate to this book. “Ask Me About My Uterus” is the story of Abby Norman, whose long and frustrating journey of finding out what was causing her excruciating pain, unexplainable weight loss, and a host of other symptoms meant she had to drop out of college her freshman year. Norman describes how relationships and hobbies all fell by the wayside as the constant pain kept her at home. Only after she got a job at a hospital and spent hours educating herself did Norman finally get a diagnosis of endometriosis. The book weaves together Norman’s own story as well as research and evidence to indicate how medicine continues to ignore women’s pain. I learned a lot of things, but how to be more assertive when I visit with a physician is at the top of the list!\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Shraddha Chakradhar, reporter and Morning Rounds writer\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07DP6MSJG/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B07DP6MSJG&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=169853d1a860b739e89a5805d07eee17\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Good to Go: What the Athlete in All of us Can Learn From the Strange Science of Recovery”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Christie Aschwanden\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nLike many who live life with a daily dose of sweat, I’m always on the lookout for the best ways to recover from exercise and get myself back out the door. In her new book, science journalist and athlete Christie Aschwanden deftly unravels the complex web of science, pseudoscience, and downright bogus claims in the world of exercise recovery. She takes the reader into infrared saunas, ice baths, and float spas and tests techniques I’d never heard of (meditation headbands are a thing?) meant to help athletes bounce back from their hard efforts.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Brittany Flaherty, news intern\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0812997417/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0812997417&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=3df4e39b8793e8725667e7c8b16161f3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Lake Success”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Gary Shteyngart\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Lake Success” is the story of Barry Cohen, a superlatively successful hedge fund manager whose enviable Manhattan life comes hideously unglued after he makes an ill-advised bet on what is clearly a stand-in for Valeant Pharmaceuticals. What ensues is a never sanguine, always empathetic, reliably funny portrait of a fabulously wealthy person who seems to have forgotten the concept of failure. It’s also a fascinating character study for those of us biotech schnooks who looked at alleged insider traders like Mathew Martoma and wondered how on earth they thought they’d get away with it all. Plus there’s fancy watches, generational angst, and a meditation on the creeping financialization of everything that promises to bring about a new Gilded Age. You know, beach stuff.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Damian Garde, national biotech reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1524732710/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1524732710&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=f0f49695f97eea1f87af0be2c561a5fe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Inheritance: A Memoir of Genealogy, Paternity, and Love”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Dani Shapiro\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nWherever she speaks during her book tour for “Inheritance,” memoirist Dani Shapiro is approached by people who, like her, discovered through a DNA spit test that their biological father is not who they thought he was, and that their family history is a lot more twisted than they realized. Indeed, when I heard her in Boston, a man stood up during the Q&A and announced he’d learned he was the product of a sperm donor who turned out to be a fertility doctor who’d fathered dozens of children. Shapiro’s book is a very personal story, but clearly one that resonates broadly in our DNA-obsessed age.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Gideon Gil, managing editor\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1501168681/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1501168681&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=22c75b403593e8a3a77e635029a3d63f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought The American Ideal West”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By David McCullough\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nA great way to gain perspective on the impact of modern medicine is to consider life before it arrived. McCullough’s account of the pioneers who settled America’s Northwest Territory — an area that includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin — offers a window into the ruggedness required of both doctors and patients who stared down deadly illnesses in the unbroken wilderness with few defenses. Episodic disease outbreaks swept across the frontier like wildfire, often decimating settlements and taking the lives of multiple children in the same family. As a father living in present-day Ohio, it is hard to imagine the panic this must have instilled, and the resolve required to push forward despite the heart-wrenching costs. But this book has given me fresh insight and a few reasons to reconsider my own grievances in the relative utopia we’ve carved out of the Wild West.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Casey Ross, national technology correspondent\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0812982525/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0812982525&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=ca6e6c07db5238906a40e5ea31a25d71\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Patient H.M.: A Story of Memory, Madness, and Family Secrets”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Luke Dittrich\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nThe book weaves the neuroscience legend of Henry Molaison with author Luke Dittrich’s own family dramas. After Dittrich’s grandfather operated on Molaison’s brain in an effort to treat his debilitating epilepsy, he wasn’t able to form any short-term memories. For decades after the surgery, researchers worked with Molaison to better understand how human memory works. Patient H.M.’s story is interesting enough. But when the story is mentioned, the surgeon is usually a minor player. This time, Dittrich brings his grandfather to life — and uses his family’s own history to explore some of the darker chapters in neuroscience history.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Kate Sheridan, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0525552960/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0525552960&linkCode=as2&tag=stat03d-20&linkId=0abcda54b107dd77066adae0db4d637f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>“Darius The Great is Not Okay”\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>By Adib Khorram\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nAdib Khorram’s debut novel is about many things: identity, immigration, family, friendship. It’s also about living with clinical depression as a teen, and being a teen with a parent who has depression. Khorram is able to give readers a window into living with mental illness without making it the sole focus of the characters or their stories. And while it’s technically a young adult book, I’d recommend it to adults of all ages.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>— Megan Thielking, reporter\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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},
"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
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