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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://staff.washington.edu/hodin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jason Hodin\u003c/a> hauls up a rope that’s hanging from a dock in the waters off San Juan Island in the Pacific Northwest. At the end is a square, sandwich-size Tupperware container, with mesh-covered holes in the sides to let water flow through. Hodin pulls off the lid and peers inside at some crushed bits of shell. He points to some reddish-orange dots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“See that? That little dot right there in front of my finger?” Hodin says. “That’s a juvenile sea star that’s about a month old.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s only the size of a poppy seed. But when this baby is all grown up, it could be as big as a manhole cover. That’s because this is \u003cem>Pycnopodia helianthoides\u003c/em>, aka the \u003ca href=\"https://nc.iucnredlist.org/redlist/amazing-species/pycnopodia-helianthoides/pdfs/original/pycnopodia-helianthoides.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sunflower sea star\u003c/a>. It’s one of the biggest sea stars in the world, with an arm span that can be more than 3 feet across, and it used to be a common sight in the waters off the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, though, it’s critically endangered and is being driven toward extinction by a mysterious, devastating disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why Hodin and his colleagues at the University of Washington’s Friday Harbor Laboratories have spent the last two years figuring out how to raise this species in captivity. It’s an act of desperation born out of the hope that someday, lab-grown sunflower sea stars could be reintroduced into places where this species has disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976130\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976130\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/research-lab-3_custom-96fc615a2325fa5450d6855bcebaf0250b7d8137-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/research-lab-3_custom-96fc615a2325fa5450d6855bcebaf0250b7d8137-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/research-lab-3_custom-96fc615a2325fa5450d6855bcebaf0250b7d8137-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/research-lab-3_custom-96fc615a2325fa5450d6855bcebaf0250b7d8137-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/research-lab-3_custom-96fc615a2325fa5450d6855bcebaf0250b7d8137-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/research-lab-3_custom-96fc615a2325fa5450d6855bcebaf0250b7d8137-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/research-lab-3_custom-96fc615a2325fa5450d6855bcebaf0250b7d8137-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/research-lab-3_custom-96fc615a2325fa5450d6855bcebaf0250b7d8137.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jason Hodin, research scientist at the University of Washington’s Friday Harbor Laboratories, works in the sea star captive rearing lab. The sunflower sea star breeding program is a partnership between the university and the Nature Conservancy. \u003ccite>(Dennis Wise/University of Washington)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This voracious predator used to prowl the waters across a nearly 2,000-mile range, from Alaska to Baja California. Their brightly colored bodies — which come in vivid shades of orange, pink, blue and green — would move along the seafloor on as many as 24 arms, gobbling up mussels and scallops and sea urchins. Their consumption of sea urchins, in particular, helped to protect vital forests of kelp, which are home to numerous marine species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, however, populations of the sunflower sea star \u003ca href=\"https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaau7042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">have declined\u003c/a> by 80% to 100%. In California, “sunflower sea stars are more than 95% gone,” Hodin says. “Some people think that they are entirely extinct in the wild down there. I’ve heard scattered reports of people maybe seeing a few.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This species seems particularly susceptible to a wasting disease that’s hit more than 20 sea star species since 2013. Hodin says the sick sea stars are horrible to behold. “I witnessed it, and it’s not pretty,” he says. “They really do kind of like dissolve into a pile of goo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2019, Hodin says, the Nature Conservancy approached him about the possibility of setting up a program to breed sunflower sea stars. He’d already been interested in the basic science of sea stars because of the way they are able to transform themselves from bilaterally symmetrical larvae to juveniles with five-sided symmetry. He agreed to try raising large numbers of sunflower sea stars to adulthood, even though no one had tried to do anything like this before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976131\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976131\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-feeding-4_custom-1a2ab2ba952bbd281e56f8bb0fc852e36a901d2e-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-feeding-4_custom-1a2ab2ba952bbd281e56f8bb0fc852e36a901d2e-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-feeding-4_custom-1a2ab2ba952bbd281e56f8bb0fc852e36a901d2e-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-feeding-4_custom-1a2ab2ba952bbd281e56f8bb0fc852e36a901d2e-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-feeding-4_custom-1a2ab2ba952bbd281e56f8bb0fc852e36a901d2e-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-feeding-4_custom-1a2ab2ba952bbd281e56f8bb0fc852e36a901d2e-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-feeding-4_custom-1a2ab2ba952bbd281e56f8bb0fc852e36a901d2e-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-feeding-4_custom-1a2ab2ba952bbd281e56f8bb0fc852e36a901d2e.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Adult sunflower sea stars feed on mussels at the Friday Harbor Laboratories. Shells from earlier meals collect at the bottom of the tank. The sea star on the bottom, called Charlotte, is the mother of the lab’s 1-year-old juvenile stars. \u003ccite>(Dennis Wise/University of Washington)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“For this species in particular, there were very few published efforts to raise them at all, even through embryo or larval stages,” Hodin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He didn’t know the answer to some of the most basic questions, such as what did this species eat early on? And how fast could it grow?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody knows how to age a sea star, so you see something in the wild and you have no idea how old it is,” Hodin says. “It could be 2 years old. It could be 50. It could be 100.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His team started by taking some sunflower sea stars from the wild. About 30 of these giants now live outside the lab in large, burbling tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t really anticipate how exuberant their behaviors are,” Hodin says. “You get to know them, and you get to know them individually. We noticed early on that we could tell them apart by their color patterns. And we gave them names.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of their names are linked to their colors. Prince, for example, has arms with tips that are purple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976132\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-2_custom-9418999650d5ec9060a3ae1cdd9866eaf3953bcf-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-2_custom-9418999650d5ec9060a3ae1cdd9866eaf3953bcf-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-2_custom-9418999650d5ec9060a3ae1cdd9866eaf3953bcf-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-2_custom-9418999650d5ec9060a3ae1cdd9866eaf3953bcf-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-2_custom-9418999650d5ec9060a3ae1cdd9866eaf3953bcf-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-2_custom-9418999650d5ec9060a3ae1cdd9866eaf3953bcf-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-2_custom-9418999650d5ec9060a3ae1cdd9866eaf3953bcf-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-2_custom-9418999650d5ec9060a3ae1cdd9866eaf3953bcf.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An arm of an adult sunflower sea star has numerous orange and white tube feet that it uses for walking, breathing and sensing. \u003ccite>(Dennis Wise/University of Washington)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This here’s Deep Blue, and she’s our biggest,” researcher \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/fleur__flower?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fleur Anteau\u003c/a> says as she feeds the sea stars by gently tucking mussels under their arms. “Some of them, when I open the cage, will basically really start moving their arms to the surface, like Olga here. Some of them are a little shyer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the shy ones suddenly come to life once they clutch a mussel. They hunch over the prey so they can swallow it whole. “When food comes, then you really see the predator come out,” Anteau notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pointing to the red eye spot at the end of each arm, she adds, “They’re looking at you. They don’t have eyes like us, but they can see a light-and-dark kind of vision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This lab has figured out how to get sperm and eggs from the wild-caught adults and grow up their offspring. The oldest sea stars they’ve produced are now nearly a year and a half, and they are about 3 inches across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab only has about a dozen young sea stars that have reached this stage. But considering how little was known at the start — and the fact that they had to work out their techniques during a pandemic that restricted who could go to the lab — Hodin says he feels lucky to have gotten that many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re assuming that by next year, they might be reproductive, based on ones that we’ve seen in the field,” Hodin says. “It’s good news that they can grow relatively quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976133\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/starfish_diptych_custom-7cdd2cdc72a88ff42af021707c3b6e4c62d731fb-800x266.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/starfish_diptych_custom-7cdd2cdc72a88ff42af021707c3b6e4c62d731fb-800x266.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/starfish_diptych_custom-7cdd2cdc72a88ff42af021707c3b6e4c62d731fb-1020x339.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/starfish_diptych_custom-7cdd2cdc72a88ff42af021707c3b6e4c62d731fb-160x53.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/starfish_diptych_custom-7cdd2cdc72a88ff42af021707c3b6e4c62d731fb-768x255.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/starfish_diptych_custom-7cdd2cdc72a88ff42af021707c3b6e4c62d731fb-1536x510.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/starfish_diptych_custom-7cdd2cdc72a88ff42af021707c3b6e4c62d731fb-1920x638.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/starfish_diptych_custom-7cdd2cdc72a88ff42af021707c3b6e4c62d731fb.jpg 2005w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Hodin, the research scientist who is leading the captive rearing program, prepares to view sea star larvae under a microscope. Right: Sunflower sea star larvae, born in mid-January, are seen under a microscope. The dark oval shapes are stomachs. \u003ccite>(Dennis Wise/University of Washington)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Having learned the tricks needed to raise these sea stars, the research team’s new goal is to produce up to 1,000 more young stars. The lab is full of glass pickle jars that contain larvae, and food containers that hold the poppy seed-size juveniles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hodin says that first, lab-grown sea stars could be put into the local waters, where their parents came from, to test how well they fare in the wild. If that goes well, it might be possible in the coming years to try to restore populations off the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the danger of sea star wasting disease could still be out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say at the outset that it’s critical to understand more about what’s killing them before trying to put them back,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/harvell/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Drew Harvell\u003c/a>, a professor emeritus with Cornell University who is also a researcher at the Friday Harbor Laboratories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, she says, scientists disagree on the nature of the killer. Some blame an infectious agent, such as a virus, while others point to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/01/30/690003678/massive-starfish-die-off-is-tied-to-global-warming\">warming oceans\u003c/a> or other environmental changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s extremely controversial,” says Harvell, author of a book called \u003cem>Ocean Outbreak: Confronting the Rising Tide of Marine Disease\u003c/em>. She believes there’s a lot of evidence that sea star wasting disease is infectious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, she and her colleagues are starting new lab experiments to test that idea. In a fish pathogen lab, extracts from sick sea stars will be injected into seemingly healthy ones. She’ll be using sunflower sea stars since they are so susceptible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are difficult experiments to get to run consistently, and so if you try to do them with a species that is somewhat resistant, sometimes just nothing happens,” Harvell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if scientists never are able to figure out what causes this illness, she says, eventually it could still be worth trying some kind of reintroduction of captive-bred sea stars to the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At some point we would just have to probably go forward,” Harvell says, “even though scientifically that wouldn’t be the very best plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hodin wishes he knew whether the sea stars his lab is raising are susceptible to the disease. He’s constantly on the lookout for any signs that his beloved animals are falling ill. “We hope they don’t get it obviously,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He uses a pair of tweezers to tenderly feed a tiny mussel to one of the young sea stars. It curls its arm around the treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their adult-like behaviors are starting to emerge at these small sizes, and that’s been really fascinating to watch,” says Hodin, who adds he feels a deep attachment to all of the animals that he’s raised. “I think of myself as their foster parent. I’m caring for them and trying to optimize their growth and watching them grow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he even dreams about them. Just the night before, he’d dreamed of being surrounded by water in a house-size version of one of their tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=To+Save+A+Huge%2C+24-Armed+Sea+Creature%2C+Scientists+Become+Loving+Foster+Parents&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://staff.washington.edu/hodin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jason Hodin\u003c/a> hauls up a rope that’s hanging from a dock in the waters off San Juan Island in the Pacific Northwest. At the end is a square, sandwich-size Tupperware container, with mesh-covered holes in the sides to let water flow through. Hodin pulls off the lid and peers inside at some crushed bits of shell. He points to some reddish-orange dots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“See that? That little dot right there in front of my finger?” Hodin says. “That’s a juvenile sea star that’s about a month old.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s only the size of a poppy seed. But when this baby is all grown up, it could be as big as a manhole cover. That’s because this is \u003cem>Pycnopodia helianthoides\u003c/em>, aka the \u003ca href=\"https://nc.iucnredlist.org/redlist/amazing-species/pycnopodia-helianthoides/pdfs/original/pycnopodia-helianthoides.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sunflower sea star\u003c/a>. It’s one of the biggest sea stars in the world, with an arm span that can be more than 3 feet across, and it used to be a common sight in the waters off the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, though, it’s critically endangered and is being driven toward extinction by a mysterious, devastating disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why Hodin and his colleagues at the University of Washington’s Friday Harbor Laboratories have spent the last two years figuring out how to raise this species in captivity. It’s an act of desperation born out of the hope that someday, lab-grown sunflower sea stars could be reintroduced into places where this species has disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976130\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976130\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/research-lab-3_custom-96fc615a2325fa5450d6855bcebaf0250b7d8137-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/research-lab-3_custom-96fc615a2325fa5450d6855bcebaf0250b7d8137-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/research-lab-3_custom-96fc615a2325fa5450d6855bcebaf0250b7d8137-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/research-lab-3_custom-96fc615a2325fa5450d6855bcebaf0250b7d8137-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/research-lab-3_custom-96fc615a2325fa5450d6855bcebaf0250b7d8137-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/research-lab-3_custom-96fc615a2325fa5450d6855bcebaf0250b7d8137-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/research-lab-3_custom-96fc615a2325fa5450d6855bcebaf0250b7d8137-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/research-lab-3_custom-96fc615a2325fa5450d6855bcebaf0250b7d8137.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jason Hodin, research scientist at the University of Washington’s Friday Harbor Laboratories, works in the sea star captive rearing lab. The sunflower sea star breeding program is a partnership between the university and the Nature Conservancy. \u003ccite>(Dennis Wise/University of Washington)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This voracious predator used to prowl the waters across a nearly 2,000-mile range, from Alaska to Baja California. Their brightly colored bodies — which come in vivid shades of orange, pink, blue and green — would move along the seafloor on as many as 24 arms, gobbling up mussels and scallops and sea urchins. Their consumption of sea urchins, in particular, helped to protect vital forests of kelp, which are home to numerous marine species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, however, populations of the sunflower sea star \u003ca href=\"https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaau7042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">have declined\u003c/a> by 80% to 100%. In California, “sunflower sea stars are more than 95% gone,” Hodin says. “Some people think that they are entirely extinct in the wild down there. I’ve heard scattered reports of people maybe seeing a few.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This species seems particularly susceptible to a wasting disease that’s hit more than 20 sea star species since 2013. Hodin says the sick sea stars are horrible to behold. “I witnessed it, and it’s not pretty,” he says. “They really do kind of like dissolve into a pile of goo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2019, Hodin says, the Nature Conservancy approached him about the possibility of setting up a program to breed sunflower sea stars. He’d already been interested in the basic science of sea stars because of the way they are able to transform themselves from bilaterally symmetrical larvae to juveniles with five-sided symmetry. He agreed to try raising large numbers of sunflower sea stars to adulthood, even though no one had tried to do anything like this before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976131\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976131\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-feeding-4_custom-1a2ab2ba952bbd281e56f8bb0fc852e36a901d2e-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-feeding-4_custom-1a2ab2ba952bbd281e56f8bb0fc852e36a901d2e-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-feeding-4_custom-1a2ab2ba952bbd281e56f8bb0fc852e36a901d2e-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-feeding-4_custom-1a2ab2ba952bbd281e56f8bb0fc852e36a901d2e-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-feeding-4_custom-1a2ab2ba952bbd281e56f8bb0fc852e36a901d2e-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-feeding-4_custom-1a2ab2ba952bbd281e56f8bb0fc852e36a901d2e-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-feeding-4_custom-1a2ab2ba952bbd281e56f8bb0fc852e36a901d2e-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-feeding-4_custom-1a2ab2ba952bbd281e56f8bb0fc852e36a901d2e.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Adult sunflower sea stars feed on mussels at the Friday Harbor Laboratories. Shells from earlier meals collect at the bottom of the tank. The sea star on the bottom, called Charlotte, is the mother of the lab’s 1-year-old juvenile stars. \u003ccite>(Dennis Wise/University of Washington)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“For this species in particular, there were very few published efforts to raise them at all, even through embryo or larval stages,” Hodin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He didn’t know the answer to some of the most basic questions, such as what did this species eat early on? And how fast could it grow?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody knows how to age a sea star, so you see something in the wild and you have no idea how old it is,” Hodin says. “It could be 2 years old. It could be 50. It could be 100.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His team started by taking some sunflower sea stars from the wild. About 30 of these giants now live outside the lab in large, burbling tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t really anticipate how exuberant their behaviors are,” Hodin says. “You get to know them, and you get to know them individually. We noticed early on that we could tell them apart by their color patterns. And we gave them names.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of their names are linked to their colors. Prince, for example, has arms with tips that are purple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976132\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-2_custom-9418999650d5ec9060a3ae1cdd9866eaf3953bcf-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-2_custom-9418999650d5ec9060a3ae1cdd9866eaf3953bcf-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-2_custom-9418999650d5ec9060a3ae1cdd9866eaf3953bcf-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-2_custom-9418999650d5ec9060a3ae1cdd9866eaf3953bcf-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-2_custom-9418999650d5ec9060a3ae1cdd9866eaf3953bcf-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-2_custom-9418999650d5ec9060a3ae1cdd9866eaf3953bcf-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-2_custom-9418999650d5ec9060a3ae1cdd9866eaf3953bcf-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/adult-2_custom-9418999650d5ec9060a3ae1cdd9866eaf3953bcf.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An arm of an adult sunflower sea star has numerous orange and white tube feet that it uses for walking, breathing and sensing. \u003ccite>(Dennis Wise/University of Washington)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This here’s Deep Blue, and she’s our biggest,” researcher \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/fleur__flower?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fleur Anteau\u003c/a> says as she feeds the sea stars by gently tucking mussels under their arms. “Some of them, when I open the cage, will basically really start moving their arms to the surface, like Olga here. Some of them are a little shyer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the shy ones suddenly come to life once they clutch a mussel. They hunch over the prey so they can swallow it whole. “When food comes, then you really see the predator come out,” Anteau notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pointing to the red eye spot at the end of each arm, she adds, “They’re looking at you. They don’t have eyes like us, but they can see a light-and-dark kind of vision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This lab has figured out how to get sperm and eggs from the wild-caught adults and grow up their offspring. The oldest sea stars they’ve produced are now nearly a year and a half, and they are about 3 inches across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab only has about a dozen young sea stars that have reached this stage. But considering how little was known at the start — and the fact that they had to work out their techniques during a pandemic that restricted who could go to the lab — Hodin says he feels lucky to have gotten that many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re assuming that by next year, they might be reproductive, based on ones that we’ve seen in the field,” Hodin says. “It’s good news that they can grow relatively quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976133\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/starfish_diptych_custom-7cdd2cdc72a88ff42af021707c3b6e4c62d731fb-800x266.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/starfish_diptych_custom-7cdd2cdc72a88ff42af021707c3b6e4c62d731fb-800x266.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/starfish_diptych_custom-7cdd2cdc72a88ff42af021707c3b6e4c62d731fb-1020x339.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/starfish_diptych_custom-7cdd2cdc72a88ff42af021707c3b6e4c62d731fb-160x53.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/starfish_diptych_custom-7cdd2cdc72a88ff42af021707c3b6e4c62d731fb-768x255.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/starfish_diptych_custom-7cdd2cdc72a88ff42af021707c3b6e4c62d731fb-1536x510.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/starfish_diptych_custom-7cdd2cdc72a88ff42af021707c3b6e4c62d731fb-1920x638.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/08/starfish_diptych_custom-7cdd2cdc72a88ff42af021707c3b6e4c62d731fb.jpg 2005w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Hodin, the research scientist who is leading the captive rearing program, prepares to view sea star larvae under a microscope. Right: Sunflower sea star larvae, born in mid-January, are seen under a microscope. The dark oval shapes are stomachs. \u003ccite>(Dennis Wise/University of Washington)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Having learned the tricks needed to raise these sea stars, the research team’s new goal is to produce up to 1,000 more young stars. The lab is full of glass pickle jars that contain larvae, and food containers that hold the poppy seed-size juveniles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hodin says that first, lab-grown sea stars could be put into the local waters, where their parents came from, to test how well they fare in the wild. If that goes well, it might be possible in the coming years to try to restore populations off the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the danger of sea star wasting disease could still be out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say at the outset that it’s critical to understand more about what’s killing them before trying to put them back,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/harvell/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Drew Harvell\u003c/a>, a professor emeritus with Cornell University who is also a researcher at the Friday Harbor Laboratories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, she says, scientists disagree on the nature of the killer. Some blame an infectious agent, such as a virus, while others point to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/01/30/690003678/massive-starfish-die-off-is-tied-to-global-warming\">warming oceans\u003c/a> or other environmental changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s extremely controversial,” says Harvell, author of a book called \u003cem>Ocean Outbreak: Confronting the Rising Tide of Marine Disease\u003c/em>. She believes there’s a lot of evidence that sea star wasting disease is infectious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, she and her colleagues are starting new lab experiments to test that idea. In a fish pathogen lab, extracts from sick sea stars will be injected into seemingly healthy ones. She’ll be using sunflower sea stars since they are so susceptible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are difficult experiments to get to run consistently, and so if you try to do them with a species that is somewhat resistant, sometimes just nothing happens,” Harvell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if scientists never are able to figure out what causes this illness, she says, eventually it could still be worth trying some kind of reintroduction of captive-bred sea stars to the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At some point we would just have to probably go forward,” Harvell says, “even though scientifically that wouldn’t be the very best plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hodin wishes he knew whether the sea stars his lab is raising are susceptible to the disease. He’s constantly on the lookout for any signs that his beloved animals are falling ill. “We hope they don’t get it obviously,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He uses a pair of tweezers to tenderly feed a tiny mussel to one of the young sea stars. It curls its arm around the treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their adult-like behaviors are starting to emerge at these small sizes, and that’s been really fascinating to watch,” says Hodin, who adds he feels a deep attachment to all of the animals that he’s raised. “I think of myself as their foster parent. I’m caring for them and trying to optimize their growth and watching them grow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he even dreams about them. Just the night before, he’d dreamed of being surrounded by water in a house-size version of one of their tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=To+Save+A+Huge%2C+24-Armed+Sea+Creature%2C+Scientists+Become+Loving+Foster+Parents&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NOAA Expedition Discovers SpongeBob, Patrick Look Alikes A Mile Under The Ocean's Surface",
"headTitle": "NOAA Expedition Discovers SpongeBob, Patrick Look Alikes A Mile Under The Ocean’s Surface | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>An ocean expedition exploring more than a mile under the surface of the Atlantic captured a startlingly silly sight this week: a sponge that looked very much like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nick.com/shows/spongebob-squarepants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SpongeBob SquarePants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And right next to it, a pink sea star — a doppelganger for Patrick, SpongeBob’s dim-witted best friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"jw_embed\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/embedded-video?storyId=1022837166&mediaId=1022929038&jwMediaType=null\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>NOAA’s Okeanos Explorer captured video of a notable sponge and sea star this week. In real life, the two aren’t such good friends.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://naturalhistory.si.edu/staff/christopher-mah\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christopher Mah\u003c/a> was one of the scientists watching \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/livestreams/welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a live feed\u003c/a> from a submersible launched off the NOAA ship \u003cem>Okeanos Explorer\u003c/em>. He’s a research associate at the National Museum of Natural History who frequently collaborates with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. He’s also an \u003ca href=\"http://echinoblog.blogspot.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">expert on starfish\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mah immediately noticed the underwater creatures’ resemblance to the animated buddies. “They’re just a dead ringer for the cartoon characters,” Mah tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/echinoblog/status/1420069675036147713\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tweeted\u003c/a> an image of the two noting the resemblance, delighting lots of folks. Someone helpfully \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mwhdeere/status/1420957021927616513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">added\u003c/a> faces and legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/echinoblog/status/1420069961104433154?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad News: Sponges and Sea Stars Aren’t Actually Pals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than chilling together under the sea, Mah suspects a different reason for the creatures’ closeness: Sea stars like to feed on sponges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all likelihood, the reason that starfish is right next to that sponge is because that sponge is just about to be devoured, at least in part,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe not. The sponge might be bright yellow because of its chemical defenses, Mah says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either way, he says, “The reality is a little crueler than perhaps a cartoon would suggest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In scientific terms, a sponge is \u003cem>Hertwigia\u003c/em>, while a starfish is a \u003cem>Chondraster\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mah says the starfish spotted by the expedition was probably a species called a \u003cem>Chondraster grandis\u003c/em> — the pink starfish that was likely the inspiration for the Patrick character.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976094\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976094\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-1536x1150.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-2048x1533.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-1920x1438.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patrick and Spongebob take part in the Worldwide Day of Play on July 26, 2017 in Washington, DC. \u003ccite>(Photo by Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images for Nickelodeon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the real-life sponge is as yellow as the Nickelodeon character, SpongeBob’s shape is far from what’s found in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SpongeBob is obviously shaped like a plastic cleaning sponge — he’s rectangular,” Mah says. But actual deep-sea sponges? “They’re almost surreal. They’re bizarre, crazy shapes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrick’s anatomy is not exactly faithful to that of a real starfish, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Expedition Was Exploring the Depths of the Atlantic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expedition was more than 200 miles off the Atlantic coast when the now-famous sponge and starfish were sighted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The find was part of NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex2104/features/plan/welcome.html\">North Atlantic Stepping Stones\u003c/a>, a monthlong expedition on the \u003cem>Okeanos Explorer \u003c/em>to collect information about unknown and poorly understood deep-water areas off the eastern U.S. coast and high seas. The expedition involved mapping the seafloor and explorations of deep-sea coral sponge communities, fish habitats and the ecosystems of seamounts, which are underwater mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976093\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976093\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11.jpg 894w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than a mile underwater, the cartoon doppelgangers were found side by side. \u003ccite>(NOAA Ocean Exploration)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep-Sea Life is Poorly Understood\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is the fuss over a real sponge that looks like an animated sponge a bit silly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absolutely, says Mah. But he welcomes the attention if it means that people think about the life that is dwelling in the world’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are literally animals that the public might not have ever even seen before. They live at almost a 2,000-meter depth,” he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hopes the hubbub brings awareness not only to sponges and starfish but also to their habitat, which is under threat from forces including mining and fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The positive response from folks on Twitter has been nice, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re like, ‘Oh, my God, this is perfect. This is great. I can’t believe this is true,’ ” Mah says. “So if we can bring positivity and we can make people happy by showing them nature — well, that’s what nature has always done for us before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Research+Vessel+Found+SpongeBob+Look-Alikes+A+Mile+Under+The+Ocean%27s+Surface&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An ocean expedition exploring more than a mile under the surface of the Atlantic captured a startlingly silly sight this week: a sponge that looked very much like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nick.com/shows/spongebob-squarepants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SpongeBob SquarePants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And right next to it, a pink sea star — a doppelganger for Patrick, SpongeBob’s dim-witted best friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"jw_embed\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/embedded-video?storyId=1022837166&mediaId=1022929038&jwMediaType=null\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>NOAA’s Okeanos Explorer captured video of a notable sponge and sea star this week. In real life, the two aren’t such good friends.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://naturalhistory.si.edu/staff/christopher-mah\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Christopher Mah\u003c/a> was one of the scientists watching \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/livestreams/welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a live feed\u003c/a> from a submersible launched off the NOAA ship \u003cem>Okeanos Explorer\u003c/em>. He’s a research associate at the National Museum of Natural History who frequently collaborates with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. He’s also an \u003ca href=\"http://echinoblog.blogspot.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">expert on starfish\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mah immediately noticed the underwater creatures’ resemblance to the animated buddies. “They’re just a dead ringer for the cartoon characters,” Mah tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/echinoblog/status/1420069675036147713\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tweeted\u003c/a> an image of the two noting the resemblance, delighting lots of folks. Someone helpfully \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mwhdeere/status/1420957021927616513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">added\u003c/a> faces and legs.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad News: Sponges and Sea Stars Aren’t Actually Pals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than chilling together under the sea, Mah suspects a different reason for the creatures’ closeness: Sea stars like to feed on sponges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all likelihood, the reason that starfish is right next to that sponge is because that sponge is just about to be devoured, at least in part,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe not. The sponge might be bright yellow because of its chemical defenses, Mah says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either way, he says, “The reality is a little crueler than perhaps a cartoon would suggest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In scientific terms, a sponge is \u003cem>Hertwigia\u003c/em>, while a starfish is a \u003cem>Chondraster\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mah says the starfish spotted by the expedition was probably a species called a \u003cem>Chondraster grandis\u003c/em> — the pink starfish that was likely the inspiration for the Patrick character.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976094\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976094\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-1536x1150.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-2048x1533.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/gettyimages-823139156-44d60c135247036e32f8fd9fc63e6bb4294c3796-1920x1438.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patrick and Spongebob take part in the Worldwide Day of Play on July 26, 2017 in Washington, DC. \u003ccite>(Photo by Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images for Nickelodeon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the real-life sponge is as yellow as the Nickelodeon character, SpongeBob’s shape is far from what’s found in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SpongeBob is obviously shaped like a plastic cleaning sponge — he’s rectangular,” Mah says. But actual deep-sea sponges? “They’re almost surreal. They’re bizarre, crazy shapes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrick’s anatomy is not exactly faithful to that of a real starfish, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Expedition Was Exploring the Depths of the Atlantic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expedition was more than 200 miles off the Atlantic coast when the now-famous sponge and starfish were sighted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The find was part of NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex2104/features/plan/welcome.html\">North Atlantic Stepping Stones\u003c/a>, a monthlong expedition on the \u003cem>Okeanos Explorer \u003c/em>to collect information about unknown and poorly understood deep-water areas off the eastern U.S. coast and high seas. The expedition involved mapping the seafloor and explorations of deep-sea coral sponge communities, fish habitats and the ecosystems of seamounts, which are underwater mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1976093\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1976093\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/07/ex2104_img_20210727t171014z_rovhd-5241c12808cbb51db135619d07d4c114c0874c11.jpg 894w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than a mile underwater, the cartoon doppelgangers were found side by side. \u003ccite>(NOAA Ocean Exploration)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep-Sea Life is Poorly Understood\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is the fuss over a real sponge that looks like an animated sponge a bit silly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absolutely, says Mah. But he welcomes the attention if it means that people think about the life that is dwelling in the world’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are literally animals that the public might not have ever even seen before. They live at almost a 2,000-meter depth,” he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hopes the hubbub brings awareness not only to sponges and starfish but also to their habitat, which is under threat from forces including mining and fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The positive response from folks on Twitter has been nice, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re like, ‘Oh, my God, this is perfect. This is great. I can’t believe this is true,’ ” Mah says. “So if we can bring positivity and we can make people happy by showing them nature — well, that’s what nature has always done for us before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Research+Vessel+Found+SpongeBob+Look-Alikes+A+Mile+Under+The+Ocean%27s+Surface&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "gripped-by-drought-marin-considers-desalination-water-pipeline-over-the-richmond-bridge",
"title": "Gripped by Drought, Marin Considers Desalination, Water Pipeline Over the Richmond Bridge",
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"headTitle": "Gripped by Drought, Marin Considers Desalination, Water Pipeline Over the Richmond Bridge | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>As the drought deepens across the West, coastal cities are considering whether or not to filter ocean water as a solution to their water woes. In the Bay Area, \u003ca href=\"https://www.marinwater.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marin Water\u003c/a> is mulling plans to draw its drinking water from the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reservoir levels in Marin County are at historic lows this year, and water leaders are calling for a 40% reduction. So far the county has reached a 23% reduction, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.marinwater.org/board-contact\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cynthia Koehler\u003c/a>, president of the agency’s board of directors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to do more,” she said. “We’re expecting another relatively low rainfall year. So, we’re preparing not just for right now, but really for 2022.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harrowing prospect of another dry winter has the district toying, once again, with the idea of desalination, a process — removing salt and minerals from the sea for clean drinking water — that is simple in principle, maddeningly complicated in practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it works: Salty water is pumped in from the ocean, filtered, chemically treated and then forced with high pressure through hole-lined pipes, which are tightly bound by a special polymer membrane — basically a microscopic strainer. Salt, bacteria and viruses can’t get through the membrane. Fresh water escapes, brine remains in the tubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin Water looked at desalination twice in three decades. It shelved a desalination project in 2010 after water use declined, following a couple of dry years. One reason the agency ditched the idea? Cost concerns, which — at the time — could have been as much as $173 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The cost was disproportionately high,” Koehler said, who joined the district 15 years ago “It’s not a light switch, you can’t turn it on or off, you’ve got to run it all the time. And so it would have been our most expensive source of supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A shoreline project the district is now considering would cost in the ballpark of $37 million, and could clean enough water to fulfill about a third of the county’s drinking water needs. The agency could lease some facilities, keeping the costs down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agency staff are considering a floating facility on a barge, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They say the boat is likely more expensive and does “not appear feasible for a number of reasons” Koehler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The terrestrial plant, while cheaper than the floating barge and “technically feasible” still has “fairly high costs associated with it,” she noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third option — not desalination, a pipeline over the bridge from Richmond to San Rafael to pump water from the East Bay — is likely to win out, Koehler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency could buy water from farmers in the Central Valley and elsewhere. Koehler said it is still somewhat up in the air about where the water would come from, but staff is meeting with neighbor agencies like the East Bay Municipal Utility District and others much further away in Amador, Placer and Yuba counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the drought worsens other areas of the state could be more in need and the water may go to them instead. If the 6-mile pipeline is successful it could provide for all essential homes, businesses, and other indoor water use, and it would cost between $66 million and $88 million — which is more expensive than the desalination option, but would cover a large percentage of the county’s water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The preliminary information is that there would be water on the market in California, if we were able to get that infrastructure in place,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these options are not quick fixes to the current water shortage and wouldn’t be ready until at least June 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decision could come by the end of the year, but Koehler says the best current option is water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want a community that is beautiful and that has landscaping, but native landscaping, low-water landscaping, Earthscape, all of these are options that don’t require that level of investment,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin isn’t the only Bay Area community considering desalination. The city of Antioch is \u003ca href=\"http://www.antiochbrackishdesal.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">building a plant to clean brackish water from the San Joaquin River\u003c/a>. It’s supposed to be completed in 2023. When the $100 million project is finished it will allow water to be used from the river year-round instead of purchasing costly water from other agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental factors essentially forced the city’s hand, says\u003ca href=\"https://eesa.lbl.gov/profiles/peter-sewell-fiske/\"> Peter Fiske\u003c/a>, director for the National Alliance for Water Innovation at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of climate change and the drought the salinity of that river is getting worse and worse,” he said “They got to the point where they were like, ‘Oh, my God, I guess we’re going to have to desalinate.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Desalination doesn’t make sense for every city, because of the high cost and harm it can cause to marine ecosystems. Fiske says other options should be adopted first, like cleaning wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Across the Bay Area, we generate a lot of wastewater,” he said. “We are essentially throwing it back into the bay and much of that wastewater could be reprocessed and reused.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AdrianCovert?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adrian Covert\u003c/a>, senior vice president of public policy at the Bay Area Council, a business and industry group, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">recently \u003ca href=\"https://adriancovert.substack.com/p/how-much-would-it-cost-to-drought\">evaluated desalination regionally\u003c/a> and found that recycling water could have a large impact. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every year, the Bay Area pumps about 500,000 acre feet of highly treated wastewater into the bay,” he said. “It’s more than enough to meet the Bay Area’s water demand through 2040. And because wastewater is cleaner than ocean water, treating it to potable standards is also about 20% cheaper than desalinating water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agencies like Santa Clara Valley Water, which provides water to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975989/san-jose-relies-on-water-from-the-sierra-nevada-climate-change-is-challenging-that-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2 million people in the San Jose area\u003c/a>, are planning on doubling recycling water efforts. But that still only equals about 10% of their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://innovation.luskin.ucla.edu/team/gregory-pierce/\">Gregory Pierce \u003c/a>agrees that recycling water or fixing infrastructure is a faster solution than constructing a desalination plant. In a \u003ca href=\"https://innovation.luskin.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Analyzing_Southern_CA_Supply_Investments_from_a_Human_Right_to_Water_Perspective.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2019 study,\u003c/a> he examined the impact desalination could have on low-income or marginalized communities as the co-director of the UCLA Luskin Center for Innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pierce says people need “an even higher ethic of water conservation” because saving water is about preserving life for all Californians, not just the wealthy, with sprawling green lawns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, I think desalination can be part of the answer. But it’s not the best answer right now or in the near term,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pierce says desalination can hurt the environment and water agencies often push the high cost onto ratepayers. Desalination doesn’t encourage people to use less water and could lead to agencies delaying upgrades to aging, leaky water systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a concept, desalination sounds good, he says, but it’s not usually delivered equitably. If water is truly a human right, it should be affordable to everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AndreaLeon?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Andrea León-Grossmann\u003c/a>, director of climate action for the ocean conservation group Azul, advocates against desalination because the high costs are shouldered by ratepayers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Proponents claim it will be a few dollars a month,” she said. “For them, it might be a few dollars a month, but for someone who’s struggling to put food on the table that is a struggle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says there are better options for dealing with water shortages, like recycling water and fixing leaky pipes that waste water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we were to plug all those pipes and invest in maintaining our infrastructure that could provide a lot more water than building desalination plants,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Desalination isn’t just expensive, it’s hard on ocean life, says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielOceanPhys\">Daniel Ellis\u003c/a>, a senior scientist with the state water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re not just killing the phytoplankton, you’re also killing the food source for the broader food web,” he said. “The second part of the environmental impact is you take in ocean water, you take out the freshwater and you’re left with a lot of salt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellis says the brine byproduct can be twice as salty, and when it’s pumped back into the ocean, can be toxic for some aquatic life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though desalination is theoretically becoming more popular — there are, at least, \u003ca href=\"https://adriancovert.substack.com/p/how-much-would-it-cost-to-drought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">11 active seawater desalination plants statewide\u003c/a> — he says there are only a few new pending projects in the state, like those in \u003ca href=\"https://www.poseidonwater.com/huntington-beach-desalination-plant.html#:~:text=The%20Huntington%20Beach%20Desalination%20Plant,to%20be%20operational%20by%202023.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Huntington Beach\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://scwd.org/depts/engineering/projects/water_supply_projects/oceandesal3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Laguna Beach\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: A previous version of the story mislabeled the San Joaquin River. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the drought deepens across the West, coastal cities are considering whether or not to filter ocean water as a solution to their water woes. In the Bay Area, \u003ca href=\"https://www.marinwater.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marin Water\u003c/a> is mulling plans to draw its drinking water from the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reservoir levels in Marin County are at historic lows this year, and water leaders are calling for a 40% reduction. So far the county has reached a 23% reduction, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.marinwater.org/board-contact\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cynthia Koehler\u003c/a>, president of the agency’s board of directors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to do more,” she said. “We’re expecting another relatively low rainfall year. So, we’re preparing not just for right now, but really for 2022.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harrowing prospect of another dry winter has the district toying, once again, with the idea of desalination, a process — removing salt and minerals from the sea for clean drinking water — that is simple in principle, maddeningly complicated in practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it works: Salty water is pumped in from the ocean, filtered, chemically treated and then forced with high pressure through hole-lined pipes, which are tightly bound by a special polymer membrane — basically a microscopic strainer. Salt, bacteria and viruses can’t get through the membrane. Fresh water escapes, brine remains in the tubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin Water looked at desalination twice in three decades. It shelved a desalination project in 2010 after water use declined, following a couple of dry years. One reason the agency ditched the idea? Cost concerns, which — at the time — could have been as much as $173 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The cost was disproportionately high,” Koehler said, who joined the district 15 years ago “It’s not a light switch, you can’t turn it on or off, you’ve got to run it all the time. And so it would have been our most expensive source of supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A shoreline project the district is now considering would cost in the ballpark of $37 million, and could clean enough water to fulfill about a third of the county’s drinking water needs. The agency could lease some facilities, keeping the costs down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agency staff are considering a floating facility on a barge, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They say the boat is likely more expensive and does “not appear feasible for a number of reasons” Koehler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The terrestrial plant, while cheaper than the floating barge and “technically feasible” still has “fairly high costs associated with it,” she noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third option — not desalination, a pipeline over the bridge from Richmond to San Rafael to pump water from the East Bay — is likely to win out, Koehler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency could buy water from farmers in the Central Valley and elsewhere. Koehler said it is still somewhat up in the air about where the water would come from, but staff is meeting with neighbor agencies like the East Bay Municipal Utility District and others much further away in Amador, Placer and Yuba counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the drought worsens other areas of the state could be more in need and the water may go to them instead. If the 6-mile pipeline is successful it could provide for all essential homes, businesses, and other indoor water use, and it would cost between $66 million and $88 million — which is more expensive than the desalination option, but would cover a large percentage of the county’s water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The preliminary information is that there would be water on the market in California, if we were able to get that infrastructure in place,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these options are not quick fixes to the current water shortage and wouldn’t be ready until at least June 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decision could come by the end of the year, but Koehler says the best current option is water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want a community that is beautiful and that has landscaping, but native landscaping, low-water landscaping, Earthscape, all of these are options that don’t require that level of investment,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin isn’t the only Bay Area community considering desalination. The city of Antioch is \u003ca href=\"http://www.antiochbrackishdesal.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">building a plant to clean brackish water from the San Joaquin River\u003c/a>. It’s supposed to be completed in 2023. When the $100 million project is finished it will allow water to be used from the river year-round instead of purchasing costly water from other agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental factors essentially forced the city’s hand, says\u003ca href=\"https://eesa.lbl.gov/profiles/peter-sewell-fiske/\"> Peter Fiske\u003c/a>, director for the National Alliance for Water Innovation at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of climate change and the drought the salinity of that river is getting worse and worse,” he said “They got to the point where they were like, ‘Oh, my God, I guess we’re going to have to desalinate.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Desalination doesn’t make sense for every city, because of the high cost and harm it can cause to marine ecosystems. Fiske says other options should be adopted first, like cleaning wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Across the Bay Area, we generate a lot of wastewater,” he said. “We are essentially throwing it back into the bay and much of that wastewater could be reprocessed and reused.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AdrianCovert?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adrian Covert\u003c/a>, senior vice president of public policy at the Bay Area Council, a business and industry group, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">recently \u003ca href=\"https://adriancovert.substack.com/p/how-much-would-it-cost-to-drought\">evaluated desalination regionally\u003c/a> and found that recycling water could have a large impact. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every year, the Bay Area pumps about 500,000 acre feet of highly treated wastewater into the bay,” he said. “It’s more than enough to meet the Bay Area’s water demand through 2040. And because wastewater is cleaner than ocean water, treating it to potable standards is also about 20% cheaper than desalinating water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agencies like Santa Clara Valley Water, which provides water to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1975989/san-jose-relies-on-water-from-the-sierra-nevada-climate-change-is-challenging-that-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2 million people in the San Jose area\u003c/a>, are planning on doubling recycling water efforts. But that still only equals about 10% of their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://innovation.luskin.ucla.edu/team/gregory-pierce/\">Gregory Pierce \u003c/a>agrees that recycling water or fixing infrastructure is a faster solution than constructing a desalination plant. In a \u003ca href=\"https://innovation.luskin.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Analyzing_Southern_CA_Supply_Investments_from_a_Human_Right_to_Water_Perspective.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2019 study,\u003c/a> he examined the impact desalination could have on low-income or marginalized communities as the co-director of the UCLA Luskin Center for Innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pierce says people need “an even higher ethic of water conservation” because saving water is about preserving life for all Californians, not just the wealthy, with sprawling green lawns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California, I think desalination can be part of the answer. But it’s not the best answer right now or in the near term,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pierce says desalination can hurt the environment and water agencies often push the high cost onto ratepayers. Desalination doesn’t encourage people to use less water and could lead to agencies delaying upgrades to aging, leaky water systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a concept, desalination sounds good, he says, but it’s not usually delivered equitably. If water is truly a human right, it should be affordable to everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AndreaLeon?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Andrea León-Grossmann\u003c/a>, director of climate action for the ocean conservation group Azul, advocates against desalination because the high costs are shouldered by ratepayers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Proponents claim it will be a few dollars a month,” she said. “For them, it might be a few dollars a month, but for someone who’s struggling to put food on the table that is a struggle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says there are better options for dealing with water shortages, like recycling water and fixing leaky pipes that waste water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we were to plug all those pipes and invest in maintaining our infrastructure that could provide a lot more water than building desalination plants,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Desalination isn’t just expensive, it’s hard on ocean life, says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielOceanPhys\">Daniel Ellis\u003c/a>, a senior scientist with the state water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re not just killing the phytoplankton, you’re also killing the food source for the broader food web,” he said. “The second part of the environmental impact is you take in ocean water, you take out the freshwater and you’re left with a lot of salt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellis says the brine byproduct can be twice as salty, and when it’s pumped back into the ocean, can be toxic for some aquatic life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though desalination is theoretically becoming more popular — there are, at least, \u003ca href=\"https://adriancovert.substack.com/p/how-much-would-it-cost-to-drought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">11 active seawater desalination plants statewide\u003c/a> — he says there are only a few new pending projects in the state, like those in \u003ca href=\"https://www.poseidonwater.com/huntington-beach-desalination-plant.html#:~:text=The%20Huntington%20Beach%20Desalination%20Plant,to%20be%20operational%20by%202023.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Huntington Beach\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://scwd.org/depts/engineering/projects/water_supply_projects/oceandesal3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Laguna Beach\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: A previous version of the story mislabeled the San Joaquin River. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Moon 'Wobble' Isn’t New. What's New is the Impact of Climate Change",
"headTitle": "The Moon ‘Wobble’ Isn’t New. What’s New is the Impact of Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>So, about that moon wobble …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, NASA published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01077-8\"> new study\u003c/a> in the journal Nature Climate Change that found rising sea levels plus higher tides caused by an oscillation in the moon’s orbit will dramatically increase the number of sunny day floods experienced in U.S. coastal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area is one of the most populous and flood-threatened shorelines of the entire West Coast. Places like San Francisco’s Embarcadero and the exit off Northbound Highway 101 toward Mill Valley already regularly flood during King Tides, along with communities like \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11871855/sea-levels-are-rising-in-the-bay-and-east-palo-alto-is-on-the-front-lines\">East Palo Alto\u003c/a> in the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA researchers say it could get a lot worse — and sooner than expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The assessment we made for the tide gauge in San Francisco is that we’d see about a five time increase in the number of high-tide flood days,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/bhamlington?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\">Ben Hamlington\u003c/a>, who co-authored the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, he says the region’s current sea level rise adaptation plans may not go far enough, and might be moving too slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A regular oscillation in the lunar orbit — what researchers have dubbed a “moon wobble” — will temporarily suppress flooding from rising sea levels this decade, only to worsen across the Bay Area in the mid-2030s as the moon sways back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon pollution is trapping heat and warming the planet, even as companies and governments continue to emit planet warming gases with little abatement. The wobble will do nothing to limit the melting of ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, which is accelerating and being driven by these rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that the moon wobbles is not a new discovery. Scientists have known about the lunar sways, which take 18.6 years to complete, for centuries. The first half of the pattern is marked in the U.S. by lower tides and the second — which the moon is currently in — by high tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/PeterGleick/status/1417663167409229827?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s nothing new or dangerous about the wobble; it was first reported in 1728,” NASA’s release \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/study-projects-a-surge-in-coastal-flooding-starting-in-2030s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said\u003c/a>. “What’s new is how one of the wobble’s effects on the moon’s gravitational pull — the main cause of Earth’s tides — will combine with rising sea levels resulting from the planet’s warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists worry that as the tides amplify in the next decade, cities around the Bay will see more flooding. The San Francisco Bay has risen by about eight inches since 1990, the Mercury News \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/04/13/san-francisco-bay-protection-from-future-disasters-is-being-thrown-away-scientists-say/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a>. But by the midcentury that could increase by up to \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.9 feet, before accelerating even more towards the end of the century. \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phil Thompson, lead author of the study, said cities will likely experience accumulating impacts from what academics call nuisance flooding — water from high tides spilling on streets, into parking lots, parks, and neighborhoods, regularly disrupting life and business. “If it floods 10 or 15 times a month, a business can’t keep operating with its parking lot under water,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real doozy, Hamlington says, is that a certain level of sea rise is already baked in, and will surge as the temperatures rise and oceans warm. San Francisco could see 31 additional flooding days per year on average during the 2030s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team examined the impacts under low-medium and medium climate warming emissions scenarios. They forecast that flooding will be experienced at different moments across the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamlington says natural drivers of flooding like El Niño could also make flooding worse, and the impact of sea level rise will be clearly evident in the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of those flooding days that you see now are going to be that much more severe,” he said. “We are going to see some abrupt transitions. I think it’s important for coastal planners to understand that, in a lot of cases, you need to start preparing now. Some of the adaptation strategies that are being discussed need to be put in place sooner rather than later.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>So, about that moon wobble …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, NASA published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01077-8\"> new study\u003c/a> in the journal Nature Climate Change that found rising sea levels plus higher tides caused by an oscillation in the moon’s orbit will dramatically increase the number of sunny day floods experienced in U.S. coastal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area is one of the most populous and flood-threatened shorelines of the entire West Coast. Places like San Francisco’s Embarcadero and the exit off Northbound Highway 101 toward Mill Valley already regularly flood during King Tides, along with communities like \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11871855/sea-levels-are-rising-in-the-bay-and-east-palo-alto-is-on-the-front-lines\">East Palo Alto\u003c/a> in the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA researchers say it could get a lot worse — and sooner than expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The assessment we made for the tide gauge in San Francisco is that we’d see about a five time increase in the number of high-tide flood days,” said \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/bhamlington?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\">Ben Hamlington\u003c/a>, who co-authored the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, he says the region’s current sea level rise adaptation plans may not go far enough, and might be moving too slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A regular oscillation in the lunar orbit — what researchers have dubbed a “moon wobble” — will temporarily suppress flooding from rising sea levels this decade, only to worsen across the Bay Area in the mid-2030s as the moon sways back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon pollution is trapping heat and warming the planet, even as companies and governments continue to emit planet warming gases with little abatement. The wobble will do nothing to limit the melting of ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, which is accelerating and being driven by these rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that the moon wobbles is not a new discovery. Scientists have known about the lunar sways, which take 18.6 years to complete, for centuries. The first half of the pattern is marked in the U.S. by lower tides and the second — which the moon is currently in — by high tides.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>“There’s nothing new or dangerous about the wobble; it was first reported in 1728,” NASA’s release \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/study-projects-a-surge-in-coastal-flooding-starting-in-2030s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said\u003c/a>. “What’s new is how one of the wobble’s effects on the moon’s gravitational pull — the main cause of Earth’s tides — will combine with rising sea levels resulting from the planet’s warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists worry that as the tides amplify in the next decade, cities around the Bay will see more flooding. The San Francisco Bay has risen by about eight inches since 1990, the Mercury News \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/04/13/san-francisco-bay-protection-from-future-disasters-is-being-thrown-away-scientists-say/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a>. But by the midcentury that could increase by up to \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.9 feet, before accelerating even more towards the end of the century. \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phil Thompson, lead author of the study, said cities will likely experience accumulating impacts from what academics call nuisance flooding — water from high tides spilling on streets, into parking lots, parks, and neighborhoods, regularly disrupting life and business. “If it floods 10 or 15 times a month, a business can’t keep operating with its parking lot under water,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real doozy, Hamlington says, is that a certain level of sea rise is already baked in, and will surge as the temperatures rise and oceans warm. San Francisco could see 31 additional flooding days per year on average during the 2030s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team examined the impacts under low-medium and medium climate warming emissions scenarios. They forecast that flooding will be experienced at different moments across the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hamlington says natural drivers of flooding like El Niño could also make flooding worse, and the impact of sea level rise will be clearly evident in the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of those flooding days that you see now are going to be that much more severe,” he said. “We are going to see some abrupt transitions. I think it’s important for coastal planners to understand that, in a lot of cases, you need to start preparing now. Some of the adaptation strategies that are being discussed need to be put in place sooner rather than later.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Hermit crabs are obsessed with snail shells. These crafty little crabs, found in California’s rocky intertidal zone, are more than happy to let the snails build them a perfect home. When the crabs find a snail shell they like, they hop right into their new abode.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Hermit crabs are obsessed with snail shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And these crafty little crabs are more than happy to let the snails do all the work to make their future homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these Northern California tide pools, turban snails invest years, sometimes decades, growing their shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They pull calcium carbonate right out of the water to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They spend their days eating the algae that coats pretty much everything in these rocky, shallow pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rugged shells protect the snails’ squishy bodies from the relentless surf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re way stronger than your average garden snail shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those sturdy curves catch the attention of these grainyhand hermit crabs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://resweb.llu.edu/sdunbar/index.html\">Stephen Dunbar\u003c/a> is a professor of biology at Loma Linda University where he studies tropical marine ecophysiology, coral reef biodiversity and conservation, and marine invertebrate and vertebrate physiology and ecology. He previously studied how hermit crabs use snail shells and currently focuses on sea turtles.\u003cbr>\n[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But hermit crabs won’t kill the snails to get them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They wait for a snail to die and then rush in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new home comes with a free meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Escargot, anyone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a competitive market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’re constantly looking to upgrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe they’ve outgrown their current place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A shell that’s too small hampers growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a damaged shell like this one just isn’t safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the front of their body is covered in stiff armor, their elongated back half is soft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It curves to match the shell’s spiral shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the very end of its body, deep inside the shell, modified legs called uropods grab on, like the arms of an anchor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before they make any big moves, they usually inspect their new potential digs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they like what they see, they make sure the coast is clear, hold on to both shells, and …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much better, now to get this place cleaned up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the crabs never get too attached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They might occupy this shell for just a few hours, if they find something better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes hermit crabs will squabble over a particularly desirable abode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or bully the current occupant into abandoning its shell by banging against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the tenant hiding inside won’t give up its most prized possession easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there’s one thing they can count on, though, there will always be another shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And another, and another, and another.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Hermit crabs are obsessed with snail shells. These crafty little crabs, found in California’s rocky intertidal zone, are more than happy to let the snails build them a perfect home. When the crabs find a snail shell they like, they hop right into their new abode.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Hermit crabs are obsessed with snail shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And these crafty little crabs are more than happy to let the snails do all the work to make their future homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these Northern California tide pools, turban snails invest years, sometimes decades, growing their shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They pull calcium carbonate right out of the water to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They spend their days eating the algae that coats pretty much everything in these rocky, shallow pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rugged shells protect the snails’ squishy bodies from the relentless surf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re way stronger than your average garden snail shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those sturdy curves catch the attention of these grainyhand hermit crabs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cbr>\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://resweb.llu.edu/sdunbar/index.html\">Stephen Dunbar\u003c/a> is a professor of biology at Loma Linda University where he studies tropical marine ecophysiology, coral reef biodiversity and conservation, and marine invertebrate and vertebrate physiology and ecology. He previously studied how hermit crabs use snail shells and currently focuses on sea turtles.\u003cbr>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But hermit crabs won’t kill the snails to get them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They wait for a snail to die and then rush in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new home comes with a free meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Escargot, anyone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a competitive market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’re constantly looking to upgrade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe they’ve outgrown their current place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A shell that’s too small hampers growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a damaged shell like this one just isn’t safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the front of their body is covered in stiff armor, their elongated back half is soft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It curves to match the shell’s spiral shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the very end of its body, deep inside the shell, modified legs called uropods grab on, like the arms of an anchor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before they make any big moves, they usually inspect their new potential digs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they like what they see, they make sure the coast is clear, hold on to both shells, and …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much better, now to get this place cleaned up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the crabs never get too attached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They might occupy this shell for just a few hours, if they find something better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes hermit crabs will squabble over a particularly desirable abode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or bully the current occupant into abandoning its shell by banging against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the tenant hiding inside won’t give up its most prized possession easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there’s one thing they can count on, though, there will always be another shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And another, and another, and another.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Warming Oceans, Stronger Swells: Big Wave Surfers Ride More Powerful Waves",
"headTitle": "Warming Oceans, Stronger Swells: Big Wave Surfers Ride More Powerful Waves | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>For roughly three decades, Grant Washburn has looked out his window each morning and considered the height of the waves crashing against California’s ragged coastline, before dutifully noting the conditions in white, wire-bound calendars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His meticulous record keeping of the conditions at one famous Bay Area surf break in particular — Mavericks, near Half Moon Bay, where waves can rise to the size of a four-story apartment building — has established Washburn as a sort of elder statesman and historian among local surfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washburn’s surf journal documents the swell conditions and wave heights at Mavericks dating back to the early 1990s. When the monster waves are breaking, Washburn etches a drawing in his calendar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washburn knows more than most about the range of conditions — tide, weather and interval between peak waves — that must align perfectly for the towering blue giants to rise above the reef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mavericks is an example of a place that is really specifically a measuring stick for what’s going on in the deeper Pacific, because it doesn’t break unless a certain ocean swell hits it,” he said. “And when that’s happening, it’s indisputable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past December and January, Washburn drew a hell of a lot of waves .\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974961\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1974961 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/Waves.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"206\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/Waves.png 512w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/Waves-160x64.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grant Washburn’s Surf Journals Chronicling Powerful Swells This Past Winter \u003ccite>(Grant Washburn)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As they grew, so did the level of chatter among the surfers who ride them and have been observing larger and more powerful swells at spots like Mavericks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Sponsler, a revered surf forecaster and founder of the site \u003ca href=\"http://stormsurf.com/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">stormsurf.com\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/05/09/warming-oceans-have-created-golden-age-big-wave-surfing-leaving-surfers-conflicted/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s5\">described\u003c/span>\u003c/a> a “golden age” for big wave surfing caused by hotter temperatures and ocean water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As temperatures and ocean waters warm, evaporation increases, which pumps more energy into the jet stream, generating more ferocious storms over the open ocean, the genesis of Mavericks towering waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bianca Valenti, a San Franciscan and one of the best big wave surfers in the world, charged at Mavericks’ monster waves more than a dozen times this past winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This doesn’t feel normal,” she said recently. “It’s so crazy. It feels like a tipping point, somehow. Like how the fires this season just seemed to last for so long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oceanographers from UC Santa Cruz have actually quantified in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-08066-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s5\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i> how the energy in ocean waves has increased over a period of roughly eight decades as a consequence of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Upper-ocean warming, a consequence of anthropogenic global warming, is changing the global wave climate, making waves stronger,” the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team, led by Borja Reguero, coastal scientist at UC Santa Cruz, used a novel indicator for rising sea levels and climate change, using the transport of potential energy from wind to waves. (In science-speak this is called “wave power.”)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reguero’s research shows that global annual wave power increased by an average of 0.4% per year from 1948 to 2017, with an annual rise of 2.3% since 1994.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, bigger storms are creating bigger waves, and Washburn’s adding more drawings to his calendar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discussion of wave power, essentially wave energy, existed in the scientific literature previously, but Reguero’s group was the first to use this parameter as a way of identifying a long-term trend as a climate change effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reguero’s study is especially important for California, a state that doesn’t experience hurricanes but suffers from eroding cliffs, disappearing beaches, and disrupted marine ecosystems like kelp forests, all of which are exacerbated by more powerful waves battering the coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really important in California, where wave action is essentially the main driver of coastal dynamics,” Reguero said.\u003cbr>\nThese kinds of wind-driven waves contribute to coastal flooding, swamping beach cities like Del Mar in Southern California and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973805/climate-solutions-in-east-palo-alto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s5\">Bay Area shoreline cities like East Palo Alto\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, transporting sediment, reshaping headlands, bays and open coastal areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean researchers looking at satellite measurements and buoys have long known that waves, particularly in the North Pacific, were changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we now have more concrete proof that climate change is affecting global waves,” Reguero said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Warming Could Improve Big Wave Spots. Everywhere Else? Not So Much\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impacts of climate change on California surfing is complicated, varied, and different from break to break. And in a lot of places, rising tides could actually drown out some surf breaks, while the changing direction of ocean waves might cause some swells to miss some breaks altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact of humans could also play a part. Coastal cities might respond to rising tides by building seawalls and other protections, which could destroy the conditions in some locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to guess where public officials would land if given the choice of balancing the need to protect coastal communities against the quality of a surf break or two. But the equation is more complicated for cities like Santa Cruz, with some of the best, most consistent waves in the world, a surf-crazed city that has built an identity around the sport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nik Strong-Cvetich, chief executive officer of Save the Waves, an organization that advocates for protecting surf ecosystems, including the local flora, fauna and surrounding communities, has been examining climate as a threat in Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is probably improving big wave spots,” Strong-Cvetich said. “But it’s overall probably deleterious for the sport of surfing in California. There are probably more spots that will be lost than improved, on the whole. Probably for surfing, it’s negative, even if it’s a little better for big wave surfing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2015, Dan Reineman, a surfer and environmental scientist at CSU Channel Islands, surveyed more than a thousand California surfers about the conditions that make their local breaks most optimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using that information as input in sophisticated climate models, he estimated that more than a third of surf spots in California are endangered or threatened by rising sea levels, with only a small percentage improving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a really strong connection in surfing between the quality of waves, the way they break, and the depth of the water,” Reineman said. “On a day-over-day basis, the tide is what makes the biggest difference in that depth. Add climate change-driven sea level rise to that equation and everything is just going to be deeper.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a big deal in a state with millions of surfers. (Reineman’s research notes a 20-year-old California surfing census that counted 1.1 million surfers in the state.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Surfing waves are one of the most important resources on our coast,” \u003cspan class=\"s7\">Reineman said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Ryan Seelbach, a professional surfer from San Francisco, first started engaging with Reineman’s research and other science around climate and waves, he realized Santa Cruz could be altered by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With that much more water pouring over the reef, it has a big impact,” he said. “I remember thinking to myself, ‘Wow, Santa Cruz is going to get heavily impacted. There’s just not too many places you can surf there at higher tide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seemingly Endless Season of Pristine Surf Days With Towering Waves\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surfing at Mavericks this winter was unbelievable with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1972266/the-waves-at-mavericks-this-year-were-mindblowingly-huge-video\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s5\">week-after-week filled with incredible surf days\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">, thanks in part to La Niña conditions that held a ridge of high pressure over California, deflecting storms that might normally have soaked the Bay Area to the north. Wind from the storms drove swells south directly at the Northern California coast.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/3YLmURnr4oo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">On a typical year, Mavericks is surfable only a handful of days.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">A notoriously fickle surf break near Half Moon Bay, the conditions at Mavericks are only good for surfing during a significant northwest swell, often generated by raging storms and winds on the other side of the world in the Northern Pacific, and mostly only during winter months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some years, there’s nothing. Just the open ocean. Many days, the water over the rocky reef is as tranquil as a lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on good days? When the conditions are right, waves at Mavericks rise into blue monsters, well above 50 feet, some of the largest surfable waves in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past winter, surfers like Valenti and Washburn had the opportunity to surf Mavericks for dozens of days, both describing the season as one of the best of their careers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mind-blowing. This is the best winter that I can remember, ever,” Valenti said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and other surfers of her caliber are more organized, better funded and trained, and hold a brighter spotlight than at any time in the sport’s history. Talent is peaking as swells serve up taller and more powerful sets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be overstating the case to say that Valenti and her adrenaline-chasing, sun-soaked Bay Area big wave surfing colleagues are stoked about the situation. They are, after all, land-living creatures touched by climate change in all the same ways as anyone else in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not much fun to surf when a blanket of wildfire smoke hangs over the entire coastline of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But are they excited for the opportunity to surf the biggest and most powerful waves any human has ever had the courage to paddle?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certainly.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For roughly three decades, Grant Washburn has looked out his window each morning and considered the height of the waves crashing against California’s ragged coastline, before dutifully noting the conditions in white, wire-bound calendars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His meticulous record keeping of the conditions at one famous Bay Area surf break in particular — Mavericks, near Half Moon Bay, where waves can rise to the size of a four-story apartment building — has established Washburn as a sort of elder statesman and historian among local surfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washburn’s surf journal documents the swell conditions and wave heights at Mavericks dating back to the early 1990s. When the monster waves are breaking, Washburn etches a drawing in his calendar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washburn knows more than most about the range of conditions — tide, weather and interval between peak waves — that must align perfectly for the towering blue giants to rise above the reef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mavericks is an example of a place that is really specifically a measuring stick for what’s going on in the deeper Pacific, because it doesn’t break unless a certain ocean swell hits it,” he said. “And when that’s happening, it’s indisputable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past December and January, Washburn drew a hell of a lot of waves .\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974961\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1974961 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/Waves.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"206\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/Waves.png 512w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/05/Waves-160x64.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grant Washburn’s Surf Journals Chronicling Powerful Swells This Past Winter \u003ccite>(Grant Washburn)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As they grew, so did the level of chatter among the surfers who ride them and have been observing larger and more powerful swells at spots like Mavericks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Sponsler, a revered surf forecaster and founder of the site \u003ca href=\"http://stormsurf.com/\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">stormsurf.com\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/05/09/warming-oceans-have-created-golden-age-big-wave-surfing-leaving-surfers-conflicted/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s5\">described\u003c/span>\u003c/a> a “golden age” for big wave surfing caused by hotter temperatures and ocean water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As temperatures and ocean waters warm, evaporation increases, which pumps more energy into the jet stream, generating more ferocious storms over the open ocean, the genesis of Mavericks towering waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bianca Valenti, a San Franciscan and one of the best big wave surfers in the world, charged at Mavericks’ monster waves more than a dozen times this past winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This doesn’t feel normal,” she said recently. “It’s so crazy. It feels like a tipping point, somehow. Like how the fires this season just seemed to last for so long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oceanographers from UC Santa Cruz have actually quantified in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-08066-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s5\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003ci>Nature\u003c/i> how the energy in ocean waves has increased over a period of roughly eight decades as a consequence of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Upper-ocean warming, a consequence of anthropogenic global warming, is changing the global wave climate, making waves stronger,” the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team, led by Borja Reguero, coastal scientist at UC Santa Cruz, used a novel indicator for rising sea levels and climate change, using the transport of potential energy from wind to waves. (In science-speak this is called “wave power.”)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reguero’s research shows that global annual wave power increased by an average of 0.4% per year from 1948 to 2017, with an annual rise of 2.3% since 1994.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, bigger storms are creating bigger waves, and Washburn’s adding more drawings to his calendar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discussion of wave power, essentially wave energy, existed in the scientific literature previously, but Reguero’s group was the first to use this parameter as a way of identifying a long-term trend as a climate change effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reguero’s study is especially important for California, a state that doesn’t experience hurricanes but suffers from eroding cliffs, disappearing beaches, and disrupted marine ecosystems like kelp forests, all of which are exacerbated by more powerful waves battering the coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really important in California, where wave action is essentially the main driver of coastal dynamics,” Reguero said.\u003cbr>\nThese kinds of wind-driven waves contribute to coastal flooding, swamping beach cities like Del Mar in Southern California and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973805/climate-solutions-in-east-palo-alto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s5\">Bay Area shoreline cities like East Palo Alto\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, transporting sediment, reshaping headlands, bays and open coastal areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean researchers looking at satellite measurements and buoys have long known that waves, particularly in the North Pacific, were changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we now have more concrete proof that climate change is affecting global waves,” Reguero said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Warming Could Improve Big Wave Spots. Everywhere Else? Not So Much\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impacts of climate change on California surfing is complicated, varied, and different from break to break. And in a lot of places, rising tides could actually drown out some surf breaks, while the changing direction of ocean waves might cause some swells to miss some breaks altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact of humans could also play a part. Coastal cities might respond to rising tides by building seawalls and other protections, which could destroy the conditions in some locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to guess where public officials would land if given the choice of balancing the need to protect coastal communities against the quality of a surf break or two. But the equation is more complicated for cities like Santa Cruz, with some of the best, most consistent waves in the world, a surf-crazed city that has built an identity around the sport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nik Strong-Cvetich, chief executive officer of Save the Waves, an organization that advocates for protecting surf ecosystems, including the local flora, fauna and surrounding communities, has been examining climate as a threat in Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is probably improving big wave spots,” Strong-Cvetich said. “But it’s overall probably deleterious for the sport of surfing in California. There are probably more spots that will be lost than improved, on the whole. Probably for surfing, it’s negative, even if it’s a little better for big wave surfing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2015, Dan Reineman, a surfer and environmental scientist at CSU Channel Islands, surveyed more than a thousand California surfers about the conditions that make their local breaks most optimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using that information as input in sophisticated climate models, he estimated that more than a third of surf spots in California are endangered or threatened by rising sea levels, with only a small percentage improving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a really strong connection in surfing between the quality of waves, the way they break, and the depth of the water,” Reineman said. “On a day-over-day basis, the tide is what makes the biggest difference in that depth. Add climate change-driven sea level rise to that equation and everything is just going to be deeper.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a big deal in a state with millions of surfers. (Reineman’s research notes a 20-year-old California surfing census that counted 1.1 million surfers in the state.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Surfing waves are one of the most important resources on our coast,” \u003cspan class=\"s7\">Reineman said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Ryan Seelbach, a professional surfer from San Francisco, first started engaging with Reineman’s research and other science around climate and waves, he realized Santa Cruz could be altered by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With that much more water pouring over the reef, it has a big impact,” he said. “I remember thinking to myself, ‘Wow, Santa Cruz is going to get heavily impacted. There’s just not too many places you can surf there at higher tide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seemingly Endless Season of Pristine Surf Days With Towering Waves\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surfing at Mavericks this winter was unbelievable with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1972266/the-waves-at-mavericks-this-year-were-mindblowingly-huge-video\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s5\">week-after-week filled with incredible surf days\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">, thanks in part to La Niña conditions that held a ridge of high pressure over California, deflecting storms that might normally have soaked the Bay Area to the north. Wind from the storms drove swells south directly at the Northern California coast.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/3YLmURnr4oo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/3YLmURnr4oo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">On a typical year, Mavericks is surfable only a handful of days.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">A notoriously fickle surf break near Half Moon Bay, the conditions at Mavericks are only good for surfing during a significant northwest swell, often generated by raging storms and winds on the other side of the world in the Northern Pacific, and mostly only during winter months.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some years, there’s nothing. Just the open ocean. Many days, the water over the rocky reef is as tranquil as a lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on good days? When the conditions are right, waves at Mavericks rise into blue monsters, well above 50 feet, some of the largest surfable waves in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past winter, surfers like Valenti and Washburn had the opportunity to surf Mavericks for dozens of days, both describing the season as one of the best of their careers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mind-blowing. This is the best winter that I can remember, ever,” Valenti said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and other surfers of her caliber are more organized, better funded and trained, and hold a brighter spotlight than at any time in the sport’s history. Talent is peaking as swells serve up taller and more powerful sets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be overstating the case to say that Valenti and her adrenaline-chasing, sun-soaked Bay Area big wave surfing colleagues are stoked about the situation. They are, after all, land-living creatures touched by climate change in all the same ways as anyone else in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not much fun to surf when a blanket of wildfire smoke hangs over the entire coastline of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But are they excited for the opportunity to surf the biggest and most powerful waves any human has ever had the courage to paddle?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certainly.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Calif. Offshore Wind Will Require a Feat of Engineering. And That's Not Even the Hard Part",
"headTitle": "Calif. Offshore Wind Will Require a Feat of Engineering. And That’s Not Even the Hard Part | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In January 2016, Trident Winds, a small, Seattle-based wind company, submitted an unsolicited application to the U.S. Department of the Interior, laying out its aspirations to build a 1-gigawatt wind farm off California’s central coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale was ambitious, especially for the United States. But Trident Winds’ chief executive officer, Alla Weinstein, sensed an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Effectively, that’s what kick-started the whole discussion on offshore wind in California,” Weinstein said of the application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years later, California’s waters still have no finalized leases for the development of any offshore wind farms. Instead, the state’s market has been bogged down by politics and technological hurdles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on Tuesday, the Biden administration and the state announced a target to hold an auction in mid-2022 to award leases for wind development off California’s coast, a significant step toward encouraging the state’s stalled market. The effort would contribute to the administration’s recently announced goal of reaching 30 gigawatts of offshore wind nationally by 2030, a target that seemed to favor the Northeast, which has already cultivated the foundations of a thriving offshore wind market. The United States currently has only about 42 megawatts of offshore wind capacity in operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given California’s leadership in clean energy and combating climate change, “it’s only fitting that California is totally unwilling to let the expansion we’re witnessing on the East Coast leave California behind,” said White House National Climate Advisor Gina McCarthy, on a Tuesday call with reporters highlighting the Biden administration’s announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has many qualities that would seem to make it an enticing location to build offshore wind: high power prices, cities along the coast ready to use the electricity and a\u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-solar-batteries-renewable-energy-california-20190605-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> solar-saturated grid\u003c/a>, which makes wind a complementary resource when the sun isn’t shining. The state has more than 200 gigawatts of technical offshore wind potential, according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, but current projections for offshore wind cast doubt on whether it can complete any projects in the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is now grappling with how to fit offshore wind into legislatively mandated efforts to achieve 100% clean energy by 2045.\u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/on-u-s-east-coast-has-offshore-winds-moment-finally-arrived\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Climate goals in numerous Eastern states\u003c/a> have hinged on significant offshore wind deployment, with plans to add more than 30 gigawatts of offshore wind by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB525\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recently-introduced California bill\u003c/a> would also help invigorate the state’s offshore wind market, directing energy regulators to establish offshore wind targets for 2030 and 2045.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>A similar bill is under consideration in Oregon, calling for up to 3 gigawatts of offshore wind by 2030. The legislation, along with the federal administration’s efforts to coax California’s market forward, underscore the opportunity in Western waters, if politicians can seize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has consistently been a front-runner in clean energy deployments. Last month, a large swath of the state ran on 95% renewables for a brief four seconds — a milestone that reportedly\u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/environment/newsletter/2021-04-29/solar-power-water-canals-california-climate-change-boiling-point\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> sent chills of excitement down the spine\u003c/a> of the state grid operator’s chief executive officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar accounts for a majority of California’s renewable resources, leaving an opening for a budding offshore wind market. Wind and solar work well together in an energy portfolio because wind generally continues to blow at night, while solar produces the most at the sunniest times of day. A 2021 report from the California Energy Commission suggested offshore wind should play a significant role in the state’s clean energy targets, accounting for as much as 10 gigawatts of capacity additions in coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California gets closer to carbon-free electricity, it’s increasingly seeing the need for a wider array of technologies to balance solar production. “That’s where offshore wind fits in,” said Mohit Chhabra, a senior scientist with the Natural Resources Defense Council’s climate and clean energy program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California realized the potential for offshore wind years ago. Along with the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), which manages offshore leasing, the state launched an Offshore Renewable Energy Task Force back in 2016, several months after Trident Winds filed its application with the Interior Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal agency went on to select three possible lease zones, known as “call areas,” off the California coast, and in 2018 asked companies to submit proposals for building in those areas. More than a dozen did, including some wind industry heavyweights like Avangrid Renewables and Norwegian oil major\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Equinor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since then, BOEM hasn’t leased any of California’s waters. The state’s lucrative fishing industry worried that turbines would disrupt business, while the Defense Department raised concerns about the impact on training exercises off the coast — opposition that held up lease sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the Biden administration said it had brokered a compromise on some of those issues. The Defense Department said it was committed to finding “creative solutions” to advance offshore wind in California. Overall, the initial development areas could support up to 4.6 gigawatts of floating offshore wind, according to the administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We at the Defense Department are satisfied that there’s not a trade-off between the clean energy goals of this endeavor and our military readiness,” said Dr. Colin Kahl, the under secretary of defense for policy, on the Tuesday call with press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holding lease sales is just one step in the extended process to begin building offshore wind farms, however. Project developers must also secure dozens of permits and survive government review to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vineyard Wind, a project off the coast of Massachusetts, just won final federal approval in May. Its developers submitted plans to the government in 2017. A project \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26102020/icebreaker-project-lake-erie-cleveland-wind-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">planned for Lake Erie\u003c/a> was proposed over a decade ago. The country’s first offshore wind project, Rhode Island’s Block Island, came online in 2016. Many more projects are now under federal review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That pace makes both the administration’s 2030 target and aspirations to build offshore wind off California’s coast in the next decade “a stretch,” said Oliver Metcalf, head of U.S. wind research at Bloomberg New Energy Finance. The research firm expects the United States to add just 23 gigawatts of offshore wind by 2030, with no projects off the coast of California by that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘California Open For Business’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West’s challenges go beyond politics; the region’s deep waters require the use of floating offshore wind\u003ca href=\"https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/so-what-exactly-floating-offshore-wind\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> technology\u003c/a>, where a buoyant platform is moored to the seafloor. Floating wind is currently more expensive and less common than fixed-bottom offshore wind, which is affixed to the ocean floor and could be used in much of the East Coast’s shallower waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Floating projects installed worldwide represented less than 100 megawatts combined at the end of 2019, according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and most were pilot projects. Equinor, one of the companies that submitted a proposal to build off the coast of California, has one floating commercial project in operation off the coast of Scotland and another in the works in the Norwegian North Sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bloomberg forecasts the build-out of just 6.3 gigawatts of floating offshore wind worldwide by 2030, compared to about 200 gigawatts of fixed offshore wind projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Biden administration’s Tuesday announcement bodes well for future development. NREL analysis suggests commercial floating projects could technically land in California waters as early as the mid-2020s, with costs dropping an estimated 44% between 2019 and 2032. Technology advancements and commercial growth driven by planned projects in Europe and Asia will also help the West Coast market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Gov. Gavin Newsom included $20 million for offshore wind development in his 2021-2022 budget request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Castle Wind, a joint venture Trident Winds entered into in 2018 with\u003ca href=\"https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/enbw-wants-to-be-the-next-big-us-offshore-wind-developer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> German power provider EnBW\u003c/a>, has negotiated a “mutual benefits agreement” with the local fishing community near one of the California call areas, possibly curtailing the type of controversy that has dogged other offshore projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman David Chiu, who introduced the California bill, hopes to seize on the momentum. The legislation, he said, “will let the country and the rest of the world know that California is open for business in this space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some utilities and renewables developers are equally bullish. Castle Wind has already inked a tentative supply agreement with power provider Central Coast Community Energy. Weinstein, of Trident, hoped for a lease sale in 2021, but believes the state can execute on development by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have no doubt that it can be done,” said Weinstein. “If there is a will, which I think the will is there, then yeah, we can find a way to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metcalf, of Bloomberg New Energy Finance, agrees that offshore wind in the West “does seem to be a question of when, rather than if.” But it remains unclear if the timeline will align with the administration’s splashy target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That 2030 target “is truly a national goal,” said Jocelyn Brown-Saracino, the offshore wind lead at the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Wind Energy Technologies Office. To nudge along progress on the West Coast, the department has invested more than $100 million in research on and development of floating offshore wind. It’s working with BOEM to gather data in California waters and funding floating offshore wind demonstrations off the East Coast, with the expectation that what it learns will translate to the West. In 2019, the DOE launched a program to design “radically new” floating wind turbines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As soon as auctions happen, Trident’s Weinstein said, “then we can move.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think at this point, we’re on the verge of seeing significant movement in California,” she said. “This is the beginning of a much longer path to the expansion of offshore wind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Offshore wind development in California has been stalled by politics and technological challenges. But on Tuesday, the administration announced plans to advance offshore wind in the state.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In January 2016, Trident Winds, a small, Seattle-based wind company, submitted an unsolicited application to the U.S. Department of the Interior, laying out its aspirations to build a 1-gigawatt wind farm off California’s central coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scale was ambitious, especially for the United States. But Trident Winds’ chief executive officer, Alla Weinstein, sensed an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Effectively, that’s what kick-started the whole discussion on offshore wind in California,” Weinstein said of the application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years later, California’s waters still have no finalized leases for the development of any offshore wind farms. Instead, the state’s market has been bogged down by politics and technological hurdles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on Tuesday, the Biden administration and the state announced a target to hold an auction in mid-2022 to award leases for wind development off California’s coast, a significant step toward encouraging the state’s stalled market. The effort would contribute to the administration’s recently announced goal of reaching 30 gigawatts of offshore wind nationally by 2030, a target that seemed to favor the Northeast, which has already cultivated the foundations of a thriving offshore wind market. The United States currently has only about 42 megawatts of offshore wind capacity in operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given California’s leadership in clean energy and combating climate change, “it’s only fitting that California is totally unwilling to let the expansion we’re witnessing on the East Coast leave California behind,” said White House National Climate Advisor Gina McCarthy, on a Tuesday call with reporters highlighting the Biden administration’s announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has many qualities that would seem to make it an enticing location to build offshore wind: high power prices, cities along the coast ready to use the electricity and a\u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-solar-batteries-renewable-energy-california-20190605-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> solar-saturated grid\u003c/a>, which makes wind a complementary resource when the sun isn’t shining. The state has more than 200 gigawatts of technical offshore wind potential, according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, but current projections for offshore wind cast doubt on whether it can complete any projects in the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is now grappling with how to fit offshore wind into legislatively mandated efforts to achieve 100% clean energy by 2045.\u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/on-u-s-east-coast-has-offshore-winds-moment-finally-arrived\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Climate goals in numerous Eastern states\u003c/a> have hinged on significant offshore wind deployment, with plans to add more than 30 gigawatts of offshore wind by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB525\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recently-introduced California bill\u003c/a> would also help invigorate the state’s offshore wind market, directing energy regulators to establish offshore wind targets for 2030 and 2045.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>A similar bill is under consideration in Oregon, calling for up to 3 gigawatts of offshore wind by 2030. The legislation, along with the federal administration’s efforts to coax California’s market forward, underscore the opportunity in Western waters, if politicians can seize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has consistently been a front-runner in clean energy deployments. Last month, a large swath of the state ran on 95% renewables for a brief four seconds — a milestone that reportedly\u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/environment/newsletter/2021-04-29/solar-power-water-canals-california-climate-change-boiling-point\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> sent chills of excitement down the spine\u003c/a> of the state grid operator’s chief executive officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar accounts for a majority of California’s renewable resources, leaving an opening for a budding offshore wind market. Wind and solar work well together in an energy portfolio because wind generally continues to blow at night, while solar produces the most at the sunniest times of day. A 2021 report from the California Energy Commission suggested offshore wind should play a significant role in the state’s clean energy targets, accounting for as much as 10 gigawatts of capacity additions in coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California gets closer to carbon-free electricity, it’s increasingly seeing the need for a wider array of technologies to balance solar production. “That’s where offshore wind fits in,” said Mohit Chhabra, a senior scientist with the Natural Resources Defense Council’s climate and clean energy program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California realized the potential for offshore wind years ago. Along with the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), which manages offshore leasing, the state launched an Offshore Renewable Energy Task Force back in 2016, several months after Trident Winds filed its application with the Interior Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal agency went on to select three possible lease zones, known as “call areas,” off the California coast, and in 2018 asked companies to submit proposals for building in those areas. More than a dozen did, including some wind industry heavyweights like Avangrid Renewables and Norwegian oil major\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Equinor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since then, BOEM hasn’t leased any of California’s waters. The state’s lucrative fishing industry worried that turbines would disrupt business, while the Defense Department raised concerns about the impact on training exercises off the coast — opposition that held up lease sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the Biden administration said it had brokered a compromise on some of those issues. The Defense Department said it was committed to finding “creative solutions” to advance offshore wind in California. Overall, the initial development areas could support up to 4.6 gigawatts of floating offshore wind, according to the administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We at the Defense Department are satisfied that there’s not a trade-off between the clean energy goals of this endeavor and our military readiness,” said Dr. Colin Kahl, the under secretary of defense for policy, on the Tuesday call with press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holding lease sales is just one step in the extended process to begin building offshore wind farms, however. Project developers must also secure dozens of permits and survive government review to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vineyard Wind, a project off the coast of Massachusetts, just won final federal approval in May. Its developers submitted plans to the government in 2017. A project \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26102020/icebreaker-project-lake-erie-cleveland-wind-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">planned for Lake Erie\u003c/a> was proposed over a decade ago. The country’s first offshore wind project, Rhode Island’s Block Island, came online in 2016. Many more projects are now under federal review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That pace makes both the administration’s 2030 target and aspirations to build offshore wind off California’s coast in the next decade “a stretch,” said Oliver Metcalf, head of U.S. wind research at Bloomberg New Energy Finance. The research firm expects the United States to add just 23 gigawatts of offshore wind by 2030, with no projects off the coast of California by that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘California Open For Business’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The West’s challenges go beyond politics; the region’s deep waters require the use of floating offshore wind\u003ca href=\"https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/so-what-exactly-floating-offshore-wind\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> technology\u003c/a>, where a buoyant platform is moored to the seafloor. Floating wind is currently more expensive and less common than fixed-bottom offshore wind, which is affixed to the ocean floor and could be used in much of the East Coast’s shallower waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Floating projects installed worldwide represented less than 100 megawatts combined at the end of 2019, according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and most were pilot projects. Equinor, one of the companies that submitted a proposal to build off the coast of California, has one floating commercial project in operation off the coast of Scotland and another in the works in the Norwegian North Sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bloomberg forecasts the build-out of just 6.3 gigawatts of floating offshore wind worldwide by 2030, compared to about 200 gigawatts of fixed offshore wind projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Biden administration’s Tuesday announcement bodes well for future development. NREL analysis suggests commercial floating projects could technically land in California waters as early as the mid-2020s, with costs dropping an estimated 44% between 2019 and 2032. Technology advancements and commercial growth driven by planned projects in Europe and Asia will also help the West Coast market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Gov. Gavin Newsom included $20 million for offshore wind development in his 2021-2022 budget request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Castle Wind, a joint venture Trident Winds entered into in 2018 with\u003ca href=\"https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/enbw-wants-to-be-the-next-big-us-offshore-wind-developer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> German power provider EnBW\u003c/a>, has negotiated a “mutual benefits agreement” with the local fishing community near one of the California call areas, possibly curtailing the type of controversy that has dogged other offshore projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman David Chiu, who introduced the California bill, hopes to seize on the momentum. The legislation, he said, “will let the country and the rest of the world know that California is open for business in this space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some utilities and renewables developers are equally bullish. Castle Wind has already inked a tentative supply agreement with power provider Central Coast Community Energy. Weinstein, of Trident, hoped for a lease sale in 2021, but believes the state can execute on development by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have no doubt that it can be done,” said Weinstein. “If there is a will, which I think the will is there, then yeah, we can find a way to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metcalf, of Bloomberg New Energy Finance, agrees that offshore wind in the West “does seem to be a question of when, rather than if.” But it remains unclear if the timeline will align with the administration’s splashy target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That 2030 target “is truly a national goal,” said Jocelyn Brown-Saracino, the offshore wind lead at the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Wind Energy Technologies Office. To nudge along progress on the West Coast, the department has invested more than $100 million in research on and development of floating offshore wind. It’s working with BOEM to gather data in California waters and funding floating offshore wind demonstrations off the East Coast, with the expectation that what it learns will translate to the West. In 2019, the DOE launched a program to design “radically new” floating wind turbines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As soon as auctions happen, Trident’s Weinstein said, “then we can move.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think at this point, we’re on the verge of seeing significant movement in California,” she said. “This is the beginning of a much longer path to the expansion of offshore wind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Next Big Business in a Warming World? Mud",
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"content": "\u003cp>In a hotter climate, dirt is a hot commodity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With sea levels expected to rise 3 to 6 feet by the end of the century, coastal communities are moving fast to construct major shoreline projects to protect themselves. As the size of these projects expands, the primary building materials — dirt and mud — are getting scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dirt (what you dig up on land) and mud or sediment (the wetter variety already in rivers and bays) are the raw materials of climate change adaptation. They’re used to build levees, the massive earthen barriers that hold back waves, and to raise elevation so buildings can sit higher than the flood plain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mud is also a crucial component of restoring wetlands and marshes, which act as natural barriers against storm surges while providing valuable habitat for sensitive species. In the right conditions, marshes can gain elevation over time from sediment, potentially keeping pace with sea level rise in a way that human-built infrastructure can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, mud and dirt have mostly been treated as waste products. Dirt leftover from construction projects is often just trucked to landfills. Sediment is trapped behind large dams, no longer spreading naturally throughout watersheds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sediment is also dredged from shipping channels every year, but little is reused to adapt to climate change. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers runs dredging operations, but its disposal policies mean that around 140 million cubic yards of sediment are dumped annually, even as restoration projects clamor for material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental experts warn that unless coastal regions from San Francisco Bay to the Mississippi River Delta begin managing their dirt and mud supply more comprehensively, the shortfall will be severe, leading to more expensive sea level rise protection and drowned wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re on the precipice of a huge crisis,” says Letitia Grenier, senior scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>, a water and ecology think tank. “If we act now, we actually have enough sediment from other sources to keep our wetlands and to keep protecting our shorelines. But if we keep doing business-as-usual approaches, we’re going to be in really big trouble.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Call the Dirt Broker\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a warming climate, there’s a job in high demand that comes with an unglamorous name: “dirt broker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hate that name,” says Pat Mapelli, land use manager and bay restoration lead at Graniterock, a construction materials company. “I’ll be honest with you. Dirt just has that negative connotation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapelli is a highly sought-after terrestrial matchmaker. He brokers deals between those who need dirt and those who want to get rid of it. These days, his phone is ringing more often with requests he can’t fulfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand is way beyond what the supply is,” he says, walking on an earthen levee on the eastern side of San Francisco Bay, a project he’s putting together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This part of the bay was once used for industrial salt making, and giant evaporation ponds were built here more than a century ago. Now, its marsh habitat is being restored as part of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.southbayrestoration.org/pond-complexes/eden-landing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Eden Landing Ecological Reserve\u003c/a>. The old salt pond levees still stand between the bay and hundreds of thousands of people on the shoreline. But waves and weather have eaten away at them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very much lower than it should be right now and very much narrower than it should be right now,” Mapelli says, looking at a stretch of levee bordering the blue, flat water of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next several years, one million cubic yards of dirt will be brought to this site to build up the levees — the equivalent of 100,000 dump truck loads. Most comes from local construction projects doing excavation for foundations or underground parking garages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, not all dirt is good dirt. Some of it contains pollutants or naturally occurring metals. Other loads are too far away, making the cost of trucking prohibitive. And often, construction companies want the fastest and cheapest solution, which means taking dirt to a landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapelli knows the market for his services will only get stronger as more cities grapple with the fact that their shoreline infrastructure is being quickly overwhelmed by climate change. But the supply crunch has already hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re starting to look at all the edges around the bay and there’s a lot of these projects,” he says. “But it takes material. It takes dirt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sediment Deficit \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By some estimates, the shores of San Francisco Bay were once ringed by 200,000 acres of tidal marsh, a zone of low-lying plants inundated twice a day. The vast majority were filled in and developed as the population grew. Today, more than 90% of marshes in San Francisco Bay are gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small pockets that remain, nestled between freeways and Costcos, are a magnet for wildlife, like scores of birds that make their annual migrations on the Pacific flyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re going to go off to the Arctic and make their babies, but right now this is where they need to feed and get fat so they can make that trip,” Grenier says, looking out at flocks of dunlin and western sandpiper scouring an exposed mudflat in Richmond, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshes also have a hidden talent, beyond providing habitat. They’re a buffer against the bay itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These marshes are knocking down the waves,” Grenier says. “They’re absorbing the water and they’re really helping create flood risk management along the shore which is really critical for many billions of dollars of infrastructure as well as neighborhoods and other communities along the shoreline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Bay region is gradually working towards restoring 100,000 acres of the historic marshes, through initiatives like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.southbayrestoration.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project\u003c/a>. But restoration isn’t simple. Many former marshes have sunk over the years, their mud scoured away with no plants to protect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, the areas are too deep for tidal plants to grow again. So to restore them, huge amounts of mud is needed to raise the elevation. After that, the marshes are able to sustain themselves. With every tide that comes in, the water carries new sediment that is trapped by plants, replenishing the marsh up over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how, millimeter by millimeter, marshes and wetlands survive being worn away by waves. But soon, those waves will get a lot higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising sea levels threaten to drown wetlands by inundating and overtaking them. To keep up, marshes will require more sediment naturally floating in the water so they can build elevation to match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centuries of human intervention have starved almost every major watershed in the country of sediment. Enormous dams, built to store water in rivers upstream, are essentially sediment entrapment devices. Most have a growing pile of mud sitting behind their concrete wall, the collective evidence of what used to flow downstream to bays and estuaries. Nowhere is the problem more acute than on the Mississippi River, where dams reaching all the way to South Dakota are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nola.com/news/environment/article_497596b2-8d69-11eb-85a0-5f157115365e.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">trapping sediment that once fed the wetlands of Louisiana\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All together, it adds up to a massive “sediment deficit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand for mud has increased astronomically because of sea level rise,” Grenier says. “Because of this change that people have created, suddenly the natural world can’t supply that much mud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grenier and her colleagues \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfei.org/news/sediment-survival-report-released#sthash.f8dndEEA.dpbs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimate that by 2100, 548 million metric tons of sediment will be needed\u003c/a> to both restore wetlands and keep pace with sea level rise in San Francisco Bay. The natural supply will fall far short of that, bringing in about one-third to one-half of what’s needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are options for filling that gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not hopeless,” says Scott Dusterhoff, senior scientist and lead geomorphologist at the San Francisco Estuary Institute. “We have a big problem on the horizon, but if we look at all the sources of dirt and sediment that we have in the region that we can bring into play, we think we can meet it. We just have to change the way we manage sediment to get there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stuck on the Least Cost\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year, hundreds of container ships sail under the Golden Gate Bridge, heading for the Port of Oakland via a shipping channel that’s 50 feet deep. The depth of this channel and 10 others in the bay is maintained through regular dredging, by the Army Corps of Engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large dredging ships remove more than 2 million cubic yards of sediment per year in San Francisco Bay. Around two-thirds of it is disposed of, taken to approved sites to be released underwater. One is far outside the bay in the Pacific Ocean, 50 nautical miles from the Golden Gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, the Army Corps has fielded requests to use this material for wetland and habitat restoration. But the agency says it’s held to its “\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/role_of_the_federal_standard_in_the_beneficial_use_of_dredged_material.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">federal standard\u003c/a>,” a rule that stipulates the most affordable option for disposal be chosen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking the mud to a restoration project sometimes means transporting it farther, adding cost to the trip, as well as requiring careful offloading to place it in the right spot. Releasing it at a disposal site underwater is generally cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule has limited the amount of sediment that’s been reused, frustrating local and state officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re just going to be seeing erosion of our shorelines and mudflats and marshes unless we start doing things differently with sediment,” says Amy Hutzel, deputy executive officer at California’s State Coastal Conservancy, a state agency that works on restoration projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To complete several major marsh restoration projects around the bay, California has had to find ways to work around the cost standard. \u003ca href=\"http://www.poplarislandrestoration.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Many other states have, too\u003c/a>. In a few instances, the Army Corps paid the extra cost of moving the sediment farther, but only after a specific act of Congress authorized the project, a time-consuming process. In other cases, California has \u003ca href=\"https://scc.ca.gov/2019/06/24/news-release-dredged-sediment-from-san-francisco-bay-to-be-used-for-wetland-restoration/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">paid the full additional cost itself\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s expensive,” Hutzel says. “We can’t sustain that cost. It’s in the federal interest, and the feds should be cost sharing part of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long term savings of avoiding flood damage from rising seas could dramatically outweigh the immediate cost of moving mud. Local and state officials say they’ve argued this point for years, but have seen little progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The urgency is huge,” says Hutzel. “It is frustrating that this has been decades of trying to solve this problem. And while there have been successes, we haven’t fundamentally changed what’s happening with dredged sediment in San Francisco Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Standard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corps of Engineers policy might change soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Congress passed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/7575/text#toc-H21D55EC8857749A4975A0403B0B382C8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Water Resources Development Act of 2020\u003c/a>, which included language directing the Army Corps of Engineers to “maximize” reuse and consider “economic and environmental benefits” in its cost analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That language hasn’t changed things on the ground yet, and the agency is writing specific guidance on implementation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think dredge material should be viewed as a really valuable commodity in that regard,” says Tessa Beach, chief of the environmental branch of the Army Corps of Engineers San Francisco District. “We currently don’t have implementation guidance on how the agency is going to carry out this direction, but this may lead to a different way of calculating the overall cost-benefit of different placement locations in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is \u003ca href=\"https://www.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Releases/News-Release-Article-View/Article/2528635/office-of-the-assistant-secretary-of-the-army-for-civil-works-and-us-army-corps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">currently gathering public feedback\u003c/a> on the issue and says it can’t comment on what the guidance will say. They expect to release it by August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the result, the effects could be felt across the country, where billions of dollars are already being spent on restoring marshes and barrier islands from \u003ca href=\"https://www.chesapeakebay.net/news/blog/poplar_island_restoration_gives_chesapeake_new_life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Poplar Island\u003c/a> in Chesapeake Bay to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nola.com/news/environment/article_df61c669-14cc-5ba7-821d-2ee7c57becd9.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Whiskey Island\u003c/a> in Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, environmental experts warn, it will take more than a select number of restoration projects to prepare for rising seas. The Army Corps of Engineers may need to fundamentally change its approach to sediment, releasing it in locations where it can mix into the water and naturally feed surrounding wetlands and marshes. That may be their only chance to keep pace with rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Got+Mud%3F+For+Coastal+Cities%2C+Humble+Dirt+Has+Become+A+Hot+Commodity&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a hotter climate, dirt is a hot commodity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With sea levels expected to rise 3 to 6 feet by the end of the century, coastal communities are moving fast to construct major shoreline projects to protect themselves. As the size of these projects expands, the primary building materials — dirt and mud — are getting scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dirt (what you dig up on land) and mud or sediment (the wetter variety already in rivers and bays) are the raw materials of climate change adaptation. They’re used to build levees, the massive earthen barriers that hold back waves, and to raise elevation so buildings can sit higher than the flood plain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mud is also a crucial component of restoring wetlands and marshes, which act as natural barriers against storm surges while providing valuable habitat for sensitive species. In the right conditions, marshes can gain elevation over time from sediment, potentially keeping pace with sea level rise in a way that human-built infrastructure can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, mud and dirt have mostly been treated as waste products. Dirt leftover from construction projects is often just trucked to landfills. Sediment is trapped behind large dams, no longer spreading naturally throughout watersheds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sediment is also dredged from shipping channels every year, but little is reused to adapt to climate change. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers runs dredging operations, but its disposal policies mean that around 140 million cubic yards of sediment are dumped annually, even as restoration projects clamor for material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental experts warn that unless coastal regions from San Francisco Bay to the Mississippi River Delta begin managing their dirt and mud supply more comprehensively, the shortfall will be severe, leading to more expensive sea level rise protection and drowned wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re on the precipice of a huge crisis,” says Letitia Grenier, senior scientist at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>, a water and ecology think tank. “If we act now, we actually have enough sediment from other sources to keep our wetlands and to keep protecting our shorelines. But if we keep doing business-as-usual approaches, we’re going to be in really big trouble.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Call the Dirt Broker\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a warming climate, there’s a job in high demand that comes with an unglamorous name: “dirt broker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hate that name,” says Pat Mapelli, land use manager and bay restoration lead at Graniterock, a construction materials company. “I’ll be honest with you. Dirt just has that negative connotation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapelli is a highly sought-after terrestrial matchmaker. He brokers deals between those who need dirt and those who want to get rid of it. These days, his phone is ringing more often with requests he can’t fulfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand is way beyond what the supply is,” he says, walking on an earthen levee on the eastern side of San Francisco Bay, a project he’s putting together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This part of the bay was once used for industrial salt making, and giant evaporation ponds were built here more than a century ago. Now, its marsh habitat is being restored as part of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.southbayrestoration.org/pond-complexes/eden-landing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Eden Landing Ecological Reserve\u003c/a>. The old salt pond levees still stand between the bay and hundreds of thousands of people on the shoreline. But waves and weather have eaten away at them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very much lower than it should be right now and very much narrower than it should be right now,” Mapelli says, looking at a stretch of levee bordering the blue, flat water of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next several years, one million cubic yards of dirt will be brought to this site to build up the levees — the equivalent of 100,000 dump truck loads. Most comes from local construction projects doing excavation for foundations or underground parking garages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, not all dirt is good dirt. Some of it contains pollutants or naturally occurring metals. Other loads are too far away, making the cost of trucking prohibitive. And often, construction companies want the fastest and cheapest solution, which means taking dirt to a landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapelli knows the market for his services will only get stronger as more cities grapple with the fact that their shoreline infrastructure is being quickly overwhelmed by climate change. But the supply crunch has already hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re starting to look at all the edges around the bay and there’s a lot of these projects,” he says. “But it takes material. It takes dirt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sediment Deficit \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By some estimates, the shores of San Francisco Bay were once ringed by 200,000 acres of tidal marsh, a zone of low-lying plants inundated twice a day. The vast majority were filled in and developed as the population grew. Today, more than 90% of marshes in San Francisco Bay are gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small pockets that remain, nestled between freeways and Costcos, are a magnet for wildlife, like scores of birds that make their annual migrations on the Pacific flyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re going to go off to the Arctic and make their babies, but right now this is where they need to feed and get fat so they can make that trip,” Grenier says, looking out at flocks of dunlin and western sandpiper scouring an exposed mudflat in Richmond, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshes also have a hidden talent, beyond providing habitat. They’re a buffer against the bay itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These marshes are knocking down the waves,” Grenier says. “They’re absorbing the water and they’re really helping create flood risk management along the shore which is really critical for many billions of dollars of infrastructure as well as neighborhoods and other communities along the shoreline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Bay region is gradually working towards restoring 100,000 acres of the historic marshes, through initiatives like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.southbayrestoration.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project\u003c/a>. But restoration isn’t simple. Many former marshes have sunk over the years, their mud scoured away with no plants to protect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, the areas are too deep for tidal plants to grow again. So to restore them, huge amounts of mud is needed to raise the elevation. After that, the marshes are able to sustain themselves. With every tide that comes in, the water carries new sediment that is trapped by plants, replenishing the marsh up over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how, millimeter by millimeter, marshes and wetlands survive being worn away by waves. But soon, those waves will get a lot higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising sea levels threaten to drown wetlands by inundating and overtaking them. To keep up, marshes will require more sediment naturally floating in the water so they can build elevation to match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centuries of human intervention have starved almost every major watershed in the country of sediment. Enormous dams, built to store water in rivers upstream, are essentially sediment entrapment devices. Most have a growing pile of mud sitting behind their concrete wall, the collective evidence of what used to flow downstream to bays and estuaries. Nowhere is the problem more acute than on the Mississippi River, where dams reaching all the way to South Dakota are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nola.com/news/environment/article_497596b2-8d69-11eb-85a0-5f157115365e.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">trapping sediment that once fed the wetlands of Louisiana\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All together, it adds up to a massive “sediment deficit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The demand for mud has increased astronomically because of sea level rise,” Grenier says. “Because of this change that people have created, suddenly the natural world can’t supply that much mud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grenier and her colleagues \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfei.org/news/sediment-survival-report-released#sthash.f8dndEEA.dpbs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimate that by 2100, 548 million metric tons of sediment will be needed\u003c/a> to both restore wetlands and keep pace with sea level rise in San Francisco Bay. The natural supply will fall far short of that, bringing in about one-third to one-half of what’s needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are options for filling that gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not hopeless,” says Scott Dusterhoff, senior scientist and lead geomorphologist at the San Francisco Estuary Institute. “We have a big problem on the horizon, but if we look at all the sources of dirt and sediment that we have in the region that we can bring into play, we think we can meet it. We just have to change the way we manage sediment to get there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stuck on the Least Cost\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year, hundreds of container ships sail under the Golden Gate Bridge, heading for the Port of Oakland via a shipping channel that’s 50 feet deep. The depth of this channel and 10 others in the bay is maintained through regular dredging, by the Army Corps of Engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large dredging ships remove more than 2 million cubic yards of sediment per year in San Francisco Bay. Around two-thirds of it is disposed of, taken to approved sites to be released underwater. One is far outside the bay in the Pacific Ocean, 50 nautical miles from the Golden Gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, the Army Corps has fielded requests to use this material for wetland and habitat restoration. But the agency says it’s held to its “\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/role_of_the_federal_standard_in_the_beneficial_use_of_dredged_material.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">federal standard\u003c/a>,” a rule that stipulates the most affordable option for disposal be chosen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking the mud to a restoration project sometimes means transporting it farther, adding cost to the trip, as well as requiring careful offloading to place it in the right spot. Releasing it at a disposal site underwater is generally cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule has limited the amount of sediment that’s been reused, frustrating local and state officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re just going to be seeing erosion of our shorelines and mudflats and marshes unless we start doing things differently with sediment,” says Amy Hutzel, deputy executive officer at California’s State Coastal Conservancy, a state agency that works on restoration projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To complete several major marsh restoration projects around the bay, California has had to find ways to work around the cost standard. \u003ca href=\"http://www.poplarislandrestoration.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Many other states have, too\u003c/a>. In a few instances, the Army Corps paid the extra cost of moving the sediment farther, but only after a specific act of Congress authorized the project, a time-consuming process. In other cases, California has \u003ca href=\"https://scc.ca.gov/2019/06/24/news-release-dredged-sediment-from-san-francisco-bay-to-be-used-for-wetland-restoration/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">paid the full additional cost itself\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s expensive,” Hutzel says. “We can’t sustain that cost. It’s in the federal interest, and the feds should be cost sharing part of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long term savings of avoiding flood damage from rising seas could dramatically outweigh the immediate cost of moving mud. Local and state officials say they’ve argued this point for years, but have seen little progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The urgency is huge,” says Hutzel. “It is frustrating that this has been decades of trying to solve this problem. And while there have been successes, we haven’t fundamentally changed what’s happening with dredged sediment in San Francisco Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Standard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corps of Engineers policy might change soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Congress passed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/7575/text#toc-H21D55EC8857749A4975A0403B0B382C8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Water Resources Development Act of 2020\u003c/a>, which included language directing the Army Corps of Engineers to “maximize” reuse and consider “economic and environmental benefits” in its cost analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That language hasn’t changed things on the ground yet, and the agency is writing specific guidance on implementation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think dredge material should be viewed as a really valuable commodity in that regard,” says Tessa Beach, chief of the environmental branch of the Army Corps of Engineers San Francisco District. “We currently don’t have implementation guidance on how the agency is going to carry out this direction, but this may lead to a different way of calculating the overall cost-benefit of different placement locations in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is \u003ca href=\"https://www.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Releases/News-Release-Article-View/Article/2528635/office-of-the-assistant-secretary-of-the-army-for-civil-works-and-us-army-corps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">currently gathering public feedback\u003c/a> on the issue and says it can’t comment on what the guidance will say. They expect to release it by August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the result, the effects could be felt across the country, where billions of dollars are already being spent on restoring marshes and barrier islands from \u003ca href=\"https://www.chesapeakebay.net/news/blog/poplar_island_restoration_gives_chesapeake_new_life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Poplar Island\u003c/a> in Chesapeake Bay to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nola.com/news/environment/article_df61c669-14cc-5ba7-821d-2ee7c57becd9.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Whiskey Island\u003c/a> in Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, environmental experts warn, it will take more than a select number of restoration projects to prepare for rising seas. The Army Corps of Engineers may need to fundamentally change its approach to sediment, releasing it in locations where it can mix into the water and naturally feed surrounding wetlands and marshes. That may be their only chance to keep pace with rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Got+Mud%3F+For+Coastal+Cities%2C+Humble+Dirt+Has+Become+A+Hot+Commodity&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "En sus propias palabras: Los residentes de la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto responden al aumento del nivel del mar que se avecina",
"headTitle": "En sus propias palabras: Los residentes de la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto responden al aumento del nivel del mar que se avecina | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Esta serie es parte de la iniciativa nacional de periodismo ‘\u003ca href=\"http://connected-coastlines.pulitzercenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Connected Coastlines\u003c/a>‘ del Centro Pulitzer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973645/in-their-own-words-east-palo-alto-residents-on-the-coming-rise-in-sea-level\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Read in English\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El creciente nivel del mar a causa del cambio climático no afectará a todos por igual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En el Área de la Bahía, la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1974191\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">corre un mayor riesgo\u003c/a> ante el aumento del nivel del mar: está rodeada de agua por tres lados y se encuentra junto a la zona sur de la bahía, donde las mareas son las más altas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"science_1974191,science_1974195\"]Infraestructuras críticas como el puente Dumbarton y la autopista 101 se encuentran dentro o a lado del Este de Palo Alto, y el ascendente nivel del mar en el litoral de la ciudad alterará la vida de muchos en el Área de la Bahía.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero para las personas con un hogar en esta ciudad, que frecuentan las tiendas y parques del barrio, quienes tienen familia y amistades por todo el vecindario, la posibilidad de que siga subiendo el nivel del mar es algo mucho más estremecedor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A continuación, tres residentes comparten sus perspectivas sobre cómo luchan para proteger a la gente y los lugares que están cerca de sus corazones a medida que el mundo sigue calentándose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los siguientes testimonios han sido editados para mayor claridad y duración.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Filiberto Zaragoza, de 18 años, estudiante de cuarto año en el bachillerato Menlo-Atherton\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Cuando me enteré de lo que es el cambio climático, no sabía cómo procesar esa información. Aún era joven y pensaba, “ah, todo está bien en el mundo”. Pero aprender sobre el tema me hizo cuestionar, ¿qué en verdad está haciendo la gente para ayudarnos?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973715 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-1020x639.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"426\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-1020x639.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-800x501.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-160x100.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-768x481.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1.png 1424w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\">\u003c/a>He vivido en el Este de Palo Alto toda mi vida. Vivimos a lado de la bahía, rodeados de agua. Mi mayor temor es que en el futuro regrese aquí y vea que sólo permanecen ciertas partes de mi ciudad y que los vecindarios que conozco estén sumergidos bajo el agua o inundados.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero tengo mucha esperanza por el cambio. Soy un integrante principal del grupo ‘Youth United for Community Action’, donde luchamos a favor de la vivienda, la justicia ecológica y la justicia restaurativa. Sé que en el futuro, a medida que las cosas empeoren, YUCA seguirá aquí en el Este de Palo Alto protegiendo a la ciudad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*Nota editorial: ‘Youth United for Community Action’ en español significa: Jóvenes Unidos para Acción Comunitaria y también es conocido como YUCA por sus siglas en inglés.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ulises Barbosa, de 34 años, trabaja en la construcción\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973718\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-800x1141.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"392\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-800x1141.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1020x1455.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-160x228.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-768x1095.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1077x1536.jpeg 1077w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1436x2048.jpeg 1436w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530.jpeg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La primera vez que me enteré del cambio climático fue algo agridulce. Tuve sentimientos encontrados. Me interesó saber más sobre este tema, pero me di cuenta de que, de una manera inconsciente estábamos dañando nuestro planeta. Y eso me me hizo sentir muy triste e impotente, porque no sabía qué hacer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los que vivimos aquí en el Este de Palo Alto tenemos miedo porque sabemos que ya hemos sido afectados y que si no ponemos manos a la obra, no seguirá afectando. Nos gustaría tener más conocimiento sobre el cambio climático. Actualmente la mayoría de mis amigos y yo hemos estado asistiendo a una clase de concientización ambiental, en la que se habla mucho del cambio del clima.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vivimos a orillas del mar. El cambio climático puede afectar el nivel del mar lo suficiente como para que este cubra gran parte del Este de Palo Alto, prácticamente tapando todas nuestras viviendas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pues yo espero que no solamente seamos nosotros, sino que gran parte de la comunidad, los políticos y todo el mundo también se unan para contrarrestar este problema. Mientras tanto, aquí seguiremos poniendo nuestro granito de arena cada día, poco a poco.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Cristina Becerra, de 16 años, estudiante de tercer año en el bachillerato Palo Alto\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Me siento muy triste pero también con mucha esperanza y con un sentido de urgencia, hay que hacer esto ahora. Siento que debo de decirles a cuantas personas sea posible de lo que está pasando y lo que pueden hacer para ayudar. Siempre le digo a mi papá que debemos de utilizar la energía solar y que quiero plantar árboles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973716\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-1020x680.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"417\" height=\"279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 417px) 100vw, 417px\">\u003c/a>Mi mayor miedo es que si no se hace nada y llegue el día en que todas estas casas se inunden, mucha gente no tendrá un lugar a donde ir, o tenga que vivir con agua en sus pisos. Simplemente no será una situación segura.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Y también la preocupación de tener que pagar el alquiler y reparar su hogar, ¿qué se supone que van hacer? ¿A dónde va ir toda esa gente?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mi esperanza es que se logren algunos cambios. Cambios a pequeña escala, como por ejemplo que toda la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto comenzara a usar energía solar. Esto en verdad motivaría a otras ciudades: “Ah, mira lo que ellos están haciendo. Deberíamos hacer eso también”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Espero que el Este de Palo Alto tome medidas preventivas, construyendo diques o simplemente asegurándose de que todas las viviendas, especialmente las que están cercas de las zonas propensas a inundaciones, estén preparadas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Este artículo fue traducido por el periodista, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ccabreralomeli\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Carlos Cabrera-Lomelí \u003c/a>y editado por la periodista \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/soytapatia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">María Peña\u003c/a> del equipo de \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/kqedenespanol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED en Español\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Tres residentes de East Palo Alto hablan sobre lo que es vivir con la amenaza de inundaciones a medida que sube el nivel del mar a causa del cambio climático y lo que están haciendo al respecto.",
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"description": "Tres residentes de East Palo Alto hablan sobre lo que es vivir con la amenaza de inundaciones a medida que sube el nivel del mar a causa del cambio climático y lo que están haciendo al respecto.",
"title": "En sus propias palabras: Los residentes de la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto responden al aumento del nivel del mar que se avecina | KQED",
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"headline": "En sus propias palabras: Los residentes de la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto responden al aumento del nivel del mar que se avecina",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Esta serie es parte de la iniciativa nacional de periodismo ‘\u003ca href=\"http://connected-coastlines.pulitzercenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Connected Coastlines\u003c/a>‘ del Centro Pulitzer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973645/in-their-own-words-east-palo-alto-residents-on-the-coming-rise-in-sea-level\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Read in English\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El creciente nivel del mar a causa del cambio climático no afectará a todos por igual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En el Área de la Bahía, la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1974191\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">corre un mayor riesgo\u003c/a> ante el aumento del nivel del mar: está rodeada de agua por tres lados y se encuentra junto a la zona sur de la bahía, donde las mareas son las más altas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Infraestructuras críticas como el puente Dumbarton y la autopista 101 se encuentran dentro o a lado del Este de Palo Alto, y el ascendente nivel del mar en el litoral de la ciudad alterará la vida de muchos en el Área de la Bahía.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero para las personas con un hogar en esta ciudad, que frecuentan las tiendas y parques del barrio, quienes tienen familia y amistades por todo el vecindario, la posibilidad de que siga subiendo el nivel del mar es algo mucho más estremecedor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A continuación, tres residentes comparten sus perspectivas sobre cómo luchan para proteger a la gente y los lugares que están cerca de sus corazones a medida que el mundo sigue calentándose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los siguientes testimonios han sido editados para mayor claridad y duración.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Filiberto Zaragoza, de 18 años, estudiante de cuarto año en el bachillerato Menlo-Atherton\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Cuando me enteré de lo que es el cambio climático, no sabía cómo procesar esa información. Aún era joven y pensaba, “ah, todo está bien en el mundo”. Pero aprender sobre el tema me hizo cuestionar, ¿qué en verdad está haciendo la gente para ayudarnos?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973715 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-1020x639.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"426\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-1020x639.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-800x501.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-160x100.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1-768x481.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/OwnWordsPhoto1.png 1424w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\">\u003c/a>He vivido en el Este de Palo Alto toda mi vida. Vivimos a lado de la bahía, rodeados de agua. Mi mayor temor es que en el futuro regrese aquí y vea que sólo permanecen ciertas partes de mi ciudad y que los vecindarios que conozco estén sumergidos bajo el agua o inundados.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero tengo mucha esperanza por el cambio. Soy un integrante principal del grupo ‘Youth United for Community Action’, donde luchamos a favor de la vivienda, la justicia ecológica y la justicia restaurativa. Sé que en el futuro, a medida que las cosas empeoren, YUCA seguirá aquí en el Este de Palo Alto protegiendo a la ciudad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*Nota editorial: ‘Youth United for Community Action’ en español significa: Jóvenes Unidos para Acción Comunitaria y también es conocido como YUCA por sus siglas en inglés.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ulises Barbosa, de 34 años, trabaja en la construcción\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973718\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-800x1141.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"392\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-800x1141.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1020x1455.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-160x228.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-768x1095.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1077x1536.jpeg 1077w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530-1436x2048.jpeg 1436w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Ulises-scaled-e1618344888530.jpeg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La primera vez que me enteré del cambio climático fue algo agridulce. Tuve sentimientos encontrados. Me interesó saber más sobre este tema, pero me di cuenta de que, de una manera inconsciente estábamos dañando nuestro planeta. Y eso me me hizo sentir muy triste e impotente, porque no sabía qué hacer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los que vivimos aquí en el Este de Palo Alto tenemos miedo porque sabemos que ya hemos sido afectados y que si no ponemos manos a la obra, no seguirá afectando. Nos gustaría tener más conocimiento sobre el cambio climático. Actualmente la mayoría de mis amigos y yo hemos estado asistiendo a una clase de concientización ambiental, en la que se habla mucho del cambio del clima.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vivimos a orillas del mar. El cambio climático puede afectar el nivel del mar lo suficiente como para que este cubra gran parte del Este de Palo Alto, prácticamente tapando todas nuestras viviendas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pues yo espero que no solamente seamos nosotros, sino que gran parte de la comunidad, los políticos y todo el mundo también se unan para contrarrestar este problema. Mientras tanto, aquí seguiremos poniendo nuestro granito de arena cada día, poco a poco.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Cristina Becerra, de 16 años, estudiante de tercer año en el bachillerato Palo Alto\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Me siento muy triste pero también con mucha esperanza y con un sentido de urgencia, hay que hacer esto ahora. Siento que debo de decirles a cuantas personas sea posible de lo que está pasando y lo que pueden hacer para ayudar. Siempre le digo a mi papá que debemos de utilizar la energía solar y que quiero plantar árboles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1973716\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-1020x680.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"417\" height=\"279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/Cristina.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 417px) 100vw, 417px\">\u003c/a>Mi mayor miedo es que si no se hace nada y llegue el día en que todas estas casas se inunden, mucha gente no tendrá un lugar a donde ir, o tenga que vivir con agua en sus pisos. Simplemente no será una situación segura.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Y también la preocupación de tener que pagar el alquiler y reparar su hogar, ¿qué se supone que van hacer? ¿A dónde va ir toda esa gente?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mi esperanza es que se logren algunos cambios. Cambios a pequeña escala, como por ejemplo que toda la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto comenzara a usar energía solar. Esto en verdad motivaría a otras ciudades: “Ah, mira lo que ellos están haciendo. Deberíamos hacer eso también”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Espero que el Este de Palo Alto tome medidas preventivas, construyendo diques o simplemente asegurándose de que todas las viviendas, especialmente las que están cercas de las zonas propensas a inundaciones, estén preparadas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Este artículo fue traducido por el periodista, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ccabreralomeli\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Carlos Cabrera-Lomelí \u003c/a>y editado por la periodista \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/soytapatia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">María Peña\u003c/a> del equipo de \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/kqedenespanol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED en Español\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Mapa: Descubre cuáles lugares del Área de la Bahía están en riesgo de inundación por el aumento del nivel del mar",
"headTitle": "Mapa: Descubre cuáles lugares del Área de la Bahía están en riesgo de inundación por el aumento del nivel del mar | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Esta serie es parte de la iniciativa nacional de periodismo ‘\u003ca href=\"http://connected-coastlines.pulitzercenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Connected Coastlines\u003c/a>‘ del Centro Pulitzer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973624/maps-see-which-bay-area-locations-are-at-risk-from-rising-seas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Read in English\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>Una proyección del aumento del nivel del mar en el Área de la Bahía hasta el 2050\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Puede mover su mouse para explorar las direcciones del mapa. Puede usar los signos (+) y (-) para acercarse o alejarse. Selecciona la lupa para buscar una dirección específica. Para esconder la leyenda, selecciona la flecha hacia abajo que está ubicada al lado derecho de la leyenda del mapa. Fuentes: USGS, OCOF, Pacific Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqed.carto.com/u/kqednews/builder/13e1ca7c-3df3-4f40-bcd3-8072f22d9e6c/embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El nivel de la marea alta de la bahía se dirige en una dirección: arriba. Los modelos utilizados en \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">la última evaluación\u003c/a> del aumento del nivel del mar del estado de California, en 2017, incluyen un rango superior que está definido en términos de eventos estadísticamente menos probables. Muestran que la bahía podría elevarse hasta 1.9 pies para el año 2050 y 6.9 pies para los fines de siglo, que son mayores que los niveles demostrados en los dos mapas de esta página.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero esto podría empeorar aún más: las ciudades que ya se están preparando para posibles inundaciones en los próximos años también tienen que preocuparse por unos metros adicionales de agua que se estrellan contra las costas durante una tormenta intensa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Durante las tormentas, East Palo Alto y otras ciudades a lo largo de la costa de la bahía ya sufren inundaciones y erosión costera, que solo se verán agravadas por el esperando aumento del nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El aumento del nivel del mar es uno de los efectos más seguros del cambio climático”, dijo \u003ca href=\"https://ce.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/stacey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mark Stacey\u003c/a>, ingeniero ambiental de UC Berkeley. “Sabemos que gran parte de eso ya está fijo, y sabemos que los mares seguirán aumentando a un ritmo constante y quizás acelerándose en las próximas décadas”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Son pocas las diferencias entre los escenarios de modelado científico antes del año 2050 , pero estas cambian drásticamente después de mediados de siglo de acuerdo conla trayectoria de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, lo cual queda en manos de los seres humanos, y el destino de las placas de hielo en Groenlandia y la Antártida.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>Una proyección del aumento del nivel del mar en el Área de la Bahía en 2100\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Puede mover su mouse para explorar las direcciones del mapa. Puede usar los signos (+) y (-) para acercarse o alejarse. Selecciona la lupa para buscar una dirección específica. Para esconder la leyenda, selecciona la flecha hacia abajo que está ubicada al lado derecho de la leyenda del mapa. Fuentes: USGS, OCOF, Pacific Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqed.carto.com/u/kqednews/builder/6f66d357-18dc-49af-95d7-f34ca39e38b7/embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los mapas o modelos científicos no cuentan una historia más drástica, en el que las placas de hielo de Groenlandia y la Antártida colapsan. Pero si esto ocurre, el Área de la Bahía podría ver un aumento de 10 pies del nivel del mar para el 2100, lo que Stacey llama una “aceleración masiva” de 30 a 40 veces más rápida que la tasa de aumento que hemos visto durante el último siglo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Esto se extiende más allá del alcance de lo que hemos pensado en nuestro horizonte de planificación en términos de la magnitud del cambio que enfrentaremos en esta región”, dijo, y agregó que tal aumento requeriría un “replanteamiento completo de la comunidades en todo el Área de la Bahía, y un cambio de sistemas de infraestructura que sería bastante profundo “.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La evaluación del estado dice: “Las reducciones agresivas en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero pueden reducir sustancialmente, pero no eliminar, el riesgo de un aumento extremo del nivel del mar en California debido a la pérdida de hielo antártico”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fuente de datos\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Las proyecciones para las inundaciones del Área de la Bahía provienen del escenario 8.5 del “sendero de concentración representativa” o representative concentration pathway en inglés del Panel Intergubernamental sobre el Cambio Climático, como se detalla en \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">la última evaluación científica\u003c/a> del aumento del nivel del mar en California, dirigida por Gary Griggs de UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>El escenario asume que “no hay esfuerzos globales significativos para limitar o reducir las emisiones”.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Los mapas utilizan un modelo dinámico de \u003ca href=\"http://ourcoastourfuture.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Our Coast, Our Future\u003c/a>. Las inundaciones estimadas son aproximaciones. Los datos provienen del U.S. Geological Survey Coastal Storm Modeling System 9 CoSMoS v2.1; Barnard et al, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Este artículo fue traducido por la periodista, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/lblanco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lina Blanco\u003c/a> y editado por la periodista \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/amorga\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adriana Morga\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "El nivel de la marea alta de la bahía se dirige en una dirección: arriba. Explora los lugares del Área de la Bahía que están en riesgo de inundación por el aumento del nivel del mar hasta 2050 y 2100. ",
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"description": "El nivel de la marea alta de la bahía se dirige en una dirección: arriba. Explora los lugares del Área de la Bahía que están en riesgo de inundación por el aumento del nivel del mar hasta 2050 y 2100. ",
"title": "Mapa: Descubre cuáles lugares del Área de la Bahía están en riesgo de inundación por el aumento del nivel del mar | KQED",
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"headline": "Mapa: Descubre cuáles lugares del Área de la Bahía están en riesgo de inundación por el aumento del nivel del mar",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Esta serie es parte de la iniciativa nacional de periodismo ‘\u003ca href=\"http://connected-coastlines.pulitzercenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Connected Coastlines\u003c/a>‘ del Centro Pulitzer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973624/maps-see-which-bay-area-locations-are-at-risk-from-rising-seas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Read in English\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>Una proyección del aumento del nivel del mar en el Área de la Bahía hasta el 2050\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Puede mover su mouse para explorar las direcciones del mapa. Puede usar los signos (+) y (-) para acercarse o alejarse. Selecciona la lupa para buscar una dirección específica. Para esconder la leyenda, selecciona la flecha hacia abajo que está ubicada al lado derecho de la leyenda del mapa. Fuentes: USGS, OCOF, Pacific Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqed.carto.com/u/kqednews/builder/13e1ca7c-3df3-4f40-bcd3-8072f22d9e6c/embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El nivel de la marea alta de la bahía se dirige en una dirección: arriba. Los modelos utilizados en \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">la última evaluación\u003c/a> del aumento del nivel del mar del estado de California, en 2017, incluyen un rango superior que está definido en términos de eventos estadísticamente menos probables. Muestran que la bahía podría elevarse hasta 1.9 pies para el año 2050 y 6.9 pies para los fines de siglo, que son mayores que los niveles demostrados en los dos mapas de esta página.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero esto podría empeorar aún más: las ciudades que ya se están preparando para posibles inundaciones en los próximos años también tienen que preocuparse por unos metros adicionales de agua que se estrellan contra las costas durante una tormenta intensa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Durante las tormentas, East Palo Alto y otras ciudades a lo largo de la costa de la bahía ya sufren inundaciones y erosión costera, que solo se verán agravadas por el esperando aumento del nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El aumento del nivel del mar es uno de los efectos más seguros del cambio climático”, dijo \u003ca href=\"https://ce.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/stacey\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mark Stacey\u003c/a>, ingeniero ambiental de UC Berkeley. “Sabemos que gran parte de eso ya está fijo, y sabemos que los mares seguirán aumentando a un ritmo constante y quizás acelerándose en las próximas décadas”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Son pocas las diferencias entre los escenarios de modelado científico antes del año 2050 , pero estas cambian drásticamente después de mediados de siglo de acuerdo conla trayectoria de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, lo cual queda en manos de los seres humanos, y el destino de las placas de hielo en Groenlandia y la Antártida.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>Una proyección del aumento del nivel del mar en el Área de la Bahía en 2100\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Puede mover su mouse para explorar las direcciones del mapa. Puede usar los signos (+) y (-) para acercarse o alejarse. Selecciona la lupa para buscar una dirección específica. Para esconder la leyenda, selecciona la flecha hacia abajo que está ubicada al lado derecho de la leyenda del mapa. Fuentes: USGS, OCOF, Pacific Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqed.carto.com/u/kqednews/builder/6f66d357-18dc-49af-95d7-f34ca39e38b7/embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los mapas o modelos científicos no cuentan una historia más drástica, en el que las placas de hielo de Groenlandia y la Antártida colapsan. Pero si esto ocurre, el Área de la Bahía podría ver un aumento de 10 pies del nivel del mar para el 2100, lo que Stacey llama una “aceleración masiva” de 30 a 40 veces más rápida que la tasa de aumento que hemos visto durante el último siglo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Esto se extiende más allá del alcance de lo que hemos pensado en nuestro horizonte de planificación en términos de la magnitud del cambio que enfrentaremos en esta región”, dijo, y agregó que tal aumento requeriría un “replanteamiento completo de la comunidades en todo el Área de la Bahía, y un cambio de sistemas de infraestructura que sería bastante profundo “.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La evaluación del estado dice: “Las reducciones agresivas en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero pueden reducir sustancialmente, pero no eliminar, el riesgo de un aumento extremo del nivel del mar en California debido a la pérdida de hielo antártico”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fuente de datos\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Las proyecciones para las inundaciones del Área de la Bahía provienen del escenario 8.5 del “sendero de concentración representativa” o representative concentration pathway en inglés del Panel Intergubernamental sobre el Cambio Climático, como se detalla en \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">la última evaluación científica\u003c/a> del aumento del nivel del mar en California, dirigida por Gary Griggs de UC Santa Cruz.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>El escenario asume que “no hay esfuerzos globales significativos para limitar o reducir las emisiones”.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Los mapas utilizan un modelo dinámico de \u003ca href=\"http://ourcoastourfuture.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Our Coast, Our Future\u003c/a>. Las inundaciones estimadas son aproximaciones. Los datos provienen del U.S. Geological Survey Coastal Storm Modeling System 9 CoSMoS v2.1; Barnard et al, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Este artículo fue traducido por la periodista, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/lblanco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lina Blanco\u003c/a> y editado por la periodista \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/amorga\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adriana Morga\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "¿Qué puede hacer el Área de la Bahía ante el aumento del nivel del mar? El Este de Palo Alto ya está proponiendo algunas soluciones",
"headTitle": "¿Qué puede hacer el Área de la Bahía ante el aumento del nivel del mar? El Este de Palo Alto ya está proponiendo algunas soluciones | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Esta serie es parte de la iniciativa nacional de periodismo ‘\u003ca href=\"http://connected-coastlines.pulitzercenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Connected Coastlines\u003c/a>‘ del Centro Pulitzer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973805/climate-solutions-in-east-palo-alto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Read in English\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">L\u003c/span>a primera vez que las calles se inundaron, Appollonia Grey ‘Uhilamoelangi, mejor conocida como ‘Mamá Dee’ en su comunidad del Este de Palo Alto, recordó el clima de su natal Samoa, pese a que estas lluvias eran más frías y severas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yo me sentía muy feliz esa vez”, dijo ‘Uhilamoelangi, refiriéndose a su primer gran diluvio en el Área de la Bahía. “Yo estaba afuera nadando en la lluvia, jugando en la lluvia. Había agua por todas partes”, agregó.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]Según las proyecciones, dentro de unos 10 años hasta dos tercios del Este de Palo Alto podrían sufrir inundaciones con regularidad, lo que podría desencadenar un efecto domino de varias crisis alrededor del Área de la Bahía. Ahora, el gobierno, las empresas y los residentes se han unido para intentar prepararse.[/pullquote]Pero la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto es propensa a inundaciones, y en tres instancias en los últimos treinta años, las lluvias torrenciales han devastado a esta localidad que cuenta con alrededor de 30 mil habitantes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“En las dos últimas inundaciones, la pregunta era, ¿dónde está Dios?”, dijo ella. “No me malinterpreten. Yo creo en el poder de la oración. Pero he sobrevivido muchas catástrofes”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahora, el nivel del mar en la bahía de San Francisco está subiendo por los efectos del cambio climático, lo cual representa una amenaza existencial para esta pequeña comunidad, compuesta por lo general de familias de color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No es una exageración. El Este de Palo Alto se encuentra situado entre las ciudades de San Francisco y San José, al extremo occidental del puente Dumbarton. De todos los condados del Área de la Bahía, el condado San Mateo es el que corre más riesgo por el aumento del nivel del mar. Y de todas las poblaciones en el condado, el Este de Palo Alto es la más vulnerable a las inundaciones provocadas por el clima.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>Una proyección del aumento del nivel del mar en el Área de la Bahía hasta el 2050\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Puede mover su mouse para explorar las direcciones del mapa. Puede usar los signos (+) y (-) para acercarse o alejarse. Selecciona la lupa para buscar una dirección específica. Para esconder la leyenda, selecciona la flecha hacia abajo que está ubicada al lado derecho de la leyenda del mapa. Fuentes: USGS, OCOF, Pacific Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqed.carto.com/u/kqednews/builder/13e1ca7c-3df3-4f40-bcd3-8072f22d9e6c/embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Con un área de 2.5 millas cuadradas y repleta de árboles de cítricos y casas estilo rancho, la ciudad está rodeada de agua por sus tres lados: el arroyo San Francisquito que serpentea a lo largo del extremo sur y la bahía, al norte y al este.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La mitad del Este de Palo Alto ya ha sido \u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/community_amp_economic_development/page/2531/fema_maps_2015_201509011239377956.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">designada como una zona de inundación\u003c/a> por el gobierno federal. Según las proyecciones, en alrededor de 10 años, hasta dos tercios del terreno dentro de los límites de la ciudad podrían sufrir inundados con regularidad. A mediados del siglo, esas zonas podrían quedar frecuentemente bajo el agua durante las altas mareas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los efectos del cambio climático están impactando de manera desproporcionada a las comunidades de color como el Este de Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"science_1974232,science_1974195\"]El aburguesamiento (conocido comunmente como ‘gentrificación’) y la afluencia de los gigantes de la tecnología como Facebook, Google y Amazon ha transformado a la ciudad pero aún así, sigue siendo una comunidad mayormente compuesta por personas no blancas. El 66% de la población se identifica como Latina y muchas personas provenientes de las islas del Pacífico, como ‘Uhilamoelangi, viven aquí.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cuando las lluvias son fuertes, el arroyo se desborda e inunda las partes al este de la ciudad y un nivel de mar elevado agravará el problema aún más, complicando la viabilidad de que el Este de Palo Alto siga siendo el hogar para familias obreras, dijo Derek Ouyang académico y gerente de programas con \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/community_amp_economic_development/page/2531/fema_maps_2015_201509011239377956.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford Future Bay Initiative\u003c/a>\u003c/em> (o la Iniciativa por el Futuro de la Bahía de Stanford), que trabaja con líderes comunitarios de la ciudad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Si conocieras a 100 familias del el Este de Palo Alto, quizás 50 de ellas ya han llegado al punto en que sus ahorros son tan bajos…que una inundación…podría ser su límite”, dijo Ouyang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En 1998, las aguas de una inundación \u003ca href=\"https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2018/02/03/a-flood-next-time\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">anegaron a más de mil hogares\u003c/a>. Y en el 2012, el arroyo se desbordó, resultando en evacuaciones de las zonas afectadas. Para mitigar el riesgo, la ciudad, en colaboración con otras localidades cercanas a través de la oficina de \u003cem>San Francisquito Creek Joint Powers Authority\u003c/em> (o la Autoridad de Poderes Conjuntos del Arroyo San Francisquito) rediseñó partes de su costa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974199\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974199\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1.jpg\" alt=\"Varias partes del Este de Palo Alto se inundaron en 1998.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"574\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Varias partes del Este de Palo Alto se inundaron en 1998. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Para algunos residentes del Este de Palo Alto, no es la primera vez que las inundaciones y el cambio climático amenazan a sus hogares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquí viven refugiados que huyeron de una crisis ambiental en las islas del Pacífico, donde el nivel del mar aún sigue creciendo. Y ahora, a pesar de que se encuentran a miles de millas de distancia en un nuevo hogar, nuevamente enfrentan amenazas similares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muchos están colaborando con científicos, la ciudad y la autoridad de poderes conjuntos para salvar hogares restaurando y creando un nuevo humedal que se encuentra en la orilla de la bahía.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Y pese a que \u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/finance/page/4321/adopted_fy_2020-21_budget.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">el presupuesto del Este de Palo Alto\u003c/a> (que equivale $41.8 millones) es 325 veces menor que el de San Francisco, la ciudad se está desempeñando muy por encima de su capacidad en términos de planificación para un aumento en la marea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974211\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974211\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48667_IMG_2781-sfi-1.jpg\" alt=\"Heleine Grewe, de 17 años, y Leia Grewe, su madre, están afuera en un día soleado.\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48667_IMG_2781-sfi-1.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48667_IMG_2781-sfi-1-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heleine Grewe, de 17 años con su madre, Leia Grewe, en el Este de Palo Alto. \u003ccite>(Kevin Stark/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sin embargo, puede ser no suficiente. Los ecosistemas y la infraestructura del Área de la Bahía están profundamente interconectados, lo que significa que sin un plan regional que incluya a todas las comunidades a lo largo de la bahía, los esfuerzos de los residentes del Este de Palo Alto podrían tener un impacto muy limitado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanto los líderes políticos como los activistas comunitarios de la ciudad, muchos quienes son adolescentes frustrados por el hecho de heredar los peores efectos del aumento en el nivel del océano y el derretimiento de las capas de hielo, entienden la importancia de este hecho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sólo quiero un plan para el futuro, porque si esto pasa y hay inundaciones por todas partes, la gente debe de saber cómo responder”, dijo Heleine Grewe, una estudiante de 17 años en el último año de la preparatoria Menlo-Atherton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Leía Grewe, residente del Este de Palo Alto\"]‘Me acuerdo de todos los lugares que no estaban listos…Como lo que pasó con [el huracán] Katrina. Eso nos podría pasar en algunos años.’[/pullquote]Los abuelos maternos de Grewe emigraron de Tonga y la familia de su papá llegó al Este de Palo Alto como parte de una migración más grande de familias afroamericanas a la ciudad a mediados del siglo pasado. Muchos experimentaron \u003ca href=\"https://bos.smcgov.org/history-east-palo-alto#:~:text=East%20Palo%20Alto%20became%20one,in%201983%3A%201%2C782%20to%201%2C767\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">acoso inmobiliario\u003c/a> y otras \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hearings_Before_the_United_States_Commis/fUXVAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=East%20Palo%20Alto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tácticas de vivienda discriminatorias\u003c/a>, el resultado de décadas de políticas basadas en la segregación racial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leia, su madre, teme que el agua llegará con toda su furia a su puerta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Me acuerdo de todos los lugares que no estaban listos”, dijo ella. “Como lo que pasó con [el hurac\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">án]\u003c/span> Katrina. Eso nos podría pasar en algunos años”.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Los vínculos del cambio climático\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>‘Uhilamoelangi emigró de Samoa junto a su esposo Senita (quien también lo conocen como ‘Papá Senter’) a mediados de la década de los 70 debido a que en ese entonces, los huracanes y tsunamis comenzaron a llegar con mayor frecuencia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Todo los isleños…nunca tenemos una conversación casual sobre la lluvia, las inundaciones”, explicó ella, y agregó, “Cada vez que llega un tsunami a nuestra isla, o cualquiera de las islas, todos nosotros sentimos una conexión y es muy emotivo”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero no fue hasta mediados de los años 2010 que ella entendió el vínculo entre estas tormentas tropicales y el calentamiento del planeta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yo no sabía lo que era el cambio climático”, dijo ‘Uhilamoelangi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Aquí puedes escuchar los reportajes que salieron en la radio de esta investigación, en inglés\" link1=\"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/9781a65a-2213-47f8-8203-ad1201221d2f/audio.mp3,Parte 1\" link2=\"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/eceb8c18-f067-4a06-97d7-ad13011a189e/audio.mp3,Parte 2\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Las inundaciones en el Este de Palo Alto, el clima extremo en Samoa y él aumento del nivel del mar, para ‘Uhilamoelangi, todo esto está conectado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ella logró entender cómo las inundaciones en el Este de Palo Alto, el clima extremo en Samoa y la subida del nivel del mar están todos interconectados luego de conocer a Violet Saena del grupo \u003ca href=\"https://www.acterra.org/climate-resilient-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Climate Resilient Communities\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (o las ‘Comunidades Resistentes al Clima’), el cual se dedica a proteger los residentes de la península que no están respresentandos en la crisis climática.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Puedo hacer preguntas que parezcan estúpidas, pero Violet siempre me da una respuesta “, dijo Mamá Dee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saena fue la primera en dirigir los esfuerzos para enfrentar el cambio climático en Samoa, creando el primer plan de resistencia del país . Cuando acompañó a su marido al Área de la Bahía, ella vio cómo esta comunidad también necesitaba entender más sobre este riesgo que se avecina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Con el apoyo de algunos estudiantes de Stanford, ella fue de puerta en puerta en el Este de Palo Alto, preguntando a los residentes qué sabían sobre los efectos del aumento del nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Para mí, esto es algo fácil ya que soy una persona de color y porque vengo de la isla”, dijo ella. “Ellos ven eso y piensan, ‘Ah sí, ella es como nosotros’ “.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974212\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974212\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1.jpg\" alt=\"Violet Saena, directora ejecutiva del grupo 'Comunidades resistentes al clima' en el parque Cooley Landing del Este de Palo Alto.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"680\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Violet Saena, directora ejecutiva del grupo ‘Comunidades resistentes al clima’ en el parque Cooley Landing del Este de Palo Alto. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Algo que surgió a raíz de esas pláticas fue la creación de grupos climáticos comunitarios destinados a involucrar y educar a residentes en los planes de adaptación del Este de Palo Alto, así como a ayudarles en sus necesidades básicas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La gente quiere formar parte de “estrategias reales”, dijo Saena. “No sólo les interesa el dique. También quieren saber qué pueden hacer ellos mismos, como manejar cisternas de agua o sistemas de precipitación en sus jardines”, explicó.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ella reconoce que el número de residentes de bajos ingresos que necesitarán ayuda es alto. “No tendrán los medios para comprar otro carro si el que tienen lo pierden en una inundación. Entonces, ¿qué programas podemos desarrollar que puedan ayudar a todos?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Si toda el Área de la Bahía adoptara esta filosofía, la región podría ser mucho más resistente al cambio climático, afirma \u003ca href=\"https://www.elizabethallisonphd.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elizabeth Allison\u003c/a>, que estudia la intersección entre la religion y la ecología en el Instituto de Estudios Integrales de California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Creo que debemos adoptar una cierta especie de ética integral de cuidado cuando consideramos el cambio climático”, dijo ella. Esto incluye ser consciente de todo el planeta, incluyendo a las generaciones por venir “de la misma manera que nos importa nuestros vecinos, amistades y familiares”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Appollonia Grey ‘Uhilamoelangi, o 'Mamá Dee', residente del Este de Palo Alto y líder comunitaria\"]‘Si queremos impedir otro desastre, ¿a dónde iremos?.’[/pullquote]Este tipo de cuidado está en el corazón de \u003ca href=\"https://anamatangi.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Anamantangi Polynesian Voices\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (o ‘Voces polinesias anamantangi’), la organización creada por los ‘Uhilamoelangi, la cual provee asistencia a los inmigrantes recién llegados con escasos recursos. Esto incluye a la educación, algo que motiva mucho a la pareja.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somos voluntarios de tiempo completo en los esfuerzos para detener el cambio climático”, dijo Mamá Dee, “si queremos impedir otro desastre, ¿a dónde iremos?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No escapando a otra localidad posiblemente más segura, dice ella. La pareja está decidida a quedarse en el Este de Palo Alto, pese a la doble amenaza de la subida del nivel del mar y la gentrificación. Se mantendrán firmes hasta el final.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Un semicírculo de protección\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Actualmente existe en desarrollo un proyecto para proteger parte del Este de Palo Alto: un nuevo dique que separaría un segmento de la ciudad y el arroyo de San Francisquito, el cual está conectado a la bahía.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Este proyecto, que ya lleva más de 20 años, comenzó luego de la inundación del 1998”, dijo el alcalde Carlos Romero, parado encima del dique con vista a un vecindario repleto de casas de una planta y calles repletas de carros. “Todo esto estaba inundado. Tenía amigos aquí que sus salas se llenaron con cuatro pies de agua”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teme que otra inundación arremeta contra el Este de Palo Alto, lo que podría devastar a la ciudad de la misma manera que le pasó a Nueva Orleáns luego del huracán Katrina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Si te fijas y miras por encima del dique, puedes ver que algunos de los techos están por debajo de ese dique”, dijo el alcalde, “básicamente sería una repetición de lo que le pasó al noveno distrito [de Nuevo Orleáns]”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974213\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974213\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1.jpg\" alt=\"El alcalde del Este de Palo Alto, Carlos Romero, con su bicicleta en el nuevo dique que rodea partes de su ciudad. Las casas a la izquierda se encuentran a un extremo de la ciudad y a la derecha hay un arroyo que conduce a la bahía.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"764\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1-768x575.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">El alcalde del Este de Palo Alto, Carlos Romero, con su bicicleta en el nuevo dique que rodea partes de su ciudad. Las casas a la izquierda se encuentran a un extremo de la ciudad y a la derecha hay un arroyo que conduce a la bahía. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Aparte de este nuevo dique, también existe la estructura de otra presa, pero esta es mucho más vieja y “ofrece un poco de protección, pero no mucho”, dijo Tess Byler, directora de proyecto con \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfcjpa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>San Francisquito Creek Joint Powers Authority\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Ella maneja el programa encargado de proteger a la región de la subida del nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La meta es completamente reemplazar el antiguo dique antes del 2030. Este proyecto se ha formalizado en el plan \u003cem>Strategy to Advance Flood Protection, Ecosystems and Recreation along San Francisco Bay\u003c/em> (o la Estrategia para Avanzar en la Protección Contra Inundaciones, Ecosistemas y Recreación a lo largo de la Bahía de San Francisco), mejor conocido como \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfcjpa.org/safer-bay-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>SAFER Bay\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diseñado para soportar simultáneamente una inundación centenal, marea alta y hasta un aumento de 3.5 pies en el nivel del mar, este sistema de arcilla e ingeniería que también incluye pantanos y diques, llegará desde la frontera entre Redwood City y Menlo Park en el norte hasta el límite entre Palo Alto y Mountain View en el sur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En total, este sistema tendrá que contener una proyección adicional de 10 pies en el promedio actual de la altura máxima del agua.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Este proyecto se divide en nueve fases, con la primera abarcando Menlo Park y el Este de Palo Alto. La finalización del tramo inicial, prevista para 2024, protegerá cerca de mil 600 inmuebles, la mayoría de las viviendas del Este de Palo Alto cerca de las ciénagas gestionadas por el Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de los Estados Unidos. En Menlo Park, el plan propone restaurar más de 550 acres de estanques de sal y pantanos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Para lograr formar un círculo de protección en torno a esta parte de la bahía se necesitará cooperación y los fondos de varios propietarios privados y gubernamentales tan diversos como Caltrans, Facebook, varias empresas de servicios públicos y municipios, dice Byler, agregando que también hay que tomar en cuenta la fauna con estatus especial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hay varios factores que debemos considerar, por ejemplo, las cosas que no podemos ver, como el posicionamiento de los sistemas de alcantarillado, y las cosas que sí podemos ver como las torres eléctricas”, explicó ella. “Y además debemos de ser conscientes de proteger el marjal que es hogar de muchas maravillosas especies de aves y animales”, dijo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label ='Más en español' tag='kqed-en-espanol']Todavía falta mucho que se debe resolver, dice Byler, incluyendo decidir quién va a construir los diques y cómo se va a limpiar la contaminación de arsénico en la tierra, los restos de una vieja planta procesadora de residuos peligrosos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aún así, ella está segura que el proyecto seguirá adelante, no sólo por el amplio compromiso de la comunidad, pero también porque muchas entidades parecen estar trabajando juntas, pero quizás no todas a la misma velocidad. Ella dice que fondos estatales podrían ayudar a completar el presupuesto para el proyecto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ya tenemos los fondos para el Este de Palo Alto, entonces ese será nuestra primer prioridad”, dijo ella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero el sistema de diques es tan solo una solución de ámbito reducido. Para proteger la infraestructura crítica del Área de la Bahía como la autopista 101 se requerirá un enfoque regional que involucre a cada condado de la región, afirma \u003ca href=\"https://oneshoreline.org/staff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Len Materman\u003c/a>, director ejecutivo de la dependencia \u003cem>San Mateo County Flood and Sea Level Rise Resiliency District\u003c/em> (o el ‘Distrito para la Resistencia a las Inundaciones y la Subida del Nivel del Mar del Condado de San Mateo’).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Aún no lo logramos, todos los nueve condados”, dijo él e indicó, “cuanto antes se incorporen todos, mejor”.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Una reacción en cadena\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Una razón por la cual funcionarios y líderes comunitarios les interesa incluir a toda el Área de la Bahía cuando hablan de soluciones a la crisis climática es que lo que ocurre en el Este de Palo Alto no se va a quedar sólo en esa localidad. Una catástrofe aquí provocará una reacción en cadena la cual podría impactar a millones de habitantes en decenas de ciudades, poniendo en mayor riesgo a quienes viven cerca de la costa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La casa de la familia Grewe, ubicada en una zona de alto riesgo, está situada a la misma altura por encima del nivel del mar, que las salidas y entradas del puente Dumbarton. Si se inundaran estas secciones del puente, una de las arterias de transporte más importantes del sur y el este de la Bahía fallaría, y el sistema de transporte vial de la región se podría convertir rápidamente en un caos total.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KTNaQmeCxY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Un vídeo publicado originalmente por la dependencia del agua del valle de Santa Clara que demuestra varios momentos durante la inundación que afectó al Este de Palo Alto luego de que el arroyo de San Francisquito se desbordara.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo mismo podría ocurrir para las cadenas de distribución de agua y combustible y las redes de electricidad y comunicaciones, dijo Mark Stacey, un ingeniero ambiental con la Universidad de California en Berkeley. Él explica que el Área de la Bahía es un ecosistema interconectado y que cada rompeolas, cada dique, cada cambio a la costa de la bahía podría tener un gran impacto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En el Este de Palo Alto, una inundación podría provocar una serie de crisis a lo largo de la región.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A medida que nosotros transformamos nuestras costas o a medida que nuestras costas son transformadas por la subida del nivel del mar, las dinámicas de las corrientes en la bahía cambian también”, dijo Stacey. “Cambios a nivel local en el litoral pueden tener impactos regionales en el nivel del mar”, indicó.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]A medida que distintas comunidades fortalecen sus riberas ante la subida del nivel del mar, las corrientes por venir rebotarán en contra de estos rompeolas. Cuando esto ocurre, la fuerza de estas mismas corrientes irá creciendo en otras partes de la bahía.[/pullquote]Cuando las corrientes marinas entran del Pacífico a la bahía de San Francisco, la desembocadura más grande en la costa oeste, a veces se dispersan a lo largo de los humedales que se encuentran en varios puntos de la bahía y en otras ocasiones suman al nivel del mar cuando rebotan contra los rompeolas ubicados junto la costa, dice Stacey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A medida que distintas comunidades fortalecen sus riberas ante la subida del nivel del mar, las corrientes por venir rebotarán en contra de estos rompeolas. Cuando esto ocurre, la fuerza de estas mismas corrientes irá creciendo en otras partes de la bahía y formaría un ciclo de acción y reacción que podría sumar unas pulgadas adicionales al nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millones de residentes del Área de la Bahía se podrían ver afectados por esto. El sur de la bahía, donde se encuentra el Este de Palo Alto, es la zona más vulnerable a este fenómeno de “amplificación”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Fain, directora de planeación para la oficina Bay Conservation and Development Commission (en español, la ‘Comisión de Conservación y Desarrollo de la Bahía’ o BCDC por sus siglas en inglés), dice que el Este de Palo Alto es el punto óptimo para abordar en un solo lugar todos los retos relacionados al aumento del nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Aquí se unen todos los puntos”, dijo ella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974220\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974220\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1.jpg\" alt=\"Una imagen aérea tomada por un drone del puente Dumbarton cerca de la costa del Este de Palo Alto.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"680\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Una imagen aérea tomada por un drone del puente Dumbarton cerca de la costa del Este de Palo Alto. \u003ccite>(JJ Harris - Techboogie/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Detrás de la estrategia regional que Fain está ayudando a diseñar, llamada \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayadapt.org/\">\u003cem>Bay Adapt\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (o ‘la Bahía se adapta’), está la convicción de que el aumento del nivel del mar afectará a cada aspecto de la vida. La función original de la dependencia no incluía responder al aumento del nivel del mar pero ha evolucionado para formar nexos entre ciudades, condados, negocios y la gente.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entre las herramientas a la disposición de la BCDC, existen por ejemplo las subvenciones que pueden incluir lineamientos para alentar el cumplimiento de las metas regionales. O también pueden recaudar apoyo para fomentar los buenos proyectos y rechazar aquellos que no son útiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pero todavía no llegamos a ese punto”, dijo Fain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Julio García, miembro de 'Nuestra Casa'\"]‘Sin mencionar la situación del COVID-19, el [cambio climático] es la crisis número uno que estamos enfrentando ahora.’[/pullquote]Lo que le falta es la autoridad para forzar a ciudades y condados a coordinar su programa de diques y otras soluciones. Por ahora, la BCDC está trabajando con grupos comunitarios por toda el Área de la Bahía para seguir desarrollando un compromiso con las metas de la dependencia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uno de estos grupos es ‘\u003ca href=\"https://nuestracasa.org/es/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nuestra Casa\u003c/a>‘ en el Este de Palo Alto. Julio García dirige clases, talleres y grupos de sondeo para asegurar que se escuche la voz de los residentes en el proceso en que se forman los planes de la BCDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sin mencionar la situación del COVID-19, el [cambio climático] es la crisis número uno que estamos enfrentando ahora”, dijo García. “Como una comunidad de personas de color, como personas que trabajan, esto es algo muy importante. Porque si las casas comienzan a inundarse, ¿a donde nos vamos a ir?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La familia Grewe forman parte de este grupo, donde Heleine enseña una clase de justicia ambiental.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“En verdad me encantaría si más ciudades aledañas se unieran para proteger a nuestra pequeña ciudad”, dijo Leía Grewe, durante una junta reciente del grupo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo que le preocupa a García, y también a Heleine y Leía, es que si se extienden los marjales con el fin de proteger a las zonas residenciales, esto podría resultar en que suba el costo de la vivienda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tendremos que mudarnos a Stockton, a Sacramento”, dijo Leía. “Y detesto eso porque cuando te pones a pensar en el Este de Palo Alto, tenemos a muchos familiares que no pueden regresar. Una propiedad aquí ya está fuera de su alcance”, agregó.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Con 27 años de edad, Antonio López es el concejal más joven del Este de San José y él dice que entiende la preocupación que siente la familia Grewe acerca del aburguesamiento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974216\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974216\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48562_Image-from-iOS-30-qut-1020x765-1.jpg\" alt=\"Antonio López, concejal de la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto, se recarga sobre un barendal cerca del arroyo de San Francisquito.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"765\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48562_Image-from-iOS-30-qut-1020x765-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48562_Image-from-iOS-30-qut-1020x765-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48562_Image-from-iOS-30-qut-1020x765-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48562_Image-from-iOS-30-qut-1020x765-1-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Antonio López, concejal de la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto, se recarga sobre un barendal cerca del arroyo de San Francisquito. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Nosotros quienes trabajamos con la ciudad luchamos para que tú puedas seguir aquí y que se escuche tu voz”, dijo él y mantiene que “los diques tan sólo son un símbolo de que todavía tenemos una oportunidad de permanecer aquí”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>López guarda una fotografía del arroyo de San Francisquito en su teléfono móvil, la cual demuestra un momento cuando el arroyo, de color café se desbordó, llegando a una pulgada por debajo de las calles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En el mismo lugar que se tomó esta foto ahora existe un dique verde de acero que abraza la figura del arroyo, una \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfcjpa.org/reach-1-downstream-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sección del proyecto\u003c/a> fue completada por \u003cem>San Francisquito Creek Joint Powers Authority\u003c/em> en el 2019. En colaboración con esta dependencia, la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto amplió el arroyo, reconstruyó los salares y desarrolló un dique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contemplando la foto, “veo la ansiedad causada por las inundaciones, pero también veo una oportunidad y un recordatorio de dónde tenemos que estar”, dijo López.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Este artículo fue traducido por el periodista, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ccabreralomeli\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Carlos Cabrera-Lomelí \u003c/a>y editado por la periodista \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/soytapatia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">María Peña\u003c/a> del equipo de \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/kqedenespanol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED en Español\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "East Palo Alto, o el 'Este de Palo Alto' es una pequeña ciudad costeña que enfrenta el reto de inundaciones a medida que sube el nivel del mar a causa del cambio climático. Sin embargo, la comunidad está tomando acción.\r\n",
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"description": "East Palo Alto, o el 'Este de Palo Alto' es una pequeña ciudad costeña que enfrenta el reto de inundaciones a medida que sube el nivel del mar a causa del cambio climático. Sin embargo, la comunidad está tomando acción.\r\n",
"title": "¿Qué puede hacer el Área de la Bahía ante el aumento del nivel del mar? El Este de Palo Alto ya está proponiendo algunas soluciones | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Esta serie es parte de la iniciativa nacional de periodismo ‘\u003ca href=\"http://connected-coastlines.pulitzercenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Connected Coastlines\u003c/a>‘ del Centro Pulitzer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1973805/climate-solutions-in-east-palo-alto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Read in English\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">L\u003c/span>a primera vez que las calles se inundaron, Appollonia Grey ‘Uhilamoelangi, mejor conocida como ‘Mamá Dee’ en su comunidad del Este de Palo Alto, recordó el clima de su natal Samoa, pese a que estas lluvias eran más frías y severas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yo me sentía muy feliz esa vez”, dijo ‘Uhilamoelangi, refiriéndose a su primer gran diluvio en el Área de la Bahía. “Yo estaba afuera nadando en la lluvia, jugando en la lluvia. Había agua por todas partes”, agregó.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "Según las proyecciones, dentro de unos 10 años hasta dos tercios del Este de Palo Alto podrían sufrir inundaciones con regularidad, lo que podría desencadenar un efecto domino de varias crisis alrededor del Área de la Bahía. Ahora, el gobierno, las empresas y los residentes se han unido para intentar prepararse.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Pero la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto es propensa a inundaciones, y en tres instancias en los últimos treinta años, las lluvias torrenciales han devastado a esta localidad que cuenta con alrededor de 30 mil habitantes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“En las dos últimas inundaciones, la pregunta era, ¿dónde está Dios?”, dijo ella. “No me malinterpreten. Yo creo en el poder de la oración. Pero he sobrevivido muchas catástrofes”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahora, el nivel del mar en la bahía de San Francisco está subiendo por los efectos del cambio climático, lo cual representa una amenaza existencial para esta pequeña comunidad, compuesta por lo general de familias de color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No es una exageración. El Este de Palo Alto se encuentra situado entre las ciudades de San Francisco y San José, al extremo occidental del puente Dumbarton. De todos los condados del Área de la Bahía, el condado San Mateo es el que corre más riesgo por el aumento del nivel del mar. Y de todas las poblaciones en el condado, el Este de Palo Alto es la más vulnerable a las inundaciones provocadas por el clima.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>Una proyección del aumento del nivel del mar en el Área de la Bahía hasta el 2050\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 90%\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">\u003cem>Puede mover su mouse para explorar las direcciones del mapa. Puede usar los signos (+) y (-) para acercarse o alejarse. Selecciona la lupa para buscar una dirección específica. Para esconder la leyenda, selecciona la flecha hacia abajo que está ubicada al lado derecho de la leyenda del mapa. Fuentes: USGS, OCOF, Pacific Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqed.carto.com/u/kqednews/builder/13e1ca7c-3df3-4f40-bcd3-8072f22d9e6c/embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Con un área de 2.5 millas cuadradas y repleta de árboles de cítricos y casas estilo rancho, la ciudad está rodeada de agua por sus tres lados: el arroyo San Francisquito que serpentea a lo largo del extremo sur y la bahía, al norte y al este.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La mitad del Este de Palo Alto ya ha sido \u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/community_amp_economic_development/page/2531/fema_maps_2015_201509011239377956.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">designada como una zona de inundación\u003c/a> por el gobierno federal. Según las proyecciones, en alrededor de 10 años, hasta dos tercios del terreno dentro de los límites de la ciudad podrían sufrir inundados con regularidad. A mediados del siglo, esas zonas podrían quedar frecuentemente bajo el agua durante las altas mareas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los efectos del cambio climático están impactando de manera desproporcionada a las comunidades de color como el Este de Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>El aburguesamiento (conocido comunmente como ‘gentrificación’) y la afluencia de los gigantes de la tecnología como Facebook, Google y Amazon ha transformado a la ciudad pero aún así, sigue siendo una comunidad mayormente compuesta por personas no blancas. El 66% de la población se identifica como Latina y muchas personas provenientes de las islas del Pacífico, como ‘Uhilamoelangi, viven aquí.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cuando las lluvias son fuertes, el arroyo se desborda e inunda las partes al este de la ciudad y un nivel de mar elevado agravará el problema aún más, complicando la viabilidad de que el Este de Palo Alto siga siendo el hogar para familias obreras, dijo Derek Ouyang académico y gerente de programas con \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/community_amp_economic_development/page/2531/fema_maps_2015_201509011239377956.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford Future Bay Initiative\u003c/a>\u003c/em> (o la Iniciativa por el Futuro de la Bahía de Stanford), que trabaja con líderes comunitarios de la ciudad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Si conocieras a 100 familias del el Este de Palo Alto, quizás 50 de ellas ya han llegado al punto en que sus ahorros son tan bajos…que una inundación…podría ser su límite”, dijo Ouyang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En 1998, las aguas de una inundación \u003ca href=\"https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2018/02/03/a-flood-next-time\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">anegaron a más de mil hogares\u003c/a>. Y en el 2012, el arroyo se desbordó, resultando en evacuaciones de las zonas afectadas. Para mitigar el riesgo, la ciudad, en colaboración con otras localidades cercanas a través de la oficina de \u003cem>San Francisquito Creek Joint Powers Authority\u003c/em> (o la Autoridad de Poderes Conjuntos del Arroyo San Francisquito) rediseñó partes de su costa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974199\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974199\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1.jpg\" alt=\"Varias partes del Este de Palo Alto se inundaron en 1998.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"574\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/East-Palo-Alto-Flood-1998-1-1020x574-1-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Varias partes del Este de Palo Alto se inundaron en 1998. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Para algunos residentes del Este de Palo Alto, no es la primera vez que las inundaciones y el cambio climático amenazan a sus hogares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquí viven refugiados que huyeron de una crisis ambiental en las islas del Pacífico, donde el nivel del mar aún sigue creciendo. Y ahora, a pesar de que se encuentran a miles de millas de distancia en un nuevo hogar, nuevamente enfrentan amenazas similares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Muchos están colaborando con científicos, la ciudad y la autoridad de poderes conjuntos para salvar hogares restaurando y creando un nuevo humedal que se encuentra en la orilla de la bahía.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Y pese a que \u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/finance/page/4321/adopted_fy_2020-21_budget.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">el presupuesto del Este de Palo Alto\u003c/a> (que equivale $41.8 millones) es 325 veces menor que el de San Francisco, la ciudad se está desempeñando muy por encima de su capacidad en términos de planificación para un aumento en la marea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974211\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974211\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48667_IMG_2781-sfi-1.jpg\" alt=\"Heleine Grewe, de 17 años, y Leia Grewe, su madre, están afuera en un día soleado.\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48667_IMG_2781-sfi-1.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48667_IMG_2781-sfi-1-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heleine Grewe, de 17 años con su madre, Leia Grewe, en el Este de Palo Alto. \u003ccite>(Kevin Stark/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sin embargo, puede ser no suficiente. Los ecosistemas y la infraestructura del Área de la Bahía están profundamente interconectados, lo que significa que sin un plan regional que incluya a todas las comunidades a lo largo de la bahía, los esfuerzos de los residentes del Este de Palo Alto podrían tener un impacto muy limitado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanto los líderes políticos como los activistas comunitarios de la ciudad, muchos quienes son adolescentes frustrados por el hecho de heredar los peores efectos del aumento en el nivel del océano y el derretimiento de las capas de hielo, entienden la importancia de este hecho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sólo quiero un plan para el futuro, porque si esto pasa y hay inundaciones por todas partes, la gente debe de saber cómo responder”, dijo Heleine Grewe, una estudiante de 17 años en el último año de la preparatoria Menlo-Atherton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘Me acuerdo de todos los lugares que no estaban listos…Como lo que pasó con [el huracán] Katrina. Eso nos podría pasar en algunos años.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Los abuelos maternos de Grewe emigraron de Tonga y la familia de su papá llegó al Este de Palo Alto como parte de una migración más grande de familias afroamericanas a la ciudad a mediados del siglo pasado. Muchos experimentaron \u003ca href=\"https://bos.smcgov.org/history-east-palo-alto#:~:text=East%20Palo%20Alto%20became%20one,in%201983%3A%201%2C782%20to%201%2C767\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">acoso inmobiliario\u003c/a> y otras \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hearings_Before_the_United_States_Commis/fUXVAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=East%20Palo%20Alto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tácticas de vivienda discriminatorias\u003c/a>, el resultado de décadas de políticas basadas en la segregación racial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leia, su madre, teme que el agua llegará con toda su furia a su puerta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Me acuerdo de todos los lugares que no estaban listos”, dijo ella. “Como lo que pasó con [el hurac\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">án]\u003c/span> Katrina. Eso nos podría pasar en algunos años”.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Los vínculos del cambio climático\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>‘Uhilamoelangi emigró de Samoa junto a su esposo Senita (quien también lo conocen como ‘Papá Senter’) a mediados de la década de los 70 debido a que en ese entonces, los huracanes y tsunamis comenzaron a llegar con mayor frecuencia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Todo los isleños…nunca tenemos una conversación casual sobre la lluvia, las inundaciones”, explicó ella, y agregó, “Cada vez que llega un tsunami a nuestra isla, o cualquiera de las islas, todos nosotros sentimos una conexión y es muy emotivo”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero no fue hasta mediados de los años 2010 que ella entendió el vínculo entre estas tormentas tropicales y el calentamiento del planeta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yo no sabía lo que era el cambio climático”, dijo ‘Uhilamoelangi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"label": "Aquí puedes escuchar los reportajes que salieron en la radio de esta investigación, en inglés ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Las inundaciones en el Este de Palo Alto, el clima extremo en Samoa y él aumento del nivel del mar, para ‘Uhilamoelangi, todo esto está conectado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ella logró entender cómo las inundaciones en el Este de Palo Alto, el clima extremo en Samoa y la subida del nivel del mar están todos interconectados luego de conocer a Violet Saena del grupo \u003ca href=\"https://www.acterra.org/climate-resilient-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Climate Resilient Communities\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (o las ‘Comunidades Resistentes al Clima’), el cual se dedica a proteger los residentes de la península que no están respresentandos en la crisis climática.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Puedo hacer preguntas que parezcan estúpidas, pero Violet siempre me da una respuesta “, dijo Mamá Dee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saena fue la primera en dirigir los esfuerzos para enfrentar el cambio climático en Samoa, creando el primer plan de resistencia del país . Cuando acompañó a su marido al Área de la Bahía, ella vio cómo esta comunidad también necesitaba entender más sobre este riesgo que se avecina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Con el apoyo de algunos estudiantes de Stanford, ella fue de puerta en puerta en el Este de Palo Alto, preguntando a los residentes qué sabían sobre los efectos del aumento del nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Para mí, esto es algo fácil ya que soy una persona de color y porque vengo de la isla”, dijo ella. “Ellos ven eso y piensan, ‘Ah sí, ella es como nosotros’ “.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974212\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974212\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1.jpg\" alt=\"Violet Saena, directora ejecutiva del grupo 'Comunidades resistentes al clima' en el parque Cooley Landing del Este de Palo Alto.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"680\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48288_014_EastPaloAlto_SeaLevelRise_03292021-qut-1020x680-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Violet Saena, directora ejecutiva del grupo ‘Comunidades resistentes al clima’ en el parque Cooley Landing del Este de Palo Alto. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Algo que surgió a raíz de esas pláticas fue la creación de grupos climáticos comunitarios destinados a involucrar y educar a residentes en los planes de adaptación del Este de Palo Alto, así como a ayudarles en sus necesidades básicas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La gente quiere formar parte de “estrategias reales”, dijo Saena. “No sólo les interesa el dique. También quieren saber qué pueden hacer ellos mismos, como manejar cisternas de agua o sistemas de precipitación en sus jardines”, explicó.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ella reconoce que el número de residentes de bajos ingresos que necesitarán ayuda es alto. “No tendrán los medios para comprar otro carro si el que tienen lo pierden en una inundación. Entonces, ¿qué programas podemos desarrollar que puedan ayudar a todos?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Si toda el Área de la Bahía adoptara esta filosofía, la región podría ser mucho más resistente al cambio climático, afirma \u003ca href=\"https://www.elizabethallisonphd.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Elizabeth Allison\u003c/a>, que estudia la intersección entre la religion y la ecología en el Instituto de Estudios Integrales de California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Creo que debemos adoptar una cierta especie de ética integral de cuidado cuando consideramos el cambio climático”, dijo ella. Esto incluye ser consciente de todo el planeta, incluyendo a las generaciones por venir “de la misma manera que nos importa nuestros vecinos, amistades y familiares”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘Si queremos impedir otro desastre, ¿a dónde iremos?.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Este tipo de cuidado está en el corazón de \u003ca href=\"https://anamatangi.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Anamantangi Polynesian Voices\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (o ‘Voces polinesias anamantangi’), la organización creada por los ‘Uhilamoelangi, la cual provee asistencia a los inmigrantes recién llegados con escasos recursos. Esto incluye a la educación, algo que motiva mucho a la pareja.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somos voluntarios de tiempo completo en los esfuerzos para detener el cambio climático”, dijo Mamá Dee, “si queremos impedir otro desastre, ¿a dónde iremos?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No escapando a otra localidad posiblemente más segura, dice ella. La pareja está decidida a quedarse en el Este de Palo Alto, pese a la doble amenaza de la subida del nivel del mar y la gentrificación. Se mantendrán firmes hasta el final.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Un semicírculo de protección\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Actualmente existe en desarrollo un proyecto para proteger parte del Este de Palo Alto: un nuevo dique que separaría un segmento de la ciudad y el arroyo de San Francisquito, el cual está conectado a la bahía.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Este proyecto, que ya lleva más de 20 años, comenzó luego de la inundación del 1998”, dijo el alcalde Carlos Romero, parado encima del dique con vista a un vecindario repleto de casas de una planta y calles repletas de carros. “Todo esto estaba inundado. Tenía amigos aquí que sus salas se llenaron con cuatro pies de agua”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teme que otra inundación arremeta contra el Este de Palo Alto, lo que podría devastar a la ciudad de la misma manera que le pasó a Nueva Orleáns luego del huracán Katrina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Si te fijas y miras por encima del dique, puedes ver que algunos de los techos están por debajo de ese dique”, dijo el alcalde, “básicamente sería una repetición de lo que le pasó al noveno distrito [de Nuevo Orleáns]”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974213\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974213\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1.jpg\" alt=\"El alcalde del Este de Palo Alto, Carlos Romero, con su bicicleta en el nuevo dique que rodea partes de su ciudad. Las casas a la izquierda se encuentran a un extremo de la ciudad y a la derecha hay un arroyo que conduce a la bahía.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"764\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48549_Image-from-iOS-12-qut-1020x764-1-768x575.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">El alcalde del Este de Palo Alto, Carlos Romero, con su bicicleta en el nuevo dique que rodea partes de su ciudad. Las casas a la izquierda se encuentran a un extremo de la ciudad y a la derecha hay un arroyo que conduce a la bahía. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Aparte de este nuevo dique, también existe la estructura de otra presa, pero esta es mucho más vieja y “ofrece un poco de protección, pero no mucho”, dijo Tess Byler, directora de proyecto con \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfcjpa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>San Francisquito Creek Joint Powers Authority\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Ella maneja el programa encargado de proteger a la región de la subida del nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La meta es completamente reemplazar el antiguo dique antes del 2030. Este proyecto se ha formalizado en el plan \u003cem>Strategy to Advance Flood Protection, Ecosystems and Recreation along San Francisco Bay\u003c/em> (o la Estrategia para Avanzar en la Protección Contra Inundaciones, Ecosistemas y Recreación a lo largo de la Bahía de San Francisco), mejor conocido como \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfcjpa.org/safer-bay-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>SAFER Bay\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diseñado para soportar simultáneamente una inundación centenal, marea alta y hasta un aumento de 3.5 pies en el nivel del mar, este sistema de arcilla e ingeniería que también incluye pantanos y diques, llegará desde la frontera entre Redwood City y Menlo Park en el norte hasta el límite entre Palo Alto y Mountain View en el sur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En total, este sistema tendrá que contener una proyección adicional de 10 pies en el promedio actual de la altura máxima del agua.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Este proyecto se divide en nueve fases, con la primera abarcando Menlo Park y el Este de Palo Alto. La finalización del tramo inicial, prevista para 2024, protegerá cerca de mil 600 inmuebles, la mayoría de las viviendas del Este de Palo Alto cerca de las ciénagas gestionadas por el Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de los Estados Unidos. En Menlo Park, el plan propone restaurar más de 550 acres de estanques de sal y pantanos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Para lograr formar un círculo de protección en torno a esta parte de la bahía se necesitará cooperación y los fondos de varios propietarios privados y gubernamentales tan diversos como Caltrans, Facebook, varias empresas de servicios públicos y municipios, dice Byler, agregando que también hay que tomar en cuenta la fauna con estatus especial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hay varios factores que debemos considerar, por ejemplo, las cosas que no podemos ver, como el posicionamiento de los sistemas de alcantarillado, y las cosas que sí podemos ver como las torres eléctricas”, explicó ella. “Y además debemos de ser conscientes de proteger el marjal que es hogar de muchas maravillosas especies de aves y animales”, dijo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Todavía falta mucho que se debe resolver, dice Byler, incluyendo decidir quién va a construir los diques y cómo se va a limpiar la contaminación de arsénico en la tierra, los restos de una vieja planta procesadora de residuos peligrosos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aún así, ella está segura que el proyecto seguirá adelante, no sólo por el amplio compromiso de la comunidad, pero también porque muchas entidades parecen estar trabajando juntas, pero quizás no todas a la misma velocidad. Ella dice que fondos estatales podrían ayudar a completar el presupuesto para el proyecto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ya tenemos los fondos para el Este de Palo Alto, entonces ese será nuestra primer prioridad”, dijo ella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pero el sistema de diques es tan solo una solución de ámbito reducido. Para proteger la infraestructura crítica del Área de la Bahía como la autopista 101 se requerirá un enfoque regional que involucre a cada condado de la región, afirma \u003ca href=\"https://oneshoreline.org/staff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Len Materman\u003c/a>, director ejecutivo de la dependencia \u003cem>San Mateo County Flood and Sea Level Rise Resiliency District\u003c/em> (o el ‘Distrito para la Resistencia a las Inundaciones y la Subida del Nivel del Mar del Condado de San Mateo’).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Aún no lo logramos, todos los nueve condados”, dijo él e indicó, “cuanto antes se incorporen todos, mejor”.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Una reacción en cadena\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Una razón por la cual funcionarios y líderes comunitarios les interesa incluir a toda el Área de la Bahía cuando hablan de soluciones a la crisis climática es que lo que ocurre en el Este de Palo Alto no se va a quedar sólo en esa localidad. Una catástrofe aquí provocará una reacción en cadena la cual podría impactar a millones de habitantes en decenas de ciudades, poniendo en mayor riesgo a quienes viven cerca de la costa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La casa de la familia Grewe, ubicada en una zona de alto riesgo, está situada a la misma altura por encima del nivel del mar, que las salidas y entradas del puente Dumbarton. Si se inundaran estas secciones del puente, una de las arterias de transporte más importantes del sur y el este de la Bahía fallaría, y el sistema de transporte vial de la región se podría convertir rápidamente en un caos total.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/2KTNaQmeCxY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/2KTNaQmeCxY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Un vídeo publicado originalmente por la dependencia del agua del valle de Santa Clara que demuestra varios momentos durante la inundación que afectó al Este de Palo Alto luego de que el arroyo de San Francisquito se desbordara.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo mismo podría ocurrir para las cadenas de distribución de agua y combustible y las redes de electricidad y comunicaciones, dijo Mark Stacey, un ingeniero ambiental con la Universidad de California en Berkeley. Él explica que el Área de la Bahía es un ecosistema interconectado y que cada rompeolas, cada dique, cada cambio a la costa de la bahía podría tener un gran impacto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En el Este de Palo Alto, una inundación podría provocar una serie de crisis a lo largo de la región.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A medida que nosotros transformamos nuestras costas o a medida que nuestras costas son transformadas por la subida del nivel del mar, las dinámicas de las corrientes en la bahía cambian también”, dijo Stacey. “Cambios a nivel local en el litoral pueden tener impactos regionales en el nivel del mar”, indicó.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "A medida que distintas comunidades fortalecen sus riberas ante la subida del nivel del mar, las corrientes por venir rebotarán en contra de estos rompeolas. Cuando esto ocurre, la fuerza de estas mismas corrientes irá creciendo en otras partes de la bahía.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Cuando las corrientes marinas entran del Pacífico a la bahía de San Francisco, la desembocadura más grande en la costa oeste, a veces se dispersan a lo largo de los humedales que se encuentran en varios puntos de la bahía y en otras ocasiones suman al nivel del mar cuando rebotan contra los rompeolas ubicados junto la costa, dice Stacey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A medida que distintas comunidades fortalecen sus riberas ante la subida del nivel del mar, las corrientes por venir rebotarán en contra de estos rompeolas. Cuando esto ocurre, la fuerza de estas mismas corrientes irá creciendo en otras partes de la bahía y formaría un ciclo de acción y reacción que podría sumar unas pulgadas adicionales al nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millones de residentes del Área de la Bahía se podrían ver afectados por esto. El sur de la bahía, donde se encuentra el Este de Palo Alto, es la zona más vulnerable a este fenómeno de “amplificación”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Fain, directora de planeación para la oficina Bay Conservation and Development Commission (en español, la ‘Comisión de Conservación y Desarrollo de la Bahía’ o BCDC por sus siglas en inglés), dice que el Este de Palo Alto es el punto óptimo para abordar en un solo lugar todos los retos relacionados al aumento del nivel del mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Aquí se unen todos los puntos”, dijo ella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974220\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974220\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1.jpg\" alt=\"Una imagen aérea tomada por un drone del puente Dumbarton cerca de la costa del Este de Palo Alto.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"680\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48685_EPA_image_selects_websize-2-1020x680-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Una imagen aérea tomada por un drone del puente Dumbarton cerca de la costa del Este de Palo Alto. \u003ccite>(JJ Harris - Techboogie/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Detrás de la estrategia regional que Fain está ayudando a diseñar, llamada \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayadapt.org/\">\u003cem>Bay Adapt\u003c/em>\u003c/a> (o ‘la Bahía se adapta’), está la convicción de que el aumento del nivel del mar afectará a cada aspecto de la vida. La función original de la dependencia no incluía responder al aumento del nivel del mar pero ha evolucionado para formar nexos entre ciudades, condados, negocios y la gente.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entre las herramientas a la disposición de la BCDC, existen por ejemplo las subvenciones que pueden incluir lineamientos para alentar el cumplimiento de las metas regionales. O también pueden recaudar apoyo para fomentar los buenos proyectos y rechazar aquellos que no son útiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pero todavía no llegamos a ese punto”, dijo Fain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘Sin mencionar la situación del COVID-19, el [cambio climático] es la crisis número uno que estamos enfrentando ahora.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Lo que le falta es la autoridad para forzar a ciudades y condados a coordinar su programa de diques y otras soluciones. Por ahora, la BCDC está trabajando con grupos comunitarios por toda el Área de la Bahía para seguir desarrollando un compromiso con las metas de la dependencia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uno de estos grupos es ‘\u003ca href=\"https://nuestracasa.org/es/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nuestra Casa\u003c/a>‘ en el Este de Palo Alto. Julio García dirige clases, talleres y grupos de sondeo para asegurar que se escuche la voz de los residentes en el proceso en que se forman los planes de la BCDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sin mencionar la situación del COVID-19, el [cambio climático] es la crisis número uno que estamos enfrentando ahora”, dijo García. “Como una comunidad de personas de color, como personas que trabajan, esto es algo muy importante. Porque si las casas comienzan a inundarse, ¿a donde nos vamos a ir?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La familia Grewe forman parte de este grupo, donde Heleine enseña una clase de justicia ambiental.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“En verdad me encantaría si más ciudades aledañas se unieran para proteger a nuestra pequeña ciudad”, dijo Leía Grewe, durante una junta reciente del grupo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo que le preocupa a García, y también a Heleine y Leía, es que si se extienden los marjales con el fin de proteger a las zonas residenciales, esto podría resultar en que suba el costo de la vivienda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tendremos que mudarnos a Stockton, a Sacramento”, dijo Leía. “Y detesto eso porque cuando te pones a pensar en el Este de Palo Alto, tenemos a muchos familiares que no pueden regresar. Una propiedad aquí ya está fuera de su alcance”, agregó.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Con 27 años de edad, Antonio López es el concejal más joven del Este de San José y él dice que entiende la preocupación que siente la familia Grewe acerca del aburguesamiento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1974216\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1020px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1974216\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48562_Image-from-iOS-30-qut-1020x765-1.jpg\" alt=\"Antonio López, concejal de la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto, se recarga sobre un barendal cerca del arroyo de San Francisquito.\" width=\"1020\" height=\"765\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48562_Image-from-iOS-30-qut-1020x765-1.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48562_Image-from-iOS-30-qut-1020x765-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48562_Image-from-iOS-30-qut-1020x765-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/04/RS48562_Image-from-iOS-30-qut-1020x765-1-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Antonio López, concejal de la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto, se recarga sobre un barendal cerca del arroyo de San Francisquito. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Nosotros quienes trabajamos con la ciudad luchamos para que tú puedas seguir aquí y que se escuche tu voz”, dijo él y mantiene que “los diques tan sólo son un símbolo de que todavía tenemos una oportunidad de permanecer aquí”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>López guarda una fotografía del arroyo de San Francisquito en su teléfono móvil, la cual demuestra un momento cuando el arroyo, de color café se desbordó, llegando a una pulgada por debajo de las calles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>En el mismo lugar que se tomó esta foto ahora existe un dique verde de acero que abraza la figura del arroyo, una \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfcjpa.org/reach-1-downstream-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sección del proyecto\u003c/a> fue completada por \u003cem>San Francisquito Creek Joint Powers Authority\u003c/em> en el 2019. En colaboración con esta dependencia, la ciudad del Este de Palo Alto amplió el arroyo, reconstruyó los salares y desarrolló un dique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contemplando la foto, “veo la ansiedad causada por las inundaciones, pero también veo una oportunidad y un recordatorio de dónde tenemos que estar”, dijo López.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Este artículo fue traducido por el periodista, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/ccabreralomeli\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Carlos Cabrera-Lomelí \u003c/a>y editado por la periodista \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/soytapatia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">María Peña\u003c/a> del equipo de \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/kqedenespanol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED en Español\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"order": 1
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"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"commonwealth-club": {
"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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