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"slug": "the-giants-of-california-how-redwoods-and-whales-got-so-big",
"title": "The Giants of California: How Redwoods and Whales Got So Big",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Virginia-based ecologist Jeff Atkins visited the giant redwood trees at Muir Woods National Monument, he saw something that blew his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember watching drops of water falling from the top of the canopy,” he wrote on Twitter. “And it took forever for them to fall. I mean FOREVER!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood trees are so tall that, standing on the forest floor, you can’t see to the tops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You crane your head back and you look up, up, up, up, and it becomes a blur as you get into the crown,” says Lucy Kerhoulas, professor of forest physiology at Humboldt State University. You can’t really know what’s up there, unless you actually go up and climb,” which Kerhoulas has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer in California is a great time to hang out with giants: the giant sequoias in Yosemite National Park, or the giant redwood trees in forests from Big Sur to the Oregon border. And though the famous grey whale migration season is long over, summer whale watchers can spot the world’s largest living animal: the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale skeleton has hung in the California Academy of Sciences for years — the new exhibit is designed to draw attention to the classic specimen. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the best ways to learn about California’s giants and why the state became home to these giants is by visiting a new exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences called \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t happenstance that California and the waters off our coast are home to these giants. As the new exhibit explains, bigness emerges partly from the particulars of life here – the ocean currents and our famous fog.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">\u003cem>Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/em>\u003c/a> opened June 15. Highlights include:\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A blue whale skeleton, 85 feet long.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An immersive fog room, where visitors can feel what it’s like to be a redwood.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A series of films featuring the ecology of a redwood tree from roots to crown, shot by a drone in 6K definition.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli> Skulls and skeletons of marine mammals, including the massive northern elephant seal.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Strong winds drive ocean upwelling along the coast, bringing nutrients up from lower layers of the ocean to the surface. Plankton and krill multiply exhuberantly, providing food for the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those same winds bring cold water south from Arctic latitudes. When warm summer temperatures hit that cold water, a fog layer forms. The fog is drawn toward land, providing plenty of water for the redwood trees along the coast. Redwoods evolved the ability to tap into fog, absorbing some of its moisture through their leaves and funneling more to their roots. So ocean currents and weather systems unite in an ecological system primed to foster bigness in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, UC Davis paleontologist Geerat Vermeij says ecology doesn’t tell the whole story of how the giants got so big. Plants and animals don’t evolve bigness just because they can, much like a car doesn’t move forward just because there is a road in front of it — someone has to get in the driver’s seat and turn it on. In other words, there needs to be an evolutionary driver, too. There has to be an advantage to being bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3888px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926847\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3888\" height=\"2728\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg 3888w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-800x561.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1020x716.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1200x842.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1920x1347.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1180x828.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-960x674.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-520x365.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3888px) 100vw, 3888px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale exhales through its blowhole, in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Long Beach, California on July 16, 2008. At up to 33 metres (110 ft) in length and 181 metric tonnes (200 short tons) or more in weight, are believed to be the largest animal to ever live on earth. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants of the Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Gearty, a paleobiologist at Stanford, \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/news/stanford-researchers-learn-why-aquatic-mammals-need-be-big-not-too-big\">thinks he knows what pushed many marine mammals to get big\u003c/a>: they needed to keep warm. Water pulls heat from a body much faster than air — it’s why you can get hypothermia in 60 degree water. A marine mammal needs to deal with this every day, and one of the best ways to prevent heat loss is to get bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gCcjqCUvcP2T3Zcw1sJPe746KEzUSrk9″]“The amount of skin they have compared to how much stuff inside they have goes down,” Gearty says, “and so they lose less heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gearty calculated the optimal size a mammal would need to be in order to stay warm in the water, and it turns out that’s about the size of a manatee. Relative to most land mammals, that’s pretty big, and it’s comparable to many marine mammals we do see. But it’s a whole lot smaller than a blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published last year suggested it was food density, not food availability, that drove the evolution of the biggest whales. Bigger whales were more efficient consumers of dense pockets of krill than smaller whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Vermeij favors a different hypothesis: killer whales and giant sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out that the evolution of the very largest whales pretty closely coincides with the evolution of killer whales,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer whales aren’t all that big, but they are social hunters, which allows them to bring down really large prey. Other early whales may have encountered Megalodon, a giant shark that stretched 59 feet from nose to tail. Being bigger than the Megalodon would have helped whales avoid becoming prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926436\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Redwood trees often reach heights greater than 300 feet. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants on Land\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that redwood trees evolved a second trait that, like their ability to absorb water from fog, allows them to thrive as huge trees: Redwoods are extraordinarily good at not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']While some other towering tree species invest in growing very fast, redwoods invest in defense: pest-resistant heartwood, fire resistant bark, and an impressive ability to regrow damaged trunks and branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly difficult to kill a redwood,” says Tamara Schwarz, director of exhibit development at the CalAcademy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the hundreds or thousands of years that a redwood may live, even moderate growth adds up. The evolutionary driver of bigness in redwoods may be the advantage in being good at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it may be simply be that being taller means better access to sunlight in the dark forest. On the other hand, trees compete for sunlight in every forest, and the oldest trees on earth, the bristlecone pines, are not particularly big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don’t really know for sure what drives bigness in redwood trees. But an answer\u003cb> \u003c/b>may lie in the redwood’s unusual, enormous genome, currently the topic of study for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savetheredwoods.org/project/redwood-genome-project/\">Redwood Genome Project\u003c/a>. The redwood genome is ten times the size of the human genome, with six copies of its chromosomes (both humans and giant sequoias only have two copies). Mapping the redwood genome may uncover genes that explain how the redwood got so big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the new exhibit, visitors can see a 9-foot tall redwood section up close and learn about how it tells the stories of the tree’s lifetime. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants in a Time of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental conditions like fog and food availability might not have been the only factors in the evolution of giants, but if those conditions change, it might be enough threaten California’s iconic species. Climate change could disrupt the ocean dynamics that generate abundant food and fog. Stanford’s Gearty says the biggest concern for whales is that they will no longer have enough food to sustain their huge bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of redwoods may be bit less gloomy. Fog levels have declined over recent decades, but it’s unclear whether this will hurt the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers say higher levels of carbon dioxide could help redwoods grow. When trees take in carbon dioxide, they lose water, but when there’s a higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, trees can sequester more carbon for the same amount of water lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get more bang for your buck,” says Humboldt State’s Kerhoulas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though drought and warmer temperatures might be stressful, especially for younger redwood forests, the same resilience that has allowed the redwoods and sequoias to grow so tall seems to be helping them cope with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not all totally doom and gloom,” Kerhoulas says. “These two ancient tree species, they have survived deep time, millions of years. And so from what I can tell, it seems like they are displaying a pretty high level of drought resistance and resilience.”\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences explores what it is about California's ecology that so readily fosters bigness.",
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"title": "The Giants of California: How Redwoods and Whales Got So Big | KQED",
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"headline": "The Giants of California: How Redwoods and Whales Got So Big",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Virginia-based ecologist Jeff Atkins visited the giant redwood trees at Muir Woods National Monument, he saw something that blew his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember watching drops of water falling from the top of the canopy,” he wrote on Twitter. “And it took forever for them to fall. I mean FOREVER!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood trees are so tall that, standing on the forest floor, you can’t see to the tops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You crane your head back and you look up, up, up, up, and it becomes a blur as you get into the crown,” says Lucy Kerhoulas, professor of forest physiology at Humboldt State University. You can’t really know what’s up there, unless you actually go up and climb,” which Kerhoulas has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer in California is a great time to hang out with giants: the giant sequoias in Yosemite National Park, or the giant redwood trees in forests from Big Sur to the Oregon border. And though the famous grey whale migration season is long over, summer whale watchers can spot the world’s largest living animal: the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale skeleton has hung in the California Academy of Sciences for years — the new exhibit is designed to draw attention to the classic specimen. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the best ways to learn about California’s giants and why the state became home to these giants is by visiting a new exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences called \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t happenstance that California and the waters off our coast are home to these giants. As the new exhibit explains, bigness emerges partly from the particulars of life here – the ocean currents and our famous fog.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">\u003cem>Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/em>\u003c/a> opened June 15. Highlights include:\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A blue whale skeleton, 85 feet long.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An immersive fog room, where visitors can feel what it’s like to be a redwood.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A series of films featuring the ecology of a redwood tree from roots to crown, shot by a drone in 6K definition.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli> Skulls and skeletons of marine mammals, including the massive northern elephant seal.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Strong winds drive ocean upwelling along the coast, bringing nutrients up from lower layers of the ocean to the surface. Plankton and krill multiply exhuberantly, providing food for the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those same winds bring cold water south from Arctic latitudes. When warm summer temperatures hit that cold water, a fog layer forms. The fog is drawn toward land, providing plenty of water for the redwood trees along the coast. Redwoods evolved the ability to tap into fog, absorbing some of its moisture through their leaves and funneling more to their roots. So ocean currents and weather systems unite in an ecological system primed to foster bigness in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, UC Davis paleontologist Geerat Vermeij says ecology doesn’t tell the whole story of how the giants got so big. Plants and animals don’t evolve bigness just because they can, much like a car doesn’t move forward just because there is a road in front of it — someone has to get in the driver’s seat and turn it on. In other words, there needs to be an evolutionary driver, too. There has to be an advantage to being bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3888px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926847\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3888\" height=\"2728\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg 3888w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-800x561.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1020x716.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1200x842.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1920x1347.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1180x828.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-960x674.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-520x365.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3888px) 100vw, 3888px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale exhales through its blowhole, in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Long Beach, California on July 16, 2008. At up to 33 metres (110 ft) in length and 181 metric tonnes (200 short tons) or more in weight, are believed to be the largest animal to ever live on earth. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants of the Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Gearty, a paleobiologist at Stanford, \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/news/stanford-researchers-learn-why-aquatic-mammals-need-be-big-not-too-big\">thinks he knows what pushed many marine mammals to get big\u003c/a>: they needed to keep warm. Water pulls heat from a body much faster than air — it’s why you can get hypothermia in 60 degree water. A marine mammal needs to deal with this every day, and one of the best ways to prevent heat loss is to get bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“The amount of skin they have compared to how much stuff inside they have goes down,” Gearty says, “and so they lose less heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gearty calculated the optimal size a mammal would need to be in order to stay warm in the water, and it turns out that’s about the size of a manatee. Relative to most land mammals, that’s pretty big, and it’s comparable to many marine mammals we do see. But it’s a whole lot smaller than a blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published last year suggested it was food density, not food availability, that drove the evolution of the biggest whales. Bigger whales were more efficient consumers of dense pockets of krill than smaller whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Vermeij favors a different hypothesis: killer whales and giant sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out that the evolution of the very largest whales pretty closely coincides with the evolution of killer whales,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer whales aren’t all that big, but they are social hunters, which allows them to bring down really large prey. Other early whales may have encountered Megalodon, a giant shark that stretched 59 feet from nose to tail. Being bigger than the Megalodon would have helped whales avoid becoming prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926436\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Redwood trees often reach heights greater than 300 feet. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants on Land\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that redwood trees evolved a second trait that, like their ability to absorb water from fog, allows them to thrive as huge trees: Redwoods are extraordinarily good at not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>While some other towering tree species invest in growing very fast, redwoods invest in defense: pest-resistant heartwood, fire resistant bark, and an impressive ability to regrow damaged trunks and branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly difficult to kill a redwood,” says Tamara Schwarz, director of exhibit development at the CalAcademy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the hundreds or thousands of years that a redwood may live, even moderate growth adds up. The evolutionary driver of bigness in redwoods may be the advantage in being good at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it may be simply be that being taller means better access to sunlight in the dark forest. On the other hand, trees compete for sunlight in every forest, and the oldest trees on earth, the bristlecone pines, are not particularly big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don’t really know for sure what drives bigness in redwood trees. But an answer\u003cb> \u003c/b>may lie in the redwood’s unusual, enormous genome, currently the topic of study for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savetheredwoods.org/project/redwood-genome-project/\">Redwood Genome Project\u003c/a>. The redwood genome is ten times the size of the human genome, with six copies of its chromosomes (both humans and giant sequoias only have two copies). Mapping the redwood genome may uncover genes that explain how the redwood got so big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the new exhibit, visitors can see a 9-foot tall redwood section up close and learn about how it tells the stories of the tree’s lifetime. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants in a Time of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental conditions like fog and food availability might not have been the only factors in the evolution of giants, but if those conditions change, it might be enough threaten California’s iconic species. Climate change could disrupt the ocean dynamics that generate abundant food and fog. Stanford’s Gearty says the biggest concern for whales is that they will no longer have enough food to sustain their huge bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of redwoods may be bit less gloomy. Fog levels have declined over recent decades, but it’s unclear whether this will hurt the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers say higher levels of carbon dioxide could help redwoods grow. When trees take in carbon dioxide, they lose water, but when there’s a higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, trees can sequester more carbon for the same amount of water lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get more bang for your buck,” says Humboldt State’s Kerhoulas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though drought and warmer temperatures might be stressful, especially for younger redwood forests, the same resilience that has allowed the redwoods and sequoias to grow so tall seems to be helping them cope with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not all totally doom and gloom,” Kerhoulas says. “These two ancient tree species, they have survived deep time, millions of years. And so from what I can tell, it seems like they are displaying a pretty high level of drought resistance and resilience.”\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Many Common Sunscreens May Harm Coral. Here's What To Use Instead",
"headTitle": "Many Common Sunscreens May Harm Coral. Here’s What To Use Instead | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Hawaii Gov. David Ige is expected this week to sign the world’s first ban on the sale of sunscreens containing the chemicals oxybenzone and octinoxate. The state is banning the products because of concerns they may be harming one of the state’s biggest attractions — coral reefs.[contextly_sidebar id=”WAG7luu6pYq4m7yzLiWBNC57CSUpRh93″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it doesn’t kick in until 2021, the move is already prompting pushback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because up to 70 percent of sunscreens on the U.S. market contain oxybenzone, according to the Consumer Healthcare Products Association, which represents sunscreen-makers. Up to 8 percent contain octinoxate, which often shows up on labels as octyl methoxycinnamate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re taking away a product, or products … that have been shown over the course of time to be safe and effective” against skin cancer and sun damage, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.chpa.org/JaySirois.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jay Sirois\u003c/a>, director of regulatory affairs for the Consumer Healthcare Products Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, both chemicals have had the Food and Drug Administration’s OK for decades, but in recent years, some environmental research has suggested octinoxate can contribute to coral bleaching and that oxybenzone exposure leads to the death of baby coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies by \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/craig-downs-8b53aa9/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Craig Downs\u003c/a>, a biologist who runs the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.haereticus-lab.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Haereticus Environmental Lab\u003c/a>, and his colleagues inspired Hawaii lawmakers to propose the ban to protect the reefs. They point to Downs’ \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s00244-015-0227-7?shared_access_token=lRAXkGu1XApz6jHGNg_CNPe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY5VYCT4UGN4uI8dnS0bV8Myv9mGCAftDf32vi0At8e_HNV_0wDMrNSDE8HCVaz3KpLtw0WYOKvHY93rYFXVgoJs2A_m3_qp9PKL61Zo3QOX4_J4-SWyNXIbE1k8OohKL4Q=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 study published\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology\u003c/em>.[contextly_sidebar id=”ekcGjXp70GxOImUnE9vsrYWDuPa5ZHvj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the chemical acts as an endocrine disruptor to juvenile coral. “When they come across oxybenzone, they just encase themselves in their own skeleton, effectively killing them,” he says. They sink to the bottom of the ocean and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is convinced by the research so far. Downs primarily observed the coral in a lab, and in the ocean, there are many more factors that contribute to coral death, like pollution and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/18/602995137/climate-change-is-killing-coral-on-the-great-barrier-reef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global warming\u003c/a>, as Sirois points out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxybenzone pollution can come from other sources, such as wastewater discharge from ships. But sunscreen from beachgoers is a major contributor to pollution in concentrated areas, Downs argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sunscreen pollution doesn’t kill all the world’s coral reefs, it threatens coral reefs that are most important to people,” Downs says, like those close to shore where tourists like to snorkel. And if there are fewer attractions like beautiful and healthy coral reefs, the tourists are less likely to visit, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other tourist destinations are considering similar bans to protect their reefs, says Downs. The Caribbean island of Bonnaire has \u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/62598-bonaire-island-bans-sunscreen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">already begun\u003c/a> to follow suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beverly Hills dermatologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.chippsdermatology.com/meet-dr-chipps.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lisa Chipps\u003c/a> is worried that Hawaii’s ban is premature and will confuse consumers who have been told to use sunscreen daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that the cumulative ultraviolet damage that our skin receives every single day damages the cells and predisposes us to skin cancer as well as to all the signs of aging,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that there are already thousands of sunscreen products that do not contain oyxbenzone or octinoxate, with more working their way onto the market.[contextly_sidebar id=”3hAfaedZA28LbzsDFgYZFMSJQCDf7jy5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., there are two basic types of active ingredients in sunscreens: chemical blockers that work with skin to protect against harmful sun rays, and minerals like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide that reflect the rays away from skin. The first category contains some of the chemicals of concern to coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re worried about the potential impact of your sunscreen routine on sea life, look for mineral sunscreens that don’t easily rinse off in the water, suggests Downs. Another choice is to wear swim clothes with sun-blocking fabric, though you should still apply sunscreen to any exposed skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chipps reiterates that it’s vital to wear sunscreen. She says the rate of skin cancers detected is going up, despite greater awareness and usage of sunscreens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important things to look for in a sunscreen, she says, is that it protects against both UVA and UVB rays (typically labeled “broad spectrum”) and that it has an SPF of at least 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to which brands or formulas work best? It’s really a personal preference, says Chipps. “Pick a sunscreen that you like, that you feel good about, that you don’t have qualms about, and that makes you happy,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That way, you’ll be more likely to use it regularly and reapply often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t forget the best advice for avoiding sun damage — cover up with hats and long sleeves, and avoid going out during the hottest part of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are concerned about the possible harms to sea life, be aware that oxybenzone is found not only in sunscreens, but also many other consumer products including cosmetics. The Hawaii sunscreen ban applies only to on-island sales of over-the-counter sunscreens. Cosmetics and prescription sunscreens containing these chemicals are exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii welcomes about 9 million tourists a year. “Obviously we’re not going to have the beach police writing tickets” for sunscreen violations, says state \u003ca href=\"https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/memberpage.aspx?member=gabbard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sen. Mike Gabbard\u003c/a>, who introduced \u003ca href=\"https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/measure_indiv.aspx?billnumber=2571&billtype=SB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the bill\u003c/a> the governor will sign in the state Senate earlier this year. But he is hopeful that people who visit will think more about the kinds of sunscreen they are using and Hawaii’s natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s tourism industry — its airlines and tour guides — are on board. They are already handing out samples of sunscreens that do not contain the banned ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Many+Common+Sunscreens+May+Harm+Coral.+Here%27s+What+To+Use+Instead&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Hawaii Gov. David Ige is expected this week to sign the world’s first ban on the sale of sunscreens containing the chemicals oxybenzone and octinoxate. The state is banning the products because of concerns they may be harming one of the state’s biggest attractions — coral reefs.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it doesn’t kick in until 2021, the move is already prompting pushback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because up to 70 percent of sunscreens on the U.S. market contain oxybenzone, according to the Consumer Healthcare Products Association, which represents sunscreen-makers. Up to 8 percent contain octinoxate, which often shows up on labels as octyl methoxycinnamate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re taking away a product, or products … that have been shown over the course of time to be safe and effective” against skin cancer and sun damage, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.chpa.org/JaySirois.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jay Sirois\u003c/a>, director of regulatory affairs for the Consumer Healthcare Products Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, both chemicals have had the Food and Drug Administration’s OK for decades, but in recent years, some environmental research has suggested octinoxate can contribute to coral bleaching and that oxybenzone exposure leads to the death of baby coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies by \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/craig-downs-8b53aa9/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Craig Downs\u003c/a>, a biologist who runs the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.haereticus-lab.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Haereticus Environmental Lab\u003c/a>, and his colleagues inspired Hawaii lawmakers to propose the ban to protect the reefs. They point to Downs’ \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s00244-015-0227-7?shared_access_token=lRAXkGu1XApz6jHGNg_CNPe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY5VYCT4UGN4uI8dnS0bV8Myv9mGCAftDf32vi0At8e_HNV_0wDMrNSDE8HCVaz3KpLtw0WYOKvHY93rYFXVgoJs2A_m3_qp9PKL61Zo3QOX4_J4-SWyNXIbE1k8OohKL4Q=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 study published\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the chemical acts as an endocrine disruptor to juvenile coral. “When they come across oxybenzone, they just encase themselves in their own skeleton, effectively killing them,” he says. They sink to the bottom of the ocean and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is convinced by the research so far. Downs primarily observed the coral in a lab, and in the ocean, there are many more factors that contribute to coral death, like pollution and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/18/602995137/climate-change-is-killing-coral-on-the-great-barrier-reef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global warming\u003c/a>, as Sirois points out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxybenzone pollution can come from other sources, such as wastewater discharge from ships. But sunscreen from beachgoers is a major contributor to pollution in concentrated areas, Downs argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sunscreen pollution doesn’t kill all the world’s coral reefs, it threatens coral reefs that are most important to people,” Downs says, like those close to shore where tourists like to snorkel. And if there are fewer attractions like beautiful and healthy coral reefs, the tourists are less likely to visit, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other tourist destinations are considering similar bans to protect their reefs, says Downs. The Caribbean island of Bonnaire has \u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/62598-bonaire-island-bans-sunscreen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">already begun\u003c/a> to follow suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beverly Hills dermatologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.chippsdermatology.com/meet-dr-chipps.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lisa Chipps\u003c/a> is worried that Hawaii’s ban is premature and will confuse consumers who have been told to use sunscreen daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that the cumulative ultraviolet damage that our skin receives every single day damages the cells and predisposes us to skin cancer as well as to all the signs of aging,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that there are already thousands of sunscreen products that do not contain oyxbenzone or octinoxate, with more working their way onto the market.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., there are two basic types of active ingredients in sunscreens: chemical blockers that work with skin to protect against harmful sun rays, and minerals like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide that reflect the rays away from skin. The first category contains some of the chemicals of concern to coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re worried about the potential impact of your sunscreen routine on sea life, look for mineral sunscreens that don’t easily rinse off in the water, suggests Downs. Another choice is to wear swim clothes with sun-blocking fabric, though you should still apply sunscreen to any exposed skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chipps reiterates that it’s vital to wear sunscreen. She says the rate of skin cancers detected is going up, despite greater awareness and usage of sunscreens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important things to look for in a sunscreen, she says, is that it protects against both UVA and UVB rays (typically labeled “broad spectrum”) and that it has an SPF of at least 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to which brands or formulas work best? It’s really a personal preference, says Chipps. “Pick a sunscreen that you like, that you feel good about, that you don’t have qualms about, and that makes you happy,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That way, you’ll be more likely to use it regularly and reapply often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t forget the best advice for avoiding sun damage — cover up with hats and long sleeves, and avoid going out during the hottest part of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are concerned about the possible harms to sea life, be aware that oxybenzone is found not only in sunscreens, but also many other consumer products including cosmetics. The Hawaii sunscreen ban applies only to on-island sales of over-the-counter sunscreens. Cosmetics and prescription sunscreens containing these chemicals are exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii welcomes about 9 million tourists a year. “Obviously we’re not going to have the beach police writing tickets” for sunscreen violations, says state \u003ca href=\"https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/memberpage.aspx?member=gabbard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sen. Mike Gabbard\u003c/a>, who introduced \u003ca href=\"https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/measure_indiv.aspx?billnumber=2571&billtype=SB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the bill\u003c/a> the governor will sign in the state Senate earlier this year. But he is hopeful that people who visit will think more about the kinds of sunscreen they are using and Hawaii’s natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s tourism industry — its airlines and tour guides — are on board. They are already handing out samples of sunscreens that do not contain the banned ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Many+Common+Sunscreens+May+Harm+Coral.+Here%27s+What+To+Use+Instead&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Nature Does Flood Control Better Than Concrete: One Idea in South San Francisco",
"headTitle": "Nature Does Flood Control Better Than Concrete: One Idea in South San Francisco | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>ities along San Francisco Bay have traditionally defended themselves against the menacing ocean with walls, levees, and pumps. But as seas rise, structures that keep water away may not be able to defend against an uncertain future. So urban and landscape designers are looking for alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We need to slow down water. It’s the first principle.’\u003ccite>Richard Mullane, Hassell\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Near Colma Creek, in South San Francisco, new ideas imagine embracing the bay, allowing water to move onto land, and allowing people to move on to water. If sea level rise reveals the vulnerabilities in our traditional relationship with water, it’s also opening the door to a new kind of thinking about the permeable relationships between water, land, and people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Creek Controlled by Concrete\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>olma Creek trickles to life among ferns and green grass in the saddle of San Bruno Mountain, and rolls through industrial flatlands to San Francisco Bay. The mountain’s foothills once tumbled almost directly into the waters of the bay, but decades of landfill and urban development have pushed the mountain and the shoreline apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, creek waters flow in a concrete channel past boxy warehouses and industrial parks. I hop a short chain link fence with Ariel Cherbowsky-Corkidi, program director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainwatch.org/\">San Bruno MountainWatch\u003c/a>. We crouch in the nook of a low bridge on a windy evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Colma Creek had a really, really big salt marsh at its mouth that spread a pretty good ways inland,” Cherbowsky-Corkidi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not anymore. We can smell tidewater, salty and fresh; so can shorebirds standing on dry patches of the creekbed. But the creek itself is locked in gray, 20 feet below us. A for-hire LimeBike rusts morosely in the shallow ripples. Cherbowsky-Corkidi says people have separated themselves from this creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']“We want to not be in contact with it, you know,” he says, “putting it behind fences and no trespassing signs. We’re kind of breaking that positive connection between people and water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To solve the problems of sea level rise in South City, experts say that positive connection must be restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can create walls that protect against hundred-year storms, yeah,” says Richard Mullane, a landscape architect with the international firm Hassell. “But then for 99 years and 50 weeks, do we really want to be three or four meters away from the shoreline? We don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Use Land to Control Water\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s part of the Rockefeller Foundation’s Resilient by Design competition, Mullane’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/hassell/\">Hassell Plus team\u003c/a> set up a temporary office in a former bank in South San Francisco. Inside, Mullane grew native plants — the kind that would thrive along a rebuilt shoreline — and shared ideas for reconnecting the downtown core to the waterfront.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday in April, the Casillas family wandered in: Brisa, her husband Danny, and their one-year-old son Cruz. As they study a massive wall map, 30-feet by 20-feet, Mullane shows them where the bay will rise, and Brisa realizes their home and their jobs will be awash in blue within a few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926614\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2358px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926614\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2358\" height=\"2909\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg 2358w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-160x197.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-800x987.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-768x947.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1020x1258.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-973x1200.jpg 973w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1920x2369.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1180x1456.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-960x1184.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-240x296.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-375x463.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-520x642.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2358px) 100vw, 2358px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brisa and Danny Casillas, and their son Cruz, live in flood-prone San Mateo County but never thought about rising seas before. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What can we do?” says Brisa Casillas. “We live here and we have two other daughters, too. It is a concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danny Casillas says he didn’trealize flooding had anything to do with rising seas. “I guess I never thought about it like that,” he says. But he does remember one incident of high water, fifteen years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was flooded down going to the freeway so I couldn’t get to school in San Mateo,” he says. “Yeah, I remember it was a nightmare, just cars all lined up on the street.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mullane tells Casillas that those high waters were a warning. More often now, extreme rainstorms and big tides will collide and fill the channelized Colma Creek, spilling floodwaters into the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/south-san-francisco/\">a proposa\u003c/a>l the Hassel Plus team \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nu-bSPOJxtI\">presented\u003c/a> publicly in May, they argue the solution is less concrete and more green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to slow down water,” Mullane says.” “It’s the first principle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would slow the water down is a wide, soft creek bottom that can absorb wave energy. Plus plenty of trees and native plants to sop up excess water. Then Mullane suggests expanding parkland surrounding the creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we slow down that water,” he says, “we need to have space for it whilst we wait for rising tides to reduce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That space could look like a soccer field: grassy, flat, perhaps with sloping sides to contain the water. If you build a park in lowlands, it’s okay if it floods. That shows people how to share land with water, Mullane says. “We have to plan for extreme events and we have to plan for daily life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926618\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926618\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Resilient South City invited people to mark places on the aerial map that they love or want to see changed, or that had flooded in the past. \u003ccite>(Hassell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Redeveloping open space into a soccer field would not only expand recreational opportunities at the shoreline, but also diversify them. The narrow concrete Bay Trail is useful for walking or riding a bike, both solitary, small-group activities. Soccer, the Australian Mullane points out, is a pastime that attracts crowds, and is popular with a diverse population. What that means is that one Hassell Plus-proposed soccer field could both re-engineer water flow and re-engineer the way people see the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mullane and the Hassell Plus team’s proposal for Colma Creek isn’t much more than an idea yet. The Resilient by Design Competition seeded conversations and ideas in 9 communities around the bay, but won’t fund entire projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace the Bay With Softer Landscapes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he argument that rebuilding a soft landscape can help the region cope with sea level rise has already found favor with Bay Area voters. Two years ago, across 9 counties, 69% of them approved \u003ca href=\"https://www.yesonaaforthebay.com/about\">Measure AA\u003c/a>, a 20-year effort to bring marshes back.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It was a pristine bay. Then we spent 100 years filling it in and considering wetlands waste.’\u003ccite>Dave Pine,\u003cbr>\nSan Mateo County\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“[Tidelands and marshes] are remarkable things both for the ecosystem and for flood protection,” says Pine, who also chairs the San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority. The authority eventually will hand out $500 million for potential projects, raised from Measure AA’s $12 annual parcel tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first round of funding twenty-two sites applied for support; the restoration authority \u003ca href=\"http://sfbayrestore.org/\">will jump-start\u003c/a> just nine of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine says this serves to underline the urgency of preparing for higher water. “If we don’t get it started, many of the opportunities will be lost because of the rising Bay,” he says. “There’s a big gap between the need and the funds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adaptations to rising seas that focus on green or natural infrastructure may cost less than walls, pumps and levees, which demand mechanical maintenance and more frequent upgrades. But even regional projects can cost tens of millions of dollars, and need approval from multiple local, state and federal agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, around Colma Creek, “It’s one of the few creeks in the county where we actually have a revenue stream to make some changes,” Pine says. San Mateo County created a flood control zone there in 1964.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926622\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926622\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">South City flooding at Grand Avenue and Airport Boulevard in December 2014. \u003ccite>(Resilient South City)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Colma Creek isn’t unique in its historic separation of land and water. Neither is the starved shoreline of South San Francisco. Eighty percent of historic marshes around the bay are gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area is one small corner of a San Francisco Bay that people have dramatically transformed over time. “It was a pristine bay,” says San Mateo County Supervisor Dave Pine. “Then we spent 100 years filling it in and considering wetlands waste and thought about carving the top of San Bruno Mountain off and putting it into the bay and we had dumps up and down the San Mateo County Bayshore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through its widening, through the eras of meatpacking plants, and dumps, and industrial sites, land along the shoreline has reflected South San Francisco’s relationship to water, even just by distance from it. Now local leaders and designers say that sea level rise is making closeness to water inevitable: they’re suggesting we learn to embrace the water we once pushed away.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Near Colma Creek, new ideas imagine embracing the bay waters as the sea level rises, allowing water to move onto land, and people to move onto water.\r\n\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>ities along San Francisco Bay have traditionally defended themselves against the menacing ocean with walls, levees, and pumps. But as seas rise, structures that keep water away may not be able to defend against an uncertain future. So urban and landscape designers are looking for alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We need to slow down water. It’s the first principle.’\u003ccite>Richard Mullane, Hassell\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Near Colma Creek, in South San Francisco, new ideas imagine embracing the bay, allowing water to move onto land, and allowing people to move on to water. If sea level rise reveals the vulnerabilities in our traditional relationship with water, it’s also opening the door to a new kind of thinking about the permeable relationships between water, land, and people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Creek Controlled by Concrete\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">C\u003c/span>olma Creek trickles to life among ferns and green grass in the saddle of San Bruno Mountain, and rolls through industrial flatlands to San Francisco Bay. The mountain’s foothills once tumbled almost directly into the waters of the bay, but decades of landfill and urban development have pushed the mountain and the shoreline apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, creek waters flow in a concrete channel past boxy warehouses and industrial parks. I hop a short chain link fence with Ariel Cherbowsky-Corkidi, program director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainwatch.org/\">San Bruno MountainWatch\u003c/a>. We crouch in the nook of a low bridge on a windy evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Colma Creek had a really, really big salt marsh at its mouth that spread a pretty good ways inland,” Cherbowsky-Corkidi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not anymore. We can smell tidewater, salty and fresh; so can shorebirds standing on dry patches of the creekbed. But the creek itself is locked in gray, 20 feet below us. A for-hire LimeBike rusts morosely in the shallow ripples. Cherbowsky-Corkidi says people have separated themselves from this creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“We want to not be in contact with it, you know,” he says, “putting it behind fences and no trespassing signs. We’re kind of breaking that positive connection between people and water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To solve the problems of sea level rise in South City, experts say that positive connection must be restored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can create walls that protect against hundred-year storms, yeah,” says Richard Mullane, a landscape architect with the international firm Hassell. “But then for 99 years and 50 weeks, do we really want to be three or four meters away from the shoreline? We don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Use Land to Control Water\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>s part of the Rockefeller Foundation’s Resilient by Design competition, Mullane’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/hassell/\">Hassell Plus team\u003c/a> set up a temporary office in a former bank in South San Francisco. Inside, Mullane grew native plants — the kind that would thrive along a rebuilt shoreline — and shared ideas for reconnecting the downtown core to the waterfront.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Saturday in April, the Casillas family wandered in: Brisa, her husband Danny, and their one-year-old son Cruz. As they study a massive wall map, 30-feet by 20-feet, Mullane shows them where the bay will rise, and Brisa realizes their home and their jobs will be awash in blue within a few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926614\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2358px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926614\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2358\" height=\"2909\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630.jpg 2358w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-160x197.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-800x987.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-768x947.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1020x1258.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-973x1200.jpg 973w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1920x2369.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-1180x1456.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-960x1184.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-240x296.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-375x463.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RS31587_IMG_5630-520x642.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2358px) 100vw, 2358px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brisa and Danny Casillas, and their son Cruz, live in flood-prone San Mateo County but never thought about rising seas before. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What can we do?” says Brisa Casillas. “We live here and we have two other daughters, too. It is a concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danny Casillas says he didn’trealize flooding had anything to do with rising seas. “I guess I never thought about it like that,” he says. But he does remember one incident of high water, fifteen years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was flooded down going to the freeway so I couldn’t get to school in San Mateo,” he says. “Yeah, I remember it was a nightmare, just cars all lined up on the street.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mullane tells Casillas that those high waters were a warning. More often now, extreme rainstorms and big tides will collide and fill the channelized Colma Creek, spilling floodwaters into the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/south-san-francisco/\">a proposa\u003c/a>l the Hassel Plus team \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nu-bSPOJxtI\">presented\u003c/a> publicly in May, they argue the solution is less concrete and more green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to slow down water,” Mullane says.” “It’s the first principle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would slow the water down is a wide, soft creek bottom that can absorb wave energy. Plus plenty of trees and native plants to sop up excess water. Then Mullane suggests expanding parkland surrounding the creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we slow down that water,” he says, “we need to have space for it whilst we wait for rising tides to reduce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That space could look like a soccer field: grassy, flat, perhaps with sloping sides to contain the water. If you build a park in lowlands, it’s okay if it floods. That shows people how to share land with water, Mullane says. “We have to plan for extreme events and we have to plan for daily life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926618\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926618\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28870558_2017992898455355_1986297197578158080_n-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Resilient South City invited people to mark places on the aerial map that they love or want to see changed, or that had flooded in the past. \u003ccite>(Hassell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Redeveloping open space into a soccer field would not only expand recreational opportunities at the shoreline, but also diversify them. The narrow concrete Bay Trail is useful for walking or riding a bike, both solitary, small-group activities. Soccer, the Australian Mullane points out, is a pastime that attracts crowds, and is popular with a diverse population. What that means is that one Hassell Plus-proposed soccer field could both re-engineer water flow and re-engineer the way people see the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mullane and the Hassell Plus team’s proposal for Colma Creek isn’t much more than an idea yet. The Resilient by Design Competition seeded conversations and ideas in 9 communities around the bay, but won’t fund entire projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace the Bay With Softer Landscapes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he argument that rebuilding a soft landscape can help the region cope with sea level rise has already found favor with Bay Area voters. Two years ago, across 9 counties, 69% of them approved \u003ca href=\"https://www.yesonaaforthebay.com/about\">Measure AA\u003c/a>, a 20-year effort to bring marshes back.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It was a pristine bay. Then we spent 100 years filling it in and considering wetlands waste.’\u003ccite>Dave Pine,\u003cbr>\nSan Mateo County\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“[Tidelands and marshes] are remarkable things both for the ecosystem and for flood protection,” says Pine, who also chairs the San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority. The authority eventually will hand out $500 million for potential projects, raised from Measure AA’s $12 annual parcel tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first round of funding twenty-two sites applied for support; the restoration authority \u003ca href=\"http://sfbayrestore.org/\">will jump-start\u003c/a> just nine of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pine says this serves to underline the urgency of preparing for higher water. “If we don’t get it started, many of the opportunities will be lost because of the rising Bay,” he says. “There’s a big gap between the need and the funds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adaptations to rising seas that focus on green or natural infrastructure may cost less than walls, pumps and levees, which demand mechanical maintenance and more frequent upgrades. But even regional projects can cost tens of millions of dollars, and need approval from multiple local, state and federal agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, around Colma Creek, “It’s one of the few creeks in the county where we actually have a revenue stream to make some changes,” Pine says. San Mateo County created a flood control zone there in 1964.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926622\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926622\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/28783653_2017527131835265_1731173713539235840_o-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">South City flooding at Grand Avenue and Airport Boulevard in December 2014. \u003ccite>(Resilient South City)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Colma Creek isn’t unique in its historic separation of land and water. Neither is the starved shoreline of South San Francisco. Eighty percent of historic marshes around the bay are gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area is one small corner of a San Francisco Bay that people have dramatically transformed over time. “It was a pristine bay,” says San Mateo County Supervisor Dave Pine. “Then we spent 100 years filling it in and considering wetlands waste and thought about carving the top of San Bruno Mountain off and putting it into the bay and we had dumps up and down the San Mateo County Bayshore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through its widening, through the eras of meatpacking plants, and dumps, and industrial sites, land along the shoreline has reflected South San Francisco’s relationship to water, even just by distance from it. Now local leaders and designers say that sea level rise is making closeness to water inevitable: they’re suggesting we learn to embrace the water we once pushed away.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "This Tiny California Beach Town Is Suing Big Oil. It Sees This as a Fight for Survival",
"headTitle": "This Tiny California Beach Town Is Suing Big Oil. It Sees This as a Fight for Survival | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">I\u003c/span>MPERIAL BEACH, California — Among Serge Dedina’s first stops on a brisk morning tour of this small seaside city is a wall that separates a row of frayed apartments from wetlands known as the San Diego Bay Wildlife Refuge. Artists are dabbing finishing touches on a mural of sea birds against a flamingo-pink wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We are literally learning every day what will need to be done to address these issues.’\u003ccite>Andy Hall, Imperial Beach city manager\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This splash of color is important to Dedina. It’s something he can do — his city’s leadership can do — to cheat the austerity that comes with having one of the smallest city budgets in the state. Dedina, 53, is the mayor of this oceanfront community at the southern edge of California, separated from Mexico by the estuary of the Tijuana River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water marks three borders around Imperial Beach. And what prosperity there is in Imperial Beach comes from the ocean and its surf. The city logo is a classic Woody station wagon with a surfboard poking out of the back. People come here for the beach and the estuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926580\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1926580 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imperial Beach. \u003ccite>(David Hasemyer/InsideClimate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But with the climate crisis, the same water has become the single greatest threat to Imperial Beach’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So last year, facing a problem it sees as too expensive to bear, the city filed a lawsuit seeking compensation from major oil, gas and coal companies. It accuses them of knowingly contributing to sea level rise and coastal flooding by producing fossil fuels and ignoring warnings about the consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Dedina, the math was simple. There’s no way Imperial Beach, with its slim city budget of $19 million, can pay for all the damage to roads and city property that experts say is coming — and mounting research pinpoints burning of fossil fuels as a key driver of that sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Stay informed about the latest climate, energy and environmental news from InsideClimate. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/icn-weekly?utm_source=kqed&utm_medium=article&utm_campaign=ICN-weekly\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Sign up\u003c/a> for the ICN newsletter.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A 2016 study noted that beach erosion here has been accelerating — today the pace is just over a foot a year — and is expected to reach 6 feet per year by 2100. Nor can the city afford remedies like sea walls, which one study said would cost at least $50 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been watching the coast and ocean since I was a kid,” said Dedina, a surfer and veteran of local environmental fights over the last four decades. “It became clear there was a different feel to what I was seeing, that there was a different scale to the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Something bad was going to happen,” he said, “we had to try to stop it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another statistic that makes climate change a public safety issue here: There are dozens of sites in and around Imperial Beach where handling of hazardous material is permitted. And a recent study on sea level rise shows locations including military sites that handle hazardous material and underground storage tanks that are vulnerable to flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926581\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1926581\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“It became clear there was a different feel to what I was seeing, that there was a different scale to the ocean,” Imperial Beach Mayor Serge Dendina said. \u003ccite>(David Hasemyer/InsideClimate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We are literally learning every day what will need to be done to address these issues,” said Andy Hall, Imperial Beach’s city manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4462950-Imperial-Beach-Lawsuit-July-2017.html\">Imperial Beach lawsuit\u003c/a> sweeps up 37 companies, including ExxonMobil, Chevron, BP, Royal Dutch Shell, ConocoPhillips and Peabody Energy. Since Imperial Beach and the counties of Marin and San Mateo chose a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/04042018/climate-change-fossil-fuel-company-lawsuits-timeline-exxon-children-california-cities-attorney-general\">courtroom showdown\u003c/a>, five other cities and counties in California have also sued. Around the country, others have done the same, including New York City and municipalities in Colorado and Washington State. Some of the suits expand the harms of climate change beyond sea level rise to include wildfires, drought and pestilence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”uJodWEpfEm9uk0a9HmxmxgcwcyiGf42O”]”These communities are facing massive costs that will have to be paid either by their taxpayers or by the oil, gas and coal companies who caused them,” said San Francisco lawyer Matt Edling, who represents Imperial Beach and five other California cities and counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies, which did not respond to interview requests, are fighting back hard, both in court and in a campaign of public messaging, calling the suits frivolous and misguided. They won \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26062018/california-cities-climate-change-lawsuits-dismissed-fossil-fuels-industry-rising-sea-levels\">dismissals\u003c/a> of San Francisco’s and Oakland’s lawsuits on June 25 after getting them moved to federal court. But Imperial Beach’s case is still in state court, where the law is friendlier to municipal plaintiffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits could take years to wend through the courts. The outcome is unpredictable: Billions of dollars could be awarded, or fossil fuel could be given a pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Ugly Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">D\u003c/span>uring his tour of the city, Dedina stopped on Descanso Street to highlight the ugly face of sea level rise that’s likely to swamp this 4.5-square-mile community of 27,000 people. A third of the city faces ruin by flooding, he says. These days, when the tide is high and the ocean is roiling, Descanso and other streets become funnels, sending ocean water into the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the same conversation about dire consequences, Dedina pauses to describe a resilient little city accustomed to struggle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926585\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1926585\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many residential streets, like this one that cuts thought the heart of Imperial Beach, are projected to flood as sea level rises. \u003ccite>(David Hasemyer/InsideClimate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not long ago, Imperial Beach was disputed turf for Hell’s Angels and Mongols motorcycle gangsters who often tangled. It was seen as an outlaw city whose best attributes were cheap apartments and reliable surf action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city remains a little rough around the edges; more Atlantic City grit than Cape Cod posh. This is a working-class town, nothing like La Jolla, the upscale and better-known beach community some 20 miles north. Demographics show 13 percent of the Imperial Beach population lives in poverty, even as the average price for a home has jumped to $650,000. Middle-class families are finding a place that is changing, softening a bit as a bedroom community for the bustling San Diego metropolitan area, 14 miles north on Interstate 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperial Beach boasts 323 days of mostly or partly sunny days a year. Its beach is the city’s gemstone. Non-stop volleyball and surfing present the quintessential picture of Southern California life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1926584\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nicole Ballard, with her son Sean, has seen her family’s condo flooded by the ocean several times. \u003ccite>(David Hasemyer/InsideClimate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dedina, however, has seen warning signs that the city’s idyllic life is in peril, especially when the ocean is whipped by El Niño — a complex meteorological event in which the Pacific Ocean becomes significantly warmer than usual and triggers severe weather patterns across the globe. The increased volume of water from ocean warming becomes an even larger force when churned by El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']Dedina recalls the winter of 2015, when heavy rain led to extensive damage. Those storms were among \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2017-02-el-nino-gobbled-california-beaches.html\">the strongest El Niño-related events on record\u003c/a>. Ocean water breached the riprap of boulders and poured into garages and buildings. San Diego Bay slopped over the city’s northern limits. Bayside Elementary school grounds became a soggy mess. The surge pushed back into storms drains and flowed into inland neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw some of the worst coastal flooding that we’d ever seen,” Dedina said. “In fact, in our bayfront we had the worst flooding ever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Hard Choices Will Have to Be Made’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">I\u003c/span>mperial Beach’s future is laid out in a 2016 study commissioned by the city. It shows sea level has already risen significantly along the city’s ocean side and bay side and appears certain to continue. Destructive flooding is expected to become routine by the year 2100, even if emissions stopped tomorrow. As many as 700 homes and commercial buildings could be lost to coastal flooding with a sea level rise of 6.5 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tijuana River Estuary to the south could also merge with San Diego Bay, submerging the heart of the city’s residential section. An estimated 30 miles worth of city roads, about 40 percent of Imperial Beach black top, could become impassable. More than 15 miles of sewer lines could fail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926587\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1926587\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Connecticut Street, where Robert Newton and Judy Creveling built their home nine years ago, sits in a flood plain. They can’t afford to fortify the house against flooding or move. \u003ccite>(David Hasemyer/InsideClimate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Robert Newton and Judy Creveling, both in their 60s, that section of town was their dream destination. They built a two-story home on Connecticut Street nine years ago with the intention of living out their lives there. The city’s sea-level rise study shows their house sits in a flood zone. Although the worst-case scenario is still decades off, even now stormwater collects on their street more than it used to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple lives on a fixed income of Social Security; they make a bit extra selling customized motor-driven bicycles. They can’t afford to move from their home, and they can’t afford to fortify it against potential flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What happens if it keeps getting worse?” Creveling said. “It takes away that peace of mind, thinking that we have a home for the rest of our lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Revell, chief scientist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.revellcoastal.com/home.html\">Revell Coastal\u003c/a>, which conducted \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4523800-IB-Sea-Level-Rise-Assessment-FINAL.html\">the Imperial Beach study,\u003c/a> said the city cannot win the battle against the rising ocean. It can moderate the harm with tactical planning that includes accepting some loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hard choices will have to be made,” he said. “Some things will have to be sacrificed to sea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1926586\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-1020x798.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"501\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-1020x798.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-160x125.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-800x626.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-768x601.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-960x751.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-240x188.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-375x293.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-520x407.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px.png 1058w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s\u003ca href=\"http://www.imperialbeachca.gov/vertical/sites/%7B6283CA4C-E2BD-4DFA-A7F7-8D4ECD543E0F%7D/uploads/FY18_FY19_Budget_Book_062117_final.pdf\"> budget\u003c/a> now goes to fixing streets, trash pick up, the police and maintaining sidewalks. Spending money to protect infrastructure means there would be little left for “luxuries,” such as a new community pool, a playground or upgrades to the senior center. Contrast this with San Diego, which has set aside $83 million this year alone for climate resiliency measures that include fortifying against sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperial Beach is trying to figure out how to add costly seawalls and jetties. It is requiring new developments to be built above the 100-year flood line. And city planners are addressing susceptible property, parcel by parcel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s the litigation against fossil fuel producers that gives Imperial Beach a real chance, Dedina believes. “We cannot provide for our residents and address the real costs of climate change. … What we are doing is confronting the social and economic inequity our community faces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperial Beach is not facing this future alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1926593\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Lawsuit-Rings-529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"633\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Lawsuit-Rings-529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Lawsuit-Rings-529px-160x191.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Lawsuit-Rings-529px-240x287.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Lawsuit-Rings-529px-375x449.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Lawsuit-Rings-529px-520x622.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">San Mateo County worries about high tides flooding San Francisco International Airport. Marin County estimates climate change damage to homes and business could amount to $16 billion. Landslides, wildfires and drought put residents of the city and county of Santa Cruz at greater risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In New York, officials say climate change-related harm will come from more frequent and more intense heat waves, extreme precipitation and sea level rise. It cites hundreds of millions of taxpayer dollars already being spent to mitigate climate change hazards. And, in Colorado, the Rocky Mountains’ dwindling snowpack threatens the state’s water supply for people and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Slam-Dunk Court Case\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">L\u003c/span>awsuits like Imperial Beach’s are meant to set new, far-reaching precedents in holding polluters financially liable for the harm they inflict. Until now, they have not been made to pay anything for global warming damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies being targeted are among the world’s richest. The 37 defendants got wealthy by selling products that in the past half-century accounted for a fifth of all the world’s greenhouse gas emissions, according to the city’s lawsuit. And for at least the past three decades, they understood the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits lay out a detailed timeline back to 1965, when President Lyndon Johnson \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=27285\">told Congress\u003c/a> that burning fossil fuels was responsible for an increase in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. And they use the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/content/Exxon-The-Road-Not-Taken\">industry’s own decades of admissions\u003c/a> to show how much the industry was aware of the dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1926596\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Timeline-529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"1120\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Timeline-529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Timeline-529px-160x339.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Timeline-529px-240x508.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Timeline-529px-375x794.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Timeline-529px-520x1101.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">The companies’ vigorous defense, mounted by some of the nation’s elite law firms, is that they can’t be blamed. It’s not possible, they argue, for any one polluter’s contribution to be blamed for any one city’s calamity. And blame should rest on all the producers and all the consumers of fossil fuel all over the world — not on a handful of producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To meet their burden of proof, the plaintiffs are going to have to thread the eye of the needle to show that it is the named companies responsible for the damages being alleged, and not all of the other industries that are emitters or the developing industrial powers like China,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.gordonrees.com/newsroom/2014/william-ruskin-joins-gordon-rees\">William Ruskin\u003c/a>, a lawyer who has spent his career defending corporate giants against tort, environmental and liability claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been working to answer that question since at least 2003, when Richard Heede of the Climate Accountability Institute began \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateaccountability.org/pdf/Heede%20PathToAccountability%2018Oct17.pdf\">research\u003c/a> that has led to a meticulous apportioning of climate damages to carbon producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step by step, they documented each big energy company’s production of fossil fuels. They calculated the resulting emissions from burning it all, and traced each one’s contribution to the buildup of greenhouse gases. Finally, they determined the amount of warming attributable to each, along with their share of the ensuing damages — peer-reviewed stepping stones marking the pathway to liability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/fight-misinformation/climate-responsibility#.WwRBvLjTCGk\">latest of these studies\u003c/a> found that just 50 companies, from 1980 to 2010, produced the polluting fuels responsible for 10 percent of the planet’s warming so far, and 4 percent of the sea level rise. It was published last year by the Union of Concerned Scientists, the Climate Accountability Institute and scientists at Oxford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1926591 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Emissions-Fingerprints-529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"443\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Emissions-Fingerprints-529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Emissions-Fingerprints-529px-160x134.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Emissions-Fingerprints-529px-240x201.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Emissions-Fingerprints-529px-375x314.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Emissions-Fingerprints-529px-520x435.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">Carbon dioxide and methane emissions traced to five of the biggest companies — Chevron, Exxon, ConocoPhillips, Shell and BP — were responsible for about 9 percent of the rise in atmospheric CO2 from 1880 to 2010, the study found. Those companies are targeted in the Imperial Beach lawsuit and the other lawsuits filed in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming gases traced to the same five companies from 1980 to 2010, a critical span in which comprehensive scientific evidence emerged that burning fossil fuels was contributing to global warming, account for nearly 5 percent of the rise in atmospheric CO2 from 1880 to 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ann Carlson, an environmental law professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, School of Law, said the science can help define what the companies knew, when they knew it and how they reacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The science has become so much more exact in identifying those responsible for creating the greenhouse emissions that it will make it difficult for the oil companies to deny responsibility,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/ann-e-carlson/\">Carlson\u003c/a> said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Perennial Underdog\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">D\u003c/span>edina, whose family moved to the city when he was 7, embraces the role of the underdog mayor, taking on the titans of the industrial era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a familiar role. He was a boy in elementary school when he \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4462239-Dedina-1971-Letter-to-Editor.html\">wrote a letter\u003c/a> to the city’s weekly newspaper, The Reminder, summoning all of the indignation of a fourth grader over a proposal to develop the Tijuana Estuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926598\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1926598\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Tijuana River Estuary runs along the southern boundary of Imperial Beach. It’s a wildlife habitat that could become a source of flooding. \u003ccite>(David Hasemyer/InsideClimate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You said you were excited about a shopping center being built there and all that stuff. Did you ever think of all the wildlife that will be killed and the land that will be wasted?” Dedina wanted to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his mid-teens, Dedina and a couple of buddies planted themselves in front of a bulldozer to prevent the damming of the Tijuana River, again in defense of the estuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dedina saw the consequences of that action as nothing more than a raw publicity stunt could have ruined the estuary. A yellowed newspaper photograph shows Dedina being dragged from in front of the bulldozer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dedina went on to study at the University of California at San Diego on a partial surf scholarship and later earned a Ph.D. in geography from the University of Texas. He channeled youthful indignation into co-founding \u003ca href=\"http://wildcoast.org/\">Wildcoast\u003c/a> in 2000. The international organization works on conservation of coastal and marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s as though all the political and ideological fights have led Dedina to this challenge of the formidable fossil fuel industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even winning the mayor’s chair was a struggle: In 2014 Dedina, the decided underdog in the race, ousted the incumbent by a margin of fewer than 50 votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/PXijCM890xs1QvqHkkGd4?domain=insideclimatenews.org\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a non-profit, non-partisan news outlet that covers climate, energy and the environment.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Imperial Beach can't afford seawalls, so it's trying to hold fossil fuel companies accountable for climate change as sea level rises and saltwater creeps in.",
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"description": "Imperial Beach can't afford seawalls, so it's trying to hold fossil fuel companies accountable for climate change as sea level rises and saltwater creeps in.",
"title": "This Tiny California Beach Town Is Suing Big Oil. It Sees This as a Fight for Survival | KQED",
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"headline": "This Tiny California Beach Town Is Suing Big Oil. It Sees This as a Fight for Survival",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">I\u003c/span>MPERIAL BEACH, California — Among Serge Dedina’s first stops on a brisk morning tour of this small seaside city is a wall that separates a row of frayed apartments from wetlands known as the San Diego Bay Wildlife Refuge. Artists are dabbing finishing touches on a mural of sea birds against a flamingo-pink wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We are literally learning every day what will need to be done to address these issues.’\u003ccite>Andy Hall, Imperial Beach city manager\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This splash of color is important to Dedina. It’s something he can do — his city’s leadership can do — to cheat the austerity that comes with having one of the smallest city budgets in the state. Dedina, 53, is the mayor of this oceanfront community at the southern edge of California, separated from Mexico by the estuary of the Tijuana River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water marks three borders around Imperial Beach. And what prosperity there is in Imperial Beach comes from the ocean and its surf. The city logo is a classic Woody station wagon with a surfboard poking out of the back. People come here for the beach and the estuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926580\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1926580 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach4-David-Hasemyer-ICN-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imperial Beach. \u003ccite>(David Hasemyer/InsideClimate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But with the climate crisis, the same water has become the single greatest threat to Imperial Beach’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So last year, facing a problem it sees as too expensive to bear, the city filed a lawsuit seeking compensation from major oil, gas and coal companies. It accuses them of knowingly contributing to sea level rise and coastal flooding by producing fossil fuels and ignoring warnings about the consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Dedina, the math was simple. There’s no way Imperial Beach, with its slim city budget of $19 million, can pay for all the damage to roads and city property that experts say is coming — and mounting research pinpoints burning of fossil fuels as a key driver of that sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Stay informed about the latest climate, energy and environmental news from InsideClimate. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/icn-weekly?utm_source=kqed&utm_medium=article&utm_campaign=ICN-weekly\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Sign up\u003c/a> for the ICN newsletter.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A 2016 study noted that beach erosion here has been accelerating — today the pace is just over a foot a year — and is expected to reach 6 feet per year by 2100. Nor can the city afford remedies like sea walls, which one study said would cost at least $50 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been watching the coast and ocean since I was a kid,” said Dedina, a surfer and veteran of local environmental fights over the last four decades. “It became clear there was a different feel to what I was seeing, that there was a different scale to the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Something bad was going to happen,” he said, “we had to try to stop it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another statistic that makes climate change a public safety issue here: There are dozens of sites in and around Imperial Beach where handling of hazardous material is permitted. And a recent study on sea level rise shows locations including military sites that handle hazardous material and underground storage tanks that are vulnerable to flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926581\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1926581\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Dendina2_David-Hasemyer-ICN-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“It became clear there was a different feel to what I was seeing, that there was a different scale to the ocean,” Imperial Beach Mayor Serge Dendina said. \u003ccite>(David Hasemyer/InsideClimate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We are literally learning every day what will need to be done to address these issues,” said Andy Hall, Imperial Beach’s city manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4462950-Imperial-Beach-Lawsuit-July-2017.html\">Imperial Beach lawsuit\u003c/a> sweeps up 37 companies, including ExxonMobil, Chevron, BP, Royal Dutch Shell, ConocoPhillips and Peabody Energy. Since Imperial Beach and the counties of Marin and San Mateo chose a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/04042018/climate-change-fossil-fuel-company-lawsuits-timeline-exxon-children-california-cities-attorney-general\">courtroom showdown\u003c/a>, five other cities and counties in California have also sued. Around the country, others have done the same, including New York City and municipalities in Colorado and Washington State. Some of the suits expand the harms of climate change beyond sea level rise to include wildfires, drought and pestilence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”These communities are facing massive costs that will have to be paid either by their taxpayers or by the oil, gas and coal companies who caused them,” said San Francisco lawyer Matt Edling, who represents Imperial Beach and five other California cities and counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies, which did not respond to interview requests, are fighting back hard, both in court and in a campaign of public messaging, calling the suits frivolous and misguided. They won \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26062018/california-cities-climate-change-lawsuits-dismissed-fossil-fuels-industry-rising-sea-levels\">dismissals\u003c/a> of San Francisco’s and Oakland’s lawsuits on June 25 after getting them moved to federal court. But Imperial Beach’s case is still in state court, where the law is friendlier to municipal plaintiffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits could take years to wend through the courts. The outcome is unpredictable: Billions of dollars could be awarded, or fossil fuel could be given a pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Ugly Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">D\u003c/span>uring his tour of the city, Dedina stopped on Descanso Street to highlight the ugly face of sea level rise that’s likely to swamp this 4.5-square-mile community of 27,000 people. A third of the city faces ruin by flooding, he says. These days, when the tide is high and the ocean is roiling, Descanso and other streets become funnels, sending ocean water into the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the same conversation about dire consequences, Dedina pauses to describe a resilient little city accustomed to struggle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926585\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1926585\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Connecticut-Street_David-Hasemyer-ICN-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many residential streets, like this one that cuts thought the heart of Imperial Beach, are projected to flood as sea level rises. \u003ccite>(David Hasemyer/InsideClimate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not long ago, Imperial Beach was disputed turf for Hell’s Angels and Mongols motorcycle gangsters who often tangled. It was seen as an outlaw city whose best attributes were cheap apartments and reliable surf action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city remains a little rough around the edges; more Atlantic City grit than Cape Cod posh. This is a working-class town, nothing like La Jolla, the upscale and better-known beach community some 20 miles north. Demographics show 13 percent of the Imperial Beach population lives in poverty, even as the average price for a home has jumped to $650,000. Middle-class families are finding a place that is changing, softening a bit as a bedroom community for the bustling San Diego metropolitan area, 14 miles north on Interstate 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperial Beach boasts 323 days of mostly or partly sunny days a year. Its beach is the city’s gemstone. Non-stop volleyball and surfing present the quintessential picture of Southern California life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1926584\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Ballard-David-Hasemyer-ICN-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nicole Ballard, with her son Sean, has seen her family’s condo flooded by the ocean several times. \u003ccite>(David Hasemyer/InsideClimate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dedina, however, has seen warning signs that the city’s idyllic life is in peril, especially when the ocean is whipped by El Niño — a complex meteorological event in which the Pacific Ocean becomes significantly warmer than usual and triggers severe weather patterns across the globe. The increased volume of water from ocean warming becomes an even larger force when churned by El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Dedina recalls the winter of 2015, when heavy rain led to extensive damage. Those storms were among \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2017-02-el-nino-gobbled-california-beaches.html\">the strongest El Niño-related events on record\u003c/a>. Ocean water breached the riprap of boulders and poured into garages and buildings. San Diego Bay slopped over the city’s northern limits. Bayside Elementary school grounds became a soggy mess. The surge pushed back into storms drains and flowed into inland neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw some of the worst coastal flooding that we’d ever seen,” Dedina said. “In fact, in our bayfront we had the worst flooding ever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Hard Choices Will Have to Be Made’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">I\u003c/span>mperial Beach’s future is laid out in a 2016 study commissioned by the city. It shows sea level has already risen significantly along the city’s ocean side and bay side and appears certain to continue. Destructive flooding is expected to become routine by the year 2100, even if emissions stopped tomorrow. As many as 700 homes and commercial buildings could be lost to coastal flooding with a sea level rise of 6.5 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tijuana River Estuary to the south could also merge with San Diego Bay, submerging the heart of the city’s residential section. An estimated 30 miles worth of city roads, about 40 percent of Imperial Beach black top, could become impassable. More than 15 miles of sewer lines could fail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926587\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1926587\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Newton-Creveling_David-Hasemyer-ICN-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Connecticut Street, where Robert Newton and Judy Creveling built their home nine years ago, sits in a flood plain. They can’t afford to fortify the house against flooding or move. \u003ccite>(David Hasemyer/InsideClimate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Robert Newton and Judy Creveling, both in their 60s, that section of town was their dream destination. They built a two-story home on Connecticut Street nine years ago with the intention of living out their lives there. The city’s sea-level rise study shows their house sits in a flood zone. Although the worst-case scenario is still decades off, even now stormwater collects on their street more than it used to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple lives on a fixed income of Social Security; they make a bit extra selling customized motor-driven bicycles. They can’t afford to move from their home, and they can’t afford to fortify it against potential flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What happens if it keeps getting worse?” Creveling said. “It takes away that peace of mind, thinking that we have a home for the rest of our lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Revell, chief scientist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.revellcoastal.com/home.html\">Revell Coastal\u003c/a>, which conducted \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4523800-IB-Sea-Level-Rise-Assessment-FINAL.html\">the Imperial Beach study,\u003c/a> said the city cannot win the battle against the rising ocean. It can moderate the harm with tactical planning that includes accepting some loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hard choices will have to be made,” he said. “Some things will have to be sacrificed to sea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1926586\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-1020x798.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"501\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-1020x798.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-160x125.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-800x626.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-768x601.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-960x751.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-240x188.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-375x293.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px-520x407.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-California-Flood-Risk-1058px.png 1058w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city’s\u003ca href=\"http://www.imperialbeachca.gov/vertical/sites/%7B6283CA4C-E2BD-4DFA-A7F7-8D4ECD543E0F%7D/uploads/FY18_FY19_Budget_Book_062117_final.pdf\"> budget\u003c/a> now goes to fixing streets, trash pick up, the police and maintaining sidewalks. Spending money to protect infrastructure means there would be little left for “luxuries,” such as a new community pool, a playground or upgrades to the senior center. Contrast this with San Diego, which has set aside $83 million this year alone for climate resiliency measures that include fortifying against sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperial Beach is trying to figure out how to add costly seawalls and jetties. It is requiring new developments to be built above the 100-year flood line. And city planners are addressing susceptible property, parcel by parcel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s the litigation against fossil fuel producers that gives Imperial Beach a real chance, Dedina believes. “We cannot provide for our residents and address the real costs of climate change. … What we are doing is confronting the social and economic inequity our community faces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperial Beach is not facing this future alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1926593\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Lawsuit-Rings-529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"633\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Lawsuit-Rings-529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Lawsuit-Rings-529px-160x191.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Lawsuit-Rings-529px-240x287.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Lawsuit-Rings-529px-375x449.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Lawsuit-Rings-529px-520x622.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">San Mateo County worries about high tides flooding San Francisco International Airport. Marin County estimates climate change damage to homes and business could amount to $16 billion. Landslides, wildfires and drought put residents of the city and county of Santa Cruz at greater risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In New York, officials say climate change-related harm will come from more frequent and more intense heat waves, extreme precipitation and sea level rise. It cites hundreds of millions of taxpayer dollars already being spent to mitigate climate change hazards. And, in Colorado, the Rocky Mountains’ dwindling snowpack threatens the state’s water supply for people and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Slam-Dunk Court Case\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">L\u003c/span>awsuits like Imperial Beach’s are meant to set new, far-reaching precedents in holding polluters financially liable for the harm they inflict. Until now, they have not been made to pay anything for global warming damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies being targeted are among the world’s richest. The 37 defendants got wealthy by selling products that in the past half-century accounted for a fifth of all the world’s greenhouse gas emissions, according to the city’s lawsuit. And for at least the past three decades, they understood the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits lay out a detailed timeline back to 1965, when President Lyndon Johnson \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=27285\">told Congress\u003c/a> that burning fossil fuels was responsible for an increase in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. And they use the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/content/Exxon-The-Road-Not-Taken\">industry’s own decades of admissions\u003c/a> to show how much the industry was aware of the dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1926596\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Timeline-529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"1120\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Timeline-529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Timeline-529px-160x339.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Timeline-529px-240x508.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Timeline-529px-375x794.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Timeline-529px-520x1101.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">The companies’ vigorous defense, mounted by some of the nation’s elite law firms, is that they can’t be blamed. It’s not possible, they argue, for any one polluter’s contribution to be blamed for any one city’s calamity. And blame should rest on all the producers and all the consumers of fossil fuel all over the world — not on a handful of producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To meet their burden of proof, the plaintiffs are going to have to thread the eye of the needle to show that it is the named companies responsible for the damages being alleged, and not all of the other industries that are emitters or the developing industrial powers like China,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.gordonrees.com/newsroom/2014/william-ruskin-joins-gordon-rees\">William Ruskin\u003c/a>, a lawyer who has spent his career defending corporate giants against tort, environmental and liability claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been working to answer that question since at least 2003, when Richard Heede of the Climate Accountability Institute began \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateaccountability.org/pdf/Heede%20PathToAccountability%2018Oct17.pdf\">research\u003c/a> that has led to a meticulous apportioning of climate damages to carbon producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step by step, they documented each big energy company’s production of fossil fuels. They calculated the resulting emissions from burning it all, and traced each one’s contribution to the buildup of greenhouse gases. Finally, they determined the amount of warming attributable to each, along with their share of the ensuing damages — peer-reviewed stepping stones marking the pathway to liability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/fight-misinformation/climate-responsibility#.WwRBvLjTCGk\">latest of these studies\u003c/a> found that just 50 companies, from 1980 to 2010, produced the polluting fuels responsible for 10 percent of the planet’s warming so far, and 4 percent of the sea level rise. It was published last year by the Union of Concerned Scientists, the Climate Accountability Institute and scientists at Oxford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1926591 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Emissions-Fingerprints-529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"443\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Emissions-Fingerprints-529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Emissions-Fingerprints-529px-160x134.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Emissions-Fingerprints-529px-240x201.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Emissions-Fingerprints-529px-375x314.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Big-Oil-Emissions-Fingerprints-529px-520x435.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">Carbon dioxide and methane emissions traced to five of the biggest companies — Chevron, Exxon, ConocoPhillips, Shell and BP — were responsible for about 9 percent of the rise in atmospheric CO2 from 1880 to 2010, the study found. Those companies are targeted in the Imperial Beach lawsuit and the other lawsuits filed in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming gases traced to the same five companies from 1980 to 2010, a critical span in which comprehensive scientific evidence emerged that burning fossil fuels was contributing to global warming, account for nearly 5 percent of the rise in atmospheric CO2 from 1880 to 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ann Carlson, an environmental law professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, School of Law, said the science can help define what the companies knew, when they knew it and how they reacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The science has become so much more exact in identifying those responsible for creating the greenhouse emissions that it will make it difficult for the oil companies to deny responsibility,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/ann-e-carlson/\">Carlson\u003c/a> said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Perennial Underdog\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">D\u003c/span>edina, whose family moved to the city when he was 7, embraces the role of the underdog mayor, taking on the titans of the industrial era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a familiar role. He was a boy in elementary school when he \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4462239-Dedina-1971-Letter-to-Editor.html\">wrote a letter\u003c/a> to the city’s weekly newspaper, The Reminder, summoning all of the indignation of a fourth grader over a proposal to develop the Tijuana Estuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926598\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1926598\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Imperial-Beach-Tijuana-Estuary_David-Hasemyer-ICN-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Tijuana River Estuary runs along the southern boundary of Imperial Beach. It’s a wildlife habitat that could become a source of flooding. \u003ccite>(David Hasemyer/InsideClimate News)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You said you were excited about a shopping center being built there and all that stuff. Did you ever think of all the wildlife that will be killed and the land that will be wasted?” Dedina wanted to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his mid-teens, Dedina and a couple of buddies planted themselves in front of a bulldozer to prevent the damming of the Tijuana River, again in defense of the estuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dedina saw the consequences of that action as nothing more than a raw publicity stunt could have ruined the estuary. A yellowed newspaper photograph shows Dedina being dragged from in front of the bulldozer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dedina went on to study at the University of California at San Diego on a partial surf scholarship and later earned a Ph.D. in geography from the University of Texas. He channeled youthful indignation into co-founding \u003ca href=\"http://wildcoast.org/\">Wildcoast\u003c/a> in 2000. The international organization works on conservation of coastal and marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s as though all the political and ideological fights have led Dedina to this challenge of the formidable fossil fuel industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even winning the mayor’s chair was a struggle: In 2014 Dedina, the decided underdog in the race, ousted the incumbent by a margin of fewer than 50 votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/PXijCM890xs1QvqHkkGd4?domain=insideclimatenews.org\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a non-profit, non-partisan news outlet that covers climate, energy and the environment.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "State Launches Criminal Probe Into Death of a Great White Shark",
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"content": "\u003cp>The results of a necropsy have led California authorities to launch a criminal investigation into the death of a great white shark that washed ashore in Santa Cruz on Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘All I can assume is that they discovered some sort of trauma.’\u003ccite>David Ebert,\u003cbr>\nPacific Shark Research Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The young nine-foot-long, 500-pound male shark was discovered on Aptos Beach, according to Peter Tira of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images \u003ca href=\"http://abc7news.com/pets-animals/criminal-investigation-into-what-killed-great-white-shark-in-santa-cruz-co/3627407/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">circulating online of the\u003c/a> dead shark show the carcass covered in cuts, but state officials wouldn’t comment on the wounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our law enforcement division has taken up the case based on the necropsy results,” Tira says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Details of the necropsy have not been made public. But experts say the launch of a criminal probe marks a highly unusual move by authorities, indicating foul play may have been involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shark scientist David Ebert says he is not aware of any other instances in California where a dead white shark led to a criminal investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All I can assume is that they discovered some sort of trauma, perhaps a gunshot wound that isn’t visible in any of the images I’ve seen,” says Ebert, director of the Pacific Shark Research Center at Moss Landing Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926348\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1926348 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-800x878.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"878\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-800x878.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-160x176.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-768x843.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-240x263.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-375x412.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-520x571.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1.jpg 911w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crowd of people surround the dead shark that washed ashore on a beach in Aptos, Calif., Sunday. \u003ccite>(Ashley Kern)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ebert says he would be “pretty surprised” if someone deliberately targeted the shark. State and federal laws prohibit the targeting of great white sharks but makes allowances for those accidentally caught in commercial fishing nets. In those cases, the shark should be released, or if dead, reported to the authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possible scenario, says Ebert, is if someone dumped the dead shark back into the ocean without reporting it, after accidentally catching it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shark expert Pete Klimley says its highly unusual for a great white shark to wash up on shore at this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They generally show up in August through late November and then go out into the Pacific,” he says, “so this is very odd. There’s nothing really to feed on at this time of year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the images of the dead shark, Klimley says he’s skeptical that the shark may have been accidentally caught in a net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pretty big shark to let go. Most fisherman out there are using salmon gear, which is ill-equipped to catch a shark,” he says. “I don’t think those people are catching a white shark and letting it go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Mchvv31LOW1pF3ckMqkcpGyLdsNN4909″]Klimley says if another shark washes up on shore, it may point to a parasitic brain infection that most recently surfaced last year, when thousands of dead sharks and rays were turning up on local beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/10/brain-eating-disease-kills-sharks-rays-san-francisco-bay-protozoan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">October, California authorities\u003c/a> identified a microbial pathogen responsible for the killing of sharks in the San Francisco Bay in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite last year’s deaths, Ebert says the great white shark population is doing pretty well in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are frequent sightings of great white sharks,” Ebert says, and that speaks really well for the health of the Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The necropsy results that sparked the probe have yet to be released but shark experts weigh in on the highly unusual move to launch a criminal investigation. ",
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"description": "The necropsy results that sparked the probe have yet to be released but shark experts weigh in on the highly unusual move to launch a criminal investigation. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The results of a necropsy have led California authorities to launch a criminal investigation into the death of a great white shark that washed ashore in Santa Cruz on Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘All I can assume is that they discovered some sort of trauma.’\u003ccite>David Ebert,\u003cbr>\nPacific Shark Research Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The young nine-foot-long, 500-pound male shark was discovered on Aptos Beach, according to Peter Tira of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images \u003ca href=\"http://abc7news.com/pets-animals/criminal-investigation-into-what-killed-great-white-shark-in-santa-cruz-co/3627407/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">circulating online of the\u003c/a> dead shark show the carcass covered in cuts, but state officials wouldn’t comment on the wounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our law enforcement division has taken up the case based on the necropsy results,” Tira says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Details of the necropsy have not been made public. But experts say the launch of a criminal probe marks a highly unusual move by authorities, indicating foul play may have been involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shark scientist David Ebert says he is not aware of any other instances in California where a dead white shark led to a criminal investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All I can assume is that they discovered some sort of trauma, perhaps a gunshot wound that isn’t visible in any of the images I’ve seen,” says Ebert, director of the Pacific Shark Research Center at Moss Landing Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926348\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1926348 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-800x878.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"878\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-800x878.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-160x176.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-768x843.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-240x263.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-375x412.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1-520x571.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Image-from-iOS-1.jpg 911w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crowd of people surround the dead shark that washed ashore on a beach in Aptos, Calif., Sunday. \u003ccite>(Ashley Kern)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ebert says he would be “pretty surprised” if someone deliberately targeted the shark. State and federal laws prohibit the targeting of great white sharks but makes allowances for those accidentally caught in commercial fishing nets. In those cases, the shark should be released, or if dead, reported to the authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possible scenario, says Ebert, is if someone dumped the dead shark back into the ocean without reporting it, after accidentally catching it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shark expert Pete Klimley says its highly unusual for a great white shark to wash up on shore at this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They generally show up in August through late November and then go out into the Pacific,” he says, “so this is very odd. There’s nothing really to feed on at this time of year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the images of the dead shark, Klimley says he’s skeptical that the shark may have been accidentally caught in a net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pretty big shark to let go. Most fisherman out there are using salmon gear, which is ill-equipped to catch a shark,” he says. “I don’t think those people are catching a white shark and letting it go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Klimley says if another shark washes up on shore, it may point to a parasitic brain infection that most recently surfaced last year, when thousands of dead sharks and rays were turning up on local beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/10/brain-eating-disease-kills-sharks-rays-san-francisco-bay-protozoan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">October, California authorities\u003c/a> identified a microbial pathogen responsible for the killing of sharks in the San Francisco Bay in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite last year’s deaths, Ebert says the great white shark population is doing pretty well in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are frequent sightings of great white sharks,” Ebert says, and that speaks really well for the health of the Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "VIDEO: First-Ever Views of Manta Rays Swimming With Young",
"headTitle": "VIDEO: First-Ever Views of Manta Rays Swimming With Young | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Scripps Graduate Student Discovers World’s First Known Manta Ray Nursery\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/M3cKOV-mYVs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography have stumbled on a manta ray nursery in protected waters off the coast of Texas — the first one in the world to be discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding,\u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-018-3364-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> published June 15\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Marine Biology,\u003c/em> is the first of its kind to be described in a scientific study, according to a statement from Scripps, which is part of UC San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as the “gentle giants of the sea,” endangered manta rays are large, plankton-eating fish that have a wingspan of up to 23 feet. While adult rays are typically found in subtropical and tropical waters, baby mantas rarely swim out into open waters, making juveniles very difficult to access and study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']“The juvenile \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/scripps_graduate_student_discovers_worlds_first_known_manta_ray_nursery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">life stage for oceanic mantas\u003c/a> has been a bit of a black box for us, since we’re so rarely able to observe them,” John Stewart, a graduate student at Scripps and lead author, \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/scripps_graduate_student_discovers_worlds_first_known_manta_ray_nursery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said in a statement\u003c/a>. “Identifying this area as a nursery highlights its importance for conservation and management, but it also gives us the opportunity to focus on the juveniles and learn about them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart first spotted several young mantas while conducting research on the manta population at Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, a federally designated underwater area protected by the \u003ca href=\"https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Office of National Marine Sanctuaries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and colleagues then combed through a quarter-century of photo and dive log information, looking to see how frequently young mantas were in the area. Since mantas have a unique “fingerprint” in the spots on their bellies, the team could identify how many juvenile individuals had been seen there. Eventually, they found that 95 percent of the mantas seen in Flower Garden Banks were juveniles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925947\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 870px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"870\" height=\"578\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925947\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg 870w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juvenile manta ray with diver at Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary. \u003ccite>(G.P. Schmahl/FGBNMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This discovery is a major advancement in our understanding of the species,” Stewart said, “and the importance of different habitats throughout their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC San Diego researchers, aided by colleagues at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, suspect that the young mantas are gathering in the relatively shallow banks to recover body temperature after accessing cold, offshore waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”o8PpqDyyeZS8bQyOwFQFFUEgQv4Oa4Ss”]“We think they may be feeding on specific types of zooplankton there, then migrating up toward the surface, where we saw them,” Stewart \u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/science/sd-me-manta-ray-20180618-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the San Diego Union-Tribune\u003c/a>. “They might be hanging around the banks because it could be a little safer than open water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart hopes the discovery will lead to better protections for manta rays in shallow waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s so much we don’t know about mantas, and that’s exciting from a science perspective because it means there are so many questions still waiting to be answered,” Stewart said in a statement. “From a conservation perspective, it means that a lot of the questions that you get to answer will actually be meaningful and have an impact on management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Scripps Graduate Student Discovers World’s First Known Manta Ray Nursery\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/M3cKOV-mYVs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography have stumbled on a manta ray nursery in protected waters off the coast of Texas — the first one in the world to be discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding,\u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-018-3364-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> published June 15\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Marine Biology,\u003c/em> is the first of its kind to be described in a scientific study, according to a statement from Scripps, which is part of UC San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as the “gentle giants of the sea,” endangered manta rays are large, plankton-eating fish that have a wingspan of up to 23 feet. While adult rays are typically found in subtropical and tropical waters, baby mantas rarely swim out into open waters, making juveniles very difficult to access and study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“The juvenile \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/scripps_graduate_student_discovers_worlds_first_known_manta_ray_nursery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">life stage for oceanic mantas\u003c/a> has been a bit of a black box for us, since we’re so rarely able to observe them,” John Stewart, a graduate student at Scripps and lead author, \u003ca href=\"http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/scripps_graduate_student_discovers_worlds_first_known_manta_ray_nursery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said in a statement\u003c/a>. “Identifying this area as a nursery highlights its importance for conservation and management, but it also gives us the opportunity to focus on the juveniles and learn about them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart first spotted several young mantas while conducting research on the manta population at Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, a federally designated underwater area protected by the \u003ca href=\"https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Office of National Marine Sanctuaries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and colleagues then combed through a quarter-century of photo and dive log information, looking to see how frequently young mantas were in the area. Since mantas have a unique “fingerprint” in the spots on their bellies, the team could identify how many juvenile individuals had been seen there. Eventually, they found that 95 percent of the mantas seen in Flower Garden Banks were juveniles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925947\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 870px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"870\" height=\"578\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925947\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta.jpg 870w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/Manta-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Juvenile manta ray with diver at Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary. \u003ccite>(G.P. Schmahl/FGBNMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This discovery is a major advancement in our understanding of the species,” Stewart said, “and the importance of different habitats throughout their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC San Diego researchers, aided by colleagues at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, suspect that the young mantas are gathering in the relatively shallow banks to recover body temperature after accessing cold, offshore waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“We think they may be feeding on specific types of zooplankton there, then migrating up toward the surface, where we saw them,” Stewart \u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/science/sd-me-manta-ray-20180618-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the San Diego Union-Tribune\u003c/a>. “They might be hanging around the banks because it could be a little safer than open water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart hopes the discovery will lead to better protections for manta rays in shallow waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s so much we don’t know about mantas, and that’s exciting from a science perspective because it means there are so many questions still waiting to be answered,” Stewart said in a statement. “From a conservation perspective, it means that a lot of the questions that you get to answer will actually be meaningful and have an impact on management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sea-level rise could swamp thousands of homes in the San Francisco Bay Area, most in Silicon Valley and Marin, within 30 years. A new study from the \u003ca href=\"https://ucsusa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=cf07ebe0a4c9439ab2e7e346656cb239\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, relying on federal government projections for climate change, found that more than 20,000 homes across California would chronically flood by 2045. That is about a mortgage-length’s-time from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”pBabVtnXK8s0QM2QG6TRFgeMZivDTIuN”]UCS climate scientist Kristy Dahl, an author of the new report, says she noticed that the Bay Area homes most vulnerable to rising seas are in San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Marin counties. These are suburbs where people have typically moved to feel safe, says Dahl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The very suburbs people flocked to because they were affordable, you know we think of as being kind of safe havens,” Dahl says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one East Palo Alto zip code\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> more than a quarter of houses could see chronic inundation, on 26 or more days a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s on par for example with the number of homes that are at risk in Key West Florida,” Dahl says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”U5pgThP0v80FPqzl8jAOH5zreoILpNgU”]Dahl says one conclusion is that coastal property in the Bay Area is overvalued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s sea-level related risks aren’t limited to homes. Critical communal assets like power plants, water treatment plants, transit stations, highways and airports line the shoreline. Previous regional studies estimate, if a freeway floods five times as many people as the affected homeowners will feel the pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local counties say they’re aware of these risks — and they’re now starting to plan for them. Marin County \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincounty.org/depts/ad/divisions/management-and-budget/budget-overview\">will consider\u003c/a> spending on climate change planning as part of its budget process this week. And in San Mateo County, supervisors next week \u003ca href=\"https://cmo.smcgov.org/sites/cmo.smcgov.org/files/documents/files/FY%202018-19%20Recommended%20Budget.pdf\">will consider whether\u003c/a> to spend $429,500 of state money on climate vulnerability assessments over the next fiscal year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sea-level rise could swamp thousands of homes in the San Francisco Bay Area, most in Silicon Valley and Marin, within 30 years. A new study from the \u003ca href=\"https://ucsusa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=cf07ebe0a4c9439ab2e7e346656cb239\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>, relying on federal government projections for climate change, found that more than 20,000 homes across California would chronically flood by 2045. That is about a mortgage-length’s-time from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>UCS climate scientist Kristy Dahl, an author of the new report, says she noticed that the Bay Area homes most vulnerable to rising seas are in San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Marin counties. These are suburbs where people have typically moved to feel safe, says Dahl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The very suburbs people flocked to because they were affordable, you know we think of as being kind of safe havens,” Dahl says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one East Palo Alto zip code\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> more than a quarter of houses could see chronic inundation, on 26 or more days a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s on par for example with the number of homes that are at risk in Key West Florida,” Dahl says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Dahl says one conclusion is that coastal property in the Bay Area is overvalued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s sea-level related risks aren’t limited to homes. Critical communal assets like power plants, water treatment plants, transit stations, highways and airports line the shoreline. Previous regional studies estimate, if a freeway floods five times as many people as the affected homeowners will feel the pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local counties say they’re aware of these risks — and they’re now starting to plan for them. Marin County \u003ca href=\"https://www.marincounty.org/depts/ad/divisions/management-and-budget/budget-overview\">will consider\u003c/a> spending on climate change planning as part of its budget process this week. And in San Mateo County, supervisors next week \u003ca href=\"https://cmo.smcgov.org/sites/cmo.smcgov.org/files/documents/files/FY%202018-19%20Recommended%20Budget.pdf\">will consider whether\u003c/a> to spend $429,500 of state money on climate vulnerability assessments over the next fiscal year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Antarctica Has Lost More Than 3 Trillion Tons Of Ice In 25 Years",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have completed the most exhaustive assessment of changes in Antarctica’s ice sheet to date. And they found that it’s melting faster than they thought.[contextly_sidebar id=”z99Sivlx9eVZ5dNVpnDqhORco4XkaD6X”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice losses totaling 3 trillion tonnes (or more than 3.3 trillion tons) since 1992 have caused global sea levels to rise by 7.6 mm, nearly one third of an inch, according to a study \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0179-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature\u003c/a> on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 2010, Antarctica was contributing a relatively small proportion of the melting that is causing global sea levels to rise, says study co-leader \u003ca href=\"http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/people/a.shepherd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Shepherd of the University of Leeds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that has changed. “Since around 2010, 2012, we can see that there’s been a sharp increase in the rate of ice loss from Antarctica. And the ice sheet is now losing three times as much ice,” Shepherd adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The annual sea level rise that’s attributed to Antarctica has tripled, from 0.2mm to 0.6mm, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a big jump, and it did catch us all by surprise,” Shepherd says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The melting is caused by rising ocean temperatures due to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepherd says they’ve seen the most dramatic effects in West Antarctica, where the ice sheet rests on the sea bed. “When we look into the ocean we find that it’s too warm and the ice sheet can’t withstand the temperatures that are surrounding it in the sea,” he says. That’s causing glaciers to flow more quickly into the sea.[contextly_sidebar id=”9wO7jBGuAtFyFodqyKBdH39yIDxejDIg”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Antarctica, which is home to the South Pole, has seen considerably less melting because most of its ice is above sea level. That’s “an important distinction, because it means it’s insulated from changes in the ocean’s temperature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This assessment, conducted by 84 scientists from 44 international organizations, is known as the Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise (IMBIE).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been many other estimates of how much ice has melted in Antarctica. And many of those papers showed different results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the estimates covered different proportions of the ice sheets, some of them covered different time periods, and all of them used different methods and so it became difficult for people who are not specialists to try to pick them apart,” says Shepherd. “So that was the motivation for originally setting up the project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists combined 24 different satellite surveys, which Shepherd says provides a more complete picture of the overall ice sheet change than previous studies. “We believe that we’ve captured all of the different satellite records that exist on the planet,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To analyze the ice, the researchers use three different kinds of measurements. Satellite altimeters measure the height of the ice sheets, to see how much they are thinning or thickening over time. Another measurement records the speed of the glaciers and how they’re moving into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the scientists are recording gravity measurements for Antarctica. These “tell us about changes in the earth’s gravitational attraction over time and that can be related to the mass of the ice sheets overall,” Shepherd says, “and they are really powerful measurements because they can add up everything across Antarctica.”[contextly_sidebar id=”eUQPZA3bgd7aPP1WzwXjFcrlNWtocdb4”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what accounts for the apparent three-fold speed up in Antarctica’s melting in the last five years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepherd says that actually, their data shows a “a progressive increase in ice loss throughout the whole 25 year time period.” However, a period of heavy snowfall between 2005 and 2010 masked some of the immediate effects of the ice loss, accounting for the sudden, steep increase in more recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new data creates a much starker picture of the future than previous estimates. Shepherd says until 2010, the data had been tracking a lower scenario which estimated that Antarctica “wouldn’t make much of a contribution to sea level rise at all” because of the effects of higher snowfall. However, he says that now the data is tracking a higher scenario, which could mean nearly 6 inches of additional sea level rise in the next century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be a big deal, he says, “for anybody who lives, works and governs a coastal region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding the rate of Antarctica’s melting is crucial for these communities. If all of the ice in Antarctica melted, global sea levels would rise by more than 190 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Antarctica+Has+Lost+More+Than+3+Trillion+Tons+Of+Ice+In+25+Years+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have completed the most exhaustive assessment of changes in Antarctica’s ice sheet to date. And they found that it’s melting faster than they thought.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice losses totaling 3 trillion tonnes (or more than 3.3 trillion tons) since 1992 have caused global sea levels to rise by 7.6 mm, nearly one third of an inch, according to a study \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0179-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature\u003c/a> on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 2010, Antarctica was contributing a relatively small proportion of the melting that is causing global sea levels to rise, says study co-leader \u003ca href=\"http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/people/a.shepherd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Shepherd of the University of Leeds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that has changed. “Since around 2010, 2012, we can see that there’s been a sharp increase in the rate of ice loss from Antarctica. And the ice sheet is now losing three times as much ice,” Shepherd adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The annual sea level rise that’s attributed to Antarctica has tripled, from 0.2mm to 0.6mm, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a big jump, and it did catch us all by surprise,” Shepherd says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The melting is caused by rising ocean temperatures due to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepherd says they’ve seen the most dramatic effects in West Antarctica, where the ice sheet rests on the sea bed. “When we look into the ocean we find that it’s too warm and the ice sheet can’t withstand the temperatures that are surrounding it in the sea,” he says. That’s causing glaciers to flow more quickly into the sea.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Antarctica, which is home to the South Pole, has seen considerably less melting because most of its ice is above sea level. That’s “an important distinction, because it means it’s insulated from changes in the ocean’s temperature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This assessment, conducted by 84 scientists from 44 international organizations, is known as the Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise (IMBIE).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been many other estimates of how much ice has melted in Antarctica. And many of those papers showed different results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the estimates covered different proportions of the ice sheets, some of them covered different time periods, and all of them used different methods and so it became difficult for people who are not specialists to try to pick them apart,” says Shepherd. “So that was the motivation for originally setting up the project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists combined 24 different satellite surveys, which Shepherd says provides a more complete picture of the overall ice sheet change than previous studies. “We believe that we’ve captured all of the different satellite records that exist on the planet,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To analyze the ice, the researchers use three different kinds of measurements. Satellite altimeters measure the height of the ice sheets, to see how much they are thinning or thickening over time. Another measurement records the speed of the glaciers and how they’re moving into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the scientists are recording gravity measurements for Antarctica. These “tell us about changes in the earth’s gravitational attraction over time and that can be related to the mass of the ice sheets overall,” Shepherd says, “and they are really powerful measurements because they can add up everything across Antarctica.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what accounts for the apparent three-fold speed up in Antarctica’s melting in the last five years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepherd says that actually, their data shows a “a progressive increase in ice loss throughout the whole 25 year time period.” However, a period of heavy snowfall between 2005 and 2010 masked some of the immediate effects of the ice loss, accounting for the sudden, steep increase in more recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new data creates a much starker picture of the future than previous estimates. Shepherd says until 2010, the data had been tracking a lower scenario which estimated that Antarctica “wouldn’t make much of a contribution to sea level rise at all” because of the effects of higher snowfall. However, he says that now the data is tracking a higher scenario, which could mean nearly 6 inches of additional sea level rise in the next century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be a big deal, he says, “for anybody who lives, works and governs a coastal region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding the rate of Antarctica’s melting is crucial for these communities. If all of the ice in Antarctica melted, global sea levels would rise by more than 190 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Antarctica+Has+Lost+More+Than+3+Trillion+Tons+Of+Ice+In+25+Years+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/news/coastal-communities-saw-record-number-of-high-tide-flooding-days-last-year\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">High-tide flooding\u003c/a> driven by climate change is breaking records on all coasts of the United States, occurring at twice the rate from just 30 years ago, according to a new federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-content/sotc/national/2018/may/2017_State_of_US_High_Tide_Flooding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report. [contextly_sidebar id=”lcEC3bZenOqJwJnQ5s5KmWNuUYubI0yv”]\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as sea levels rise, coastal flooding will continue to break records over the next few decades at an accelerated rate, according to the \u003ca style=\"color: #41a62a\" href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The U.S. average high tide flood frequency is now 50 percent greater since 2000 and 100 percent greater than it was 30 years ago,” the NOAA report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several cities faced more than 20 days of coastal flooding over the last year even outside of big storms. The top five cities that saw the highest number of flood days and broke records are Boston; Atlantic City, New Jersey; Sandy Hook, New Jersey; Sabine Pass, Texas; and Galveston, Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, Sa\u003cspan class=\"highlight selected\">n Die\u003c/span>go established itself as the state’s coastal flooding hotspot with a record‐breaking 13 days of coastal flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency measured rates of high-tide flooding at 98 locations along the U.S. coastline. More than a quarter of the locations tied or broke their previous records, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As relative sea level increases, it no longer takes a strong storm or a hurricane to cause coastal high tide flooding,” the report said. “High tide flooding causes frequent road closures, overwhelmed storm drains, and compromised infrastructure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As noted in recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924579/like-it-or-not-the-water-is-coming-will-the-bay-area-defend-against-rising-seas-or-embrace-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports by KQED, \u003c/a>global warming could cause San Francisco Bay to rise 5 feet by 2100:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Now the state of California is warning nine Bay Area counties that climate change means the bay is rising faster. Extreme tides, whipped by storms, have become both more frequent and more extreme. California’s latest and best word on sea levels, a report issued last spring, \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceansciencetrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/OST-Sea-Level-Rising-Report-Final_Amended.pdf\">predicts\u003c/a> that San Francisco Bay could rise from five to 15 times faster this century than the last one.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Despite all this, the NOAA report finds that some cities are ill-prepared for what’s to come. In Boston for instance, a recent city-backed study criticized a plan to protect the city from rising sea levels. From \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06062018/coastal-flooding-data-sea-level-rise-climate-change-noaa-report-high-tide-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Another proposal envisions a harbor-wide barrier system that would close during major storms and cost billions of dollars. But last week, a city-backed study \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/news/2018/05/30/boston-harbor-barrier-flooding-umass-study\">recommended against building a barrier\u003c/a>, saying the money would be better spent on smaller-scale measures, such as flood walls or green infrastructure.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And in New York City, a major coastal barrier that was planned for lower Manhattan has run into significant obstacles. Also from \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06062018/coastal-flooding-data-sea-level-rise-climate-change-noaa-report-high-tide-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inside Climate News:\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>New York, which also tied its record of 15 days of tidal flooding, has launched various initiatives…But a signature coastal project that would erect berms and walls to protect lower Manhattan—known as “The Big U”—has \u003ca href=\"https://www.wnyc.org/story/five-years-later-sandy-project-grinding/\">faced delays and been scaled back\u003c/a> due to its high costs.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“Across the whole of the U.S. coastline, we are in dire need of action,” Ben Horton, a Rutgers University researcher,\u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/high-tide-flooding-in-the-u-s-is-twice-what-it-was-30-years-ago-noaa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told CBS news.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2018/06/06/u-s-coastal-areas-flooded-more-than-ever-in-past-year-due-to-sea-level-rise-and-storms/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.027c47d21364\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Washington Post\u003c/a> notes that nowhere in the NOAA report is the term “climate change” mentioned, something that has become a hallmark of the Trump administration:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Neither the announcement of the high-tide flooding record, the accompanying summary nor the technical report mention the words “climate change,” which scientists widely believe is the underlying cause of sea-level rise and the increasing tides.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a conference call this week, report co-author William Sweet of NOAA’s Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, told reporters that a third of sea level rise is currently driven by thermal expansion of ocean water, and two-thirds is now caused by the melting of land-based ice around the world — both processes that are clearly symptoms of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Though you won't find the phrase \"climate change\" in it, a new federal report finds that coastal flooding across the U.S. has doubled in just 30 years.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/news/coastal-communities-saw-record-number-of-high-tide-flooding-days-last-year\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">High-tide flooding\u003c/a> driven by climate change is breaking records on all coasts of the United States, occurring at twice the rate from just 30 years ago, according to a new federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-content/sotc/national/2018/may/2017_State_of_US_High_Tide_Flooding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as sea levels rise, coastal flooding will continue to break records over the next few decades at an accelerated rate, according to the \u003ca style=\"color: #41a62a\" href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The U.S. average high tide flood frequency is now 50 percent greater since 2000 and 100 percent greater than it was 30 years ago,” the NOAA report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several cities faced more than 20 days of coastal flooding over the last year even outside of big storms. The top five cities that saw the highest number of flood days and broke records are Boston; Atlantic City, New Jersey; Sandy Hook, New Jersey; Sabine Pass, Texas; and Galveston, Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, Sa\u003cspan class=\"highlight selected\">n Die\u003c/span>go established itself as the state’s coastal flooding hotspot with a record‐breaking 13 days of coastal flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency measured rates of high-tide flooding at 98 locations along the U.S. coastline. More than a quarter of the locations tied or broke their previous records, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As relative sea level increases, it no longer takes a strong storm or a hurricane to cause coastal high tide flooding,” the report said. “High tide flooding causes frequent road closures, overwhelmed storm drains, and compromised infrastructure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As noted in recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924579/like-it-or-not-the-water-is-coming-will-the-bay-area-defend-against-rising-seas-or-embrace-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports by KQED, \u003c/a>global warming could cause San Francisco Bay to rise 5 feet by 2100:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Now the state of California is warning nine Bay Area counties that climate change means the bay is rising faster. Extreme tides, whipped by storms, have become both more frequent and more extreme. California’s latest and best word on sea levels, a report issued last spring, \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceansciencetrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/OST-Sea-Level-Rising-Report-Final_Amended.pdf\">predicts\u003c/a> that San Francisco Bay could rise from five to 15 times faster this century than the last one.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Despite all this, the NOAA report finds that some cities are ill-prepared for what’s to come. In Boston for instance, a recent city-backed study criticized a plan to protect the city from rising sea levels. From \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06062018/coastal-flooding-data-sea-level-rise-climate-change-noaa-report-high-tide-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Another proposal envisions a harbor-wide barrier system that would close during major storms and cost billions of dollars. But last week, a city-backed study \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/news/2018/05/30/boston-harbor-barrier-flooding-umass-study\">recommended against building a barrier\u003c/a>, saying the money would be better spent on smaller-scale measures, such as flood walls or green infrastructure.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And in New York City, a major coastal barrier that was planned for lower Manhattan has run into significant obstacles. Also from \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06062018/coastal-flooding-data-sea-level-rise-climate-change-noaa-report-high-tide-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inside Climate News:\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>New York, which also tied its record of 15 days of tidal flooding, has launched various initiatives…But a signature coastal project that would erect berms and walls to protect lower Manhattan—known as “The Big U”—has \u003ca href=\"https://www.wnyc.org/story/five-years-later-sandy-project-grinding/\">faced delays and been scaled back\u003c/a> due to its high costs.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“Across the whole of the U.S. coastline, we are in dire need of action,” Ben Horton, a Rutgers University researcher,\u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/high-tide-flooding-in-the-u-s-is-twice-what-it-was-30-years-ago-noaa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> told CBS news.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2018/06/06/u-s-coastal-areas-flooded-more-than-ever-in-past-year-due-to-sea-level-rise-and-storms/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.027c47d21364\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Washington Post\u003c/a> notes that nowhere in the NOAA report is the term “climate change” mentioned, something that has become a hallmark of the Trump administration:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Neither the announcement of the high-tide flooding record, the accompanying summary nor the technical report mention the words “climate change,” which scientists widely believe is the underlying cause of sea-level rise and the increasing tides.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a conference call this week, report co-author William Sweet of NOAA’s Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, told reporters that a third of sea level rise is currently driven by thermal expansion of ocean water, and two-thirds is now caused by the melting of land-based ice around the world — both processes that are clearly symptoms of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Measure P: Foster City Overwhelmingly Votes for $90 Million Tax to Defend Against Rising Seas",
"headTitle": "Measure P: Foster City Overwhelmingly Votes for $90 Million Tax to Defend Against Rising Seas | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: Voters overwhelmingly approved Foster City Measure P by a roughly 80-20 margin, in one of the first major tests of a community’s willingness to tax itself to gird against climate change impacts.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only thing between Foster City and the salty San Francisco Bay is an earthen wall, eight miles long, fronted with crushed up concrete and riprap to defend against the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Foster City is the canary in the coal mine for the Bay Area.’\u003ccite>Mark Stacey, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On one level, the San Mateo County suburb’s voters face a straightforward choice about this levee on the June 5 ballot: whether to tax themselves to raise it, or run a higher risk of flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But amid \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920819/treasure-island-is-sinking-as-seas-are-rising-and-so-are-other-bay-area-cities\">new reports of sinking land\u003c/a> and rising seas, Foster City’s Measure P also offers the Bay Area’s first example for what one bayfront community is willing to do against the threat of climate-induced flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Foster City is the canary in the coal mine for the Bay Area,” says UC Berkeley environmental engineering professor Mark Stacey, \u003ca href=\"https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/mark-stacey\">who has studied sea level rise in the bay\u003c/a>. “They’re facing an immediate decision on what to do with their shorelines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Foster City’s Risk of Flooding\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City Manager Jeff Moneda stands atop Foster City’s levee — it’s 13 feet above sea level — and looks down across Beach Park Boulevard at homes with a bayfront view, some worth millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would receive the direct impact first if levees were to be breached,” Moneda says. Behind them, he says all of Foster City is “pretty much” at sea level: once water got in, it would stay on low land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1924708\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2496px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1924708\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2496\" height=\"1664\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1.jpg 2496w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2496px) 100vw, 2496px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Riprap and earth stand between San Francisco Bay and Foster City. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like other vulnerable places, Foster City has always possessed a mechanical and engineered defense against water; here, a man-made lagoon, connected to the bay, is its central component. When storms are on the way, the public works department lowers the lagoon to ready it for more water, and pumps what’s collected out to the bay. But Moneda says changing conditions would test the system by which the city manages water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If sea level were to rise to where the levee is breached,” he says, “the pumps could definitely not keep up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Risk to private property isn’t the only reason city leaders are seeking support for Measure P. Moneda points to Foster City’s water and emergency systems, also right here at sea level: they could flood too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gznrjQjhtM0anBFX9T1jHEA7c1fklU7M”]“Flushing their toilets, drinking water, ability to take a shower. All of those would be compromised. And then electricity of course,” Moneda says. “The essentials to function on a day-to-day basis would definitely be affected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a concern for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The agency has been remapping the region to assess the true risk of flood, in part because of climate change. Four years ago, FEMA notified Foster City leaders that the odds of water surging over this levee in a storm are too high, and this levee is far too low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless the city has a solution underway by fall, FEMA intends to declare the area a flood hazard zone. Homeowners with federally-backed mortgages or risk-averse lenders would have to buy flood insurance. Some fear that with a flood hazard disclosure, property values could drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The essentials to function on a day-to-day basis would definitely be affected.’\u003ccite>Jeff Moneda, City Manager, Foster City\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Beyond that, raising the levee to meet FEMA requirements draws the attention of the Bay Conservation Development Commission, which has authority over the first hundred feet inland for all four hundred miles of bay shoreline. The BCDC requires consideration of sea level rise in proposed developments; Foster City did that by hiring consultants, who recommended planning for 2 feet of sea level rise within 32 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the city proposes to sink steel reinforcements in bay mud to raise the levee up to 8 feet higher, to meet FEMA’s flood requirements, and BCDC’s development guidance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure P would authorize Foster City to purchase $90 million in bonds, and pay for them with a special tax of about $40 per $100,000 in property valuation. If you bought a house there today at the market average, you’d be looking at another $560 a year in taxes. The city contrasts that with the cost of flood insurance inside a special hazard zone; Moneda says officials called local insurance agents and priced that at $3,000 a year or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1924585\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2496px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1924585\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418.jpeg\" alt=\"City Manager Jeff Moneda, standing on a levee.\" width=\"2496\" height=\"1664\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418.jpeg 2496w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-1200x800.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-1920x1280.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-1180x787.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-960x640.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-520x347.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2496px) 100vw, 2496px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">City Manager Jeff Moneda shows how high the city’s new levee needs to be to cope with sea level rise. Foster City voters will decide whether to raise the bayfront levee up to 8 feet higher, at a cost of $90 million. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The levee improvement is the only option,” says Moneda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What One City’s Wall Means to Another\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even one “hardened” piece of shore changes how waves and tides move throughout the bay, says UC Berkeley’s Mark Stacey. Seawalls and levees fortified with riprap reflect wave energy back into the bay and keep water from spreading inland. That raises water levels everywhere. As seas rise, Stacey says more walls along one part of the bay could promote more flooding in another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One levee in Foster City is small scale. “But if San Mateo acts next in this way and Redwood Shores acts after that,” Stacey says, “And if each of these communities are individually and incrementally pursuing this path, that’s when you start to see the regional impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other cities along the southern edge of San Francisco Bay are watching what happens with Measure P: some, because they share an interest in funding pumps and walls, and others, nervously.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This is a big jump. So maybe it’s just too big a leap for the public to swallow. We’ll find out.’\u003ccite>Bob Cushman, Foster City resident\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a comment letter about the proposal to raise the Foster City levee, Alameda County’s Flood Control District \u003ca href=\"https://www.fostercity.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/community_development/page/4961/fc-levee-rtc_final.pdf\">has argued that\u003c/a> “[i]mpacts from the Foster City levee modifications may or may not be small, but the cumulative impacts of Foster City’s Project combined with other future shoreline projects around the San Francisco Bay will exacerbate these effects on others.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda officials and other critics of the proposal also question whether one city should lead policy on climate change, when a regional, national, or even international response may be more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They include former city leaders and the son of Foster City’s namesake, \u003ca href=\"http://www.samceda.org/san-mateo-county-economic-development/samceda-board/t-jack-foster-jr\">T. Jack Foster, Jr.\u003c/a>, himself one of the original developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is This Necessary, or an Overreaction?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Fosters \u003ca href=\"https://www.xlibris.com/bookstore/bookdetail.aspx?bookid=SKU-0118054049\">arrived\u003c/a>, this land was Brewer Island, named for the farmer who levied off marshlands around 1900 to create hay for cattle, while nearby, salt dried in flats for the Leslie Salt company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Fosters bought 3000 acres of land, dried it out, and dumped another 18 million cubic yards of sand and fill on top of it. Now 89, T. Jack Foster, Jr., doesn’t accept the conclusion that sea level rise is happening fast. And he says in development, they planned for some land to sink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, after 50 years, if I’m asked what I would do different, I’d say not one single thing,” Foster, Junior, says. “I’m so proud of the way everything’s turned out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says FEMA’s wrong, and that Foster City is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The aesthetic damage it does, you can put up with a certain amount of that if you get some benefit otherwise,” he says, about a higher levee. “But I don’t see any benefit at this time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a home on Foster’s lagoon, longtime resident Bob Cushman also opposes Measure P.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think Jack Foster was a genius when he designed [this place],” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lagoon curves behind his home in the Admirals neighborhood: glassy, dyed blue-green. Cushman’s back deck view is man-made, and he loves it. In the 1990s, he and his wife worked hard to get it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After church every Sunday we drove through this neighborhood for two years,” Cushman says. “And we finally saw a stake in the front yard there: for sale by owner. We stopped and bought the house. We were so lucky.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cushman’s got several objections to Measure P. For one thing, he says, Foster City is sitting on tens of millions of dollars, money already in city coffers that could contribute to the cost of higher levees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For another, he points out that the city’s made it through high water before, and he credits the engineered defense offered by the levee, the pumps, and the lagoon for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while he does think climate change merits some response by Foster City, he wonders if up to eight feet of additional levee is an overreaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a big jump,” Cushman says. “So maybe it’s just too big a leap for the public to swallow. We’ll find out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Measure P: Foster City Overwhelmingly Votes for $90 Million Tax to Defend Against Rising Seas | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: Voters overwhelmingly approved Foster City Measure P by a roughly 80-20 margin, in one of the first major tests of a community’s willingness to tax itself to gird against climate change impacts.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only thing between Foster City and the salty San Francisco Bay is an earthen wall, eight miles long, fronted with crushed up concrete and riprap to defend against the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Foster City is the canary in the coal mine for the Bay Area.’\u003ccite>Mark Stacey, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On one level, the San Mateo County suburb’s voters face a straightforward choice about this levee on the June 5 ballot: whether to tax themselves to raise it, or run a higher risk of flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But amid \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920819/treasure-island-is-sinking-as-seas-are-rising-and-so-are-other-bay-area-cities\">new reports of sinking land\u003c/a> and rising seas, Foster City’s Measure P also offers the Bay Area’s first example for what one bayfront community is willing to do against the threat of climate-induced flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Foster City is the canary in the coal mine for the Bay Area,” says UC Berkeley environmental engineering professor Mark Stacey, \u003ca href=\"https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/mark-stacey\">who has studied sea level rise in the bay\u003c/a>. “They’re facing an immediate decision on what to do with their shorelines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Foster City’s Risk of Flooding\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City Manager Jeff Moneda stands atop Foster City’s levee — it’s 13 feet above sea level — and looks down across Beach Park Boulevard at homes with a bayfront view, some worth millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would receive the direct impact first if levees were to be breached,” Moneda says. Behind them, he says all of Foster City is “pretty much” at sea level: once water got in, it would stay on low land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1924708\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2496px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1924708\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2496\" height=\"1664\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1.jpg 2496w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31123_IMG_6463-1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2496px) 100vw, 2496px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Riprap and earth stand between San Francisco Bay and Foster City. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like other vulnerable places, Foster City has always possessed a mechanical and engineered defense against water; here, a man-made lagoon, connected to the bay, is its central component. When storms are on the way, the public works department lowers the lagoon to ready it for more water, and pumps what’s collected out to the bay. But Moneda says changing conditions would test the system by which the city manages water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If sea level were to rise to where the levee is breached,” he says, “the pumps could definitely not keep up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Risk to private property isn’t the only reason city leaders are seeking support for Measure P. Moneda points to Foster City’s water and emergency systems, also right here at sea level: they could flood too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“Flushing their toilets, drinking water, ability to take a shower. All of those would be compromised. And then electricity of course,” Moneda says. “The essentials to function on a day-to-day basis would definitely be affected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a concern for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The agency has been remapping the region to assess the true risk of flood, in part because of climate change. Four years ago, FEMA notified Foster City leaders that the odds of water surging over this levee in a storm are too high, and this levee is far too low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless the city has a solution underway by fall, FEMA intends to declare the area a flood hazard zone. Homeowners with federally-backed mortgages or risk-averse lenders would have to buy flood insurance. Some fear that with a flood hazard disclosure, property values could drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The essentials to function on a day-to-day basis would definitely be affected.’\u003ccite>Jeff Moneda, City Manager, Foster City\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Beyond that, raising the levee to meet FEMA requirements draws the attention of the Bay Conservation Development Commission, which has authority over the first hundred feet inland for all four hundred miles of bay shoreline. The BCDC requires consideration of sea level rise in proposed developments; Foster City did that by hiring consultants, who recommended planning for 2 feet of sea level rise within 32 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the city proposes to sink steel reinforcements in bay mud to raise the levee up to 8 feet higher, to meet FEMA’s flood requirements, and BCDC’s development guidance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure P would authorize Foster City to purchase $90 million in bonds, and pay for them with a special tax of about $40 per $100,000 in property valuation. If you bought a house there today at the market average, you’d be looking at another $560 a year in taxes. The city contrasts that with the cost of flood insurance inside a special hazard zone; Moneda says officials called local insurance agents and priced that at $3,000 a year or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1924585\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2496px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1924585\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418.jpeg\" alt=\"City Manager Jeff Moneda, standing on a levee.\" width=\"2496\" height=\"1664\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418.jpeg 2496w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-1200x800.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-1920x1280.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-1180x787.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-960x640.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/RS31118_IMG_6418-520x347.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2496px) 100vw, 2496px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">City Manager Jeff Moneda shows how high the city’s new levee needs to be to cope with sea level rise. Foster City voters will decide whether to raise the bayfront levee up to 8 feet higher, at a cost of $90 million. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The levee improvement is the only option,” says Moneda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What One City’s Wall Means to Another\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even one “hardened” piece of shore changes how waves and tides move throughout the bay, says UC Berkeley’s Mark Stacey. Seawalls and levees fortified with riprap reflect wave energy back into the bay and keep water from spreading inland. That raises water levels everywhere. As seas rise, Stacey says more walls along one part of the bay could promote more flooding in another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One levee in Foster City is small scale. “But if San Mateo acts next in this way and Redwood Shores acts after that,” Stacey says, “And if each of these communities are individually and incrementally pursuing this path, that’s when you start to see the regional impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other cities along the southern edge of San Francisco Bay are watching what happens with Measure P: some, because they share an interest in funding pumps and walls, and others, nervously.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This is a big jump. So maybe it’s just too big a leap for the public to swallow. We’ll find out.’\u003ccite>Bob Cushman, Foster City resident\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a comment letter about the proposal to raise the Foster City levee, Alameda County’s Flood Control District \u003ca href=\"https://www.fostercity.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/community_development/page/4961/fc-levee-rtc_final.pdf\">has argued that\u003c/a> “[i]mpacts from the Foster City levee modifications may or may not be small, but the cumulative impacts of Foster City’s Project combined with other future shoreline projects around the San Francisco Bay will exacerbate these effects on others.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda officials and other critics of the proposal also question whether one city should lead policy on climate change, when a regional, national, or even international response may be more effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They include former city leaders and the son of Foster City’s namesake, \u003ca href=\"http://www.samceda.org/san-mateo-county-economic-development/samceda-board/t-jack-foster-jr\">T. Jack Foster, Jr.\u003c/a>, himself one of the original developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is This Necessary, or an Overreaction?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Fosters \u003ca href=\"https://www.xlibris.com/bookstore/bookdetail.aspx?bookid=SKU-0118054049\">arrived\u003c/a>, this land was Brewer Island, named for the farmer who levied off marshlands around 1900 to create hay for cattle, while nearby, salt dried in flats for the Leslie Salt company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Fosters bought 3000 acres of land, dried it out, and dumped another 18 million cubic yards of sand and fill on top of it. Now 89, T. Jack Foster, Jr., doesn’t accept the conclusion that sea level rise is happening fast. And he says in development, they planned for some land to sink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, after 50 years, if I’m asked what I would do different, I’d say not one single thing,” Foster, Junior, says. “I’m so proud of the way everything’s turned out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says FEMA’s wrong, and that Foster City is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The aesthetic damage it does, you can put up with a certain amount of that if you get some benefit otherwise,” he says, about a higher levee. “But I don’t see any benefit at this time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a home on Foster’s lagoon, longtime resident Bob Cushman also opposes Measure P.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think Jack Foster was a genius when he designed [this place],” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lagoon curves behind his home in the Admirals neighborhood: glassy, dyed blue-green. Cushman’s back deck view is man-made, and he loves it. In the 1990s, he and his wife worked hard to get it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After church every Sunday we drove through this neighborhood for two years,” Cushman says. “And we finally saw a stake in the front yard there: for sale by owner. We stopped and bought the house. We were so lucky.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cushman’s got several objections to Measure P. For one thing, he says, Foster City is sitting on tens of millions of dollars, money already in city coffers that could contribute to the cost of higher levees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For another, he points out that the city’s made it through high water before, and he credits the engineered defense offered by the levee, the pumps, and the lagoon for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while he does think climate change merits some response by Foster City, he wonders if up to eight feet of additional levee is an overreaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a big jump,” Cushman says. “So maybe it’s just too big a leap for the public to swallow. We’ll find out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Great White Sharks Have A Secret 'Cafe,' And They Led Scientists Right To It",
"headTitle": "Great White Sharks Have A Secret ‘Cafe,’ And They Led Scientists Right To It | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Great white sharks have a “hidden life” that is becoming a lot less hidden thanks to a scientific expedition that has been years in the making.[contextly_sidebar id=”7x1aQGoWmRFT2DRfaE8EZul4botHj0nA”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists used to think the apex predators moved up and down the western coast of North America, snacking in waters with lots of food close to shore. Almost 20 years ago, \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/person/dr-barbara-a-block/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford marine biologist Barbara Block\u003c/a> started putting tags on the sharks that could track their movements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and other researchers noticed something surprising — the tags showed that the sharks were moving away from these food-rich waters and heading more than a thousand miles off the coast of Baja California in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellite images suggested the area was an ocean desert, a place with very little life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mystery of what was drawing the sharks to this strange place set new research into motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to know if there was a hidden oasis that was formed by the currents that we couldn’t see from space,” Block said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, the scientists tagged over 30 great white sharks last fall — more than they had ever done in a single season. They’ve already gotten to know some of these animals from years of research. They’ve even given them names, such as Eugene, Tilden and Leona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then this spring, the research team set off on a state-of-the-art ship called \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/rv-falkor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the research vessel Falkor\u003c/a> toward the mysterious area, hoping to find the sharks they tagged.[contextly_sidebar id=”fCKG7i6T6oe39MShk0LxJLEXSP9olcMQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of expectation when you put technology on an animal and then you take an expensive ship like the Falkor with 40 people to a box in the middle of the ocean and expect that these white sharks are going to be there,” Block said, speaking from the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure enough, the animals were indeed swimming to this remote place, which the researchers have nicknamed the “White Shark Cafe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just as we predicted, the sharks showed up right in the cruise box,” Block added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tags were programmed to pop off and float to the surface right when the Falkor was there. Each tag that reached the surface gave off a signal — and kicked off what Block called an “open-ocean treasure hunt,” as the team tried to find something the size of a small microphone in an area about the size of Colorado. These sophisticated tags record temperature, pressure, light and time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We doubled our current 20-year data set in three weeks,” Block said. The tags have 2,500 days of data at one- to three-second intervals, allowing researchers to see how the white sharks move up and down through the water with unprecedented detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists will need time to parse all of this information, including new mysteries such as why male and female sharks move differently through the water. The males move up and down rapidly — sometimes 120 times a day. Females will go up to the shallow water at night, then down much deeper in the day.[contextly_sidebar id=”IaYZs5Kx7uGlt71vtem4gg4V9GpMDqFr”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The male white shark and the female white shark are doing completely different things, and that’s not something we’ve seen so much before,” Block said. “We have to spend some time studying these behaviors to try to understand if this is courtship behavior or is this really a feeding or foraging behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And after the tags popped up, the scientists used a range of techniques to learn about the water nearby. They had a couple of saildrones, which are surface vehicles that can locate plankton and fish. They also gathered DNA from the water to figure out what is moving down there and observed creatures using a remotely operated underwater vehicle and by pulling them up in nets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expected it to be the desert that the textbooks sort of advertised it would be,” said Bruce Robison, \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/person/bruce-robison-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this was no desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A layer of nutrient-rich plant life exists deeper under the ocean than satellites could detect. Tiny creatures feed on it, and larger creatures feed on them. And up and up. It represents “a complete food chain, a ladder of consumption, that made us believe that there was an adequate food supply out here for big animals like tunas and the sharks,” Robison said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robison was surprised by how diverse the area was, with animals such as fish, squids, crustaceans and jellyfish. They saw totally different patterns of life in sites just a few miles away from one another, an indication of the area’s complexity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that scientists didn’t even know this area existed until sharks led them there speaks to how much we still don’t know about the ocean. In fact, according to \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/exploration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA’s National Ocean Service\u003c/a>, humans have explored just 5 percent of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People don’t really get is why it’s like that — it’s because it’s really hard to do,” Block said. She added that there could be more ocean hot spots out there that scientists are not yet aware of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Robison said all the information they gathered could help build a case for why the White Shark Cafe should be officially protected by the U.N. cultural agency. UNESCO is \u003ca href=\"https://whc.unesco.org/en/highseas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">considering recognizing and protecting it\u003c/a> by making it a World Heritage Site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Great+White+Sharks+Have+A+Secret+%27Cafe%2C%27+And+They+Led+Scientists+Right+To+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Great white sharks have a “hidden life” that is becoming a lot less hidden thanks to a scientific expedition that has been years in the making.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists used to think the apex predators moved up and down the western coast of North America, snacking in waters with lots of food close to shore. Almost 20 years ago, \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/person/dr-barbara-a-block/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford marine biologist Barbara Block\u003c/a> started putting tags on the sharks that could track their movements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and other researchers noticed something surprising — the tags showed that the sharks were moving away from these food-rich waters and heading more than a thousand miles off the coast of Baja California in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellite images suggested the area was an ocean desert, a place with very little life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mystery of what was drawing the sharks to this strange place set new research into motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to know if there was a hidden oasis that was formed by the currents that we couldn’t see from space,” Block said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, the scientists tagged over 30 great white sharks last fall — more than they had ever done in a single season. They’ve already gotten to know some of these animals from years of research. They’ve even given them names, such as Eugene, Tilden and Leona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then this spring, the research team set off on a state-of-the-art ship called \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/rv-falkor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the research vessel Falkor\u003c/a> toward the mysterious area, hoping to find the sharks they tagged.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of expectation when you put technology on an animal and then you take an expensive ship like the Falkor with 40 people to a box in the middle of the ocean and expect that these white sharks are going to be there,” Block said, speaking from the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure enough, the animals were indeed swimming to this remote place, which the researchers have nicknamed the “White Shark Cafe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just as we predicted, the sharks showed up right in the cruise box,” Block added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tags were programmed to pop off and float to the surface right when the Falkor was there. Each tag that reached the surface gave off a signal — and kicked off what Block called an “open-ocean treasure hunt,” as the team tried to find something the size of a small microphone in an area about the size of Colorado. These sophisticated tags record temperature, pressure, light and time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We doubled our current 20-year data set in three weeks,” Block said. The tags have 2,500 days of data at one- to three-second intervals, allowing researchers to see how the white sharks move up and down through the water with unprecedented detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists will need time to parse all of this information, including new mysteries such as why male and female sharks move differently through the water. The males move up and down rapidly — sometimes 120 times a day. Females will go up to the shallow water at night, then down much deeper in the day.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The male white shark and the female white shark are doing completely different things, and that’s not something we’ve seen so much before,” Block said. “We have to spend some time studying these behaviors to try to understand if this is courtship behavior or is this really a feeding or foraging behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And after the tags popped up, the scientists used a range of techniques to learn about the water nearby. They had a couple of saildrones, which are surface vehicles that can locate plankton and fish. They also gathered DNA from the water to figure out what is moving down there and observed creatures using a remotely operated underwater vehicle and by pulling them up in nets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expected it to be the desert that the textbooks sort of advertised it would be,” said Bruce Robison, \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/person/bruce-robison-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this was no desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A layer of nutrient-rich plant life exists deeper under the ocean than satellites could detect. Tiny creatures feed on it, and larger creatures feed on them. And up and up. It represents “a complete food chain, a ladder of consumption, that made us believe that there was an adequate food supply out here for big animals like tunas and the sharks,” Robison said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robison was surprised by how diverse the area was, with animals such as fish, squids, crustaceans and jellyfish. They saw totally different patterns of life in sites just a few miles away from one another, an indication of the area’s complexity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that scientists didn’t even know this area existed until sharks led them there speaks to how much we still don’t know about the ocean. In fact, according to \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/exploration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA’s National Ocean Service\u003c/a>, humans have explored just 5 percent of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People don’t really get is why it’s like that — it’s because it’s really hard to do,” Block said. She added that there could be more ocean hot spots out there that scientists are not yet aware of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Robison said all the information they gathered could help build a case for why the White Shark Cafe should be officially protected by the U.N. cultural agency. UNESCO is \u003ca href=\"https://whc.unesco.org/en/highseas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">considering recognizing and protecting it\u003c/a> by making it a World Heritage Site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Great+White+Sharks+Have+A+Secret+%27Cafe%2C%27+And+They+Led+Scientists+Right+To+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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