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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]If an outdoors, socially-distanced gathering is part of your Thanksgiving plans, beware of uninvited guests. I don’t mean friendly neighbors who might invite themselves to a piece of pie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_eats_apple.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971201\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_eats_apple.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blowfly feeds on an apple with its straw-like proboscis. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I’m talking about flies. Buzzing around curiously, they’ll help themselves to whatever food you leave unattended. As they walk all around they could spread hundreds of types of bacteria they carry on their legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you try sneaking up on one and it skedaddles. Why, oh why, is it so hard to swat a fly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971202\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_escapes_swatter.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971202\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_escapes_swatter.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Now you see me, now you don’t. A blowfly escapes a swatter in the nick of time. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Flies are formidable opponents, with an arsenal of tools they carry all over their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, their hair and antennae help a fly sense us as we walk up to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have sensory hairs all over their body that help them detect air currents,” said entomologist Jessica Fox, who studies flies’ shenanigans at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_cleans_eyes.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971203\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_cleans_eyes.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fly can see you coming from nearly every angle. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not only can they feel us, they can see us too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have a very small blind spot in the back of their head,” Fox said, “but a lot of flies can see almost 360 degrees around their heads.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a fly’s eyes and tiny brain process information 10 times faster than human eyes and brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to flies, humans are slow and sluggish creatures,” said Sanjay Sane, who researches flies at the National Centre for Biological Sciences at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Bangalore, India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971204\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_makes_sharp_turns.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971204\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_makes_sharp_turns.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quick, sharp turns help a fly dodge your swatter. These aerobatics are possible thanks to a pair of tiny club-shaped limbs called halteres, nestled below the fly’s two wings. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the fly escapes your swatter and is in the air, it’s in its element and your job is even tougher. Seen up close and slowed down, a fly’s aerobatics are impressive: It makes razor-sharp turns with ease and at great speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this possible is a pair of modified wings called halteres, a Greek word for dumbbell, which describes their shape. All of the 200,000 species of flies that scientists have described have a pair of halteres and a pair of wings. (That includes mosquitoes, which, wouldn’t you know it, are flies too.) Most other insects — bees, butterflies, dragonflies — have four wings and no halteres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971205\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Halteres_of_crane_fly_Fox.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971205\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Halteres_of_crane_fly_Fox.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The relatively large halteres of a crane fly are easier to spot than most. The halteres are the small, club-shaped parts beating below the fly’s wings. \u003ccite>(Jessica Fox/Case Western Reserve University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a fly turns, its halteres sense the rotation. In a split second, neurons at the base of the halteres send information to the fly’s muscles to steer its wings and keep its head steady.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Houseflies flap their wings about 200 times per second, which means they really only have five milliseconds to figure out what the next wingbeat is going to be like. And if you’re using vision that takes too long to do,” Fox said. “They really need a mechanical receptor in order to be able to sense their body rotations and correct them on the timescale that they need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though flies are a pesky pest and we are constantly in their pursuit, they likely evolved halteres to escape other animals besides us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flies hang out on the backs of cows,” said Sane. “The tail of a cow trying to flick insects off, it’s likely to kill the fly if it doesn’t fly off fast.” Lizard tongues are also quick-moving threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there’s flies themselves. In lightning-fast chases, males compete for the ability to mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These chases are among the most aerobatic chases that I’ve ever seen; there’s nothing that comes even close,” said Sane. “And if flies did not turn very fast they’ll get caught and slammed to the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers remove a fly’s halteres, it can no longer control its flight. It loses all sense of where its body is in space. In slowed-down videos, flies without halteres give the impression of being drunk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_without_halteres_falls_Fox.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971206\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_without_halteres_falls_Fox.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fly whose halteres have been removed by researchers can’t control its flight and falls down. \u003ccite>(Katie Jordan, Alex Yarger and Jessica Fox/Case Western Reserve University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They don’t seem to know; they just keep flapping,” said Fox. “They just keep pitching and rolling and eventually they fall. We’ve got a lot of great videos of these flies comedically falling out of the sky.” \u003cem>(You can see more examples in the Deep Look video embedded in this story.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a fly gets inside your house, its halteres will help it do a fly’s signature move: the ceiling landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971207\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_walks_on_ceiling.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971207\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_walks_on_ceiling.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fly can stay out of reach by hanging upside down on the ceiling. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It hangs there with tiny hooks and sticky pads on its feet. The pads, called pulvilli, have microscopic hairs that excrete a liquid that sticks to the surface under pressure, sort of like suction. Hooks on the fly’s feet also help it stay put, by attaching to microscopic imperfections on the surface of the ceiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971208\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971208\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pads on a fly’s feet, called pulvilli, have microscopic hairs that excrete a liquid that sticks to the surface. The photo on the right shows an extreme close-up of the hairs. \u003ccite>(Stanislav Gorb/University of Kiel, Germany)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite the fly’s slick tools, Sane recommends one trick next time you try to nab one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flies process information about moving objects but they cannot process static objects,” he explained. “Thus, the best way to approach a fly is in small, quasi-static steps such that they do not see you as a moving object.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you go very slowly, and then pounce, you might stand a chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Good luck, though,” he said, “because flies are spectacularly fast.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>If an outdoors, socially-distanced gathering is part of your Thanksgiving plans, beware of uninvited guests. I don’t mean friendly neighbors who might invite themselves to a piece of pie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_eats_apple.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971201\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_eats_apple.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blowfly feeds on an apple with its straw-like proboscis. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I’m talking about flies. Buzzing around curiously, they’ll help themselves to whatever food you leave unattended. As they walk all around they could spread hundreds of types of bacteria they carry on their legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you try sneaking up on one and it skedaddles. Why, oh why, is it so hard to swat a fly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971202\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_escapes_swatter.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971202\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_escapes_swatter.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Now you see me, now you don’t. A blowfly escapes a swatter in the nick of time. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Flies are formidable opponents, with an arsenal of tools they carry all over their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, their hair and antennae help a fly sense us as we walk up to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have sensory hairs all over their body that help them detect air currents,” said entomologist Jessica Fox, who studies flies’ shenanigans at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_cleans_eyes.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971203\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_cleans_eyes.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fly can see you coming from nearly every angle. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not only can they feel us, they can see us too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have a very small blind spot in the back of their head,” Fox said, “but a lot of flies can see almost 360 degrees around their heads.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a fly’s eyes and tiny brain process information 10 times faster than human eyes and brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to flies, humans are slow and sluggish creatures,” said Sanjay Sane, who researches flies at the National Centre for Biological Sciences at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Bangalore, India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971204\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_makes_sharp_turns.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971204\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_makes_sharp_turns.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quick, sharp turns help a fly dodge your swatter. These aerobatics are possible thanks to a pair of tiny club-shaped limbs called halteres, nestled below the fly’s two wings. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the fly escapes your swatter and is in the air, it’s in its element and your job is even tougher. Seen up close and slowed down, a fly’s aerobatics are impressive: It makes razor-sharp turns with ease and at great speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this possible is a pair of modified wings called halteres, a Greek word for dumbbell, which describes their shape. All of the 200,000 species of flies that scientists have described have a pair of halteres and a pair of wings. (That includes mosquitoes, which, wouldn’t you know it, are flies too.) Most other insects — bees, butterflies, dragonflies — have four wings and no halteres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971205\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Halteres_of_crane_fly_Fox.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971205\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Halteres_of_crane_fly_Fox.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The relatively large halteres of a crane fly are easier to spot than most. The halteres are the small, club-shaped parts beating below the fly’s wings. \u003ccite>(Jessica Fox/Case Western Reserve University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a fly turns, its halteres sense the rotation. In a split second, neurons at the base of the halteres send information to the fly’s muscles to steer its wings and keep its head steady.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Houseflies flap their wings about 200 times per second, which means they really only have five milliseconds to figure out what the next wingbeat is going to be like. And if you’re using vision that takes too long to do,” Fox said. “They really need a mechanical receptor in order to be able to sense their body rotations and correct them on the timescale that they need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though flies are a pesky pest and we are constantly in their pursuit, they likely evolved halteres to escape other animals besides us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flies hang out on the backs of cows,” said Sane. “The tail of a cow trying to flick insects off, it’s likely to kill the fly if it doesn’t fly off fast.” Lizard tongues are also quick-moving threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there’s flies themselves. In lightning-fast chases, males compete for the ability to mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These chases are among the most aerobatic chases that I’ve ever seen; there’s nothing that comes even close,” said Sane. “And if flies did not turn very fast they’ll get caught and slammed to the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers remove a fly’s halteres, it can no longer control its flight. It loses all sense of where its body is in space. In slowed-down videos, flies without halteres give the impression of being drunk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_without_halteres_falls_Fox.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971206\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_without_halteres_falls_Fox.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fly whose halteres have been removed by researchers can’t control its flight and falls down. \u003ccite>(Katie Jordan, Alex Yarger and Jessica Fox/Case Western Reserve University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They don’t seem to know; they just keep flapping,” said Fox. “They just keep pitching and rolling and eventually they fall. We’ve got a lot of great videos of these flies comedically falling out of the sky.” \u003cem>(You can see more examples in the Deep Look video embedded in this story.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a fly gets inside your house, its halteres will help it do a fly’s signature move: the ceiling landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971207\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_walks_on_ceiling.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971207\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_walks_on_ceiling.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fly can stay out of reach by hanging upside down on the ceiling. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It hangs there with tiny hooks and sticky pads on its feet. The pads, called pulvilli, have microscopic hairs that excrete a liquid that sticks to the surface under pressure, sort of like suction. Hooks on the fly’s feet also help it stay put, by attaching to microscopic imperfections on the surface of the ceiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971208\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971208\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pads on a fly’s feet, called pulvilli, have microscopic hairs that excrete a liquid that sticks to the surface. The photo on the right shows an extreme close-up of the hairs. \u003ccite>(Stanislav Gorb/University of Kiel, Germany)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite the fly’s slick tools, Sane recommends one trick next time you try to nab one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flies process information about moving objects but they cannot process static objects,” he explained. “Thus, the best way to approach a fly is in small, quasi-static steps such that they do not see you as a moving object.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you go very slowly, and then pounce, you might stand a chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Good luck, though,” he said, “because flies are spectacularly fast.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "GM Abandons Trump's Battle With California Over Clean Car Rules",
"headTitle": "GM Abandons Trump’s Battle With California Over Clean Car Rules | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">General Motors says it will no longer support the Trump administration in legal efforts to end California’s right to set its own clean-air standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">CEO Mary Barra said in a letter Monday to environmental groups that GM will pull out of the lawsuit, urging other automakers to do the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">She said the company agrees with President-elect Joe Biden’s plan to expand electric vehicle use. Last week, GM said it is testing a new battery chemistry that will bring electric-vehicle costs down to those of gas-powered vehicles within five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Barra sent the letter after a Monday morning conversation with Mary Nichols, head of California’s Air Resources Board, the company said. The board is the state’s air pollution regulator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“We believe the ambitious electrification goals of the President-elect, California, and General Motors are aligned, to address climate change by drastically reducing automobile emissions,” Barra said in the letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Nichols called GM’s announcement good news. “I was pleased to be in communication with Mary Barra again,” she said. “It’s been a while since we had talked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Dan Becker of the Center for Biological Diversity, one of the environmental groups Barra wrote to, said GM was wrong in trying to stop California from protecting its people from auto pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“Now the other automakers must follow GM and withdraw support for (President Donald) Trump’s attack on clean cars,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The White House had no immediate comment Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Ron Klain, Biden’s incoming chief of staff, wrote on Twitter that he is glad to see the president-elect’s leadership “is already encouraging progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Last year General Motors, Fiat Chrysler, Toyota and 10 smaller automakers sided with the Trump administration in a lawsuit over whether California has the right to set its own standards for greenhouse gas emissions and fuel economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The companies said they would intervene in a lawsuit filed by the Environmental Defense Fund against the Trump administration, which has rolled back national pollution and gas mileage standards enacted while Barack Obama was president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The group called itself the “Coalition or Sustainable Automotive Regulation” and also included Nissan, Hyundai, Kia, Subaru, Isuzu, Suzuki, Maserati, McLaren, Aston-Martin and Ferrari.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“With our industry facing the possibility of multiple, overlapping and inconsistent standards that drive up costs and penalize consumers, we had an obligation to intervene,” John Bozzella, CEO of Global Automakers and spokesman for the coalition, said at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Toyota, one of the big automakers in the coalition favoring the Trump standards, said Monday it is reconsidering its position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">In a statement, the company said it has supported year-over-year increases in fuel economy standards, and it joined the coalition because most other automakers agreed there should be a single U.S. standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“Given the changing circumstances, we are assessing the situation, but remain committed to our goal of a consistent, unitary set of fuel economy standards applicable in all 50 states,” Toyota said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The initial move put the coalition automakers at odds with five other companies — BMW, Ford, Volkswagen, Volvo and Honda — that backed California and endorsed stricter emissions and fuel economy standards than proposed by the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">But the coalition’s stance was not so straightforward. For instance, although it opposed California, it still wanted Trump and the state to compromise on one national regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">In September of 2019, Trump announced his administration would seek to revoke California’s congressionally granted authority to set standards that are stricter than those issued by federal regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The move came after Ford, BMW, Honda and Volkswagen signed a deal with the California Air Resources Board, which had been at odds with the Trump administration for months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Many automakers have said in the past that they support increasing the standards, but not as much as those affirmed in the waning days of the Obama administration in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Under the Obama administration requirements, the fleet of new vehicles would have to average 30 mpg in real-world driving by 2021, rising to 36 mpg in 2025. Those increases would be about 5% per year. The Trump administration’s plan increased fuel economy by 1.5% per year, backing off an earlier proposal to freeze the requirements at 2021 levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Automakers say that because buyers are switching to larger trucks and SUVs, many companies would not be able to meet the stricter standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Shares of GM rose nearly 5% to $45.11 in Monday afternoon trading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kathleen Ronayne in Sacramento, California, and Aamer Madhani in Washington, D.C., contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "CEO Mary Barra tells environmental groups that GM will pull out of a lawsuit challenging California's right to set its own clean-car standards, urging other automakers to do the same.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">General Motors says it will no longer support the Trump administration in legal efforts to end California’s right to set its own clean-air standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">CEO Mary Barra said in a letter Monday to environmental groups that GM will pull out of the lawsuit, urging other automakers to do the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">She said the company agrees with President-elect Joe Biden’s plan to expand electric vehicle use. Last week, GM said it is testing a new battery chemistry that will bring electric-vehicle costs down to those of gas-powered vehicles within five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Barra sent the letter after a Monday morning conversation with Mary Nichols, head of California’s Air Resources Board, the company said. The board is the state’s air pollution regulator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“We believe the ambitious electrification goals of the President-elect, California, and General Motors are aligned, to address climate change by drastically reducing automobile emissions,” Barra said in the letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Nichols called GM’s announcement good news. “I was pleased to be in communication with Mary Barra again,” she said. “It’s been a while since we had talked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Dan Becker of the Center for Biological Diversity, one of the environmental groups Barra wrote to, said GM was wrong in trying to stop California from protecting its people from auto pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“Now the other automakers must follow GM and withdraw support for (President Donald) Trump’s attack on clean cars,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The White House had no immediate comment Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Ron Klain, Biden’s incoming chief of staff, wrote on Twitter that he is glad to see the president-elect’s leadership “is already encouraging progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Last year General Motors, Fiat Chrysler, Toyota and 10 smaller automakers sided with the Trump administration in a lawsuit over whether California has the right to set its own standards for greenhouse gas emissions and fuel economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The companies said they would intervene in a lawsuit filed by the Environmental Defense Fund against the Trump administration, which has rolled back national pollution and gas mileage standards enacted while Barack Obama was president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The group called itself the “Coalition or Sustainable Automotive Regulation” and also included Nissan, Hyundai, Kia, Subaru, Isuzu, Suzuki, Maserati, McLaren, Aston-Martin and Ferrari.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“With our industry facing the possibility of multiple, overlapping and inconsistent standards that drive up costs and penalize consumers, we had an obligation to intervene,” John Bozzella, CEO of Global Automakers and spokesman for the coalition, said at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Toyota, one of the big automakers in the coalition favoring the Trump standards, said Monday it is reconsidering its position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">In a statement, the company said it has supported year-over-year increases in fuel economy standards, and it joined the coalition because most other automakers agreed there should be a single U.S. standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“Given the changing circumstances, we are assessing the situation, but remain committed to our goal of a consistent, unitary set of fuel economy standards applicable in all 50 states,” Toyota said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The initial move put the coalition automakers at odds with five other companies — BMW, Ford, Volkswagen, Volvo and Honda — that backed California and endorsed stricter emissions and fuel economy standards than proposed by the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">But the coalition’s stance was not so straightforward. For instance, although it opposed California, it still wanted Trump and the state to compromise on one national regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">In September of 2019, Trump announced his administration would seek to revoke California’s congressionally granted authority to set standards that are stricter than those issued by federal regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The move came after Ford, BMW, Honda and Volkswagen signed a deal with the California Air Resources Board, which had been at odds with the Trump administration for months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Many automakers have said in the past that they support increasing the standards, but not as much as those affirmed in the waning days of the Obama administration in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Under the Obama administration requirements, the fleet of new vehicles would have to average 30 mpg in real-world driving by 2021, rising to 36 mpg in 2025. Those increases would be about 5% per year. The Trump administration’s plan increased fuel economy by 1.5% per year, backing off an earlier proposal to freeze the requirements at 2021 levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Automakers say that because buyers are switching to larger trucks and SUVs, many companies would not be able to meet the stricter standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Shares of GM rose nearly 5% to $45.11 in Monday afternoon trading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kathleen Ronayne in Sacramento, California, and Aamer Madhani in Washington, D.C., contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Once-in-a-Lifetime Comet Is Visible Now in Pre-Dawn Sky",
"headTitle": "Once-in-a-Lifetime Comet Is Visible Now in Pre-Dawn Sky | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you thought 2020’s surprises were over, hold on. There’s one more winging toward us before we can finally close — and shred — this year’s calendar. But this one is a welcome surprise: a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/comets/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">comet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> you may be able to see with your own eyes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How to See the Comet\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Through the end of November, comet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://astro.vanbuitenen.nl/comet/2020S3\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“C/2020 S3,” or Erasmus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, can be found low in the sky over the southeastern horizon in the hour or so before dawn. Though it is not very bright, and you may need a pair of binoculars to see it, you can use the bright nearby planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Venus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> as a guide.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">By about 5:30 a.m., Venus and Erasmus will have risen high enough above the horizon to spot, assuming there are no obstructions such as trees or buildings to your east. If you can see Venus above the skyline, then you have a shot at the comet. And Venus is hard to miss; it’s the brightest thing in the sky at this time — in fact, only the sun and moon are brighter than Venus.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971173\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 792px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971173 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/comet-erasmus-nov23-stellarium.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"792\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/comet-erasmus-nov23-stellarium.jpg 792w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/comet-erasmus-nov23-stellarium-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/comet-erasmus-nov23-stellarium-768x514.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 792px) 100vw, 792px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The positions of Venus, the bright star Spica (up and right from Venus), and Comet Erasmus (red crosshair) around Nov. 23. Over the days to follow, the comet will gradually move downward and to the left as it heads toward its close encounter with the sun on Dec. 12. \u003ccite>(Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Facing southeast, start with Venus, and then look about 15 degrees to its right — about the width of your hand spread fully open, from thumb to pinky tip. That’s about where comet Erasmus will be.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you don’t see it with your eyes — \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.darksky.org/light-pollution/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">light pollution\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> or haze can make this difficult — and if you have binoculars, try scanning the area with them.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under good dark conditions, you should be able to spot a faint smudge of light like a cotton ball against the night sky. If you still can’t see it, relax your eyes a bit, and try \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nightsky.jpl.nasa.gov/docs/TTKReadyObserve.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">averting your gaze\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to either side. Your eyes are more sensitive to faint light when you look at something off center, indirectly.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Twilight will seep in as it gets closer to 6 a.m., and eventually the comet will become lost in the glow. With each passing night, as the comet approaches the sun, it will sink lower on the horizon, rising later and eventually departing the night sky completely.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Once In 2,500 Years\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">C/2020 S3 Erasmus was discovered on Sept. 17 by \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://cometografia.es/cometas-visibles/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nicolas Erasmus, from an observatory on Mauna Loa, Hawaii\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Since then it has been traveling closer to the sun, and will reach its nearest point, called perihelion, on Dec. 12, just inside the orbit of Mercury. We won’t see it then, since it will be on the far side of the sun and completely lost in the glare of daytime.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971187\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971187\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/c2020s3erasmus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/c2020s3erasmus.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/c2020s3erasmus-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/c2020s3erasmus-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram shows the orbit of comet C/2020 S3 Erasmus as it makes its closest approach to the sun on Dec. 12, after passing a comfortable distance away from Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Erasmus likely originated in the distant “halo” of dust, ice, and cometary bodies called the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/oort-cloud/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oort Cloud\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which surrounds our solar system and extends halfway to the nearest star.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Estimates of Erasmus’ orbital period vary, but NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory Solar System Dynamics system pegs it at 2,512 years, plus or minus 105 years. The uncertainty is not uncommon for long-period Oort Cloud comets with highly eccentric orbits — in any case, the chance of witnessing Erasmus’ passage is literally a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Another Disaster for 2020\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In ancient times, comets were considered \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2013-11-comets-role-history-civilization.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">bad omens\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> foretelling cataclysmic events, the deaths of rulers, or other calamities. The word “disaster” comes from “dis,” a pejorative, and “astro,” star, or “bad star.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971174\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 759px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971174\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/great-comet-of-1680-Lieve-Verschuier.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"759\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/great-comet-of-1680-Lieve-Verschuier.jpg 759w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/great-comet-of-1680-Lieve-Verschuier-160x126.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 759px) 100vw, 759px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A painting of the Great Comet of 1680, at a time when comets were still seen as bad omens and portents of disaster. \u003ccite>(Lieve Verschuier)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Were a comet to collide with Earth — and they have in the past — it would certainly be a disaster, so maybe the ancients were onto something. Fortunately, Erasmus will not come close to Earth, and after December will be heading away, not to return for more than two thousand years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So, relax. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Comet Erasmus last whirled by 2,500 years ago. You need to get up before the sun for this rare opportunity.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you thought 2020’s surprises were over, hold on. There’s one more winging toward us before we can finally close — and shred — this year’s calendar. But this one is a welcome surprise: a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/comets/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">comet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> you may be able to see with your own eyes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How to See the Comet\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Through the end of November, comet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://astro.vanbuitenen.nl/comet/2020S3\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“C/2020 S3,” or Erasmus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, can be found low in the sky over the southeastern horizon in the hour or so before dawn. Though it is not very bright, and you may need a pair of binoculars to see it, you can use the bright nearby planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Venus\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> as a guide.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">By about 5:30 a.m., Venus and Erasmus will have risen high enough above the horizon to spot, assuming there are no obstructions such as trees or buildings to your east. If you can see Venus above the skyline, then you have a shot at the comet. And Venus is hard to miss; it’s the brightest thing in the sky at this time — in fact, only the sun and moon are brighter than Venus.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971173\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 792px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971173 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/comet-erasmus-nov23-stellarium.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"792\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/comet-erasmus-nov23-stellarium.jpg 792w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/comet-erasmus-nov23-stellarium-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/comet-erasmus-nov23-stellarium-768x514.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 792px) 100vw, 792px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The positions of Venus, the bright star Spica (up and right from Venus), and Comet Erasmus (red crosshair) around Nov. 23. Over the days to follow, the comet will gradually move downward and to the left as it heads toward its close encounter with the sun on Dec. 12. \u003ccite>(Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Facing southeast, start with Venus, and then look about 15 degrees to its right — about the width of your hand spread fully open, from thumb to pinky tip. That’s about where comet Erasmus will be.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you don’t see it with your eyes — \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.darksky.org/light-pollution/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">light pollution\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> or haze can make this difficult — and if you have binoculars, try scanning the area with them.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under good dark conditions, you should be able to spot a faint smudge of light like a cotton ball against the night sky. If you still can’t see it, relax your eyes a bit, and try \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nightsky.jpl.nasa.gov/docs/TTKReadyObserve.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">averting your gaze\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to either side. Your eyes are more sensitive to faint light when you look at something off center, indirectly.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Twilight will seep in as it gets closer to 6 a.m., and eventually the comet will become lost in the glow. With each passing night, as the comet approaches the sun, it will sink lower on the horizon, rising later and eventually departing the night sky completely.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Once In 2,500 Years\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">C/2020 S3 Erasmus was discovered on Sept. 17 by \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://cometografia.es/cometas-visibles/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nicolas Erasmus, from an observatory on Mauna Loa, Hawaii\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Since then it has been traveling closer to the sun, and will reach its nearest point, called perihelion, on Dec. 12, just inside the orbit of Mercury. We won’t see it then, since it will be on the far side of the sun and completely lost in the glare of daytime.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971187\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971187\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/c2020s3erasmus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/c2020s3erasmus.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/c2020s3erasmus-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/c2020s3erasmus-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram shows the orbit of comet C/2020 S3 Erasmus as it makes its closest approach to the sun on Dec. 12, after passing a comfortable distance away from Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Erasmus likely originated in the distant “halo” of dust, ice, and cometary bodies called the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/oort-cloud/overview/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oort Cloud\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which surrounds our solar system and extends halfway to the nearest star.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Estimates of Erasmus’ orbital period vary, but NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory Solar System Dynamics system pegs it at 2,512 years, plus or minus 105 years. The uncertainty is not uncommon for long-period Oort Cloud comets with highly eccentric orbits — in any case, the chance of witnessing Erasmus’ passage is literally a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Another Disaster for 2020\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In ancient times, comets were considered \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2013-11-comets-role-history-civilization.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">bad omens\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> foretelling cataclysmic events, the deaths of rulers, or other calamities. The word “disaster” comes from “dis,” a pejorative, and “astro,” star, or “bad star.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971174\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 759px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971174\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/great-comet-of-1680-Lieve-Verschuier.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"759\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/great-comet-of-1680-Lieve-Verschuier.jpg 759w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/great-comet-of-1680-Lieve-Verschuier-160x126.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 759px) 100vw, 759px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A painting of the Great Comet of 1680, at a time when comets were still seen as bad omens and portents of disaster. \u003ccite>(Lieve Verschuier)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Were a comet to collide with Earth — and they have in the past — it would certainly be a disaster, so maybe the ancients were onto something. Fortunately, Erasmus will not come close to Earth, and after December will be heading away, not to return for more than two thousand years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So, relax. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer said Wednesday that new test results show its coronavirus vaccine is 95% effective, is safe and also protects older people most at risk of dying — the last data needed to seek emergency use of limited shot supplies as the catastrophic outbreak worsens across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The announcement from Pfizer and its German partner BioNTech, just a week after they revealed the first promising preliminary \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/pfizer-vaccine-effective-early-data-4f4ae2e3bad122d17742be22a2240ae8\">results\u003c/a>, comes as the team is preparing within days to formally ask U.S. regulators to allow emergency use of the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">They also have begun “rolling submissions” for the vaccine with regulators in Europe, the U.K. and Canada and soon will add this new data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer and BioNTech had initially estimated the vaccine was more than 90% effective after 94 infections had been counted in a study that included 44,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">With the new announcement, the companies now have accumulated 170 infections in the study — and said only eight of them occurred in volunteers who got the actual vaccine rather than a dummy shot. One of those eight developed severe disease, the companies said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“This is an extraordinarily strong protection,” Dr. Ugur Sahin, BioNTech’s CEO and co-founder, told The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The companies have not yet released detailed data on their study, and results have not been analyzed by independent experts. Also still to be determined are important questions such as how long protection lasts and whether people might need boosters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">But all eyes are on the progress of potential vaccines as the grim infection toll jumps in the U.S. and abroad as winter weather forces people indoors, in the close quarters that fuels viral spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer and BioNTech said the vaccine was more than 94% effective in adults over age 65, though it is not clear exactly how that was determined with only eight infections in the vaccinated group to analyze and no breakdown provided of those people’s ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Sahin said there were enough older adults enrolled in the study and among the placebo recipients who became infected that he is confident “this vaccine appears to work in the higher-risk population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Earlier this week Moderna announced that its experimental vaccine appears to be 94.5% \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/2nd-virus-vaccine-success-us-tests-5575a8a8ca3825a9bf39a5d234aba07b\">effective\u003c/a> after an interim analysis of its late-stage study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Similar results from two vaccines both made with a brand-new technology — using a snippet of the genetic code of the coronavirus to train the body to recognize if the real virus comes along — likely will add to experts’ reassurance about the novel approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">While initial supplies will be scarce and rationed, as the supply grows Sahin said the companies have a responsibility to help ensure access for lower income countries as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer and BioNTech also say they now have the required data on the vaccine’s safety needed to seek emergency authorization from the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The companies didn’t disclose safety details, but said no serious vaccine side effects have been reported, with the most common problem being fatigue after the second vaccine dose, affecting about 4% of participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The study has enrolled nearly 44,000 people in the U.S. and five other countries. The trial will continue to collect safety and effectiveness data on volunteers for two more years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer and BioNTech said they expect to produce up to 50 million vaccine doses globally in 2020 and up to 1.3 billion doses in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">U.S. officials have said they hope to have about 20 million vaccine doses each from Moderna and Pfizer available for distribution in late December. The first shots are expected to be offered to vulnerable groups like medical and nursing home workers, and people with serious health conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>AP medical writer Lauran Neergaard contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer said Wednesday that new test results show its coronavirus vaccine is 95% effective, is safe and also protects older people most at risk of dying — the last data needed to seek emergency use of limited shot supplies as the catastrophic outbreak worsens across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The announcement from Pfizer and its German partner BioNTech, just a week after they revealed the first promising preliminary \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/pfizer-vaccine-effective-early-data-4f4ae2e3bad122d17742be22a2240ae8\">results\u003c/a>, comes as the team is preparing within days to formally ask U.S. regulators to allow emergency use of the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">They also have begun “rolling submissions” for the vaccine with regulators in Europe, the U.K. and Canada and soon will add this new data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer and BioNTech had initially estimated the vaccine was more than 90% effective after 94 infections had been counted in a study that included 44,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">With the new announcement, the companies now have accumulated 170 infections in the study — and said only eight of them occurred in volunteers who got the actual vaccine rather than a dummy shot. One of those eight developed severe disease, the companies said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“This is an extraordinarily strong protection,” Dr. Ugur Sahin, BioNTech’s CEO and co-founder, told The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The companies have not yet released detailed data on their study, and results have not been analyzed by independent experts. Also still to be determined are important questions such as how long protection lasts and whether people might need boosters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">But all eyes are on the progress of potential vaccines as the grim infection toll jumps in the U.S. and abroad as winter weather forces people indoors, in the close quarters that fuels viral spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer and BioNTech said the vaccine was more than 94% effective in adults over age 65, though it is not clear exactly how that was determined with only eight infections in the vaccinated group to analyze and no breakdown provided of those people’s ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Sahin said there were enough older adults enrolled in the study and among the placebo recipients who became infected that he is confident “this vaccine appears to work in the higher-risk population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Earlier this week Moderna announced that its experimental vaccine appears to be 94.5% \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/2nd-virus-vaccine-success-us-tests-5575a8a8ca3825a9bf39a5d234aba07b\">effective\u003c/a> after an interim analysis of its late-stage study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Similar results from two vaccines both made with a brand-new technology — using a snippet of the genetic code of the coronavirus to train the body to recognize if the real virus comes along — likely will add to experts’ reassurance about the novel approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">While initial supplies will be scarce and rationed, as the supply grows Sahin said the companies have a responsibility to help ensure access for lower income countries as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer and BioNTech also say they now have the required data on the vaccine’s safety needed to seek emergency authorization from the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The companies didn’t disclose safety details, but said no serious vaccine side effects have been reported, with the most common problem being fatigue after the second vaccine dose, affecting about 4% of participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The study has enrolled nearly 44,000 people in the U.S. and five other countries. The trial will continue to collect safety and effectiveness data on volunteers for two more years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer and BioNTech said they expect to produce up to 50 million vaccine doses globally in 2020 and up to 1.3 billion doses in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">U.S. officials have said they hope to have about 20 million vaccine doses each from Moderna and Pfizer available for distribution in late December. The first shots are expected to be offered to vulnerable groups like medical and nursing home workers, and people with serious health conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>AP medical writer Lauran Neergaard contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Most Coronavirus Transmission Happens at Indoor Restaurants, Cafes, Gyms: Study",
"headTitle": "Most Coronavirus Transmission Happens at Indoor Restaurants, Cafes, Gyms: Study | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>You may know by now that in order to make, say, a weather app or Google Maps work correctly, your phone tracks your location as you move about the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That functionality came in handy for a\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2923-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> study\u003c/a> about coronavirus transmission, recently published online in \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em> The researchers used anonymized phone data to track and model how people’s excursions have driven the course of the pandemic in the 10 biggest U.S. metropolitan areas. Using a computer model to build a network of where people visited and for how long, the researchers were able to infer which locations were hot spots for virus transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a very small number of places, about, let’s say, 10%, where 85% of all infections happen,” said \u003ca href=\"https://cs.stanford.edu/people/jure/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jure Leskovec\u003c/a>, a Stanford computer scientist and one of the study’s authors. The research, conducted by a group from Northwestern University and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub as well as Stanford, looked at infections between March 1 and May 2 of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indoor sit-down restaurants, cafes and gyms were the top three points of transmission, and crowding in any indoor business increased the risk of contracting the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data also show that grocery stores in low-income areas were more crowded, with longer customer visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found out that even a trip to a grocery store is twice as risky for an individual from a low-income neighborhood versus an individual from a high-income neighborhood,” Leskovec said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, residents of low-income census tracts reduced their movements less than those of higher-income tracts, the analysis found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, in Chicago, poorer neighborhoods decreased their mobility 30% less than what richer or higher-income neighborhoods did,” Leskovec said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He partially attributes this to low-wage service jobs requiring in-person work, as opposed to higher-wage positions that can be carried out online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZG85TN1nhE&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the big achievements of this study is to highlight the occupational vulnerability that people on the lowest ends of our occupational structure have had to face,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/mc2028\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Merlin Chowkwanyun\u003c/a>, a public health professor at Columbia University, who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He favorably compared the study’s ability to specify what was happening on the ground compared to the more generalized data available on COVID-19 dashboards like the one from \u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/us-map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Johns Hopkins University\u003c/a>, which provide a limited picture in terms of cause and effect. Those illustrate a good macro view of the virus’s growth rate, but leave public health officials and researchers to read the tea leaves amid the peaks, valleys and plateaus of the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Afterwards we kind of guess, ‘Oh, maybe this event like a mask ordinance or a stay-at-home order or a big rally or whatever, may have caused this or that jump,'” Chowkwyanyun said. “But it’s all kind of post hoc speculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What was cool about this was it used some of that data, but it overlaid it with very, very specific data about individual behavior that you could actually document,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis shows that despite the current surge in cases, public health safety precautions are working insofar as they decreased the probability of the virus jumping from one person to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though the numbers are rising, they are actually lower than what our model would predict,” said Leskovec. “We attribute that to the fact that people are wearing masks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971126\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1971126\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-800x786.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"786\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-800x786.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-1020x1002.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-160x157.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-768x754.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-1536x1508.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM.png 1554w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The number of transmissions after one month of opening verses the number of visits to points of interest in the San Francisco Bay region, as modeled in a new study. \u003ccite>(Stanford University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Importantly, the study also confirms that capping a business’s peak capacity can reduce transmissions even though the overall number of customers permitted inside is decreased by just a small amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay Area, the team calculated, putting a cap of 30% of capacity for the number of people allowed indoors at the same time leads to a 600% decrease in transmissions, while still permitting 70% of visits overall.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The conclusion here,” said Leskovec, “is that you can get quite a large benefit in terms of infections stopped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important takeaway for the public, he said, is simply: “Stay at home. Stay at home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Failing that, you should avoid dense crowds where people congregate for longer periods of time.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You may know by now that in order to make, say, a weather app or Google Maps work correctly, your phone tracks your location as you move about the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That functionality came in handy for a\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2923-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> study\u003c/a> about coronavirus transmission, recently published online in \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em> The researchers used anonymized phone data to track and model how people’s excursions have driven the course of the pandemic in the 10 biggest U.S. metropolitan areas. Using a computer model to build a network of where people visited and for how long, the researchers were able to infer which locations were hot spots for virus transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a very small number of places, about, let’s say, 10%, where 85% of all infections happen,” said \u003ca href=\"https://cs.stanford.edu/people/jure/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jure Leskovec\u003c/a>, a Stanford computer scientist and one of the study’s authors. The research, conducted by a group from Northwestern University and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub as well as Stanford, looked at infections between March 1 and May 2 of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indoor sit-down restaurants, cafes and gyms were the top three points of transmission, and crowding in any indoor business increased the risk of contracting the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data also show that grocery stores in low-income areas were more crowded, with longer customer visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found out that even a trip to a grocery store is twice as risky for an individual from a low-income neighborhood versus an individual from a high-income neighborhood,” Leskovec said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, residents of low-income census tracts reduced their movements less than those of higher-income tracts, the analysis found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, in Chicago, poorer neighborhoods decreased their mobility 30% less than what richer or higher-income neighborhoods did,” Leskovec said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He partially attributes this to low-wage service jobs requiring in-person work, as opposed to higher-wage positions that can be carried out online.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/FZG85TN1nhE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/FZG85TN1nhE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“One of the big achievements of this study is to highlight the occupational vulnerability that people on the lowest ends of our occupational structure have had to face,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/mc2028\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Merlin Chowkwanyun\u003c/a>, a public health professor at Columbia University, who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He favorably compared the study’s ability to specify what was happening on the ground compared to the more generalized data available on COVID-19 dashboards like the one from \u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/us-map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Johns Hopkins University\u003c/a>, which provide a limited picture in terms of cause and effect. Those illustrate a good macro view of the virus’s growth rate, but leave public health officials and researchers to read the tea leaves amid the peaks, valleys and plateaus of the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Afterwards we kind of guess, ‘Oh, maybe this event like a mask ordinance or a stay-at-home order or a big rally or whatever, may have caused this or that jump,'” Chowkwyanyun said. “But it’s all kind of post hoc speculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What was cool about this was it used some of that data, but it overlaid it with very, very specific data about individual behavior that you could actually document,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis shows that despite the current surge in cases, public health safety precautions are working insofar as they decreased the probability of the virus jumping from one person to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though the numbers are rising, they are actually lower than what our model would predict,” said Leskovec. “We attribute that to the fact that people are wearing masks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971126\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1971126\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-800x786.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"786\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-800x786.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-1020x1002.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-160x157.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-768x754.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-1536x1508.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM.png 1554w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The number of transmissions after one month of opening verses the number of visits to points of interest in the San Francisco Bay region, as modeled in a new study. \u003ccite>(Stanford University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Importantly, the study also confirms that capping a business’s peak capacity can reduce transmissions even though the overall number of customers permitted inside is decreased by just a small amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay Area, the team calculated, putting a cap of 30% of capacity for the number of people allowed indoors at the same time leads to a 600% decrease in transmissions, while still permitting 70% of visits overall.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The conclusion here,” said Leskovec, “is that you can get quite a large benefit in terms of infections stopped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important takeaway for the public, he said, is simply: “Stay at home. Stay at home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Failing that, you should avoid dense crowds where people congregate for longer periods of time.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Historic Deal Revives Plan for Dam Demolition on the Klamath River",
"headTitle": "Historic Deal Revives Plan for Dam Demolition on the Klamath River | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">An agreement announced Tuesday paves the way for the largest dam demolition in U.S. history, a project that promises to reopen hundreds of miles of waterway along the Oregon-California border to salmon that are critical to tribes but have dwindled to almost nothing in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">If approved, the deal would revive plans to remove four massive hydroelectric dams on the lower Klamath River, creating the foundation for the most ambitious salmon restoration effort in history. The project on California’s second-largest river would be at the vanguard of a trend toward dam demolitions in the U.S. as the structures age and become less economically viable amid growing environmental concerns about the health of native fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">\u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/c3d6e788310a3591210dc4433793d919\">Previous efforts\u003c/a> to address problems in the Klamath Basin have fallen apart amid years of legal sparring that generated distrust among tribes, fishing groups, farmers and environmentalists. Opponents of dam removal worry about their property values and the loss of a water source for fighting wildfires. Lawsuits challenging the agreement are possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“This dam removal is more than just a concrete project coming down. It’s a new day and a new era,” Yurok Tribe chairman Joseph James said. “To me, this is who we are, to have a free-flowing river just as those who have come before us. … Our way of life will thrive with these dams being out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gov. Gavin Newsom thanked Oregon’s governor, the Yurok and Karuk Tribal leadership and PacifiCorp for “joining together with a collective vision to right some wrongs, to address some of our historic mistakes and to set a tone and tenor to frame a much brighter future for generations to come.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A half-dozen tribes across Oregon and California, fishing groups and environmentalists had hoped to see demolition work begin as soon as 2022. But those plans stalled in July, when U.S. regulators \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/123f20f9e4b8948cf7d948482a8eec1d\">questioned\u003c/a> whether the nonprofit entity formed to oversee the project could adequately respond to any cost overruns or accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The new plan makes Oregon and California equal partners in the demolition with the nonprofit entity, called the Klamath River Renewal Corp., and adds $45 million to the project’s $450 million budget to ease those concerns. Oregon, California and the utility PacifiCorp, which operates the hydroelectric dams and is owned by billionaire Warren Buffett’s company Berkshire Hathaway, will each provide one-third of the additional funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission must approve the deal. If accepted, it would allow PacifiCorp and Berkshire Hathaway to walk away from aging dams that are more of an albatross than a profit-generator, while addressing regulators’ concerns. Oregon, California and the nonprofit would jointly take over the hydroelectric license from PacifiCorp while the nonprofit will oversee the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Buffett said the reworked deal solves a “very complex challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“I recognize the importance of Klamath dam removal and river restoration for tribal people in the Klamath Basin,” Buffett said in a statement. “We appreciate and respect our tribal partners for their collaboration in forging an agreement that delivers an exceptional outcome for the river, as well as future generations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/SamD4TU/status/1328832833163456513\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Removed would be the four southernmost dams in a string of six constructed in southern Oregon and far Northern California beginning in 1918.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">They were built solely for power generation. They are not used for irrigation and not managed for flood control. The lowest dam on the river, the Iron Gate, has no “fish ladder,” or concrete chutes that fish can pass through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">That’s blocked hundreds of miles of potential fish habitat and spawning grounds, and fish populations have dropped precipitously in recent years. Salmon are at the heart of the culture, beliefs and diet of a half-dozen regional tribes, including the Yurok and Karuk — both parties to the agreement — and they have suffered deeply from that loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Coho salmon from the Klamath River are listed as threatened under federal and California law, and their population in the river has fallen anywhere from 52% to 95%. Spring chinook salmon, once the Klamath Basin’s largest run, has dwindled by 98%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Fall chinook, the last to persist in any significant numbers, have been so meager in the past few years that the Yurok canceled fishing for the first time in the tribe’s memory. In 2017, they bought fish at a grocery store for their annual salmon festival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“It is bleak, but I want to have hope that with dam removal and with all the prayers that we’ve been sending up all these years, salmon could come back. If we just give them a chance, they will,” said Chook-Chook Hillman, a Karuk tribal member fighting for dam removal. “If you provide a good place for salmon, they’ll always come home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">PacifiCorp has been operating the dams under an extension of its expired hydroelectric license for years. The license was originally granted before modern environmental laws and renewing it would mean costly renovations to install fish ladders. The utility has said energy generated by the dams no longer makes up a significant part of its portfolio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">In the original deal, PacifiCorp was to transfer its license and contribute $200 million to bow out of the removal project and avoid further costs and liability. An additional $250 million comes from a voter-approved California water bond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">U.S. regulators, however, agreed only on the condition that PacifiCorp remain a co-licensee along with the Klamath River Renewal Corp. — a nonstarter for the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Residents have been caught in the middle. As tribes watched salmon dwindle, some homeowners around a huge reservoir created by one of the dams slated for removal have sued to stop the demolition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">They say their waterfront property values have already fallen by half because of news coverage associated with demolition and they worry about losing a water source for fighting wildfires in an increasingly fire-prone landscape. Many also oppose the use of ratepayer funds for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Some Oregon lawmakers said Tuesday that Gov. Kate Brown had violated her constitutional authority by authorizing the deal without legislative or voter approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Further upstream, farmers who rely on two other dams are watching carefully. The removal of the lower four dams won’t affect them directly, but they worry it could set a precedent for dam removal on the Klamath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">More than 1,720 dams have been dismantled around the U.S. since 2012, according to American Rivers, and 26 states undertook dam removal projects in 2019 alone. The Klamath River project would be the largest such project by far if it proceeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Danielle Venton contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">An agreement announced Tuesday paves the way for the largest dam demolition in U.S. history, a project that promises to reopen hundreds of miles of waterway along the Oregon-California border to salmon that are critical to tribes but have dwindled to almost nothing in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">If approved, the deal would revive plans to remove four massive hydroelectric dams on the lower Klamath River, creating the foundation for the most ambitious salmon restoration effort in history. The project on California’s second-largest river would be at the vanguard of a trend toward dam demolitions in the U.S. as the structures age and become less economically viable amid growing environmental concerns about the health of native fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">\u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/c3d6e788310a3591210dc4433793d919\">Previous efforts\u003c/a> to address problems in the Klamath Basin have fallen apart amid years of legal sparring that generated distrust among tribes, fishing groups, farmers and environmentalists. Opponents of dam removal worry about their property values and the loss of a water source for fighting wildfires. Lawsuits challenging the agreement are possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“This dam removal is more than just a concrete project coming down. It’s a new day and a new era,” Yurok Tribe chairman Joseph James said. “To me, this is who we are, to have a free-flowing river just as those who have come before us. … Our way of life will thrive with these dams being out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gov. Gavin Newsom thanked Oregon’s governor, the Yurok and Karuk Tribal leadership and PacifiCorp for “joining together with a collective vision to right some wrongs, to address some of our historic mistakes and to set a tone and tenor to frame a much brighter future for generations to come.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A half-dozen tribes across Oregon and California, fishing groups and environmentalists had hoped to see demolition work begin as soon as 2022. But those plans stalled in July, when U.S. regulators \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/123f20f9e4b8948cf7d948482a8eec1d\">questioned\u003c/a> whether the nonprofit entity formed to oversee the project could adequately respond to any cost overruns or accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The new plan makes Oregon and California equal partners in the demolition with the nonprofit entity, called the Klamath River Renewal Corp., and adds $45 million to the project’s $450 million budget to ease those concerns. Oregon, California and the utility PacifiCorp, which operates the hydroelectric dams and is owned by billionaire Warren Buffett’s company Berkshire Hathaway, will each provide one-third of the additional funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission must approve the deal. If accepted, it would allow PacifiCorp and Berkshire Hathaway to walk away from aging dams that are more of an albatross than a profit-generator, while addressing regulators’ concerns. Oregon, California and the nonprofit would jointly take over the hydroelectric license from PacifiCorp while the nonprofit will oversee the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Buffett said the reworked deal solves a “very complex challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“I recognize the importance of Klamath dam removal and river restoration for tribal people in the Klamath Basin,” Buffett said in a statement. “We appreciate and respect our tribal partners for their collaboration in forging an agreement that delivers an exceptional outcome for the river, as well as future generations.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Removed would be the four southernmost dams in a string of six constructed in southern Oregon and far Northern California beginning in 1918.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">They were built solely for power generation. They are not used for irrigation and not managed for flood control. The lowest dam on the river, the Iron Gate, has no “fish ladder,” or concrete chutes that fish can pass through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">That’s blocked hundreds of miles of potential fish habitat and spawning grounds, and fish populations have dropped precipitously in recent years. Salmon are at the heart of the culture, beliefs and diet of a half-dozen regional tribes, including the Yurok and Karuk — both parties to the agreement — and they have suffered deeply from that loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Coho salmon from the Klamath River are listed as threatened under federal and California law, and their population in the river has fallen anywhere from 52% to 95%. Spring chinook salmon, once the Klamath Basin’s largest run, has dwindled by 98%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Fall chinook, the last to persist in any significant numbers, have been so meager in the past few years that the Yurok canceled fishing for the first time in the tribe’s memory. In 2017, they bought fish at a grocery store for their annual salmon festival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“It is bleak, but I want to have hope that with dam removal and with all the prayers that we’ve been sending up all these years, salmon could come back. If we just give them a chance, they will,” said Chook-Chook Hillman, a Karuk tribal member fighting for dam removal. “If you provide a good place for salmon, they’ll always come home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">PacifiCorp has been operating the dams under an extension of its expired hydroelectric license for years. The license was originally granted before modern environmental laws and renewing it would mean costly renovations to install fish ladders. The utility has said energy generated by the dams no longer makes up a significant part of its portfolio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">In the original deal, PacifiCorp was to transfer its license and contribute $200 million to bow out of the removal project and avoid further costs and liability. An additional $250 million comes from a voter-approved California water bond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">U.S. regulators, however, agreed only on the condition that PacifiCorp remain a co-licensee along with the Klamath River Renewal Corp. — a nonstarter for the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Residents have been caught in the middle. As tribes watched salmon dwindle, some homeowners around a huge reservoir created by one of the dams slated for removal have sued to stop the demolition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">They say their waterfront property values have already fallen by half because of news coverage associated with demolition and they worry about losing a water source for fighting wildfires in an increasingly fire-prone landscape. Many also oppose the use of ratepayer funds for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Some Oregon lawmakers said Tuesday that Gov. Kate Brown had violated her constitutional authority by authorizing the deal without legislative or voter approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Further upstream, farmers who rely on two other dams are watching carefully. The removal of the lower four dams won’t affect them directly, but they worry it could set a precedent for dam removal on the Klamath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">More than 1,720 dams have been dismantled around the U.S. since 2012, according to American Rivers, and 26 states undertook dam removal projects in 2019 alone. The Klamath River project would be the largest such project by far if it proceeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Danielle Venton contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Five Big Trump Environmental Rollbacks Biden Could Try to Reverse",
"headTitle": "Five Big Trump Environmental Rollbacks Biden Could Try to Reverse | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even if President-elect Joe Biden can reassemble the pieces of climate policy shattered by President Donald Trump, it is not likely to be adequate to tackle the challenge of global warming, which has grown substantially after four years of inaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biden faces science that paints a more alarming picture than it did four years ago and federal courts that, with Trump appointees, will be more skeptical of presidential power to act than when President Barack Obama put in place the first U.S. regulations to cut greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">For Biden to bring the United States back into the Paris climate accord and achieve his ambitious goal of setting the United States on path to net-zero carbon emissions by mid-century, his team will have to attain deeper cuts in pollution than Obama sought, while having to work harder to bulletproof their actions against legal challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Trump administration has rolled back \u003ca href=\"https://climate.law.columbia.edu/climate-deregulation-tracker\">more than 100 environmental regulations\u003c/a> in the last four years — including rules on offshore drilling, management of water pollution at coal power plants, monitoring air pollution at oil refineries, and permits for pipeline construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“President Biden will have his work cut out for him to reverse the damage done,” said Dan Lashof, U.S. director of the World Resources Institute. “To be successful, he’s going to need to focus on a smaller number of very high-impact actions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate policy experts say they expect Biden’s team to focus on five Trump rollbacks in particular that have set back the nation’s progress in cutting emissions: rollbacks on clean cars, clean power, climate super-pollutants, methane leaks from oil and gas operations and gas from landfills. Taken together, those will result in the release of at least an additional 1.8 billion to 2.1 billion metric tons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere by 2035 if they are not reversed, according to \u003ca href=\"https://rhg.com/research/the-rollback-of-us-climate-policy/#:~:text=Rhodium%20Group%20has%20analyzed%20the,to%20the%20atmosphere%20by%202035.\">a recent analysis \u003c/a>by the Rhodium Group consulting firm. That’s equivalent to more than one year’s emissions from Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Trump administration currently is in court facing multiple legal challenges over all five deregulatory actions — cases that the Biden administration now will inherit, and almost certainly will ask the courts to hold in abeyance while it reviews and revises the regulations. (The Trump administration did exactly that with litigation over the Obama rules when it took over in January 2017.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although the Biden administration will want to move quickly, there are few viable shortcuts in the process of writing new regulations, a process that can take two to three years. In fact, the Trump administration faced numerous setbacks in the courts, mainly because it did not adequately justify its actions or skipped the needed notice and comment procedures. The Institute for Policy Integrity at New York University Law School tallied \u003ca href=\"https://policyintegrity.org/trump-court-roundup\">some 80 adverse rulings\u003c/a> for the Trump administration in lawsuits over its weakening of environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Whether you’re building the building up, or you’re tearing the building down, or rebuilding it up again, you have to go through the same steps,” said David Doniger, director of the climate and clean energy program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental group that has led many of the legal challenges of Trump’s regulatory rollbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some had hoped that Biden would be able to rely on Congress to help repeal some of the Trump deregulatory actions. Using a Newt Gingrich-era law called the Congressional Review Act, Congress repealed 17 Obama administration rules after Trump took office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">But unless the Democrats gain control of the Senate by winning \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/tags/all-eyes-georgia\">Georgia’s two runoff races\u003c/a> in January, the party will not be able to bring such measures to the floor without the approval of Republican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, Doniger believes that Biden has an advantage that Obama lacked when he embarked on climate policy — a groundswell of public support and attention. Climate change was a focus throughout the 2020 campaign, with Biden repeatedly framing it as one of the four great crises he faces, along with the coronavirus, the economy and racial justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We have enormous challenges ahead of us, but we have a new opportunity for forward motion, and for action and for hope,” Doniger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even those who believe that Biden’s authority to use the regulatory process on climate is limited, think the atmosphere is favorable for progress. Jeff Holmstead, a partner in the law and lobbying firm Bracewell, who represents industry clients on clean air matters, argues that, even with a Republican-led Senate, the Biden White House should make its \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/05112020/election-2020-biden-mcconnell-senate-climate-change-policy\">case to Congress \u003c/a>instead of relying too heavily on new regulations. “There are many people in the business community who would like to see climate legislation,” Holmstead said. “They would like the business certainty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Here are the big climate regulations that environmental law experts believe will be high on the Biden team’s agenda, as well as the challenges they will face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Clean Cars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden talked about his vision for an electric vehicle future in a campaign ad that featured his vintage 1967 Corvette Stingray, a wedding gift from his father, a car salesman. The message: He is seeking a transformational move away from the internal combustion engine that doesn’t leave behind the American love of the automobile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971115 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/TrumpClimateRollbacksChart529px-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"653\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/TrumpClimateRollbacksChart529px-2.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/TrumpClimateRollbacksChart529px-2-160x198.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003cbr>\nBiden will have a chance early on to show if he can bring the auto industry aboard. One of the highest priority items for his climate agenda will be to undo the largest of the Trump administration’s regulatory rollbacks — eliminating the Obama program to boost the fuel economy of cars and SUVs to 54.5 miles per gallon by Model Year 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump plan, which ratcheted down the goal to 40 mpg by 2026 — a mark automakers were expected to hit with or without a rule — has the potential to release 1 gigaton of additional greenhouse gas pollution into the atmosphere by 2035, according to the Rhodium Group. That’s close to one year’s emissions from Japan, and equal to the impact of the four other big climate rollbacks put together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden can’t tackle climate without action on passenger vehicles, which have driven transportation to surpass electric power as the No. 1 source of greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key will be California, which has for 50 years had the leeway to set its own tough standards under the Clean Air Act, because it acted on pollution before the rest of the nation. As part of its rollback, Trump revoked California’s authority to act on greenhouse gas emissions. The result has been exactly what the carmakers said they didn’t want: the uncertainty of litigation, with 14 states supporting California’s battle against the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s already one compromise solution that might provide a template for Biden. Five automakers (Ford, Honda, BMW, Volkswagen and Volvo), accounting for 30% of the U.S. market, have cut a deal with California, agreeing to improve fuel economy from 38 mpg today to 51 mpg by 2026, a slightly less ambitious timetable than the Obama plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That may well become the foundation for a new federal regulation,” said Michael Gerrard, founder and faculty director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia University. The result would be the kind of nationwide uniform standard that carmakers had under the Obama plan, and that all agree they prefer. The trick will be mapping out a U.S. auto future beyond 2026; California Gov. Gavin Newsom in September pledged to ban all sales of gasoline-powered vehicles in the state by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>General Motors, the largest carmaker and manufacturer of Biden’s beloved Corvette, has not signed on to the California deal. Like the other American carmakers, General Motors is dependent on sales of highly profitable, gas guzzling pickup trucks and large SUVs. But it recently has sent signals in sync with the Biden plan, announcing a $2.2 billion investment in EV production in the United States, with factories in Michigan and Tennessee. GM also rolled out an all-electric Hummer that will be available next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as soon as it became apparent that Biden was going to win the election, that was a signal to all the automobile manufacturers that these new, stricter standards are coming,” said Gerrard. “And I don’t think that they’re waiting for the conclusion of the rulemaking process. That work is probably already underway.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to regulation, Biden plans other moves to hasten an EV transition, including consumer incentives or rebates, the deployment of 500,000 charging stations across the United States and federal fleet purchases of electric vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clean Power And Beyond?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the toughest legal strategy challenges the Biden administration will face in addressing climate change is what to do about electric power plants and other industrial sources of greenhouse gases. Obama’s signature climate policy, the Clean Power Plan, was never implemented because of a stay issued by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia days before his death in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And last year, the Trump administration put in place a weak replacement, the Affordable Clean Energy rule, which would reduce carbon emissions less than 1% when fully implemented in 2030. Even though half the states are on track to meet their goals under the Obama plan anyway, the rollback could mean 241 million metric additional tons of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere by 2035, according to Rhodium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration, supported by some industry groups and coal-dependent states led by West Virginia, has maintained that the Environmental Protection Agency had no authority to put in place a sweeping program like the Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the Obama administration, the EPA treated electric power plants as part of an interconnected system, and gave states the flexibility to allow utilities to meet pollution reduction goals by switching the power plants they relied on, moving from coal to natural gas and renewable energy. But the Trump administration argued that the Clean Air Act only gave EPA authority to require efficiency improvements within each individual power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the Trump administration gone, any attempt by the Biden team to simply reinstate the Obama approach will meet with a legal challenge from industry and from some states, which are confident that the Supreme Court, as now remade by Trump, will see things their way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Clean Air Act contains very circumscribed regulatory programs that the EPA can use when it comes to industrial sources, including power plants,” said Holmstead, who served as a top official in President George W. Bush’s EPA. “All they can do is require existing facilities to improve their operations or to install emission controls. And neither of those things is going to accomplish very much in terms of reducing CO2 emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Biden’s environmental law advisers disagree with that legal interpretation, the team is looking for ways to make progress without getting mired for years in a legal battle. Some legal scholars have proposed that the administration consider shifting to the use of another provision of the Clean Air Act: one that gives the EPA power to require states to address emissions that contribute to air pollution that endangers public health or welfare in other countries, as long as those countries provide reciprocal protections. Another approach would be to focus on tightening the U.S. air quality standards for other pollutants from burning fossil fuels — like smog-causing pollutants and particulate matter — which would have the effect of reducing carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doniger said that approach might especially make sense for the Biden administration, which will be trying to meet environmental justice goals at the same time as it tackles climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is hard, but worth doing,” said Doniger. “You would envision that the Biden EPA would not only focus on power plant carbon, but power plant emissions of other pollutants that especially burden people living in those communities which are over-polluted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet Biden’s goal of carbon-free electricity by 2035, whatever plan his team develops will have to go well beyond the Obama Clean Power Plan, which sought a 32% drop in carbon emissions by 2030. And the Biden administration can be expected to begin looking at regulating greenhouse gas emissions from industrial facilities beyond power plants, analysts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Refineries, cement plants, other facilities — their greenhouse gas emissions are not being regulated,” said Richard Revesz, director of the Institute for Policy Integrity at New York University Law School. “In order to meet his ambitious goals, he’ll have to look at the potential for reductions economy-wide. And I assume that other significant categories of polluters will come under the EPA’s regulatory reach. Strengthening, extending and regulating new areas will have to be undertaken.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane From Oil and Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Biden administration should have at least some industry support in its effort to restore the Obama administration regulation on methane emissions from oil and gas operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some leading oil and gas companies opposed the Trump administration’s rollback of the rules. Detecting and capturing methane, the main component of natural gas, is something the companies know how to do, and they would prefer a level playing field, where all companies are doing their part. The methane that they capture is natural gas that can be sold, although the payback for the investment in controls may be slow with natural gas prices low. The largest industry group, the American Petroleum Institute, supported Trump’s loosening of the regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because methane is 86 times more potent in warming the atmosphere over a 20-year period than carbon dioxide, the Biden administration will be able to make large progress in a short time by acting on the super-pollutant. And there is new outside pressure to do so: The European Union is working toward adopting \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bcg.com/en-us/publications/2020/how-an-eu-carbon-border-tax-could-jolt-world-trade\">a methane strategy \u003c/a>\u003c/b>that may result in tariffs or border adjustments on the United States if the nation leaves methane from oil and gas unregulated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expect the Biden administration to do more than reinstate the Obama rules, which only covered new oil and gas operations. In order to get a handle on methane from the oil and gas industry, the EPA will have to tackle the much larger problem of methane leaking from existing operations. “That’s where the big reduction potentials are,” said Revesz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/03032017/scott-pruitt-environmental-protection-agency-methane-greenhouse-gas-climate-change\">One of the first steps\u003c/a>\u003c/b> the Trump EPA took was to halt an effort begun under the Obama administration to gather information and measure just how large the methane problem from existing facilities was. Recent studies, using state-of-the-art monitoring techniques, have indicated that methane releases from the industry are twice as high as the \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22042020/permian-basin-methane-emissions-texas-new-mexico\">federal government previously estimated.\u003c/a>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Super-Pollutants\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the Trump administration repealed rules designed to curb the leaking and venting of a powerful group of greenhouse gases known as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) from refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. The greenhouse gas impact of the move was equivalent to\u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/27022020/epa-hfc-refrigerant-emissions-climate-hydrofluorocarbons-pollutant-andrew-wheeler\"> adding at least 625,000 new cars \u003c/a>\u003c/b>to the nation’s highways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump EPA said its goal was to save businesses $24 million a year, and a group of industry players including BP, Boeing and Koch Industries pushed hard for the repeal. But the manufacturers of alternative refrigerants, including Honeywell and Chemours, a DuPont spinoff, support a global phaseout of HFCs, as nations had agreed to in 2016 in an international pact reached in Kigali, Rwanda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden’s effort to reinstate HFC regulation may get a boost from Congress, where bipartisan legislation to phase out the super-pollutants, co-sponsored by Sens. Tom Carper, D-Del., and John Kennedy, R-La., has 31 co-sponsors, including 16 Republicans. One provision of the bill is designed to make clear that EPA has the authority to regulate HFCs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landfill Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration hasn’t disputed that there is a need to address air pollution from landfills. It has simply delayed doing anything about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Municipal waste landfills not only are the nation’s third-largest source of methane pollution (behind the energy and agriculture industries), the landfills also emit hazardous pollutants like benzene and volatile organic compounds that lead to the formation of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its final year, the Obama administration approved a rule that required states to submit their plans for controlling landfill gas within nine months. But the Trump administration put off enforcement of the requirement, and after lawsuits by states and environmental groups, the administration last year approved a new rule that gave states three years to act. Late last year, U.S. District Judge Haywood Gilliam, an Obama-appointed federal judge in Northern California, accused the Trump administration of attempting to sidestep its previous orders and the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This scenario presents a serious concern that in cases where a judgment is premised on an agency’s failure to meet deadlines, that agency can perpetually evade judicial review through amendment, even after a violation has been found,” Gilliam wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in October, the Trump administration got a reprieve, when a three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, including two of Trump’s own appointees, reversed that ruling and said that the EPA could take more time to act on landfill gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By reinstating the Obama rules, the Biden administration could cut greenhouse gas emissions by the equivalent of 46 million metric tons of carbon dioxide through 2035 — the equivalent of closing down a dozen coal-fired power plants. But among the obstacles the Biden administration may face are courts like the 9th Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court, which may be inclined to extend the deregulatory legacy of Trump long after he leaves office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Together, the five Trump administration regulations would release an additional 1.8 billion to 2.1 billion metric tons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere by 2035.\r\n\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even if President-elect Joe Biden can reassemble the pieces of climate policy shattered by President Donald Trump, it is not likely to be adequate to tackle the challenge of global warming, which has grown substantially after four years of inaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biden faces science that paints a more alarming picture than it did four years ago and federal courts that, with Trump appointees, will be more skeptical of presidential power to act than when President Barack Obama put in place the first U.S. regulations to cut greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">For Biden to bring the United States back into the Paris climate accord and achieve his ambitious goal of setting the United States on path to net-zero carbon emissions by mid-century, his team will have to attain deeper cuts in pollution than Obama sought, while having to work harder to bulletproof their actions against legal challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Trump administration has rolled back \u003ca href=\"https://climate.law.columbia.edu/climate-deregulation-tracker\">more than 100 environmental regulations\u003c/a> in the last four years — including rules on offshore drilling, management of water pollution at coal power plants, monitoring air pollution at oil refineries, and permits for pipeline construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“President Biden will have his work cut out for him to reverse the damage done,” said Dan Lashof, U.S. director of the World Resources Institute. “To be successful, he’s going to need to focus on a smaller number of very high-impact actions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate policy experts say they expect Biden’s team to focus on five Trump rollbacks in particular that have set back the nation’s progress in cutting emissions: rollbacks on clean cars, clean power, climate super-pollutants, methane leaks from oil and gas operations and gas from landfills. Taken together, those will result in the release of at least an additional 1.8 billion to 2.1 billion metric tons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere by 2035 if they are not reversed, according to \u003ca href=\"https://rhg.com/research/the-rollback-of-us-climate-policy/#:~:text=Rhodium%20Group%20has%20analyzed%20the,to%20the%20atmosphere%20by%202035.\">a recent analysis \u003c/a>by the Rhodium Group consulting firm. That’s equivalent to more than one year’s emissions from Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Trump administration currently is in court facing multiple legal challenges over all five deregulatory actions — cases that the Biden administration now will inherit, and almost certainly will ask the courts to hold in abeyance while it reviews and revises the regulations. (The Trump administration did exactly that with litigation over the Obama rules when it took over in January 2017.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although the Biden administration will want to move quickly, there are few viable shortcuts in the process of writing new regulations, a process that can take two to three years. In fact, the Trump administration faced numerous setbacks in the courts, mainly because it did not adequately justify its actions or skipped the needed notice and comment procedures. The Institute for Policy Integrity at New York University Law School tallied \u003ca href=\"https://policyintegrity.org/trump-court-roundup\">some 80 adverse rulings\u003c/a> for the Trump administration in lawsuits over its weakening of environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Whether you’re building the building up, or you’re tearing the building down, or rebuilding it up again, you have to go through the same steps,” said David Doniger, director of the climate and clean energy program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental group that has led many of the legal challenges of Trump’s regulatory rollbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some had hoped that Biden would be able to rely on Congress to help repeal some of the Trump deregulatory actions. Using a Newt Gingrich-era law called the Congressional Review Act, Congress repealed 17 Obama administration rules after Trump took office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">But unless the Democrats gain control of the Senate by winning \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/tags/all-eyes-georgia\">Georgia’s two runoff races\u003c/a> in January, the party will not be able to bring such measures to the floor without the approval of Republican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, Doniger believes that Biden has an advantage that Obama lacked when he embarked on climate policy — a groundswell of public support and attention. Climate change was a focus throughout the 2020 campaign, with Biden repeatedly framing it as one of the four great crises he faces, along with the coronavirus, the economy and racial justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We have enormous challenges ahead of us, but we have a new opportunity for forward motion, and for action and for hope,” Doniger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even those who believe that Biden’s authority to use the regulatory process on climate is limited, think the atmosphere is favorable for progress. Jeff Holmstead, a partner in the law and lobbying firm Bracewell, who represents industry clients on clean air matters, argues that, even with a Republican-led Senate, the Biden White House should make its \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/05112020/election-2020-biden-mcconnell-senate-climate-change-policy\">case to Congress \u003c/a>instead of relying too heavily on new regulations. “There are many people in the business community who would like to see climate legislation,” Holmstead said. “They would like the business certainty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Here are the big climate regulations that environmental law experts believe will be high on the Biden team’s agenda, as well as the challenges they will face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Clean Cars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden talked about his vision for an electric vehicle future in a campaign ad that featured his vintage 1967 Corvette Stingray, a wedding gift from his father, a car salesman. The message: He is seeking a transformational move away from the internal combustion engine that doesn’t leave behind the American love of the automobile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971115 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/TrumpClimateRollbacksChart529px-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"653\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/TrumpClimateRollbacksChart529px-2.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/TrumpClimateRollbacksChart529px-2-160x198.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003cbr>\nBiden will have a chance early on to show if he can bring the auto industry aboard. One of the highest priority items for his climate agenda will be to undo the largest of the Trump administration’s regulatory rollbacks — eliminating the Obama program to boost the fuel economy of cars and SUVs to 54.5 miles per gallon by Model Year 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump plan, which ratcheted down the goal to 40 mpg by 2026 — a mark automakers were expected to hit with or without a rule — has the potential to release 1 gigaton of additional greenhouse gas pollution into the atmosphere by 2035, according to the Rhodium Group. That’s close to one year’s emissions from Japan, and equal to the impact of the four other big climate rollbacks put together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden can’t tackle climate without action on passenger vehicles, which have driven transportation to surpass electric power as the No. 1 source of greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key will be California, which has for 50 years had the leeway to set its own tough standards under the Clean Air Act, because it acted on pollution before the rest of the nation. As part of its rollback, Trump revoked California’s authority to act on greenhouse gas emissions. The result has been exactly what the carmakers said they didn’t want: the uncertainty of litigation, with 14 states supporting California’s battle against the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s already one compromise solution that might provide a template for Biden. Five automakers (Ford, Honda, BMW, Volkswagen and Volvo), accounting for 30% of the U.S. market, have cut a deal with California, agreeing to improve fuel economy from 38 mpg today to 51 mpg by 2026, a slightly less ambitious timetable than the Obama plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That may well become the foundation for a new federal regulation,” said Michael Gerrard, founder and faculty director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia University. The result would be the kind of nationwide uniform standard that carmakers had under the Obama plan, and that all agree they prefer. The trick will be mapping out a U.S. auto future beyond 2026; California Gov. Gavin Newsom in September pledged to ban all sales of gasoline-powered vehicles in the state by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>General Motors, the largest carmaker and manufacturer of Biden’s beloved Corvette, has not signed on to the California deal. Like the other American carmakers, General Motors is dependent on sales of highly profitable, gas guzzling pickup trucks and large SUVs. But it recently has sent signals in sync with the Biden plan, announcing a $2.2 billion investment in EV production in the United States, with factories in Michigan and Tennessee. GM also rolled out an all-electric Hummer that will be available next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as soon as it became apparent that Biden was going to win the election, that was a signal to all the automobile manufacturers that these new, stricter standards are coming,” said Gerrard. “And I don’t think that they’re waiting for the conclusion of the rulemaking process. That work is probably already underway.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to regulation, Biden plans other moves to hasten an EV transition, including consumer incentives or rebates, the deployment of 500,000 charging stations across the United States and federal fleet purchases of electric vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clean Power And Beyond?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the toughest legal strategy challenges the Biden administration will face in addressing climate change is what to do about electric power plants and other industrial sources of greenhouse gases. Obama’s signature climate policy, the Clean Power Plan, was never implemented because of a stay issued by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia days before his death in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And last year, the Trump administration put in place a weak replacement, the Affordable Clean Energy rule, which would reduce carbon emissions less than 1% when fully implemented in 2030. Even though half the states are on track to meet their goals under the Obama plan anyway, the rollback could mean 241 million metric additional tons of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere by 2035, according to Rhodium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration, supported by some industry groups and coal-dependent states led by West Virginia, has maintained that the Environmental Protection Agency had no authority to put in place a sweeping program like the Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the Obama administration, the EPA treated electric power plants as part of an interconnected system, and gave states the flexibility to allow utilities to meet pollution reduction goals by switching the power plants they relied on, moving from coal to natural gas and renewable energy. But the Trump administration argued that the Clean Air Act only gave EPA authority to require efficiency improvements within each individual power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the Trump administration gone, any attempt by the Biden team to simply reinstate the Obama approach will meet with a legal challenge from industry and from some states, which are confident that the Supreme Court, as now remade by Trump, will see things their way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Clean Air Act contains very circumscribed regulatory programs that the EPA can use when it comes to industrial sources, including power plants,” said Holmstead, who served as a top official in President George W. Bush’s EPA. “All they can do is require existing facilities to improve their operations or to install emission controls. And neither of those things is going to accomplish very much in terms of reducing CO2 emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Biden’s environmental law advisers disagree with that legal interpretation, the team is looking for ways to make progress without getting mired for years in a legal battle. Some legal scholars have proposed that the administration consider shifting to the use of another provision of the Clean Air Act: one that gives the EPA power to require states to address emissions that contribute to air pollution that endangers public health or welfare in other countries, as long as those countries provide reciprocal protections. Another approach would be to focus on tightening the U.S. air quality standards for other pollutants from burning fossil fuels — like smog-causing pollutants and particulate matter — which would have the effect of reducing carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doniger said that approach might especially make sense for the Biden administration, which will be trying to meet environmental justice goals at the same time as it tackles climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is hard, but worth doing,” said Doniger. “You would envision that the Biden EPA would not only focus on power plant carbon, but power plant emissions of other pollutants that especially burden people living in those communities which are over-polluted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet Biden’s goal of carbon-free electricity by 2035, whatever plan his team develops will have to go well beyond the Obama Clean Power Plan, which sought a 32% drop in carbon emissions by 2030. And the Biden administration can be expected to begin looking at regulating greenhouse gas emissions from industrial facilities beyond power plants, analysts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Refineries, cement plants, other facilities — their greenhouse gas emissions are not being regulated,” said Richard Revesz, director of the Institute for Policy Integrity at New York University Law School. “In order to meet his ambitious goals, he’ll have to look at the potential for reductions economy-wide. And I assume that other significant categories of polluters will come under the EPA’s regulatory reach. Strengthening, extending and regulating new areas will have to be undertaken.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane From Oil and Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Biden administration should have at least some industry support in its effort to restore the Obama administration regulation on methane emissions from oil and gas operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some leading oil and gas companies opposed the Trump administration’s rollback of the rules. Detecting and capturing methane, the main component of natural gas, is something the companies know how to do, and they would prefer a level playing field, where all companies are doing their part. The methane that they capture is natural gas that can be sold, although the payback for the investment in controls may be slow with natural gas prices low. The largest industry group, the American Petroleum Institute, supported Trump’s loosening of the regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because methane is 86 times more potent in warming the atmosphere over a 20-year period than carbon dioxide, the Biden administration will be able to make large progress in a short time by acting on the super-pollutant. And there is new outside pressure to do so: The European Union is working toward adopting \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bcg.com/en-us/publications/2020/how-an-eu-carbon-border-tax-could-jolt-world-trade\">a methane strategy \u003c/a>\u003c/b>that may result in tariffs or border adjustments on the United States if the nation leaves methane from oil and gas unregulated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expect the Biden administration to do more than reinstate the Obama rules, which only covered new oil and gas operations. In order to get a handle on methane from the oil and gas industry, the EPA will have to tackle the much larger problem of methane leaking from existing operations. “That’s where the big reduction potentials are,” said Revesz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/03032017/scott-pruitt-environmental-protection-agency-methane-greenhouse-gas-climate-change\">One of the first steps\u003c/a>\u003c/b> the Trump EPA took was to halt an effort begun under the Obama administration to gather information and measure just how large the methane problem from existing facilities was. Recent studies, using state-of-the-art monitoring techniques, have indicated that methane releases from the industry are twice as high as the \u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22042020/permian-basin-methane-emissions-texas-new-mexico\">federal government previously estimated.\u003c/a>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Super-Pollutants\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the Trump administration repealed rules designed to curb the leaking and venting of a powerful group of greenhouse gases known as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) from refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. The greenhouse gas impact of the move was equivalent to\u003cb>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/27022020/epa-hfc-refrigerant-emissions-climate-hydrofluorocarbons-pollutant-andrew-wheeler\"> adding at least 625,000 new cars \u003c/a>\u003c/b>to the nation’s highways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump EPA said its goal was to save businesses $24 million a year, and a group of industry players including BP, Boeing and Koch Industries pushed hard for the repeal. But the manufacturers of alternative refrigerants, including Honeywell and Chemours, a DuPont spinoff, support a global phaseout of HFCs, as nations had agreed to in 2016 in an international pact reached in Kigali, Rwanda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden’s effort to reinstate HFC regulation may get a boost from Congress, where bipartisan legislation to phase out the super-pollutants, co-sponsored by Sens. Tom Carper, D-Del., and John Kennedy, R-La., has 31 co-sponsors, including 16 Republicans. One provision of the bill is designed to make clear that EPA has the authority to regulate HFCs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landfill Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration hasn’t disputed that there is a need to address air pollution from landfills. It has simply delayed doing anything about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Municipal waste landfills not only are the nation’s third-largest source of methane pollution (behind the energy and agriculture industries), the landfills also emit hazardous pollutants like benzene and volatile organic compounds that lead to the formation of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its final year, the Obama administration approved a rule that required states to submit their plans for controlling landfill gas within nine months. But the Trump administration put off enforcement of the requirement, and after lawsuits by states and environmental groups, the administration last year approved a new rule that gave states three years to act. Late last year, U.S. District Judge Haywood Gilliam, an Obama-appointed federal judge in Northern California, accused the Trump administration of attempting to sidestep its previous orders and the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This scenario presents a serious concern that in cases where a judgment is premised on an agency’s failure to meet deadlines, that agency can perpetually evade judicial review through amendment, even after a violation has been found,” Gilliam wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in October, the Trump administration got a reprieve, when a three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, including two of Trump’s own appointees, reversed that ruling and said that the EPA could take more time to act on landfill gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By reinstating the Obama rules, the Biden administration could cut greenhouse gas emissions by the equivalent of 46 million metric tons of carbon dioxide through 2035 — the equivalent of closing down a dozen coal-fired power plants. But among the obstacles the Biden administration may face are courts like the 9th Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court, which may be inclined to extend the deregulatory legacy of Trump long after he leaves office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What We Know and What We Don't About the Moderna and Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccines",
"headTitle": "What We Know and What We Don’t About the Moderna and Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccines | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he success of a second vaccine against COVID-19 means the world is a big step closer to curbing the coronavirus pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna, joined by U.S. government scientists, announced Monday that their mRNA vaccine candidate was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/16/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-is-strongly-effective-early-look-at-data-show/\">94.5% effective in preventing COVID-19\u003c/a>, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, according to an interim analysis of a 30,000-patient clinical trial. The news comes exactly one week after Pfizer and BioNTech said their respective COVID-19 vaccine candidate, also created using mRNA technology, was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/09/covid-19-vaccine-from-pfizer-and-biontech-is-strongly-effective-early-data-from-large-trial-indicate/\">more than 90% effective\u003c/a> in its own 60,000-patient clinical trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what we know — and still need to learn — about the two most advanced COVID-19 vaccines and how they might reshape the pandemic that has killed 1.3 million people worldwide and infected at least 54.5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Are the two vaccines equally effective?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to tell for certain, but the overall efficacy of the vaccines appears to be similar, based on the data disclosed to date. This isn’t altogether surprising, since the Moderna and the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine candidates are both based on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/26/mrna-vaccines-face-their-first-test-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-how-do-they-work/\">same kind of technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on data disclosed Monday, the Moderna vaccine appears to have been protective in important subsets of participants — the elderly and people from communities of color, the latter of which make up 37% of the volunteers in Moderna’s trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna also released data about the number of participants who developed severe COVID-19. There were 11 cases of severe disease, all of them in the placebo group. The elderly often respond less robustly to vaccines and are more vulnerable to having severe cases of COVID-19, if infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clinical trial conducted by Pfizer and BioNTech included the same subpopulations of participants, but specific results have not been disclosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>We don’t know how effective these vaccines are in the long term.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some immunizations provide protection against a pathogen for decades (think the measles vaccine). It’s thought that the benefits of a COVID-19 vaccine — no matter the manufacturer — won’t last nearly as long. But researchers won’t know how long until the immunity offered by these vaccines begins to wear off. This will be something scientists keep an eye on in the months to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not know at this point what the durability of protection will be,” Dr. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said on a call with reporters Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How long vaccine-derived protection lasts has implications not only for manufacturing and how frequently people might be required to get boosters, but also for the ongoing risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other unanswered questions about these vaccines as well. For one, the trials were designed primarily to look at the impact on symptomatic COVID-19. But experts will also want to see if the vaccine candidates can block infections entirely, or if they’re just making people less sick. Another: If people can still contract SARS-2 after getting vaccinated, are they less infectious to other people?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The safety profile of the vaccines is encouraging, so far.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, both vaccines appear to be generally tolerable — but by no means painless. In its announcement on Monday, Moderna said it observed a few short-lived severe side effects in volunteers, including fatigue, muscle pain and headache. None required hospitalization. For its part, Pfizer said last week that its independent data monitors reported no serious safety concerns. In an earlier update from its Phase 1 clinical trial, Pfizer’s vaccine led to mild or moderate fever and pain at the site of injection, side effects that resolved over time, the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the most important safety data won’t come until patients have been followed for months and even years. Pfizer and Moderna have promised to collect and disclose that information in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What does this mean for the other vaccines in development?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While both the Moderna and the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines are based on mRNA technology, the other front-runners — from AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — use different approaches. (Other companies, including Sanofi, are at work on mRNA vaccines, but their candidates are not as far along in the development process.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all the top candidates are targeting the virus’ spike protein, which the pathogen uses to infect cells. The results from the Pfizer and Moderna trials give hope that other vaccine candidates could be effective as well, given that they’re all going after the same bull’s-eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today’s announcement provides further confirmation that spike-directed vaccines can provide a protective immune response,” said Richard Hatchett, the CEO of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, known as CEPI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What does this mean for mRNA?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of its implications for the global pandemic, the tandem success of Moderna and Pfizer’s vaccines is a massive affirmation of the promise of mRNA, a medical technology that has advanced in fits and starts for three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the start of 2020, SARS-2 was a virus that had never been studied, or even known. Less than a year later, two companies have developed what appears to be an effective vaccine for it. That suggests mRNA technology can be used to rapidly design and deploy vaccines for other pathogens. In Moderna’s case, it bodes well for in-development vaccines for Zika virus and cytomegalovirus, and it supports the company’s long-term plan to get into the business of manufacturing flu vaccines each year. For Pfizer’s partner BioNTech, which is developing vaccines for cancer, HIV, and influenza, it’s similarly encouraging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//content.jwplatform.com/players/9qNGS0CK-jEuQjxp9.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"media-caption\">Scientists can now design genetic material called mRNA to help us build immunity to certain viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. Find out how mRNA vaccines work in this video.\u003c/span>\u003ccite class=\"media-credit\">HYACINTH EMPINADO/STAT\u003c/cite>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, vaccines have always been the lowest hanging fruit in the minds of mRNA researchers. The baseline promise of mRNA is that it can compel cells in the body to manufacture a specific protein, treating or preventing disease in the process. But developing mRNA medicines has always been a delicate balance: Scientists have to administer enough of the synthetic substance to ensure protein production, but not too much so as to avoid a dangerous immune reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines, which require only one or two doses of mRNA, are the most logical application of the technology. The bigger — and more lucrative — use for mRNA would be therapeutics for the scores of diseases that can be treated by making certain proteins in the body. That would require routine and lifelong administrations of mRNA, something neither Moderna nor BioNTech is yet to crack in a large clinical trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>When can I get a vaccine?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Moderna and Pfizer have promised to file for emergency use authorizations in the coming weeks. If the FDA grants them, as it’s widely expected to do before the end of the year, the companies will ship doses to the federal government, which is in charge of allocating the limited supply to front-line workers and people at an elevated risk of severe COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For everyone else, neither vaccine is likely to be available until spring at the earliest, in large part because of logistics. (By that time, Pfizer and Moderna are also likely to have generated enough supporting data to justify full FDA approvals.) Pfizer and Moderna expect to produce just 70 million doses of their vaccines by the end of 2020, enough for only 35 million people around the globe. In 2021, the companies could have as many as 2.3 billion doses between them, but in a pandemic-ravaged world of 7.5 billion people, that’s not going to be enough to satisfy demand. Unless more COVID-19 vaccines prove to work in the coming months, the world will be rationing doses well into next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further complicating matters is the issue of storage. Pfizer is capable of manufacturing more doses than Moderna, but its vaccine must be shipped and stored at \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/11/rural-hospitals-cant-afford-freezers-to-store-pfizer-covid19-vaccine/\">ultra-cold temperatures\u003c/a>, which could make it difficult to deploy in parts of the world that lack specialized freezers. By contrast, Moderna said its vaccine can be safely stored in a conventional refrigerator. That sets up a short-term situation in which Pfizer’s vaccine is the most bountiful, but Moderna’s is the most convenient, which will require some deft maneuvering on the part of global health agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Vaccines are important, but only if people get them.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health experts are quick to tell you: Even the world’s best vaccine won’t do much unless people are willing to get it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has been a particular concern with COVID-19 vaccines, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2020/10/19/covid19-coronavirus-pandemic-vaccine-racial-disparities/\">as polls show\u003c/a> that a substantial portion of Americans — whether because of how fast the process has moved or because of concerns that the vaccine review process would become politicized — said they would not get a COVID-19 vaccine when it became available. Skepticism about COVID-19 vaccines was even higher among people of color, who have experienced historic and ongoing mistreatment and discrimination in health care, and who are suffering from a disproportionate impact of the pandemic in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As vaccines start to roll out, the supply will be so limited that they’ll be used for front-line workers or people more vulnerable to COVID-19. But eventually, immunizations will be more widely available, and the majority of Americans will need to get vaccinated if the pandemic is going to draw to a close. Health authorities planning for the allocation and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines have been taking this into account as they’ve charted out their campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another piece of good news in just how effective the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines appear to be. Experts believe — and polling data supports — that reluctance to get vaccinated may abate in some quarters if the vaccines work well. The public has been more or less warned these vaccines might be flu vax redux — and at least half the public doesn’t think flu vax is worth getting. A highly efficacious vaccine bodes well for uptake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Helen Branswell and Matthew Herper contributed reporting.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he success of a second vaccine against COVID-19 means the world is a big step closer to curbing the coronavirus pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna, joined by U.S. government scientists, announced Monday that their mRNA vaccine candidate was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/16/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-is-strongly-effective-early-look-at-data-show/\">94.5% effective in preventing COVID-19\u003c/a>, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, according to an interim analysis of a 30,000-patient clinical trial. The news comes exactly one week after Pfizer and BioNTech said their respective COVID-19 vaccine candidate, also created using mRNA technology, was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/09/covid-19-vaccine-from-pfizer-and-biontech-is-strongly-effective-early-data-from-large-trial-indicate/\">more than 90% effective\u003c/a> in its own 60,000-patient clinical trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what we know — and still need to learn — about the two most advanced COVID-19 vaccines and how they might reshape the pandemic that has killed 1.3 million people worldwide and infected at least 54.5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Are the two vaccines equally effective?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to tell for certain, but the overall efficacy of the vaccines appears to be similar, based on the data disclosed to date. This isn’t altogether surprising, since the Moderna and the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine candidates are both based on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/26/mrna-vaccines-face-their-first-test-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-how-do-they-work/\">same kind of technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on data disclosed Monday, the Moderna vaccine appears to have been protective in important subsets of participants — the elderly and people from communities of color, the latter of which make up 37% of the volunteers in Moderna’s trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna also released data about the number of participants who developed severe COVID-19. There were 11 cases of severe disease, all of them in the placebo group. The elderly often respond less robustly to vaccines and are more vulnerable to having severe cases of COVID-19, if infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clinical trial conducted by Pfizer and BioNTech included the same subpopulations of participants, but specific results have not been disclosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>We don’t know how effective these vaccines are in the long term.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some immunizations provide protection against a pathogen for decades (think the measles vaccine). It’s thought that the benefits of a COVID-19 vaccine — no matter the manufacturer — won’t last nearly as long. But researchers won’t know how long until the immunity offered by these vaccines begins to wear off. This will be something scientists keep an eye on in the months to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not know at this point what the durability of protection will be,” Dr. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said on a call with reporters Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How long vaccine-derived protection lasts has implications not only for manufacturing and how frequently people might be required to get boosters, but also for the ongoing risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other unanswered questions about these vaccines as well. For one, the trials were designed primarily to look at the impact on symptomatic COVID-19. But experts will also want to see if the vaccine candidates can block infections entirely, or if they’re just making people less sick. Another: If people can still contract SARS-2 after getting vaccinated, are they less infectious to other people?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The safety profile of the vaccines is encouraging, so far.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, both vaccines appear to be generally tolerable — but by no means painless. In its announcement on Monday, Moderna said it observed a few short-lived severe side effects in volunteers, including fatigue, muscle pain and headache. None required hospitalization. For its part, Pfizer said last week that its independent data monitors reported no serious safety concerns. In an earlier update from its Phase 1 clinical trial, Pfizer’s vaccine led to mild or moderate fever and pain at the site of injection, side effects that resolved over time, the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the most important safety data won’t come until patients have been followed for months and even years. Pfizer and Moderna have promised to collect and disclose that information in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What does this mean for the other vaccines in development?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While both the Moderna and the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines are based on mRNA technology, the other front-runners — from AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — use different approaches. (Other companies, including Sanofi, are at work on mRNA vaccines, but their candidates are not as far along in the development process.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all the top candidates are targeting the virus’ spike protein, which the pathogen uses to infect cells. The results from the Pfizer and Moderna trials give hope that other vaccine candidates could be effective as well, given that they’re all going after the same bull’s-eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today’s announcement provides further confirmation that spike-directed vaccines can provide a protective immune response,” said Richard Hatchett, the CEO of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, known as CEPI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What does this mean for mRNA?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of its implications for the global pandemic, the tandem success of Moderna and Pfizer’s vaccines is a massive affirmation of the promise of mRNA, a medical technology that has advanced in fits and starts for three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the start of 2020, SARS-2 was a virus that had never been studied, or even known. Less than a year later, two companies have developed what appears to be an effective vaccine for it. That suggests mRNA technology can be used to rapidly design and deploy vaccines for other pathogens. In Moderna’s case, it bodes well for in-development vaccines for Zika virus and cytomegalovirus, and it supports the company’s long-term plan to get into the business of manufacturing flu vaccines each year. For Pfizer’s partner BioNTech, which is developing vaccines for cancer, HIV, and influenza, it’s similarly encouraging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//content.jwplatform.com/players/9qNGS0CK-jEuQjxp9.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"media-caption\">Scientists can now design genetic material called mRNA to help us build immunity to certain viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. Find out how mRNA vaccines work in this video.\u003c/span>\u003ccite class=\"media-credit\">HYACINTH EMPINADO/STAT\u003c/cite>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, vaccines have always been the lowest hanging fruit in the minds of mRNA researchers. The baseline promise of mRNA is that it can compel cells in the body to manufacture a specific protein, treating or preventing disease in the process. But developing mRNA medicines has always been a delicate balance: Scientists have to administer enough of the synthetic substance to ensure protein production, but not too much so as to avoid a dangerous immune reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines, which require only one or two doses of mRNA, are the most logical application of the technology. The bigger — and more lucrative — use for mRNA would be therapeutics for the scores of diseases that can be treated by making certain proteins in the body. That would require routine and lifelong administrations of mRNA, something neither Moderna nor BioNTech is yet to crack in a large clinical trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>When can I get a vaccine?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Moderna and Pfizer have promised to file for emergency use authorizations in the coming weeks. If the FDA grants them, as it’s widely expected to do before the end of the year, the companies will ship doses to the federal government, which is in charge of allocating the limited supply to front-line workers and people at an elevated risk of severe COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For everyone else, neither vaccine is likely to be available until spring at the earliest, in large part because of logistics. (By that time, Pfizer and Moderna are also likely to have generated enough supporting data to justify full FDA approvals.) Pfizer and Moderna expect to produce just 70 million doses of their vaccines by the end of 2020, enough for only 35 million people around the globe. In 2021, the companies could have as many as 2.3 billion doses between them, but in a pandemic-ravaged world of 7.5 billion people, that’s not going to be enough to satisfy demand. Unless more COVID-19 vaccines prove to work in the coming months, the world will be rationing doses well into next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further complicating matters is the issue of storage. Pfizer is capable of manufacturing more doses than Moderna, but its vaccine must be shipped and stored at \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/11/rural-hospitals-cant-afford-freezers-to-store-pfizer-covid19-vaccine/\">ultra-cold temperatures\u003c/a>, which could make it difficult to deploy in parts of the world that lack specialized freezers. By contrast, Moderna said its vaccine can be safely stored in a conventional refrigerator. That sets up a short-term situation in which Pfizer’s vaccine is the most bountiful, but Moderna’s is the most convenient, which will require some deft maneuvering on the part of global health agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Vaccines are important, but only if people get them.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health experts are quick to tell you: Even the world’s best vaccine won’t do much unless people are willing to get it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has been a particular concern with COVID-19 vaccines, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2020/10/19/covid19-coronavirus-pandemic-vaccine-racial-disparities/\">as polls show\u003c/a> that a substantial portion of Americans — whether because of how fast the process has moved or because of concerns that the vaccine review process would become politicized — said they would not get a COVID-19 vaccine when it became available. Skepticism about COVID-19 vaccines was even higher among people of color, who have experienced historic and ongoing mistreatment and discrimination in health care, and who are suffering from a disproportionate impact of the pandemic in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As vaccines start to roll out, the supply will be so limited that they’ll be used for front-line workers or people more vulnerable to COVID-19. But eventually, immunizations will be more widely available, and the majority of Americans will need to get vaccinated if the pandemic is going to draw to a close. Health authorities planning for the allocation and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines have been taking this into account as they’ve charted out their campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another piece of good news in just how effective the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines appear to be. Experts believe — and polling data supports — that reluctance to get vaccinated may abate in some quarters if the vaccines work well. The public has been more or less warned these vaccines might be flu vax redux — and at least half the public doesn’t think flu vax is worth getting. A highly efficacious vaccine bodes well for uptake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Helen Branswell and Matthew Herper contributed reporting.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "NASA's Artemis Missions to Set Up Base Camp on the Moon",
"headTitle": "NASA’s Artemis Missions to Set Up Base Camp on the Moon | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://best-sci-fi-books.com/17-best-science-fiction-books-about-the-moon/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Science fiction\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has long imagined possibilities of human adventure on the moon, envisioning lunar expeditions, bases, and even cities in the decades leading up to the first Apollo landings. Now, NASA is taking steps to reboot that adventure. The Artemis missions will send men and women to the moon to establish a moon base and test out a long-term lunar residency.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The first three missions of NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artemis program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are set to land the next man and the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-publishes-artemis-plan-to-land-first-woman-next-man-on-moon-in-2024/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">first woman on the moon by 2024\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the 48 years since the last Apollo moon landing, astronauts have traveled only 200-300 miles above Earth’s surface — to the International Space Station and other near-Earth ventures. Many people alive today have not experienced something like this in their lifetimes — including the younger generation of astronauts who are going there!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But this is only the beginning of an expanding human presence on the moon. Unlike the fleeting there-and-back-again trips of the Apollo missions half a century ago, NASA’s new engagement with the moon will include a permanent lunar space station, numerous and ever-longer excursions to the moon’s surface, and ultimately partially \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-outlines-lunar-surface-sustainability-concept\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">self-sustaining habitations for astronauts\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970848\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 777px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970848\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Space-Launch-System-in-Flight-777x555-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"777\" height=\"555\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Space-Launch-System-in-Flight-777x555-1.jpg 777w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Space-Launch-System-in-Flight-777x555-1-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Space-Launch-System-in-Flight-777x555-1-768x549.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Space Launch System heavy-lift rocket will send heavy payloads\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> — \u003c/span>like components of the Lunar Gateway orbital station and the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> — \u003c/span>to the moon during missions of the Artemis program. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Taking up residence on the moon isn’t NASA’s only goal. The agency’s sights are set much farther out on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/topics/moon-to-mars/getting-there\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">human expeditions to the planet Mars.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A big part of the plan is to learn from the experience of living and working at the moon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>First Artemis Flights\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA plans to launch the uncrewed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/artemis-1\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artemis I\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> mission in November 2021 to test the spacecraft that will carry astronauts on subsequent missions. The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Space Launch System\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (SLS) heavy-lift launch rocket and the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ivv/jstar/jstar_ompcv.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are both brand new technology, and need to be proven on an actual moon flight before the first crewed mission. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2023, Artemis II will carry four astronauts on a weeklong trip around the moon. Like the first human voyage to the moon in 1968 in Apollo 8, Artemis II will make no landing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, Artemis III makes history. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With a planned launch in October 2024, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2020/05/Artemis_3_step-by-step\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artemis III \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">will land its woman and man astronaut team near the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/moon-s-south-pole-in-nasa-s-landing-sites\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">moon’s south pole\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a region where, in 2008, satellites confirmed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LCROSS/main/prelim_water_results.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">water ice exists\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. One of Artemis III’s top priorities is to investigate exactly where polar water can be found, and how much there is. Water is a commodity far more valuable than gold to future moon-dwelling humans; it’s a source of water to drink, oxygen to breathe, and the chemical components for electric fuel cells and rocket fuel.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Does Human Residence on the Moon Look Like?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once the SLS and Orion spacecraft test out as a reliable system to ferry astronauts to and from the moon, the next step on our return will be to place the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/in-lunar-orbit\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lunar Gateway\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> space station into orbit around the moon. The Gateway will be a home and workplace for moon-going astronauts, like a smaller version of the International Space Station. Gateway will be a platform for conducting scientific research and testing new technologies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970844\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1970844 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/lunargateway-and-orion-nasa-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/lunargateway-and-orion-nasa-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/lunargateway-and-orion-nasa-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/lunargateway-and-orion-nasa-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/lunargateway-and-orion-nasa-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/lunargateway-and-orion-nasa.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist concept of NASA’s Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle Orion, left preparing to dock with the Lunar Gateway orbiting the moon. The Gateway will serve as waystation for spacecraft coming and going from Earth, a home base for astronauts to live and work, and a command center for excursion to the moon’s surface. Over time, Gateway’s living space and life support capacity will be expanded to enable ever-longer human visits. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most importantly, Gateway will be a waystation: a meet-up point for Orion spacecraft coming and going from Earth, and a service station and dock for \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-human-lunar-lander-companies-complete-key-artemis-milestone\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lunar landing vehicles\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When Artemis III and its crew of four arrive in lunar orbit, Lunar Gateway will already be waiting for them, along with the landing vehicle that will carry two of the crew to the surface. The landing crew will spend almost seven days on the moon, more than twice the stay of Apollo 17, the longest Apollo visit. The other two astronauts will remain in orbit on the Gateway and the docked Orion spacecraft.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advance surveys by a robotic rover, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/viper-rover-will-get-driving-headlights\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VIPER\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and an orbital \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cubesat/missions/lunar_flashlight.php\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CubeSat \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">will help choose Artemis III’s landing site by finding and sampling deposits of water ice. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970846\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1970846\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/nasa-vipre_16x9-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/nasa-vipre_16x9-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/nasa-vipre_16x9-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/nasa-vipre_16x9-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/nasa-vipre_16x9.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before human astronauts walk on the moon’s south pole, robotic expeditions made by vehicles like NASA’s VIPER rover will scout ahead looking for precious resources like water ice, which is known to exist in permanently shadowed areas of the moon’s polar region. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When the astronauts arrive at the south pole, they will find a lunar rover vehicle waiting for them, similar to the electric, golf-cart-like vehicles used by later Apollo missions. The rover will be able to take astronauts on excursions of up to nine miles from the landing site. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During their weeklong stay near the moon’s south pole, the astronauts will run scientific experiments and collect samples, including water ice. Of particular interest to explore are permanently shadowed polar craters and valleys where water ice is protected from the sun’s direct rays. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Building Capacity For Longer Stays\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Missions to follow the 2024 landing will feature ever longer visits to the Gateway and the moon’s surface.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970903\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1970903 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/shakleton-crater-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/shakleton-crater-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/shakleton-crater-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/shakleton-crater-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/shakleton-crater-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/shakleton-crater.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A visualization of the 13-mile wide Shackleton Crater near the moon’s south pole. The high rim and peaks surrounding the crater are bathed in almost constantly in sunlight, offering ideal sites for generating solar power. The deep crater floor lies in perpetual shadow, and is likely a cold trap where water ice has accumulated over time — a frozen reservoir of the precious commodity. \u003ccite>(NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2020/10/28/lunar-living-nasas-artemis-base-camp-concept/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artemis Base Camp\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">” will be established at a yet-to-be-chosen site; one candidate is Shackleton Crater. Conceived as a home base for expeditions into the surrounding terrain, Base Camp will feature a “Lunar Foundation Surface Habitat” of semi-permanent human dwellings — or “cabins” — and materials, supplies, and other equipment to maintain the base and service outbound explorations across the moon’s surface.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lunar Terrain Vehicles, like the one Artemis III will use, will extend the astronauts’ reach traveling the landscape. The vehicles will also be operated remotely from Base Camp or even Lunar Gateway orbiting above, turning them into robotic exploration rovers and payload transportation vehicles. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970882\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 306px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970882\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/HMP-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"306\" height=\"181\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/HMP-nasa.jpg 306w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/HMP-nasa-160x95.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 306px) 100vw, 306px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Habitable Mobility Platform, a pressurized lunar roving vehicle that can carry a crew of four on long trips of up to 45 days. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Base Camp may eventually service a Habitable Mobility Platform: a large, pressurized rover that can support a crew of four for up to 45 days, carrying them on long expeditions of discovery. Think of the rover from the film, “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Martian\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This may all sound very far off or fictional, but actually, this future is almost here.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Practice For a Much Farther Journey?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The immediate goals of the Artemis program are to investigate the moon and assess its resources for supporting long-term, sustained human habitation. But NASA has grander plans: use the Gateway and lander vehicle systems to practice for a human voyage to Mars.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970845\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1970845 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/moon-to-mars-rehearsal-nasa-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/moon-to-mars-rehearsal-nasa-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/moon-to-mars-rehearsal-nasa-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/moon-to-mars-rehearsal-nasa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/moon-to-mars-rehearsal-nasa-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/moon-to-mars-rehearsal-nasa-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/moon-to-mars-rehearsal-nasa-2048x1151.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/moon-to-mars-rehearsal-nasa-1920x1079.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram illustrates NASA’s plan to use the moon and the vehicles of the Artemis program as a testing and training dress rehearsal for an eventual human mission to Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The idea is to send astronauts on multi-month stays to the Gateway to simulate the voyages to and from Mars, with a long stay on the lunar surface as a dress rehearsal for an actual landing on the Red Planet. Such a demonstration using real spacecraft, a real timeline, and a real away-from-Earth practice venue will show us how the actual voyage to and landing on Mars can play out.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Though we already know how to send spacecraft to Mars, how long it takes to get there, and how to land on its surface, our lunar proving ground can offer us practical experience for what Mars-bound astronauts will have to endure, and what skills and tools they will need to take them there and home again — maybe as soon as the early 2030s. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "One of the astronauts on NASA's next moon landing will be the first woman to land on the moon. NASA's Artemis missions will establish a lunar residency and help plan outbound voyages to Mars.",
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"description": "One of the astronauts on NASA's next moon landing will be the first woman to land on the moon. NASA's Artemis missions will establish a lunar residency and help plan outbound voyages to Mars.",
"title": "NASA's Artemis Missions to Set Up Base Camp on the Moon | KQED",
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"headline": "NASA's Artemis Missions to Set Up Base Camp on the Moon",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://best-sci-fi-books.com/17-best-science-fiction-books-about-the-moon/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Science fiction\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has long imagined possibilities of human adventure on the moon, envisioning lunar expeditions, bases, and even cities in the decades leading up to the first Apollo landings. Now, NASA is taking steps to reboot that adventure. The Artemis missions will send men and women to the moon to establish a moon base and test out a long-term lunar residency.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The first three missions of NASA’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artemis program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are set to land the next man and the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-publishes-artemis-plan-to-land-first-woman-next-man-on-moon-in-2024/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">first woman on the moon by 2024\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the 48 years since the last Apollo moon landing, astronauts have traveled only 200-300 miles above Earth’s surface — to the International Space Station and other near-Earth ventures. Many people alive today have not experienced something like this in their lifetimes — including the younger generation of astronauts who are going there!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But this is only the beginning of an expanding human presence on the moon. Unlike the fleeting there-and-back-again trips of the Apollo missions half a century ago, NASA’s new engagement with the moon will include a permanent lunar space station, numerous and ever-longer excursions to the moon’s surface, and ultimately partially \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-outlines-lunar-surface-sustainability-concept\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">self-sustaining habitations for astronauts\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970848\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 777px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970848\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Space-Launch-System-in-Flight-777x555-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"777\" height=\"555\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Space-Launch-System-in-Flight-777x555-1.jpg 777w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Space-Launch-System-in-Flight-777x555-1-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Space-Launch-System-in-Flight-777x555-1-768x549.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Space Launch System heavy-lift rocket will send heavy payloads\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> — \u003c/span>like components of the Lunar Gateway orbital station and the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> — \u003c/span>to the moon during missions of the Artemis program. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Taking up residence on the moon isn’t NASA’s only goal. The agency’s sights are set much farther out on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/topics/moon-to-mars/getting-there\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">human expeditions to the planet Mars.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A big part of the plan is to learn from the experience of living and working at the moon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>First Artemis Flights\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA plans to launch the uncrewed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/artemis-1\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artemis I\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> mission in November 2021 to test the spacecraft that will carry astronauts on subsequent missions. The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/index.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Space Launch System\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (SLS) heavy-lift launch rocket and the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ivv/jstar/jstar_ompcv.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are both brand new technology, and need to be proven on an actual moon flight before the first crewed mission. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2023, Artemis II will carry four astronauts on a weeklong trip around the moon. Like the first human voyage to the moon in 1968 in Apollo 8, Artemis II will make no landing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, Artemis III makes history. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With a planned launch in October 2024, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2020/05/Artemis_3_step-by-step\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artemis III \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">will land its woman and man astronaut team near the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/moon-s-south-pole-in-nasa-s-landing-sites\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">moon’s south pole\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a region where, in 2008, satellites confirmed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LCROSS/main/prelim_water_results.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">water ice exists\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. One of Artemis III’s top priorities is to investigate exactly where polar water can be found, and how much there is. Water is a commodity far more valuable than gold to future moon-dwelling humans; it’s a source of water to drink, oxygen to breathe, and the chemical components for electric fuel cells and rocket fuel.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Does Human Residence on the Moon Look Like?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once the SLS and Orion spacecraft test out as a reliable system to ferry astronauts to and from the moon, the next step on our return will be to place the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/in-lunar-orbit\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lunar Gateway\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> space station into orbit around the moon. The Gateway will be a home and workplace for moon-going astronauts, like a smaller version of the International Space Station. Gateway will be a platform for conducting scientific research and testing new technologies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970844\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1970844 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/lunargateway-and-orion-nasa-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/lunargateway-and-orion-nasa-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/lunargateway-and-orion-nasa-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/lunargateway-and-orion-nasa-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/lunargateway-and-orion-nasa-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/lunargateway-and-orion-nasa.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist concept of NASA’s Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle Orion, left preparing to dock with the Lunar Gateway orbiting the moon. The Gateway will serve as waystation for spacecraft coming and going from Earth, a home base for astronauts to live and work, and a command center for excursion to the moon’s surface. Over time, Gateway’s living space and life support capacity will be expanded to enable ever-longer human visits. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most importantly, Gateway will be a waystation: a meet-up point for Orion spacecraft coming and going from Earth, and a service station and dock for \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-human-lunar-lander-companies-complete-key-artemis-milestone\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lunar landing vehicles\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When Artemis III and its crew of four arrive in lunar orbit, Lunar Gateway will already be waiting for them, along with the landing vehicle that will carry two of the crew to the surface. The landing crew will spend almost seven days on the moon, more than twice the stay of Apollo 17, the longest Apollo visit. The other two astronauts will remain in orbit on the Gateway and the docked Orion spacecraft.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advance surveys by a robotic rover, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/viper-rover-will-get-driving-headlights\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VIPER\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and an orbital \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cubesat/missions/lunar_flashlight.php\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CubeSat \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">will help choose Artemis III’s landing site by finding and sampling deposits of water ice. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970846\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1970846\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/nasa-vipre_16x9-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/nasa-vipre_16x9-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/nasa-vipre_16x9-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/nasa-vipre_16x9-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/nasa-vipre_16x9.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before human astronauts walk on the moon’s south pole, robotic expeditions made by vehicles like NASA’s VIPER rover will scout ahead looking for precious resources like water ice, which is known to exist in permanently shadowed areas of the moon’s polar region. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When the astronauts arrive at the south pole, they will find a lunar rover vehicle waiting for them, similar to the electric, golf-cart-like vehicles used by later Apollo missions. The rover will be able to take astronauts on excursions of up to nine miles from the landing site. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During their weeklong stay near the moon’s south pole, the astronauts will run scientific experiments and collect samples, including water ice. Of particular interest to explore are permanently shadowed polar craters and valleys where water ice is protected from the sun’s direct rays. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Building Capacity For Longer Stays\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Missions to follow the 2024 landing will feature ever longer visits to the Gateway and the moon’s surface.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970903\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1970903 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/shakleton-crater-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/shakleton-crater-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/shakleton-crater-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/shakleton-crater-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/shakleton-crater-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/shakleton-crater.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A visualization of the 13-mile wide Shackleton Crater near the moon’s south pole. The high rim and peaks surrounding the crater are bathed in almost constantly in sunlight, offering ideal sites for generating solar power. The deep crater floor lies in perpetual shadow, and is likely a cold trap where water ice has accumulated over time — a frozen reservoir of the precious commodity. \u003ccite>(NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2020/10/28/lunar-living-nasas-artemis-base-camp-concept/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artemis Base Camp\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">” will be established at a yet-to-be-chosen site; one candidate is Shackleton Crater. Conceived as a home base for expeditions into the surrounding terrain, Base Camp will feature a “Lunar Foundation Surface Habitat” of semi-permanent human dwellings — or “cabins” — and materials, supplies, and other equipment to maintain the base and service outbound explorations across the moon’s surface.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lunar Terrain Vehicles, like the one Artemis III will use, will extend the astronauts’ reach traveling the landscape. The vehicles will also be operated remotely from Base Camp or even Lunar Gateway orbiting above, turning them into robotic exploration rovers and payload transportation vehicles. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970882\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 306px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970882\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/HMP-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"306\" height=\"181\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/HMP-nasa.jpg 306w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/HMP-nasa-160x95.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 306px) 100vw, 306px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Habitable Mobility Platform, a pressurized lunar roving vehicle that can carry a crew of four on long trips of up to 45 days. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Base Camp may eventually service a Habitable Mobility Platform: a large, pressurized rover that can support a crew of four for up to 45 days, carrying them on long expeditions of discovery. Think of the rover from the film, “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Martian\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This may all sound very far off or fictional, but actually, this future is almost here.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Practice For a Much Farther Journey?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The immediate goals of the Artemis program are to investigate the moon and assess its resources for supporting long-term, sustained human habitation. But NASA has grander plans: use the Gateway and lander vehicle systems to practice for a human voyage to Mars.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970845\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1970845 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/moon-to-mars-rehearsal-nasa-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/moon-to-mars-rehearsal-nasa-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/moon-to-mars-rehearsal-nasa-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/moon-to-mars-rehearsal-nasa-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/moon-to-mars-rehearsal-nasa-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/moon-to-mars-rehearsal-nasa-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/moon-to-mars-rehearsal-nasa-2048x1151.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/moon-to-mars-rehearsal-nasa-1920x1079.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram illustrates NASA’s plan to use the moon and the vehicles of the Artemis program as a testing and training dress rehearsal for an eventual human mission to Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The idea is to send astronauts on multi-month stays to the Gateway to simulate the voyages to and from Mars, with a long stay on the lunar surface as a dress rehearsal for an actual landing on the Red Planet. Such a demonstration using real spacecraft, a real timeline, and a real away-from-Earth practice venue will show us how the actual voyage to and landing on Mars can play out.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Though we already know how to send spacecraft to Mars, how long it takes to get there, and how to land on its surface, our lunar proving ground can offer us practical experience for what Mars-bound astronauts will have to endure, and what skills and tools they will need to take them there and home again — maybe as soon as the early 2030s. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "CDC Says Masks Protect the Wearer, Not Just Other People",
"headTitle": "CDC Says Masks Protect the Wearer, Not Just Other People | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Wearing a mask protects the wearer, and not just other people, from the coronavirus, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention emphasized in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/masking-science-sars-cov2.html\">updated scientific brief\u003c/a> issued Tuesday. And the protective benefits of masks are stronger the more people wear masks consistently and correctly, the agency says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the CDC first recommended that Americans wear cloth face coverings back in April, it cited evidence that the coronavirus could be transmitted by asymptomatic people who might not be aware of their infectiousness — a group estimated to account for more than 50% of transmissions. The agency said masks were intended to block virus-laden particles that might be emitted by an infected person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report updated Tuesday, the CDC says that is still the primary intention of wearing masks. But it also cites growing evidence that even cloth masks can also reduce the amount of infectious droplets inhaled by the wearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This messaging is key to increase adherence and interest in mask wearing. I am thrilled!” \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsfhealth.org/providers/dr-monica-gandhi\">Dr. Monica Gandhi,\u003c/a> an infectious disease physician with UC San Francisco, said in a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MonicaGandhi9/status/1326291896788951040\">tweet Tuesday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ghandi argued in a \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-020-06067-8\">recently published paper \u003c/a>that wearing masks can reduce the severity of illness with COVID-19, even if the wearer does become infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for which mask to choose? The CDC notes that when it comes to cloth masks, multiple layers made of higher thread counts do a better job of protecting the wearer than single layers of cloth with lower thread counts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://school.wakehealth.edu/Faculty/S/B-Scott-Segal\">Dr. Scott Segal\u003c/a>, a professor and chair of anesthesiology at Wake Forest School of Medicine, has been putting various cloth masks to the test since March. He shared this rule of thumb with NPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/22/840146830/adding-a-nylon-stocking-layer-could-boost-protection-from-cloth-masks-study-find\">earlier this year\u003c/a>: Hold up the fabric to a bright light or to the sun. He says if you can “see the light outlining the individual fibers in the fabric, it’s probably not a good filter. And if you can’t, it’s probably going to filter better.” He and other researchers say a tight-weave 100% cotton material is a good bet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(If you want \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/07/01/880621610/a-users-guide-to-masks-what-s-best-at-protecting-others-and-yourself\">more advice on choosing a mask\u003c/a>, here’s our guide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its new scientific brief, the CDC reviews the epidemiological and observational evidence on the use of masking and the spread of the coronavirus. That includes a study of 124 Beijing households where at least one person had a laboratory-confirmed case of COVID-19. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/21/880832213/yes-wearing-masks-helps-heres-why\">As we’ve reported\u003c/a>, when everyone in the household wore masks as a preventative measure before the infected person started showing symptoms, the risk of transmission was cut by 79%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study highlighted by the CDC found that among \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32931726/\">1,000 people contact-traced in Thailand\u003c/a>, those who reported always wearing a mask during high-risk exposures had a greater than 70% reduced risk of becoming infected compared with those who didn’t wear masks under those circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC also pointed to research that found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/10/20/925892185/do-masks-really-cut-your-risk-of-catching-covid-19-on-long-plane-flights\">when mask wearing was strictly enforced onboard long flights\u003c/a>, infected passengers did not transmit the virus to anyone else on the plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the CDC notes, “seven studies have confirmed the benefit of universal masking in community level analyses.” That includes research on masking in a hospital system, a German city, as well as several U.S. states and the U.S. and Canada nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each analysis demonstrated that, following directives from organizational and political leadership for universal masking, new infections fell significantly,” the CDC writes. Two of those studies, as well as other analyses, showed that universal masking policies reduced mortality, the CDC says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, the CDC’s scientific brief also cites an economic argument for masks, noting an analysis using U.S. data that found that “increasing universal masking by 15% could prevent the need for lockdowns and reduce associated losses of up to $1 trillion or about 5% of gross domestic product.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Wear+Masks+To+Protect+Yourself+From+The+Coronavirus%2C+Not+Only+Others%2C+CDC+Stresses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The public health agency had previously emphasized that masks protect other people from viruses you might expel. The new advice gives a less altruistic reason to wear face coverings.",
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"description": "The public health agency had previously emphasized that masks protect other people from viruses you might expel. The new advice gives a less altruistic reason to wear face coverings.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wearing a mask protects the wearer, and not just other people, from the coronavirus, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention emphasized in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/masking-science-sars-cov2.html\">updated scientific brief\u003c/a> issued Tuesday. And the protective benefits of masks are stronger the more people wear masks consistently and correctly, the agency says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the CDC first recommended that Americans wear cloth face coverings back in April, it cited evidence that the coronavirus could be transmitted by asymptomatic people who might not be aware of their infectiousness — a group estimated to account for more than 50% of transmissions. The agency said masks were intended to block virus-laden particles that might be emitted by an infected person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report updated Tuesday, the CDC says that is still the primary intention of wearing masks. But it also cites growing evidence that even cloth masks can also reduce the amount of infectious droplets inhaled by the wearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This messaging is key to increase adherence and interest in mask wearing. I am thrilled!” \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsfhealth.org/providers/dr-monica-gandhi\">Dr. Monica Gandhi,\u003c/a> an infectious disease physician with UC San Francisco, said in a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MonicaGandhi9/status/1326291896788951040\">tweet Tuesday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ghandi argued in a \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-020-06067-8\">recently published paper \u003c/a>that wearing masks can reduce the severity of illness with COVID-19, even if the wearer does become infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for which mask to choose? The CDC notes that when it comes to cloth masks, multiple layers made of higher thread counts do a better job of protecting the wearer than single layers of cloth with lower thread counts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://school.wakehealth.edu/Faculty/S/B-Scott-Segal\">Dr. Scott Segal\u003c/a>, a professor and chair of anesthesiology at Wake Forest School of Medicine, has been putting various cloth masks to the test since March. He shared this rule of thumb with NPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/22/840146830/adding-a-nylon-stocking-layer-could-boost-protection-from-cloth-masks-study-find\">earlier this year\u003c/a>: Hold up the fabric to a bright light or to the sun. He says if you can “see the light outlining the individual fibers in the fabric, it’s probably not a good filter. And if you can’t, it’s probably going to filter better.” He and other researchers say a tight-weave 100% cotton material is a good bet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(If you want \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/07/01/880621610/a-users-guide-to-masks-what-s-best-at-protecting-others-and-yourself\">more advice on choosing a mask\u003c/a>, here’s our guide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its new scientific brief, the CDC reviews the epidemiological and observational evidence on the use of masking and the spread of the coronavirus. That includes a study of 124 Beijing households where at least one person had a laboratory-confirmed case of COVID-19. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/21/880832213/yes-wearing-masks-helps-heres-why\">As we’ve reported\u003c/a>, when everyone in the household wore masks as a preventative measure before the infected person started showing symptoms, the risk of transmission was cut by 79%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study highlighted by the CDC found that among \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32931726/\">1,000 people contact-traced in Thailand\u003c/a>, those who reported always wearing a mask during high-risk exposures had a greater than 70% reduced risk of becoming infected compared with those who didn’t wear masks under those circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC also pointed to research that found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/10/20/925892185/do-masks-really-cut-your-risk-of-catching-covid-19-on-long-plane-flights\">when mask wearing was strictly enforced onboard long flights\u003c/a>, infected passengers did not transmit the virus to anyone else on the plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the CDC notes, “seven studies have confirmed the benefit of universal masking in community level analyses.” That includes research on masking in a hospital system, a German city, as well as several U.S. states and the U.S. and Canada nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each analysis demonstrated that, following directives from organizational and political leadership for universal masking, new infections fell significantly,” the CDC writes. Two of those studies, as well as other analyses, showed that universal masking policies reduced mortality, the CDC says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, the CDC’s scientific brief also cites an economic argument for masks, noting an analysis using U.S. data that found that “increasing universal masking by 15% could prevent the need for lockdowns and reduce associated losses of up to $1 trillion or about 5% of gross domestic product.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Wear+Masks+To+Protect+Yourself+From+The+Coronavirus%2C+Not+Only+Others%2C+CDC+Stresses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Whale Entanglement Rules Delay Crab Season, and the Industry Isn't Happy",
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"content": "\u003cp>California has issued \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=184189&inline\">new regulations\u003c/a> designed to protect endangered humpback whales against potentially fatal entanglements in commercial fishing lines, and the Dungeness crab industry is not happy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s Department of Fish and Wildlife on Nov. 1 released rules that allow officials to shut down crabbing in areas where whales are spotted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the new regulations, whale activity has already triggered the\u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=184556&inline\"> delay of the 2020 crab season\u003c/a> on the Central Coast after aerial and boat surveys spotted an estimated 400 whales. The season was set to open Nov. 15, in time to put crab on Thanksgiving tables. The crab boats will not get the go-ahead until the department makes its next assessment, which is expected to occur before Dec. 1. The area subject to the delay runs from the Sonoma-Mendocino County line to the Mexico border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dungeness crab fishery brings in on average about \u003ca href=\"https://opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/project_pages/Rapid%20Assessments/Dungeness%20Crab.pdf\">$30 million \u003c/a>each year for California fishermen. But the vertical ropes that connect crab traps on the ocean floor to buoys at the surface can ensnare humpback and blue whales, as well as leatherback sea turtles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been a major increase in the number of entanglements just in the last five years,” said Geoff Shester, a senior scientist for the environmental nonprofit Oceana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016 alone, more than 50 confirmed humpback whale entanglements occurred off the West Coast. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/webdam/download/97733256\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration listed California’s Dungeness crab fishery as the largest contributor. Data from the agency projects that roughly three-quarters of whales that get tangled in the lines may eventually die as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What these regulations do is they create a new system for determining when certain areas might be closed to crab fishing if there’s a lot of whales or turtles around,” Shester said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the new rules, crabbing can be halted in regions where 20 or more whales are spotted. Toward the end of the season, in the spring, 10 or more whales can trigger a shutdown, and confirmed entanglements have the potential to end the season altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thresholds Too Low, Says Industry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben Platt, president of the \u003ca href=\"https://cacoastcrabassociation.org/\">California Coast Crab Association\u003c/a> and owner of a fishing boat based out of Crescent City, says the number of whales that can trigger a closure is too small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottom line is that the thresholds are so low that it’s unrealistic to expect that this fishery could continue in any meaningful way,” Platt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crabbing community has worked with the state in recent years to reduce the number of entanglements by putting less gear in the water and supporting closures when necessary, Platt says. In his view, the typical seven-month Dungeness crab season is now in danger of being reduced to three or four months and potentially even fewer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“\u003c/i>Nowadays, the crab fishery is really the most widely shared and economically important fishery to the coastal communities in California,” Platt said. “We’re potentially looking at the devastation of a whole commercial fishing industry, because if we lose Dungeness crab, most of us are going to have to quit, because it’s our most important and our most dependable fishery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan Bartling, a senior environmental scientist for the state Fish and Wildlife Department’s Marine Region, says commercial crab fishermen, along with environmental groups and state and federal agencies, were part of the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://opc.ca.gov/whale-entanglement-working-group/\">Dungeness Crab Fishing Gear Working Group\u003c/a>, which helped craft the new rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to balance the need to protect an endangered species and allow for the crabbing fishery to continue and be viable for the state of California and all the fishing communities that depend on it,” Bartling said. “It’s a dual-goal regulation\u003ci>.\u003c/i>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bartling adds that closing down fishing regions isn’t the only way the new rules allow his agency to respond to whale activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be a depth restriction, can be a gear reduction, or another management action based on the best available science,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations also provide a potential avenue for crab fisherman to avoid the closures by using \u003ca href=\"https://usa.oceana.org/sites/default/files/2020/10/26/oceana_whale_safe_oceans_report.pdf\">alternative gear\u003c/a> that won’t pose a threat to whales and sea turtles. One option, which doesn’t rely on leaving lines in the water for long periods, utilizes crab traps that deploy buoys to the surface when triggered by a timer or signal. This “pop-up” gear, Bartling and many crab fishermen agree, is still a work in progress — expensive and possible to lose on the ocean floor, with more testing needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the state of technology, I think we can figure this out,” Bartling said of the different gear, “I just don’t know the time frame\u003ci>.\u003c/i>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California has issued \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=184189&inline\">new regulations\u003c/a> designed to protect endangered humpback whales against potentially fatal entanglements in commercial fishing lines, and the Dungeness crab industry is not happy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s Department of Fish and Wildlife on Nov. 1 released rules that allow officials to shut down crabbing in areas where whales are spotted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the new regulations, whale activity has already triggered the\u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=184556&inline\"> delay of the 2020 crab season\u003c/a> on the Central Coast after aerial and boat surveys spotted an estimated 400 whales. The season was set to open Nov. 15, in time to put crab on Thanksgiving tables. The crab boats will not get the go-ahead until the department makes its next assessment, which is expected to occur before Dec. 1. The area subject to the delay runs from the Sonoma-Mendocino County line to the Mexico border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dungeness crab fishery brings in on average about \u003ca href=\"https://opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/project_pages/Rapid%20Assessments/Dungeness%20Crab.pdf\">$30 million \u003c/a>each year for California fishermen. But the vertical ropes that connect crab traps on the ocean floor to buoys at the surface can ensnare humpback and blue whales, as well as leatherback sea turtles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been a major increase in the number of entanglements just in the last five years,” said Geoff Shester, a senior scientist for the environmental nonprofit Oceana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016 alone, more than 50 confirmed humpback whale entanglements occurred off the West Coast. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/webdam/download/97733256\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">report\u003c/a> from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration listed California’s Dungeness crab fishery as the largest contributor. Data from the agency projects that roughly three-quarters of whales that get tangled in the lines may eventually die as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What these regulations do is they create a new system for determining when certain areas might be closed to crab fishing if there’s a lot of whales or turtles around,” Shester said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the new rules, crabbing can be halted in regions where 20 or more whales are spotted. Toward the end of the season, in the spring, 10 or more whales can trigger a shutdown, and confirmed entanglements have the potential to end the season altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thresholds Too Low, Says Industry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben Platt, president of the \u003ca href=\"https://cacoastcrabassociation.org/\">California Coast Crab Association\u003c/a> and owner of a fishing boat based out of Crescent City, says the number of whales that can trigger a closure is too small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottom line is that the thresholds are so low that it’s unrealistic to expect that this fishery could continue in any meaningful way,” Platt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crabbing community has worked with the state in recent years to reduce the number of entanglements by putting less gear in the water and supporting closures when necessary, Platt says. In his view, the typical seven-month Dungeness crab season is now in danger of being reduced to three or four months and potentially even fewer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>“\u003c/i>Nowadays, the crab fishery is really the most widely shared and economically important fishery to the coastal communities in California,” Platt said. “We’re potentially looking at the devastation of a whole commercial fishing industry, because if we lose Dungeness crab, most of us are going to have to quit, because it’s our most important and our most dependable fishery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan Bartling, a senior environmental scientist for the state Fish and Wildlife Department’s Marine Region, says commercial crab fishermen, along with environmental groups and state and federal agencies, were part of the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://opc.ca.gov/whale-entanglement-working-group/\">Dungeness Crab Fishing Gear Working Group\u003c/a>, which helped craft the new rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to balance the need to protect an endangered species and allow for the crabbing fishery to continue and be viable for the state of California and all the fishing communities that depend on it,” Bartling said. “It’s a dual-goal regulation\u003ci>.\u003c/i>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bartling adds that closing down fishing regions isn’t the only way the new rules allow his agency to respond to whale activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be a depth restriction, can be a gear reduction, or another management action based on the best available science,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations also provide a potential avenue for crab fisherman to avoid the closures by using \u003ca href=\"https://usa.oceana.org/sites/default/files/2020/10/26/oceana_whale_safe_oceans_report.pdf\">alternative gear\u003c/a> that won’t pose a threat to whales and sea turtles. One option, which doesn’t rely on leaving lines in the water for long periods, utilizes crab traps that deploy buoys to the surface when triggered by a timer or signal. This “pop-up” gear, Bartling and many crab fishermen agree, is still a work in progress — expensive and possible to lose on the ocean floor, with more testing needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the state of technology, I think we can figure this out,” Bartling said of the different gear, “I just don’t know the time frame\u003ci>.\u003c/i>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Forecasting Wildfire Smoke Is Really Hard. Here's Why",
"headTitle": "Forecasting Wildfire Smoke Is Really Hard. Here’s Why | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Many in the Bay Area are going to remember Sept. 9, if not the date at least the weather conditions. The region woke up that morning under the odd gloom of reddish orange skies, as numerous wildfires generated thick smoke high in the atmosphere, blocking the sun, forcing streetlights into late-morning duty, and generally freaking people out. On social media, a search on the word “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969409/no-you-didnt-wake-up-to-the-apocalypse-wildfire-smoke-turns-bay-area-sky-orange-and-dark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">apocalyptic\u003c/a>” retrieved numerous declarations of dismay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of wildfire season has also been awful, if not quite as weird. Smoke choked the Bay Area for weeks on end, leading to a record 43 “Spare the Air Days” declared by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District, including 30 that were consecutive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the increasing number of incidents in which the region is inundated with smoke, a heightened focus has emerged on its negative \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/2020/08/26/wildfires-health-impacts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">health impacts\u003c/a>, including harm to the lungs, heart and brain, as well as the immune and endocrine systems. Smoke can also contribute to asthma, stroke, diabetes, Alzheimer’s and many other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So knowing more about when it will be wafting our way has become increasingly important. But while the government issues warnings about heat waves, gusty winds and red flag conditions, smoke forecasting is more difficult than predicting the weather, and residents have mostly had to rely on checking air quality websites for real-time guidance when they want to know if it’s okay to take a walk during a smoke event. That’s because beyond a few hours, it’s tough to know if smoke will clear out or linger due to weather conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The complexity that goes into any smoke forecast is fairly mind-boggling. To know what might happen with smoke, you need to know what is going to happen with the wildfire producing it. And predicting fire behavior is extremely difficult, because variables like wind, storms, and the success firefighters are having containing a particular blaze can change moment to moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very hard to take into consideration, mathematically, the behavior of these fires,” said Ravan Ahmadov, a smoke forecaster for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration at the University of Colorado. “So, that’s a major problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/wZ2OktM9p_k\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahmadov works with the \u003ca href=\"https://rapidrefresh.noaa.gov/hrrr/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">High-Resolution Rapid Refresh\u003c/a> model, which provides hourly high-resolution updates of where wildfire smoke is as well as where it’s likely to travel. The model absorbs data from four polar-orbiting satellites from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NASA; several times a day, these eyes in the sky relay information about the amount of heat a fire is giving off and the kind of fuel it’s burning, both of which impact the amount of smoke emitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it forests, grassland, or maybe cropland?” Ahmadov said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other factors the model takes into account are wind, weather and geography. For example, is rain imminent? Are there canyons or flatlands? Large bodies of water nearby?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahmadov says comprehending the dynamics of a particular fire can make understanding the behavior of smoke emissions easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Still, the distribution of the smoke for a region like the Bay Area is a complex process,” he said. “It’s possible that in one part of the city, the smoke will be much denser than in another part of the same city.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1305832852668309504\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local weather officials at NOAA or the Bay Area Air Quality Management District play a role as well, looking at computer models and applying knowledge of an area’s air flow, topology and reports of how a fire is unfolding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They provide us with valuable feedback,” Ahmadov said. “In which cases our model forecast worked well, in which cases it didn’t materialize, or where there were shortcomings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know we have some work to do to improve smoke forecasting for the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One key problem is accurately simulating the location of the smoke in the air column, knowing whether it will creep along the surface or float aloft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many times we see smoke in the sky, it’s hazy, even sometimes ash is falling, but it is not actually polluted where we live near the surface,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past few months, firefighters have seen extreme fire behavior in which the blazes and dense smoke can create their own weather. The Creek Fire near Mammoth Lakes, for example, released so much heat it caused a thunderstorm to form. During a September heat wave, thick Central Valley smoke blocked the sun and reduced the temperature by at least 20 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a [scientific] community we need to do more work to incorporate fire behavior and the complex interactions of smoke with the weather system into our forecast models,” Ahmadov said. “And that requires more time, resources, money and [computing] power.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason weather forecasts tend to be so much more reliable than those for smoke is that scientists have studied weather much longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with more extreme fires in a warming world, there is going to be plenty of opportunity to bone up on smoke, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Many in the Bay Area are going to remember Sept. 9, if not the date at least the weather conditions. The region woke up that morning under the odd gloom of reddish orange skies, as numerous wildfires generated thick smoke high in the atmosphere, blocking the sun, forcing streetlights into late-morning duty, and generally freaking people out. On social media, a search on the word “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969409/no-you-didnt-wake-up-to-the-apocalypse-wildfire-smoke-turns-bay-area-sky-orange-and-dark\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">apocalyptic\u003c/a>” retrieved numerous declarations of dismay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest of wildfire season has also been awful, if not quite as weird. Smoke choked the Bay Area for weeks on end, leading to a record 43 “Spare the Air Days” declared by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District, including 30 that were consecutive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the increasing number of incidents in which the region is inundated with smoke, a heightened focus has emerged on its negative \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/2020/08/26/wildfires-health-impacts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">health impacts\u003c/a>, including harm to the lungs, heart and brain, as well as the immune and endocrine systems. Smoke can also contribute to asthma, stroke, diabetes, Alzheimer’s and many other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So knowing more about when it will be wafting our way has become increasingly important. But while the government issues warnings about heat waves, gusty winds and red flag conditions, smoke forecasting is more difficult than predicting the weather, and residents have mostly had to rely on checking air quality websites for real-time guidance when they want to know if it’s okay to take a walk during a smoke event. That’s because beyond a few hours, it’s tough to know if smoke will clear out or linger due to weather conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The complexity that goes into any smoke forecast is fairly mind-boggling. To know what might happen with smoke, you need to know what is going to happen with the wildfire producing it. And predicting fire behavior is extremely difficult, because variables like wind, storms, and the success firefighters are having containing a particular blaze can change moment to moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very hard to take into consideration, mathematically, the behavior of these fires,” said Ravan Ahmadov, a smoke forecaster for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration at the University of Colorado. “So, that’s a major problem.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/wZ2OktM9p_k'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/wZ2OktM9p_k'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Ahmadov works with the \u003ca href=\"https://rapidrefresh.noaa.gov/hrrr/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">High-Resolution Rapid Refresh\u003c/a> model, which provides hourly high-resolution updates of where wildfire smoke is as well as where it’s likely to travel. The model absorbs data from four polar-orbiting satellites from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NASA; several times a day, these eyes in the sky relay information about the amount of heat a fire is giving off and the kind of fuel it’s burning, both of which impact the amount of smoke emitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it forests, grassland, or maybe cropland?” Ahmadov said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other factors the model takes into account are wind, weather and geography. For example, is rain imminent? Are there canyons or flatlands? Large bodies of water nearby?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahmadov says comprehending the dynamics of a particular fire can make understanding the behavior of smoke emissions easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Still, the distribution of the smoke for a region like the Bay Area is a complex process,” he said. “It’s possible that in one part of the city, the smoke will be much denser than in another part of the same city.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Local weather officials at NOAA or the Bay Area Air Quality Management District play a role as well, looking at computer models and applying knowledge of an area’s air flow, topology and reports of how a fire is unfolding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They provide us with valuable feedback,” Ahmadov said. “In which cases our model forecast worked well, in which cases it didn’t materialize, or where there were shortcomings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know we have some work to do to improve smoke forecasting for the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One key problem is accurately simulating the location of the smoke in the air column, knowing whether it will creep along the surface or float aloft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many times we see smoke in the sky, it’s hazy, even sometimes ash is falling, but it is not actually polluted where we live near the surface,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past few months, firefighters have seen extreme fire behavior in which the blazes and dense smoke can create their own weather. The Creek Fire near Mammoth Lakes, for example, released so much heat it caused a thunderstorm to form. During a September heat wave, thick Central Valley smoke blocked the sun and reduced the temperature by at least 20 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a [scientific] community we need to do more work to incorporate fire behavior and the complex interactions of smoke with the weather system into our forecast models,” Ahmadov said. “And that requires more time, resources, money and [computing] power.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason weather forecasts tend to be so much more reliable than those for smoke is that scientists have studied weather much longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with more extreme fires in a warming world, there is going to be plenty of opportunity to bone up on smoke, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
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"reveal": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
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