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"title": "Help From on High: Satellites Play Key Role in Fighting California Wildfires",
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"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://earthdata.nasa.gov/earth-observation-data/near-real-time\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LANCE data system\u003c/a>, which makes enormous amounts of satellite information available to scientists around the world almost as soon as it’s collected, is powerful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How powerful?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation=\"Diane Davies, NASA, on the power of fire-detection satellites\"]‘We have been known to pick up a really hot barbecue.’[/pullquote]“We have been known to pick up a really hot barbecue,” said Diane Davies, operations manager for the program. “We have been known to pick up the old solar factory or oil rigs. We can pick up gas flares, volcanoes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as those false alarms have to be filtered out, that kind of sensitivity allows for the precise location of newly ignited areas over vast amounts of land, a huge advantage in the age of climate-driven catastrophic wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the lightning strike fires in August that sprouted up and down the state like the heads of the mythical multiheaded hydra, California wildfire season returned with a fury this year after a relatively mild 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of grappling with the sweep of conflagrations plaguing the state is knowing their size and location. In past decades, lookouts kept watch from towers around the West; a few are still in use. Occasionally someone driving or looking out a window sees smoke and calls authorities. In recent years, California has invested in expanding a network of \u003ca href=\"http://www.alertwildfire.org/northbay/index.html?v=81e002f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fire-spotting cameras\u003c/a>. Planes, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.airforcemag.com/guard-aircraft-watching-california-fires-as-blazes-continue-to-spread/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Guard aircraft\u003c/a>, can locate flames and track their spread. In September, NASA initiated\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-takes-flight-to-study-californias-wildfire-burn-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> aerial surveys\u003c/a> to study burn areas, as well as landslide and debris-flow hazards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But data, particularly for fires that spark in remote areas, can still be hard to come by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these cases, the watchers get help from on high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More specifically, from low Earth orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellites thousands of miles above the surface have been spotting fires since the 1960s, capturing images that have grown continuously sharper and more sophisticated over the decades. New satellites launched by NOAA and NASA in just the last few years are providing a wealth of information about the surface of the planet, keeping scientists busy as they work to harness the full potential of the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say satellites are key to improving our knowledge of fires. Not only can they detect a burgeoning blaze, they can measure its size and predict firefighting hazards. They can also forecast smoke and study the accelerating effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=65ce2cbc-238c-11eb-83c8-ebb5d6f907df\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early September, lightning and extreme wind and heat combined to cause some of the worst fires seen in decades and extremely dirty air. On the left in the image above, a satellite view of North America shows thick brown smoke blowing from fires along the West Coast. On the right, orange and blue pixels show the intensity of aerosol pollution coming from fires (identified in red). Both images are from the NOAA-NASA Suomi NPP satellite, using different sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Modern Life, Beamed to You via Satellite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellites either rotate around or with the Earth. They use antennae to communicate with fixed spots on the ground, relaying images, weather data, telecommunications and other information. Russia famously launched the first mechanical satellite, Sputnik, in 1957, marking the start of the space age. Currently, an \u003ca href=\"https://ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database?_ga=2.206523283.1848871521.1598077135-464362950.1598077135\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimated \u003c/a>2,787 functioning satellites are in orbit around Earth, and even more that are no longer operational.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellites have improved weather forecasts and tracked changes in agriculture, forests and sea ice. They have shrunk the globe by carrying live television broadcasts from around the world and allowing connections between far-flung points on the map. They have also revolutionized how we navigate — when is the last time you needed to ask for directions? In many ways, they make our modern lives what they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire community uses satellites equipped with instruments that can quite literally see heat. Sensors pick up hot spots by detecting infrared radiation. To avoid false alarms — like homing in on the heat generated by someone’s barbecue, as mentioned above — the data is filtered through algorithms that govern what to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar-orbiting satellites like NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://aqua.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aqua\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://terra.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Terra \u003c/a>are currently the best at spotting fires. These have the finest-scaled resolution, but because they image both hemispheres, only relay information \u003ca href=\"https://aqua.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">twice\u003c/a> a day. That’s useful for extremely remote areas like the Amazon. But California responders, responsible for population zones all over the state, need to keep a constant watch. That’s where geostationary satellites come in: Rotating with the Earth, they appear to hover in place if you were to view one from the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA and NOAA launched the most advanced geostationary satellites in 2017 and 2018, respectively. But “the algorithm isn’t yet good enough for us to use,” NASA’s Davies said. “There are still quite a lot of false alarms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she is hopeful these orbiting eyes in the sky will eventually change the fire-spotting game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of research groups are working furiously toward that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Spot Fires Faster\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes people who are in charge are under the impression that they know for sure when a fire starts, that they know early enough,” said Alexander Koltunov, a scientist with the Center for Spatial Technologies and Remote Sensing at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936516\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 879px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1936516 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: GOES-17 in orbit\" width=\"879\" height=\"485\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin.jpg 879w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-800x441.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-768x424.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-240x132.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-375x207.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-520x287.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 879px) 100vw, 879px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The GOES West satellite is “geostationary,” meaning it rotates in sync with the Earth. \u003ccite>(Lockheed-Martin)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But they are often mistaken, he says, asserting that some fires in California go undetected for hours. Koltunov hopes to cut that time down considerably by creating a second-generation algorithm for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cstarsd3s.ucdavis.edu/systems/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GOES Early Fire Detection\u003c/a> system, which provides image analysis that aims to spot ignitions sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a retrospective case study using the 2013 Rim Fire, the system identified the blaze 15 minutes before the actual initial report, and beat \u003ca href=\"https://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/FIRE/Layers/ABBA/abba.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NOAA’s fire detection algorithm \u003c/a>by 15 minutes as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The newer version in development is showing even greater promise,” because “the new GOES is so much better than the old one,” Koltunov said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though he’s quick to stress that satellites will not be able to spot every ignition quickly enough to make a difference in response time, fire agencies can use the satellite’s data to understand the characteristics of a particular blaze and the landscape around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It helps them appropriately allocate resources and plan their risks and tradeoffs,” Koltunov said. That’s important because in a year like this, resources are shrinking compared to the growth of the problem, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NR0fXlZ096Q\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoiding Snags and Keeping Tabs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During or after a wildfire, dead standing trees, called snags, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwcg.gov/committee/6mfs/felling-safety/falling-snags\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pose a danger\u003c/a> to anyone on the ground, and they’re especially hazardous for firefighters working on windy nights. So Koltunov is spearheading another UC Davis project designed to help firefighters avoid injury from falling trees in infernos like the Creek Fire, which has burned about 380,000 acres, mostly in the Sierra National Forest. More than half of the trees were killed in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where are dead trees?” said Koltunov. “How long have they been dead? Are they standing or fallen down?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Forest Service is using a beta version, known as the Ecosystem Disturbance and Recovery Tracker, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.cstarsd3s.ucdavis.edu/systems/edart/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">eDaRT\u003c/a>, to generate snag hazard maps in order to assess the risk of sending crews to certain areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koltunov says an agency might think twice about sending people into an area where “trees are going to fall over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In massive wildfires, heat signatures picked up by satellites can keep firefighters and fire mappers informed about the size, border and movement of a blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been revolutionary for the fire scientists to be able to study how the perimeters grow,” said James Randerson, an Earth science professor at UC Irvine. “A lot of the records you get from fire agencies, like from Cal Fire, are actually derived … from satellite data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when Cal Fire announces that 4 million acres have burned, it uses satellite images to help calculate that total.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers like Randerson also use the information to track climate change and its effects around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s seen fires increasingly more destructive in California and northern \u003ca href=\"http://ibfra.org/about-boreal-forests/#:~:text=From%20a%20biological%20perspective%2C%20boreal,a%20canopy%20cover%20of%2010%25.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">boreal forests\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> He’s tracked fires in the Amazon linked to deforestation. He’s noticed the disappearance of wildfire from tropical savannas and grasslands where it traditionally supports large grazing animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he hopes information about previously hidden fires in the understory of tropical forests, now viewable by satellite, can guide conservation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellites are part of the unseen — and uncelebrated — firefighting arsenal. To members of the public, the information they bring can seem magical, even if it is generally taken for granted. Peel back the map, the image, the forecast though, and ingenious researchers and sophisticated sky machines are hard at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://earthdata.nasa.gov/earth-observation-data/near-real-time\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LANCE data system\u003c/a>, which makes enormous amounts of satellite information available to scientists around the world almost as soon as it’s collected, is powerful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How powerful?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“We have been known to pick up a really hot barbecue,” said Diane Davies, operations manager for the program. “We have been known to pick up the old solar factory or oil rigs. We can pick up gas flares, volcanoes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as those false alarms have to be filtered out, that kind of sensitivity allows for the precise location of newly ignited areas over vast amounts of land, a huge advantage in the age of climate-driven catastrophic wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the lightning strike fires in August that sprouted up and down the state like the heads of the mythical multiheaded hydra, California wildfire season returned with a fury this year after a relatively mild 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of grappling with the sweep of conflagrations plaguing the state is knowing their size and location. In past decades, lookouts kept watch from towers around the West; a few are still in use. Occasionally someone driving or looking out a window sees smoke and calls authorities. In recent years, California has invested in expanding a network of \u003ca href=\"http://www.alertwildfire.org/northbay/index.html?v=81e002f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fire-spotting cameras\u003c/a>. Planes, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.airforcemag.com/guard-aircraft-watching-california-fires-as-blazes-continue-to-spread/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Guard aircraft\u003c/a>, can locate flames and track their spread. In September, NASA initiated\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-takes-flight-to-study-californias-wildfire-burn-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> aerial surveys\u003c/a> to study burn areas, as well as landslide and debris-flow hazards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But data, particularly for fires that spark in remote areas, can still be hard to come by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these cases, the watchers get help from on high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More specifically, from low Earth orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellites thousands of miles above the surface have been spotting fires since the 1960s, capturing images that have grown continuously sharper and more sophisticated over the decades. New satellites launched by NOAA and NASA in just the last few years are providing a wealth of information about the surface of the planet, keeping scientists busy as they work to harness the full potential of the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say satellites are key to improving our knowledge of fires. Not only can they detect a burgeoning blaze, they can measure its size and predict firefighting hazards. They can also forecast smoke and study the accelerating effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"no\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=65ce2cbc-238c-11eb-83c8-ebb5d6f907df\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early September, lightning and extreme wind and heat combined to cause some of the worst fires seen in decades and extremely dirty air. On the left in the image above, a satellite view of North America shows thick brown smoke blowing from fires along the West Coast. On the right, orange and blue pixels show the intensity of aerosol pollution coming from fires (identified in red). Both images are from the NOAA-NASA Suomi NPP satellite, using different sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Modern Life, Beamed to You via Satellite\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellites either rotate around or with the Earth. They use antennae to communicate with fixed spots on the ground, relaying images, weather data, telecommunications and other information. Russia famously launched the first mechanical satellite, Sputnik, in 1957, marking the start of the space age. Currently, an \u003ca href=\"https://ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database?_ga=2.206523283.1848871521.1598077135-464362950.1598077135\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">estimated \u003c/a>2,787 functioning satellites are in orbit around Earth, and even more that are no longer operational.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellites have improved weather forecasts and tracked changes in agriculture, forests and sea ice. They have shrunk the globe by carrying live television broadcasts from around the world and allowing connections between far-flung points on the map. They have also revolutionized how we navigate — when is the last time you needed to ask for directions? In many ways, they make our modern lives what they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire community uses satellites equipped with instruments that can quite literally see heat. Sensors pick up hot spots by detecting infrared radiation. To avoid false alarms — like homing in on the heat generated by someone’s barbecue, as mentioned above — the data is filtered through algorithms that govern what to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar-orbiting satellites like NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://aqua.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aqua\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://terra.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Terra \u003c/a>are currently the best at spotting fires. These have the finest-scaled resolution, but because they image both hemispheres, only relay information \u003ca href=\"https://aqua.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">twice\u003c/a> a day. That’s useful for extremely remote areas like the Amazon. But California responders, responsible for population zones all over the state, need to keep a constant watch. That’s where geostationary satellites come in: Rotating with the Earth, they appear to hover in place if you were to view one from the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA and NOAA launched the most advanced geostationary satellites in 2017 and 2018, respectively. But “the algorithm isn’t yet good enough for us to use,” NASA’s Davies said. “There are still quite a lot of false alarms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she is hopeful these orbiting eyes in the sky will eventually change the fire-spotting game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of research groups are working furiously toward that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Spot Fires Faster\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes people who are in charge are under the impression that they know for sure when a fire starts, that they know early enough,” said Alexander Koltunov, a scientist with the Center for Spatial Technologies and Remote Sensing at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1936516\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 879px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1936516 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: GOES-17 in orbit\" width=\"879\" height=\"485\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin.jpg 879w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-800x441.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-768x424.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-240x132.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-375x207.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/GOESwest_LockheedMartin-520x287.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 879px) 100vw, 879px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The GOES West satellite is “geostationary,” meaning it rotates in sync with the Earth. \u003ccite>(Lockheed-Martin)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But they are often mistaken, he says, asserting that some fires in California go undetected for hours. Koltunov hopes to cut that time down considerably by creating a second-generation algorithm for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cstarsd3s.ucdavis.edu/systems/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GOES Early Fire Detection\u003c/a> system, which provides image analysis that aims to spot ignitions sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a retrospective case study using the 2013 Rim Fire, the system identified the blaze 15 minutes before the actual initial report, and beat \u003ca href=\"https://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/FIRE/Layers/ABBA/abba.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NOAA’s fire detection algorithm \u003c/a>by 15 minutes as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The newer version in development is showing even greater promise,” because “the new GOES is so much better than the old one,” Koltunov said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though he’s quick to stress that satellites will not be able to spot every ignition quickly enough to make a difference in response time, fire agencies can use the satellite’s data to understand the characteristics of a particular blaze and the landscape around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It helps them appropriately allocate resources and plan their risks and tradeoffs,” Koltunov said. That’s important because in a year like this, resources are shrinking compared to the growth of the problem, he says.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/NR0fXlZ096Q'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/NR0fXlZ096Q'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoiding Snags and Keeping Tabs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During or after a wildfire, dead standing trees, called snags, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwcg.gov/committee/6mfs/felling-safety/falling-snags\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pose a danger\u003c/a> to anyone on the ground, and they’re especially hazardous for firefighters working on windy nights. So Koltunov is spearheading another UC Davis project designed to help firefighters avoid injury from falling trees in infernos like the Creek Fire, which has burned about 380,000 acres, mostly in the Sierra National Forest. More than half of the trees were killed in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where are dead trees?” said Koltunov. “How long have they been dead? Are they standing or fallen down?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Forest Service is using a beta version, known as the Ecosystem Disturbance and Recovery Tracker, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.cstarsd3s.ucdavis.edu/systems/edart/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">eDaRT\u003c/a>, to generate snag hazard maps in order to assess the risk of sending crews to certain areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koltunov says an agency might think twice about sending people into an area where “trees are going to fall over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In massive wildfires, heat signatures picked up by satellites can keep firefighters and fire mappers informed about the size, border and movement of a blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been revolutionary for the fire scientists to be able to study how the perimeters grow,” said James Randerson, an Earth science professor at UC Irvine. “A lot of the records you get from fire agencies, like from Cal Fire, are actually derived … from satellite data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when Cal Fire announces that 4 million acres have burned, it uses satellite images to help calculate that total.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers like Randerson also use the information to track climate change and its effects around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s seen fires increasingly more destructive in California and northern \u003ca href=\"http://ibfra.org/about-boreal-forests/#:~:text=From%20a%20biological%20perspective%2C%20boreal,a%20canopy%20cover%20of%2010%25.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">boreal forests\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> He’s tracked fires in the Amazon linked to deforestation. He’s noticed the disappearance of wildfire from tropical savannas and grasslands where it traditionally supports large grazing animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he hopes information about previously hidden fires in the understory of tropical forests, now viewable by satellite, can guide conservation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellites are part of the unseen — and uncelebrated — firefighting arsenal. To members of the public, the information they bring can seem magical, even if it is generally taken for granted. Peel back the map, the image, the forecast though, and ingenious researchers and sophisticated sky machines are hard at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Doctors Work to Prioritize Who Will Get COVID-19 Vaccine First",
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"content": "\u003cp>With coronavirus cases surging across the U.S. and ticking higher in California, pharmaceutical company Pfizer’s announcement on Monday about preliminary results showing its COVID-19 vaccine to be more than 90% effective in clinical trials is welcome news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Pfizer and Moderna, another pharmaceutical company with a promising vaccine, anticipate they will have millions of doses available before the end of 2020. But those will likely not be enough for everyone who wants a vaccine to get it right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A panel of experts with the state’s Department of Public Health is working to prioritize who will be first in line to get innoculated when the Food and Drug Administration finally approves a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Raquel Maria Dillon and science reporter \u003cstrong>Laura Klivans\u003c/strong> on Monday discussed what Pfizer’s announcement means and how experts are thinking about just who will get the vaccine when. The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does Pfizer’s announcement mean we’re going to have an approved vaccine very soon? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, Pfizer is planning to have a limited number of doses by the end of this year. But the FDA has to review the company’s data and decide whether Pfizer has met the requirements for approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company has to show that the vaccine prevents or lessens the severity of disease in at least half the people who get the vaccine. Trials must have participants that are diverse in terms of age and race. The company also has to monitor people for at least two months after their last vaccine dose. In the cases of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, the two that are furthest along in the United States, both require two doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So where are we in the process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer and Moderna are currently doing phase 3 trials in the U.S. A phase 3 trial involves testing a vaccine in thousands of people. Pfizer’s phase 3 trial, for example, has 44,000 people enrolled, and they may add more. Moderna has 30,000 people enrolled. Both companies started their trials at the end of July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We had a lot of issues when it came to getting coronavirus tests out. Will we have similar problems with the vaccine? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three experts who spoke on a webinar Monday are all on California’s panel that will make the decisions about who will be eligible to get the COVID-19 vaccine first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can imagine, at least at the onset, there will be a severe shortage, which forces us to all consider the question, who should go first for the vaccine?” said Dr. Bernard Lo, professor emeritus at UCSF and a panel member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo talked about different categories of people who would make great candidates: elderly residents of nursing homes and folks who work there. Also, home health aides, nurses, doctors, first responders, respiratory technicians, hospital cleaning staff, teachers and other essential workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people who work in particular in meat processing plants,” Lo said. The people who work as “grocery store clerks, as drivers of public transportation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about populations that have been particularly hard hit, like in Oakland’s Fruitvale neighborhood or San Francisco’s Mission District?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo mentioned this too, that part of distributing the vaccine is prioritizing protection of people who are most at risk. In San Francisco, for example, he pointed out that we see high vulnerability for COVID-19 in the Mission, the Tenderloin, SOMA and Bayview-Hunters Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo pointed out that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/a-framework-for-equitable-allocation-of-vaccine-for-the-novel-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine\u003c/a> recommends 25% of vaccines be set aside for vulnerable neighborhoods where there’s a markedly higher rate of infection and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That seems like a lot of high-priority people and competing concerns. When are we going to know who would get the vaccine first?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The panel said they’re meeting this week to map out a timeline for how they will get all these decisions made and when they’ll notify the public. So we don’t know yet when exactly we’ll learn all of this, but we should know a lot more by the new year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With coronavirus cases surging across the U.S. and ticking higher in California, pharmaceutical company Pfizer’s announcement on Monday about preliminary results showing its COVID-19 vaccine to be more than 90% effective in clinical trials is welcome news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Pfizer and Moderna, another pharmaceutical company with a promising vaccine, anticipate they will have millions of doses available before the end of 2020. But those will likely not be enough for everyone who wants a vaccine to get it right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A panel of experts with the state’s Department of Public Health is working to prioritize who will be first in line to get innoculated when the Food and Drug Administration finally approves a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Raquel Maria Dillon and science reporter \u003cstrong>Laura Klivans\u003c/strong> on Monday discussed what Pfizer’s announcement means and how experts are thinking about just who will get the vaccine when. The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does Pfizer’s announcement mean we’re going to have an approved vaccine very soon? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, Pfizer is planning to have a limited number of doses by the end of this year. But the FDA has to review the company’s data and decide whether Pfizer has met the requirements for approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company has to show that the vaccine prevents or lessens the severity of disease in at least half the people who get the vaccine. Trials must have participants that are diverse in terms of age and race. The company also has to monitor people for at least two months after their last vaccine dose. In the cases of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, the two that are furthest along in the United States, both require two doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So where are we in the process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer and Moderna are currently doing phase 3 trials in the U.S. A phase 3 trial involves testing a vaccine in thousands of people. Pfizer’s phase 3 trial, for example, has 44,000 people enrolled, and they may add more. Moderna has 30,000 people enrolled. Both companies started their trials at the end of July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We had a lot of issues when it came to getting coronavirus tests out. Will we have similar problems with the vaccine? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three experts who spoke on a webinar Monday are all on California’s panel that will make the decisions about who will be eligible to get the COVID-19 vaccine first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can imagine, at least at the onset, there will be a severe shortage, which forces us to all consider the question, who should go first for the vaccine?” said Dr. Bernard Lo, professor emeritus at UCSF and a panel member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo talked about different categories of people who would make great candidates: elderly residents of nursing homes and folks who work there. Also, home health aides, nurses, doctors, first responders, respiratory technicians, hospital cleaning staff, teachers and other essential workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people who work in particular in meat processing plants,” Lo said. The people who work as “grocery store clerks, as drivers of public transportation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about populations that have been particularly hard hit, like in Oakland’s Fruitvale neighborhood or San Francisco’s Mission District?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo mentioned this too, that part of distributing the vaccine is prioritizing protection of people who are most at risk. In San Francisco, for example, he pointed out that we see high vulnerability for COVID-19 in the Mission, the Tenderloin, SOMA and Bayview-Hunters Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo pointed out that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/a-framework-for-equitable-allocation-of-vaccine-for-the-novel-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine\u003c/a> recommends 25% of vaccines be set aside for vulnerable neighborhoods where there’s a markedly higher rate of infection and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That seems like a lot of high-priority people and competing concerns. When are we going to know who would get the vaccine first?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The panel said they’re meeting this week to map out a timeline for how they will get all these decisions made and when they’ll notify the public. So we don’t know yet when exactly we’ll learn all of this, but we should know a lot more by the new year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "See Sea Slugs Scour Seagrass by the Seashore",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“They’re so majestic,” ecologist Brent Hughes says as he looks out across Elkhorn Slough, a large winding estuary off the Monterey Bay coastline. He’s not talking about whales or pelicans. He’s talking about a tiny, slimy, aquatic slug — the eelgrass sea hare. Donning his wetsuit, Hughes hops into his kayak and paddles off toward a section of water where the sea hares live, in an underwater meadow of seagrass.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Also known as the Taylor’s sea hare, these humble, zebra-striped slices of green jello are actually crucial to the health of their eelgrass meadow ecosystem.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Eelgrass sea hares — named for the bunny-like tentacles on top of their heads — can be found munching on the microscopic algae that grow on the surface of eelgrass, a type of marine seagrass. They don’t eat the grass itself; instead they help the meadows grow by clearing the way for sunlight to reach the plants, scraping the blades of grass clean with their rows of tiny teeth. The seagrass, in turn, serves as a safe haven to lay their eggs, and protection from predators like crabs and fish.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1970800 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_slide.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eelgrass sea hares symbiotically co-evolved with eelgrass, a type of seagrass found near coastlines worldwide. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy /KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The blades of grass also protect more than just these voracious little cleaners. At Elkhorn Slough off of the Monterey Bay, the eelgrass beds form a habitat for a diverse community of animals and plant life, which includes sea otters, Dungeness crabs, clams, skeleton shrimp and various fish.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Eelgrass is like the ugly duckling of the charismatic habitat world,” says biologist Grace Ha of UC Davis, who studied the camouflage of the Taylor’s sea hare. “Seagrasses are among the most productive habitats in the world, if you compare them to rainforest or coral reefs, but most people don’t even know what eelgrass is.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Eelgrass forms submarine meadows in shallow seawater, estuaries and salt marshes across the Northern Hemisphere. Seagrasses absorb carbon from the atmosphere and prevent coastal erosion, but climate change, and human activities like large-scale agriculture threaten their existence worldwide. Biologists compare the steady decline of seagrass beds to the global crises of disappearing rainforests and coral reefs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For decades, the eelgrass meadows of Elkhorn Slough were also disappearing. Since the 1950s nitrogen-based fertilizers from farms in the Salinas Valley have drained into the estuary, overloading the water with nutrients, causing massive algae blooms. Too much algae living on the surface of the water blocks the sunlight necessary for eelgrass meadows to grow, and the grasses begin to die out. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970796\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1970796 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_MW2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_MW2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_MW2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_MW2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_MW2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_MW2-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_MW2-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_MW2-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eelgrass sea hares clean the eelgrass of the microscopic algae that coats it. Seagrass meadows help absorb carbon from the atmosphere and control erosion. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2013, Hughes, now at Sonoma State University, published the results of a surprising discovery. He noticed that the eelgrass in Elkhorn Slough was actually rebounding, despite the extreme algal blooms. Strangely, his data showed, this was happening right around the time sea otters were reintroduced to the area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sea otters had been totally missing from the estuary ecosystem since the early 20\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">th\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> century. By that time, fur traders had hunted otters almost to extinction along the California coast. But in the late 1980s, the Monterey Bay Aquarium rereleased a small population of sea otters back into the slough, and their numbers have steadily increased.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hughes’ research established that the hungry otters were eating copious amounts of local crabs, a natural predator of Taylor’s sea hares. “The otters recovering allowed for an explosion of sea hares that really kind of facilitated the resilience of that seagrass.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970797\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1970797\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Eelgrass_Sea_Hare_sea_otter2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Eelgrass_Sea_Hare_sea_otter2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Eelgrass_Sea_Hare_sea_otter2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Eelgrass_Sea_Hare_sea_otter2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Eelgrass_Sea_Hare_sea_otter2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Eelgrass_Sea_Hare_sea_otter2-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Eelgrass_Sea_Hare_sea_otter2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When sea otters were reintroduced to Elkhorn Slough, they started eating the crabs that eat the sea hares. This meant the sea hares could get back to work cleaning the eelgrass of excessive algae, enabling the eelgrass to grow again. Researchers call this a trophic cascade, when a top predator, like a sea otter, has a balancing effect on the ecosystem. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hughes and his colleagues had uncovered a trophic cascade in which the reintroduction of a top predator (in this case the sea otter) results in a balancing effect on the food web.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In an eelgrass ecosystem like Elkhorn Slough, where nutrient-polluted waters cause regular extreme algal blooms, the “grazers just become really, really important for controlling that algal overgrowth.” When otters were missing and not eating crabs, the crab population grew and ate too many sea hares, so the eelgrass had less help dealing with the suffocating algae growth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The remarkable thing is that the nutrients are still climbing,” Hughes said. “It’s insane how high the nutrients are in that system.” Despite this continued stress on the ecosystem, the eelgrass meadows in Elkhorn Slough have in fact steadily expanded over the past three decades. Hughes credits the otters and their trophic cascade relationship with the sea hares. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970798\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1970798\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Elkhorn_Slough_algal_bloom-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Elkhorn_Slough_algal_bloom-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Elkhorn_Slough_algal_bloom-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Elkhorn_Slough_algal_bloom-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Elkhorn_Slough_algal_bloom-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Elkhorn_Slough_algal_bloom-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Elkhorn_Slough_algal_bloom-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Elkhorn_Slough_algal_bloom.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Runoff from farms carries excessive nutrients into Elkhorn Slough, which spurs the growth of thick mats of algae. Left unchecked, these algal blooms block sunlight from reaching the eelgrass, and cause them to die. The eelgrass sea hare’s constant appetite for algae helps to counterbalance these harmful effects. \u003ccite>(Brent Hughes/Sonoma State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“These grazers are so abundant in Elkhorn Slough, you just have to reach over and grab some seagrass and you’ll end up grabbing a few sea hares too.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Further north, in the San Francisco Bay, Kathy Boyer has been working for years to restore native eelgrass ecosystems. Eelgrass sea hares had also been easy to find in the meadows she was restoring, until recently.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">2017 was an extremely wet winter and spring for the San Francisco Bay Area. Storm after storm brought so much fresh water to the bay that salinity dropped well below the usual level (below ten parts per thousand). Very soon after this dramatic drop in salinity, Boyer and her colleagues noticed that the Taylor’s sea hare (and another symbiotic grazer called the eelgrass isopod) had disappeared from the meadows in the bay. The sea hares had simply vanished from the eight eelgrass restoration sites she and her team had been monitoring.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It was shocking,” she says. “We’ve definitely seen fluctuations in invertebrate populations, but we’ve never seen the complete loss of species.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970799\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970799\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Eelgrass_Sea_Hare_bunny_edit.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"393\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sea hares get their name from the bunny-ear-like tentacles on top of their heads called rhinophores, which they use to sense temperature, water movement and smell. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Boyer and her team realized at that moment that the only places in the San Francisco Bay with living Taylor’s sea hares were the experimental holding tanks where she does most of her eelgrass restoration studies, at San Francisco State University’s Estuary and Ocean Science Center in Tiburon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Boyer immediately recognized the importance of the animals in her tanks. “We’ve got to try to keep these guys alive, because it’s all that’s left of this population.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She hopes to grow the population, and eventually reestablish them throughout eelgrass meadows in the bay. The good news is “they’re reproducing like crazy, they’re really happy in the tanks. They’ve got no predators, so they’re just doing their thing.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Having worked in ecosystem restoration for years, Boyer intimately understands the complexities inherent to the work. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There’s lots of interest in just going out and restoring a bunch of eelgrass, but the grass doesn’t live in a vacuum out there in the bay. It interacts with all these other species. It brings up lots of questions about ‘What are restoration best practices?’”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970795\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1970795\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_baby-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_baby-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_baby-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_baby-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_baby-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_baby-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_baby-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_baby-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eelgrass meadows provide a safe haven for sea hare eggs and protection for their young. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The disappearance of the sea hares offers a rare opportunity to observe what happens when a species suddenly vanishes from an ecosystem. “Sometimes you don’t know what you have until you lose a bit of it,” Boyer said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Also, Elkhorn Slough has sea otters, but the San Francisco Bay does not, which translates to a big difference in how the food webs function in each location.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Whether the trophic cascade will have the same levels, and effect, as Brent is seeing down in Elkhorn, we really have no idea,” says Boyer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are different sets of animals in the food web in the San Francisco Bay, but it seems that reintroducing otters is a real possibility. Because their populations have been so scarce over the past century, scientists had assumed sea otters lived primarily in ocean waters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970801\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970801\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_XCU1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eelgrass sea hares symbiotically co-evolved with eelgrass, a type of seagrass found near coastlines worldwide. Their patterning helps them bland seamlessly into their grassy home. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The amazing thing with the otters is that as they’re recovering, they’re revealing their true range of habitats that they can use right now,” Hughes says, citing the recent success of the Elkhorn Slough otter population. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Now researchers are focusing on these estuaries as areas for sea otter recovery, in areas away from predators, away from big waves that you might experience in a kelp forest, somewhat removed from human influence”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Both Boyer and Hughes are co-authors of a research paper suggesting that if properly reintroduced, the San Francisco Bay could be home to as many as 6,000 sea otters, effectively tripling the current population of sea otters in California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Whether or not sea otters should be a part of the Taylor’s sea hare reintroduction plan in the San Francisco Bay is still an open question, but it is definitely on Boyer’s mind as she wrestles with the complex decisions of when and how to bring the sea hares back to the bay’s meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Despite the challenges of eelgrass ecosystem restoration, Hughes remains inspired by the example of the Taylor’s sea hares. He says Elkhorn Slough is “a gold mine in terms of scientific discoveries. It’s a story of recovery, of conservation, and it involves not only the imperiled species, the sea otter, but these imperiled habitats that they’re returning to, such as seagrasses and salt marshes.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s also a story of how even a little green slug can be so much more important than its modest appearance might, at first, suggest.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“They’re so majestic,” ecologist Brent Hughes says as he looks out across Elkhorn Slough, a large winding estuary off the Monterey Bay coastline. He’s not talking about whales or pelicans. He’s talking about a tiny, slimy, aquatic slug — the eelgrass sea hare. Donning his wetsuit, Hughes hops into his kayak and paddles off toward a section of water where the sea hares live, in an underwater meadow of seagrass.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Also known as the Taylor’s sea hare, these humble, zebra-striped slices of green jello are actually crucial to the health of their eelgrass meadow ecosystem.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Eelgrass sea hares — named for the bunny-like tentacles on top of their heads — can be found munching on the microscopic algae that grow on the surface of eelgrass, a type of marine seagrass. They don’t eat the grass itself; instead they help the meadows grow by clearing the way for sunlight to reach the plants, scraping the blades of grass clean with their rows of tiny teeth. The seagrass, in turn, serves as a safe haven to lay their eggs, and protection from predators like crabs and fish.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1970800 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_slide.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eelgrass sea hares symbiotically co-evolved with eelgrass, a type of seagrass found near coastlines worldwide. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy /KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The blades of grass also protect more than just these voracious little cleaners. At Elkhorn Slough off of the Monterey Bay, the eelgrass beds form a habitat for a diverse community of animals and plant life, which includes sea otters, Dungeness crabs, clams, skeleton shrimp and various fish.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Eelgrass is like the ugly duckling of the charismatic habitat world,” says biologist Grace Ha of UC Davis, who studied the camouflage of the Taylor’s sea hare. “Seagrasses are among the most productive habitats in the world, if you compare them to rainforest or coral reefs, but most people don’t even know what eelgrass is.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Eelgrass forms submarine meadows in shallow seawater, estuaries and salt marshes across the Northern Hemisphere. Seagrasses absorb carbon from the atmosphere and prevent coastal erosion, but climate change, and human activities like large-scale agriculture threaten their existence worldwide. Biologists compare the steady decline of seagrass beds to the global crises of disappearing rainforests and coral reefs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For decades, the eelgrass meadows of Elkhorn Slough were also disappearing. Since the 1950s nitrogen-based fertilizers from farms in the Salinas Valley have drained into the estuary, overloading the water with nutrients, causing massive algae blooms. Too much algae living on the surface of the water blocks the sunlight necessary for eelgrass meadows to grow, and the grasses begin to die out. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970796\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1970796 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_MW2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_MW2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_MW2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_MW2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_MW2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_MW2-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_MW2-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_MW2-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eelgrass sea hares clean the eelgrass of the microscopic algae that coats it. Seagrass meadows help absorb carbon from the atmosphere and control erosion. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2013, Hughes, now at Sonoma State University, published the results of a surprising discovery. He noticed that the eelgrass in Elkhorn Slough was actually rebounding, despite the extreme algal blooms. Strangely, his data showed, this was happening right around the time sea otters were reintroduced to the area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sea otters had been totally missing from the estuary ecosystem since the early 20\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">th\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> century. By that time, fur traders had hunted otters almost to extinction along the California coast. But in the late 1980s, the Monterey Bay Aquarium rereleased a small population of sea otters back into the slough, and their numbers have steadily increased.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hughes’ research established that the hungry otters were eating copious amounts of local crabs, a natural predator of Taylor’s sea hares. “The otters recovering allowed for an explosion of sea hares that really kind of facilitated the resilience of that seagrass.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970797\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1970797\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Eelgrass_Sea_Hare_sea_otter2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Eelgrass_Sea_Hare_sea_otter2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Eelgrass_Sea_Hare_sea_otter2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Eelgrass_Sea_Hare_sea_otter2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Eelgrass_Sea_Hare_sea_otter2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Eelgrass_Sea_Hare_sea_otter2-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Eelgrass_Sea_Hare_sea_otter2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When sea otters were reintroduced to Elkhorn Slough, they started eating the crabs that eat the sea hares. This meant the sea hares could get back to work cleaning the eelgrass of excessive algae, enabling the eelgrass to grow again. Researchers call this a trophic cascade, when a top predator, like a sea otter, has a balancing effect on the ecosystem. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hughes and his colleagues had uncovered a trophic cascade in which the reintroduction of a top predator (in this case the sea otter) results in a balancing effect on the food web.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In an eelgrass ecosystem like Elkhorn Slough, where nutrient-polluted waters cause regular extreme algal blooms, the “grazers just become really, really important for controlling that algal overgrowth.” When otters were missing and not eating crabs, the crab population grew and ate too many sea hares, so the eelgrass had less help dealing with the suffocating algae growth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The remarkable thing is that the nutrients are still climbing,” Hughes said. “It’s insane how high the nutrients are in that system.” Despite this continued stress on the ecosystem, the eelgrass meadows in Elkhorn Slough have in fact steadily expanded over the past three decades. Hughes credits the otters and their trophic cascade relationship with the sea hares. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970798\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1970798\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Elkhorn_Slough_algal_bloom-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Elkhorn_Slough_algal_bloom-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Elkhorn_Slough_algal_bloom-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Elkhorn_Slough_algal_bloom-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Elkhorn_Slough_algal_bloom-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Elkhorn_Slough_algal_bloom-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Elkhorn_Slough_algal_bloom-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Elkhorn_Slough_algal_bloom.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Runoff from farms carries excessive nutrients into Elkhorn Slough, which spurs the growth of thick mats of algae. Left unchecked, these algal blooms block sunlight from reaching the eelgrass, and cause them to die. The eelgrass sea hare’s constant appetite for algae helps to counterbalance these harmful effects. \u003ccite>(Brent Hughes/Sonoma State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“These grazers are so abundant in Elkhorn Slough, you just have to reach over and grab some seagrass and you’ll end up grabbing a few sea hares too.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Further north, in the San Francisco Bay, Kathy Boyer has been working for years to restore native eelgrass ecosystems. Eelgrass sea hares had also been easy to find in the meadows she was restoring, until recently.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">2017 was an extremely wet winter and spring for the San Francisco Bay Area. Storm after storm brought so much fresh water to the bay that salinity dropped well below the usual level (below ten parts per thousand). Very soon after this dramatic drop in salinity, Boyer and her colleagues noticed that the Taylor’s sea hare (and another symbiotic grazer called the eelgrass isopod) had disappeared from the meadows in the bay. The sea hares had simply vanished from the eight eelgrass restoration sites she and her team had been monitoring.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It was shocking,” she says. “We’ve definitely seen fluctuations in invertebrate populations, but we’ve never seen the complete loss of species.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970799\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970799\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_Eelgrass_Sea_Hare_bunny_edit.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"393\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sea hares get their name from the bunny-ear-like tentacles on top of their heads called rhinophores, which they use to sense temperature, water movement and smell. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Boyer and her team realized at that moment that the only places in the San Francisco Bay with living Taylor’s sea hares were the experimental holding tanks where she does most of her eelgrass restoration studies, at San Francisco State University’s Estuary and Ocean Science Center in Tiburon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Boyer immediately recognized the importance of the animals in her tanks. “We’ve got to try to keep these guys alive, because it’s all that’s left of this population.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She hopes to grow the population, and eventually reestablish them throughout eelgrass meadows in the bay. The good news is “they’re reproducing like crazy, they’re really happy in the tanks. They’ve got no predators, so they’re just doing their thing.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Having worked in ecosystem restoration for years, Boyer intimately understands the complexities inherent to the work. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There’s lots of interest in just going out and restoring a bunch of eelgrass, but the grass doesn’t live in a vacuum out there in the bay. It interacts with all these other species. It brings up lots of questions about ‘What are restoration best practices?’”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970795\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1970795\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_baby-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_baby-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_baby-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_baby-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_baby-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_baby-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_baby-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_baby-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eelgrass meadows provide a safe haven for sea hare eggs and protection for their young. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The disappearance of the sea hares offers a rare opportunity to observe what happens when a species suddenly vanishes from an ecosystem. “Sometimes you don’t know what you have until you lose a bit of it,” Boyer said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Also, Elkhorn Slough has sea otters, but the San Francisco Bay does not, which translates to a big difference in how the food webs function in each location.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Whether the trophic cascade will have the same levels, and effect, as Brent is seeing down in Elkhorn, we really have no idea,” says Boyer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are different sets of animals in the food web in the San Francisco Bay, but it seems that reintroducing otters is a real possibility. Because their populations have been so scarce over the past century, scientists had assumed sea otters lived primarily in ocean waters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970801\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970801\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL719_eelgrass_sea_hare_XCU1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eelgrass sea hares symbiotically co-evolved with eelgrass, a type of seagrass found near coastlines worldwide. Their patterning helps them bland seamlessly into their grassy home. \u003ccite>(Mike Seely/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The amazing thing with the otters is that as they’re recovering, they’re revealing their true range of habitats that they can use right now,” Hughes says, citing the recent success of the Elkhorn Slough otter population. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Now researchers are focusing on these estuaries as areas for sea otter recovery, in areas away from predators, away from big waves that you might experience in a kelp forest, somewhat removed from human influence”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Both Boyer and Hughes are co-authors of a research paper suggesting that if properly reintroduced, the San Francisco Bay could be home to as many as 6,000 sea otters, effectively tripling the current population of sea otters in California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Whether or not sea otters should be a part of the Taylor’s sea hare reintroduction plan in the San Francisco Bay is still an open question, but it is definitely on Boyer’s mind as she wrestles with the complex decisions of when and how to bring the sea hares back to the bay’s meadows.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Despite the challenges of eelgrass ecosystem restoration, Hughes remains inspired by the example of the Taylor’s sea hares. He says Elkhorn Slough is “a gold mine in terms of scientific discoveries. It’s a story of recovery, of conservation, and it involves not only the imperiled species, the sea otter, but these imperiled habitats that they’re returning to, such as seagrasses and salt marshes.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s also a story of how even a little green slug can be so much more important than its modest appearance might, at first, suggest.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Visiting Family Over the Holidays? Here's How to Lower Your Risk for COVID-19",
"headTitle": "Visiting Family Over the Holidays? Here’s How to Lower Your Risk for COVID-19 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s been months of quarantine and the urge to see friends and family is real, especially as the holidays approach. But as people are considering traveling to spend Christmas or Hanukkah with loved ones, COVID-19 cases are again surging across the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While doctors say there’s no way to completely eliminate the risk of catching or spreading the novel coronavirus when venturing out, there are things you can do to reduce the risk, and all nine Bay Area counties plus the city of Berkeley released \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/press-releases/2020/1109-ABAHO-Holiday-Recommendations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recommendations\u003c/a> Monday for doing just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation='Dr. Yvonne Maldonado, Stanford School of Medicine']‘What I’ve seen in the hospital is we’re just not seeing transmissions if people just wear surgical masks. I’m not talking about N95 or hazmat suits.’ [/pullquote]Along with these recommendations, we consulted public health experts and guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for ways to minimize your travel risk. Think of it as a checklist to help you track your household’s distancing habits and test for leaks in your stay-at-home bubble. You’ll also want to consider the health of the people you’re visiting, how you’ll travel, and getting tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it’s been a challenge to follow health recommendations, you’ll want to consider postponing that big trip until you’re more confident you’ve minimized the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consider Age and Health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Age is a major risk factor for the severity of COVID-19. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/older-adults.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC guidance\u003c/a> says 8 out of 10 coronavirus deaths have occurred in people age 65 or older, and the greatest risk for serious illness is among those who are at least 85.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People of any age with serious medical conditions, including cancer, diabetes and respiratory disease, are also at \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">higher risk\u003c/a> for severe cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation='Dr. R. Sean Morrison, Mount Sinai Health System']‘We’re recommending that older adults avoid contact with children. We want to minimize the risk of that child passing on disease to their grandparents, who are at increased risk.’[/pullquote]If you or the people you plan to visit are elderly or have underlying health problems, consider eating Thanksgiving turkey together on Zoom instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have You Been Wearing Your Mask?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/scientific-brief-sars-cov-2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC now says\u003c/a> the coronavirus can be transmitted by large respiratory droplets at short distances and sometimes by smaller “aerosolized” particles over longer distances. This makes \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11810490/masks-to-wear-or-not-to-wear-that-is-the-question\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wearing a face covering\u003c/a> over your mouth and nose whenever you’re out in public a key component of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/diy-cloth-face-coverings.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">protecting yourself and others\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I’ve seen in the hospital is we’re just not seeing transmissions if people just wear surgical masks. I’m not talking about N95 or hazmat suits,” said Dr. Yvonne Maldonado, professor of pediatrics, epidemiology and population health at the Stanford School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, even if you’re scrupulously wearing a mask, if the people you are in close contact with aren’t, your coronavirus risk goes up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Remember the 6-Foot Rule\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts say social distancing is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1970286/from-condoms-to-coronavirus-masks-harm-reduction-has-worked-to-protect-public-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here to stay\u003c/a>, and it’s one of the best ways to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1965321/so-whats-going-to-happen-to-bay-area-case-counts-now-medical-experts-weigh-in\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">combat the coronavirus\u003c/a>. In addition to wearing your mask, you should keep 6 feet or more from others when at the store, park or other public spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow the same rule when meeting a friend for a socially distanced picnic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wash Hands Often\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11846759,science_1960866,science_1967231,science_1962884\" target=_blank]Scientists say \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1960866/why-washing-your-hands-works-so-well-and-how-to-d%20o-it-right\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">washing your hands\u003c/a> for at least 20 seconds is another important way to protect against infection, because soap and water can destroy the virus. If you can’t \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/hand-hygiene.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wash your hands\u003c/a> when you’re outdoors, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/hand-hygiene.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">use a sanitizer\u003c/a> with at least 60% alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Limit Your Exposure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>COVID-19 is thought to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">spread\u003c/a> mainly through close contact between people. That’s why health experts say to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/deciding-to-go-out.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">limit\u003c/a> how much exposure you have to people outside of your household.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, gatherings with people from more than three households are prohibited. State guidance is to limit these events to no more than two hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some health officials say if you want to socialize, keep your group to a \u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.marinhhs.org/sites/default/files/2020-06/fnl_social-bubble-flyers_6-18-20-v2-accessible-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">social bubble\u003c/a> of 12 or fewer people, including household members, with everyone agreeing to the same rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are other ways to limit your potential for exposure:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If possible, \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31200-9/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">work from home\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Avoid mass gatherings\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Limit the number of outside \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/personal-social-activities.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visitors\u003c/a> into your home\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/food-safety-during-emergencies/shopping-food-during-covid-19-pandemic-information-consumers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">shopping for groceries\u003c/a>, make a list to reduce time spent inside and buy extra to limit trips. Or consider a delivery service like Instacart or Good Eggs.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>While the Risk Is Lower, Children Can Spread the Virus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early research suggests kids are at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1966149/weighing-the-risks-of-sending-kids-to-camp-or-day-care-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lower risk\u003c/a> for getting sick and spreading COVID-19 — but this doesn’t mean they are immune. In some cases, children can transmit the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re recommending that older adults avoid contact with children,” said Dr. R. Sean Morrison, a geriatrician with Mount Sinai Health System. “We want to minimize the risk of that child passing on disease to their grandparents, who are at increased risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your kids are going in person to school, day care or other group activities, make sure your care provider is taking precautions and following state and local guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consider Outdoor Visits Over Indoor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC says indoor spaces are more risky than outdoor ones for spreading the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an outdoor meetup is impossible due to weather or other factors and you decide to meet indoors, the CDC recommends you “avoid crowded, poorly ventilated, and fully enclosed indoor spaces. Increase ventilation by opening windows and doors to the extent that is safe and feasible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Choose a Car Ride Over a Flight\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some health experts say driving is safer than flying, where you’ll be in tight quarters with strangers for hours. But long car trips may require stopping for gas or food, so you’ll still want to take precautions. The recommendations are that you don’t share vehicles with people you don’t live with and that everyone where a mask. You should also open windows to increase air circulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before flying, doctors say it’s a good idea to check the airline’s coronavirus policies. Most require passengers to wear a mask, and some limit the number of passengers aboard a flight or block out middle seats. Remember that it’s likely you will be sitting within 6 feet of other people for hours on end, depending on where you’re traveling, plus time in airline terminals that may be more crowded over the holidays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get Tested or Plan to Quarantine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts say \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1966181/should-you-get-tested-for-the-coronavirus-what-do-the-results-mean-our-testing-faq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">getting tested\u003c/a>, while not a fail-safe, can give you a measure of confidence. Dr. Bob Wachter, chair of the Department of Medicine at UCSF, says receiving a negative test result before your trip significantly reduces, though doesn’t eliminate, the chance you’ll transmit the coronavirus when traveling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I was on the fence about visiting and I had a negative test in the last couple of days, it might get me to leave the fence and go,” Wachter said. “But it would not lead me to give them a hug and a kiss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second test four to five days after your journey can help rule out infection during a flight or road trip. Getting a test immediately upon arrival, Wachter says, will likely be too soon for you to test positive. While you wait for the results, doctors recommend keeping your distance from others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If testing isn’t an option and you have the luxury of time, experts say quarantining for 14 days before and after your travel is prudent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Monitor Spikes in Cases\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonessential travel to or from a place with a high positivity rate is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11829403/summer-travel-during-covid-19-in-california-can-i-do-it-safely\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">not advised\u003c/a>, and many states and counties have their own rules in place — so you’ll want to check local guidelines before planning a trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Start the Conversation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking basic precautions can go a long way, but there will still be some risk of coronavirus spread when exposing yourself to more people and different environments. Before you travel, take stock of your own habits and have a conversation with your loved ones about the potential risks of getting together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can think of transmission risk with a simple phrase: time, space, people, place,” explains Dr. William Miller, an epidemiologist at Ohio State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s his rule of thumb: The more time you spend and the closer in space you are to any infected people, the higher your risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interacting with more people raises your risk, and indoor places are riskier than outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you’re confident in your family’s stay-at-home vigilance over the course of 14 days, experts say, it becomes less risky to visit loved ones. You’ll want to be extra cautious during a surge and if your family members are elderly or have health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "By now, you're probably familiar with how to lower the risk of transmitting the coronavirus. But a family visit can take some planning. Here's your guide from public health experts and the CDC.",
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"description": "By now, you're probably familiar with how to lower the risk of transmitting the coronavirus. But a family visit can take some planning. Here's your guide from public health experts and the CDC.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s been months of quarantine and the urge to see friends and family is real, especially as the holidays approach. But as people are considering traveling to spend Christmas or Hanukkah with loved ones, COVID-19 cases are again surging across the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While doctors say there’s no way to completely eliminate the risk of catching or spreading the novel coronavirus when venturing out, there are things you can do to reduce the risk, and all nine Bay Area counties plus the city of Berkeley released \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/press-releases/2020/1109-ABAHO-Holiday-Recommendations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recommendations\u003c/a> Monday for doing just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘What I’ve seen in the hospital is we’re just not seeing transmissions if people just wear surgical masks. I’m not talking about N95 or hazmat suits.’ ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Along with these recommendations, we consulted public health experts and guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for ways to minimize your travel risk. Think of it as a checklist to help you track your household’s distancing habits and test for leaks in your stay-at-home bubble. You’ll also want to consider the health of the people you’re visiting, how you’ll travel, and getting tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it’s been a challenge to follow health recommendations, you’ll want to consider postponing that big trip until you’re more confident you’ve minimized the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consider Age and Health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Age is a major risk factor for the severity of COVID-19. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/older-adults.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC guidance\u003c/a> says 8 out of 10 coronavirus deaths have occurred in people age 65 or older, and the greatest risk for serious illness is among those who are at least 85.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People of any age with serious medical conditions, including cancer, diabetes and respiratory disease, are also at \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">higher risk\u003c/a> for severe cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘We’re recommending that older adults avoid contact with children. We want to minimize the risk of that child passing on disease to their grandparents, who are at increased risk.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>If you or the people you plan to visit are elderly or have underlying health problems, consider eating Thanksgiving turkey together on Zoom instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have You Been Wearing Your Mask?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/scientific-brief-sars-cov-2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC now says\u003c/a> the coronavirus can be transmitted by large respiratory droplets at short distances and sometimes by smaller “aerosolized” particles over longer distances. This makes \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11810490/masks-to-wear-or-not-to-wear-that-is-the-question\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wearing a face covering\u003c/a> over your mouth and nose whenever you’re out in public a key component of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/diy-cloth-face-coverings.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">protecting yourself and others\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I’ve seen in the hospital is we’re just not seeing transmissions if people just wear surgical masks. I’m not talking about N95 or hazmat suits,” said Dr. Yvonne Maldonado, professor of pediatrics, epidemiology and population health at the Stanford School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, even if you’re scrupulously wearing a mask, if the people you are in close contact with aren’t, your coronavirus risk goes up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Remember the 6-Foot Rule\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts say social distancing is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1970286/from-condoms-to-coronavirus-masks-harm-reduction-has-worked-to-protect-public-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here to stay\u003c/a>, and it’s one of the best ways to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1965321/so-whats-going-to-happen-to-bay-area-case-counts-now-medical-experts-weigh-in\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">combat the coronavirus\u003c/a>. In addition to wearing your mask, you should keep 6 feet or more from others when at the store, park or other public spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow the same rule when meeting a friend for a socially distanced picnic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wash Hands Often\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Scientists say \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1960866/why-washing-your-hands-works-so-well-and-how-to-d%20o-it-right\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">washing your hands\u003c/a> for at least 20 seconds is another important way to protect against infection, because soap and water can destroy the virus. If you can’t \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/hand-hygiene.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wash your hands\u003c/a> when you’re outdoors, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/hand-hygiene.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">use a sanitizer\u003c/a> with at least 60% alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Limit Your Exposure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>COVID-19 is thought to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">spread\u003c/a> mainly through close contact between people. That’s why health experts say to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/deciding-to-go-out.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">limit\u003c/a> how much exposure you have to people outside of your household.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, gatherings with people from more than three households are prohibited. State guidance is to limit these events to no more than two hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some health officials say if you want to socialize, keep your group to a \u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.marinhhs.org/sites/default/files/2020-06/fnl_social-bubble-flyers_6-18-20-v2-accessible-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">social bubble\u003c/a> of 12 or fewer people, including household members, with everyone agreeing to the same rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are other ways to limit your potential for exposure:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If possible, \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31200-9/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">work from home\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Avoid mass gatherings\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Limit the number of outside \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/personal-social-activities.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visitors\u003c/a> into your home\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/food-safety-during-emergencies/shopping-food-during-covid-19-pandemic-information-consumers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">shopping for groceries\u003c/a>, make a list to reduce time spent inside and buy extra to limit trips. Or consider a delivery service like Instacart or Good Eggs.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>While the Risk Is Lower, Children Can Spread the Virus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early research suggests kids are at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1966149/weighing-the-risks-of-sending-kids-to-camp-or-day-care-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lower risk\u003c/a> for getting sick and spreading COVID-19 — but this doesn’t mean they are immune. In some cases, children can transmit the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re recommending that older adults avoid contact with children,” said Dr. R. Sean Morrison, a geriatrician with Mount Sinai Health System. “We want to minimize the risk of that child passing on disease to their grandparents, who are at increased risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your kids are going in person to school, day care or other group activities, make sure your care provider is taking precautions and following state and local guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consider Outdoor Visits Over Indoor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC says indoor spaces are more risky than outdoor ones for spreading the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an outdoor meetup is impossible due to weather or other factors and you decide to meet indoors, the CDC recommends you “avoid crowded, poorly ventilated, and fully enclosed indoor spaces. Increase ventilation by opening windows and doors to the extent that is safe and feasible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Choose a Car Ride Over a Flight\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some health experts say driving is safer than flying, where you’ll be in tight quarters with strangers for hours. But long car trips may require stopping for gas or food, so you’ll still want to take precautions. The recommendations are that you don’t share vehicles with people you don’t live with and that everyone where a mask. You should also open windows to increase air circulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before flying, doctors say it’s a good idea to check the airline’s coronavirus policies. Most require passengers to wear a mask, and some limit the number of passengers aboard a flight or block out middle seats. Remember that it’s likely you will be sitting within 6 feet of other people for hours on end, depending on where you’re traveling, plus time in airline terminals that may be more crowded over the holidays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get Tested or Plan to Quarantine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts say \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1966181/should-you-get-tested-for-the-coronavirus-what-do-the-results-mean-our-testing-faq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">getting tested\u003c/a>, while not a fail-safe, can give you a measure of confidence. Dr. Bob Wachter, chair of the Department of Medicine at UCSF, says receiving a negative test result before your trip significantly reduces, though doesn’t eliminate, the chance you’ll transmit the coronavirus when traveling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I was on the fence about visiting and I had a negative test in the last couple of days, it might get me to leave the fence and go,” Wachter said. “But it would not lead me to give them a hug and a kiss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second test four to five days after your journey can help rule out infection during a flight or road trip. Getting a test immediately upon arrival, Wachter says, will likely be too soon for you to test positive. While you wait for the results, doctors recommend keeping your distance from others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If testing isn’t an option and you have the luxury of time, experts say quarantining for 14 days before and after your travel is prudent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Monitor Spikes in Cases\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonessential travel to or from a place with a high positivity rate is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11829403/summer-travel-during-covid-19-in-california-can-i-do-it-safely\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">not advised\u003c/a>, and many states and counties have their own rules in place — so you’ll want to check local guidelines before planning a trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Start the Conversation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking basic precautions can go a long way, but there will still be some risk of coronavirus spread when exposing yourself to more people and different environments. Before you travel, take stock of your own habits and have a conversation with your loved ones about the potential risks of getting together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can think of transmission risk with a simple phrase: time, space, people, place,” explains Dr. William Miller, an epidemiologist at Ohio State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s his rule of thumb: The more time you spend and the closer in space you are to any infected people, the higher your risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interacting with more people raises your risk, and indoor places are riskier than outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you’re confident in your family’s stay-at-home vigilance over the course of 14 days, experts say, it becomes less risky to visit loved ones. You’ll want to be extra cautious during a surge and if your family members are elderly or have health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "U.S. Has Officially Left Paris Climate Agreement",
"headTitle": "U.S. Has Officially Left Paris Climate Agreement | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The United States formally left the Paris Agreement on Wednesday, the only one of the nearly 200 nations that signed the agreement, to walk away from its promises to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump originally announced his intention to withdraw from the landmark agreement in 2017 and formally notified the United Nations last year. A mandatory yearlong waiting period ends on Wednesday, a coincidence that nonetheless highlights the Trump administration’s commitment to derailing efforts that address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. has emitted \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/international-emissions/\">more\u003c/a> cumulative carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than any other country since the industrial era began in the mid-1800s. Current U.S. emissions are falling, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks\">far too slowly\u003c/a> to avoid catastrophic warming. That’s in part because the Trump administration rolled back carbon pollution limits from power plants, cars, trucks and fossil fuel operations. American \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=44837#:~:text=On%20an%20annual%20basis%2C%20EIA,lower%20than%20their%202019%20level.\">emissions\u003c/a> rose slightly in the first two years of his administration. In 2020, the pandemic throttled the economy and led to a short-term dip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lack of action at the federal level is a serious problem,” says Rachel Cleetus, policy director for the climate and energy program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, a science advocacy group. The costs of climate-driven disasters such as hurricanes, heat waves and wildfires are rising, she says. In 2020, there have already been 16 climate-driven disasters that cost at least $1 billion each, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/\">according\u003c/a> to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is clearly not just an environmental issue,” Cleetus says. “It is threatening our economy. It’s threatening our future prosperity, the well-being of future generations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But U.S. involvement in the Paris Agreement isn’t definitively over. The U.S. could choose to return, and Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden has \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/joebiden/photos/on-day-one-ill-rejoin-the-paris-agreement-and-then-rally-the-world-to-push-our-p/10157381578471104/\">promised\u003c/a> to rejoin the agreement “on day one” if he wins the election. If he were to do so, the U.S. could officially resume its role under the Paris Agreement in mid-February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that happens, the U.S. will have a lot of ground to make up. Under the Paris Agreement, the U.S. promised to reduce its emissions by about 25% by 2025 compared with 2005 levels, but the country is only on track to achieve about a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/09/29/913727755/u-s-emission-reductions-slowed-after-trump-pulled-out-of-paris-accord\">17% reduction\u003c/a>, according to analysts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, China, Japan and the European Union have made long-term promises to get all the way to net zero emissions in the coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many American cities, states and companies have also vowed to reduce drastically their emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the coming years. Twelve states and at least 165 U.S. cities have plans to get 100% of their electricity from renewable sources, according to the climate tracking group \u003ca href=\"https://www.americaspledgeonclimate.com/report-delivering-on-americas-pledge/\">America’s Pledge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While adapting to climate change is expensive, there’s also evidence it can be good for the economy. Between 2005 and 2017, 41 states increased their gross domestic product while reducing carbon dioxide emissions, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/publication/us-new-climate-economy#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20can%20improve,and%20providing%20affordable%20clean%20energy.\">recent analysis\u003c/a> by the World Resources Institute think tank, and investment in clean energy now \u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/blog/2020/07/economic-benefits-climate-action-us\">generates more jobs\u003c/a> than investing in fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corporations also made a deluge of commitments this year to address the root causes of climate change. They include promises to cut carbon emissions throughout their supply chains, by reducing or eliminating electricity and transportation that burn fossil fuels, or by protecting forests that absorb carbon. It is still unclear exactly how companies will achieve their promises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Paris Agreement was central to many corporate pledges, including those by \u003ca href=\"https://www.theclimatepledge.com/\">Amazon\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cargill.com/2019/cargill-expands-climate-change-commitments\">Cargill\u003c/a>. The historically right-leaning business group the U.S. Chamber of Commerce opposes the president’s decision to withdraw from the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe we should be part of the Paris Agreement,” Sabrina Fang, the group’s senior director of media relations, wrote in an email to NPR. “Greater collaboration between governments and businesses is essential to build the best models to tackle climate challenges.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American departure from the Paris Agreement also means the end of U.S. contributions to a global fund to help smaller and poorer countries that bear disproportionate costs of climate change. The United States \u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/blog/planetpolicy/2014/11/17/the-3-billion-u-s-pledge-for-the-green-climate-fund-is-it-a-lot/\">originally pledged\u003c/a> $3 billion to help such nations transition from fossil fuels and adapt to a hotter Earth — the largest amount of any country, but still far less than America’s fair share, given its cumulative carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/06/09/532106567/a-little-known-climate-fund-is-suddenly-in-the-spotlight\">withdrew\u003c/a> two-thirds of that money. At a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03330-9#:~:text=Developed%20nations%20have%20together%20pledged,the%20impacts%20of%20climate%20change.\">meeting last year\u003c/a>, 13 other rich nations, including the United Kingdom, France and Germany, doubled their original pledges, while the U.S. declined to contribute any additional money to the fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It leaves a giant funding shortfall for countries struggling with sea level rise and heat waves and that lack money to move people out of harm’s way or to upgrade power plants that burn fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The U.S. was a major pledger to that first funding. When they never delivered, that certainly was an impact to us,” says Carlos Fuller, the lead climate negotiator for the Alliance of Small Island States, which represents 44 island and low-lying coastal countries at international climate talks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Fuller says, the U.S. was expected to help fund a major climate project in the Caribbean that would install weather stations, map the topography of the seafloor to predict storm surge better and help Caribbean nations use that data to become more resilient to the impact of climate change. But the Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/10/4269\">reduced the funding\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Fuller says, the project is on hold pending contributions from other nations. He says if the U.S. stays out of the Paris Agreement, it could have dire consequences for low-lying and poor countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These next 10 years are extremely important” for protecting vulnerable people, he says, and the U.S. is currently the second-largest emitter of greenhouse gases. “We really need the U.S. on board.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Officially+Leaving+Paris+Climate+Agreement&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The United States formally left the Paris Agreement on Wednesday, the only one of the nearly 200 nations that signed the agreement, to walk away from its promises to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump originally announced his intention to withdraw from the landmark agreement in 2017 and formally notified the United Nations last year. A mandatory yearlong waiting period ends on Wednesday, a coincidence that nonetheless highlights the Trump administration’s commitment to derailing efforts that address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. has emitted \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/international-emissions/\">more\u003c/a> cumulative carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than any other country since the industrial era began in the mid-1800s. Current U.S. emissions are falling, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks\">far too slowly\u003c/a> to avoid catastrophic warming. That’s in part because the Trump administration rolled back carbon pollution limits from power plants, cars, trucks and fossil fuel operations. American \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=44837#:~:text=On%20an%20annual%20basis%2C%20EIA,lower%20than%20their%202019%20level.\">emissions\u003c/a> rose slightly in the first two years of his administration. In 2020, the pandemic throttled the economy and led to a short-term dip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lack of action at the federal level is a serious problem,” says Rachel Cleetus, policy director for the climate and energy program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, a science advocacy group. The costs of climate-driven disasters such as hurricanes, heat waves and wildfires are rising, she says. In 2020, there have already been 16 climate-driven disasters that cost at least $1 billion each, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/\">according\u003c/a> to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is clearly not just an environmental issue,” Cleetus says. “It is threatening our economy. It’s threatening our future prosperity, the well-being of future generations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But U.S. involvement in the Paris Agreement isn’t definitively over. The U.S. could choose to return, and Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden has \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/joebiden/photos/on-day-one-ill-rejoin-the-paris-agreement-and-then-rally-the-world-to-push-our-p/10157381578471104/\">promised\u003c/a> to rejoin the agreement “on day one” if he wins the election. If he were to do so, the U.S. could officially resume its role under the Paris Agreement in mid-February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that happens, the U.S. will have a lot of ground to make up. Under the Paris Agreement, the U.S. promised to reduce its emissions by about 25% by 2025 compared with 2005 levels, but the country is only on track to achieve about a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/09/29/913727755/u-s-emission-reductions-slowed-after-trump-pulled-out-of-paris-accord\">17% reduction\u003c/a>, according to analysts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, China, Japan and the European Union have made long-term promises to get all the way to net zero emissions in the coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many American cities, states and companies have also vowed to reduce drastically their emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the coming years. Twelve states and at least 165 U.S. cities have plans to get 100% of their electricity from renewable sources, according to the climate tracking group \u003ca href=\"https://www.americaspledgeonclimate.com/report-delivering-on-americas-pledge/\">America’s Pledge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While adapting to climate change is expensive, there’s also evidence it can be good for the economy. Between 2005 and 2017, 41 states increased their gross domestic product while reducing carbon dioxide emissions, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/publication/us-new-climate-economy#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20can%20improve,and%20providing%20affordable%20clean%20energy.\">recent analysis\u003c/a> by the World Resources Institute think tank, and investment in clean energy now \u003ca href=\"https://www.wri.org/blog/2020/07/economic-benefits-climate-action-us\">generates more jobs\u003c/a> than investing in fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corporations also made a deluge of commitments this year to address the root causes of climate change. They include promises to cut carbon emissions throughout their supply chains, by reducing or eliminating electricity and transportation that burn fossil fuels, or by protecting forests that absorb carbon. It is still unclear exactly how companies will achieve their promises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Paris Agreement was central to many corporate pledges, including those by \u003ca href=\"https://www.theclimatepledge.com/\">Amazon\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cargill.com/2019/cargill-expands-climate-change-commitments\">Cargill\u003c/a>. The historically right-leaning business group the U.S. Chamber of Commerce opposes the president’s decision to withdraw from the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe we should be part of the Paris Agreement,” Sabrina Fang, the group’s senior director of media relations, wrote in an email to NPR. “Greater collaboration between governments and businesses is essential to build the best models to tackle climate challenges.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American departure from the Paris Agreement also means the end of U.S. contributions to a global fund to help smaller and poorer countries that bear disproportionate costs of climate change. The United States \u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/blog/planetpolicy/2014/11/17/the-3-billion-u-s-pledge-for-the-green-climate-fund-is-it-a-lot/\">originally pledged\u003c/a> $3 billion to help such nations transition from fossil fuels and adapt to a hotter Earth — the largest amount of any country, but still far less than America’s fair share, given its cumulative carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/06/09/532106567/a-little-known-climate-fund-is-suddenly-in-the-spotlight\">withdrew\u003c/a> two-thirds of that money. At a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03330-9#:~:text=Developed%20nations%20have%20together%20pledged,the%20impacts%20of%20climate%20change.\">meeting last year\u003c/a>, 13 other rich nations, including the United Kingdom, France and Germany, doubled their original pledges, while the U.S. declined to contribute any additional money to the fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It leaves a giant funding shortfall for countries struggling with sea level rise and heat waves and that lack money to move people out of harm’s way or to upgrade power plants that burn fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The U.S. was a major pledger to that first funding. When they never delivered, that certainly was an impact to us,” says Carlos Fuller, the lead climate negotiator for the Alliance of Small Island States, which represents 44 island and low-lying coastal countries at international climate talks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Fuller says, the U.S. was expected to help fund a major climate project in the Caribbean that would install weather stations, map the topography of the seafloor to predict storm surge better and help Caribbean nations use that data to become more resilient to the impact of climate change. But the Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/10/4269\">reduced the funding\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Fuller says, the project is on hold pending contributions from other nations. He says if the U.S. stays out of the Paris Agreement, it could have dire consequences for low-lying and poor countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These next 10 years are extremely important” for protecting vulnerable people, he says, and the U.S. is currently the second-largest emitter of greenhouse gases. “We really need the U.S. on board.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Officially+Leaving+Paris+Climate+Agreement&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Also On the Line This Election: Integrity of U.S. Health Science Institutions",
"headTitle": "Also On the Line This Election: Integrity of U.S. Health Science Institutions | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s impossible to overstate the impact of Tuesday’s presidential election on the health and science landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a contest between a candidate who says he’ll give federal scientists a major say in national policy and a president whose top aides have boasted that he wrested control of the U.S. “back from the doctors” in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. One candidate has made the phrase “trust the scientists” a constant refrain. The other has focused far more on economic indicators than scientific ones — and considered it an insult to suggest that his opponent will “listen to the scientists” in determining pandemic policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The divergent positions of President Trump and former Vice President Joe Biden on these issues may be central to the outcome of the election and will likely impact every element of the American medical and scientific worlds. Based on the candidates’ own words, interviews with officials in both camps as well as public health experts, STAT outlines eight traditions, institutions, and norms that are on the line in the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will the World’s Most Storied Public Health Agency Come Out of the Shadows?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most surprising aspects of the Trump administration’s pandemic response has been its continued \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/13/cdc-apolitical-island-defenseless/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sidelining\u003c/a> of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the agency typically responsible for responding to infectious disease outbreaks, keeping the public informed, distributing vaccines (when they’re available), and tracking the latest data. This much seems clear: The role and the profile of the CDC would dramatically change if Biden is elected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s tenure, the agency has faded from the public eye. Trump has denigrated the CDC director, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/04/an-interview-with-the-cdc-director-on-coronavirus-masks-and-an-agency-gone-quiet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Redfield\u003c/a>, for providing basic information to the public: that masks are a more effective tool than vaccines at stopping coronavirus spread (vaccines, of course, don’t exist yet), and that most Americans might not be able to receive COVID-19 vaccinations until the middle of 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has also pushed CDC to the side within Operation Warp Speed, the government’s efforts to manufacture and distribute hundreds of millions of COVID-19 vaccine doses. Instead, the project \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/09/28/operation-warp-speed-vast-military-involvement/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">relies heavily on military personnel\u003c/a> — and experts say that’s not necessarily a bad thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden has pledged to institute daily pandemic press briefings with public health experts, which presumably would include the CDC. He’s made clear that his administration would place doctors at the center of the federal government’s COVID-19 messaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an open question, however, whether a President Biden would stay the course or \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/22/slaoui-warp-speed-biden-complicated/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">implement major changes to the Warp Speed\u003c/a> vaccine distribution system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’ve got a question that impinges on science, you listen to the people who know what they’re talking about,” said Ezekiel Emanuel, a physician who was among the Affordable Care Act’s lead architects and a health care adviser to Biden’s campaign. “And I think that’s a characteristic of Joe Biden. He did the [cancer] moonshot. What was the moonshot? The moonshot was to empower and facilitate science. So I think that’s the kind of thing you’re likely to see from him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Informed health officials say that if Trump is reelected, expect an exodus of talent from the CDC, where many officials find the president’s treatment of the agency inexcusable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Scientists Have the Last Word?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often when leading federal scientists have opportunities to speak publicly about the COVID-19 pandemic, they’re undercut by Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president has \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/20/trump-coronavirus-drug-just-a-feeling/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">directly contradicted Anthony Fauci\u003c/a>, the government’s top infectious disease expert, on the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine. He’s told reporters that Redfield was “confused” and had “made a mistake” about mask use and vaccine timelines, respectively. At a now-infamous press briefing, he suggested that injecting \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/05/cdc-misusing-bleach-try-kill-coronavirus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">store-bought disinfectant\u003c/a> or shining ultraviolet rays on skin might be worth examining as COVID-19 treatments. (He later insisted he was joking.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden, meanwhile, has pledged his daily COVID-19 briefings will “put scientists and public health officials front and center.” Many Democrats have speculated that he would install Ron Klain as his chief of staff. Klain has no deep background in health and science, but he was respected as President Barack Obama’s “Ebola czar’’ and has the trust of Biden, for whom he served in several senior roles over the years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump allies argue that his combativeness is reflective of long-simmering resentment toward “establishment” scientists, and his pushback toward Fauci and Redfield attempts to incorporate the economic and social costs of extended economic slowdowns and social distancing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s above my pay grade, it’s above economists’ pay grade, to weigh the trade-offs between those two positions,” said Katy Talento, an epidemiologist, Trump campaign surrogate, and former Trump health care adviser, who argued Trump hasn’t received appropriate credit for his efforts to balance economic growth and pandemic management. “If this were Barack Obama or Joe Biden weighing these trade-offs, and taking the exact same position the president had taken in practice, you would not have any of the criticism you’re seeing today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden isn’t immune to scientific exaggeration, even if it’s to a lesser degree. Even in the context of the cancer moonshot, he’s pledged that the country will “cure cancer” if he’s elected. (In fact, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/06/19/trump-biden-cancer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">so has Trump\u003c/a>.) Both claims have prompted rebukes from scientists who warn it’s an impossible pledge and stress that cancer, of course, isn’t just a single disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Does the Future Hold for Anthony Fauci?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That depends on who is president. Biden has made his respect for Fauci a campaign promise. The former vice president says that if he wins, he would immediately call Fauci, who turns 80 in December, and ask him to continue his government service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, Trump’s patience with Fauci is wearing thin, as this past weekend made clear. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/fauci-covid-winter-forecast/2020/10/31/e3970eb0-1b8b-11eb-bb35-2dcfdab0a345_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Saturday interview with the Washington Post\u003c/a>, Fauci seemed to voice a clear preference for Biden’s public health approach. The former vice president, he said, “is taking [the pandemic] seriously from a public health perspective,” while Trump is “looking at it from a different perspective,” citing the president’s focus on the economy and lifting COVID-19 restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sunday, Trump suggested he would fire him after the election. As a crowd at a Pennsylvania rally chanted “Fire Fauci,” Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/02/trump-threatens-to-fire-fauci-after-the-election/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">paused and then responded\u003c/a>: “Don’t tell anybody, but let me wait until after the election … he’s a nice man, but he’s been wrong on a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//content.jwplatform.com/players/AHF0OrhK-jEuQjxp9.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has expressed discontent with Fauci all through 2020, but he’s also expressed reluctance to dismiss him (technically, he doesn’t have the authority to do so, though his administration could likely reassign Fauci if it wanted to).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time he goes on television, there’s always a bomb,” Trump said on a recent call with campaign staff. “But there’s a bigger bomb if you fire him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reading of Trump’s remarks: He recognizes that Fauci is a popular figure nationally, and dismissing him could be harmful politically. But if Trump is reelected, campaign concerns are no longer relevant, and Fauci’s standing in government would be more tenuous than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can We Trust the FDA?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most of its 114-year history, the Food and Drug Administration has pronounced drugs safe or unsafe, and for the most part, the public hasn’t thought twice about following the agency’s advice. But the COVID-19 pandemic and highly politicized messaging regarding therapeutic and vaccine approvals has brought an end to that long-held trust. States including California, Washington and New York, fearing a politicized vaccine process, have created independent commissions to review the data underpinning a potential emergency authorization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar effort, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/09/21/black-doctors-group-creates-panel-to-vet-covid19-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">from the National Medical Association\u003c/a>, a professional association of Black doctors, has said it will independently review safety and efficacy data for drugs and vaccines that the FDA authorizes or approves. It’s partly an acknowledgment of the United States’ brutal history of abusing Black participants in medical research or failing to include the Black population in clinical trials altogether. It’s also a response to the Trump administration’s frequent pledges of an imminent vaccine approval and the controversial messaging that accompanied emergency authorizations for potential COVID-19 therapies like convalescent plasma. Whether or not the president has inappropriately leaned on FDA, the agency’s credibility has taken a major hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps more remarkably, state governments are forming their own working groups to evaluate vaccine safety in the event of an FDA authorization or approval. California, Washington, Oregon and Nevada have teamed up on one such effort, and New York’s government also announced a similar task force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If he wins, Biden has his work cut out for him if he wants to restore that trust. But his campaign has pledged that the FDA and the federal government’s vaccine efforts would be more broadly transparent with all relevant data and decision-making. And while it’s impossible to erase centuries of justified mistrust, Biden’s campaign has highlighted racial disparities in its health care platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If Biden wins, he will need to reassure African Americans that the federal government will limit bias and assure this group that the government will treat medical racism as any other manageable risk factor in vaccine development, testing, and trials,” said Kristie Lipford, an urban studies professor and health disparities researcher at Rhodes College in Memphis, Tennessee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will the U.S. Rejoin the WHO?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump shook the global health world when he began the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/07/trump-administration-submits-formal-notice-of-withdrawal-from-who/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">process of withdrawing\u003c/a> the United States from World Health Organization membership. For months, he’s blamed the global health agency for failing to demand transparency from China in the pandemic’s early stages and complained that China shoulders a comparatively tiny amount of the WHO’s cost compared to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The WHO hasn’t been immune to criticism from the broader scientific community, but there’s near-consensus among global health experts that a U.S. withdrawal could have major consequences for international research partnerships, coordinated health communication, and even the country’s ability to develop effective \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/29/u-s-withdrawal-from-who-threatens-to-leave-it-flying-blind-on-flu-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">flu vaccines\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden has said he would reverse the decision to withdraw on his first day in office. By law, Trump had to give one year’s notice, so if Biden is elected, he’d have ample time to prevent the move from going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a lot of criticism for the WHO after Ebola, and there’s always going to be criticism because they’re a body of consensus,” said Nahid Bhadelia, an infectious diseases physician and assistant professor at Boston University School of Medicine. “They’ve had issues, but they are the only body that creates a platform for this type of international collaboration in the middle of a pandemic. Rather than investing in and making the WHO better, we’ve actually shot ourselves in the foot, because we’re farther away from this global collaboration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will the White House Actually Empower its Science Adviser?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Obama administration, White House science adviser and Office of Science and Technology Policy director John Holdren played a central role in many policy decisions, from climate change to artificial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The office hasn’t received much attention during the Trump administration. The president left the office without a director for nearly two years following his inauguration. Major scientific organizations generally voiced approval for the president’s eventual pick, meteorologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/10/ostp-droegemeier-health-research/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kelvin Droegemeier\u003c/a>, but have since soured on his two-year tenure, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/10/very-disappointed-trump-s-science-adviser-has-left-us-researchers-wanting-more\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">arguing\u003c/a> there is little evidence he has attempted to mitigate Trump’s anti-science tendencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the biggest headlines OSTP has received under Trump were last week, after the office issued a press release trumpeting the administration’s scientific accomplishments that included “Ending the COVID-19 Pandemic.” The obvious mischaracterization was a sign of how far the office has fallen, said Holdren, who added he was confident Biden would quickly install new scientific leadership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea that the administration claimed to have defeated [COVID-19] is emblematic of the kind of preposterous misstatements that continue to issue from this White House,” he said. “The key to ensuring that public policy is informed by up-to-date and authoritative scientific evidence, the key to that is science-savvy leadership at the top.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Brad Pitt and His Ilk be Front and Center in Public Health Messaging?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has assigned himself the marquee role of being the frontman on public health. The role of federal officials has been muted. Yes, there’s an ongoing partnership between the Ad Council, the nonprofit that often works with the government on PSA campaigns, and the CDC. But its spots don’t usually appear in prime time, and there hasn’t been much engagement on the part of big-name celebrities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s recent attempt at a $250 million public outreach campaign to educate the public on COVID-19 — and sell the public on the president’s accomplishments — has failed to recruit celebrities, who feared their participation would be seen as political and pro-Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Biden campaign has hinted that it would revive such a campaign. Given Biden’s long list of celebrity endorsements — last week he aired a prime-time ad voiced by Brad Pitt — that world would be more likely to climb on board, whether or not their participation is viewed as partisan. It’s likely that if Biden wins, his public outreach work could begin even before he takes office, especially if he moves quickly to select heads of health care agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you have these appointees, before they take their positions they can publicly start speaking about this,” said Bhadelia. “They’d have a certain amount of credibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Remember the White House Science Fair?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Trump once said he has “a natural instinct for science,’’ it has been obvious for years that he is not a science enthusiast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of his recent business flops was a \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/03/02/donald-trump-vitamin-company/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nutritional supplement company\u003c/a> that attempted to sell customers scientifically dubious urine test kits. He also made it a priority to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris climate accord, over the near-consensus objections of American researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps the most telling example is that Trump discontinued the custom of hosting U.S. Nobel laureates at the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tradition doesn’t exactly date back centuries — it was only a fixture during the administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama. But the scientific community viewed the Trump administration’s decision to forgo the event, and the Nobel laureates’ refusal to participate even if they’d been invited, as an early sign that their community and the Trump administration were not copacetic. The same goes for the Trump administration’s failure to follow through on an initial pledge that they’d continue the Obama-era tradition of a White House science fair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden hasn’t made it explicit that he’d invite the Nobel laureates back, or that he’d restart the White House Science Fair. But Holdren, Obama’s science adviser, said Biden would be a “science-savvy” leader, and recalled that he, as vice president, frequently lingered after meetings with a White House scientific council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost invariably Vice President Biden would want to stay and continue to interact with this group of eminent scientists and technologists, to pick their brains,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The presidential election is a contest between a candidate who says he’ll give federal scientists a major say in national policy and a president whose top aides have boasted he wrested control “back from the doctors” in the early stages of the pandemic.",
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"description": "The presidential election is a contest between a candidate who says he’ll give federal scientists a major say in national policy and a president whose top aides have boasted he wrested control “back from the doctors” in the early stages of the pandemic.",
"title": "Also On the Line This Election: Integrity of U.S. Health Science Institutions | KQED",
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"headline": "Also On the Line This Election: Integrity of U.S. Health Science Institutions",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s impossible to overstate the impact of Tuesday’s presidential election on the health and science landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a contest between a candidate who says he’ll give federal scientists a major say in national policy and a president whose top aides have boasted that he wrested control of the U.S. “back from the doctors” in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. One candidate has made the phrase “trust the scientists” a constant refrain. The other has focused far more on economic indicators than scientific ones — and considered it an insult to suggest that his opponent will “listen to the scientists” in determining pandemic policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The divergent positions of President Trump and former Vice President Joe Biden on these issues may be central to the outcome of the election and will likely impact every element of the American medical and scientific worlds. Based on the candidates’ own words, interviews with officials in both camps as well as public health experts, STAT outlines eight traditions, institutions, and norms that are on the line in the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will the World’s Most Storied Public Health Agency Come Out of the Shadows?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most surprising aspects of the Trump administration’s pandemic response has been its continued \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/13/cdc-apolitical-island-defenseless/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sidelining\u003c/a> of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the agency typically responsible for responding to infectious disease outbreaks, keeping the public informed, distributing vaccines (when they’re available), and tracking the latest data. This much seems clear: The role and the profile of the CDC would dramatically change if Biden is elected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s tenure, the agency has faded from the public eye. Trump has denigrated the CDC director, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/04/an-interview-with-the-cdc-director-on-coronavirus-masks-and-an-agency-gone-quiet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Redfield\u003c/a>, for providing basic information to the public: that masks are a more effective tool than vaccines at stopping coronavirus spread (vaccines, of course, don’t exist yet), and that most Americans might not be able to receive COVID-19 vaccinations until the middle of 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has also pushed CDC to the side within Operation Warp Speed, the government’s efforts to manufacture and distribute hundreds of millions of COVID-19 vaccine doses. Instead, the project \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/09/28/operation-warp-speed-vast-military-involvement/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">relies heavily on military personnel\u003c/a> — and experts say that’s not necessarily a bad thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden has pledged to institute daily pandemic press briefings with public health experts, which presumably would include the CDC. He’s made clear that his administration would place doctors at the center of the federal government’s COVID-19 messaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an open question, however, whether a President Biden would stay the course or \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/22/slaoui-warp-speed-biden-complicated/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">implement major changes to the Warp Speed\u003c/a> vaccine distribution system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’ve got a question that impinges on science, you listen to the people who know what they’re talking about,” said Ezekiel Emanuel, a physician who was among the Affordable Care Act’s lead architects and a health care adviser to Biden’s campaign. “And I think that’s a characteristic of Joe Biden. He did the [cancer] moonshot. What was the moonshot? The moonshot was to empower and facilitate science. So I think that’s the kind of thing you’re likely to see from him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Informed health officials say that if Trump is reelected, expect an exodus of talent from the CDC, where many officials find the president’s treatment of the agency inexcusable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Scientists Have the Last Word?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often when leading federal scientists have opportunities to speak publicly about the COVID-19 pandemic, they’re undercut by Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president has \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/20/trump-coronavirus-drug-just-a-feeling/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">directly contradicted Anthony Fauci\u003c/a>, the government’s top infectious disease expert, on the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine. He’s told reporters that Redfield was “confused” and had “made a mistake” about mask use and vaccine timelines, respectively. At a now-infamous press briefing, he suggested that injecting \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/05/cdc-misusing-bleach-try-kill-coronavirus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">store-bought disinfectant\u003c/a> or shining ultraviolet rays on skin might be worth examining as COVID-19 treatments. (He later insisted he was joking.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden, meanwhile, has pledged his daily COVID-19 briefings will “put scientists and public health officials front and center.” Many Democrats have speculated that he would install Ron Klain as his chief of staff. Klain has no deep background in health and science, but he was respected as President Barack Obama’s “Ebola czar’’ and has the trust of Biden, for whom he served in several senior roles over the years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump allies argue that his combativeness is reflective of long-simmering resentment toward “establishment” scientists, and his pushback toward Fauci and Redfield attempts to incorporate the economic and social costs of extended economic slowdowns and social distancing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s above my pay grade, it’s above economists’ pay grade, to weigh the trade-offs between those two positions,” said Katy Talento, an epidemiologist, Trump campaign surrogate, and former Trump health care adviser, who argued Trump hasn’t received appropriate credit for his efforts to balance economic growth and pandemic management. “If this were Barack Obama or Joe Biden weighing these trade-offs, and taking the exact same position the president had taken in practice, you would not have any of the criticism you’re seeing today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden isn’t immune to scientific exaggeration, even if it’s to a lesser degree. Even in the context of the cancer moonshot, he’s pledged that the country will “cure cancer” if he’s elected. (In fact, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/06/19/trump-biden-cancer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">so has Trump\u003c/a>.) Both claims have prompted rebukes from scientists who warn it’s an impossible pledge and stress that cancer, of course, isn’t just a single disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Does the Future Hold for Anthony Fauci?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That depends on who is president. Biden has made his respect for Fauci a campaign promise. The former vice president says that if he wins, he would immediately call Fauci, who turns 80 in December, and ask him to continue his government service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, Trump’s patience with Fauci is wearing thin, as this past weekend made clear. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/fauci-covid-winter-forecast/2020/10/31/e3970eb0-1b8b-11eb-bb35-2dcfdab0a345_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Saturday interview with the Washington Post\u003c/a>, Fauci seemed to voice a clear preference for Biden’s public health approach. The former vice president, he said, “is taking [the pandemic] seriously from a public health perspective,” while Trump is “looking at it from a different perspective,” citing the president’s focus on the economy and lifting COVID-19 restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sunday, Trump suggested he would fire him after the election. As a crowd at a Pennsylvania rally chanted “Fire Fauci,” Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/02/trump-threatens-to-fire-fauci-after-the-election/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">paused and then responded\u003c/a>: “Don’t tell anybody, but let me wait until after the election … he’s a nice man, but he’s been wrong on a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//content.jwplatform.com/players/AHF0OrhK-jEuQjxp9.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has expressed discontent with Fauci all through 2020, but he’s also expressed reluctance to dismiss him (technically, he doesn’t have the authority to do so, though his administration could likely reassign Fauci if it wanted to).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time he goes on television, there’s always a bomb,” Trump said on a recent call with campaign staff. “But there’s a bigger bomb if you fire him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reading of Trump’s remarks: He recognizes that Fauci is a popular figure nationally, and dismissing him could be harmful politically. But if Trump is reelected, campaign concerns are no longer relevant, and Fauci’s standing in government would be more tenuous than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can We Trust the FDA?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most of its 114-year history, the Food and Drug Administration has pronounced drugs safe or unsafe, and for the most part, the public hasn’t thought twice about following the agency’s advice. But the COVID-19 pandemic and highly politicized messaging regarding therapeutic and vaccine approvals has brought an end to that long-held trust. States including California, Washington and New York, fearing a politicized vaccine process, have created independent commissions to review the data underpinning a potential emergency authorization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar effort, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/09/21/black-doctors-group-creates-panel-to-vet-covid19-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">from the National Medical Association\u003c/a>, a professional association of Black doctors, has said it will independently review safety and efficacy data for drugs and vaccines that the FDA authorizes or approves. It’s partly an acknowledgment of the United States’ brutal history of abusing Black participants in medical research or failing to include the Black population in clinical trials altogether. It’s also a response to the Trump administration’s frequent pledges of an imminent vaccine approval and the controversial messaging that accompanied emergency authorizations for potential COVID-19 therapies like convalescent plasma. Whether or not the president has inappropriately leaned on FDA, the agency’s credibility has taken a major hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps more remarkably, state governments are forming their own working groups to evaluate vaccine safety in the event of an FDA authorization or approval. California, Washington, Oregon and Nevada have teamed up on one such effort, and New York’s government also announced a similar task force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If he wins, Biden has his work cut out for him if he wants to restore that trust. But his campaign has pledged that the FDA and the federal government’s vaccine efforts would be more broadly transparent with all relevant data and decision-making. And while it’s impossible to erase centuries of justified mistrust, Biden’s campaign has highlighted racial disparities in its health care platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If Biden wins, he will need to reassure African Americans that the federal government will limit bias and assure this group that the government will treat medical racism as any other manageable risk factor in vaccine development, testing, and trials,” said Kristie Lipford, an urban studies professor and health disparities researcher at Rhodes College in Memphis, Tennessee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will the U.S. Rejoin the WHO?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump shook the global health world when he began the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/07/trump-administration-submits-formal-notice-of-withdrawal-from-who/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">process of withdrawing\u003c/a> the United States from World Health Organization membership. For months, he’s blamed the global health agency for failing to demand transparency from China in the pandemic’s early stages and complained that China shoulders a comparatively tiny amount of the WHO’s cost compared to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The WHO hasn’t been immune to criticism from the broader scientific community, but there’s near-consensus among global health experts that a U.S. withdrawal could have major consequences for international research partnerships, coordinated health communication, and even the country’s ability to develop effective \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/29/u-s-withdrawal-from-who-threatens-to-leave-it-flying-blind-on-flu-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">flu vaccines\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden has said he would reverse the decision to withdraw on his first day in office. By law, Trump had to give one year’s notice, so if Biden is elected, he’d have ample time to prevent the move from going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a lot of criticism for the WHO after Ebola, and there’s always going to be criticism because they’re a body of consensus,” said Nahid Bhadelia, an infectious diseases physician and assistant professor at Boston University School of Medicine. “They’ve had issues, but they are the only body that creates a platform for this type of international collaboration in the middle of a pandemic. Rather than investing in and making the WHO better, we’ve actually shot ourselves in the foot, because we’re farther away from this global collaboration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will the White House Actually Empower its Science Adviser?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Obama administration, White House science adviser and Office of Science and Technology Policy director John Holdren played a central role in many policy decisions, from climate change to artificial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The office hasn’t received much attention during the Trump administration. The president left the office without a director for nearly two years following his inauguration. Major scientific organizations generally voiced approval for the president’s eventual pick, meteorologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/10/ostp-droegemeier-health-research/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kelvin Droegemeier\u003c/a>, but have since soured on his two-year tenure, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/10/very-disappointed-trump-s-science-adviser-has-left-us-researchers-wanting-more\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">arguing\u003c/a> there is little evidence he has attempted to mitigate Trump’s anti-science tendencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the biggest headlines OSTP has received under Trump were last week, after the office issued a press release trumpeting the administration’s scientific accomplishments that included “Ending the COVID-19 Pandemic.” The obvious mischaracterization was a sign of how far the office has fallen, said Holdren, who added he was confident Biden would quickly install new scientific leadership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea that the administration claimed to have defeated [COVID-19] is emblematic of the kind of preposterous misstatements that continue to issue from this White House,” he said. “The key to ensuring that public policy is informed by up-to-date and authoritative scientific evidence, the key to that is science-savvy leadership at the top.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Brad Pitt and His Ilk be Front and Center in Public Health Messaging?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has assigned himself the marquee role of being the frontman on public health. The role of federal officials has been muted. Yes, there’s an ongoing partnership between the Ad Council, the nonprofit that often works with the government on PSA campaigns, and the CDC. But its spots don’t usually appear in prime time, and there hasn’t been much engagement on the part of big-name celebrities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s recent attempt at a $250 million public outreach campaign to educate the public on COVID-19 — and sell the public on the president’s accomplishments — has failed to recruit celebrities, who feared their participation would be seen as political and pro-Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Biden campaign has hinted that it would revive such a campaign. Given Biden’s long list of celebrity endorsements — last week he aired a prime-time ad voiced by Brad Pitt — that world would be more likely to climb on board, whether or not their participation is viewed as partisan. It’s likely that if Biden wins, his public outreach work could begin even before he takes office, especially if he moves quickly to select heads of health care agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you have these appointees, before they take their positions they can publicly start speaking about this,” said Bhadelia. “They’d have a certain amount of credibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Remember the White House Science Fair?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Trump once said he has “a natural instinct for science,’’ it has been obvious for years that he is not a science enthusiast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of his recent business flops was a \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/03/02/donald-trump-vitamin-company/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nutritional supplement company\u003c/a> that attempted to sell customers scientifically dubious urine test kits. He also made it a priority to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris climate accord, over the near-consensus objections of American researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps the most telling example is that Trump discontinued the custom of hosting U.S. Nobel laureates at the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tradition doesn’t exactly date back centuries — it was only a fixture during the administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama. But the scientific community viewed the Trump administration’s decision to forgo the event, and the Nobel laureates’ refusal to participate even if they’d been invited, as an early sign that their community and the Trump administration were not copacetic. The same goes for the Trump administration’s failure to follow through on an initial pledge that they’d continue the Obama-era tradition of a White House science fair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden hasn’t made it explicit that he’d invite the Nobel laureates back, or that he’d restart the White House Science Fair. But Holdren, Obama’s science adviser, said Biden would be a “science-savvy” leader, and recalled that he, as vice president, frequently lingered after meetings with a White House scientific council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Almost invariably Vice President Biden would want to stay and continue to interact with this group of eminent scientists and technologists, to pick their brains,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Amid a record-breaking fire year, a new report out Thursday says the state lacks a grasp on the true costs of wildfires. The report is from the California Council on Science and Technology, an independent nonprofit organization established to offer state leaders objective advice from scientists and research institutions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ahead of the CCST’s \u003ca href=\"https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/9016038414555/WN_bdEg68enQUKNqLirfujFog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">public briefing\u003c/a>, set for today at 12:30 p.m., KQED spoke with Michael Wara, director of Stanford’s Climate and Energy Policy Program. Wara led the team that assessed wildfire costs in the state. \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This interview is edited for length and clarity.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why did the council want to look at wildfire costs?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Michael Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Our fire problem is getting worse. Rapidly worse. So we need to figure out as a state what to do about this, but it’s very hard to know what to do about it if your view is kind of partially blocked, if you’re blind in one eye, and that’s kind of where we are with this problem. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">No one is collecting the whole budget and trying to understand what our expenditures really are to then compare them to our losses and say, “Is this the right amount? Are we spending too little? Are we spending too much?” And that’s the best way to develop policies — with good information. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How do you get a grasp on the true cost of wildfires in the state? By looking at budget spreadsheets? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It’s actually surprisingly difficult. We can do that for Cal Fire’s budget, but not for other costs to the state. We thought this would be a much simpler problem. Even framing the costs becomes a conceptual problem. For example, to many people, insurance appears like a cost. But you could argue insurance is just moving money around — who pays for a fee, basically. We thought there would be some sort of thorny conceptual issues, but we did not understand when we first started the work, that there were so many places that we aren’t actually measuring the costs. And we didn’t understand, I think, how large the costs were in areas that are not well measured.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Where are we not measuring the costs?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> There are two big areas. The first and arguably the most important is in terms of the public health impacts; the most important of those is the smoke impacts. The morbidity and mortality impacts, deaths and sickness, from wildfire smoke are an incredibly important public health issue for the state of California. They’re not systematically measured. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is an area of developing science, but what we uncovered leads us to believe that there are many, many people dying from smoke-related causes due to wildfire in California, and probably many more people being admitted to emergency rooms with respiratory distress or other health-related problems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another place where we really don’t have a good systematic look, but we’re increasingly concerned, relates to the ecosystem impacts of fire. Wildfires at the scale that we’re experiencing now in California have big impacts on aspects of ecosystems that we depend on very heavily for our well-being in society. In particular, impacts on water resources are large, but not well accounted for. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Some of these problems are very complex. Do you think truly tracking the cumulative and comprehensive costs of wildfires is possible?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I think we can do much better. And I think it’s going to change the politics of taking action to reduce risk. That’s because if you’re having a conversation about, say, fuels management, it’s one conversation when you’re talking about the private landowners in question, the fire agencies, and maybe environmentalists who are concerned about trees and ecosystems. It becomes a different conversation when you’re talking about the health of 40 million Californians. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why is it important to know all of the costs of factors we haven’t considered before? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The reason to fully value the cost is it gives us a sense for what we should be willing to spend to avoid these harms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Is the second part of that, that we should be spending a lot more than we are currently?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> I think everyone on the report steering committee would say, “Yes.” But we shouldn’t necessarily be spending it in the same way. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the same time as we maintain our commitment to having the best firefighting agency in, frankly, the world — Cal Fire is an amazing organization — we need to grow our spending on the aspects of the problem that will make it easier for firefighters to gain the upper hand when fires inevitably occur. That has to do with fuels management, building safer communities, using land as a tool to reduce risk, and “home hardening” — reducing the chances of home ignition. That makes it easier for firefighters to fight fire and also easier for communities to recover afterward.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>I’ve heard of benzene getting into water from plastic pipes after a fire. What are some of the broad impacts on water quality? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Ash is a big issue, as is runoff from burned landscapes where there were developments, vehicles and houses that burned. If ash gets into the surface water flow and contaminates streams and reservoirs it becomes a huge issue. When you burn down a house, you’re creating a pretty toxic mixture of ash, and if that isn’t managed well, runoff can be really deleterious to water quality. Sediment, erosion and landslides also become big problems. A landscape may retain less water after a bad fire, contributing to drought. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But we don’t really understand these impacts very well. Typically there might be a study on sediment for, say, \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">this\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> fire. And there’ll be a study on salmon habitat for \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">that\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> fire. But we don’t, in any systematic way, look at the impacts on water quality, quantity or the movement of water within watersheds from all big fires. However, we know enough to be seriously concerned given the scale of wildfires that the state has experienced since 2017.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What are some of the key recommendations of the report that you would like people to know about?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A key conclusion of the report is that public health impacts from smoke are a big part of the picture, so we should think about wildfire not just as a problem for people who live in the wildland urban interface, but as a statewide problem. It has important equity impacts as well. The smoke impacts people most who have to work outdoors, who live in older housing that’s not as tightly sealed as newer, more efficient buildings. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another key takeaway from the report is that there is no one-size-fits-all solution for wildfire. So we need to think about regional solutions in a state as big as California. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The other thing I would say is that climate change is a big factor in driving what is happening in California, but so are many other things. And that’s actually a good thing because it means that there are many things under the state’s control that we can do to make this problem better. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>So, if a problem has multiple causes, then there are multiple ways to address it as well.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> That’s right. Exactly.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Amid a record-breaking fire year, a new report out Thursday says the state lacks a grasp on the true costs of wildfires. The report is from the California Council on Science and Technology, an independent nonprofit organization established to offer state leaders objective advice from scientists and research institutions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ahead of the CCST’s \u003ca href=\"https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/9016038414555/WN_bdEg68enQUKNqLirfujFog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">public briefing\u003c/a>, set for today at 12:30 p.m., KQED spoke with Michael Wara, director of Stanford’s Climate and Energy Policy Program. Wara led the team that assessed wildfire costs in the state. \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This interview is edited for length and clarity.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why did the council want to look at wildfire costs?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Michael Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Our fire problem is getting worse. Rapidly worse. So we need to figure out as a state what to do about this, but it’s very hard to know what to do about it if your view is kind of partially blocked, if you’re blind in one eye, and that’s kind of where we are with this problem. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">No one is collecting the whole budget and trying to understand what our expenditures really are to then compare them to our losses and say, “Is this the right amount? Are we spending too little? Are we spending too much?” And that’s the best way to develop policies — with good information. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How do you get a grasp on the true cost of wildfires in the state? By looking at budget spreadsheets? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It’s actually surprisingly difficult. We can do that for Cal Fire’s budget, but not for other costs to the state. We thought this would be a much simpler problem. Even framing the costs becomes a conceptual problem. For example, to many people, insurance appears like a cost. But you could argue insurance is just moving money around — who pays for a fee, basically. We thought there would be some sort of thorny conceptual issues, but we did not understand when we first started the work, that there were so many places that we aren’t actually measuring the costs. And we didn’t understand, I think, how large the costs were in areas that are not well measured.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Where are we not measuring the costs?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> There are two big areas. The first and arguably the most important is in terms of the public health impacts; the most important of those is the smoke impacts. The morbidity and mortality impacts, deaths and sickness, from wildfire smoke are an incredibly important public health issue for the state of California. They’re not systematically measured. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is an area of developing science, but what we uncovered leads us to believe that there are many, many people dying from smoke-related causes due to wildfire in California, and probably many more people being admitted to emergency rooms with respiratory distress or other health-related problems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another place where we really don’t have a good systematic look, but we’re increasingly concerned, relates to the ecosystem impacts of fire. Wildfires at the scale that we’re experiencing now in California have big impacts on aspects of ecosystems that we depend on very heavily for our well-being in society. In particular, impacts on water resources are large, but not well accounted for. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Some of these problems are very complex. Do you think truly tracking the cumulative and comprehensive costs of wildfires is possible?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I think we can do much better. And I think it’s going to change the politics of taking action to reduce risk. That’s because if you’re having a conversation about, say, fuels management, it’s one conversation when you’re talking about the private landowners in question, the fire agencies, and maybe environmentalists who are concerned about trees and ecosystems. It becomes a different conversation when you’re talking about the health of 40 million Californians. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why is it important to know all of the costs of factors we haven’t considered before? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The reason to fully value the cost is it gives us a sense for what we should be willing to spend to avoid these harms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Is the second part of that, that we should be spending a lot more than we are currently?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> I think everyone on the report steering committee would say, “Yes.” But we shouldn’t necessarily be spending it in the same way. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the same time as we maintain our commitment to having the best firefighting agency in, frankly, the world — Cal Fire is an amazing organization — we need to grow our spending on the aspects of the problem that will make it easier for firefighters to gain the upper hand when fires inevitably occur. That has to do with fuels management, building safer communities, using land as a tool to reduce risk, and “home hardening” — reducing the chances of home ignition. That makes it easier for firefighters to fight fire and also easier for communities to recover afterward.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>I’ve heard of benzene getting into water from plastic pipes after a fire. What are some of the broad impacts on water quality? \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Ash is a big issue, as is runoff from burned landscapes where there were developments, vehicles and houses that burned. If ash gets into the surface water flow and contaminates streams and reservoirs it becomes a huge issue. When you burn down a house, you’re creating a pretty toxic mixture of ash, and if that isn’t managed well, runoff can be really deleterious to water quality. Sediment, erosion and landslides also become big problems. A landscape may retain less water after a bad fire, contributing to drought. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But we don’t really understand these impacts very well. Typically there might be a study on sediment for, say, \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">this\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> fire. And there’ll be a study on salmon habitat for \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">that\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> fire. But we don’t, in any systematic way, look at the impacts on water quality, quantity or the movement of water within watersheds from all big fires. However, we know enough to be seriously concerned given the scale of wildfires that the state has experienced since 2017.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What are some of the key recommendations of the report that you would like people to know about?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A key conclusion of the report is that public health impacts from smoke are a big part of the picture, so we should think about wildfire not just as a problem for people who live in the wildland urban interface, but as a statewide problem. It has important equity impacts as well. The smoke impacts people most who have to work outdoors, who live in older housing that’s not as tightly sealed as newer, more efficient buildings. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another key takeaway from the report is that there is no one-size-fits-all solution for wildfire. So we need to think about regional solutions in a state as big as California. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The other thing I would say is that climate change is a big factor in driving what is happening in California, but so are many other things. And that’s actually a good thing because it means that there are many things under the state’s control that we can do to make this problem better. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>So, if a problem has multiple causes, then there are multiple ways to address it as well.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wara:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> That’s right. Exactly.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Wildfire smoke had choked the mountain valleys of western Montana for nearly two months when a team of university researchers landed in Seeley Lake in the fall of 2017. Students and faculty left their labs behind, headed to the small community and launched a study on how the relentless wildfire smoke was affecting the health of the people breathing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/8/3/53/htm#B16-toxics-08-00053\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">results\u003c/a> of their study, published in the journal \u003cem>Toxics\u003c/em> this summer, were stunning. They showed that lung function in the 100 Montanans who participated declined the year after the fires and stayed compromised the year after that, said lead researcher, Christopher T. Migliaccio, whose work at the University of Montana focuses on how environmental factors affect respiratory function and immunity, with an emphasis on wildfire smoke exposures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seeing that there is this long-term effect is new,” he said, in telling how the findings showed that short-term symptoms like scratchy throats and persistent coughing were only part of the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a year when wildfires have burned 8 million acres across America, findings like these have raised concern to new levels — not only because Colorado and California both suffered through their\u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/147443/record-setting-fires-in-colorado-and-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> largest fires \u003c/a>in history this year, but also because of the global pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worry is only growing as the fire season expands into the flu season, and continues to choke the air with wildfire smoke, while the risk of COVID-19 infections swells, too. Roughly 78 million people who live in the smoky West also face heightened health risks from two viruses, the common flu and the strange and unchecked coronavirus that has claimed more than 223,000 American lives in a matter of months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Growing Concern About Health Risks From Wildfire Smoke\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a dozen studies have emerged from around the world in recent weeks on how air pollution affects COVID-19, but many urgent questions remain. Will I get sicker from the coronavirus because I inhaled so much wildfire smoke for so long? Am I more likely to die from COVID-19 because I live downwind of these massive wildfires? As a coronavirus survivor, am I more vulnerable to wildfire smoke? Does wood smoke harm my health even more than urban pollution?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to how we might expect wildfire smoke to exacerbate COVID-19 risks, we don’t know yet, since we are just now experiencing our 2020 wildfire season with this new emerging infectious disease,” said Erin Landguth, an associate professor at the Center for Population Health Research at the University of Montana. “However, we have a lot of pieces to this puzzle that warrant concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Solid answers about the connection between air pollution and COVID-19 are probably two years away, said C. Arden Pope, a researcher at Brigham Young University who pioneered air pollution epidemiology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he added, “It would not surprise me if air pollution contributes to the risk of coronavirus infection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media media-element-container media-image_centered_medium\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970690 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/PM2.5ExplainerSmoke529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"680\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/PM2.5ExplainerSmoke529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/PM2.5ExplainerSmoke529px-160x206.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Pope’s own research, reported two years ago in the \u003cem>American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine\u003c/em>, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201709-1883OC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">linked \u003c/a>PM2.5 air pollution — particulate matter that is smaller than 2.5 microns, or about 30 times smaller than a human hair — to the influenza virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though that link has been well-established in research, the most prominent study so far linking air pollution with the coronavirus has taken heat, Pope noted. The T.H. Chan School of Public Health at Harvard University last spring \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/c-change/subtopics/coronavirus-and-pollution/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">projected\u003c/a> an 8% increase in mortality for increased pollution concentrations as small as 1 microgram of PM2.5 per cubic meter of air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, other studies have linked higher air pollution exposures to increased severity of COVID-19 infections. But so far, no research specifically ties wildfire smoke exposure to increased infection from the coronavirus or severity of symptoms, scientists told InsideClimate News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Air Pollution, Regardless of its Source, Harms Health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">How PM 2.5 makes people sick has been the subject of thousands of studies over decades. These microscopic particles of soot, which come from fossil fuel combustion as well as from burning forests and grasslands, burrow into the sensitive lining of the lungs, triggering heart and lung damage. They also are sometimes small enough to pass into the bloodstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">The World Health Organization blames indoor pollution from burning wood and other fuels used for cooking and heating for 4 million premature deaths a year — just as many as from outdoor pollution sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Landguth pointed out that groups considered “sensitive” to air pollution make up about 30 percent of the U.S. population. Children under 18, adults over 65, women who are pregnant and those with medical conditions such as heart or lung disease, COPD, asthma, diabetes or compromised immune systems are included in that group. So are those who work outdoors or who have lower socioeconomic status, such as people who are homeless and those with limited access to medical care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">A subset of studies has begun drilling down into the health impacts of pollution from wildfires. One was led by Landguth, who reviewed a decade’s worth of data on PM 2.5 from wildfires in Montana and hospitalizations and urgent-care clinic visits for influenza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past studies of wildfire smoke have focused on acute cardiopulmonary health effects that happen within days or weeks of exposure. Landguth said that’s the timeframe the researchers expected to see increased treatment for flu in this study. Her team, however, was shocked to find \u003ca href=\"https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0160412019326935?token=73D3A077751F8235C4B160A8E5876A0E6C06B9170186805735E20068707909ED57F0B514DCBA5D20035335C1ECFB5146\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">delayed effects\u003c/a>, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After bad summer fire seasons, influenza was three to five times worse during the traditional flu season of fall and winter. After four bad fire years, including 2017, the number of annual flu cases in Montana jumped from the typical 3,000 to around 12,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just — we couldn’t believe it,” she said, noting that the lag time was months, rather than days or weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re furiously pulling in that data right now trying to see if this association is gonna hold across other states [because] wildfire season is a lot longer in California, and it’s different in Oregon and Washington and Colorado,” she said. “We don’t know. We need to investigate that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though there hasn’t been enough time to compile the peer-reviewed research that doctors and public health professionals rely on, the coronavirus-wildfire smoke connections are already seen as significant. The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention updated its \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/covid-19/wildfire_smoke_covid-19.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">coronavirus website\u003c/a> this summer to say that people with COVID-19 are at increased risk from wildfire smoke, Landguth pointed out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wildfire smoke can irritate your lungs, cause inflammation, affect your immune system and make you more prone to lung infections, including SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19,” the CDC page says. “Know how wildfire smoke can affect you and your loved ones during the COVID-19 pandemic and what you can do to protect yourselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The size and duration of this summer’s Western wildfires have prompted a growing urgency to find answers to questions about the smoke-pandemic dynamic. But researchers mention longer-term concerns too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Climate change is increasing the likelihood of wildfire, and the health burden of fire pollution on public health is growing, too. And the addition of the coronavirus to the mix adds still more concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-00610-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> published this week in \u003cem>Nature Sustainability\u003c/em> underscores the scope of the potential impacts from the converging trends. In it, researchers detailed how the health care costs associated with PM 2.5 from the 2019-20 Australian megafires was nearly $1.4 billion, with 3,230 hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory disorders and 429 premature deaths attributed to the smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshall Burke, associate professor in Stanford University’s Department of Earth System Science, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.g-feed.com/2020/09/indirect-mortality-from-recent.html\">researching\u003c/a> the overall health costs of exposure to six weeks of smoke from the recent wildfires across the West Coast. Early findings suggest that the smoke impacts are huge, possibly responsible for serious disease or death in thousands of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really important in thinking about the overall cost,” he said, “putting a sort of a back of the envelope magnitude, on how large these hidden costs could be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burke said he needs to see more data before he would conclude that a bad fire year will cause more severe illness and more frequent death from COVID-19. Studies only suggest “the plausible biological story that exposure to air pollution worsens immune function,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen that it causes you to either be more susceptible to viral infection or more harmed by it if you are exposed or infected,” he said. But “there has not been the smoking gun study that totally proves that true.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many experts on air pollution and health have been fielding questions about COVID-19 and the wildfire smoke all summer. It’s hard to find the right answer, said \u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/full/10.1289/ehp.1409277\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Colleen E. Reid\u003c/a>, an assistant professor in the department of geography at the University of Colorado in Boulder, who has literally been in the thick of it, as hundreds of thousands of acres burn in her state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The recommendations we have for protecting health need to be studied more to know what’s really effective,” she said, noting that most recommendations are based on common sense and good judgment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are asking how to tell if their cough is from COVID-19 or from breathing wildfire smoke for days. People who live in poorly insulated or leaky homes might seek relief from the heat and smoke at a mall or public library with better ventilation, but that could increase the risk of being exposed to the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need more evidence,” she said, “about the efficacy of different specific interventions that could protect people from smoke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Migliaccio, the University of Montana researcher, has also been fielding calls about managing personal risk as coronavirus case rates climb in his state and the flu season picks up. Some of those calls are from the 109 people who participated in the Seeley Lake study two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pandemic prevented researchers from doing follow-up spirometry tests this summer, he said, so his team hasn’t been able to measure how much those research subjects have healed from the smoke of 2017. Migliaccio said he talks to them about the importance of taking precautions against the flu, such as getting the annual vaccine, as well as the masks and social distancing credited with the spread of COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Be even more vigilant” about taking steps against the twin viruses, he said he tells them, “because you’re going to be a little bit compromised, unfortunately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wildfire smoke had choked the mountain valleys of western Montana for nearly two months when a team of university researchers landed in Seeley Lake in the fall of 2017. Students and faculty left their labs behind, headed to the small community and launched a study on how the relentless wildfire smoke was affecting the health of the people breathing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/8/3/53/htm#B16-toxics-08-00053\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">results\u003c/a> of their study, published in the journal \u003cem>Toxics\u003c/em> this summer, were stunning. They showed that lung function in the 100 Montanans who participated declined the year after the fires and stayed compromised the year after that, said lead researcher, Christopher T. Migliaccio, whose work at the University of Montana focuses on how environmental factors affect respiratory function and immunity, with an emphasis on wildfire smoke exposures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seeing that there is this long-term effect is new,” he said, in telling how the findings showed that short-term symptoms like scratchy throats and persistent coughing were only part of the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a year when wildfires have burned 8 million acres across America, findings like these have raised concern to new levels — not only because Colorado and California both suffered through their\u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/147443/record-setting-fires-in-colorado-and-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> largest fires \u003c/a>in history this year, but also because of the global pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worry is only growing as the fire season expands into the flu season, and continues to choke the air with wildfire smoke, while the risk of COVID-19 infections swells, too. Roughly 78 million people who live in the smoky West also face heightened health risks from two viruses, the common flu and the strange and unchecked coronavirus that has claimed more than 223,000 American lives in a matter of months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Growing Concern About Health Risks From Wildfire Smoke\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a dozen studies have emerged from around the world in recent weeks on how air pollution affects COVID-19, but many urgent questions remain. Will I get sicker from the coronavirus because I inhaled so much wildfire smoke for so long? Am I more likely to die from COVID-19 because I live downwind of these massive wildfires? As a coronavirus survivor, am I more vulnerable to wildfire smoke? Does wood smoke harm my health even more than urban pollution?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to how we might expect wildfire smoke to exacerbate COVID-19 risks, we don’t know yet, since we are just now experiencing our 2020 wildfire season with this new emerging infectious disease,” said Erin Landguth, an associate professor at the Center for Population Health Research at the University of Montana. “However, we have a lot of pieces to this puzzle that warrant concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Solid answers about the connection between air pollution and COVID-19 are probably two years away, said C. Arden Pope, a researcher at Brigham Young University who pioneered air pollution epidemiology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he added, “It would not surprise me if air pollution contributes to the risk of coronavirus infection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media media-element-container media-image_centered_medium\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1970690 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/PM2.5ExplainerSmoke529px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"680\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/PM2.5ExplainerSmoke529px.png 529w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/10/PM2.5ExplainerSmoke529px-160x206.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Pope’s own research, reported two years ago in the \u003cem>American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine\u003c/em>, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201709-1883OC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">linked \u003c/a>PM2.5 air pollution — particulate matter that is smaller than 2.5 microns, or about 30 times smaller than a human hair — to the influenza virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though that link has been well-established in research, the most prominent study so far linking air pollution with the coronavirus has taken heat, Pope noted. The T.H. Chan School of Public Health at Harvard University last spring \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/c-change/subtopics/coronavirus-and-pollution/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">projected\u003c/a> an 8% increase in mortality for increased pollution concentrations as small as 1 microgram of PM2.5 per cubic meter of air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, other studies have linked higher air pollution exposures to increased severity of COVID-19 infections. But so far, no research specifically ties wildfire smoke exposure to increased infection from the coronavirus or severity of symptoms, scientists told InsideClimate News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Air Pollution, Regardless of its Source, Harms Health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">How PM 2.5 makes people sick has been the subject of thousands of studies over decades. These microscopic particles of soot, which come from fossil fuel combustion as well as from burning forests and grasslands, burrow into the sensitive lining of the lungs, triggering heart and lung damage. They also are sometimes small enough to pass into the bloodstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">The World Health Organization blames indoor pollution from burning wood and other fuels used for cooking and heating for 4 million premature deaths a year — just as many as from outdoor pollution sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Landguth pointed out that groups considered “sensitive” to air pollution make up about 30 percent of the U.S. population. Children under 18, adults over 65, women who are pregnant and those with medical conditions such as heart or lung disease, COPD, asthma, diabetes or compromised immune systems are included in that group. So are those who work outdoors or who have lower socioeconomic status, such as people who are homeless and those with limited access to medical care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">A subset of studies has begun drilling down into the health impacts of pollution from wildfires. One was led by Landguth, who reviewed a decade’s worth of data on PM 2.5 from wildfires in Montana and hospitalizations and urgent-care clinic visits for influenza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past studies of wildfire smoke have focused on acute cardiopulmonary health effects that happen within days or weeks of exposure. Landguth said that’s the timeframe the researchers expected to see increased treatment for flu in this study. Her team, however, was shocked to find \u003ca href=\"https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0160412019326935?token=73D3A077751F8235C4B160A8E5876A0E6C06B9170186805735E20068707909ED57F0B514DCBA5D20035335C1ECFB5146\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">delayed effects\u003c/a>, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After bad summer fire seasons, influenza was three to five times worse during the traditional flu season of fall and winter. After four bad fire years, including 2017, the number of annual flu cases in Montana jumped from the typical 3,000 to around 12,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just — we couldn’t believe it,” she said, noting that the lag time was months, rather than days or weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re furiously pulling in that data right now trying to see if this association is gonna hold across other states [because] wildfire season is a lot longer in California, and it’s different in Oregon and Washington and Colorado,” she said. “We don’t know. We need to investigate that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though there hasn’t been enough time to compile the peer-reviewed research that doctors and public health professionals rely on, the coronavirus-wildfire smoke connections are already seen as significant. The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention updated its \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/covid-19/wildfire_smoke_covid-19.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">coronavirus website\u003c/a> this summer to say that people with COVID-19 are at increased risk from wildfire smoke, Landguth pointed out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wildfire smoke can irritate your lungs, cause inflammation, affect your immune system and make you more prone to lung infections, including SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19,” the CDC page says. “Know how wildfire smoke can affect you and your loved ones during the COVID-19 pandemic and what you can do to protect yourselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The size and duration of this summer’s Western wildfires have prompted a growing urgency to find answers to questions about the smoke-pandemic dynamic. But researchers mention longer-term concerns too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Climate change is increasing the likelihood of wildfire, and the health burden of fire pollution on public health is growing, too. And the addition of the coronavirus to the mix adds still more concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-00610-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> published this week in \u003cem>Nature Sustainability\u003c/em> underscores the scope of the potential impacts from the converging trends. In it, researchers detailed how the health care costs associated with PM 2.5 from the 2019-20 Australian megafires was nearly $1.4 billion, with 3,230 hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory disorders and 429 premature deaths attributed to the smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marshall Burke, associate professor in Stanford University’s Department of Earth System Science, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.g-feed.com/2020/09/indirect-mortality-from-recent.html\">researching\u003c/a> the overall health costs of exposure to six weeks of smoke from the recent wildfires across the West Coast. Early findings suggest that the smoke impacts are huge, possibly responsible for serious disease or death in thousands of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really important in thinking about the overall cost,” he said, “putting a sort of a back of the envelope magnitude, on how large these hidden costs could be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burke said he needs to see more data before he would conclude that a bad fire year will cause more severe illness and more frequent death from COVID-19. Studies only suggest “the plausible biological story that exposure to air pollution worsens immune function,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen that it causes you to either be more susceptible to viral infection or more harmed by it if you are exposed or infected,” he said. But “there has not been the smoking gun study that totally proves that true.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many experts on air pollution and health have been fielding questions about COVID-19 and the wildfire smoke all summer. It’s hard to find the right answer, said \u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/full/10.1289/ehp.1409277\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Colleen E. Reid\u003c/a>, an assistant professor in the department of geography at the University of Colorado in Boulder, who has literally been in the thick of it, as hundreds of thousands of acres burn in her state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The recommendations we have for protecting health need to be studied more to know what’s really effective,” she said, noting that most recommendations are based on common sense and good judgment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are asking how to tell if their cough is from COVID-19 or from breathing wildfire smoke for days. People who live in poorly insulated or leaky homes might seek relief from the heat and smoke at a mall or public library with better ventilation, but that could increase the risk of being exposed to the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need more evidence,” she said, “about the efficacy of different specific interventions that could protect people from smoke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Migliaccio, the University of Montana researcher, has also been fielding calls about managing personal risk as coronavirus case rates climb in his state and the flu season picks up. Some of those calls are from the 109 people who participated in the Seeley Lake study two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pandemic prevented researchers from doing follow-up spirometry tests this summer, he said, so his team hasn’t been able to measure how much those research subjects have healed from the smoke of 2017. Migliaccio said he talks to them about the importance of taking precautions against the flu, such as getting the annual vaccine, as well as the masks and social distancing credited with the spread of COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Be even more vigilant” about taking steps against the twin viruses, he said he tells them, “because you’re going to be a little bit compromised, unfortunately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">Let’s say you’re a Green-New-Deal-type environmentalist hell-bent on avoiding planetary destruction while also fixing societal problems like economic inequality and racial injustice. Then, somehow, someway, just as California is digging itself out of a pandemic-induced recession, you have $30 billion to invest any way you want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are you going to do?\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>In early October, environmental groups convened a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZRRMdMYe8U\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">livestreamed\u003c/span>\u003c/a> panel with some of California’s climate intelligentsia for just such an exercise. Organizers are testing the waters for putting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.movela.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s3\">California Climate and Clean Air Initiative” \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"s3\">on the \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">2022 ballot \u003c/span>and hoped the conversation could generate some policy ideas. For example, Kevin de León, former president pro tempore of the state Senate, wanted to spend money on building infrastructure for charging electric cars, plus a cash incentive for low-income people to buy them. Senate Majority Whip Nancy Skinner wish-listed $10 billion toward affordable housing near job centers and funds for green hydrogen, carbon sequestration and electric vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists often argue economic stimulus is a tea best served with two lumps of clean energy and a heavy dose of social justice. So now that the policy bigwigs have opined, we decided to bring the same fantasy question to community organizations working in Oakland, a city where chronic exposure to particulate matter from smog generated by the heavily trafficked port and spider-webbed freeways exacerbates lung and heart disease in poorer neighborhoods; and where air pollution can also \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7345938/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">enable\u003c/a> the spread of COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">So we asked activists from four organizations: If you were suddenly awash in $30 billion worth of funding, what would be your priorities for Oakland?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Here’s how the groups would want to spend those billions …\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>Crystal Huang\u003c/b>, worker-director of \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.peoplepowersolar.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">People Power Solar Cooperative\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, a grassroots-led initiative to develop community solar in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Idea:\u003c/em> Community members can “control their own power; literally, financially and politically.” The group develops community solar projects, where neighbors pool resources to invest in shared solar projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>How would you spend $30 billion?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Building community solar projects,” she said. “People who don’t normally have the ability to get financial benefit or social benefit of solar power can own the solar system through the cooperative. Regardless of their living situation or whether they own real estate, they can participate in the energy transition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Sonrisa Cooper\u003c/b>, community development program manager with the \u003ca href=\"https://greenlining.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cstrong>Greenlining Institute\u003c/strong>,\u003c/span>\u003c/a> which advocates for economic opportunity and empowerment for people of color\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Idea:\u003c/em> Cooper recently co-authored a report calling for a “radical rethinking of community development.” The “\u003ca href=\"https://greenlining.org/publications/2020/greenlined-economy/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Greenlined Economy Guidebook\u003c/span>\u003c/a>” outlines a framework for government leaders and businesses to invest more equitably.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>How would you spend $30 billion? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Policymakers are talking about recovering from COVID and the recession,” she said. “There is a very real threat of exacerbating the existing inequities, if economic recovery efforts aren’t done with equity as a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would make recovery efforts explicit about race. Redlining, urban renewal, even the foreclosure crisis of 2008, all of these policies were race-conscious. We shouldn’t use a race-neutral blanket policy to correct harms that have been done in communities of color, especially when they’re being disproportionately affected by COVID, by the recession, and now by climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Noni Session\u003c/b>, director and co-founder of the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ebprec.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">East Bay Permanent Real Estate Cooperative\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, a democratically run cooperative that creates affordable housing for people of color living in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The idea:\u003c/em> Lift Oakland out of recession by facilitating home ownership and investing in local businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>How would you spend $30 billion?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would turn that $30 billion into a low-interest technical assistance housing redevelopment fund,” Session said. “We would target standing housing stock, empty lots for land and housing acquisition projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We often treat housing and the economy as two separate issues that need separate solutions. But they should be thought of together. When markets rise and dip, when folks’ tenancy is tenuous, our economic networks always take the first hit, particularly for small holders and small operators like Black and Brown Oaklanders, who are the canary in the well for those rises and dips.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Amee Raval,\u003c/b> research director for the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://apen4ej.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Asian Pacific Environmental Network\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, which advocates for communities in Richmond and Oakland’s Chinatown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Idea:\u003c/em> Raval recently co-authored a \u003ca href=\"http://apen4ej.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Resilience-Before-Disaster-FINAL-UPDATED.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> calling for California policymakers to invest equally in both hard infrastructure (think climate-adapted bridges and seawalls) and social infrastructure (think services and well-being initiatives).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>How would you spend $30 billion?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our members describe Oakland as a wok for pollution,” Raval said. “It’s surrounded by freeways on every side and it’s in close proximity to the port, with all that diesel pollution. We want investment in existing community institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need $30 billion, probably more. Working-class communities of color are being hardest hit by the COVID pandemic, by fires, by heat waves, and power shutoffs. Many people already have asthma, respiratory illness and autoimmune disease from breathing polluted air daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why we need to strengthen the existing social fabric in communities, coordinate with local governments, invest in resilience hubs and services, and train workers and community members to prepare for and respond to shocks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">Let’s say you’re a Green-New-Deal-type environmentalist hell-bent on avoiding planetary destruction while also fixing societal problems like economic inequality and racial injustice. Then, somehow, someway, just as California is digging itself out of a pandemic-induced recession, you have $30 billion to invest any way you want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are you going to do?\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>In early October, environmental groups convened a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZRRMdMYe8U\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">livestreamed\u003c/span>\u003c/a> panel with some of California’s climate intelligentsia for just such an exercise. Organizers are testing the waters for putting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.movela.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">“\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s3\">California Climate and Clean Air Initiative” \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"s3\">on the \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">2022 ballot \u003c/span>and hoped the conversation could generate some policy ideas. For example, Kevin de León, former president pro tempore of the state Senate, wanted to spend money on building infrastructure for charging electric cars, plus a cash incentive for low-income people to buy them. Senate Majority Whip Nancy Skinner wish-listed $10 billion toward affordable housing near job centers and funds for green hydrogen, carbon sequestration and electric vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists often argue economic stimulus is a tea best served with two lumps of clean energy and a heavy dose of social justice. So now that the policy bigwigs have opined, we decided to bring the same fantasy question to community organizations working in Oakland, a city where chronic exposure to particulate matter from smog generated by the heavily trafficked port and spider-webbed freeways exacerbates lung and heart disease in poorer neighborhoods; and where air pollution can also \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7345938/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">enable\u003c/a> the spread of COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">So we asked activists from four organizations: If you were suddenly awash in $30 billion worth of funding, what would be your priorities for Oakland?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Here’s how the groups would want to spend those billions …\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>Crystal Huang\u003c/b>, worker-director of \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.peoplepowersolar.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">People Power Solar Cooperative\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, a grassroots-led initiative to develop community solar in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Idea:\u003c/em> Community members can “control their own power; literally, financially and politically.” The group develops community solar projects, where neighbors pool resources to invest in shared solar projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>How would you spend $30 billion?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Building community solar projects,” she said. “People who don’t normally have the ability to get financial benefit or social benefit of solar power can own the solar system through the cooperative. Regardless of their living situation or whether they own real estate, they can participate in the energy transition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Sonrisa Cooper\u003c/b>, community development program manager with the \u003ca href=\"https://greenlining.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cstrong>Greenlining Institute\u003c/strong>,\u003c/span>\u003c/a> which advocates for economic opportunity and empowerment for people of color\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Idea:\u003c/em> Cooper recently co-authored a report calling for a “radical rethinking of community development.” The “\u003ca href=\"https://greenlining.org/publications/2020/greenlined-economy/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Greenlined Economy Guidebook\u003c/span>\u003c/a>” outlines a framework for government leaders and businesses to invest more equitably.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>How would you spend $30 billion? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Policymakers are talking about recovering from COVID and the recession,” she said. “There is a very real threat of exacerbating the existing inequities, if economic recovery efforts aren’t done with equity as a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would make recovery efforts explicit about race. Redlining, urban renewal, even the foreclosure crisis of 2008, all of these policies were race-conscious. We shouldn’t use a race-neutral blanket policy to correct harms that have been done in communities of color, especially when they’re being disproportionately affected by COVID, by the recession, and now by climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Noni Session\u003c/b>, director and co-founder of the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ebprec.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">East Bay Permanent Real Estate Cooperative\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, a democratically run cooperative that creates affordable housing for people of color living in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The idea:\u003c/em> Lift Oakland out of recession by facilitating home ownership and investing in local businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>How would you spend $30 billion?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would turn that $30 billion into a low-interest technical assistance housing redevelopment fund,” Session said. “We would target standing housing stock, empty lots for land and housing acquisition projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We often treat housing and the economy as two separate issues that need separate solutions. But they should be thought of together. When markets rise and dip, when folks’ tenancy is tenuous, our economic networks always take the first hit, particularly for small holders and small operators like Black and Brown Oaklanders, who are the canary in the well for those rises and dips.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Amee Raval,\u003c/b> research director for the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://apen4ej.org/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Asian Pacific Environmental Network\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, which advocates for communities in Richmond and Oakland’s Chinatown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Idea:\u003c/em> Raval recently co-authored a \u003ca href=\"http://apen4ej.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Resilience-Before-Disaster-FINAL-UPDATED.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> calling for California policymakers to invest equally in both hard infrastructure (think climate-adapted bridges and seawalls) and social infrastructure (think services and well-being initiatives).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>How would you spend $30 billion?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our members describe Oakland as a wok for pollution,” Raval said. “It’s surrounded by freeways on every side and it’s in close proximity to the port, with all that diesel pollution. We want investment in existing community institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need $30 billion, probably more. Working-class communities of color are being hardest hit by the COVID pandemic, by fires, by heat waves, and power shutoffs. Many people already have asthma, respiratory illness and autoimmune disease from breathing polluted air daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why we need to strengthen the existing social fabric in communities, coordinate with local governments, invest in resilience hubs and services, and train workers and community members to prepare for and respond to shocks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGtJQhxZB48\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time in history, the issue of climate change was a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1970622/climate-change-gets-its-own-segment-at-trump-biden-debate-heres-what-they-said\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">featured issue\u003c/a> at a presidential election debate. Moderator Kristen Welker of NBC asked the candidates how they would tackle climate change, while also supporting job growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welker also directed the candidates in a rare discussion of environmental justice, starting with a question to President Trump: “Some people of color are much more likely to live near oil refineries and chemical plants in Texas. There are families who worry the plants near them are making them sick. Your administration has rolled back regulations on these kinds of facilities. Why should these families give you another four years in office?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a contentious exchange, Biden, after being pressed by Trump, said he was opposed to banning fracking, except on federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the entire segment in the video above from ABC News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/cGtJQhxZB48'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/cGtJQhxZB48'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>For the first time in history, the issue of climate change was a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1970622/climate-change-gets-its-own-segment-at-trump-biden-debate-heres-what-they-said\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">featured issue\u003c/a> at a presidential election debate. Moderator Kristen Welker of NBC asked the candidates how they would tackle climate change, while also supporting job growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welker also directed the candidates in a rare discussion of environmental justice, starting with a question to President Trump: “Some people of color are much more likely to live near oil refineries and chemical plants in Texas. There are families who worry the plants near them are making them sick. Your administration has rolled back regulations on these kinds of facilities. Why should these families give you another four years in office?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a contentious exchange, Biden, after being pressed by Trump, said he was opposed to banning fracking, except on federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the entire segment in the video above from ABC News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Coronavirus Maps: Compare Severity of Outbreak in Each State",
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"content": "\u003cdiv id=\"storytext\" class=\"storytext storylocation linkLocation\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"res833624014\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312-topline\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/topline.html\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- END ID=\"RES833624014\" CLASS=\"BUCKETWRAP STATICHTML\" -->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 8 million people in the U.S. have been infected with the coronavirus and more than 220,000 have died. Tens of thousands of new cases are reported daily nationwide. In the graphics below, explore the trends in your state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>View the data via a \u003cstrong>heat map\u003c/strong> (immediately below), \u003ca href=\"#res873434568\">\u003cstrong>curve charts\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> a \u003ca href=\"#res818547056\">\u003cstrong>table\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of state-by-state trends over four weeks, or a\u003ca href=\"#res816753519\"> \u003cstrong>map\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of total cases and deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res873431766\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312-change-map\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/change-map.html\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The map above shows the risk of infection in each state based on new daily cases per capita. These color-coded risk levels were developed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/07/01/885263658/green-yellow-orange-or-red-this-new-tool-shows-covid-19-risk-in-your-county\">a consortium of researchers\u003c/a> and public health experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://globalepidemics.org/key-metrics-for-covid-suppression/\">The group advises\u003c/a> states in the red category to issue stay-home orders. Orange states may need to consider stay-home orders, along with increased testing and contact tracing. Yellow states need to keep up social distancing and mask usage, and both yellow and green states should continue testing and contact tracing.\u003ca id=\"curves\" class=\"anchor\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res873434568\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312-curve-bend\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/curve-bend.html\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>To compare state outbreaks, the chart above graphs trend lines for average new daily cases and deaths against each state’s totals to date. This type of visualization highlights a state’s daily growth or decline relative to the overall size of its outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When both new and total case and death counts grow quickly, the curves bend upward. As new cases and deaths slow, the curves level or bend down. In New York, the curve rose sharply before reaching over 170,000 total cases in April. Since then, new cases have fallen from about 10,000 per day in mid-April to over 1,000 per day in mid October. \u003ca id=\"map\" class=\"anchor\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res816753519\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Explore the map above to see totals and per capita figures around the country for both new confirmed cases and reported deaths from COVID-19. New York was the original epicenter of the pandemic in the U.S. As of mid October, California, Florida and Texas surpass New York for total cases to date, though New York still has the highest death total.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/30/822491838/coronavirus-world-map-tracking-the-spread-of-the-outbreak\">\u003cem>Click here to see a global map\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> of confirmed cases and deaths.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"table\" class=\"anchor\">\u003c/a> To show trends, the table below shows the change in average new cases per day in each state, week over week for the last 28 days. States marked in shades of red have growing outbreaks; those in shades of green, are declining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res818547056\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312-table\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/table.html\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Methodology\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The graphics on this page pull from data compiled by the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html\">\u003cem>Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> from several sources, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; the World Health Organization; national, state and local government health departments; \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.1point3acres.com/\">\u003cem>1point3acres\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>; and local media reports. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The JHU team automates its data uploads and regularly checks them for anomalies. This may result in occasional data discrepancies on this page as the JHU team resolves anomalies and updates its feeds. State-by-state recovery data are unavailable at this time. There may be discrepancies between what you see here and what you see on your local health department’s website. Figures shown do not include cases on cruise ships.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Fluctuations in the numbers may happen as health authorities review old cases and or update their methodologies. For example, in early June, Michigan health authorities started including probable cases in its totals. This resulted in a brief spike in the state’s daily numbers until the JHU team was able to reconcile the historical data. On June 25, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://nj.gov/governor/news/news/562020/approved/20200625a.shtml\">\u003cem>New Jersey\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> included 1,854 previously-unreported probable deaths in its totals, resulting in a spike in the state’s daily death numbers. On Sept. 2, Massachusetts \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mass.gov/doc/covid-19-dashboard-september-3-2020/download\">\u003cem>changed its methodology for counting probable cases\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, which lowered its overall case and death numbers. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19/tree/master/csse_covid_19_data#data-modification-records\">\u003cem>The JHU team maintains a list of such changes.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published on March 16, 2020. Elena Renken was a co-author on that version.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sean McMinn contributed to and Carmel Wroth edited this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Coronavirus+Maps%3A+How+Severe+Is+Your+State%27s+Outbreak%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv id=\"storytext\" class=\"storytext storylocation linkLocation\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"res833624014\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312-topline\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/topline.html\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- END ID=\"RES833624014\" CLASS=\"BUCKETWRAP STATICHTML\" -->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 8 million people in the U.S. have been infected with the coronavirus and more than 220,000 have died. Tens of thousands of new cases are reported daily nationwide. In the graphics below, explore the trends in your state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>View the data via a \u003cstrong>heat map\u003c/strong> (immediately below), \u003ca href=\"#res873434568\">\u003cstrong>curve charts\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> a \u003ca href=\"#res818547056\">\u003cstrong>table\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of state-by-state trends over four weeks, or a\u003ca href=\"#res816753519\"> \u003cstrong>map\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of total cases and deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res873431766\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312-change-map\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/change-map.html\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The map above shows the risk of infection in each state based on new daily cases per capita. These color-coded risk levels were developed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/07/01/885263658/green-yellow-orange-or-red-this-new-tool-shows-covid-19-risk-in-your-county\">a consortium of researchers\u003c/a> and public health experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://globalepidemics.org/key-metrics-for-covid-suppression/\">The group advises\u003c/a> states in the red category to issue stay-home orders. Orange states may need to consider stay-home orders, along with increased testing and contact tracing. Yellow states need to keep up social distancing and mask usage, and both yellow and green states should continue testing and contact tracing.\u003ca id=\"curves\" class=\"anchor\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res873434568\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312-curve-bend\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/curve-bend.html\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>To compare state outbreaks, the chart above graphs trend lines for average new daily cases and deaths against each state’s totals to date. This type of visualization highlights a state’s daily growth or decline relative to the overall size of its outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When both new and total case and death counts grow quickly, the curves bend upward. As new cases and deaths slow, the curves level or bend down. In New York, the curve rose sharply before reaching over 170,000 total cases in April. Since then, new cases have fallen from about 10,000 per day in mid-April to over 1,000 per day in mid October. \u003ca id=\"map\" class=\"anchor\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res816753519\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Explore the map above to see totals and per capita figures around the country for both new confirmed cases and reported deaths from COVID-19. New York was the original epicenter of the pandemic in the U.S. As of mid October, California, Florida and Texas surpass New York for total cases to date, though New York still has the highest death total.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/30/822491838/coronavirus-world-map-tracking-the-spread-of-the-outbreak\">\u003cem>Click here to see a global map\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> of confirmed cases and deaths.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"table\" class=\"anchor\">\u003c/a> To show trends, the table below shows the change in average new cases per day in each state, week over week for the last 28 days. States marked in shades of red have growing outbreaks; those in shades of green, are declining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res818547056\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312-table\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/table.html\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Methodology\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The graphics on this page pull from data compiled by the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html\">\u003cem>Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> from several sources, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; the World Health Organization; national, state and local government health departments; \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.1point3acres.com/\">\u003cem>1point3acres\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>; and local media reports. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The JHU team automates its data uploads and regularly checks them for anomalies. This may result in occasional data discrepancies on this page as the JHU team resolves anomalies and updates its feeds. State-by-state recovery data are unavailable at this time. There may be discrepancies between what you see here and what you see on your local health department’s website. Figures shown do not include cases on cruise ships.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Fluctuations in the numbers may happen as health authorities review old cases and or update their methodologies. For example, in early June, Michigan health authorities started including probable cases in its totals. This resulted in a brief spike in the state’s daily numbers until the JHU team was able to reconcile the historical data. On June 25, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://nj.gov/governor/news/news/562020/approved/20200625a.shtml\">\u003cem>New Jersey\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> included 1,854 previously-unreported probable deaths in its totals, resulting in a spike in the state’s daily death numbers. On Sept. 2, Massachusetts \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mass.gov/doc/covid-19-dashboard-september-3-2020/download\">\u003cem>changed its methodology for counting probable cases\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, which lowered its overall case and death numbers. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19/tree/master/csse_covid_19_data#data-modification-records\">\u003cem>The JHU team maintains a list of such changes.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published on March 16, 2020. Elena Renken was a co-author on that version.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sean McMinn contributed to and Carmel Wroth edited this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Coronavirus+Maps%3A+How+Severe+Is+Your+State%27s+Outbreak%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a> is your once-a-year back-stage pass to the region’s thriving science scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marking a decade of celebrating curiosity, the festival, put on by UCSF, goes virtual this year. Gone will be the dramatic and extremely well-attended finale at Oracle Park, but very much present will be 125+ events, each with their own infectious display of passion and knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really are trying to connect people personally to scientists, researchers and technicians even in this virtual world,” said Katherine Nielsen, festival co-founder and co-director of the Science and Health Education Partnership at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the Bay Area Science Festival will tour a lab processing samples for the coronavirus, demonstrate what it takes to design a formula racing car, question the probability of extraterrestrial life, and wrestle with the ethics of CRISPR gene editing, to call out only a few of the festival’s marquee events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/schedule/?_sft_event_miscellaneous=spanish-speaking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Spanish-language sessions\u003c/a> on this year’s schedule include how to talk to young people about COVID-19, the effect of dark energy on the expansion of the universe and life on other planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some events that caught our eye, either because of their nod to current events or their unique nature. But really, you’ll want to \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/schedule/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">peruse the schedule yourself\u003c/a> as the options are seemingly endless and you can customize your search to your interests and age range. Also, you must register (it’s free!) to see full details of each event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Events That Take You Outside\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/interactive-bird-scavenger-hunt-with-sfbbo-opening-event/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Interactive Bird Scavenger Hunt\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever wanted to get into birding but find the Sibley guides overwhelming, this session is for you. Download the scavenger hunt card and join other aspiring ornithologists in observing local birds and their behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/share-the-night-sky/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Share the Night Sky\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do you get when you mix a radio show and a planetary show? This show features San Francisco’s “Urban Astronomer” Paul Salazar and KPOO’s DJ Marilynn. Tune in for a guided tour of the night sky in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Events for Big Thinkers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/astronomy-talks-quantum-mechanics-vs-general-relativity-clash-of-the-titans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Astronomy Talks: Quantum Mechanics vs General Relativity: Clash of the Titans\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join a discussion about unifying the two theories and creating “a single theory that describes the entire Universe.” Doesn’t get much bigger picture than that, now, does it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/crispr-sickle-cell-disease-and-society-a-vr-explainer-and-ethics-discussion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR, Sickle Cell Disease, and Society: A VR Explainer and Ethics Discussion\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore how CRISPR genome editing may be used to repair the sickle cell mutation. See a virtual reality tour of the human body, and a talk on health disparities in the U.S. and the ethics of CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/n1-alone-in-the-milky-way/\">N ~ 1: Alone in the Milky Way\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Pascal Lee, a planetary scientist who works at the Mars Institute, the SETI Institute and the Haughton-Mars Project at the NASA Ames Research Center, makes the case that “we might be it, in the vastness of our galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Events for the Foodies (or the Science-Reluctant)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/the-science-of-sundaes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Science of Sundaes\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You had me at ice cream scientist. Dr. Maya Warren will teach families how to make their own sweet treats at home and discuss her career as a “real-life ice cream scientist”!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/the-science-behind-hand-pulled-noodles/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Science Behind Hand-Pulled Noodles\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of the Stanford Polymer Collective will make a basic dough and explain how additives like oil, water and salt change the dough’s mechanical properties. Participants are encouraged to follow along at home and decide which dough makes the best hand-pulled noodles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Events for Climate Activists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/bay-area-youth-climate-activism-panel/\">Bay Area Youth Climate Activism Panel\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get inspired and learn from the young people in the Bay Area who are trying to save our ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/wetland-protectors-our-first-line-of-defense/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wetland Protectors: Our First Line of Defense\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Save the Bay will demonstrate why tidal marshlands and native plants are key to flood protection for bayside communities threatened by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Events at the Frontline of the Pandemic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/behind-the-scenes-at-a-covid-19-diagnostic-testing-center/\">Behind the Scenes at a COVID-19 Diagnostic Testing Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You ever wonder what happens after the nose and throat swabs? We’ll go inside a lab that’s working with UCSF on COVID-19 testing. “Follow a sample from its arrival at the lab, through RNA extraction and amplification, to the end result to reveal if it is positive or negative for the virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/exploring-connections-between-cancer-and-covid-19/\">Exploring Connections Between Cancer and COVID-19\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talk to researchers from the UCSF Cancer Cell Map Initiative (CCMI) and Quantitative Biology Institute Coronavirus Research Group (QBI-QCRG) about the “connections between the mechanisms of cancer and COVID-19.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Events at the Intersection of Race and Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/cultural-tax-the-cost-of-being-the-only-or-the-few/\">Cultural Tax: The Cost of Being the Only or the Few\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tyrone Poster, a principal investigator at Boston University, shares insights on the “silent burden” that often accompanies being a Black STEM student and professional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/a-conversation-with-the-creators-of-the-nocturnists/\">A Conversation with the Creators of The Nocturnists\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nocturnists is a medical storytelling community founded by two UCSF physicians. Their audio documentary series “Stories from a Pandemic” and “Black Voices in Healthcare” provide unique first-person accounts from health care workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Events for the Creature-Curious\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/catch-that-critter-opening-event/\">Catch that Critter!\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever wonder who or what is going bump in the night in your backyard? Here’s your chance! Learn how to set up a “wildlife monitoring system and hear about the critters caught on camera at the Cal State East Bay Concord Campus and cameras set up in the Diablo hills. This first event will be a how-two and the second event will give participants the chance to share what they discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/a-very-spine-tingling-spider-screening-with-kqeds-deep-look/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Very Spine-Tingling Spider Screening with KQED’s Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, this one is a shameless plug! The team behind KQED’s own Deep Look video series will present three of their popular spider episodes. Deep Look producers and cinematographers will reveal how they captured the spiders’ behavior on camera and spider experts will be on hand to answer all your arachnid-related questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are hundreds more events on all variety of subjects: storytelling and COVID, composting, wildfires. \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Check out the BASF website to see them all\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: KQED is a media sponsor of the Bay Area Science Festival.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a> is your once-a-year back-stage pass to the region’s thriving science scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marking a decade of celebrating curiosity, the festival, put on by UCSF, goes virtual this year. Gone will be the dramatic and extremely well-attended finale at Oracle Park, but very much present will be 125+ events, each with their own infectious display of passion and knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really are trying to connect people personally to scientists, researchers and technicians even in this virtual world,” said Katherine Nielsen, festival co-founder and co-director of the Science and Health Education Partnership at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the Bay Area Science Festival will tour a lab processing samples for the coronavirus, demonstrate what it takes to design a formula racing car, question the probability of extraterrestrial life, and wrestle with the ethics of CRISPR gene editing, to call out only a few of the festival’s marquee events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/schedule/?_sft_event_miscellaneous=spanish-speaking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Spanish-language sessions\u003c/a> on this year’s schedule include how to talk to young people about COVID-19, the effect of dark energy on the expansion of the universe and life on other planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some events that caught our eye, either because of their nod to current events or their unique nature. But really, you’ll want to \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/schedule/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">peruse the schedule yourself\u003c/a> as the options are seemingly endless and you can customize your search to your interests and age range. Also, you must register (it’s free!) to see full details of each event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Events That Take You Outside\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/interactive-bird-scavenger-hunt-with-sfbbo-opening-event/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Interactive Bird Scavenger Hunt\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever wanted to get into birding but find the Sibley guides overwhelming, this session is for you. Download the scavenger hunt card and join other aspiring ornithologists in observing local birds and their behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/share-the-night-sky/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Share the Night Sky\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do you get when you mix a radio show and a planetary show? This show features San Francisco’s “Urban Astronomer” Paul Salazar and KPOO’s DJ Marilynn. Tune in for a guided tour of the night sky in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Events for Big Thinkers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/astronomy-talks-quantum-mechanics-vs-general-relativity-clash-of-the-titans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Astronomy Talks: Quantum Mechanics vs General Relativity: Clash of the Titans\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join a discussion about unifying the two theories and creating “a single theory that describes the entire Universe.” Doesn’t get much bigger picture than that, now, does it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/crispr-sickle-cell-disease-and-society-a-vr-explainer-and-ethics-discussion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR, Sickle Cell Disease, and Society: A VR Explainer and Ethics Discussion\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore how CRISPR genome editing may be used to repair the sickle cell mutation. See a virtual reality tour of the human body, and a talk on health disparities in the U.S. and the ethics of CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/n1-alone-in-the-milky-way/\">N ~ 1: Alone in the Milky Way\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Pascal Lee, a planetary scientist who works at the Mars Institute, the SETI Institute and the Haughton-Mars Project at the NASA Ames Research Center, makes the case that “we might be it, in the vastness of our galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Events for the Foodies (or the Science-Reluctant)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/the-science-of-sundaes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Science of Sundaes\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You had me at ice cream scientist. Dr. Maya Warren will teach families how to make their own sweet treats at home and discuss her career as a “real-life ice cream scientist”!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/the-science-behind-hand-pulled-noodles/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Science Behind Hand-Pulled Noodles\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of the Stanford Polymer Collective will make a basic dough and explain how additives like oil, water and salt change the dough’s mechanical properties. Participants are encouraged to follow along at home and decide which dough makes the best hand-pulled noodles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Events for Climate Activists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/bay-area-youth-climate-activism-panel/\">Bay Area Youth Climate Activism Panel\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get inspired and learn from the young people in the Bay Area who are trying to save our ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/wetland-protectors-our-first-line-of-defense/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wetland Protectors: Our First Line of Defense\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Save the Bay will demonstrate why tidal marshlands and native plants are key to flood protection for bayside communities threatened by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Events at the Frontline of the Pandemic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/behind-the-scenes-at-a-covid-19-diagnostic-testing-center/\">Behind the Scenes at a COVID-19 Diagnostic Testing Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You ever wonder what happens after the nose and throat swabs? We’ll go inside a lab that’s working with UCSF on COVID-19 testing. “Follow a sample from its arrival at the lab, through RNA extraction and amplification, to the end result to reveal if it is positive or negative for the virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/exploring-connections-between-cancer-and-covid-19/\">Exploring Connections Between Cancer and COVID-19\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talk to researchers from the UCSF Cancer Cell Map Initiative (CCMI) and Quantitative Biology Institute Coronavirus Research Group (QBI-QCRG) about the “connections between the mechanisms of cancer and COVID-19.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Events at the Intersection of Race and Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/cultural-tax-the-cost-of-being-the-only-or-the-few/\">Cultural Tax: The Cost of Being the Only or the Few\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tyrone Poster, a principal investigator at Boston University, shares insights on the “silent burden” that often accompanies being a Black STEM student and professional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/a-conversation-with-the-creators-of-the-nocturnists/\">A Conversation with the Creators of The Nocturnists\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nocturnists is a medical storytelling community founded by two UCSF physicians. Their audio documentary series “Stories from a Pandemic” and “Black Voices in Healthcare” provide unique first-person accounts from health care workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Events for the Creature-Curious\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/catch-that-critter-opening-event/\">Catch that Critter!\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever wonder who or what is going bump in the night in your backyard? Here’s your chance! Learn how to set up a “wildlife monitoring system and hear about the critters caught on camera at the Cal State East Bay Concord Campus and cameras set up in the Diablo hills. This first event will be a how-two and the second event will give participants the chance to share what they discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival2020.org/event/a-very-spine-tingling-spider-screening-with-kqeds-deep-look/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Very Spine-Tingling Spider Screening with KQED’s Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, this one is a shameless plug! The team behind KQED’s own Deep Look video series will present three of their popular spider episodes. Deep Look producers and cinematographers will reveal how they captured the spiders’ behavior on camera and spider experts will be on hand to answer all your arachnid-related questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are hundreds more events on all variety of subjects: storytelling and COVID, composting, wildfires. \u003ca href=\"https://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Check out the BASF website to see them all\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: KQED is a media sponsor of the Bay Area Science Festival.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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