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"content": "\u003cp>David Perlman was the kind of journalist who had newspaper ink in his veins. When he retired from the San Francisco Chronicle three years ago, at 98, he was the oldest known full-time news reporter at a U.S. metro newspaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a career that spanned most of the last century and the start of this one, he covered the most significant scientific advancements of our time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year we lost him. He \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/David-Perlman-award-winning-Chronicle-science-15353853.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">passed away\u003c/a> in June, at age 101.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the legendary newsman is still winning awards. This month Perlman received the posthumous \u003ca href=\"https://cal-press.wildapricot.org/awards-twain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mark Twain Award\u003c/a> for Journalistic Excellence from the California Press Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dave was a newspaper man and so was Mark Twain,” said longtime colleague and fellow science writer \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/petitsciwrite?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Charlie Petit\u003c/a>, presenting the award to Perlman’s family. “They were both great admirers of plain talk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Petit said, they differed in one key respect: “Dave stuck like a barnacle to reporting, while Twain was all over the place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born in 1918, David Perlman spent most of his childhood in New York City and Paris. He received a master’s degree in journalism from Columbia University in 1940. After a quick stint at a paper in North Dakota, he got a job as a copy boy at the Chronicle and was soon writing police stories. In 1941 he married poet and writer \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Anne-S-Perlman-S-F-poet-journalist-2804277.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anne Salz\u003c/a>, whom he met at a party on Lombard Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Perlman enlisted in the U.S. Army. When the war ended, he worked for a time as a foreign correspondent in Paris for the New York Herald Tribune. In 1951, he and Anne moved back to San Francisco and he rejoined the Chronicle as a reporter, where he remained for the rest of his career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13303\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/RS8246_IMG_0436-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Perlman, science editor at the San Francisco Chronicle, was working at the Chronicle when Pearl Harbor was attacked. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some reporters grow disenchanted with journalism after years of deadline pressure, pressure from management and rounds of buyouts and layoffs. Perlman always encouraged others to join him in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t give up on journalism,” he said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1866788/at-98-legendary-science-writer-david-perlman-takes-early-retirement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2014 interview with KQED\u003c/a>. “It’s a great trade, a great profession. And really you’re doing good. You’re helping to inform the public about whatever issue. Yeah, I love being a reporter, and I think anybody who enters journalism is going to have a good time and make a modest living.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman’s reporting style was speedy, eloquent, illuminating and clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He could take the most complicated story and just make it accessible to all readers,” said Terry Robertson, Perlman’s last editor at the Chronicle, working with him for 12 years. Robinson is now retired and living in Washington state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But at the same time, he was very meticulous and I learned very early, don’t mess with his precision to make something a little snappier! He just wrote with a passion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918220\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1918220 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-960x719.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-520x389.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741.jpg 1780w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Millions of people in the U.S. watched the Aug. 21, 2017, total solar eclipse. It was the subject of David Perlman’s final story for the San Francisco Chronicle. \u003ccite>(David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A total eclipse of the sun will turn day into night across a narrow swath of the U.S. this month when the full moon moves to block the sun’s face and create a coast-to-coast phenomenon that hasn’t occurred in nearly 130 years […] The summer air will turn chilly, birds will chirp uneasily in the unexpected darkness and the stars will emerge.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/science/article/Total-solar-eclipse-to-create-narrow-dark-path-11736902.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">final story\u003c/a> for the Chronicle before retiring is dated Aug. 5 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And he wrote [the story] as brilliantly and as flawlessly, as any of the other eclipses that he wrote about,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/author/steve-rubenstein/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Steve Rubenstein\u003c/a>, a colleague and friend at the Chronicle, who visited Perlman at home after his retirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Solar eclipses are fairly rare, but not as rare as he was.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before Rubenstein first walked into the Chronicle newsroom in 1976, he admired Dave Perlman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then I was 20-something. And Dave was already a legend. It was just an honor to sit in the same room with him. And then to find myself, the next morning, my story wrapped up in the same Chronicle with the same rubber band that his story was wrapped up with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Perlman’s retirement, Rubenstein became the longest-working staff member at the Chronicle. He also inherited some Perlman treasures: his press credential from covering the 1969 Apollo 11 moonwalk in Houston, the manual Olivetti typewriter where Perlman pounded out stories with two fingers, and the telegram sent via Western Union, which was how Perlman sent his moonwalk story to the Chronicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971824\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1971824\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/IMG_2004-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/IMG_2004-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/IMG_2004-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/IMG_2004-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/IMG_2004-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/IMG_2004-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/IMG_2004-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/IMG_2004-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Perlman’s manual typewriter, which he used before switching to a desktop computer. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These are sort of as close as you get to the Dead Sea Scrolls as there are in our business,” Rubenstein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time I spoke to Perlman was summer 2019, for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944637/san-francisco-news-legend-david-perlman-recalls-moon-walk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">50th anniversary of the moonwalk\u003c/a>. I was astonished at the clarity of his memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember there was a moment of silence when the two guys climbed out of the spacecraft and actually set foot on the moon,” he told me. “And we typed our stories as fast as we could.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman was covering one of the most significant moments of mankind’s history, but he was focused on his job, not the poetry of the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was covering a damn story! The important thing was to beat a deadline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I asked him about his most meaningful stories, Perlman said he loved to be in the field with scientists when discoveries were happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 60s, Perlman joined a monthslong expedition to the Galapagos Islands, retracing Charles Darwin’s research on evolution, filing dozens of stories via the ship’s radio. Stories about evolution and human origins became among his favorite subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was there to see things actually that we are seeing for the first time,” said UC Berkeley paleoanthropologist \u003ca href=\"http://herc.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Timothy White\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that was one of the gifts that he wanted to give to his readers to be able to recount those kinds of experiences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2005, Perlman \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Parched-Ethiopian-region-is-ground-zero-for-2522346.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">joined White on an expedition\u003c/a> in Ethiopia studying pre-human fossil remains and tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971825\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1971825\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Perlman-800x1203.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1203\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Perlman-800x1203.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Perlman-160x241.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Perlman-768x1155.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Perlman.png 851w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Perlman on a field reporting trip in 2005, here with with the chief of the local Afar tribe. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Timothy White, used with permission.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And in this case,” recalled Perlman in 2019, “I remember Tim White lifting up a rock and to me it was just a rock. But sure enough, it was an ax — face of an ax. And that stone had been laying there for millions of years. And that was quite a thrill to be able to handle it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman arrived at science writing literally by accident. It was around 1957…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I happened to break my leg skiing and was reading a book. I can even name the book: ‘\u003cem>The Nature of the Universe’ \u003c/em>by a British astronomer named Fred Hoyle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was expecting to be bored, but found himself absorbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I got kind of curious to know whatever astronomers do. What’s all that about?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Perlman arranged a visit to Lick Observatory, atop Mount Hamilton, outside of San Jose. And there he met astronomer George Herbig, a University of Hawaii astronomer who died in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I sort of asked him, in a way,” recalled Perlman, “what do you do for a living? And he said, ‘I’m interested in stars that are being born in the Orion Nebula.’ And I thought, you know, the idea of stars being born, that’s a crazy idea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that story, Perlman went back to the Chronicle and became a science reporter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as a boy, he loved the news business. At the age of about 12 he saw the play “The Front Page.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman could recite from memory the play’s opening description of reporters, as “Seedy, catatonic Paul Reveres, full of strange oaths and a touch of childhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wanted to be like that. And as a matter of fact, I got to be like that,” Perlman said. “I think I got more than a touch of childhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His example continues to inspire both new and old reporters today. Each year the American Geophysical Union, a large scientific community, gives out the David Perlman Award, for science reporting on deadline. The recipient this year, Ann Gibbons, writer at the publication Science, remembers hearing Perlman speak about working as a science writer, while she was an undergraduate at Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said he was one of the first people who showed her a path that could combine her love of science and writing, and to make a living at it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one, however, will remember David Perlman as seedy or catatonic. They will remember him as a straight-talking truth teller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Perlman’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/author/david-perlman/#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">author page\u003c/a> at the San Francisco Chronicle remains live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/cmiller\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Craig Miller\u003c/a> contributed reporting to this piece.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>David Perlman was the kind of journalist who had newspaper ink in his veins. When he retired from the San Francisco Chronicle three years ago, at 98, he was the oldest known full-time news reporter at a U.S. metro newspaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a career that spanned most of the last century and the start of this one, he covered the most significant scientific advancements of our time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year we lost him. He \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/David-Perlman-award-winning-Chronicle-science-15353853.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">passed away\u003c/a> in June, at age 101.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the legendary newsman is still winning awards. This month Perlman received the posthumous \u003ca href=\"https://cal-press.wildapricot.org/awards-twain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mark Twain Award\u003c/a> for Journalistic Excellence from the California Press Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dave was a newspaper man and so was Mark Twain,” said longtime colleague and fellow science writer \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/petitsciwrite?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Charlie Petit\u003c/a>, presenting the award to Perlman’s family. “They were both great admirers of plain talk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Petit said, they differed in one key respect: “Dave stuck like a barnacle to reporting, while Twain was all over the place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Born in 1918, David Perlman spent most of his childhood in New York City and Paris. He received a master’s degree in journalism from Columbia University in 1940. After a quick stint at a paper in North Dakota, he got a job as a copy boy at the Chronicle and was soon writing police stories. In 1941 he married poet and writer \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Anne-S-Perlman-S-F-poet-journalist-2804277.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anne Salz\u003c/a>, whom he met at a party on Lombard Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Perlman enlisted in the U.S. Army. When the war ended, he worked for a time as a foreign correspondent in Paris for the New York Herald Tribune. In 1951, he and Anne moved back to San Francisco and he rejoined the Chronicle as a reporter, where he remained for the rest of his career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13303\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/RS8246_IMG_0436-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Perlman, science editor at the San Francisco Chronicle, was working at the Chronicle when Pearl Harbor was attacked. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some reporters grow disenchanted with journalism after years of deadline pressure, pressure from management and rounds of buyouts and layoffs. Perlman always encouraged others to join him in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t give up on journalism,” he said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1866788/at-98-legendary-science-writer-david-perlman-takes-early-retirement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2014 interview with KQED\u003c/a>. “It’s a great trade, a great profession. And really you’re doing good. You’re helping to inform the public about whatever issue. Yeah, I love being a reporter, and I think anybody who enters journalism is going to have a good time and make a modest living.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman’s reporting style was speedy, eloquent, illuminating and clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He could take the most complicated story and just make it accessible to all readers,” said Terry Robertson, Perlman’s last editor at the Chronicle, working with him for 12 years. Robinson is now retired and living in Washington state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But at the same time, he was very meticulous and I learned very early, don’t mess with his precision to make something a little snappier! He just wrote with a passion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918220\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1918220 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-960x719.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741-520x389.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/eclipse-1-03d0b421f44da22ddb6e231d7f10553e8e1bc741.jpg 1780w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Millions of people in the U.S. watched the Aug. 21, 2017, total solar eclipse. It was the subject of David Perlman’s final story for the San Francisco Chronicle. \u003ccite>(David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A total eclipse of the sun will turn day into night across a narrow swath of the U.S. this month when the full moon moves to block the sun’s face and create a coast-to-coast phenomenon that hasn’t occurred in nearly 130 years […] The summer air will turn chilly, birds will chirp uneasily in the unexpected darkness and the stars will emerge.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/science/article/Total-solar-eclipse-to-create-narrow-dark-path-11736902.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">final story\u003c/a> for the Chronicle before retiring is dated Aug. 5 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And he wrote [the story] as brilliantly and as flawlessly, as any of the other eclipses that he wrote about,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/author/steve-rubenstein/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Steve Rubenstein\u003c/a>, a colleague and friend at the Chronicle, who visited Perlman at home after his retirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Solar eclipses are fairly rare, but not as rare as he was.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before Rubenstein first walked into the Chronicle newsroom in 1976, he admired Dave Perlman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then I was 20-something. And Dave was already a legend. It was just an honor to sit in the same room with him. And then to find myself, the next morning, my story wrapped up in the same Chronicle with the same rubber band that his story was wrapped up with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Perlman’s retirement, Rubenstein became the longest-working staff member at the Chronicle. He also inherited some Perlman treasures: his press credential from covering the 1969 Apollo 11 moonwalk in Houston, the manual Olivetti typewriter where Perlman pounded out stories with two fingers, and the telegram sent via Western Union, which was how Perlman sent his moonwalk story to the Chronicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971824\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1971824\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/IMG_2004-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/IMG_2004-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/IMG_2004-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/IMG_2004-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/IMG_2004-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/IMG_2004-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/IMG_2004-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/IMG_2004-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Perlman’s manual typewriter, which he used before switching to a desktop computer. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These are sort of as close as you get to the Dead Sea Scrolls as there are in our business,” Rubenstein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time I spoke to Perlman was summer 2019, for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1944637/san-francisco-news-legend-david-perlman-recalls-moon-walk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">50th anniversary of the moonwalk\u003c/a>. I was astonished at the clarity of his memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember there was a moment of silence when the two guys climbed out of the spacecraft and actually set foot on the moon,” he told me. “And we typed our stories as fast as we could.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman was covering one of the most significant moments of mankind’s history, but he was focused on his job, not the poetry of the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was covering a damn story! The important thing was to beat a deadline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I asked him about his most meaningful stories, Perlman said he loved to be in the field with scientists when discoveries were happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 60s, Perlman joined a monthslong expedition to the Galapagos Islands, retracing Charles Darwin’s research on evolution, filing dozens of stories via the ship’s radio. Stories about evolution and human origins became among his favorite subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was there to see things actually that we are seeing for the first time,” said UC Berkeley paleoanthropologist \u003ca href=\"http://herc.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Timothy White\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that was one of the gifts that he wanted to give to his readers to be able to recount those kinds of experiences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2005, Perlman \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Parched-Ethiopian-region-is-ground-zero-for-2522346.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">joined White on an expedition\u003c/a> in Ethiopia studying pre-human fossil remains and tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971825\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1971825\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Perlman-800x1203.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1203\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Perlman-800x1203.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Perlman-160x241.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Perlman-768x1155.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Perlman.png 851w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Perlman on a field reporting trip in 2005, here with with the chief of the local Afar tribe. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Timothy White, used with permission.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And in this case,” recalled Perlman in 2019, “I remember Tim White lifting up a rock and to me it was just a rock. But sure enough, it was an ax — face of an ax. And that stone had been laying there for millions of years. And that was quite a thrill to be able to handle it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman arrived at science writing literally by accident. It was around 1957…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I happened to break my leg skiing and was reading a book. I can even name the book: ‘\u003cem>The Nature of the Universe’ \u003c/em>by a British astronomer named Fred Hoyle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was expecting to be bored, but found himself absorbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I got kind of curious to know whatever astronomers do. What’s all that about?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Perlman arranged a visit to Lick Observatory, atop Mount Hamilton, outside of San Jose. And there he met astronomer George Herbig, a University of Hawaii astronomer who died in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I sort of asked him, in a way,” recalled Perlman, “what do you do for a living? And he said, ‘I’m interested in stars that are being born in the Orion Nebula.’ And I thought, you know, the idea of stars being born, that’s a crazy idea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that story, Perlman went back to the Chronicle and became a science reporter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as a boy, he loved the news business. At the age of about 12 he saw the play “The Front Page.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perlman could recite from memory the play’s opening description of reporters, as “Seedy, catatonic Paul Reveres, full of strange oaths and a touch of childhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wanted to be like that. And as a matter of fact, I got to be like that,” Perlman said. “I think I got more than a touch of childhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His example continues to inspire both new and old reporters today. Each year the American Geophysical Union, a large scientific community, gives out the David Perlman Award, for science reporting on deadline. The recipient this year, Ann Gibbons, writer at the publication Science, remembers hearing Perlman speak about working as a science writer, while she was an undergraduate at Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said he was one of the first people who showed her a path that could combine her love of science and writing, and to make a living at it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one, however, will remember David Perlman as seedy or catatonic. They will remember him as a straight-talking truth teller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Perlman’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/author/david-perlman/#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">author page\u003c/a> at the San Francisco Chronicle remains live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/cmiller\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Craig Miller\u003c/a> contributed reporting to this piece.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "FDA Authorizes Moderna's Coronavirus Vaccine",
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"content": "\u003cp>Health care workers across the U.S. are getting a new arrow in their quiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, just one week after Pfizer and BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/11/945366548/fda-authorizes-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-in-u-s\">received a federal green light\u003c/a>, the Food and Drug Administration formally authorized a second vaccine for emergency use — this one developed by Moderna. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947628608/how-will-moderna-meet-the-demand-for-its-covid-19-vaccine\">biotech upstart\u003c/a> won authorization for use in adults following extensive federal analysis of the vaccine, which the FDA found to be\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/16/935239294/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-shines-in-clinical-trial\"> 94% effective\u003c/a> at preventing the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the availability of two vaccines now for the prevention of COVID-19, the FDA has taken another crucial step in the fight against this global pandemic that is causing vast numbers of hospitalizations and deaths in the United States each day,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-additional-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-second-covid\">said a statement\u003c/a> by FDA Commissioner Stephen M. Hahn, M.D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA decision represents another leap forward in the effort to combat the coronavirus, which has already killed \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/14/946045921/how-do-we-grieve-300-000-lives-lost\">more than 300,000 people\u003c/a> in the U.S. alone. Since the Pfizer vaccine’s authorization last week, health and defense officials have launched a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/12/12/945792399/warp-speed-official-1st-shipments-of-covid-19-vaccine-will-be-delivered-on-monda\">vast effort\u003c/a> to distribute \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/14/946372287/millions-more-covid-19-vaccine-doses-are-on-the-way-u-s-officials-say\">millions of doses\u003c/a> across the country. Health care workers and older adults were first in line for the inoculations when providers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/14/946232462/incredibly-hopeful-u-s-starts-vaccinating-people-against-covid-19\">began administering\u003c/a> them Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a push to inspire public confidence in the vaccine, Vice President Mike Pence on Friday became the country’s highest-ranking official so far to have it administered. Pence, his wife, Karen, and Surgeon General Jerome Adams all received their shots during a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/18/947744956/i-didnt-feel-a-thing-pence-gets-coronavirus-vaccine-in-public-event\">televised event\u003c/a> at the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the flurry surrounding the Pfizer vaccine’s rollout, Moderna’s alternative was making steady headway in its own push toward authorization. The FDA released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/15/946554638/fda-analysis-of-moderna-covid-19-vaccine-finds-it-effective-and-safe\">glowing analysis\u003c/a> of the vaccine on Tuesday, finding “no specific safety concerns.” On Thursday, an outside panel of health care experts from across the U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947264730/fda-panel-weighs-modernas-covid-19-vaccine\">unanimously recommended\u003c/a> the vaccine with one abstention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question that’s being asked us is, ‘Do we have enough evidence in hand to say that the benefits of this vaccine outweigh what at the moment, as far as severe safety issues go, are theoretical risks?'” \u003ca href=\"https://www.chop.edu/doctors/offit-paul-a\">Dr. Paul Offit\u003c/a>, panel member and vaccine researcher at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, said during the hourslong recorded meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the answer to that question is clearly yes. I mean, the question is never ‘When do you know everything?’ It’s ‘When do you know enough?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offit’s point also gets at a crucial challenge faced by the federal regulators who have been tasked with evaluating these vaccines more quickly than they normally would. In an effort to expedite the process, the FDA — and other health regulators around the world — have loosened their usual approval procedures and adopted a more urgent mechanism known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/emergency-use-authorization-vaccines-explained\">emergency use authorization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna \u003ca href=\"https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/us-government-exercises-1st-option-additional-100-million-doses\">said it that it will deliver about 20 million doses\u003c/a> by the end of December under its federal supply contract.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, attentions are turning to the Moderna vaccine’s distribution. Like the Pfizer vaccine, the Moderna product uses messenger RNA technology — which, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html\">in the FDA’s words\u003c/a>, teaches the body’s cells “how to make a protein — or even just a piece of a protein — that triggers an immune response inside our bodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That immune response, which produces antibodies, is what protects us from getting infected if the real virus enters our bodies,” the agency says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Pfizer vaccine, though, Moderna’s product does not need to be stored at \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/17/935563377/why-does-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-need-to-be-kept-colder-than-antarctica\">extremely low temperatures\u003c/a>, potentially making it accessible for more communities. Balanced against that is the fact that the smaller biotech firm, in contrast with the pharmaceutical giant Pfizer, may \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947628608/how-will-moderna-meet-the-demand-for-its-covid-19-vaccine\">face some steeper challenges\u003c/a> meeting the extraordinary demand for inoculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dr. Anthony Fauci says he is hopeful that initial distribution will happen quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would anticipate that we likely will see shots in the arm by the very early part of next week,” the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases \u003ca href=\"https://www.today.com/video/dr-fauci-anticipates-moderna-vaccine-will-be-administered-by-early-next-week-97983045529\">told NBC’s “\u003c/a>Today” show on Friday in advance of the FDA’s authorization. “I would hope Monday or Tuesday.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci’s institute was instrumental in the development of the Moderna vaccine — from some of the basic science to bankrolling clinical testing. In August, the institute \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/08/06/899869278/prices-for-covid-19-vaccines-are-starting-to-come-into-focus\">told NPR\u003c/a> its contributions to the studies of the Moderna vaccine would cost taxpayers more than $400 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Operation Warp Speed, the crash federal project for vaccine development, poured in $955 million to support development of the Moderna vaccine, including the expanded phase 3 study that provided the data that made possible the emergency use authorization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Moderna%27s+COVID-19+Vaccine+Becomes+2nd+To+Earn+FDA+Authorization&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Health care workers across the U.S. are getting a new arrow in their quiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, just one week after Pfizer and BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/11/945366548/fda-authorizes-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-in-u-s\">received a federal green light\u003c/a>, the Food and Drug Administration formally authorized a second vaccine for emergency use — this one developed by Moderna. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947628608/how-will-moderna-meet-the-demand-for-its-covid-19-vaccine\">biotech upstart\u003c/a> won authorization for use in adults following extensive federal analysis of the vaccine, which the FDA found to be\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/16/935239294/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-shines-in-clinical-trial\"> 94% effective\u003c/a> at preventing the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the availability of two vaccines now for the prevention of COVID-19, the FDA has taken another crucial step in the fight against this global pandemic that is causing vast numbers of hospitalizations and deaths in the United States each day,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-additional-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-second-covid\">said a statement\u003c/a> by FDA Commissioner Stephen M. Hahn, M.D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA decision represents another leap forward in the effort to combat the coronavirus, which has already killed \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/14/946045921/how-do-we-grieve-300-000-lives-lost\">more than 300,000 people\u003c/a> in the U.S. alone. Since the Pfizer vaccine’s authorization last week, health and defense officials have launched a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/12/12/945792399/warp-speed-official-1st-shipments-of-covid-19-vaccine-will-be-delivered-on-monda\">vast effort\u003c/a> to distribute \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/14/946372287/millions-more-covid-19-vaccine-doses-are-on-the-way-u-s-officials-say\">millions of doses\u003c/a> across the country. Health care workers and older adults were first in line for the inoculations when providers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/14/946232462/incredibly-hopeful-u-s-starts-vaccinating-people-against-covid-19\">began administering\u003c/a> them Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a push to inspire public confidence in the vaccine, Vice President Mike Pence on Friday became the country’s highest-ranking official so far to have it administered. Pence, his wife, Karen, and Surgeon General Jerome Adams all received their shots during a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/18/947744956/i-didnt-feel-a-thing-pence-gets-coronavirus-vaccine-in-public-event\">televised event\u003c/a> at the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the flurry surrounding the Pfizer vaccine’s rollout, Moderna’s alternative was making steady headway in its own push toward authorization. The FDA released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/15/946554638/fda-analysis-of-moderna-covid-19-vaccine-finds-it-effective-and-safe\">glowing analysis\u003c/a> of the vaccine on Tuesday, finding “no specific safety concerns.” On Thursday, an outside panel of health care experts from across the U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947264730/fda-panel-weighs-modernas-covid-19-vaccine\">unanimously recommended\u003c/a> the vaccine with one abstention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question that’s being asked us is, ‘Do we have enough evidence in hand to say that the benefits of this vaccine outweigh what at the moment, as far as severe safety issues go, are theoretical risks?'” \u003ca href=\"https://www.chop.edu/doctors/offit-paul-a\">Dr. Paul Offit\u003c/a>, panel member and vaccine researcher at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, said during the hourslong recorded meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the answer to that question is clearly yes. I mean, the question is never ‘When do you know everything?’ It’s ‘When do you know enough?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offit’s point also gets at a crucial challenge faced by the federal regulators who have been tasked with evaluating these vaccines more quickly than they normally would. In an effort to expedite the process, the FDA — and other health regulators around the world — have loosened their usual approval procedures and adopted a more urgent mechanism known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/emergency-use-authorization-vaccines-explained\">emergency use authorization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna \u003ca href=\"https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/us-government-exercises-1st-option-additional-100-million-doses\">said it that it will deliver about 20 million doses\u003c/a> by the end of December under its federal supply contract.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, attentions are turning to the Moderna vaccine’s distribution. Like the Pfizer vaccine, the Moderna product uses messenger RNA technology — which, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html\">in the FDA’s words\u003c/a>, teaches the body’s cells “how to make a protein — or even just a piece of a protein — that triggers an immune response inside our bodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That immune response, which produces antibodies, is what protects us from getting infected if the real virus enters our bodies,” the agency says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Pfizer vaccine, though, Moderna’s product does not need to be stored at \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/17/935563377/why-does-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-need-to-be-kept-colder-than-antarctica\">extremely low temperatures\u003c/a>, potentially making it accessible for more communities. Balanced against that is the fact that the smaller biotech firm, in contrast with the pharmaceutical giant Pfizer, may \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947628608/how-will-moderna-meet-the-demand-for-its-covid-19-vaccine\">face some steeper challenges\u003c/a> meeting the extraordinary demand for inoculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dr. Anthony Fauci says he is hopeful that initial distribution will happen quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would anticipate that we likely will see shots in the arm by the very early part of next week,” the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases \u003ca href=\"https://www.today.com/video/dr-fauci-anticipates-moderna-vaccine-will-be-administered-by-early-next-week-97983045529\">told NBC’s “\u003c/a>Today” show on Friday in advance of the FDA’s authorization. “I would hope Monday or Tuesday.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci’s institute was instrumental in the development of the Moderna vaccine — from some of the basic science to bankrolling clinical testing. In August, the institute \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/08/06/899869278/prices-for-covid-19-vaccines-are-starting-to-come-into-focus\">told NPR\u003c/a> its contributions to the studies of the Moderna vaccine would cost taxpayers more than $400 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Operation Warp Speed, the crash federal project for vaccine development, poured in $955 million to support development of the Moderna vaccine, including the expanded phase 3 study that provided the data that made possible the emergency use authorization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Moderna%27s+COVID-19+Vaccine+Becomes+2nd+To+Earn+FDA+Authorization&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Jupiter and Saturn Conjunction: How to See It on Monday",
"headTitle": "Jupiter and Saturn Conjunction: How to See It on Monday | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On the evening of Dec. 21, the planets Jupiter and Saturn will appear closer together than in centuries, only a tenth of a degree apart, or one-fifth the width of the full moon. They won’t be this close again until March 2080.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This juxtaposition of giants will shine like few things you’ve seen in the sky, and offers a rare sight through the eyepiece of even a small telescope.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Great Conjunction\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since before the pandemic began, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jupiter \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Saturn \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">have crept closer and closer together, first appearing back in February, rising with the dawn.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though the two gas giant planets are physically almost half a billion miles apart, their orbital motions periodically bring them close together, from our perspective on Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When Jupiter, orbiting the sun once every 12 years, overtakes the slower-moving Saturn, their visual convergence is called a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/planets/great-conjunction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Great Conjunction\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. This happens every two decades, though sometimes the pairing appears too close to the sun to be seen. And the two don’t usually get as close as they will on Dec. 21, 2020.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What to Look For\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you’ve been tracking Jupiter and Saturn over the past few weeks, you know where to find them: low over the southwest horizon shortly after sunset — starting as soon as 5:30 p.m., even before the glow of twilight has faded. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can’t miss Jupiter, the larger and closer of the duo, a gold-white beacon dominating a patch of sky with no particularly bright stars nearby. After that, Saturn is an easy second, above and to the left of Jupiter. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971708\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1971708\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-800x521.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-800x521.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-1020x664.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-768x500.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-1536x1000.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-2048x1334.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-1920x1250.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On December 21, 2020, Jupiter and Saturn will appear close enough to each other to be seen simultaneously through the eyepiece of even a low-powered telescope. Several of the solar system’s largest and most fascinating moons will also be seen in the view, including volcanic Io, the ocean-harboring Europa, and Saturn’s Titan, the only moon to possess a thick atmosphere. \u003ccite>(Ben Burress/Created using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Just after sunset on Monday, Dec. 21, one thing will change to the casual glance: you may notice only one shining beacon, resting low in the fading glow of dusk near the horizon. With good eyesight you may still see two planets, but they will almost appear to merge.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you have a small telescope, this meeting of Jupiter and Saturn may be one of the most thrilling things you’ve ever seen through the eyepiece. In a single view you will see not only the two majestic gas giant planets, but Saturn’s iconic system of rings, and several of the largest and most intriguing moons in the solar system, Jupiter’s Callisto, Io, and Europa, and Saturn’s Titan.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971707\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971707 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x433.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x433.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x552.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x87.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x416.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-1536x831.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A montage showing Jupiter’s moon Europa set before the gas giant planet’s mighty face. Europa hides a massive ocean of liquid water beneath its icy crust. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The pleasure of witnessing this convergence will be short-lived since Jupiter and Saturn set together around 7 p.m., offering scarcely an hour to enjoy the rare and beautiful spectacle. By 6:30 the pair will be approaching the horizon and any obstructions there may be — trees, buildings, hills. So don’t wait too late!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno and Huygens\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Currently, there is only one spacecraft, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/juno/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, orbiting either of the gas giants. Juno is investigating Jupiter’s previously unexplored polar region, shedding light on an unexpectedly beautiful and mysterious realm of spinning, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-juno-navigators-enable-jupiter-cyclone-discovery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">twisting cloud and storm systems\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Juno is also probing Jupiter’s interior, seeking to understand its structure, the processes that create its powerful magnetic field and atmospheric auroras, and what might lie deep in the gas giant’s core.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA and the European Space Agency are preparing future missions to Jupiter to investigate the hidden ocean of its moon \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Europa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s Europa Clipper\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and the European \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sci.esa.int/web/juice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">JUICE \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">spacecraft are slated to launch early this decade, though it will take several years for the spacecraft to get there.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971710\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971710 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist rendering of the European Huygens probe, which landed on the surface of Saturn’s moon Titan in 2005. The now derelict lander is the only piece of human technology anywhere in the Saturn system, after the deliberate incineration of mothership Cassini several years ago. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A billion miles away in the Saturn system, the only human artifact remaining is the tiny and defunct \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/mission/spacecraft/huygens-probe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">European Huygens\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> probe, which \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s Cassini\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> spacecraft dropped onto the surface of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/titan/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Titan \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">in 2005. Cassini was deliberately incinerated in a fiery plunge through Saturn’s atmosphere in 2017.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you miss this union of giant planets, you’ll only have to wait 60 years for your next chance — so I’d recommend going for it this time. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On the evening of Dec. 21, the planets Jupiter and Saturn will appear closer together than in centuries, only a tenth of a degree apart, or one-fifth the width of the full moon. They won’t be this close again until March 2080.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This juxtaposition of giants will shine like few things you’ve seen in the sky, and offers a rare sight through the eyepiece of even a small telescope.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Great Conjunction\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since before the pandemic began, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jupiter \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Saturn \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">have crept closer and closer together, first appearing back in February, rising with the dawn.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though the two gas giant planets are physically almost half a billion miles apart, their orbital motions periodically bring them close together, from our perspective on Earth.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When Jupiter, orbiting the sun once every 12 years, overtakes the slower-moving Saturn, their visual convergence is called a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/planets/great-conjunction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Great Conjunction\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. This happens every two decades, though sometimes the pairing appears too close to the sun to be seen. And the two don’t usually get as close as they will on Dec. 21, 2020.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What to Look For\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you’ve been tracking Jupiter and Saturn over the past few weeks, you know where to find them: low over the southwest horizon shortly after sunset — starting as soon as 5:30 p.m., even before the glow of twilight has faded. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can’t miss Jupiter, the larger and closer of the duo, a gold-white beacon dominating a patch of sky with no particularly bright stars nearby. After that, Saturn is an easy second, above and to the left of Jupiter. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971708\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1971708\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-800x521.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"521\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-800x521.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-1020x664.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-768x500.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-1536x1000.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-2048x1334.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Jupiter-Saturn-Conjunction-1920x1250.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On December 21, 2020, Jupiter and Saturn will appear close enough to each other to be seen simultaneously through the eyepiece of even a low-powered telescope. Several of the solar system’s largest and most fascinating moons will also be seen in the view, including volcanic Io, the ocean-harboring Europa, and Saturn’s Titan, the only moon to possess a thick atmosphere. \u003ccite>(Ben Burress/Created using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Just after sunset on Monday, Dec. 21, one thing will change to the casual glance: you may notice only one shining beacon, resting low in the fading glow of dusk near the horizon. With good eyesight you may still see two planets, but they will almost appear to merge.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you have a small telescope, this meeting of Jupiter and Saturn may be one of the most thrilling things you’ve ever seen through the eyepiece. In a single view you will see not only the two majestic gas giant planets, but Saturn’s iconic system of rings, and several of the largest and most intriguing moons in the solar system, Jupiter’s Callisto, Io, and Europa, and Saturn’s Titan.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971707\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971707 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x433.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-800x433.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-1020x552.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-160x87.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-768x416.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech-1536x831.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/jupiter-and-europa-nasa-jpl-caltech.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A montage showing Jupiter’s moon Europa set before the gas giant planet’s mighty face. Europa hides a massive ocean of liquid water beneath its icy crust. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The pleasure of witnessing this convergence will be short-lived since Jupiter and Saturn set together around 7 p.m., offering scarcely an hour to enjoy the rare and beautiful spectacle. By 6:30 the pair will be approaching the horizon and any obstructions there may be — trees, buildings, hills. So don’t wait too late!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Juno and Huygens\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Currently, there is only one spacecraft, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/juno/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s Juno\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, orbiting either of the gas giants. Juno is investigating Jupiter’s previously unexplored polar region, shedding light on an unexpectedly beautiful and mysterious realm of spinning, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-juno-navigators-enable-jupiter-cyclone-discovery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">twisting cloud and storm systems\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Juno is also probing Jupiter’s interior, seeking to understand its structure, the processes that create its powerful magnetic field and atmospheric auroras, and what might lie deep in the gas giant’s core.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA and the European Space Agency are preparing future missions to Jupiter to investigate the hidden ocean of its moon \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Europa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s Europa Clipper\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and the European \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://sci.esa.int/web/juice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">JUICE \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">spacecraft are slated to launch early this decade, though it will take several years for the spacecraft to get there.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971710\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971710 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/1181_huygensartistrendering_full_main-NASA.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist rendering of the European Huygens probe, which landed on the surface of Saturn’s moon Titan in 2005. The now derelict lander is the only piece of human technology anywhere in the Saturn system, after the deliberate incineration of mothership Cassini several years ago. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A billion miles away in the Saturn system, the only human artifact remaining is the tiny and defunct \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/mission/spacecraft/huygens-probe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">European Huygens\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> probe, which \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA’s Cassini\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> spacecraft dropped onto the surface of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/titan/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Titan \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">in 2005. Cassini was deliberately incinerated in a fiery plunge through Saturn’s atmosphere in 2017.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you miss this union of giant planets, you’ll only have to wait 60 years for your next chance — so I’d recommend going for it this time. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Biden Taps North Carolina Environmental Official to Run EPA",
"headTitle": "Biden Taps North Carolina Environmental Official to Run EPA | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">President-elect Joe Biden on Thursday offered the leadership of the Environmental Protection Agency to Michael S. Regan, a North Carolina regulator who has made a name pursuing cleanups of industrial toxins and helping low-income and minority communities hit hardest by pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Biden’s selection of Regan, who leads his state’s environmental agency, was confirmed by two people familiar with the selection process. They were not authorized the discuss the matter publicly before the official announcement and spoke on condition of anonymity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Regan became environmental chief in North Carolina in 2017. North Carolina Gov. Roy Cooper, who hired Regan then, told The Associated Press this week that Regan was “a consensus builder and a fierce protector of the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">In North Carolina, Regan led the negotiations that resulted in the cleanup of the Cape Fear River, which has been dangerously contaminated by PFAS industrial compounds from a chemical plant. He negotiated what North Carolina says was the largest cleanup agreement for toxic coal ash, with Duke Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Regan also created North Carolina’s Environmental Justice and Equity Advisory Board, to help the low-income and minority communities that suffer disproportionate exposure to harmful pollutants from refineries, factories and freeways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Regan previously spent almost a decade at the federal EPA, including managing a national program for air pollution issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">His past jobs included serving as an associate vice president for climate and energy issues at the Environmental Defense Fund advocacy group and as head of his own environmental and energy consulting firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">California clean-air regulator Mary Nichols, who earlier had been considered the front-runner for the job, had faced increasing objections from progressive groups. They said Nichols had not done enough to address the disproportionate harm low-income and minority communities face from living next to oil and gas installations, factories and freeways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Regan, who is Black, has a bachelor’s degree from the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, a historically Black university, and a master’s from George Washington University.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California clean-air regulator Mary Nichols, who earlier had been considered the front-runner for the job, had faced increasing objections from progressive groups.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">President-elect Joe Biden on Thursday offered the leadership of the Environmental Protection Agency to Michael S. Regan, a North Carolina regulator who has made a name pursuing cleanups of industrial toxins and helping low-income and minority communities hit hardest by pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Biden’s selection of Regan, who leads his state’s environmental agency, was confirmed by two people familiar with the selection process. They were not authorized the discuss the matter publicly before the official announcement and spoke on condition of anonymity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Regan became environmental chief in North Carolina in 2017. North Carolina Gov. Roy Cooper, who hired Regan then, told The Associated Press this week that Regan was “a consensus builder and a fierce protector of the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">In North Carolina, Regan led the negotiations that resulted in the cleanup of the Cape Fear River, which has been dangerously contaminated by PFAS industrial compounds from a chemical plant. He negotiated what North Carolina says was the largest cleanup agreement for toxic coal ash, with Duke Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Regan also created North Carolina’s Environmental Justice and Equity Advisory Board, to help the low-income and minority communities that suffer disproportionate exposure to harmful pollutants from refineries, factories and freeways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Regan previously spent almost a decade at the federal EPA, including managing a national program for air pollution issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">His past jobs included serving as an associate vice president for climate and energy issues at the Environmental Defense Fund advocacy group and as head of his own environmental and energy consulting firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">California clean-air regulator Mary Nichols, who earlier had been considered the front-runner for the job, had faced increasing objections from progressive groups. They said Nichols had not done enough to address the disproportionate harm low-income and minority communities face from living next to oil and gas installations, factories and freeways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Regan, who is Black, has a bachelor’s degree from the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, a historically Black university, and a master’s from George Washington University.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Biden's Pick for Interior, Rep. Deb Haaland, Would Be First Native American to Head Dept.",
"headTitle": "Biden’s Pick for Interior, Rep. Deb Haaland, Would Be First Native American to Head Dept. | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">President-elect Joe Biden plans to nominate New Mexico Rep. Deb Haaland as interior secretary, according to a person familiar with the decision, a historic pick that would make her the first Native American to lead the powerful federal agency that has wielded influence over the nation’s tribes for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Tribal leaders and activists around the country, along with many Democratic figures, have urged Biden for weeks to choose Haaland. They stood behind her candidacy even when concerns that Democrats might risk their majority in the House if Haaland yielded her seat in Congress appeared to threaten her nomination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Haaland, 60, is a member of the Laguna Pueblo and, as she likes to say, a 35th-generation resident of New Mexico. The role as interior secretary would put her in charge of an agency that not only has tremendous sway over the nearly 600 federally recognized tribes, but also over much of the nation’s vast public lands, waterways, wildlife, national parks and mineral wealth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">The pick breaks a 245-year record of non-Native officials, mostly male, serving as the very top federal official over American Indian affairs. The federal government often worked to dispossess them of their land and, until recently, to assimilate them into white culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Her selection was confirmed by a person familiar with the decision who wasn’t authorized to speak about it publicly and spoke to the Associated Press on condition of anonymity on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Biden’s pick could further deplete, at least temporarily, the narrow majority Democrats maintain in the House. Biden has already selected several lawmakers from the chamber, including Louisiana Rep. Cedric Richmond and Ohio Rep. Marcia Fudge, to serve in his administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">The president-elect has been methodically filling the posts in his Cabinet, adding North Carolina environmental official \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-environment-north-carolina-3067fc22ce4e1e0cbc3279c8af9bf67c\">Michael Regan\u003c/a> as his nominee to lead the Environmental Protection Agency, according to two people familiar with the selection process. Earlier this week, Biden introduced former South Bend, Indiana, Mayor \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/pete-buttigieg-transportation-secretary-527fa592c27988342678b35d74ffdee9\">Pete Buttigieg\u003c/a> as his transportation secretary, and he intends to make former Michigan Gov. \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-south-bend-transportation-coronavirus-pandemic-1b3e71a61ce48a5d1851e25ada26f12f\">Jennifer Granholm\u003c/a> his energy secretary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">House Speaker Nancy Pelosi made it clear Wednesday that Biden had her blessing to choose Haaland, saying she would make an “excellent choice” as interior secretary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">The speaker called the New Mexico congresswoman “one of the most respected and one of the best members of Congress” with whom she has served.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">South Carolina Rep. James Clyburn, the No. 3 Democrat in the House and a close Biden ally, also supported Haaland for the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Haaland, one of the first two Native American women elected to the House, said she could see the difference her position made for ordinary Native Americans who came to her with business before the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">“They felt comfortable just launching into the issues they wanted,” Haaland told The Associated Press in an interview before her appointment. They would say, for example, “Oh, we don’t have to explain tribal sovereignty to you,” meaning tribes’ constitutionally guaranteed status as independent nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Scores of tribal officials around the country and dozens of Democrats had written letters urging Haaland’s appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Haaland is vice chair of the House Committee for Natural Resources. She previously worked as head of New Mexico’s Democratic Party, as tribal administrator and as an administrator for an organization providing services for adults with developmental disabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Born to a Marine veteran father and Navy veteran mother, Haaland describes herself as a single mother who sometimes had to rely on food stamps. She says she is still paying off student loans after college and law school for herself and college for her daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">When Democrats mentioned former Interior Department officials who were male and Native American as alternatives to Haaland, her supporters charged sexism and classism, and stuck with the New Mexico Democrat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Haaland told the AP before her selection that regardless of what job she had, she’d be working to “promote clean energy and protect our public lands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">The Interior Department’s broad authority includes managing federal relations with tribes, administering tens of millions of acres of land and mineral rights held in trust for Native Americans and Alaska Natives, running national parks and making decisions affecting millions of miles of U.S. lands and waterways, wildlife, endangered species, and oil and gas and mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Biden has promised the nation’s broadest effort yet to curb the oil, gas and coal emissions that are causing the rapid deterioration of the climate, and Interior would play an important part in that.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">President-elect Joe Biden plans to nominate New Mexico Rep. Deb Haaland as interior secretary, according to a person familiar with the decision, a historic pick that would make her the first Native American to lead the powerful federal agency that has wielded influence over the nation’s tribes for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Tribal leaders and activists around the country, along with many Democratic figures, have urged Biden for weeks to choose Haaland. They stood behind her candidacy even when concerns that Democrats might risk their majority in the House if Haaland yielded her seat in Congress appeared to threaten her nomination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Haaland, 60, is a member of the Laguna Pueblo and, as she likes to say, a 35th-generation resident of New Mexico. The role as interior secretary would put her in charge of an agency that not only has tremendous sway over the nearly 600 federally recognized tribes, but also over much of the nation’s vast public lands, waterways, wildlife, national parks and mineral wealth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">The pick breaks a 245-year record of non-Native officials, mostly male, serving as the very top federal official over American Indian affairs. The federal government often worked to dispossess them of their land and, until recently, to assimilate them into white culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Her selection was confirmed by a person familiar with the decision who wasn’t authorized to speak about it publicly and spoke to the Associated Press on condition of anonymity on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Biden’s pick could further deplete, at least temporarily, the narrow majority Democrats maintain in the House. Biden has already selected several lawmakers from the chamber, including Louisiana Rep. Cedric Richmond and Ohio Rep. Marcia Fudge, to serve in his administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">The president-elect has been methodically filling the posts in his Cabinet, adding North Carolina environmental official \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-environment-north-carolina-3067fc22ce4e1e0cbc3279c8af9bf67c\">Michael Regan\u003c/a> as his nominee to lead the Environmental Protection Agency, according to two people familiar with the selection process. Earlier this week, Biden introduced former South Bend, Indiana, Mayor \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/pete-buttigieg-transportation-secretary-527fa592c27988342678b35d74ffdee9\">Pete Buttigieg\u003c/a> as his transportation secretary, and he intends to make former Michigan Gov. \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-south-bend-transportation-coronavirus-pandemic-1b3e71a61ce48a5d1851e25ada26f12f\">Jennifer Granholm\u003c/a> his energy secretary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">House Speaker Nancy Pelosi made it clear Wednesday that Biden had her blessing to choose Haaland, saying she would make an “excellent choice” as interior secretary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">The speaker called the New Mexico congresswoman “one of the most respected and one of the best members of Congress” with whom she has served.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">South Carolina Rep. James Clyburn, the No. 3 Democrat in the House and a close Biden ally, also supported Haaland for the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Haaland, one of the first two Native American women elected to the House, said she could see the difference her position made for ordinary Native Americans who came to her with business before the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">“They felt comfortable just launching into the issues they wanted,” Haaland told The Associated Press in an interview before her appointment. They would say, for example, “Oh, we don’t have to explain tribal sovereignty to you,” meaning tribes’ constitutionally guaranteed status as independent nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Scores of tribal officials around the country and dozens of Democrats had written letters urging Haaland’s appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Haaland is vice chair of the House Committee for Natural Resources. She previously worked as head of New Mexico’s Democratic Party, as tribal administrator and as an administrator for an organization providing services for adults with developmental disabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Born to a Marine veteran father and Navy veteran mother, Haaland describes herself as a single mother who sometimes had to rely on food stamps. She says she is still paying off student loans after college and law school for herself and college for her daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">When Democrats mentioned former Interior Department officials who were male and Native American as alternatives to Haaland, her supporters charged sexism and classism, and stuck with the New Mexico Democrat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Haaland told the AP before her selection that regardless of what job she had, she’d be working to “promote clean energy and protect our public lands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">The Interior Department’s broad authority includes managing federal relations with tribes, administering tens of millions of acres of land and mineral rights held in trust for Native Americans and Alaska Natives, running national parks and making decisions affecting millions of miles of U.S. lands and waterways, wildlife, endangered species, and oil and gas and mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-202 Component-p-0-2-193\">Biden has promised the nation’s broadest effort yet to curb the oil, gas and coal emissions that are causing the rapid deterioration of the climate, and Interior would play an important part in that.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Biden to Name Gina McCarthy, Former EPA Chief, as Domestic Climate Coordinator",
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"content": "\u003cp>President-elect Joe Biden plans to name Gina McCarthy as his White House climate coordinator, a source familiar with the decision said on Tuesday, speaking on condition of anonymity to protect private conversations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarthy has an ambitious assignment: coordinating efforts across the entire federal government aimed at drastically — and quickly — lowering the United States’ greenhouse gas emissions. During his campaign, Biden promised to put the U.S. economy on track to being carbon neutral by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarthy led the Environmental Protection Agency under former President Barack Obama and is currently chief executive of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarthy has years of experience in environmental policy at both the state and federal level. As EPA administrator, she oversaw Obama’s Clean Power Plan, the first national standards for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from power plants. It was blocked from going into effect by the U.S. Supreme Court, before ultimately being withdrawn by the Trump administration. Earlier in her career, McCarthy was commissioner of the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection and helped develop a multistate program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarthy will serve as a domestic counterpoint to\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/11/23/938150511/john-kerry-tapped-for-newly-created-role-as-presidential-climate-envoy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> former Secretary of State John Kerry\u003c/a>, who Biden tapped in his first wave of appointments as the administration’s international point person on climate policy. The two worked together in the Obama administration, and she worked in Massachusetts state government when he represented the state as a U.S. senator. Neither of the positions require Senate confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, the two positions underscore the priority Biden will place on climate change — a crisis the Trump administration dismissed and questioned, even as the United States experienced record wildfires, hurricanes and flooding in recent years. President Trump pulled the United States out of the Paris climate agreement, an international accord signed in 2015 in which countries promised to lower their greenhouse gas emissions. His administration repealed \u003ca href=\"https://climate.law.columbia.edu/climate-deregulation-tracker\">\u003cstrong>dozens\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of Obama-era environmental rules aimed at cutting greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarthy will be at the center of Biden’s expected push to use executive action and rule-making to rein in carbon emissions and reverse Trump’s rollbacks of environmental regulations. Biden has framed climate change as one of the four most important issues his administration will confront when he takes office on Jan. 20.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden also is expected to name Ali Zaidi as McCarthy’s deputy at the White House. Zaidi, currently a top climate adviser to New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo, worked on energy and climate policy in the Obama administration, including at the Office of Management and Budget. He was part of the delegation that negotiated the Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate as a ‘Systemic Issue’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her new job as the White House domestic climate chief, McCarthy will drive policies to address climate change beyond the usual federal agencies’ work on it, such as the Interior and Energy departments and the Environmental Protection Agency — and will coordinate the planning across government agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the Department of Housing and Urban Development could make the buildings it oversees more energy-efficient and resilient. The Department of Agriculture could promote soil management to sequester carbon. The Treasury Department could do more to take climate risk into account when banks lend money, encouraging financing for renewable projects over those that rely on fossil fuels. The Pentagon could further integrate into its planning the risks climate change poses to its military installations around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is being treated as a systemic issue, not something uniquely given to EPA or the Department of the Interior, but something that is all about using the entire federal budget, and the strength of the entire Cabinet, to actually move this issue forward in ways that were not available to us before. We have not had this kind of base of support, so I think this administration is ready to run,” McCarthy said in an interview with NPR last week, before news broke about her appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Net-zero Emissions by 2050\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden and his team share the widely held belief among climate advocates and scientists that the coming decade is the world’s final window to stave off the worst-case scenario of a warming planet. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/10/08/655360909/grim-forecast-from-u-n-on-global-climate-change\">A report issued two years ago\u003c/a> by the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warned of devastating changes to weather patterns, sea levels, agricultural ecosystems and much more, if the planet warms by more than 1.5 degrees Celsius. In order to meet that goal, the global community would need to halt the ever-increasing rise of greenhouse gases, and then cut emissions by up to 50% in the coming decade, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement issued Saturday to mark the fifth anniversary of the Paris climate accord, Biden promised to rejoin the agreement, saying, “We haven’t come close to the bold action that’s needed,” he said, promising to rejoin the agreement, and then put the United States on a path to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting the goal would require a massive shift to the country’s economy, energy production and energy consumption. That’s why environmental advocates like Varshini Prakash, the co-founder of the Sunrise Movement, had pushed so hard for Biden to appoint a domestic climate coordinator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a ton of power the government already has that it could wield, if it just was more effective and effectively coordinated, and somebody were ambitious and hard-nosed in making it happen,” Prakash said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to NPR before McCarthy had been selected for the role, Prakash said she was hoping for a person who “would not be sort of a stand-alone, on an island, individual, but would have the resources, would have direct access to the president, and would be sitting at the tables where they’re discussing the budget, and essentially would have the ability to whip agencies into action to do everything in their power to address the climate crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiernan Sittenfeld, with the League of Conservation Voters, says she thinks Biden’s high-level, broad approach also makes clear that “dealing with the climate crisis is inextricably linked with all the crises that we face,” from economic and racial inequality to the pandemic and its economic fallout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after the election, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/11/14/934920666/joe-bidens-options-to-combat-climate-change\">McCarthy told NPR\u003c/a> that kind of framing might even help persuade reluctant Republicans in Congress to support investments in wind and solar, which are increasingly cheaper than coal and natural gas in many places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People want fairness, people want to be healthy,” she said. “I think the more we can show the value of clean energy, even in your pocketbooks, then people will be much less afraid to recognize that climate change is happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Biden+To+Name+Gina+McCarthy%2C+Former+EPA+Chief%2C+As+Domestic+Climate+Coordinator&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President-elect Joe Biden plans to name Gina McCarthy as his White House climate coordinator, a source familiar with the decision said on Tuesday, speaking on condition of anonymity to protect private conversations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarthy has an ambitious assignment: coordinating efforts across the entire federal government aimed at drastically — and quickly — lowering the United States’ greenhouse gas emissions. During his campaign, Biden promised to put the U.S. economy on track to being carbon neutral by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarthy led the Environmental Protection Agency under former President Barack Obama and is currently chief executive of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarthy has years of experience in environmental policy at both the state and federal level. As EPA administrator, she oversaw Obama’s Clean Power Plan, the first national standards for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from power plants. It was blocked from going into effect by the U.S. Supreme Court, before ultimately being withdrawn by the Trump administration. Earlier in her career, McCarthy was commissioner of the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection and helped develop a multistate program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarthy will serve as a domestic counterpoint to\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/11/23/938150511/john-kerry-tapped-for-newly-created-role-as-presidential-climate-envoy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> former Secretary of State John Kerry\u003c/a>, who Biden tapped in his first wave of appointments as the administration’s international point person on climate policy. The two worked together in the Obama administration, and she worked in Massachusetts state government when he represented the state as a U.S. senator. Neither of the positions require Senate confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, the two positions underscore the priority Biden will place on climate change — a crisis the Trump administration dismissed and questioned, even as the United States experienced record wildfires, hurricanes and flooding in recent years. President Trump pulled the United States out of the Paris climate agreement, an international accord signed in 2015 in which countries promised to lower their greenhouse gas emissions. His administration repealed \u003ca href=\"https://climate.law.columbia.edu/climate-deregulation-tracker\">\u003cstrong>dozens\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of Obama-era environmental rules aimed at cutting greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarthy will be at the center of Biden’s expected push to use executive action and rule-making to rein in carbon emissions and reverse Trump’s rollbacks of environmental regulations. Biden has framed climate change as one of the four most important issues his administration will confront when he takes office on Jan. 20.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden also is expected to name Ali Zaidi as McCarthy’s deputy at the White House. Zaidi, currently a top climate adviser to New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo, worked on energy and climate policy in the Obama administration, including at the Office of Management and Budget. He was part of the delegation that negotiated the Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate as a ‘Systemic Issue’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her new job as the White House domestic climate chief, McCarthy will drive policies to address climate change beyond the usual federal agencies’ work on it, such as the Interior and Energy departments and the Environmental Protection Agency — and will coordinate the planning across government agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the Department of Housing and Urban Development could make the buildings it oversees more energy-efficient and resilient. The Department of Agriculture could promote soil management to sequester carbon. The Treasury Department could do more to take climate risk into account when banks lend money, encouraging financing for renewable projects over those that rely on fossil fuels. The Pentagon could further integrate into its planning the risks climate change poses to its military installations around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is being treated as a systemic issue, not something uniquely given to EPA or the Department of the Interior, but something that is all about using the entire federal budget, and the strength of the entire Cabinet, to actually move this issue forward in ways that were not available to us before. We have not had this kind of base of support, so I think this administration is ready to run,” McCarthy said in an interview with NPR last week, before news broke about her appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Net-zero Emissions by 2050\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden and his team share the widely held belief among climate advocates and scientists that the coming decade is the world’s final window to stave off the worst-case scenario of a warming planet. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/10/08/655360909/grim-forecast-from-u-n-on-global-climate-change\">A report issued two years ago\u003c/a> by the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warned of devastating changes to weather patterns, sea levels, agricultural ecosystems and much more, if the planet warms by more than 1.5 degrees Celsius. In order to meet that goal, the global community would need to halt the ever-increasing rise of greenhouse gases, and then cut emissions by up to 50% in the coming decade, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement issued Saturday to mark the fifth anniversary of the Paris climate accord, Biden promised to rejoin the agreement, saying, “We haven’t come close to the bold action that’s needed,” he said, promising to rejoin the agreement, and then put the United States on a path to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting the goal would require a massive shift to the country’s economy, energy production and energy consumption. That’s why environmental advocates like Varshini Prakash, the co-founder of the Sunrise Movement, had pushed so hard for Biden to appoint a domestic climate coordinator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a ton of power the government already has that it could wield, if it just was more effective and effectively coordinated, and somebody were ambitious and hard-nosed in making it happen,” Prakash said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to NPR before McCarthy had been selected for the role, Prakash said she was hoping for a person who “would not be sort of a stand-alone, on an island, individual, but would have the resources, would have direct access to the president, and would be sitting at the tables where they’re discussing the budget, and essentially would have the ability to whip agencies into action to do everything in their power to address the climate crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiernan Sittenfeld, with the League of Conservation Voters, says she thinks Biden’s high-level, broad approach also makes clear that “dealing with the climate crisis is inextricably linked with all the crises that we face,” from economic and racial inequality to the pandemic and its economic fallout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly after the election, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/11/14/934920666/joe-bidens-options-to-combat-climate-change\">McCarthy told NPR\u003c/a> that kind of framing might even help persuade reluctant Republicans in Congress to support investments in wind and solar, which are increasingly cheaper than coal and natural gas in many places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People want fairness, people want to be healthy,” she said. “I think the more we can show the value of clean energy, even in your pocketbooks, then people will be much less afraid to recognize that climate change is happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Biden+To+Name+Gina+McCarthy%2C+Former+EPA+Chief%2C+As+Domestic+Climate+Coordinator&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "FDA Researchers Endorse Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>cientists at the Food and Drug Administration endorsed the COVID-19 vaccine developed by Moderna as safe and efficacious on Tuesday, one day after the first doses of a competing vaccine from Pfizer and BioNTech were delivered across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA reviewers said that the two-dose vaccine “was highly effective” in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 from occurring “at least 14 days after the receipt of the second dose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine-related side effects, such as aches and pains, appeared more severe than with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, though such comparisons should be made with caution and are in no way expected to slow the clearance of the vaccine or present major concerns. There was also preliminary evidence that the vaccine has some efficacy after one dose, and that it prevents asymptomatic COVID-19 cases — those that occur without a person ever feeling ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna disclosed on Nov. 30 that its vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/30/moderna-covid-19-vaccine-full-results/\">decreased symptomatic COVID-19 infections by 94%\u003c/a> in clinical trials, while also preventing more severe forms of the disease. But the release of FDA documents provides the most complete look yet at what is likely to be the second COVID-19 vaccine cleared for emergency use against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documents were released ahead of a Thursday meeting of outside experts convened by the FDA, the final step before regulators are all but sure to issue an emergency use authorization for the Moderna vaccine. Moderna has asked that its vaccine be authorized for people over 18; the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was authorized for people over 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Thursday’s meeting of the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, the agency will seek the opinions of outside experts who will vote on whether the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine, mRNA-1273, outweigh its risks. Though the FDA does not have to follow the recommendations of these panels, it usually does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna previously disclosed clinical trial data showing that 185 cases of COVID-19 occurred in those who received a placebo injection, which was given to half the volunteers in its 30,000-person study. Just 11 cases occurred in those volunteers who received the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 30 cases of severe COVID-19 in the placebo group of the study, with none in the vaccine group. One volunteer in the placebo group died of COVID-19, compared to none in the vaccine group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10% of volunteers in Moderna’s trial identified as Black, while 20% were Hispanic or Latinx, 5% were Asian, and just under 1% were Native American. In September, Moderna slowed down the enrollment of its trial in an effort to include more participants from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, mRNA-1273 utilizes a new technology that uses a synthetic version of \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/26/mrna-vaccines-face-their-first-test-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-how-do-they-work/\">messenger RNA\u003c/a> or mRNA, a key messenger chemical that living things use as part of the process that turn DNA code into the proteins that make up all cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That both of these vaccines use this new technology is a vindication for Moderna, which raised billions of dollars from investors based on the potential for mRNA technology but until now had not delivered a product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines are not identical. One difference: Moderna’s vaccine tended to cause more vaccine reactions in clinical trials, such as fevers, aches and chills, than the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe reactions — which would lead patients to be briefly impaired, but not hospitalized, appear more common with the Moderna vaccine than with the Pfizer/BioNTech one, although comparisons from different trials can be misleading. In the Moderna study, 15.8% of patients had a severe, or grade 3, reaction. Rates of fever and severe fever were similar between studies. In the Moderna study, 65.3% had fatigue, 9.7% of it severe; muscle pain occurred in 58% of patients, 9% severe; joint pain 42.8%, with 5.2% severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Pfizer/BioNTech study, 59% of volunteers reported fatigue, 4.6% of them severe. Muscle pain occurred in 37.3% of those receiving the Pfizer vaccine. Joint pain occurred in 21.9% of recipients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there were also different side effects between the placebo groups in the two studies. Rates of fatigue were similar, at 23%, in both placebo groups; muscle pain occurred in 12.4% of placebo patients for Moderna and 8% for Pfizer/BioNTech, and joint pain in 10.8% for Moderna and 5.2% in the Pfizer/BioNTech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These types of reactions are generally expected as a result of the immune response spurred by a vaccine, and are not likely to present an issue to regulators or to doctors administering the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA reviewers also noted an imbalance in cases of Bell’s palsy, a temporary weakness in muscles in the face, which also occurred with the Pfizer vaccine. There will be monitoring for this side effect. As with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, FDA reviewers noted data that could be an indication of mild allergic reactions. After the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine started being given in the United Kingdom, there were two reports of severe allergic reactions that had not been seen in clinical trials, leading to increased concern about those side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna said that it has conducted a developmental and reproductive toxicity study, used to assess giving a vaccine in pregnant women, with no adverse effects. Pfizer/BioNTech are still conducting such a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One encouraging finding with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was that it appeared possible a single dose of the vaccine was effective in preventing COVID-19. Moderna is presenting a different analysis of the same question, looking at COVID-19 tests that were administered to patients at their first and second doses of the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the second injection, there were 14 cases that tested positive for COVID-19 in the vaccine group, compared to 38 in the placebo group. None of these patients had symptoms. Although the numbers are small (there were more than 14,000 patients in each group) they may indicate that one dose of the vaccine is somewhat effective in preventing the disease, and that the vaccine prevents asymptomatic cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>cientists at the Food and Drug Administration endorsed the COVID-19 vaccine developed by Moderna as safe and efficacious on Tuesday, one day after the first doses of a competing vaccine from Pfizer and BioNTech were delivered across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA reviewers said that the two-dose vaccine “was highly effective” in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 from occurring “at least 14 days after the receipt of the second dose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine-related side effects, such as aches and pains, appeared more severe than with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, though such comparisons should be made with caution and are in no way expected to slow the clearance of the vaccine or present major concerns. There was also preliminary evidence that the vaccine has some efficacy after one dose, and that it prevents asymptomatic COVID-19 cases — those that occur without a person ever feeling ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna disclosed on Nov. 30 that its vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/30/moderna-covid-19-vaccine-full-results/\">decreased symptomatic COVID-19 infections by 94%\u003c/a> in clinical trials, while also preventing more severe forms of the disease. But the release of FDA documents provides the most complete look yet at what is likely to be the second COVID-19 vaccine cleared for emergency use against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documents were released ahead of a Thursday meeting of outside experts convened by the FDA, the final step before regulators are all but sure to issue an emergency use authorization for the Moderna vaccine. Moderna has asked that its vaccine be authorized for people over 18; the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was authorized for people over 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Thursday’s meeting of the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, the agency will seek the opinions of outside experts who will vote on whether the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine, mRNA-1273, outweigh its risks. Though the FDA does not have to follow the recommendations of these panels, it usually does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna previously disclosed clinical trial data showing that 185 cases of COVID-19 occurred in those who received a placebo injection, which was given to half the volunteers in its 30,000-person study. Just 11 cases occurred in those volunteers who received the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 30 cases of severe COVID-19 in the placebo group of the study, with none in the vaccine group. One volunteer in the placebo group died of COVID-19, compared to none in the vaccine group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10% of volunteers in Moderna’s trial identified as Black, while 20% were Hispanic or Latinx, 5% were Asian, and just under 1% were Native American. In September, Moderna slowed down the enrollment of its trial in an effort to include more participants from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, mRNA-1273 utilizes a new technology that uses a synthetic version of \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/26/mrna-vaccines-face-their-first-test-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-how-do-they-work/\">messenger RNA\u003c/a> or mRNA, a key messenger chemical that living things use as part of the process that turn DNA code into the proteins that make up all cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That both of these vaccines use this new technology is a vindication for Moderna, which raised billions of dollars from investors based on the potential for mRNA technology but until now had not delivered a product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines are not identical. One difference: Moderna’s vaccine tended to cause more vaccine reactions in clinical trials, such as fevers, aches and chills, than the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe reactions — which would lead patients to be briefly impaired, but not hospitalized, appear more common with the Moderna vaccine than with the Pfizer/BioNTech one, although comparisons from different trials can be misleading. In the Moderna study, 15.8% of patients had a severe, or grade 3, reaction. Rates of fever and severe fever were similar between studies. In the Moderna study, 65.3% had fatigue, 9.7% of it severe; muscle pain occurred in 58% of patients, 9% severe; joint pain 42.8%, with 5.2% severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Pfizer/BioNTech study, 59% of volunteers reported fatigue, 4.6% of them severe. Muscle pain occurred in 37.3% of those receiving the Pfizer vaccine. Joint pain occurred in 21.9% of recipients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there were also different side effects between the placebo groups in the two studies. Rates of fatigue were similar, at 23%, in both placebo groups; muscle pain occurred in 12.4% of placebo patients for Moderna and 8% for Pfizer/BioNTech, and joint pain in 10.8% for Moderna and 5.2% in the Pfizer/BioNTech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These types of reactions are generally expected as a result of the immune response spurred by a vaccine, and are not likely to present an issue to regulators or to doctors administering the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA reviewers also noted an imbalance in cases of Bell’s palsy, a temporary weakness in muscles in the face, which also occurred with the Pfizer vaccine. There will be monitoring for this side effect. As with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, FDA reviewers noted data that could be an indication of mild allergic reactions. After the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine started being given in the United Kingdom, there were two reports of severe allergic reactions that had not been seen in clinical trials, leading to increased concern about those side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna said that it has conducted a developmental and reproductive toxicity study, used to assess giving a vaccine in pregnant women, with no adverse effects. Pfizer/BioNTech are still conducting such a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One encouraging finding with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was that it appeared possible a single dose of the vaccine was effective in preventing COVID-19. Moderna is presenting a different analysis of the same question, looking at COVID-19 tests that were administered to patients at their first and second doses of the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the second injection, there were 14 cases that tested positive for COVID-19 in the vaccine group, compared to 38 in the placebo group. None of these patients had symptoms. Although the numbers are small (there were more than 14,000 patients in each group) they may indicate that one dose of the vaccine is somewhat effective in preventing the disease, and that the vaccine prevents asymptomatic cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Groundwater Beneath Your Feet Is Rising With the Sea. It Could Bring Long-Buried Toxic Contamination With It",
"headTitle": "Groundwater Beneath Your Feet Is Rising With the Sea. It Could Bring Long-Buried Toxic Contamination With It | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Rising seas can evoke images of waves crashing into beachfront property or a torrent of water rolling through downtown streets. But there’s a lesser-known hazard of climate change for those who live along shorelines the world over: freshwater in the ground beneath them creeping slowly upward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For many Bay Area residents who live near the water’s edge,\u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/4261\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> little-publicized research\u003c/a>\u003c/span> indicates the problem could start to manifest in 10-15 years, particularly in low-lying communities like those in Oakland, Alameda and Marin City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater rise can cause a host of infrastructure issues like crumbling roads, sewage backups and extended earthquake liquefaction zones. But water that moves silently higher can also have negative impacts on human and ecological health, by resurfacing toxic substances that have lingered for years underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything human beings use, they spill,” said Kristina Hill, an associate professor at UC Berkeley’s College of Environmental Design, who researches adapting urban areas and shoreline communities to climate change. The overflow includes “everything we’ve used in the last hundred and fifty years,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the “everything” she mentions is a lot. The Bay Area is \u003ca href=\"https://geotracker.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">rife with industrial sites\u003c/span>, \u003c/a>new and old. In East Oakland, industry boomed in the early 1900s, as lumber yards, canneries, rail depots and foundries sprung up. It was a long time before governments enacted any environmental regulations to speak of, starting in the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Through the entire postwar and World War II-era, stuff got dumped informally,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recent contaminants lie buried as well — chemicals like benzene and toluene, leaked from underground storage tanks. Many toxic sites now considered to be contained could pose a threat as the water ascends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Legacy contamination in the soil will be remobilized when the water table comes up and intersects with these areas of contaminated soil,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That contaminated groundwater could seep into a basement or crawlspace beneath a home, or sneak in through a broken sewage line. Some of these chemicals vaporize, so that humans could breathe them in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vulnerable groundwater, which lies beneath the surface in a layer of freshwater sitting atop water from the ocean, could affect communities within a mile of the coast, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.alamedaca.gov/files/assets/public/alameda-pio/slr2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">recent report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by Silvestrum Climate Associates, detailing the problem in the Bay Area island city of Alameda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The relevant thing for the problem is how close [the groundwater] is to the surface,” said Hill. She and her colleagues have analyzed and \u003ca href=\"https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.6078/D1W01Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">published data\u003c/span>\u003c/a> estimating the depth of groundwater in Bay Area coastal communities. They found the water below someone’s backyard is “typically within 6 feet of the surface when you’re within a mile of the bay edge, and so often within 2 feet or 1 foot of the surface,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the groundwater flows into contaminants no longer monitored because they are considered contained, those toxic substances may start to move, unnoticed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1971660\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/KQEDSCIENCE_GRNDWTR.gif\" alt=\"Groundwater Rise\" width=\"400\" height=\"720\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now it’s possible that you have contamination in that water and you might not see it or smell it. You might not know,” said Alec Naugle, who heads the toxics cleanup division for the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board. The agency regulates the mitigation of contaminated sites in a large area stretching over the nine Bay Area counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re exposed to these chemicals over a lifetime, they can increase your risk of cancer,” Naugle said. “Some of those chemicals also have short-term risks at much higher concentrations that we don’t typically see in the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Hill and her colleagues have found many locations across the Bay Area at risk. For example, Marin City, she says, has topography like a bowl, and as sea levels rise, it “will fill up with water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these neighborhoods have large Black and Latino populations who already deal with unequal environmental health burdens due to living near major freeways and, in Oakland, the port. Residents of East and West Oakland have \u003ca href=\"https://calepa.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2018/03/OAKEJ_initiative_FINALweb.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">high rates of asthma\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, and children in East Oakland are more than \u003ca href=\"https://calepa.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2018/03/OAKEJ_initiative_FINALweb.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">twice as likely\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to suffer from the condition than their peers across Alameda County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>‘How Is That Going to Affect My Family?’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marquita Price has always called \u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003ca href=\"https://localwiki.org/oakland/map/Deep_East#zoom=13&lat=37.73602&lon=-122.16018&layers=BTT\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deep East Oakland\u003c/a>, a section of city \u003c/span>blocks laid out between two interstates, home. When she was a kid, her extended family spent a lot of time at her grandmother’s lavender house in the Havenscourt neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of the kids, including myself, would con our parents to be able to all stay and just spend the night with our grandparents, and just sing and dance all night,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971583\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971583 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-800x659.jpg\" alt=\"Marquita Price outside her grandmother's house in East Oakland. When she learned about the threat of rising groundwater, her thoughts turned to family health, and their assets like this home.\" width=\"800\" height=\"659\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-800x659.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-1020x840.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-160x132.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-768x632.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marquita Price outside her grandmother’s house in East Oakland. When she learned about the threat of rising groundwater, her thoughts turned to the health of her family and their assets. \u003ccite>(Laura Klivans/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days, Price is an urban planner for \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastoaklandcollective.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The East Oakland Collective\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a nonprofit dedicated to racial and economic equality in the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years back, while participating in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/estuary-commons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">design challenge\u003c/span>\u003c/a> calling for ways the Bay Area could prepare for climate change, Price learned about groundwater rise, and the slow-motion havoc it could wreak on her neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She thought immediately of the people and places she loved, such as her grandmother’s home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How is that going to affect my family?” Price said, “And my community and the assets that we worked so hard to hold?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Price then met Hill, the UC Berkeley professor, who has been raising the alarm about the threat of rising groundwater for years. Hill’s work has informed her activism on the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that people haven’t really thought of as an impact of sea level rise,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill says it’s no coincidence that large numbers of people of color live in low-lying areas that will likely face the threat of rising groundwater first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was either redlining or restrictive homeowner covenants that prevented people of color from moving to neighborhoods on higher ground,” she said. “So effectively, white people … left them to live near the industrial areas and on low ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>Regulators Assess Next Moves\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naugle, from the Water Quality Control Board, says contaminated sites are at risk of flooding all along California shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are literally hundreds, perhaps thousands of these cases in our region alone, not to mention statewide,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his team now face the daunting task of assessing which sites are of most concern and what to do about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They eventually plan to use a report being written by Silvestrum Climate Associates, the private environmental consulting firm that led the Alameda groundwater study. Over the next few years, Silvestrum staff will map groundwater depths and test for contamination in four Bay Area counties: San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin and Alameda. Naugle and his water board colleagues intend to use the report in identifying the most at-risk locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s Department of Toxic Substances Control also regulates contaminated sites. Grant Cope, the deputy director for site mitigation and restoration, said the organization plans to tackle the problem as well. He would like to work with the U.S. Geological Survey to overlay maps that show groundwater rise onto maps of contaminated sites, to use as “an early-warning system” for site managers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Community Members Can Do\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naugle says if communities are concerned about the management of a site prone to groundwater contamination, they should contact the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would take a look at that and figure out if that is something that does need a response,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristina Hill agrees. “Call the regional water board and ask for staff to come to a community meeting,” or call the California Environmental Protection Agency, she said. Community members should ask for updates on the status of cleanup projects in their neighborhoods and whether groundwater is being monitored at its maximum, not average, level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If not, she said, “Ask for a monitoring well or two to be installed to track maximum groundwater levels nearby,” especially if people live downhill from former industrial sites like dry cleaners, gas stations or factories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians can review sites known to contain contaminants through \u003ca href=\"https://geotracker.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">GeoTracker\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, an online database where various regulators track cleanup efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside homes, Hill said, check seals on plumbing fixtures, like the one on the floor around the toilet, and ask a plumber to check for air leaks that would come from a sewage pipe into your home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kris May of Silvestrum Climate Associates lives in a low-lying area in the city of Alameda. She installed a pump in her basement to remove water that collects there, and plans to take a sample to test for specific contaminants. She’s been talking to Alameda city leadership about assembling a network of volunteers to test samples. May also covered her pump with a milk crate, to make sure no humans or pets come in contact with potentially contaminated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>May cautioned against buying an indoor air monitor to measure toxic contamination that vaporizes from groundwater, called volatile organic compounds, or VOCs. She said they won’t work well for substances like benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grant Cope of the state’s toxic substances control department, said, “One of the most important things that people can do is to require local governments to pass enforceable standards that apply to groundwater rise due to sea level rise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These should include local requirements for new buildings and cleanups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Include the Community\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Price looked onto a recreation field outside an East Oakland affordable housing development called Coliseum Gardens. The development sits on the location of a former recycling center, ringed by old industrial sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land is low-lying, and the groundwater is close to the surface. Price said people in this area do see some flooding. But awareness was low of “exactly what it is and how contaminated it is and how damaging it really could be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As people learn more about the issue and lobby for solutions, Price said, she wants her community to have a role in addressing the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want just some outside consultants and companies to come in and carry out the plan,” she said. “Our unemployment is crazy out here. So this could definitely be a low-entry job that can provide to the community and also bring awareness [to the issue] at the same time. We can’t prevent natural disasters or any kind of disasters or problems from happening,” Price said. “It’s just about how we plan for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Rising sea levels are pushing up groundwater beneath coastal communities, and one consequence is the potential for contaminants once thought contained to resurface.",
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"description": "Rising sea levels are pushing up groundwater beneath coastal communities, and one consequence is the potential for contaminants once thought contained to resurface.",
"title": "Groundwater Beneath Your Feet Is Rising With the Sea. It Could Bring Long-Buried Toxic Contamination With It | KQED",
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"headline": "Groundwater Beneath Your Feet Is Rising With the Sea. It Could Bring Long-Buried Toxic Contamination With It",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Rising seas can evoke images of waves crashing into beachfront property or a torrent of water rolling through downtown streets. But there’s a lesser-known hazard of climate change for those who live along shorelines the world over: freshwater in the ground beneath them creeping slowly upward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For many Bay Area residents who live near the water’s edge,\u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/4261\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> little-publicized research\u003c/a>\u003c/span> indicates the problem could start to manifest in 10-15 years, particularly in low-lying communities like those in Oakland, Alameda and Marin City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater rise can cause a host of infrastructure issues like crumbling roads, sewage backups and extended earthquake liquefaction zones. But water that moves silently higher can also have negative impacts on human and ecological health, by resurfacing toxic substances that have lingered for years underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything human beings use, they spill,” said Kristina Hill, an associate professor at UC Berkeley’s College of Environmental Design, who researches adapting urban areas and shoreline communities to climate change. The overflow includes “everything we’ve used in the last hundred and fifty years,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the “everything” she mentions is a lot. The Bay Area is \u003ca href=\"https://geotracker.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">rife with industrial sites\u003c/span>, \u003c/a>new and old. In East Oakland, industry boomed in the early 1900s, as lumber yards, canneries, rail depots and foundries sprung up. It was a long time before governments enacted any environmental regulations to speak of, starting in the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Through the entire postwar and World War II-era, stuff got dumped informally,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recent contaminants lie buried as well — chemicals like benzene and toluene, leaked from underground storage tanks. Many toxic sites now considered to be contained could pose a threat as the water ascends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Legacy contamination in the soil will be remobilized when the water table comes up and intersects with these areas of contaminated soil,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That contaminated groundwater could seep into a basement or crawlspace beneath a home, or sneak in through a broken sewage line. Some of these chemicals vaporize, so that humans could breathe them in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vulnerable groundwater, which lies beneath the surface in a layer of freshwater sitting atop water from the ocean, could affect communities within a mile of the coast, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.alamedaca.gov/files/assets/public/alameda-pio/slr2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">recent report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by Silvestrum Climate Associates, detailing the problem in the Bay Area island city of Alameda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The relevant thing for the problem is how close [the groundwater] is to the surface,” said Hill. She and her colleagues have analyzed and \u003ca href=\"https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.6078/D1W01Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">published data\u003c/span>\u003c/a> estimating the depth of groundwater in Bay Area coastal communities. They found the water below someone’s backyard is “typically within 6 feet of the surface when you’re within a mile of the bay edge, and so often within 2 feet or 1 foot of the surface,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the groundwater flows into contaminants no longer monitored because they are considered contained, those toxic substances may start to move, unnoticed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1971660\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/KQEDSCIENCE_GRNDWTR.gif\" alt=\"Groundwater Rise\" width=\"400\" height=\"720\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now it’s possible that you have contamination in that water and you might not see it or smell it. You might not know,” said Alec Naugle, who heads the toxics cleanup division for the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board. The agency regulates the mitigation of contaminated sites in a large area stretching over the nine Bay Area counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re exposed to these chemicals over a lifetime, they can increase your risk of cancer,” Naugle said. “Some of those chemicals also have short-term risks at much higher concentrations that we don’t typically see in the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Hill and her colleagues have found many locations across the Bay Area at risk. For example, Marin City, she says, has topography like a bowl, and as sea levels rise, it “will fill up with water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these neighborhoods have large Black and Latino populations who already deal with unequal environmental health burdens due to living near major freeways and, in Oakland, the port. Residents of East and West Oakland have \u003ca href=\"https://calepa.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2018/03/OAKEJ_initiative_FINALweb.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">high rates of asthma\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, and children in East Oakland are more than \u003ca href=\"https://calepa.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2018/03/OAKEJ_initiative_FINALweb.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">twice as likely\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to suffer from the condition than their peers across Alameda County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>‘How Is That Going to Affect My Family?’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marquita Price has always called \u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003ca href=\"https://localwiki.org/oakland/map/Deep_East#zoom=13&lat=37.73602&lon=-122.16018&layers=BTT\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deep East Oakland\u003c/a>, a section of city \u003c/span>blocks laid out between two interstates, home. When she was a kid, her extended family spent a lot of time at her grandmother’s lavender house in the Havenscourt neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of the kids, including myself, would con our parents to be able to all stay and just spend the night with our grandparents, and just sing and dance all night,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971583\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971583 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-800x659.jpg\" alt=\"Marquita Price outside her grandmother's house in East Oakland. When she learned about the threat of rising groundwater, her thoughts turned to family health, and their assets like this home.\" width=\"800\" height=\"659\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-800x659.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-1020x840.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-160x132.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-768x632.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marquita Price outside her grandmother’s house in East Oakland. When she learned about the threat of rising groundwater, her thoughts turned to the health of her family and their assets. \u003ccite>(Laura Klivans/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days, Price is an urban planner for \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastoaklandcollective.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The East Oakland Collective\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a nonprofit dedicated to racial and economic equality in the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years back, while participating in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/estuary-commons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">design challenge\u003c/span>\u003c/a> calling for ways the Bay Area could prepare for climate change, Price learned about groundwater rise, and the slow-motion havoc it could wreak on her neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She thought immediately of the people and places she loved, such as her grandmother’s home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How is that going to affect my family?” Price said, “And my community and the assets that we worked so hard to hold?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Price then met Hill, the UC Berkeley professor, who has been raising the alarm about the threat of rising groundwater for years. Hill’s work has informed her activism on the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that people haven’t really thought of as an impact of sea level rise,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill says it’s no coincidence that large numbers of people of color live in low-lying areas that will likely face the threat of rising groundwater first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was either redlining or restrictive homeowner covenants that prevented people of color from moving to neighborhoods on higher ground,” she said. “So effectively, white people … left them to live near the industrial areas and on low ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>Regulators Assess Next Moves\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naugle, from the Water Quality Control Board, says contaminated sites are at risk of flooding all along California shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are literally hundreds, perhaps thousands of these cases in our region alone, not to mention statewide,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his team now face the daunting task of assessing which sites are of most concern and what to do about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They eventually plan to use a report being written by Silvestrum Climate Associates, the private environmental consulting firm that led the Alameda groundwater study. Over the next few years, Silvestrum staff will map groundwater depths and test for contamination in four Bay Area counties: San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin and Alameda. Naugle and his water board colleagues intend to use the report in identifying the most at-risk locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s Department of Toxic Substances Control also regulates contaminated sites. Grant Cope, the deputy director for site mitigation and restoration, said the organization plans to tackle the problem as well. He would like to work with the U.S. Geological Survey to overlay maps that show groundwater rise onto maps of contaminated sites, to use as “an early-warning system” for site managers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Community Members Can Do\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naugle says if communities are concerned about the management of a site prone to groundwater contamination, they should contact the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would take a look at that and figure out if that is something that does need a response,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristina Hill agrees. “Call the regional water board and ask for staff to come to a community meeting,” or call the California Environmental Protection Agency, she said. Community members should ask for updates on the status of cleanup projects in their neighborhoods and whether groundwater is being monitored at its maximum, not average, level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If not, she said, “Ask for a monitoring well or two to be installed to track maximum groundwater levels nearby,” especially if people live downhill from former industrial sites like dry cleaners, gas stations or factories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians can review sites known to contain contaminants through \u003ca href=\"https://geotracker.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">GeoTracker\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, an online database where various regulators track cleanup efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside homes, Hill said, check seals on plumbing fixtures, like the one on the floor around the toilet, and ask a plumber to check for air leaks that would come from a sewage pipe into your home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kris May of Silvestrum Climate Associates lives in a low-lying area in the city of Alameda. She installed a pump in her basement to remove water that collects there, and plans to take a sample to test for specific contaminants. She’s been talking to Alameda city leadership about assembling a network of volunteers to test samples. May also covered her pump with a milk crate, to make sure no humans or pets come in contact with potentially contaminated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>May cautioned against buying an indoor air monitor to measure toxic contamination that vaporizes from groundwater, called volatile organic compounds, or VOCs. She said they won’t work well for substances like benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grant Cope of the state’s toxic substances control department, said, “One of the most important things that people can do is to require local governments to pass enforceable standards that apply to groundwater rise due to sea level rise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These should include local requirements for new buildings and cleanups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Include the Community\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Price looked onto a recreation field outside an East Oakland affordable housing development called Coliseum Gardens. The development sits on the location of a former recycling center, ringed by old industrial sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land is low-lying, and the groundwater is close to the surface. Price said people in this area do see some flooding. But awareness was low of “exactly what it is and how contaminated it is and how damaging it really could be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As people learn more about the issue and lobby for solutions, Price said, she wants her community to have a role in addressing the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want just some outside consultants and companies to come in and carry out the plan,” she said. “Our unemployment is crazy out here. So this could definitely be a low-entry job that can provide to the community and also bring awareness [to the issue] at the same time. We can’t prevent natural disasters or any kind of disasters or problems from happening,” Price said. “It’s just about how we plan for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Wildfires Killed 106 People Two Years Ago. Researchers Say the Smoke Killed 3,652",
"headTitle": "California Wildfires Killed 106 People Two Years Ago. Researchers Say the Smoke Killed 3,652 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>According to official numbers, the 2018 California wildfires caused 106 deaths. That was the season the Carr Fire destroyed towns around Whiskeytown Lake in Shasta County, before jumping the Sacramento River and blowing into Redding as a fierce fire tornado. A few months later the Camp Fire in Butte County caused unprecedented destruction in the rural communities of Concow and Paradise. But the damage did not stay in areas directly charred. Those fires also released plumes of toxic wildfire smoke which coated much of the state. And the economic and health damages these flames and plumes caused rippled out beyond counties into the rest of the state and the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from UC Irvine and around the world now estimate that, when the harm of air pollution is folded in, the 2018 California wildfires led to thousands of additional deaths: 3,652.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a problem historically is that we’ve been counting what’s easiest to count, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.ess.uci.edu/~sjdavis/cv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Steven Davis\u003c/a>, a scientist at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[That’s] the numbers of buildings destroyed or the people that were literally killed in a fire, because they were in a building that burned. It’s a lot harder to follow the tendrils of literal smoke or the economic damages that permeate throughout the global economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-00646-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study published\u003c/a> Dec. 7 in \u003cem>Nature Sustainability\u003c/em> by Davis and an international team seeks to do just that — convey the comprehensive cost of wildfires. The dangers of wildfire smoke, and the associated death toll, are among the most eye-popping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, there could be a person with severe respiratory disease and the increased air pollution during one of the wildfires in 2018 could have triggered the event that led to their death,” wrote Colleen Reid, who studies the health impacts of smoke at the University of Colorado Boulder, but was not involved in the current study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those deaths, she says, “would be coded as respiratory distress or heart attack […] and it is possible that death would not have happened if the air pollution had not been elevated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davis and his colleagues used a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-04/documents/benmap-ce_user_manual_march_2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">model developed\u003c/a> [PDF] by the Environmental Protection Agency, with input from air sensors to satellite data, to calculate these broad health impacts.\u003cbr>\n[pullquote]‘It’s very easy to understand the costs of moving away from fossil fuels. It’s a lot harder to understand what are the benefits of that because they’re so diffuse.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also tracked how industries — including services, trade and manufacturing — were affected by the fires and how that disrupted the economies of counties, the state, nation and world. They put the financial cost for the 2018 fires at nearly $150 billion. That’s six times the official estimate, which counts only destroyed and damaged property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calculating a “disaster footprint” like this is complicated. But Davis says the way we do things now distorts the costs and benefits of recovering from climate-fueled disasters and preparing for future events:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very easy to understand the costs of moving away from fossil fuels. It’s a lot harder to understand what are the benefits of that because they’re so diffuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal and state governments pour lots of money and effort, Davis says, into suppression, but less is put “into actually managing our forests in a way to prevent fires from getting out of hand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This approach, he says, can help governments, business and the public better understand the real cost of climate-driven disasters like wildfires, the level of investment needed in recovering from or mitigating future events, and the economic benefits of addressing climate change. Calculating these broader costs has become a priority of institutions such as the World Bank, seeking to get a grasp on how much money is needed for post-disaster support in developing countries or how to better design prevention measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='news_11835592' label=''Megafires' Don’t Have to Be Our New Normal']\u003cbr>\n“This paper is a really great illustration of how easy it is to underestimate the impact of disasters, if one focuses only on the impact on assets (that is, the value of repairing damages and replacing lost assets), which is what is usually reported in the media and most analyses,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/people/s/stephane-hallegatte\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stéphane Hallegatte\u003c/a>, a lead economist with the Climate Change Group of the World Bank, who was not involved in the current work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This type of work is pushing the frontier in terms of disaster analysis, and contributes to building the toolbox we need to understand disasters and manage risk better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, Davis says, is garnering some reaction, even amid a busy news cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it resonates very strongly with a lot of people who are concerned about the effects of these fires on the state and on the region in particular, I think people are alarmed that this is being driven by climate change and wondering what it portends for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>According to official numbers, the 2018 California wildfires caused 106 deaths. That was the season the Carr Fire destroyed towns around Whiskeytown Lake in Shasta County, before jumping the Sacramento River and blowing into Redding as a fierce fire tornado. A few months later the Camp Fire in Butte County caused unprecedented destruction in the rural communities of Concow and Paradise. But the damage did not stay in areas directly charred. Those fires also released plumes of toxic wildfire smoke which coated much of the state. And the economic and health damages these flames and plumes caused rippled out beyond counties into the rest of the state and the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from UC Irvine and around the world now estimate that, when the harm of air pollution is folded in, the 2018 California wildfires led to thousands of additional deaths: 3,652.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a problem historically is that we’ve been counting what’s easiest to count, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.ess.uci.edu/~sjdavis/cv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Steven Davis\u003c/a>, a scientist at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[That’s] the numbers of buildings destroyed or the people that were literally killed in a fire, because they were in a building that burned. It’s a lot harder to follow the tendrils of literal smoke or the economic damages that permeate throughout the global economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-00646-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study published\u003c/a> Dec. 7 in \u003cem>Nature Sustainability\u003c/em> by Davis and an international team seeks to do just that — convey the comprehensive cost of wildfires. The dangers of wildfire smoke, and the associated death toll, are among the most eye-popping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, there could be a person with severe respiratory disease and the increased air pollution during one of the wildfires in 2018 could have triggered the event that led to their death,” wrote Colleen Reid, who studies the health impacts of smoke at the University of Colorado Boulder, but was not involved in the current study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those deaths, she says, “would be coded as respiratory distress or heart attack […] and it is possible that death would not have happened if the air pollution had not been elevated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davis and his colleagues used a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-04/documents/benmap-ce_user_manual_march_2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">model developed\u003c/a> [PDF] by the Environmental Protection Agency, with input from air sensors to satellite data, to calculate these broad health impacts.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also tracked how industries — including services, trade and manufacturing — were affected by the fires and how that disrupted the economies of counties, the state, nation and world. They put the financial cost for the 2018 fires at nearly $150 billion. That’s six times the official estimate, which counts only destroyed and damaged property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calculating a “disaster footprint” like this is complicated. But Davis says the way we do things now distorts the costs and benefits of recovering from climate-fueled disasters and preparing for future events:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very easy to understand the costs of moving away from fossil fuels. It’s a lot harder to understand what are the benefits of that because they’re so diffuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal and state governments pour lots of money and effort, Davis says, into suppression, but less is put “into actually managing our forests in a way to prevent fires from getting out of hand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This approach, he says, can help governments, business and the public better understand the real cost of climate-driven disasters like wildfires, the level of investment needed in recovering from or mitigating future events, and the economic benefits of addressing climate change. Calculating these broader costs has become a priority of institutions such as the World Bank, seeking to get a grasp on how much money is needed for post-disaster support in developing countries or how to better design prevention measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n“This paper is a really great illustration of how easy it is to underestimate the impact of disasters, if one focuses only on the impact on assets (that is, the value of repairing damages and replacing lost assets), which is what is usually reported in the media and most analyses,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/people/s/stephane-hallegatte\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stéphane Hallegatte\u003c/a>, a lead economist with the Climate Change Group of the World Bank, who was not involved in the current work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This type of work is pushing the frontier in terms of disaster analysis, and contributes to building the toolbox we need to understand disasters and manage risk better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, Davis says, is garnering some reaction, even amid a busy news cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it resonates very strongly with a lot of people who are concerned about the effects of these fires on the state and on the region in particular, I think people are alarmed that this is being driven by climate change and wondering what it portends for the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Celebrating the End of 2020? Look Up! Meteor Shower Rains Nightly Fireworks",
"headTitle": "Celebrating the End of 2020? Look Up! Meteor Shower Rains Nightly Fireworks | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the most spectacular meteor showers of the year, the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/meteors-and-meteorites/geminids/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Geminids\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, will peak this year on Monday morning, Dec. 14, lavishing the skies with as many as 120 meteors every hour.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And this year, the absence of the moon means darker skies while you enjoy the “falling stars.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Good Meteor Watching\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If the weather is nice, cold December mornings often bring crystal clear skies, and this year the waning crescent moon will be gone most of the night, only appearing in the last moments before dawn as a thin sliver.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1971308\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/parkcity-perseidmeteor-NASABill-Dunford-800x506.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/parkcity-perseidmeteor-NASABill-Dunford-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/parkcity-perseidmeteor-NASABill-Dunford-1020x646.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/parkcity-perseidmeteor-NASABill-Dunford-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/parkcity-perseidmeteor-NASABill-Dunford-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/parkcity-perseidmeteor-NASABill-Dunford-1536x972.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/parkcity-perseidmeteor-NASABill-Dunford.jpg 1776w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Perseid meteor, captured over Park City, Utah. \u003ccite>(NASA/Bill Dunford)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s simple math: abundant meteors, plus a clear dark night, minus the moonlight, equals the possibility of dazzling rewards!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How To Watch the Geminids\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After midnight following Sunday evening, in the early morning hours of Monday, Dec. 14, find a good, safe place where you can set up a cot or roll out a blanket on the ground and look up. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The meteors will appear to radiate from near \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nineplanets.org/gemini-constellation/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gemini\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the Geminids’ namesake constellation. By 2 a.m., Gemini will be almost directly overhead, 85 degrees above the southern horizon. Look for the “twin” stars \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.greekmythology.com/Myths/Mortals/Dioscuri/dioscuri.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Castor and Pollux\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a pair of equally bright stars set about five degrees apart, or the width of four fingers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971306\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971306 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/dec140200am-south-stellarium-800x696.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"696\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/dec140200am-south-stellarium-800x696.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/dec140200am-south-stellarium-160x139.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/dec140200am-south-stellarium-768x668.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/dec140200am-south-stellarium.jpg 924w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View of the sky at 2 a.m. on Dec. 14. The radiant of the Geminids meteors (shown as red lines) is in the constellation Gemini, and will be almost directly overhead, and slightly to the south. \u003ccite>(Graphic made using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">With your sights set high, lay back and relax as (You hope!) a multitude of meteors rain down around you. If conditions are good, you may see two or so each minute. Though their radiant point is in Gemini, the meteors can appear anywhere in the sky, so use your peripheral vision to catch as many as you can. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Cloudy Weather Option\u003c/em>: With a Bay Area forecast of cloudiness on Sunday evening and possible rain Monday morning, if you still want to see Geminids, check out the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/NasaMeteorWatch/\">NASA Meteor Watch page\u003c/a>, where the shower will be live-streamed from a camera at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama from 5:00 p.m. Sunday evening to 1:00 a.m. Monday morning, PST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Finding Dark Skies\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another factor that affects how many meteors you see is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.darksky.org/light-pollution/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">light pollution\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you live in or near a city, the light from cars, buildings, billboards, and streetlamps will reflect from particles in the atmosphere above, forming a pale glow to compete with the light of meteors, particularly the fainter ones.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though this won’t prevent you from enjoying the brighter meteors, it will subtract from the number you can see, so finding a place with dark skies, far away or sheltered from urban lights, will add to the experience.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/quest/155/dark-secrets\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Here are\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> some ideas for good viewing places around the Bay Area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Where Do the Geminids Come From?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Meteor showers happen when Earth passes through a trail of dust, usually left behind by a comet as it orbits close to the sun.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971301 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Comet_orbit.en-nasa-800x516.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"516\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Comet_orbit.en-nasa-800x516.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Comet_orbit.en-nasa-1020x658.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Comet_orbit.en-nasa-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Comet_orbit.en-nasa-768x495.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Comet_orbit.en-nasa.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram shows the relationship between the dusty orbital path of a comet and the Earth’s orbit. When Earth passes through where the two orbits intersect, we can experience a meteor shower. In some cases, the same comet can produce two different meteor showers when the orbits intersect at two places. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When Earth plows through the comet trail, the dust grains encounter our planet’s atmosphere at speeds of 20 or more miles per second and burn up in a flash. The meteor streaks you see are located 40 to 50 miles above the Earth’s surface. Meteor trails can be very bright and, because the dust grains travel so fast, the trails can be very long. But each meteor is only a small fleck of rock or metal, usually no larger than your fingernail.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Unlike most showers, the Geminids’ dust trail was left behind by an asteroid, named \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/phaethon.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">3200 Phaeton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971309\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971309 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/PIA22185-3200Phaeton-Arecibo-Observatory-NASA-NSF-2017.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A radio image sequence shows the rotation of the “rock comet” 3200 Phaeton, the parent asteroid of the Geminids meteor shower. These images were captured in 2017 when 3200 Phaeton, a 3.6-mile-long asteroid, came within 6.4 million miles of Earth. \u003ccite>(Arecibo Observatory/NASA/NSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This asteroid, of a variety sometimes called a “rock comet,” orbits the sun once every 1.4 years. When it gets close to the sun and is warmed by its rays, frozen volatile materials (mostly water ice) in the asteroid evaporate and blow off into space, carrying bits of dust.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Gone In a Flash\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As you wait for the thrill of the next meteor to cross the sky, think about this: that bit of rock or metal of each meteor spent the last five billion years or so drifting randomly around the solar system or riding inside a comet or asteroid. Then, flash! It’s gone. And you saw it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The annual Geminids meteor shower is on this month, and peaks on Monday morning, December 14, in a moonless sky. ",
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"title": "Celebrating the End of 2020? Look Up! Meteor Shower Rains Nightly Fireworks | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the most spectacular meteor showers of the year, the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/meteors-and-meteorites/geminids/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Geminids\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, will peak this year on Monday morning, Dec. 14, lavishing the skies with as many as 120 meteors every hour.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And this year, the absence of the moon means darker skies while you enjoy the “falling stars.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Good Meteor Watching\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If the weather is nice, cold December mornings often bring crystal clear skies, and this year the waning crescent moon will be gone most of the night, only appearing in the last moments before dawn as a thin sliver.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1971308\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/parkcity-perseidmeteor-NASABill-Dunford-800x506.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/parkcity-perseidmeteor-NASABill-Dunford-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/parkcity-perseidmeteor-NASABill-Dunford-1020x646.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/parkcity-perseidmeteor-NASABill-Dunford-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/parkcity-perseidmeteor-NASABill-Dunford-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/parkcity-perseidmeteor-NASABill-Dunford-1536x972.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/parkcity-perseidmeteor-NASABill-Dunford.jpg 1776w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Perseid meteor, captured over Park City, Utah. \u003ccite>(NASA/Bill Dunford)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s simple math: abundant meteors, plus a clear dark night, minus the moonlight, equals the possibility of dazzling rewards!\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How To Watch the Geminids\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After midnight following Sunday evening, in the early morning hours of Monday, Dec. 14, find a good, safe place where you can set up a cot or roll out a blanket on the ground and look up. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The meteors will appear to radiate from near \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://nineplanets.org/gemini-constellation/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gemini\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the Geminids’ namesake constellation. By 2 a.m., Gemini will be almost directly overhead, 85 degrees above the southern horizon. Look for the “twin” stars \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.greekmythology.com/Myths/Mortals/Dioscuri/dioscuri.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Castor and Pollux\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a pair of equally bright stars set about five degrees apart, or the width of four fingers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971306\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971306 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/dec140200am-south-stellarium-800x696.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"696\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/dec140200am-south-stellarium-800x696.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/dec140200am-south-stellarium-160x139.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/dec140200am-south-stellarium-768x668.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/dec140200am-south-stellarium.jpg 924w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View of the sky at 2 a.m. on Dec. 14. The radiant of the Geminids meteors (shown as red lines) is in the constellation Gemini, and will be almost directly overhead, and slightly to the south. \u003ccite>(Graphic made using Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">With your sights set high, lay back and relax as (You hope!) a multitude of meteors rain down around you. If conditions are good, you may see two or so each minute. Though their radiant point is in Gemini, the meteors can appear anywhere in the sky, so use your peripheral vision to catch as many as you can. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Cloudy Weather Option\u003c/em>: With a Bay Area forecast of cloudiness on Sunday evening and possible rain Monday morning, if you still want to see Geminids, check out the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/NasaMeteorWatch/\">NASA Meteor Watch page\u003c/a>, where the shower will be live-streamed from a camera at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama from 5:00 p.m. Sunday evening to 1:00 a.m. Monday morning, PST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Finding Dark Skies\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another factor that affects how many meteors you see is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.darksky.org/light-pollution/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">light pollution\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you live in or near a city, the light from cars, buildings, billboards, and streetlamps will reflect from particles in the atmosphere above, forming a pale glow to compete with the light of meteors, particularly the fainter ones.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though this won’t prevent you from enjoying the brighter meteors, it will subtract from the number you can see, so finding a place with dark skies, far away or sheltered from urban lights, will add to the experience.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/quest/155/dark-secrets\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Here are\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> some ideas for good viewing places around the Bay Area.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Where Do the Geminids Come From?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Meteor showers happen when Earth passes through a trail of dust, usually left behind by a comet as it orbits close to the sun.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971301 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Comet_orbit.en-nasa-800x516.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"516\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Comet_orbit.en-nasa-800x516.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Comet_orbit.en-nasa-1020x658.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Comet_orbit.en-nasa-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Comet_orbit.en-nasa-768x495.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Comet_orbit.en-nasa.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram shows the relationship between the dusty orbital path of a comet and the Earth’s orbit. When Earth passes through where the two orbits intersect, we can experience a meteor shower. In some cases, the same comet can produce two different meteor showers when the orbits intersect at two places. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When Earth plows through the comet trail, the dust grains encounter our planet’s atmosphere at speeds of 20 or more miles per second and burn up in a flash. The meteor streaks you see are located 40 to 50 miles above the Earth’s surface. Meteor trails can be very bright and, because the dust grains travel so fast, the trails can be very long. But each meteor is only a small fleck of rock or metal, usually no larger than your fingernail.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Unlike most showers, the Geminids’ dust trail was left behind by an asteroid, named \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/phaethon.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">3200 Phaeton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971309\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971309 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/PIA22185-3200Phaeton-Arecibo-Observatory-NASA-NSF-2017.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A radio image sequence shows the rotation of the “rock comet” 3200 Phaeton, the parent asteroid of the Geminids meteor shower. These images were captured in 2017 when 3200 Phaeton, a 3.6-mile-long asteroid, came within 6.4 million miles of Earth. \u003ccite>(Arecibo Observatory/NASA/NSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This asteroid, of a variety sometimes called a “rock comet,” orbits the sun once every 1.4 years. When it gets close to the sun and is warmed by its rays, frozen volatile materials (mostly water ice) in the asteroid evaporate and blow off into space, carrying bits of dust.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Gone In a Flash\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As you wait for the thrill of the next meteor to cross the sky, think about this: that bit of rock or metal of each meteor spent the last five billion years or so drifting randomly around the solar system or riding inside a comet or asteroid. Then, flash! It’s gone. And you saw it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "U.S. Expert Panel Endorses Pfizer's Coronavirus Vaccine for Widespread Use",
"headTitle": "U.S. Expert Panel Endorses Pfizer’s Coronavirus Vaccine for Widespread Use | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">A U.S. government advisory panel endorsed widespread use of Pfizer’s coronavirus vaccine Thursday, putting the country just one step away from launching an epic vaccination campaign against the outbreak that has killed close to 300,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Shots could begin within days, depending on how quickly the Food and Drug Administration signs off, as expected, on the expert committee’s recommendation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">In a 17-4 vote with one abstention, the government advisers concluded that the vaccine from Pfizer and its German partner BioNTech appears safe and effective for emergency use in adults and teenagers 16 and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">That endorsement came despite questions about allergic reactions in two people who received the vaccine earlier this week when Britain became the first country to begin dispensing the Pfizer-BioNTech shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Despite all the remaining unknowns, in an emergency, “the question is whether you know enough,” said panel member Dr. Paul Offit of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, who concluded that the shot’s potential potential benefits outweigh its risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The independent review by non-government experts in vaccine development, infectious diseases and medical statistics was considered critical to boosting Americans’ confidence in the safety of the shot, which was developed at breakneck speed less than a year after the virus was identified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The decision came as COVID-19 cases surge to ever-higher levels across the U.S., with deaths hitting an all-time, one-day high of more than 3,100 on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer has said it will have about 25 million doses of the two-shot vaccine for the U.S. by the end of December. But initial supplies will be limited and reserved primarily for health care workers and nursing home residents, with other vulnerable groups next in line until the shots become widely available on demand, something that will probably not happen until the spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Experts estimate at least 70% of the U.S. population will have to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity, the point at which the virus can be held in check. That means it could be several months before things start get back to normal and Americans can put away their masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The FDA next week will review a second vaccine, from Moderna and the National Institutes of Health, that appears about as protective as Pfizer-BioNTech’s shot. A third candidate, from Johnson & Johnson, which would require just one dose, is working its way through the pipeline. Behind that is a candidate from AstraZeneca and Oxford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">All eyes now turn to the FDA staff scientists who will make the final decision on whether to greenlight use of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Regulators not only in Britain but in Canada have already approved it for use in their countries, and President Donald Trump and White House officials have complained for weeks about the pace of FDA’s careful review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">FDA’s vaccine director Dr. Peter Marks said ahead of the expert meeting that a decision would come within “days to a week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“Americans want us to do a scientific review, but I think they also want us to make sure we’re not wasting time on paperwork as opposed to going forward with the decision,” FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn said before the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">A positive vote for the vaccine was virtually assured after FDA scientists issued a glowing review of the vaccine earlier in the week. Agency staffers said data from Pfizer’s ongoing study of 44,000 people showed strong protection across different age groups, races and health conditions with no major, unexpected safety problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The Pfizer-BioNTech shot remains experimental because that final-stage study isn’t complete. As a result, the expert panel wrestled with a list of questions that have yet to be answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">For example, while the vaccine is more than 90% effective in blocking the symptoms of COVID-19, the FDA’s advisers stressed it is not yet clear if it can stop the silent, symptomless spread that accounts for up to half of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“Even though the individual efficacy of this vaccine is very, very, very high, you really as of right now do not have any evidence” that it will lower transmission, said Dr. Patrick Moore of the University of Pittsburgh. He urged Pfizer to take additional steps to answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">And the advisers are worried that Pfizer will lose its opportunity to answer critical questions as it begins offering the real vaccine to study participants who had been getting dummy shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The company proposed gradually moving those patients to the vaccine group, with priority based on age, health conditions and other factors. Under that plan, 70-year-old participants would cross over before healthy 30-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer must still show whether the vaccine works in children younger than 16 and in pregnant women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">On the safety front, as widespread vaccinations begin, the first recipients will be closely tracked by government health authorities since studies in tens of thousands of people can’t detect rare risks that strike 1 in a million. Hanging over the meeting were the British allergic reactions and a warning from authorities there that people with a history of serious reactions shouldn’t get the vaccine for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer representatives said they have seen no signs of allergic reactions in their trial. But some of the FDA advisers fear the British warning will deter millions of Americans with allergies who might benefit from the COVID-19 vaccine from giving it a try, and urged additional studies to try to settle the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“This issue is not going to die until we have better data,” Offit said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">A U.S. government advisory panel endorsed widespread use of Pfizer’s coronavirus vaccine Thursday, putting the country just one step away from launching an epic vaccination campaign against the outbreak that has killed close to 300,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Shots could begin within days, depending on how quickly the Food and Drug Administration signs off, as expected, on the expert committee’s recommendation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">In a 17-4 vote with one abstention, the government advisers concluded that the vaccine from Pfizer and its German partner BioNTech appears safe and effective for emergency use in adults and teenagers 16 and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">That endorsement came despite questions about allergic reactions in two people who received the vaccine earlier this week when Britain became the first country to begin dispensing the Pfizer-BioNTech shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Despite all the remaining unknowns, in an emergency, “the question is whether you know enough,” said panel member Dr. Paul Offit of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, who concluded that the shot’s potential potential benefits outweigh its risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The independent review by non-government experts in vaccine development, infectious diseases and medical statistics was considered critical to boosting Americans’ confidence in the safety of the shot, which was developed at breakneck speed less than a year after the virus was identified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The decision came as COVID-19 cases surge to ever-higher levels across the U.S., with deaths hitting an all-time, one-day high of more than 3,100 on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer has said it will have about 25 million doses of the two-shot vaccine for the U.S. by the end of December. But initial supplies will be limited and reserved primarily for health care workers and nursing home residents, with other vulnerable groups next in line until the shots become widely available on demand, something that will probably not happen until the spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Experts estimate at least 70% of the U.S. population will have to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity, the point at which the virus can be held in check. That means it could be several months before things start get back to normal and Americans can put away their masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The FDA next week will review a second vaccine, from Moderna and the National Institutes of Health, that appears about as protective as Pfizer-BioNTech’s shot. A third candidate, from Johnson & Johnson, which would require just one dose, is working its way through the pipeline. Behind that is a candidate from AstraZeneca and Oxford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">All eyes now turn to the FDA staff scientists who will make the final decision on whether to greenlight use of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Regulators not only in Britain but in Canada have already approved it for use in their countries, and President Donald Trump and White House officials have complained for weeks about the pace of FDA’s careful review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">FDA’s vaccine director Dr. Peter Marks said ahead of the expert meeting that a decision would come within “days to a week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“Americans want us to do a scientific review, but I think they also want us to make sure we’re not wasting time on paperwork as opposed to going forward with the decision,” FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn said before the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">A positive vote for the vaccine was virtually assured after FDA scientists issued a glowing review of the vaccine earlier in the week. Agency staffers said data from Pfizer’s ongoing study of 44,000 people showed strong protection across different age groups, races and health conditions with no major, unexpected safety problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The Pfizer-BioNTech shot remains experimental because that final-stage study isn’t complete. As a result, the expert panel wrestled with a list of questions that have yet to be answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">For example, while the vaccine is more than 90% effective in blocking the symptoms of COVID-19, the FDA’s advisers stressed it is not yet clear if it can stop the silent, symptomless spread that accounts for up to half of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“Even though the individual efficacy of this vaccine is very, very, very high, you really as of right now do not have any evidence” that it will lower transmission, said Dr. Patrick Moore of the University of Pittsburgh. He urged Pfizer to take additional steps to answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">And the advisers are worried that Pfizer will lose its opportunity to answer critical questions as it begins offering the real vaccine to study participants who had been getting dummy shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The company proposed gradually moving those patients to the vaccine group, with priority based on age, health conditions and other factors. Under that plan, 70-year-old participants would cross over before healthy 30-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer must still show whether the vaccine works in children younger than 16 and in pregnant women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">On the safety front, as widespread vaccinations begin, the first recipients will be closely tracked by government health authorities since studies in tens of thousands of people can’t detect rare risks that strike 1 in a million. Hanging over the meeting were the British allergic reactions and a warning from authorities there that people with a history of serious reactions shouldn’t get the vaccine for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer representatives said they have seen no signs of allergic reactions in their trial. But some of the FDA advisers fear the British warning will deter millions of Americans with allergies who might benefit from the COVID-19 vaccine from giving it a try, and urged additional studies to try to settle the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“This issue is not going to die until we have better data,” Offit said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Newsom Appoints Longtime Regulator to Replace Nichols as Top Calif. Air Official",
"headTitle": "Newsom Appoints Longtime Regulator to Replace Nichols as Top Calif. Air Official | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971619\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971619 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Liane_Randolph.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Liane_Randolph.jpg 200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Liane_Randolph-160x240.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liane Randolph will lead the California Air Resources Board. \u003ccite>(CPUC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Gov. Gavin Newsom has appointed California Public Utilities Commissioner Liane Randolph to replace the outgoing Mary Nichols, long the center of gravity for the state’s climate policy, as the chair of the California Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols amassed a considerable amount of power in California as the state’s top air regulator, shepherding through sweeping regulations on power plants, implementing cap-and-trade legislation, and piloting pollution control measures that are some of the strongest in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A deft political operative, Nichols, who is retiring at the end of the month, was also on the front lines of the state’s policy battles with the Trump administration over the environment and climate change, most notably in her fostering an agreement between the state and five major automakers to follow California’s stricter clean-car rules after Trump sought to relax federal standards. She is reportedly President-elect Joe Biden’s top pick to be the next head of the federal EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In contrast, Randolph is a behind-the-scenes government attorney with a long history as a state and local government regulator, most recently with the Public Utilities Commission. She was the deputy secretary and general counsel at the California Natural Resources Agency and is a former city attorney for San Leandro, among other bureaucratic roles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Randolph, a 55-year-old Democrat from Oakland, is confirmed by the state Senate, she’ll be the first Black chair of the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, Black employees at the agency raised concerns about a racist working environment and called for more diversity at the agency, in a\u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/states/f/?id=00000175-4ccb-d7aa-af77-5ecfb0830000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> letter\u003c/a> obtained by Politico this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In a statement announcing the appointment, Newsom said Randolph is a “bold, innovative” leader who will “lead in our fight against climate change with equity and all California’s communities at heart.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Randolph said in an emailed statement that she is “beyond excited and honored” to be selected to lead an agency that “has been at the forefront of environmental progress for decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Governor Newsom and the Legislature have set California on a bold path to address the air pollution that burdens our communities and the existential threat of climate change,” she said. “Implementing these policies requires effective management and strategy that centers the people most affected by environmental damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For weeks the chatter at the agency and between environmentalists was that Newsom would\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>pick either board member Hector de la Torre, a former assemblyman from Los Angeles and a close ally of Nichols, or Martha Guzman Aceves, another commissioner at the CPUC and the preferred choice of many of the state’s environmental justice groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview before Newsom’s announcement, \u003cspan class=\"s1\">Miya Yoshitani, executive director of the Asian Pacific Environmental Network, said \u003c/span>Guzman Aceves would be “an excellent choice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The selection of a lower profile, nuts-and-bolts administrator to lead the agency could mean that Newsom wants to avoid an ideological fight, as well as deciding to center climate policy-making within Cal EPA and his administration. Under Nichols’ leadership, CARB operated as a powerful, almost independent entity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the naming of Nichols’ successor, Newsom has a chance to put his stamp on the state’s climate policies and possibly shift away from the reliance on market-based solutions preferred by Nichols and former Govs. Jerry Brown and Arnold Schwarzenegger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s 2017 climate plan designates cap-and-trade as responsible for almost half of the reductions required to achieve the state’s 2030 climate target, making it the single largest driver of planned climate policy outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">But after the cap-and-trade auction \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1965124/californias-cap-and-trade-program-generates-severely-reduced-revenue\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">generated\u003c/span>\u003c/a> severely reduced revenue in May, Newsom and Jared Blumenfeld, California’s secretary for environmental protection, penned a joint letter to Senate leaders acknowledging the need to “revisit the program design” and examine how well the policy works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“Achieving clarity around the operating assumptions and the relative weight given to our cap-and-trade program is essential,” they wrote.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s emissions of greenhouse gas declined about 5% in the five years after the program began in 2013, but a significant portion of the reductions likely stem from the state requiring utilities to buy more power produced from solar, wind and other renewables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cap-and-trade auctions have generated billions of dollars to fund programs that are meant to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The selection of Randolph was quickly praised by\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>a coalition of grassroots environmental justice groups, as well as the president of the Environmental Defense Fund, Fred Krupp, who called her “an excellent choice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gladys Limón, executive director of the California Environmental Justice Alliance,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>described Randolph in a statement as a “thoughtful leader” with “vast knowledge and experience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As an alliance of EJ organizations working to improve the environmental health of communities with the worst air quality in the state, we hope Randolph prioritizes equity in her leadership and look forward to working with her,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limón’s group was one of more than 70 who co-signed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1971416/california-environmental-groups-tell-biden-not-to-pick-mary-nichols-for-epa\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">letter\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to Joe Biden’s transition team last week asking the incoming president to avoid picking Nichols as head of the Environmental Protection Agency, in part because of her support for cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor thanked Nichols for her “extraordinary tenure” as the state’s top air regulator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971619\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971619 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Liane_Randolph.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Liane_Randolph.jpg 200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/Liane_Randolph-160x240.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liane Randolph will lead the California Air Resources Board. \u003ccite>(CPUC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Gov. Gavin Newsom has appointed California Public Utilities Commissioner Liane Randolph to replace the outgoing Mary Nichols, long the center of gravity for the state’s climate policy, as the chair of the California Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols amassed a considerable amount of power in California as the state’s top air regulator, shepherding through sweeping regulations on power plants, implementing cap-and-trade legislation, and piloting pollution control measures that are some of the strongest in the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A deft political operative, Nichols, who is retiring at the end of the month, was also on the front lines of the state’s policy battles with the Trump administration over the environment and climate change, most notably in her fostering an agreement between the state and five major automakers to follow California’s stricter clean-car rules after Trump sought to relax federal standards. She is reportedly President-elect Joe Biden’s top pick to be the next head of the federal EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In contrast, Randolph is a behind-the-scenes government attorney with a long history as a state and local government regulator, most recently with the Public Utilities Commission. She was the deputy secretary and general counsel at the California Natural Resources Agency and is a former city attorney for San Leandro, among other bureaucratic roles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Randolph, a 55-year-old Democrat from Oakland, is confirmed by the state Senate, she’ll be the first Black chair of the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September, Black employees at the agency raised concerns about a racist working environment and called for more diversity at the agency, in a\u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/states/f/?id=00000175-4ccb-d7aa-af77-5ecfb0830000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> letter\u003c/a> obtained by Politico this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In a statement announcing the appointment, Newsom said Randolph is a “bold, innovative” leader who will “lead in our fight against climate change with equity and all California’s communities at heart.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Randolph said in an emailed statement that she is “beyond excited and honored” to be selected to lead an agency that “has been at the forefront of environmental progress for decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Governor Newsom and the Legislature have set California on a bold path to address the air pollution that burdens our communities and the existential threat of climate change,” she said. “Implementing these policies requires effective management and strategy that centers the people most affected by environmental damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For weeks the chatter at the agency and between environmentalists was that Newsom would\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>pick either board member Hector de la Torre, a former assemblyman from Los Angeles and a close ally of Nichols, or Martha Guzman Aceves, another commissioner at the CPUC and the preferred choice of many of the state’s environmental justice groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview before Newsom’s announcement, \u003cspan class=\"s1\">Miya Yoshitani, executive director of the Asian Pacific Environmental Network, said \u003c/span>Guzman Aceves would be “an excellent choice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The selection of a lower profile, nuts-and-bolts administrator to lead the agency could mean that Newsom wants to avoid an ideological fight, as well as deciding to center climate policy-making within Cal EPA and his administration. Under Nichols’ leadership, CARB operated as a powerful, almost independent entity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the naming of Nichols’ successor, Newsom has a chance to put his stamp on the state’s climate policies and possibly shift away from the reliance on market-based solutions preferred by Nichols and former Govs. Jerry Brown and Arnold Schwarzenegger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s 2017 climate plan designates cap-and-trade as responsible for almost half of the reductions required to achieve the state’s 2030 climate target, making it the single largest driver of planned climate policy outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">But after the cap-and-trade auction \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1965124/californias-cap-and-trade-program-generates-severely-reduced-revenue\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">generated\u003c/span>\u003c/a> severely reduced revenue in May, Newsom and Jared Blumenfeld, California’s secretary for environmental protection, penned a joint letter to Senate leaders acknowledging the need to “revisit the program design” and examine how well the policy works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“Achieving clarity around the operating assumptions and the relative weight given to our cap-and-trade program is essential,” they wrote.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s emissions of greenhouse gas declined about 5% in the five years after the program began in 2013, but a significant portion of the reductions likely stem from the state requiring utilities to buy more power produced from solar, wind and other renewables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cap-and-trade auctions have generated billions of dollars to fund programs that are meant to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The selection of Randolph was quickly praised by\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>a coalition of grassroots environmental justice groups, as well as the president of the Environmental Defense Fund, Fred Krupp, who called her “an excellent choice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gladys Limón, executive director of the California Environmental Justice Alliance,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>described Randolph in a statement as a “thoughtful leader” with “vast knowledge and experience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As an alliance of EJ organizations working to improve the environmental health of communities with the worst air quality in the state, we hope Randolph prioritizes equity in her leadership and look forward to working with her,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limón’s group was one of more than 70 who co-signed a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1971416/california-environmental-groups-tell-biden-not-to-pick-mary-nichols-for-epa\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">letter\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to Joe Biden’s transition team last week asking the incoming president to avoid picking Nichols as head of the Environmental Protection Agency, in part because of her support for cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor thanked Nichols for her “extraordinary tenure” as the state’s top air regulator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
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