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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10343\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/2446974503_c72442d844_z-e1382753760905.jpg\" alt=\"Adam Wainwright delivers. St. Louis, MO, 2008. (bk1bennett/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The St. Louis Cardinals’ Adam Wainwright delivers. St. Louis, MO 2008. (bk1bennett/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the \u003ca href=\"http://mlb.mlb.com/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Series\u003c/a> in full swing, most Americans would probably say they know the basic rules of baseball: the pitcher throws it, the batter hits it, three strikes and you’re out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But underneath it all, the rules that truly govern this game are the laws of physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you go to a ballgame you’re seeing all the interplay of force and velocity and projectile motion,” said Paul Robinson, a physics teacher at San Mateo High School and a passionate baseball fan. “It’s a beautiful thing to see and watch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robinson, who was interviewed several years ago by KQED for a TV story on the physics of baseball, uses the sport to teach his students how the universe works. To illustrate a sample lesson, he draws a baseball on a white board. Then he draws one arrow pointing forward from the ball, as if it’s going straight from the pitcher to the hitter, and one arrow angling up, to show the angular displacement of a curve ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Physics is a beautiful way to see the world we live in,” Robinson said. “Being a student of physics just makes the game that much more interesting and fascinating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the lab\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The great pitchers put power into their arms by building momentum from a twist of the hips and that huge step with the front leg. “The phrase we like to use,” said Dan Hubbs, former pitching coach for the Cal Bears, “is ‘let your arm just go for the ride.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sending your arm on that ride is a surprisingly complex task. It takes a biomechanical analysis to see just how intricate the throwing motion is. Big league pitchers get this done in a lab, using a 3-D, high-speed, infrared, eight-camera motion analysis system that tracks every aspect of the throw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The players wear skin tight clothing with reflective markers that the computer can pick up. These markers allow the computer to calculate the exact body angles, joint velocities, and timing. It can also analyze the physical kinetics (or joint forces and torques) placed on the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing the relationship between timing and velocity, between angles and spin, can help big leaguers make subtle changes in biomechanics to enhance their performance and reduce injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10337\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/RS4803_LincecumPitches-scr-e1382750227774-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10337\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10337\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/RS4803_LincecumPitches-scr-e1382750227774-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"San Francisco Giants starting pitcher Tim Lincecum delivers against the Colorado Rockies at Coors Field on April 11, 2012 in Denver, Colorado. (Doug Pensinger/Getty Images)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco Giants starting pitcher Tim Lincecum, against the Colorado Rockies at Coors Field on April 11, 2012 in Denver, Colorado. (Doug Pensinger/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Baseball pitchers are great experimental physicists,” Robinson said, “because they’re constantly trying this, trying that, to see what works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What works, that is, to get the ball to do exactly what the pitcher wants it to do—like get there fast. A 95-mile an hour fastball will get to the batter in four-tenths of a second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newton’s second law of motion tells us that the acceleration of an object is dependent upon two things – its mass and how much net force is acting on it. Translated: the harder you throw, the faster it goes. But pitching takes more than throwing hard. There are also external forces in play. Each pitch is fighting gravity and friction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When a pitcher throws a ball,” Robinson said, “it has to push the air out of the way. When it leaves the pitcher’s hand it’s going as fast as it’s going to go. From that point on, friction slows it down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While external forces may cut down on momentum and velocity, a good pitcher will be able to use this to his advantage. Friction and gravity can make the ball do nasty things. A splitter, for example, looks like a fastball until it loses velocity; then it suddenly drops down toward the batter’s knees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in case you’re wondering, that curve ball is not an optical illusion—it really does curve. How much it curves depends on how fast you spin the ball. A curve ball that spins 30 times a second can break as much as 17 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason the ball curves is a force called “lift.” Lift is the reason airplanes can fly, and it’s the force that allows sailboats to go faster than the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When a ball spins it generates greater pressure on one side as it moves through the air than on the other side,” Robinson said. “The difference in pressure is a form of lift. It’s called the Magnus effect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Can’t quite see it? Try this: Imagine a baseball spinning clockwise on your computer screen, in slow-motion. Now imagine smoke streaming from left to right past the ball as it spins. The smoke streams easily over the top of the ball; it’s almost pushed along by the clockwise motion. But the smoke underneath is going past the ball in the opposite direction of the spin. So that smoke makes a bigger curve to get around the ball. The ball is going to break the other direction, toward the easier flow of air. (If your imagination needs some assistance, just go to 5:43 on our video.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=112a_baseball.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F112a_baseball640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=112a_baseball.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F112a_baseball640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how does the batter know in which direction the ball is going to break?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer, said physicist Linda Shore of the San Francisco Exploratium, is simple. Just figure out which direction the front of the ball is spinning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh. That’s all it takes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Step up to the plate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the ball leaves the pitchers hand, the batter has barely the blink of an eye before it crosses the plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve got to decide swing, don’t swing, what kind of ball,” said Robinson. “Curveball, fastball, slider—you’ve got to make all those decisions in .2 seconds. It’s almost a reaction instead of a thought process. Some say it’s the hardest thing to do in sports. A round bat, hitting a round ball, that’s not easy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">The batter wants both power and accuracy. And bat speed is the key to power, said Jon Zuber, a former major leaguer with the Philadelphia Phillies and member of the University of California Hall of Fame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of KQED’s visit to Cal’s Evans Diamond to film the physics of baseball TV story, Zuber demonstrated that distance a batter’s hands have to move to get from ready, to the point where the bat makes contact with the ball. “I need my hands to get from there to there, short and quick, as fast as possible,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">He slapped his thigh and hip to demonstrate that the batter does the same thing the pitcher does: he uses a twist in the heavy parts of the body to build momentum. “I need this weight and that muscle and torque and force,” Zuber said, “and now I have a whole lot of stuff hitting the ball at the same time, which is going to propel it out towards the field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the bat and the ball collide, the ball squishes up close to half its size. “And it compresses like a spring,” Robinson said, “and then in a thousandth of a second it springs off the bat, leaving faster than it came in, maybe 110, as much as 120 miles per hour.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10350\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 625px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Robinson-talking-big.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10350 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Robinson-talking-big.jpg\" alt=\"San Mateo High School physics teacher Paul Robinson says heavier bats hit the ball with more force, but baseball has moved toward lighter bats, that can swing more quickly. (Chris Bauer/Quest)\" width=\"625\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Mateo High School physics teacher Paul Robinson said heavier bats hit the ball with more force, but baseball has moved toward lighter bats that can swing more quickly. (Chris Bauer/Quest)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get the most out of the hit, the batter can’t rely only on power; he needs accuracy. He needs to slam the ball with a particular part of the bat, known as the sweet spot. The reason? Physics, of course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newton’s 3\u003csup>rd\u003c/sup> law of motion states “for every action, there is an equal and opposite \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">re\u003c/span>action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collision of a ball on the bat lasts only about 1/1000th of a second. In that instant the batter can exert up to 8,000 pounds of force on the baseball. The ball is now headed across the field; what’s the equal and opposite reaction?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bat trembles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you ring a bell it vibrates,” Robinson said. “Or when you hit a gong, you can see it vibrating. When a ball hits a bat, the bat actually vibrates too. But there’s a point on the bat where it doesn’t vibrate. The so-called node.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A node is the point along a wave where the wave crosses the zero line—where it has minimal amplitude. When a ball hits a bat it causes waves of vibration. So when a hitter gets the sweet spot onto the ball, there’s less vibration and the bat imparts all that kinetic energy into the hit. You know you’ve hit the sweet spot by the sound of the crack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So next time you’re watching the St. Louis Cardinals’ Adam Wainwright throw a curveball to a Red Sox slugger, listen for the sound of physics at work in America’s favorite pastime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "With the World Series in full swing, most Americans would probably say they know the basic rules of baseball: the pitcher throws it, the batter hits it, three strikes and you’re out. But underneath it all, the rules that truly govern this game are the laws of physics. “When you go to a ballgame you’re",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10343\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/2446974503_c72442d844_z-e1382753760905.jpg\" alt=\"Adam Wainwright delivers. St. Louis, MO, 2008. (bk1bennett/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The St. Louis Cardinals’ Adam Wainwright delivers. St. Louis, MO 2008. (bk1bennett/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the \u003ca href=\"http://mlb.mlb.com/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Series\u003c/a> in full swing, most Americans would probably say they know the basic rules of baseball: the pitcher throws it, the batter hits it, three strikes and you’re out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But underneath it all, the rules that truly govern this game are the laws of physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you go to a ballgame you’re seeing all the interplay of force and velocity and projectile motion,” said Paul Robinson, a physics teacher at San Mateo High School and a passionate baseball fan. “It’s a beautiful thing to see and watch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robinson, who was interviewed several years ago by KQED for a TV story on the physics of baseball, uses the sport to teach his students how the universe works. To illustrate a sample lesson, he draws a baseball on a white board. Then he draws one arrow pointing forward from the ball, as if it’s going straight from the pitcher to the hitter, and one arrow angling up, to show the angular displacement of a curve ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Physics is a beautiful way to see the world we live in,” Robinson said. “Being a student of physics just makes the game that much more interesting and fascinating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the lab\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The great pitchers put power into their arms by building momentum from a twist of the hips and that huge step with the front leg. “The phrase we like to use,” said Dan Hubbs, former pitching coach for the Cal Bears, “is ‘let your arm just go for the ride.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sending your arm on that ride is a surprisingly complex task. It takes a biomechanical analysis to see just how intricate the throwing motion is. Big league pitchers get this done in a lab, using a 3-D, high-speed, infrared, eight-camera motion analysis system that tracks every aspect of the throw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The players wear skin tight clothing with reflective markers that the computer can pick up. These markers allow the computer to calculate the exact body angles, joint velocities, and timing. It can also analyze the physical kinetics (or joint forces and torques) placed on the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing the relationship between timing and velocity, between angles and spin, can help big leaguers make subtle changes in biomechanics to enhance their performance and reduce injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10337\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/RS4803_LincecumPitches-scr-e1382750227774-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10337\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10337\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/RS4803_LincecumPitches-scr-e1382750227774-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"San Francisco Giants starting pitcher Tim Lincecum delivers against the Colorado Rockies at Coors Field on April 11, 2012 in Denver, Colorado. (Doug Pensinger/Getty Images)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco Giants starting pitcher Tim Lincecum, against the Colorado Rockies at Coors Field on April 11, 2012 in Denver, Colorado. (Doug Pensinger/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Baseball pitchers are great experimental physicists,” Robinson said, “because they’re constantly trying this, trying that, to see what works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What works, that is, to get the ball to do exactly what the pitcher wants it to do—like get there fast. A 95-mile an hour fastball will get to the batter in four-tenths of a second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newton’s second law of motion tells us that the acceleration of an object is dependent upon two things – its mass and how much net force is acting on it. Translated: the harder you throw, the faster it goes. But pitching takes more than throwing hard. There are also external forces in play. Each pitch is fighting gravity and friction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When a pitcher throws a ball,” Robinson said, “it has to push the air out of the way. When it leaves the pitcher’s hand it’s going as fast as it’s going to go. From that point on, friction slows it down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While external forces may cut down on momentum and velocity, a good pitcher will be able to use this to his advantage. Friction and gravity can make the ball do nasty things. A splitter, for example, looks like a fastball until it loses velocity; then it suddenly drops down toward the batter’s knees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in case you’re wondering, that curve ball is not an optical illusion—it really does curve. How much it curves depends on how fast you spin the ball. A curve ball that spins 30 times a second can break as much as 17 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason the ball curves is a force called “lift.” Lift is the reason airplanes can fly, and it’s the force that allows sailboats to go faster than the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When a ball spins it generates greater pressure on one side as it moves through the air than on the other side,” Robinson said. “The difference in pressure is a form of lift. It’s called the Magnus effect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Can’t quite see it? Try this: Imagine a baseball spinning clockwise on your computer screen, in slow-motion. Now imagine smoke streaming from left to right past the ball as it spins. The smoke streams easily over the top of the ball; it’s almost pushed along by the clockwise motion. But the smoke underneath is going past the ball in the opposite direction of the spin. So that smoke makes a bigger curve to get around the ball. The ball is going to break the other direction, toward the easier flow of air. (If your imagination needs some assistance, just go to 5:43 on our video.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=112a_baseball.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F112a_baseball640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=112a_baseball.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F112a_baseball640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how does the batter know in which direction the ball is going to break?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer, said physicist Linda Shore of the San Francisco Exploratium, is simple. Just figure out which direction the front of the ball is spinning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh. That’s all it takes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Step up to the plate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the ball leaves the pitchers hand, the batter has barely the blink of an eye before it crosses the plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve got to decide swing, don’t swing, what kind of ball,” said Robinson. “Curveball, fastball, slider—you’ve got to make all those decisions in .2 seconds. It’s almost a reaction instead of a thought process. Some say it’s the hardest thing to do in sports. A round bat, hitting a round ball, that’s not easy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">The batter wants both power and accuracy. And bat speed is the key to power, said Jon Zuber, a former major leaguer with the Philadelphia Phillies and member of the University of California Hall of Fame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of KQED’s visit to Cal’s Evans Diamond to film the physics of baseball TV story, Zuber demonstrated that distance a batter’s hands have to move to get from ready, to the point where the bat makes contact with the ball. “I need my hands to get from there to there, short and quick, as fast as possible,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">He slapped his thigh and hip to demonstrate that the batter does the same thing the pitcher does: he uses a twist in the heavy parts of the body to build momentum. “I need this weight and that muscle and torque and force,” Zuber said, “and now I have a whole lot of stuff hitting the ball at the same time, which is going to propel it out towards the field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the bat and the ball collide, the ball squishes up close to half its size. “And it compresses like a spring,” Robinson said, “and then in a thousandth of a second it springs off the bat, leaving faster than it came in, maybe 110, as much as 120 miles per hour.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10350\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 625px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Robinson-talking-big.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10350 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Robinson-talking-big.jpg\" alt=\"San Mateo High School physics teacher Paul Robinson says heavier bats hit the ball with more force, but baseball has moved toward lighter bats, that can swing more quickly. (Chris Bauer/Quest)\" width=\"625\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Mateo High School physics teacher Paul Robinson said heavier bats hit the ball with more force, but baseball has moved toward lighter bats that can swing more quickly. (Chris Bauer/Quest)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get the most out of the hit, the batter can’t rely only on power; he needs accuracy. He needs to slam the ball with a particular part of the bat, known as the sweet spot. The reason? Physics, of course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newton’s 3\u003csup>rd\u003c/sup> law of motion states “for every action, there is an equal and opposite \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">re\u003c/span>action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collision of a ball on the bat lasts only about 1/1000th of a second. In that instant the batter can exert up to 8,000 pounds of force on the baseball. The ball is now headed across the field; what’s the equal and opposite reaction?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bat trembles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you ring a bell it vibrates,” Robinson said. “Or when you hit a gong, you can see it vibrating. When a ball hits a bat, the bat actually vibrates too. But there’s a point on the bat where it doesn’t vibrate. The so-called node.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A node is the point along a wave where the wave crosses the zero line—where it has minimal amplitude. When a ball hits a bat it causes waves of vibration. So when a hitter gets the sweet spot onto the ball, there’s less vibration and the bat imparts all that kinetic energy into the hit. You know you’ve hit the sweet spot by the sound of the crack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So next time you’re watching the St. Louis Cardinals’ Adam Wainwright throw a curveball to a Red Sox slugger, listen for the sound of physics at work in America’s favorite pastime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "How to Fly a Model Helicopter With Your Brain and Other Adventures in EEG Gaming",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/10/20131028science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As audiences for the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/6dz2gdXP6Zs\">“Carrie”\u003c/a> re-make are finding out in theaters across the country, the power to move things with your mind can be hazardous to one’s well-being and pretty much everyone else’s, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My own experience with telekinesis, by contrast, was pretty tame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//instagram.com/p/fx0qiDI_Ka/embed/\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"612\" height=\"710\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In order to get the helicopter to fly, reporter Amy Standen, wearing a headset that captures her brain waves, has to concentrate on a single thought. She doesn’t have to think about the helicopter flying; it can be any thought, but she can’t be distracted and think, “Wow,” once the helicopter starts to fly.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, I’d have a hard time doing this without the use of an EEG headset, in this case the MindWave Mobile, which is made by a San Jose company called NeuroSky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MindWave Mobile—much like two other mobile brain-wave-sensing devices called the Emotiv and Interaxon—is a pared-down version of something you’ve seen in science fiction movies anytime someone’s head is covered in electrodes. It’s an EEG, or electroencephalogram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EEG is a device that measures electrical activity inside the brain. It’s good at revealing patterns, like what happens during an epileptic seizure, or during sleep. (Sleep scientists using an EEG discovered the REM, or rapid eye movement state.) It can also detect patterns associated with certain emotional states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, these headsets have gotten easier to use and much less expensive; the MindWave Mobile costs $99. And this has encouraged developers to come up with ways to harness them for fun, by connecting mobile EEG headsets to other consumer devices like video games, smartphones and—as you see in the video above—miniature helicopters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnny Liu, who directs the developer program at NeuroSky, came into the KQED studios recently to show me how to use a headset in combination with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/puzzlebox/puzzlebox-orbit-brain-controlled-helicopter\">Puzzlebox Orbit Brain-Controlled Helicopter\u003c/a>. It’s a spherical cage about eight inches in diameter containing three small propellers. Liu positioned the headset’s single sensor over his forehead and powered up an iPad. Then, he just sat there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10324\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Science_Drone_0017_web-e1382747907800.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Science_Drone_0017_web-e1382747907800.jpg\" alt=\"The helicopter waits for the brain waves to kick in. (Sara Bloomberg/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10324\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The helicopter waits for the brain waves to kick in. (Sara Bloomberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m driving up my attention level,” he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon we had proof: A red bar on the iPad screen began to rise. When it passed the three-quarters mark, the helicopter’s propellers began to whir as the Orbit lifted from the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telekinesis is a lot harder than it looks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it was my turn, Liu told me to pick something, anything, to focus on. I thought about the fog I’d seen on a walk that morning. Nothing. I fixedly pictured my breakfast. Zilch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How about you just try thinking about the helicopter?” Liu suggested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It worked! For about three seconds. (The video above makes it look as if the helicopter flew after I focused on fog; that’s a flattering by-product of Instagram’s 15-second video limit.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can’t get frustrated with the helicopter, it turns out, because that’s different from concentration. You have to calmly focus on it, really hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">You’re doing the same thing as a meditator, a Buddhist monk might do. It’s just we in the West maybe need a device to do it.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Imagine,” Liu coached, “that you actually have telekinetic powers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Success: six seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for the aerodynamically challenged, there are other brain training devices in development. One is the \u003ca href=\"http://ericawarp.com/?projects=neurodisco\">NeuroDisco\u003c/a>, a prototype computer program that can be used with an EEG headset. It’s designed by the composer-husband and neuroscientist-wife team of Richard and Erica Warp, along with designer Chung-Hay Luk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NeuroDisco reads brainwaves from an EEG headset called the Emotiv, whose 16 sensors must be carefully positioned around the temples and the back of your head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Fruitlessly, in my case. Apparently I have too much hair—or not enough brain. The Emotiv failed to pick up a signal.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of flying a helicopter, the Emotive feeds brain signals wirelessly into a laptop, where the NeuroDisco, a computer program designed by Richard in composing software called Max/MSP, translates the brain’s electrical patterns into music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The underlying beat corresponds to the type of emotional state. The Emotiv can’t read much of the range of human emotion, but it can, says Erica, “differentiate an excited state from a meditative state from a frustrated state, for example.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10326\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Amyeeg2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Amyeeg2.jpg\" alt=\"Erica Warp explains to me how the NeuroDisco works. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10326\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erica Warp explains to me how the NeuroDisco works. (Sara Bloomberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a “frustrated” state, the beat is pounding and loud, “like a Nine Inch Nails song,” Richard says. As you become calmer and more meditative, the beat becomes softer and recedes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/116956297″ width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notes, meanwhile, correspond to the intensity, or “push” of the emotional state. The stronger your meditative state becomes, for instance, the closer the notes come together, the more “shimmery” the music sounds. A more distracted, less focused state produces tones that are farther away from each other and more discordant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard, a former club-goer from London, says he wanted NeuroDisco’s music to be “subtle” and pleasant enough that a user might keep working with it, or as Richard puts it, “communing” with it. The idea is that over time, users will learn how to compose music by subtly changing their brain states, maybe increasing the intensity of their meditative states, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key to this learning process is the experience of biofeedback, where seeing a helicopter lift or hearing music shift tells the user in real time what his or her brain is doing and how it’s changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/116956835″ width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s how you would train to be a brain musician,” says Richard. Instead of listening to the sounds the piano produces when you hit the keys, “you’re training to control your mental processes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard says he’s always been an anxious person. The desire to feel more grounded is part of what led him to work on this project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was interested in creating an environment where people can really commune with their internal state,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is more technology really what we need to help us relax? Haven’t people been communing with their internal states without technology for thousands of years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this, Warp laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re doing the same thing as a meditator, a Buddhist monk might do. It’s just we in the West maybe need a device to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked that question of Adam Gazzaley, a neuroscientist who studies distraction and technology at University of California-San Francisco: Is technology what we need to help us relax? What about taking a walk, or actually learning to meditate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gazzaley points out that for some people, that’s a lot to ask, particularly meditation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people find it really hard to get started, because they’re not very good at it in the beginning,” he says. EEG games can help engage those people by offering tools they’re comfortable with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps for some, he adds, EEG feedback could one day be diagnostic—even therapeutic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine your child is diagnosed with ADHD,” says Gazzaley, “and you take them to the doctor. Instead of being given a box of pills, they put an EEG cap on and they play a video game that looks at how they pay attention to relevant information, how they ignore information, how they sustain attention, how they deal with multiple tasks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, that data gets turned into a game—one the child will actually want to play—that can train him or her to focus more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over time, they might see ‘wow, we’ve corrected those things and we didn’t need medication,’ or ‘we needed a lot less medication.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the rest of us, Gazzaley says, think of EEG games as baby steps toward learning new ways of calming down. Technology helped get us into this mess, maybe technology can help get us out.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As audiences for the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/6dz2gdXP6Zs\">“Carrie”\u003c/a> re-make are finding out in theaters across the country, the power to move things with your mind can be hazardous to one’s well-being and pretty much everyone else’s, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My own experience with telekinesis, by contrast, was pretty tame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//instagram.com/p/fx0qiDI_Ka/embed/\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"612\" height=\"710\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In order to get the helicopter to fly, reporter Amy Standen, wearing a headset that captures her brain waves, has to concentrate on a single thought. She doesn’t have to think about the helicopter flying; it can be any thought, but she can’t be distracted and think, “Wow,” once the helicopter starts to fly.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, I’d have a hard time doing this without the use of an EEG headset, in this case the MindWave Mobile, which is made by a San Jose company called NeuroSky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MindWave Mobile—much like two other mobile brain-wave-sensing devices called the Emotiv and Interaxon—is a pared-down version of something you’ve seen in science fiction movies anytime someone’s head is covered in electrodes. It’s an EEG, or electroencephalogram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EEG is a device that measures electrical activity inside the brain. It’s good at revealing patterns, like what happens during an epileptic seizure, or during sleep. (Sleep scientists using an EEG discovered the REM, or rapid eye movement state.) It can also detect patterns associated with certain emotional states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, these headsets have gotten easier to use and much less expensive; the MindWave Mobile costs $99. And this has encouraged developers to come up with ways to harness them for fun, by connecting mobile EEG headsets to other consumer devices like video games, smartphones and—as you see in the video above—miniature helicopters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnny Liu, who directs the developer program at NeuroSky, came into the KQED studios recently to show me how to use a headset in combination with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/puzzlebox/puzzlebox-orbit-brain-controlled-helicopter\">Puzzlebox Orbit Brain-Controlled Helicopter\u003c/a>. It’s a spherical cage about eight inches in diameter containing three small propellers. Liu positioned the headset’s single sensor over his forehead and powered up an iPad. Then, he just sat there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10324\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Science_Drone_0017_web-e1382747907800.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Science_Drone_0017_web-e1382747907800.jpg\" alt=\"The helicopter waits for the brain waves to kick in. (Sara Bloomberg/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10324\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The helicopter waits for the brain waves to kick in. (Sara Bloomberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m driving up my attention level,” he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon we had proof: A red bar on the iPad screen began to rise. When it passed the three-quarters mark, the helicopter’s propellers began to whir as the Orbit lifted from the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telekinesis is a lot harder than it looks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it was my turn, Liu told me to pick something, anything, to focus on. I thought about the fog I’d seen on a walk that morning. Nothing. I fixedly pictured my breakfast. Zilch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How about you just try thinking about the helicopter?” Liu suggested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It worked! For about three seconds. (The video above makes it look as if the helicopter flew after I focused on fog; that’s a flattering by-product of Instagram’s 15-second video limit.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can’t get frustrated with the helicopter, it turns out, because that’s different from concentration. You have to calmly focus on it, really hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">You’re doing the same thing as a meditator, a Buddhist monk might do. It’s just we in the West maybe need a device to do it.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Imagine,” Liu coached, “that you actually have telekinetic powers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Success: six seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for the aerodynamically challenged, there are other brain training devices in development. One is the \u003ca href=\"http://ericawarp.com/?projects=neurodisco\">NeuroDisco\u003c/a>, a prototype computer program that can be used with an EEG headset. It’s designed by the composer-husband and neuroscientist-wife team of Richard and Erica Warp, along with designer Chung-Hay Luk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NeuroDisco reads brainwaves from an EEG headset called the Emotiv, whose 16 sensors must be carefully positioned around the temples and the back of your head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Fruitlessly, in my case. Apparently I have too much hair—or not enough brain. The Emotiv failed to pick up a signal.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of flying a helicopter, the Emotive feeds brain signals wirelessly into a laptop, where the NeuroDisco, a computer program designed by Richard in composing software called Max/MSP, translates the brain’s electrical patterns into music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The underlying beat corresponds to the type of emotional state. The Emotiv can’t read much of the range of human emotion, but it can, says Erica, “differentiate an excited state from a meditative state from a frustrated state, for example.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10326\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Amyeeg2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Amyeeg2.jpg\" alt=\"Erica Warp explains to me how the NeuroDisco works. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10326\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erica Warp explains to me how the NeuroDisco works. (Sara Bloomberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a “frustrated” state, the beat is pounding and loud, “like a Nine Inch Nails song,” Richard says. As you become calmer and more meditative, the beat becomes softer and recedes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/116956297″&visual=true&undefined'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/116956297″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notes, meanwhile, correspond to the intensity, or “push” of the emotional state. The stronger your meditative state becomes, for instance, the closer the notes come together, the more “shimmery” the music sounds. A more distracted, less focused state produces tones that are farther away from each other and more discordant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard, a former club-goer from London, says he wanted NeuroDisco’s music to be “subtle” and pleasant enough that a user might keep working with it, or as Richard puts it, “communing” with it. The idea is that over time, users will learn how to compose music by subtly changing their brain states, maybe increasing the intensity of their meditative states, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key to this learning process is the experience of biofeedback, where seeing a helicopter lift or hearing music shift tells the user in real time what his or her brain is doing and how it’s changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/116956835″&visual=true&undefined'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/116956835″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s how you would train to be a brain musician,” says Richard. Instead of listening to the sounds the piano produces when you hit the keys, “you’re training to control your mental processes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard says he’s always been an anxious person. The desire to feel more grounded is part of what led him to work on this project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was interested in creating an environment where people can really commune with their internal state,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is more technology really what we need to help us relax? Haven’t people been communing with their internal states without technology for thousands of years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this, Warp laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re doing the same thing as a meditator, a Buddhist monk might do. It’s just we in the West maybe need a device to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked that question of Adam Gazzaley, a neuroscientist who studies distraction and technology at University of California-San Francisco: Is technology what we need to help us relax? What about taking a walk, or actually learning to meditate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gazzaley points out that for some people, that’s a lot to ask, particularly meditation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people find it really hard to get started, because they’re not very good at it in the beginning,” he says. EEG games can help engage those people by offering tools they’re comfortable with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps for some, he adds, EEG feedback could one day be diagnostic—even therapeutic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine your child is diagnosed with ADHD,” says Gazzaley, “and you take them to the doctor. Instead of being given a box of pills, they put an EEG cap on and they play a video game that looks at how they pay attention to relevant information, how they ignore information, how they sustain attention, how they deal with multiple tasks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, that data gets turned into a game—one the child will actually want to play—that can train him or her to focus more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over time, they might see ‘wow, we’ve corrected those things and we didn’t need medication,’ or ‘we needed a lot less medication.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "It's Geek Week - Bay Area Science Festival Kicks Off",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/50202982_50202981-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/50202982_50202981-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Learn about the science of touch with the star-nosed mole. (Photo: Dr. Ken Catania, Vanderbilt University)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Learn about the science of touch with the star-nosed mole. (Photo: Dr. Ken Catania, Vanderbilt University)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a> kicks off on Thursday with 50 events over 10 days. Now in its third year, the event is part of a growing movement of science festivals nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we first started this project, there was maybe four or five in the nation,” says festival director Kishore Hari. “Now there’s three dozen and there’s more coming online every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area residents can dive into the region’s rich scientific research through demos, lab tours, free talks and live performances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think science is an important part of the culture of the Bay Area,” Hari says. “A science festival elevates science as an important part of culture just like music and art and food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/schedule/\">full schedule\u003c/a>, and here are some of our event picks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/event/life-at-the-speed-of-light/\">Life at the Speed of Light\u003c/a> – October 25\u003cbr>\nA talk with J. Craig Venter about rewriting DNA to create synthetic life.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/event/yosemite-and-uc-berkeley-partners-in-research/\">Yosemite and UC Berkeley: Partners in Research\u003c/a> – October 26\u003cbr>\nFree public talk and museum tour, highlighting the legacy of scientific research in Yosemite, plus a screening of KQED’s “Resurveying California’s Wildlife 100 Years Later.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/event/touch-me-the-neuroscience-of-touch/\">Touch Me: The Science of Touch Sensation\u003c/a> – October 27\u003cbr>\nLearn about the sense of touch through the bizarre feelers of the star-nosed mole, plus the development of electronic skin.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/event/the-moth/\">The Moth: The Big Bang\u003c/a> – October 28\u003cbr>\nThe much-loved storytelling series delves into creation and chaos at Zellerbach Hall in Berkeley.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/festival/nerd-nite-at-sea-ii/\">Nerd Nite at Sea\u003c/a> – October 30\u003cbr>\nBoard the USS Hornet in Alameda for science demos on space and robotics (plus beer, 21+ only) and a screening of KQED’s “Edible Insects.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/festival/discovery-days-at-att-park/\">Discovery Days at AT&T Park\u003c/a> – November 2\u003cbr>\nA free science extravaganza filling an entire baseball park with 150 exhibits (including KQED Science).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/festival/radiolab/\">Radiolab Live: Apocalyptical\u003c/a> – November 12, 13, 17\u003cbr>\nRadiolab hosts Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich bring their show to the stage with a slew of special guests.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/50202982_50202981-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/50202982_50202981-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Learn about the science of touch with the star-nosed mole. (Photo: Dr. Ken Catania, Vanderbilt University)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Learn about the science of touch with the star-nosed mole. (Photo: Dr. Ken Catania, Vanderbilt University)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a> kicks off on Thursday with 50 events over 10 days. Now in its third year, the event is part of a growing movement of science festivals nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we first started this project, there was maybe four or five in the nation,” says festival director Kishore Hari. “Now there’s three dozen and there’s more coming online every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area residents can dive into the region’s rich scientific research through demos, lab tours, free talks and live performances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think science is an important part of the culture of the Bay Area,” Hari says. “A science festival elevates science as an important part of culture just like music and art and food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/schedule/\">full schedule\u003c/a>, and here are some of our event picks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/event/life-at-the-speed-of-light/\">Life at the Speed of Light\u003c/a> – October 25\u003cbr>\nA talk with J. Craig Venter about rewriting DNA to create synthetic life.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/event/yosemite-and-uc-berkeley-partners-in-research/\">Yosemite and UC Berkeley: Partners in Research\u003c/a> – October 26\u003cbr>\nFree public talk and museum tour, highlighting the legacy of scientific research in Yosemite, plus a screening of KQED’s “Resurveying California’s Wildlife 100 Years Later.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/event/touch-me-the-neuroscience-of-touch/\">Touch Me: The Science of Touch Sensation\u003c/a> – October 27\u003cbr>\nLearn about the sense of touch through the bizarre feelers of the star-nosed mole, plus the development of electronic skin.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/event/the-moth/\">The Moth: The Big Bang\u003c/a> – October 28\u003cbr>\nThe much-loved storytelling series delves into creation and chaos at Zellerbach Hall in Berkeley.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/festival/nerd-nite-at-sea-ii/\">Nerd Nite at Sea\u003c/a> – October 30\u003cbr>\nBoard the USS Hornet in Alameda for science demos on space and robotics (plus beer, 21+ only) and a screening of KQED’s “Edible Insects.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/festival/discovery-days-at-att-park/\">Discovery Days at AT&T Park\u003c/a> – November 2\u003cbr>\nA free science extravaganza filling an entire baseball park with 150 exhibits (including KQED Science).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/festival/radiolab/\">Radiolab Live: Apocalyptical\u003c/a> – November 12, 13, 17\u003cbr>\nRadiolab hosts Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich bring their show to the stage with a slew of special guests.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Joins Eight-State Roadmap To More Electric Cars",
"headTitle": "California Joins Eight-State Roadmap To More Electric Cars | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10229\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IMG_0012_crop.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10229\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IMG_0012_crop.jpg\" alt='An electric car \"fuels up\" at a public charger in Sacramento. (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An electric car “fuels up” at a public charger in Sacramento. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Transportation wonks prefer to call them ZEVs, or \u003ca title=\"OPR - ZEVs\" href=\"http://www.opr.ca.gov/s_zero-emissionvehicles.php\">zero-emission-vehicles\u003c/a>. Eight governors, including California Governor Jerry Brown want more of them on the road. So the group has signed a “memorandum” in which they pledge to “join forces to revolutionize the automobile market by promoting zero-emission vehicles.” In a joint statement, Brown called the move, “a serious and profoundly important commitment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The goal is to get 3.3 million of them on the road by 2025 and along the way, “to help build a \u003ca title=\"Autoblog - post\" href=\"http://green.autoblog.com/2013/10/11/global-electric-vehicle-sales-will-jump-48-each-year-through-20/\">robust national market\u003c/a> for electric and hydrogen-powered cars,” according to the multi-state news release. Exactly how they’ll go about that will be mapped out over the next six months. Specific actions are likely to include revamping building codes to standardize vehicle charging stations, and “developing streamlined metering options for homes equipped with electric vehicle chargers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could also mean more rebates or other perks for those who buy ZEVs, though it’s up to each state to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“…evaluate the need for, and effectiveness of, monetary incentives to reduce the upfront purchase price of ZEVs and non-monetary incentives, such as HOV lane access, reduced tolls and preferential parking, and to pursue such incentives as appropriate.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>California already has a rebate program in place, freshly re-funded by lawmakers. California also has the majority of ZEVs already on the road — about 50,000, compared to 15,000 for all of the other states in the pact combined. Most of the other states are back east — Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island and Vermont. But combined, the eight states represent about a quarter of the US car market. All of them have adopted targets for 15% of new car sales to be ZEVs by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Broadly defined, zero-emission vehicles can be battery-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid-electrics, or hydrogen fuel-cell-electric vehicles. But hydrogen models and infrastructure are \u003ca title=\"Wired - post\" href=\"http://www.wired.com/autopia/2013/10/elon-musk-hydrogen/\">running far behind\u003c/a> electrics in ramping up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states argue that they’re not rushing the technology, citing the 16 zero-emission vehicle models currently available from eight manufacturers. They also point to recent sales figures showing that “U.S. electric car sales in 2012 more than tripled to about 52,000 from 17,000 in 2011,” and that 40,000 plug-ins were sold in the first half of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know that electric cars are being sold at about three times the rate of where I understand the Prius was at this point in its rollout,” says Dave Clegern of the California Air Resources Board. “The market is definitely taking off. It’s just a question of getting it in place in a way that makes it easier for expansion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10229\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IMG_0012_crop.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10229\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IMG_0012_crop.jpg\" alt='An electric car \"fuels up\" at a public charger in Sacramento. (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An electric car “fuels up” at a public charger in Sacramento. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Transportation wonks prefer to call them ZEVs, or \u003ca title=\"OPR - ZEVs\" href=\"http://www.opr.ca.gov/s_zero-emissionvehicles.php\">zero-emission-vehicles\u003c/a>. Eight governors, including California Governor Jerry Brown want more of them on the road. So the group has signed a “memorandum” in which they pledge to “join forces to revolutionize the automobile market by promoting zero-emission vehicles.” In a joint statement, Brown called the move, “a serious and profoundly important commitment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The goal is to get 3.3 million of them on the road by 2025 and along the way, “to help build a \u003ca title=\"Autoblog - post\" href=\"http://green.autoblog.com/2013/10/11/global-electric-vehicle-sales-will-jump-48-each-year-through-20/\">robust national market\u003c/a> for electric and hydrogen-powered cars,” according to the multi-state news release. Exactly how they’ll go about that will be mapped out over the next six months. Specific actions are likely to include revamping building codes to standardize vehicle charging stations, and “developing streamlined metering options for homes equipped with electric vehicle chargers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could also mean more rebates or other perks for those who buy ZEVs, though it’s up to each state to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“…evaluate the need for, and effectiveness of, monetary incentives to reduce the upfront purchase price of ZEVs and non-monetary incentives, such as HOV lane access, reduced tolls and preferential parking, and to pursue such incentives as appropriate.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>California already has a rebate program in place, freshly re-funded by lawmakers. California also has the majority of ZEVs already on the road — about 50,000, compared to 15,000 for all of the other states in the pact combined. Most of the other states are back east — Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island and Vermont. But combined, the eight states represent about a quarter of the US car market. All of them have adopted targets for 15% of new car sales to be ZEVs by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Broadly defined, zero-emission vehicles can be battery-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid-electrics, or hydrogen fuel-cell-electric vehicles. But hydrogen models and infrastructure are \u003ca title=\"Wired - post\" href=\"http://www.wired.com/autopia/2013/10/elon-musk-hydrogen/\">running far behind\u003c/a> electrics in ramping up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states argue that they’re not rushing the technology, citing the 16 zero-emission vehicle models currently available from eight manufacturers. They also point to recent sales figures showing that “U.S. electric car sales in 2012 more than tripled to about 52,000 from 17,000 in 2011,” and that 40,000 plug-ins were sold in the first half of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know that electric cars are being sold at about three times the rate of where I understand the Prius was at this point in its rollout,” says Dave Clegern of the California Air Resources Board. “The market is definitely taking off. It’s just a question of getting it in place in a way that makes it easier for expansion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "What Makes 'Sneaker Waves' so Sneaky -- and Dangerous",
"headTitle": "What Makes ‘Sneaker Waves’ so Sneaky — and Dangerous | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IMG_0537_crop.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10201\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IMG_0537_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Waves crash along the Monterey Coast. (Craig Miller)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Waves crash along the Monterey Coast. (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week we’ve been hearing warnings of so-called “sneaker waves” along the coast, which have been \u003ca title=\"USA Today - post\" href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/11/26/sea-drown-san-francisco/1727583/\">known to sweep people and their pets out to sea without warning\u003c/a>. These waves are especially sneaky because they can often occur when the weather is perfectly nice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t see a lot of weather during these events,” says Larry Smith, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service in Monterey. “And that kind of feeds into the ‘sneaker wave’ thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the presence of sneaker waves means that the weather is bad somewhere. These sneakers are the remnants of \u003ca title=\"BBC - post\" href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24531140\">Typhoon Wipha,\u003c/a> which shredded its way along the coast of Japan last week, before heading toward the Aleutian Islands. We’re catching them at the end of a 2,000-mile journey, across what scientists call the “fetch zone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The winds within that fetch zone were between 50 and 60 knots, I believe,” Smith explains. (That translates to winds speeds of 57 to 69 miles an hour.) “So those winds over those waves continually build the ocean up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while size matters, a sneaker’s danger is compounded by the speed it’s moving when it hits the shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of times these waves may only be 4-6 feet in the open sea,” says Smith. “But they’re moving at a much higher velocity than we usually see on the coast.” Meteorologists measure the velocity of a moving wave by the “period,” the distance from the bottom of the trough on one side of the wave to the bottom of the trough on the other side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith and his colleague, Warren Blier, got their pencils out for us and calculated that in open waters, where the wave is seeing little-to-no friction, a 5-foot-high wave with a period of 20 seconds will be traveling at a highway speed of around 70 mph, easily twice as fast as the more typical waves we see along the coast. It’s not uncommon for sneaker waves to have periods of 20 seconds or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the waves begin to feel the beach bottom they will begin to slow down substantially,” says Smith. So that wave with the 20-second period will hit a typical beach at something like the speed of a running adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, many of our beaches aren’t typical. “The catch is that along our coast we have many steep beaches that don’t slow the fast-moving wave down,” says Smith, citing as examples Monastery and Carmel River Beaches, located just south of Carmel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the terms “sneaker” and “rogue” wave are often used interchangeably in media reports, Smith considers a “rogue wave” a different phenomenon, one that occurs out at sea, as a result of wave interactions. Rogue or sneaker, one certainly caught spectators off guard as they were watching the Mavericks surf competition in 2010 (see video).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jV7KhSdUQPU\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says this particular event is subsiding now, so far without any reported tragic incidents along the Bay Area coast.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "These insidious waves often seem to come out of nowhere and claim lives -- even on calm, sunny days. But how?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IMG_0537_crop.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10201\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/IMG_0537_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Waves crash along the Monterey Coast. (Craig Miller)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Waves crash along the Monterey Coast. (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week we’ve been hearing warnings of so-called “sneaker waves” along the coast, which have been \u003ca title=\"USA Today - post\" href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/11/26/sea-drown-san-francisco/1727583/\">known to sweep people and their pets out to sea without warning\u003c/a>. These waves are especially sneaky because they can often occur when the weather is perfectly nice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t see a lot of weather during these events,” says Larry Smith, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service in Monterey. “And that kind of feeds into the ‘sneaker wave’ thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the presence of sneaker waves means that the weather is bad somewhere. These sneakers are the remnants of \u003ca title=\"BBC - post\" href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24531140\">Typhoon Wipha,\u003c/a> which shredded its way along the coast of Japan last week, before heading toward the Aleutian Islands. We’re catching them at the end of a 2,000-mile journey, across what scientists call the “fetch zone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The winds within that fetch zone were between 50 and 60 knots, I believe,” Smith explains. (That translates to winds speeds of 57 to 69 miles an hour.) “So those winds over those waves continually build the ocean up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while size matters, a sneaker’s danger is compounded by the speed it’s moving when it hits the shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of times these waves may only be 4-6 feet in the open sea,” says Smith. “But they’re moving at a much higher velocity than we usually see on the coast.” Meteorologists measure the velocity of a moving wave by the “period,” the distance from the bottom of the trough on one side of the wave to the bottom of the trough on the other side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith and his colleague, Warren Blier, got their pencils out for us and calculated that in open waters, where the wave is seeing little-to-no friction, a 5-foot-high wave with a period of 20 seconds will be traveling at a highway speed of around 70 mph, easily twice as fast as the more typical waves we see along the coast. It’s not uncommon for sneaker waves to have periods of 20 seconds or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the waves begin to feel the beach bottom they will begin to slow down substantially,” says Smith. So that wave with the 20-second period will hit a typical beach at something like the speed of a running adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, many of our beaches aren’t typical. “The catch is that along our coast we have many steep beaches that don’t slow the fast-moving wave down,” says Smith, citing as examples Monastery and Carmel River Beaches, located just south of Carmel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the terms “sneaker” and “rogue” wave are often used interchangeably in media reports, Smith considers a “rogue wave” a different phenomenon, one that occurs out at sea, as a result of wave interactions. Rogue or sneaker, one certainly caught spectators off guard as they were watching the Mavericks surf competition in 2010 (see video).\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/jV7KhSdUQPU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/jV7KhSdUQPU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says this particular event is subsiding now, so far without any reported tragic incidents along the Bay Area coast.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Road Kill or Road Crossing: California Slow to Protect Wildlife",
"title": "Road Kill or Road Crossing: California Slow to Protect Wildlife",
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"content": "\u003cp>Most drivers have had this experience: it’s late at night and out of nowhere an animal darts across the road. Thousands of animals are hit every year in California, taking a toll on both wildlife and drivers. Nationwide, wildlife collisions are estimated to cause $1 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several western states have built infrastructure to help wildlife cross under highways safely—projects known as “wildlife corridors.” Some experts say that while California officials know about the extent of the problem, the state is way behind in solving it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dangers have recently become clear in the Santa Cruz Mountains, where mountain lions are crossing Highway 17, a winding, four-lane highway. The population is being studied by the \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/\">Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/a>, run out of the University of California-Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny, late-spring afternoon, field biologist Paul Houghtaling meets up with Dan Tichenor, a volunteer from California Houndsmen for Conservation, and his hound dogs. They tracked the scent of a mountain lion, now in a tree to avoid the barking dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s looking at us,” Houghtaling says, looking up at the lion. “He’s interested in us but just a little while ago he had his head down on the branch. He’s gonna wait us out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62748\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\" alt=\" Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\" width=\"400\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Houghtaling intends to put a radio and GPS tracking collar on the lion. The data will feed into a five-year project to document mountain lion movements in the area and study how they live around people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had several lions that have crossed Highway 17 down near Santa Cruz many times,” he says. “One of them was hit and killed about a week before she was going to give birth to a single kitten.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four other lions have been killed on Highway 17 in the last few years. Houghtaling says the data show that most of them are trying to cross the highway at the same places, which makes those locations good candidates for wildlife corridor projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Circle of Death”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know it’s a problem and we know how to fix it,” said Fraser Shilling, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/\">Road Ecology Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis. “Almost every place you have a highway near an open space area, we have hotspots. So it’s sort of a circle of death around the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s highway network fragments wildlife habitat, either forcing animals to cross freeways or isolating them in “islands” of habitat. Scientists say connecting habitat will be increasingly important with climate change, as animals and plants need to move with shifting conditions. A recent effort by conservation groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayarealands.org/next-steps/linkages.php\">identified 14 places \u003c/a>where preserving land would connect the Bay Area's open spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlifecrossing.net/california/\">Citizen scientists have documented\u003c/a> around 7,000 dead animals on Bay Area roads over the last four years, which Shilling says represents a fraction of the total number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62746\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map-278x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots.\" width=\"278\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots (\u003cstrong>click to enlarge\u003c/strong>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another road-kill hotspot is Interstate 280, a commuter favorite heading south out of San Francisco. The multi-lane freeway opens to rolling, grassy hills on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/07/30/103810/study_tracks_deer_movement_on_interstate_280?category=science\">tracked deer behavior around the freeway\u003c/a> for six months. “They’ll come right up to the edge of highway,” he says. “They’ll also try to cross the highway and because it’s so busy, they really can’t make it. They’ll get hit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collisions at freeway speeds are often fatal for the deer, and sometimes for the driver. Every year, drivers hit about 40 deer along I-280, but Shilling found some deer are going under the freeway through culverts and underpasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report he’s drafting for Caltrans, Shilling recommends putting up wildlife fencing that would funnel deer to the underpasses, keeping them off the freeway. Those underpasses could be made more attractive to wildlife by creating separate pathways for people and animals to use. Animals tend to avoid areas that are heavily used by people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building fences can be expensive—up to $100,000 per mile—but Shilling compares that to cost of collisions from vehicle damage and injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On Interstate 280, there are places where the cost is about $10,000–40,000 per mile from collisions per year,” he says. “So when you add that up and say: what is that over ten years and would it be cost-effective to do something? Certainly, it would save society money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other western states like Colorado and Montana have put in fences and built underpasses on major highways, and the projects have proven effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling says California is lagging behind. “We build about one wildlife underpass per year and the scale of the problem here is huge,” he says. “Because this is framed as an environmental issue, Caltrans seems to ignore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Waiting for Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a problem,” says Bob Haus, spokesman for Caltrans District 4, representing the Bay Area. “It’s very difficult for humans and wildlife to mix. If we can cut down on human injuries and wildlife injuries, then we’ll do anything we can to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says Caltrans is building a culvert for wildlife near Napa \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/12jamesoncanyon/\">as Highway 12 is widened\u003c/a>. But that’s only one of five projects being built or designed specifically for wildlife in the Bay Area that Caltrans could name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62750\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62750\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\" alt=\"A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\" width=\"360\" height=\"262\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The agency also remains skeptical about using fencing as a guide path. “So, say if you have fencing that’s specifically designed for a deer, it might harm other species,” Haus says. “So if there’s anyway at all to avoid the fencing, we try to do that right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says his district has commissioned a report from UC Davis about Bay Area collision hotspots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really depends on what they recommend. If it requires any changes to what our projects already are, we’ll go from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraser Shilling wants to see legislation that requires Caltrans to make all highway projects more wildlife-safe. “The agency, Caltrans, has known about this problem for a long time,” he says. “They’ve heard about it from Fish and Game. They’ve heard about it from their peers. They’re not doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe there’s a lot more that can be done in California to make habitats more connected for wildlife, particularly across roads and other kinds of barriers,” says David Wright, who works on the Resource Assessment Program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that if we starting thinking about every project as it comes up and trying to make sure that we include something that improves connectivity for wildlife, then I think we’ll start seeing better habitat and more wildlife in our state,\" Wright says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Progress on Highway 17\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the Santa Cruz mountains, Paul Houghtaling loads his rifle with a dart to sedate the mountain lion in the tree above us. He takes aim and the dart hits square in the thigh. The mountain lion leaps down and runs by at full speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He catches up with her (turns out it’s a “she”) as she’s failing asleep under some bushes. Houghtaling takes her vitals and fits her with a radio collar, giving her the name \"\u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/2013/05/30/meet-38f/\">38F\u003c/a>\" as the 38th mountain lion in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things could be looking up for the Santa Cruz lion population. Local land trusts, including the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, the Land Trust of Santa Cruz County, and the Peninsula Open Space Trust, are working with another Caltrans district, District 5, to improve highway 17 by expanding culverts and putting up fencing in two locations. The group is using cameras to study animal movement in those corridors and is currently applying for state funding to complete the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the mountain lion capture in KQED's \"Science on the SPOT: Chasing Pumas\":\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQyh13LOmnM&noredirect=1\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Drivers hit thousands of animals every year on California freeways, often killing the wildlife, and sometimes killing or injuring the human, too. Several western states have built fencing and other infrastructure to help wildlife cross freeways safely, and critics say California could be doing a lot more of the same.",
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"title": "Road Kill or Road Crossing: California Slow to Protect Wildlife | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most drivers have had this experience: it’s late at night and out of nowhere an animal darts across the road. Thousands of animals are hit every year in California, taking a toll on both wildlife and drivers. Nationwide, wildlife collisions are estimated to cause $1 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several western states have built infrastructure to help wildlife cross under highways safely—projects known as “wildlife corridors.” Some experts say that while California officials know about the extent of the problem, the state is way behind in solving it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dangers have recently become clear in the Santa Cruz Mountains, where mountain lions are crossing Highway 17, a winding, four-lane highway. The population is being studied by the \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/\">Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/a>, run out of the University of California-Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny, late-spring afternoon, field biologist Paul Houghtaling meets up with Dan Tichenor, a volunteer from California Houndsmen for Conservation, and his hound dogs. They tracked the scent of a mountain lion, now in a tree to avoid the barking dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s looking at us,” Houghtaling says, looking up at the lion. “He’s interested in us but just a little while ago he had his head down on the branch. He’s gonna wait us out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62748\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/280-deer.jpg\" alt=\" Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\" width=\"400\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deer crossing under I-280 in the Bay Area, as captured by a wildlife camera. Scientists say fencing could help direct animals to these spots. (Photo: UC Davis Road Ecology Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Houghtaling intends to put a radio and GPS tracking collar on the lion. The data will feed into a five-year project to document mountain lion movements in the area and study how they live around people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve had several lions that have crossed Highway 17 down near Santa Cruz many times,” he says. “One of them was hit and killed about a week before she was going to give birth to a single kitten.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four other lions have been killed on Highway 17 in the last few years. Houghtaling says the data show that most of them are trying to cross the highway at the same places, which makes those locations good candidates for wildlife corridor projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Circle of Death”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know it’s a problem and we know how to fix it,” said Fraser Shilling, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://roadecology.ucdavis.edu/\">Road Ecology Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis. “Almost every place you have a highway near an open space area, we have hotspots. So it’s sort of a circle of death around the Bay Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s highway network fragments wildlife habitat, either forcing animals to cross freeways or isolating them in “islands” of habitat. Scientists say connecting habitat will be increasingly important with climate change, as animals and plants need to move with shifting conditions. A recent effort by conservation groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayarealands.org/next-steps/linkages.php\">identified 14 places \u003c/a>where preserving land would connect the Bay Area's open spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlifecrossing.net/california/\">Citizen scientists have documented\u003c/a> around 7,000 dead animals on Bay Area roads over the last four years, which Shilling says represents a fraction of the total number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62746\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/hotspot-map-278x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots.\" width=\"278\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area wildlife collision hotspots (\u003cstrong>click to enlarge\u003c/strong>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another road-kill hotspot is Interstate 280, a commuter favorite heading south out of San Francisco. The multi-lane freeway opens to rolling, grassy hills on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/07/30/103810/study_tracks_deer_movement_on_interstate_280?category=science\">tracked deer behavior around the freeway\u003c/a> for six months. “They’ll come right up to the edge of highway,” he says. “They’ll also try to cross the highway and because it’s so busy, they really can’t make it. They’ll get hit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collisions at freeway speeds are often fatal for the deer, and sometimes for the driver. Every year, drivers hit about 40 deer along I-280, but Shilling found some deer are going under the freeway through culverts and underpasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report he’s drafting for Caltrans, Shilling recommends putting up wildlife fencing that would funnel deer to the underpasses, keeping them off the freeway. Those underpasses could be made more attractive to wildlife by creating separate pathways for people and animals to use. Animals tend to avoid areas that are heavily used by people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building fences can be expensive—up to $100,000 per mile—but Shilling compares that to cost of collisions from vehicle damage and injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On Interstate 280, there are places where the cost is about $10,000–40,000 per mile from collisions per year,” he says. “So when you add that up and say: what is that over ten years and would it be cost-effective to do something? Certainly, it would save society money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other western states like Colorado and Montana have put in fences and built underpasses on major highways, and the projects have proven effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shilling says California is lagging behind. “We build about one wildlife underpass per year and the scale of the problem here is huge,” he says. “Because this is framed as an environmental issue, Caltrans seems to ignore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Waiting for Report\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a problem,” says Bob Haus, spokesman for Caltrans District 4, representing the Bay Area. “It’s very difficult for humans and wildlife to mix. If we can cut down on human injuries and wildlife injuries, then we’ll do anything we can to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says Caltrans is building a culvert for wildlife near Napa \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/12jamesoncanyon/\">as Highway 12 is widened\u003c/a>. But that’s only one of five projects being built or designed specifically for wildlife in the Bay Area that Caltrans could name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62750\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62750\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Hwy-101-Tick-Creek-Bobcat.jpg\" alt=\"A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\" width=\"360\" height=\"262\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat uses an existing culvert under Highway 152, the site of a wildlife corridor research project by the Nature Conservancy (Photo: The Nature Conservancy Pajaro Connectivity Study).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The agency also remains skeptical about using fencing as a guide path. “So, say if you have fencing that’s specifically designed for a deer, it might harm other species,” Haus says. “So if there’s anyway at all to avoid the fencing, we try to do that right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haus says his district has commissioned a report from UC Davis about Bay Area collision hotspots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really depends on what they recommend. If it requires any changes to what our projects already are, we’ll go from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fraser Shilling wants to see legislation that requires Caltrans to make all highway projects more wildlife-safe. “The agency, Caltrans, has known about this problem for a long time,” he says. “They’ve heard about it from Fish and Game. They’ve heard about it from their peers. They’re not doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe there’s a lot more that can be done in California to make habitats more connected for wildlife, particularly across roads and other kinds of barriers,” says David Wright, who works on the Resource Assessment Program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that if we starting thinking about every project as it comes up and trying to make sure that we include something that improves connectivity for wildlife, then I think we’ll start seeing better habitat and more wildlife in our state,\" Wright says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Progress on Highway 17\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the Santa Cruz mountains, Paul Houghtaling loads his rifle with a dart to sedate the mountain lion in the tree above us. He takes aim and the dart hits square in the thigh. The mountain lion leaps down and runs by at full speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He catches up with her (turns out it’s a “she”) as she’s failing asleep under some bushes. Houghtaling takes her vitals and fits her with a radio collar, giving her the name \"\u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/2013/05/30/meet-38f/\">38F\u003c/a>\" as the 38th mountain lion in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things could be looking up for the Santa Cruz lion population. Local land trusts, including the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, the Land Trust of Santa Cruz County, and the Peninsula Open Space Trust, are working with another Caltrans district, District 5, to improve highway 17 by expanding culverts and putting up fencing in two locations. The group is using cameras to study animal movement in those corridors and is currently applying for state funding to complete the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the mountain lion capture in KQED's \"Science on the SPOT: Chasing Pumas\":\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Inside the New Tunnel 100 Feet Below San Francisco Bay",
"headTitle": "Inside the New Tunnel 100 Feet Below San Francisco Bay | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>By Molly Samuel and Amy Standen\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday is the 24th anniversary of the Loma Prieta Earthquake, which, aside from damaging the Bay Bridge and disrupting a World Series game, reminded Bay Area residents that our water system is on shaky ground. (Well, it probably didn’t really remind everyone of that.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in 2002, San Francisco got around to passing a ballot measure to seismically retrofit the water system. And in 2010, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission started construction on a tunnel under the Bay that’s intended to be able to deliver our drinking water, rain or shine or earthquake. The $286 million tunnel is the first that’s actually beneath the Bay; BART’s Transbay Tube sits on the bottom of the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/tunnel.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/tunnel.jpg\" alt=\"tunnel\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnel is five miles long and 15 feet in diameter, built with concrete and steel pipeline. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not quite finished, but to commemorate the earthquake anniversary, the SFPUC invited media down into the tunnel, to see the thing before it fills up with water from the Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/elevator.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10109\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/elevator.jpg\" alt=\"elevator\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One end of the tunnel is in Menlo Park, the other end is in Newark. An elevator on the Menlo Park side goes down more than 100 feet to the opening of the tunnel. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/tunnel-dark.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10113\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/tunnel-dark.jpg\" alt=\"tunnel-dark\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sorry for the graininess; it’s pretty dark in there. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/lookingout.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/lookingout.jpg\" alt=\"lookingout\" width=\"640\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To dig the tunnel, the SFPUC brought in a $10 million custom-made tunnel-boring machine from Japan. Engineers here like to say the machine “eats dirt and spits out concrete tunnel.” Driving the machine were miners who spent ten-hour work days 100 feet below daylight. When they got to the other side of the tunnel, they were less than a quarter of an inch off target — “well within the margin of error,” says Program Director Julie Labonte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC expects to finish working on the tunnel in late-2014, six months ahead of schedule. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the project, watch a TV segment we did about it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=512a_hetchhetchy.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F09%2F512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-Sunol-TWR.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=512a_hetchhetchy.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F09%2F512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-Sunol-TWR.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The $286 million tunnel is the first ever to cross under the Bay, and -- once it comes online in 2015 -- will carry 300 million gallons of water a day from the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir to San Francisco and Peninsula residents.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>By Molly Samuel and Amy Standen\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday is the 24th anniversary of the Loma Prieta Earthquake, which, aside from damaging the Bay Bridge and disrupting a World Series game, reminded Bay Area residents that our water system is on shaky ground. (Well, it probably didn’t really remind everyone of that.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in 2002, San Francisco got around to passing a ballot measure to seismically retrofit the water system. And in 2010, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission started construction on a tunnel under the Bay that’s intended to be able to deliver our drinking water, rain or shine or earthquake. The $286 million tunnel is the first that’s actually beneath the Bay; BART’s Transbay Tube sits on the bottom of the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/tunnel.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/tunnel.jpg\" alt=\"tunnel\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnel is five miles long and 15 feet in diameter, built with concrete and steel pipeline. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not quite finished, but to commemorate the earthquake anniversary, the SFPUC invited media down into the tunnel, to see the thing before it fills up with water from the Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/elevator.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10109\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/elevator.jpg\" alt=\"elevator\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One end of the tunnel is in Menlo Park, the other end is in Newark. An elevator on the Menlo Park side goes down more than 100 feet to the opening of the tunnel. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/tunnel-dark.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10113\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/tunnel-dark.jpg\" alt=\"tunnel-dark\" width=\"640\" height=\"853\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sorry for the graininess; it’s pretty dark in there. (Amy Standen/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/lookingout.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/lookingout.jpg\" alt=\"lookingout\" width=\"640\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To dig the tunnel, the SFPUC brought in a $10 million custom-made tunnel-boring machine from Japan. Engineers here like to say the machine “eats dirt and spits out concrete tunnel.” Driving the machine were miners who spent ten-hour work days 100 feet below daylight. When they got to the other side of the tunnel, they were less than a quarter of an inch off target — “well within the margin of error,” says Program Director Julie Labonte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC expects to finish working on the tunnel in late-2014, six months ahead of schedule. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the project, watch a TV segment we did about it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=512a_hetchhetchy.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F09%2F512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-Sunol-TWR.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=512a_hetchhetchy.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F09%2F512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-Sunol-TWR.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New State Laws on Fracking and Toxics: A Mixed Bag for Environmentalists",
"headTitle": "New State Laws on Fracking and Toxics: A Mixed Bag for Environmentalists | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>By Amy Standen and Molly Samuel\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10027\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Brown-signature-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10027\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Brown-signature-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Office of California Governor Jerry Brown)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Photo: Office of California Governor Jerry Brown)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here at KQED, like a lot of news outfits, we tend to cover bills before they pass, during the often fiery debates over whether they deserve the Governor’s signature. On Sunday, those debates (at least some of them) came to an end with the winding down of the legislative season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the press went to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/12/californias-minimum-wage/\">minimum wage boost\u003c/a> (raising workers’ hourly minimum from $8 to $10 an hour by January 2016) and a law granting \u003ca href=\"http://topics.sacbee.com/driver%27s+licenses/\">driver’s licenses\u003c/a> to undocumented immigrants. But there were a number of science and environment bills in the mix. Among California’s new environmental laws:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Hunters will be banned from using lead bullets. \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/11/to-protect-wildlife-california-bans-hunting-with-lead-bullets/\">This law\u003c/a>, the first of its kind in the country, was inspired largely by efforts to protect the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-condors-on-the-brink-california-considers-a-lead-bullet-ban-for-hunters/\">endangered California condor\u003c/a>. Scientists say condors suffer from lead poisoning when they eat carcasses left behind by hunters.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 532px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-9941 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered California condors are among the wildlife at risk from eating lead bullets in carrion. (Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\" width=\"532\" height=\"297\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endangered California condors are among the wildlife at risk from eating lead bullets in carrion. (Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society) \u003ccite>(Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Renters will be able to choose to buy more renewable energy.\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailydemocrat.com/breakingnews/ci_24094654/wolks-community-green-energy-legislation-sent-governor\">The bill\u003c/a> makes it possible for customers of PG&E and the other big investor-owned utilities in California to buy up to 100% of their electricity from renewable sources. So if you’re a renter — or maybe your roof is just too shady for solar panels — you’ll have more access to solar and wind power.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Electricity rates will be overhauled. \u003c/strong>The law requires utilities to continue buying electricity generated by rooftop solar panels on people’s homes, an incentive known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/could-rooftop-solar-kill-utilities-california-grapples-with-solars-success-2/\">net metering\u003c/a>. It also allows a fixed charge on some people’s bills to help maintain the grid, creates a\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-brown-energy-bills-20131008,0,6466305.story\"> new formula\u003c/a> which is intended to lower rates for people in hotter parts of the state and allows regulators to require that utilities \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Law-to-change-energy-rates-aid-renewable-power-4876504.php\">generate more power from renewable sources\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>California and Nevada bury the hatchet over Tahoe. \u003c/strong>The bi-state Tahoe Regional Planning Agency was created by Congress in 1969 to end the rampant development that reduced the lake’s fabled clarity. Nevada threatened to leave the agency, but now \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/14/new-rules-for-lake-tahoe-development-give-locals-more-leverage/\">both Brown\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://gov.nv.gov/News-and-Media/Press/2013/Sandoval-Signs-TRPA-Bill/\">Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval\u003c/a> have signed on to continue working together.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 518px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_SandHarbor_7-11-13_0816_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10014 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_SandHarbor_7-11-13_0816_resized.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors like these in Sand Harbor, Nevada, are some of the 3 million yearly tourists that fuel Lake Tahoe’s economy. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\" width=\"518\" height=\"292\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors like these in Sand Harbor, Nevada, are some of the 3 million yearly tourists that fuel Lake Tahoe’s economy. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Pregnant women will be warned about toxic chemicals. \u003c/strong>Medical providers already give pregnant women a pamphlet on prenatal testing. Now they’ll also provide information about the dangers of chemical exposures.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Fire safety officials will weigh whether to use flame retardants in buildings. \u003c/strong>Previous laws required the use of chemical flame retardants in buildings but studies have shown that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/03/28/118491/epa_asks_are_flame_retardants_safe?category=bay+area\">chemicals themselves could be dangerous\u003c/a>. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Law-may-cut-use-of-flame-retardants-in-buildings-4879854.php\">new law doesn’t ban their use\u003c/a>, but it does ask regulators to consider their options.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/16/111444/environmental-bills-failing-california\">suffered some setbacks\u003c/a>, too:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>A bill that regulates fracking in California passed, \u003c/strong>but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/11/110875/fracking-bill-caifornia-senate-vote\">environmentalists aren’t happy\u003c/a> about it — they say it’s a “half measure.” The law requires drillers to report what chemicals they’re using and how much water they withdraw, but it does not introduce a moratorium on fracking, which some environmental groups wanted to see until more research is done on the impacts.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/frackingprotest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10038 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/frackingprotest.jpg\" alt=\"The group Californians Against Fracking staged a protest outside of California Gov. Jerry Brown's San Francisco offices demanding that Gov. Brown ban fracking in the state. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"512\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The group Californians Against Fracking staged a protest outside of California Gov. Jerry Brown’s San Francisco offices demanding that Gov. Brown ban fracking in the state. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>The California Coastal Commission will not be given the ability to issue fines.\u003c/strong> A bill would have \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_23653226/california-coastal-commission-bill-could-give-commission-teeth\">allowed the Coastal Commission to issue fines\u003c/a> for building illegal structures, blocking beach access or damaging habitat (as it is now, the Commission can’t fine people for violating the law), but it \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/sep/10/local/la-me-coastal-bill-20130911\">didn’t make it past the State Assembly\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>A probe into whether California refineries are manipulating gas production and prices won’t happen. \u003c/strong>Gas prices in California are some of the highest in the country. That’s due at least in part to California’s strict \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm\">air quality laws\u003c/a>. This bill would have assigned the California Energy Commission the task of tracking oil prices to find out if there is any price manipulation happening. Brown \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/SB_448_2013_Veto_Message.pdf\">vetoed the bill\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plastic bags won’t be banned statewide. \u003c/strong>California cities from \u003ca href=\"http://www.cawrecycles.org/issues/plastic_campaign/plastic_bags/local\">Ukiah to West Hollywood\u003c/a> have banned plastic bags, but an effort to introduce a statewide ban \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/30/local/la-me-pc-plastic-bag-ban-20130530\">died in the State Senate\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And one new law that we don’t see landing squarely either in the environmentalists’ “wins” or “losses” list:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Prop. 65 will be slightly revised.\u003c/strong> The source of all those warning signs in businesses, Prop. 65 was passed by voters to reduce exposure to toxic chemicals, and it’s lead to a host of lawsuits — but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one/\">some say many of them are frivolous\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/business/networth/article/Prop-65-lawsuit-bill-helps-businesses-4876499.php\">new law\u003c/a> allows small businesses that are in violation of Prop. 65 to avoid an expensive lawsuit by putting up a sign and paying a fine.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Now that California's legislative session is now over, here's a roundup of the environmental bills that passed -- and a review of some big ones that didn't.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>By Amy Standen and Molly Samuel\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10027\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Brown-signature-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10027\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Brown-signature-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Office of California Governor Jerry Brown)\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Photo: Office of California Governor Jerry Brown)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here at KQED, like a lot of news outfits, we tend to cover bills before they pass, during the often fiery debates over whether they deserve the Governor’s signature. On Sunday, those debates (at least some of them) came to an end with the winding down of the legislative season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the press went to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/12/californias-minimum-wage/\">minimum wage boost\u003c/a> (raising workers’ hourly minimum from $8 to $10 an hour by January 2016) and a law granting \u003ca href=\"http://topics.sacbee.com/driver%27s+licenses/\">driver’s licenses\u003c/a> to undocumented immigrants. But there were a number of science and environment bills in the mix. Among California’s new environmental laws:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Hunters will be banned from using lead bullets. \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/11/to-protect-wildlife-california-bans-hunting-with-lead-bullets/\">This law\u003c/a>, the first of its kind in the country, was inspired largely by efforts to protect the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-condors-on-the-brink-california-considers-a-lead-bullet-ban-for-hunters/\">endangered California condor\u003c/a>. Scientists say condors suffer from lead poisoning when they eat carcasses left behind by hunters.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 532px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-9941 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered California condors are among the wildlife at risk from eating lead bullets in carrion. (Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\" width=\"532\" height=\"297\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endangered California condors are among the wildlife at risk from eating lead bullets in carrion. (Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society) \u003ccite>(Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Renters will be able to choose to buy more renewable energy.\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailydemocrat.com/breakingnews/ci_24094654/wolks-community-green-energy-legislation-sent-governor\">The bill\u003c/a> makes it possible for customers of PG&E and the other big investor-owned utilities in California to buy up to 100% of their electricity from renewable sources. So if you’re a renter — or maybe your roof is just too shady for solar panels — you’ll have more access to solar and wind power.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Electricity rates will be overhauled. \u003c/strong>The law requires utilities to continue buying electricity generated by rooftop solar panels on people’s homes, an incentive known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/could-rooftop-solar-kill-utilities-california-grapples-with-solars-success-2/\">net metering\u003c/a>. It also allows a fixed charge on some people’s bills to help maintain the grid, creates a\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-brown-energy-bills-20131008,0,6466305.story\"> new formula\u003c/a> which is intended to lower rates for people in hotter parts of the state and allows regulators to require that utilities \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Law-to-change-energy-rates-aid-renewable-power-4876504.php\">generate more power from renewable sources\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>California and Nevada bury the hatchet over Tahoe. \u003c/strong>The bi-state Tahoe Regional Planning Agency was created by Congress in 1969 to end the rampant development that reduced the lake’s fabled clarity. Nevada threatened to leave the agency, but now \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/14/new-rules-for-lake-tahoe-development-give-locals-more-leverage/\">both Brown\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://gov.nv.gov/News-and-Media/Press/2013/Sandoval-Signs-TRPA-Bill/\">Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval\u003c/a> have signed on to continue working together.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 518px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_SandHarbor_7-11-13_0816_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10014 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_SandHarbor_7-11-13_0816_resized.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors like these in Sand Harbor, Nevada, are some of the 3 million yearly tourists that fuel Lake Tahoe’s economy. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\" width=\"518\" height=\"292\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors like these in Sand Harbor, Nevada, are some of the 3 million yearly tourists that fuel Lake Tahoe’s economy. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Pregnant women will be warned about toxic chemicals. \u003c/strong>Medical providers already give pregnant women a pamphlet on prenatal testing. Now they’ll also provide information about the dangers of chemical exposures.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Fire safety officials will weigh whether to use flame retardants in buildings. \u003c/strong>Previous laws required the use of chemical flame retardants in buildings but studies have shown that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/03/28/118491/epa_asks_are_flame_retardants_safe?category=bay+area\">chemicals themselves could be dangerous\u003c/a>. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Law-may-cut-use-of-flame-retardants-in-buildings-4879854.php\">new law doesn’t ban their use\u003c/a>, but it does ask regulators to consider their options.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/16/111444/environmental-bills-failing-california\">suffered some setbacks\u003c/a>, too:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>A bill that regulates fracking in California passed, \u003c/strong>but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/09/11/110875/fracking-bill-caifornia-senate-vote\">environmentalists aren’t happy\u003c/a> about it — they say it’s a “half measure.” The law requires drillers to report what chemicals they’re using and how much water they withdraw, but it does not introduce a moratorium on fracking, which some environmental groups wanted to see until more research is done on the impacts.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 512px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/frackingprotest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10038 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/frackingprotest.jpg\" alt=\"The group Californians Against Fracking staged a protest outside of California Gov. Jerry Brown's San Francisco offices demanding that Gov. Brown ban fracking in the state. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"512\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The group Californians Against Fracking staged a protest outside of California Gov. Jerry Brown’s San Francisco offices demanding that Gov. Brown ban fracking in the state. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>The California Coastal Commission will not be given the ability to issue fines.\u003c/strong> A bill would have \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_23653226/california-coastal-commission-bill-could-give-commission-teeth\">allowed the Coastal Commission to issue fines\u003c/a> for building illegal structures, blocking beach access or damaging habitat (as it is now, the Commission can’t fine people for violating the law), but it \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/sep/10/local/la-me-coastal-bill-20130911\">didn’t make it past the State Assembly\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>A probe into whether California refineries are manipulating gas production and prices won’t happen. \u003c/strong>Gas prices in California are some of the highest in the country. That’s due at least in part to California’s strict \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm\">air quality laws\u003c/a>. This bill would have assigned the California Energy Commission the task of tracking oil prices to find out if there is any price manipulation happening. Brown \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/SB_448_2013_Veto_Message.pdf\">vetoed the bill\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Plastic bags won’t be banned statewide. \u003c/strong>California cities from \u003ca href=\"http://www.cawrecycles.org/issues/plastic_campaign/plastic_bags/local\">Ukiah to West Hollywood\u003c/a> have banned plastic bags, but an effort to introduce a statewide ban \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/30/local/la-me-pc-plastic-bag-ban-20130530\">died in the State Senate\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And one new law that we don’t see landing squarely either in the environmentalists’ “wins” or “losses” list:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Prop. 65 will be slightly revised.\u003c/strong> The source of all those warning signs in businesses, Prop. 65 was passed by voters to reduce exposure to toxic chemicals, and it’s lead to a host of lawsuits — but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/who-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one/\">some say many of them are frivolous\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/business/networth/article/Prop-65-lawsuit-bill-helps-businesses-4876499.php\">new law\u003c/a> allows small businesses that are in violation of Prop. 65 to avoid an expensive lawsuit by putting up a sign and paying a fine.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "New Rules for Lake Tahoe Development Give Locals More Leverage",
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"content": "\u003cp>California Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca title=\"Gov Brown - release\" href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18267\">signed legislation\u003c/a> over the weekend that reaffirms the state’s commitment to working with Nevada to preserve Lake Tahoe. Nevada had threatened to quit the bi-state agency that has controlled development around the lake for more than 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"TRPA - main\" href=\"http://www.trpa.org/\">Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\u003c/a> (TRPA), created by Congress in 1969, reined in rampant development that reduced the lake’s fabled clarity. TRPA determines everything from the number of private residences that can be built (only 130 per year), to the color they can be painted (browns and greens are preferred). Nevada had threatened to pull out of the partnership by 2015, arguing that rules were too stringent and TRPA unresponsive to the needs of developers and homeowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_Casinos_7-12-13_0005_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_Casinos_7-12-13_0005_resized.jpg\" alt=\"Four big casinos in Stateline, Nevada, Harvey’s, Harrah’s, Horizon and MontBleu, are examples of the urban development that coexists with the lake’s natural beauty. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10016\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four big casinos in Stateline, Nevada, Harvey’s, Harrah’s, Horizon and MontBleu, are examples of the urban development that coexists with the lake’s natural beauty. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"TRPA - release\" href=\"http://www.trpa.org/renewing-lake-tahoe-partnership-increases-protections/\">new regional plan\u003c/a> approved by TRPA in 2012 has helped address Nevada’s complaints. The plan gives more control to local governments, allows for higher density of buildings in city centers and encourages developers to buy old buildings in exchange for allowances to expand newer construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old buildings lack modern systems to keep stormwater runoff out of the lake, and are a continuous source of the microscopic dirt particles that scientists have found reduce the lake’s clarity. New construction is required to have modern filtration systems that intercept the flow of sediment on its way to the lake. TRPA also hopes to encourage developers to tear down old buildings and restore them to meadows that can filter storm runoff before it reaches the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10018\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_Edgewood_7-12-13_0167_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_Edgewood_7-12-13_0167_resized.jpg\" alt=\"Regulators hope the new regional plan for Lake Tahoe will encourage property owners to tear out parking lots near the lake. Hard surfaces allow for dirt to run into the lake and cloud it up. This parking lot at the Edgewood golf course, in Stateline, Nevada, is already scheduled for removal. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10018\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Regulators hope the new regional plan for Lake Tahoe will encourage property owners to tear out parking lots near the lake. Hard surfaces allow for dirt to run into the lake and cloud it up. This parking lot at the Edgewood golf course, in Stateline, Nevada, is already scheduled for removal. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the Sierra Club is dubious about the TRPA’s claims and is \u003ca title=\"Lk Tahoe News - post\" href=\"http://www.laketahoenews.net/2013/06/partial-ruling-favors-trpa-in-regional-plan-lawsuit/\">suing the agency\u003c/a> over the new plan. The environmental group argues that delegating more control to local governments could lead to more construction, which would cause more sediment to flow into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Local governments see development as providing the local tax base. And that’s their incentive,” said Laurel Ames of the Sierra Club. “And that’s why local governments should not be in charge of protecting the lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Brown’s signing of SB 630 follows Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval’s approval of a companion law in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new half-hour documentary by KQED Science explains the science involved in keeping the lake clear, and explores the region’s history and politics. \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/lake-tahoe-can-we-save-it/\">Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It?\u003c/a> airs on KQED 9 this Wednesday (10/16), at 7:30 pm. Or watch it here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"512\" height=\"376\" src=\"http://video.pbs.org/viralplayer/2365096192\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California Governor Jerry Brown \u003ca title=\"Gov Brown - release\" href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18267\">signed legislation\u003c/a> over the weekend that reaffirms the state’s commitment to working with Nevada to preserve Lake Tahoe. Nevada had threatened to quit the bi-state agency that has controlled development around the lake for more than 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"TRPA - main\" href=\"http://www.trpa.org/\">Tahoe Regional Planning Agency\u003c/a> (TRPA), created by Congress in 1969, reined in rampant development that reduced the lake’s fabled clarity. TRPA determines everything from the number of private residences that can be built (only 130 per year), to the color they can be painted (browns and greens are preferred). Nevada had threatened to pull out of the partnership by 2015, arguing that rules were too stringent and TRPA unresponsive to the needs of developers and homeowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_Casinos_7-12-13_0005_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_Casinos_7-12-13_0005_resized.jpg\" alt=\"Four big casinos in Stateline, Nevada, Harvey’s, Harrah’s, Horizon and MontBleu, are examples of the urban development that coexists with the lake’s natural beauty. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10016\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four big casinos in Stateline, Nevada, Harvey’s, Harrah’s, Horizon and MontBleu, are examples of the urban development that coexists with the lake’s natural beauty. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"TRPA - release\" href=\"http://www.trpa.org/renewing-lake-tahoe-partnership-increases-protections/\">new regional plan\u003c/a> approved by TRPA in 2012 has helped address Nevada’s complaints. The plan gives more control to local governments, allows for higher density of buildings in city centers and encourages developers to buy old buildings in exchange for allowances to expand newer construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old buildings lack modern systems to keep stormwater runoff out of the lake, and are a continuous source of the microscopic dirt particles that scientists have found reduce the lake’s clarity. New construction is required to have modern filtration systems that intercept the flow of sediment on its way to the lake. TRPA also hopes to encourage developers to tear down old buildings and restore them to meadows that can filter storm runoff before it reaches the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10018\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_Edgewood_7-12-13_0167_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Tahoe_Edgewood_7-12-13_0167_resized.jpg\" alt=\"Regulators hope the new regional plan for Lake Tahoe will encourage property owners to tear out parking lots near the lake. Hard surfaces allow for dirt to run into the lake and cloud it up. This parking lot at the Edgewood golf course, in Stateline, Nevada, is already scheduled for removal. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10018\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Regulators hope the new regional plan for Lake Tahoe will encourage property owners to tear out parking lots near the lake. Hard surfaces allow for dirt to run into the lake and cloud it up. This parking lot at the Edgewood golf course, in Stateline, Nevada, is already scheduled for removal. (Arwen Curry/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the Sierra Club is dubious about the TRPA’s claims and is \u003ca title=\"Lk Tahoe News - post\" href=\"http://www.laketahoenews.net/2013/06/partial-ruling-favors-trpa-in-regional-plan-lawsuit/\">suing the agency\u003c/a> over the new plan. The environmental group argues that delegating more control to local governments could lead to more construction, which would cause more sediment to flow into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Local governments see development as providing the local tax base. And that’s their incentive,” said Laurel Ames of the Sierra Club. “And that’s why local governments should not be in charge of protecting the lake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Brown’s signing of SB 630 follows Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval’s approval of a companion law in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new half-hour documentary by KQED Science explains the science involved in keeping the lake clear, and explores the region’s history and politics. \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/lake-tahoe-can-we-save-it/\">Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It?\u003c/a> airs on KQED 9 this Wednesday (10/16), at 7:30 pm. Or watch it here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"512\" height=\"376\" src=\"http://video.pbs.org/viralplayer/2365096192\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Should Every Newborn Undergo Genetic Testing?",
"headTitle": "Should Every Newborn Undergo Genetic Testing? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/10/2013-10-14-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9975\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Phenylketonuria_testing.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Phenylketonuria_testing.jpg\" alt=\"At birth, every infant in the US and many other countries undergoes a blood test to detect rare newborn diseases that are treatable if caught quickly. (U.S. Air Force Staff Sgt. Eric T. Sheler/Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9975\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At birth, every infant in the US and many other countries undergoes a blood test to detect rare newborn diseases that are treatable if caught quickly. (U.S. Air Force Staff Sgt. Eric T. Sheler/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When a new baby is born, anything seems possible. But we now know that this potential comes with an asterisk. Written into an infant’s DNA are instructions that may make her more vulnerable than other people are to cancer, for instance, or Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how much of that information should parents be given when their baby is born?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Institutes of Health has launched a five-year, $25 million effort to explore this question. Researchers at the University of California-San Francisco and three other sites will receive NIH funds to tackle some of the issues that could arise, should genetic testing become routine for each of the roughly four million babies born every year in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\nJust because we have the technology to tell parents about diseases their children might face decades down the line, does that mean we should use it?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At UCSF, researchers will focus on a relatively straightforward question: Are genetic tests more effective than the standard blood screening tests newborns currently get?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbara Koenig is a UCSF bioethicist. She says when the routine blood test became standard in the 1960s, it seemed like magic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a couple rare conditions — like PKU and genetic hypothyroidism — that, if you identified them early, you could do an immediate intervention with the infant and prevent a life of terrible suffering, or mental retardation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PKU is a rare metabolic disorder that, unless treated with a special diet, can lead to mental retardation. Congenital hypothyroidism, caused by an under-active thyroid, can also lead to developmental delays unless treated early on with medication. So tests like this provide a clear and obvious public health benefit, says Koenig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Someone comes in and does a little heel stick on the baby, takes the blood. Then you don’t\u003cbr>\nhear about it anymore, unless there’s a positive result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these tests aren’t perfect. Sometimes there are false positives. And today, says UCSF geneticist Bob Nussbaum, there’s a technology that may be able to do a much better job: genetic testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Could it possibly replace our current system?” Nussbaum says his study is asking. “Does it have added value above what we’re doing, providing information that’s useful and important?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9892\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 163px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Nussbaum-163x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9892\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9892\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Nussbaum-163x162.jpg\" alt=\"Geneticist Robert Nussbaum heads UCSFs $4.5 million newborn screening pilot study. \" width=\"163\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geneticist Robert Nussbaum heads UCSFs $4.5 million newborn screening pilot study. (Holly Smith)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the next five years, Nussbaum, Koenig and others on the team will study the potential of exome testing, which focuses on the two percent of genes that are used as blueprints for the production of proteins. These tests currently cost researchers about $700 apiece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with 1,400 blood samples archived in the state’s Department of Public Health, researchers will see whether exome testing does a better job predicting newborn illnesses than the current biochemical tests do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a second project will offer genetic testing to families whose children have already been diagnosed with an immune disorder, to see whether the genetic tests shed further light on their conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the implications of these questions can be thorny. Researchers at UCSF and the other sites – Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Children’s Mercy Hospital in Kansas City, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill – are asking: Just because we have the technology to tell parents about diseases their babies might one day get, does that mean we should use it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many researchers are ambivalent, at best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What possible value is there in knowing that piece of information now?” asks UCSF’s Nussbaum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9891\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 107px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Koenig-107x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9891\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9891\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Koenig-107x162.jpg\" alt='UCSF bioethicist Barbara Koenig calls the desire to have as much information as possible a \"distinctly American bias.\"' width=\"107\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSF bioethicist Barbara Koenig calls the desire to have as much information as possible a “distinctly American bias.” (Courtesy of the Mayo Clinic)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, he says, a gene called ApoE, some variants of which indicate an increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s actually greater harm than good to be telling parents that a child has a three- or four-fold increased risk for a late-onset disorder for which we currently have no therapy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a doctor, this puts Nussbaum in a bind. On the one hand, he knows it can sound patronizing to deprive a parent of medical information about his or her child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, this information can alter the course of a child’s life in many ways, including changing the way he or she is parented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there’s a whole body of literature on this phenomenon: it’s called Vulnerable Child Syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents of these children, says Nussbaum “are perhaps afraid to institute the same level of discipline. They may treat one of those children differently than the siblings. You’ve introduced a psychological issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a term bioethicists often use to describe what these children have lost: “open future.” It refers to a person’s right \u003cem>not\u003c/em> to know how his or her genes might impact a life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To underscore this concern, Koenig and Nussbaum point to studies done in Ireland and the United Kingdom on people at risk for Huntington’s disease, a fatal neurodegenerative disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When subjects learned that the presence of a specific gene would indicate that they would inescapably come down with the disease, most declined to take the test.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Bioethicists use the term “open future” to describe a child’s right \u003cem>not\u003c/em> to know how genes might impact his or her life.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So, the logic goes, if adults often choose not to know what their genes might say about their future, what right do parents, or doctors, have to make that choice for newborns?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a concern shared by Jonathan Berg, a geneticist at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, whose NIH funds will explore how best to explain the implications of genetic tests to diverse populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg says he values the choice he has, as an adult, to decide whether to undergo genetic testing — to know, for example, his ApoE status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But if you imagine a generation of children whose parents decide that for them, then those children no longer have the right to an open future. They won’t have the ability, as I do, to value the fact that I get to decide that information for myself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are not hypothetical concerns, because infant genetic testing is already happening in a limited way, not as a public health venture, but as a commercial one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catherine Afarian works at a company called 23andMe, based in Mountain View, Califonia. For $100, the company will test for a list of genetic signatures that can provide information about a person’s ancestry and health risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Afarian bought one for Hudson when he was eight months old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9893\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1538px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Afarian-Family.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9893\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9893\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Afarian-Family.jpg\" alt=\"Chris and Catherine Afarian bought a 23andMe screening test for their son Hudson when he was eight months old. \" width=\"1538\" height=\"1022\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If there’s information out there about her son’s health, Afarian says she wants to have it, even if it’s worrisome. (Jonathan Payne)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She learned that Hudson, like herself, has an increased sensitivity for a blood thinner called Warfarin, which is prescribed to prevent blood clots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the test, Hudson is also a “slow metabolizer of caffeine, as am I,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some more serious things came up, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to his 23andMe test, Hudson has an increased risk for Parkinson’s disease. This is also not a surprise, as at least one member of Afarian’s family has had Parkinson’s. Afarian says having the information about Hudson’s risk will help her focus her concerns in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going to pay attention to the studies that come out about Parkinson’s,” she says. And when her family can afford to make some charitable contributions, “I want to put money into Parkinson’s research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My son is only two and a half. Who knows what kinds of opportunities and treatments are going to be there when he’s 30, 40, 50, right?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will a majority of parents feel the way Afarian does? That’s just one of many questions the NIH hopes to answer over the next five years. Even then, it could take much longer to sort out whether society at large will benefit from knowing what’s in our children’s genes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The NIH has launched a five-year, $25 million dollar effort to explore what may be one of the great ethical dilemmas of the 21st century: Just because we can do genetic testing on infants, should we?",
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"title": "Should Every Newborn Undergo Genetic Testing? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/10/2013-10-14-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9975\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Phenylketonuria_testing.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Phenylketonuria_testing.jpg\" alt=\"At birth, every infant in the US and many other countries undergoes a blood test to detect rare newborn diseases that are treatable if caught quickly. (U.S. Air Force Staff Sgt. Eric T. Sheler/Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9975\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At birth, every infant in the US and many other countries undergoes a blood test to detect rare newborn diseases that are treatable if caught quickly. (U.S. Air Force Staff Sgt. Eric T. Sheler/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When a new baby is born, anything seems possible. But we now know that this potential comes with an asterisk. Written into an infant’s DNA are instructions that may make her more vulnerable than other people are to cancer, for instance, or Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how much of that information should parents be given when their baby is born?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Institutes of Health has launched a five-year, $25 million effort to explore this question. Researchers at the University of California-San Francisco and three other sites will receive NIH funds to tackle some of the issues that could arise, should genetic testing become routine for each of the roughly four million babies born every year in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\nJust because we have the technology to tell parents about diseases their children might face decades down the line, does that mean we should use it?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At UCSF, researchers will focus on a relatively straightforward question: Are genetic tests more effective than the standard blood screening tests newborns currently get?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barbara Koenig is a UCSF bioethicist. She says when the routine blood test became standard in the 1960s, it seemed like magic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a couple rare conditions — like PKU and genetic hypothyroidism — that, if you identified them early, you could do an immediate intervention with the infant and prevent a life of terrible suffering, or mental retardation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PKU is a rare metabolic disorder that, unless treated with a special diet, can lead to mental retardation. Congenital hypothyroidism, caused by an under-active thyroid, can also lead to developmental delays unless treated early on with medication. So tests like this provide a clear and obvious public health benefit, says Koenig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Someone comes in and does a little heel stick on the baby, takes the blood. Then you don’t\u003cbr>\nhear about it anymore, unless there’s a positive result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these tests aren’t perfect. Sometimes there are false positives. And today, says UCSF geneticist Bob Nussbaum, there’s a technology that may be able to do a much better job: genetic testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Could it possibly replace our current system?” Nussbaum says his study is asking. “Does it have added value above what we’re doing, providing information that’s useful and important?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9892\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 163px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Nussbaum-163x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9892\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9892\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Nussbaum-163x162.jpg\" alt=\"Geneticist Robert Nussbaum heads UCSFs $4.5 million newborn screening pilot study. \" width=\"163\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geneticist Robert Nussbaum heads UCSFs $4.5 million newborn screening pilot study. (Holly Smith)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the next five years, Nussbaum, Koenig and others on the team will study the potential of exome testing, which focuses on the two percent of genes that are used as blueprints for the production of proteins. These tests currently cost researchers about $700 apiece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with 1,400 blood samples archived in the state’s Department of Public Health, researchers will see whether exome testing does a better job predicting newborn illnesses than the current biochemical tests do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a second project will offer genetic testing to families whose children have already been diagnosed with an immune disorder, to see whether the genetic tests shed further light on their conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the implications of these questions can be thorny. Researchers at UCSF and the other sites – Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Children’s Mercy Hospital in Kansas City, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill – are asking: Just because we have the technology to tell parents about diseases their babies might one day get, does that mean we should use it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many researchers are ambivalent, at best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What possible value is there in knowing that piece of information now?” asks UCSF’s Nussbaum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9891\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 107px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Koenig-107x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9891\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9891\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Koenig-107x162.jpg\" alt='UCSF bioethicist Barbara Koenig calls the desire to have as much information as possible a \"distinctly American bias.\"' width=\"107\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSF bioethicist Barbara Koenig calls the desire to have as much information as possible a “distinctly American bias.” (Courtesy of the Mayo Clinic)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, he says, a gene called ApoE, some variants of which indicate an increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s actually greater harm than good to be telling parents that a child has a three- or four-fold increased risk for a late-onset disorder for which we currently have no therapy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a doctor, this puts Nussbaum in a bind. On the one hand, he knows it can sound patronizing to deprive a parent of medical information about his or her child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, this information can alter the course of a child’s life in many ways, including changing the way he or she is parented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there’s a whole body of literature on this phenomenon: it’s called Vulnerable Child Syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents of these children, says Nussbaum “are perhaps afraid to institute the same level of discipline. They may treat one of those children differently than the siblings. You’ve introduced a psychological issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a term bioethicists often use to describe what these children have lost: “open future.” It refers to a person’s right \u003cem>not\u003c/em> to know how his or her genes might impact a life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To underscore this concern, Koenig and Nussbaum point to studies done in Ireland and the United Kingdom on people at risk for Huntington’s disease, a fatal neurodegenerative disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When subjects learned that the presence of a specific gene would indicate that they would inescapably come down with the disease, most declined to take the test.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Bioethicists use the term “open future” to describe a child’s right \u003cem>not\u003c/em> to know how genes might impact his or her life.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So, the logic goes, if adults often choose not to know what their genes might say about their future, what right do parents, or doctors, have to make that choice for newborns?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a concern shared by Jonathan Berg, a geneticist at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, whose NIH funds will explore how best to explain the implications of genetic tests to diverse populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg says he values the choice he has, as an adult, to decide whether to undergo genetic testing — to know, for example, his ApoE status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But if you imagine a generation of children whose parents decide that for them, then those children no longer have the right to an open future. They won’t have the ability, as I do, to value the fact that I get to decide that information for myself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are not hypothetical concerns, because infant genetic testing is already happening in a limited way, not as a public health venture, but as a commercial one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catherine Afarian works at a company called 23andMe, based in Mountain View, Califonia. For $100, the company will test for a list of genetic signatures that can provide information about a person’s ancestry and health risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Afarian bought one for Hudson when he was eight months old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9893\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1538px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Afarian-Family.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9893\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9893\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Afarian-Family.jpg\" alt=\"Chris and Catherine Afarian bought a 23andMe screening test for their son Hudson when he was eight months old. \" width=\"1538\" height=\"1022\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If there’s information out there about her son’s health, Afarian says she wants to have it, even if it’s worrisome. (Jonathan Payne)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She learned that Hudson, like herself, has an increased sensitivity for a blood thinner called Warfarin, which is prescribed to prevent blood clots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the test, Hudson is also a “slow metabolizer of caffeine, as am I,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some more serious things came up, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to his 23andMe test, Hudson has an increased risk for Parkinson’s disease. This is also not a surprise, as at least one member of Afarian’s family has had Parkinson’s. Afarian says having the information about Hudson’s risk will help her focus her concerns in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going to pay attention to the studies that come out about Parkinson’s,” she says. And when her family can afford to make some charitable contributions, “I want to put money into Parkinson’s research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My son is only two and a half. Who knows what kinds of opportunities and treatments are going to be there when he’s 30, 40, 50, right?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will a majority of parents feel the way Afarian does? That’s just one of many questions the NIH hopes to answer over the next five years. Even then, it could take much longer to sort out whether society at large will benefit from knowing what’s in our children’s genes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "To Protect Wildlife, California Bans Hunting With Lead Bullets",
"headTitle": "To Protect Wildlife, California Bans Hunting With Lead Bullets | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9941\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9941\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9941\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered California condors are among the wildlife at risk from eating lead bullets in carrion. (Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\" width=\"640\" height=\"357\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endangered California condors are among the wildlife that can die from eating lead bullets left in carrion, according to scientific studies. (Tim Huntington/Courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society) \u003ccite>(Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill Friday that bans hunters from using lead ammunition across the state. The law, the first of its kind in the country, was spearheaded in large part to protect the threatened California condor. Scientists say their recovery is being hampered by lead poisoning, because the scavengers ingest lead bullet fragments in carcasses or gut piles left behind by hunters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a fabulous, fabulous day,” says Jennifer Fearing of the Humane Society. “We certainly do hope that California is just the first state to take this step of protecting wildlife from toxic lead ammunition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gun and hunting groups were strongly opposed to the bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 711\u003c/a>, saying that copper bullets and other lead-alternatives are often twice as expensive. “This is a way to bring a cultural attack on hunting and sportsmen and women,” said National Rifle Association attorney Chuck Michel, in June. [contextly_sidebar id=”NWWWPWKzpGLbON0eUh2iSCWHwUuReThc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NRA and others also challenged peer-reviewed studies pointing to lead bullets as the source of lead in condors, as we covered in\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-condors-on-the-brink-california-considers-a-lead-bullet-ban-for-hunters/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> this KQED QUEST story\u003c/a> earlier this year:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The problem is really epidemic,” says toxicologist Myra Finkelstein. “These California condors are exposed to chronic harmful levels of lead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her lab at the University of California-Santa Cruz, Finkelstein holds up a vial with a small shard of metal: a lead bullet fragment found in the digestive system of a dead condor. “This is enough lead to poison and potentially kill a condor,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scavengers, condors will feed on any dead animal, including carcasses or partial carcasses left by hunters or ranchers. “They’ll come to eat it and they inadvertently will also ingest these fragments,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through tests on hundreds of condor blood samples and feathers, Finkelstein’s lab has worked to trace the source of lead. In the majority of cases, she says it matches the \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/condors-and-lead.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chemical profile of lead bullets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, former Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger banned the use of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/hunting/condor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lead bullets in hunting\u003c/a> in 1997, but only in condor territory. Condors are still showing high levels of lead, which can shut down their digestive system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It only takes one meal so that’s why the problem is so severe,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The 70 free-flying condors on California’s central coast are routinely tested for lead poisoning. Those with high lead levels are brought to the Los Angeles Zoo for chelation treatment. The condor population has risen from just 22 condors in 1982 with the help of an intensive captive breeding program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/AB_711_2013_Signing_Message.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signing statement\u003c/a>, Governor Brown said the lead bullets pose a danger to wildlife, adding, “I am concerned, however, the impression left from this bill is that hunters and sportsmen and women in California are not conservationists. I know that is not the case. Hunters and anglers are the original conservationists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/11/to-protect-wildlife-california-bans-hunting-with-lead-bullets/condor-population/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9925\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-9925\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/condor-population.jpg\" alt=\"condor-population\" width=\"640\" height=\"394\">\u003c/a>Gun groups had expressed concerns that copper ammunition supplies are limited because the bullets are considered to be “armor-piercing.” Governor Brown pointed to a special provision that would suspend the lead ban in the event that other bullets are banned by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead bullets will still be available in stores for use in non-hunting activities, like at shooting ranges. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife has until July 1, 2015 to write the lead ammunition regulations and the ban must be fully in place by July 2019.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Governor Jerry Brown has approved the first statewide lead bullet ban for hunters, in the hope of helping endangered California condors.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_9941\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9941\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9941\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/Condor-VWS.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered California condors are among the wildlife at risk from eating lead bullets in carrion. (Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\" width=\"640\" height=\"357\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endangered California condors are among the wildlife that can die from eating lead bullets left in carrion, according to scientific studies. (Tim Huntington/Courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society) \u003ccite>(Tim Huntington, courtesy of the Ventana Wildlife Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill Friday that bans hunters from using lead ammunition across the state. The law, the first of its kind in the country, was spearheaded in large part to protect the threatened California condor. Scientists say their recovery is being hampered by lead poisoning, because the scavengers ingest lead bullet fragments in carcasses or gut piles left behind by hunters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a fabulous, fabulous day,” says Jennifer Fearing of the Humane Society. “We certainly do hope that California is just the first state to take this step of protecting wildlife from toxic lead ammunition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gun and hunting groups were strongly opposed to the bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 711\u003c/a>, saying that copper bullets and other lead-alternatives are often twice as expensive. “This is a way to bring a cultural attack on hunting and sportsmen and women,” said National Rifle Association attorney Chuck Michel, in June. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NRA and others also challenged peer-reviewed studies pointing to lead bullets as the source of lead in condors, as we covered in\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-condors-on-the-brink-california-considers-a-lead-bullet-ban-for-hunters/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> this KQED QUEST story\u003c/a> earlier this year:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The problem is really epidemic,” says toxicologist Myra Finkelstein. “These California condors are exposed to chronic harmful levels of lead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her lab at the University of California-Santa Cruz, Finkelstein holds up a vial with a small shard of metal: a lead bullet fragment found in the digestive system of a dead condor. “This is enough lead to poison and potentially kill a condor,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scavengers, condors will feed on any dead animal, including carcasses or partial carcasses left by hunters or ranchers. “They’ll come to eat it and they inadvertently will also ingest these fragments,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through tests on hundreds of condor blood samples and feathers, Finkelstein’s lab has worked to trace the source of lead. In the majority of cases, she says it matches the \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/condors-and-lead.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chemical profile of lead bullets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, former Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger banned the use of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/hunting/condor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lead bullets in hunting\u003c/a> in 1997, but only in condor territory. Condors are still showing high levels of lead, which can shut down their digestive system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It only takes one meal so that’s why the problem is so severe,” Finkelstein says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The 70 free-flying condors on California’s central coast are routinely tested for lead poisoning. Those with high lead levels are brought to the Los Angeles Zoo for chelation treatment. The condor population has risen from just 22 condors in 1982 with the help of an intensive captive breeding program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/AB_711_2013_Signing_Message.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signing statement\u003c/a>, Governor Brown said the lead bullets pose a danger to wildlife, adding, “I am concerned, however, the impression left from this bill is that hunters and sportsmen and women in California are not conservationists. I know that is not the case. Hunters and anglers are the original conservationists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/11/to-protect-wildlife-california-bans-hunting-with-lead-bullets/condor-population/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-9925\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-9925\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/condor-population.jpg\" alt=\"condor-population\" width=\"640\" height=\"394\">\u003c/a>Gun groups had expressed concerns that copper ammunition supplies are limited because the bullets are considered to be “armor-piercing.” Governor Brown pointed to a special provision that would suspend the lead ban in the event that other bullets are banned by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead bullets will still be available in stores for use in non-hunting activities, like at shooting ranges. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife has until July 1, 2015 to write the lead ammunition regulations and the ban must be fully in place by July 2019.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
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