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"title": "Shrinking Sierra Snowpack Heightens Drought Worries",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/20150118094856_IMG_2760-1024x682.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-26659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/20150118094856_IMG_2760-1024x682.jpeg\" alt=\"Barren shores at Fallen Leaf Lake in January. (Joanne Elgart-Jennings)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barren shores remain in January at Fallen Leaf Lake, more than 6,000 feet above sea level in the northern Sierra. (Joanne Elgart-Jennings)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Manual surveys on Thursday confirmed concerns over the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">withering mountain snowpack\u003c/a> — a critical source of water for millions of Californians. Statewide, water content in the Sierra’s accumulated snows is an anemic 25 percent of the average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s despite a really soggy December in which some California cities got nearly three times their normal rainfall — and rainfall is the operative word. But those storms weren’t cold enough to deliver much snow to the middle elevations. 2014 went down as California’s warmest year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The temperature side of things should not be neglected here, says climatologist Kelly Redmond, who has been tracking patterns in the Sierra for 25 years at the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno. “It has its own consequences that sort of stack on top of the precipitation deficits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Lake Tahoe region, Redmond says the “\u003ca title=\"Wiki - freezing level\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing_level\">freezing level\u003c/a>” — the elevation at which temperatures dip to freezing — has hovered at around 10,200 feet, or about 3,000 feet higher than the long-term average. That means less snow stored in the high peaks for use this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow that with what is now looking like a record-dry January for most of the state — and you’re left with a snowpack that is little more than a quarter of what’s normal for this date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news: we’re in better shape than we were last year at this time but still far, far behind the kind of winter that all the experts said we would need to even begin to reverse the drought. While, thanks to December’s deluge, many cities in the Central Valley remain slightly ahead of normal for the season so far a \u003ca title=\"CDEC - 8-station index\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reports/PLOT_ESI\">closely-watched index\u003c/a> of eight gauges in the northern Sierra — a key indicator for some of the state’s biggest reservoirs — has slipped below its average for late January, with little indication of major storms on the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while might be tempting to say, “Hey, what’s the problem — we’re running just about average,” state water managers have said California would likely need upward of 150 percent of its average precipitation to start turning things around. And time is running out. The occasional “March miracle” notwithstanding, the rhythms of California’s Mediterranean climate are such that precipitation typically starts tapering off after February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video from the state Department of Water Resources shows how patchy the snow cover is, even around 7,000 feet of elevation. The “12 percent of average” that surveyor Frank Gehrke mentions is the reading from the single snow course where the video was shot, not the statewide number.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3qA3ysiHkM\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/20150118094856_IMG_2760-1024x682.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-26659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/20150118094856_IMG_2760-1024x682.jpeg\" alt=\"Barren shores at Fallen Leaf Lake in January. (Joanne Elgart-Jennings)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barren shores remain in January at Fallen Leaf Lake, more than 6,000 feet above sea level in the northern Sierra. (Joanne Elgart-Jennings)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Manual surveys on Thursday confirmed concerns over the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">withering mountain snowpack\u003c/a> — a critical source of water for millions of Californians. Statewide, water content in the Sierra’s accumulated snows is an anemic 25 percent of the average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s despite a really soggy December in which some California cities got nearly three times their normal rainfall — and rainfall is the operative word. But those storms weren’t cold enough to deliver much snow to the middle elevations. 2014 went down as California’s warmest year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The temperature side of things should not be neglected here, says climatologist Kelly Redmond, who has been tracking patterns in the Sierra for 25 years at the Western Regional Climate Center in Reno. “It has its own consequences that sort of stack on top of the precipitation deficits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Lake Tahoe region, Redmond says the “\u003ca title=\"Wiki - freezing level\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing_level\">freezing level\u003c/a>” — the elevation at which temperatures dip to freezing — has hovered at around 10,200 feet, or about 3,000 feet higher than the long-term average. That means less snow stored in the high peaks for use this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow that with what is now looking like a record-dry January for most of the state — and you’re left with a snowpack that is little more than a quarter of what’s normal for this date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news: we’re in better shape than we were last year at this time but still far, far behind the kind of winter that all the experts said we would need to even begin to reverse the drought. While, thanks to December’s deluge, many cities in the Central Valley remain slightly ahead of normal for the season so far a \u003ca title=\"CDEC - 8-station index\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reports/PLOT_ESI\">closely-watched index\u003c/a> of eight gauges in the northern Sierra — a key indicator for some of the state’s biggest reservoirs — has slipped below its average for late January, with little indication of major storms on the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while might be tempting to say, “Hey, what’s the problem — we’re running just about average,” state water managers have said California would likely need upward of 150 percent of its average precipitation to start turning things around. And time is running out. The occasional “March miracle” notwithstanding, the rhythms of California’s Mediterranean climate are such that precipitation typically starts tapering off after February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video from the state Department of Water Resources shows how patchy the snow cover is, even around 7,000 feet of elevation. The “12 percent of average” that surveyor Frank Gehrke mentions is the reading from the single snow course where the video was shot, not the statewide number.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/F3qA3ysiHkM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/F3qA3ysiHkM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA Satellite Could Help Weather Forecasts, Drought Management",
"headTitle": "NASA Satellite Could Help Weather Forecasts, Drought Management | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26631\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/SMAP.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26631\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/SMAP.png\" alt=\"NASA's SMAP satellite will capture microwave radiation from the Earth to measure soil moisture. (NASA)\" width=\"620\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s SMAP satellite will capture microwave radiation from the Earth to measure soil moisture. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thursday morning a rocket was scheduled to lift off from \u003ca href=\"http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/\">Vandenberg Air Force Base \u003c/a>on California’s Central Coast, tricked out with instruments that could provide better weather forecasts and more clues to where the drought is headed. (Update: NASA \u003ca title=\"Yahoo News - post\" href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/nasa-calls-off-satellite-launch-minutes-liftoff-due-151253584.html;_ylt=AwrTcc1wW8pUCW8AwGEnnIlQ\">rescheduled Thursday’s launch\u003c/a> for Saturday due to high winds and technical problems).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not one of NASA’s catchier names, but the \u003ca title=\"NASA - JPL - SMAP\" href=\"http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/description/\">satellite known as SMAP\u003c/a>, for “Soil Moisture Active Passive” is designed to provide — for the first time — highly precise maps of water stored in topsoil around the world. Scientists say that’s an important cog in the planet’s water cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much like when you perspire, your sweat evaporates and cools your body,” offers Kent Kellogg, the mission’s project director at the Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As it evaporates it seeds the atmosphere with moisture, so that clouds can form, and then precipitation can occur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From more than 400 miles up, SMAP will measure differences in natural microwave radiation coming off the Earth. Kellogg likens it to a big pair of night vision goggles in the sky, but measuring radiation on a much lower frequency (so, no, it doesn’t mean NASA can watch you skulking around at night). Wetter soil is cooler and drier soil warmer. From that, scientists can derive water content accurate down to about 6 square miles. Kellogg says that could improve local flood forecasting and drought management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you know how much water is in the soil, if you think of soil as a sponge and you know how full of water that soil or that sponge is, you can have a much better prediction of the likelihood for flooding to occur,” explains Kellogg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCBBEbKVwm4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently soil moisture is mapped using a relatively sparse network of individual ground-level probes. SMAP will constantly map soil conditions globally. Record high temperatures have \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">stoked evaporation from soils\u003c/a>, making California’s current drought even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SMAP will give us a much more accurate measurement of the rate of change of drought-prone areas,” says Kellogg. “Are they getting larger or getting smaller?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve been getting larger in California lately, given the \u003ca title=\"SFGate - post\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Destructive-extremes-California-s-dry-January-6041530.php\">historically dry January\u003c/a> that’s just winding down, with little precipitation on the horizon. Of course, it’s hard to see clearly more than about ten days out with current weather models. NASA expects SMAP to help with that as well, possibly adding days to the range of reliable regional forecasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Understanding soil moisture conditions in regional areas can give us a lot of insight into the likelihood for rain to form and for the regional temperatures,” says Kellogg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But SMAP will have its limitations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not expect to use SMAP data at this point,” says Roger Bales, a climate scientist at the University of California, Merced, “in part because we do not expect it to provide relevant soil moisture information for the areas where we work.” Bales has spent years developing a ground-based network of sensors to measure soil and other hydrologic conditions in the Sierra Nevada, much of which is heavily forested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SMAP has some limitations on measurements of soil moisture when the soil is covered by canopy,” or snow in a wet year, Bales points out. “We also understand that SMAP will mainly measure moisture in a thin surface layer of soil, and our interest is more on the deeper soil profile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with its 20 or so ground passes per day, Kellogg expects SMAP to provide useful data on more exposed ground, such as the millions of acres of irrigated land in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SMAP will be the fifth and final addition to a suite of recently launched earth science satellites that track attributes ranging from precipitation to the carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26631\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/SMAP.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26631\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/SMAP.png\" alt=\"NASA's SMAP satellite will capture microwave radiation from the Earth to measure soil moisture. (NASA)\" width=\"620\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s SMAP satellite will capture microwave radiation from the Earth to measure soil moisture. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thursday morning a rocket was scheduled to lift off from \u003ca href=\"http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/\">Vandenberg Air Force Base \u003c/a>on California’s Central Coast, tricked out with instruments that could provide better weather forecasts and more clues to where the drought is headed. (Update: NASA \u003ca title=\"Yahoo News - post\" href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/nasa-calls-off-satellite-launch-minutes-liftoff-due-151253584.html;_ylt=AwrTcc1wW8pUCW8AwGEnnIlQ\">rescheduled Thursday’s launch\u003c/a> for Saturday due to high winds and technical problems).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not one of NASA’s catchier names, but the \u003ca title=\"NASA - JPL - SMAP\" href=\"http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/description/\">satellite known as SMAP\u003c/a>, for “Soil Moisture Active Passive” is designed to provide — for the first time — highly precise maps of water stored in topsoil around the world. Scientists say that’s an important cog in the planet’s water cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much like when you perspire, your sweat evaporates and cools your body,” offers Kent Kellogg, the mission’s project director at the Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As it evaporates it seeds the atmosphere with moisture, so that clouds can form, and then precipitation can occur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From more than 400 miles up, SMAP will measure differences in natural microwave radiation coming off the Earth. Kellogg likens it to a big pair of night vision goggles in the sky, but measuring radiation on a much lower frequency (so, no, it doesn’t mean NASA can watch you skulking around at night). Wetter soil is cooler and drier soil warmer. From that, scientists can derive water content accurate down to about 6 square miles. Kellogg says that could improve local flood forecasting and drought management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you know how much water is in the soil, if you think of soil as a sponge and you know how full of water that soil or that sponge is, you can have a much better prediction of the likelihood for flooding to occur,” explains Kellogg.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/GCBBEbKVwm4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/GCBBEbKVwm4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Currently soil moisture is mapped using a relatively sparse network of individual ground-level probes. SMAP will constantly map soil conditions globally. Record high temperatures have \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">stoked evaporation from soils\u003c/a>, making California’s current drought even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SMAP will give us a much more accurate measurement of the rate of change of drought-prone areas,” says Kellogg. “Are they getting larger or getting smaller?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve been getting larger in California lately, given the \u003ca title=\"SFGate - post\" href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Destructive-extremes-California-s-dry-January-6041530.php\">historically dry January\u003c/a> that’s just winding down, with little precipitation on the horizon. Of course, it’s hard to see clearly more than about ten days out with current weather models. NASA expects SMAP to help with that as well, possibly adding days to the range of reliable regional forecasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Understanding soil moisture conditions in regional areas can give us a lot of insight into the likelihood for rain to form and for the regional temperatures,” says Kellogg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But SMAP will have its limitations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not expect to use SMAP data at this point,” says Roger Bales, a climate scientist at the University of California, Merced, “in part because we do not expect it to provide relevant soil moisture information for the areas where we work.” Bales has spent years developing a ground-based network of sensors to measure soil and other hydrologic conditions in the Sierra Nevada, much of which is heavily forested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SMAP has some limitations on measurements of soil moisture when the soil is covered by canopy,” or snow in a wet year, Bales points out. “We also understand that SMAP will mainly measure moisture in a thin surface layer of soil, and our interest is more on the deeper soil profile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with its 20 or so ground passes per day, Kellogg expects SMAP to provide useful data on more exposed ground, such as the millions of acres of irrigated land in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SMAP will be the fifth and final addition to a suite of recently launched earth science satellites that track attributes ranging from precipitation to the carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Ridiculous Ridge' May Be Back to Prolong California Drought",
"headTitle": "‘Ridiculous Ridge’ May Be Back to Prolong California Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/01/20150123ScienceResilientRidge.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26562\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridge-image-e1422037269149-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26562 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridge-image-e1422037269149-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Clouds dissipate over San Pablo Bay after the season’s most intense storm on December 11. There’s been relatively little rain since. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clouds dissipate over San Pablo Bay after the season’s most intense storm on December 11. There’s been relatively little rain since. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You might’ve noticed a conspicuous absence lately: rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, with a scant few days remaining in the month, much of Northern California is on track for a record-dry January. The winter storms that had us scrambling in December have largely dried up, raising the prospect of a fourth year of drought. We had two big bursts that qualify as \u003ca title=\"Q-NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/12/09/our-next-storm-very-windy-and-very-wet\">atmospheric river storms\u003c/a> and then … crickets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this sounds somewhat familiar, flash back to the beginning of 2013, when, after a similarly soggy December, almost in sync with the New Year’s ball dropping in Times Square, the tap suddenly shut off — and stayed off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turned out that a big, bloated bubble of high pressure had parked itself over the West Coast and did not move. It caught the eye of Daniel Swain, then a 23-year-old doctoral student in climate science at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was going on and on, well beyond that maximum that we normally see and persisting over months,” Swain recalls. “And not only over months but then recurring essentially over the course of two consecutive winter seasons.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He started writing about it on his \u003ca title=\"Weather West\" href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1085\">California Weather blog\u003c/a> and decided to give it a name: the \u003ca title=\"CA Wx Blog - post\" href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1085\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>. It stuck. In fact, the “Triple-R” as it’s now known in weather geek shorthand, has become enough of “a thing” that it has \u003ca title=\"Wiki - RRR\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridiculously_Resilient_Ridge\">its own Wikipedia page\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26565\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26565 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"629\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storms headed for the California coast run into the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, represented by the “H” in this graphic. (David Pierce/ KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pockets of high and low pressure — meteorologists like to call them “ridges” and “troughs” — are a regular feature of California’s winter weather, moving through like waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These pressure patterns in the upper atmosphere define wind flow,” Swain explains, “and where the wind’s coming from defines the storm track and whether California receives its wintertime precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or doesn’t. When we’re in a trough, the usual winter storm track in the Pacific is ushered right into California. But as Swain points out, “When it’s pushed farther north, as has been the case when we see these big ridges of high pressure occur, that storm track gets shifted well to the north, to British Columbia, to Alaska.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As weatherman Paul Deanno at San Francisco’s CBS-5 put it, “It’s like a bouncer in the sky. Nothing makes it here with the ridge right on top of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain offers another image: “They’re like boulders in a small stream of water that deflect the flow of the water to either side of the boulder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, that stream is the jet stream, the high-level winds that are the conveyor belt for California’s rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it’s kind of literally true,” Swain says, “because these pressure patterns in the atmosphere are actually defining fluid flow, except in this case the fluid is air in the atmosphere rather than water in a stream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26572\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Daniel-Swain-e1422041073843-782x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26572 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Daniel-Swain-e1422041073843-782x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain coined the “Ridiculously Resilient Ridge” moniker. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"305\" height=\"399\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain coined the “Ridiculously Resilient Ridge” moniker. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So now, here we are again, with an obstinate ridge parked over us. Does this mean the Triple-R has returned?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No,” California State Climatologist Mike Anderson told me at a recent drought briefing. “This is very different from the pattern that set up last year, where we had a ridge that extended up into Canada, and was reinforced and lasted six weeks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pattern we’re in now is more of a transient pattern where you may see a ridge develop but it may just as easily break down,” Anderson continued. “In this case, the patterns that we see in the jet streams and the oceans are not all moving in the same direction to create such a ridge. The jet stream is in a position where it will push through and will have an easier time than it did last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain \u003ca title=\"CA Wx Blog - post\" href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2853\">agrees that the jury is out\u003c/a>, though the current high-pressure pattern has remained in control for more than a month now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But this is a really critical time of year,” he adds. And if this high-pressure stays parked into February? “Then we have to start thinking about the potential that we’re looking at another dry year, despite the fact that we saw so much rainfall in early December,” Swain says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other things we don’t know: whether this is some kind of “new normal” and if it is, whether human-induced climate change is to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we do know is that winter doesn’t last all year. January is the middle leg of a three-month stretch in which California typically gets half its precipitation (in the Bay Area, December, January and February are virtually tied for the wettest months on average). And while there have been “March miracles,” at some point, time runs out.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26562\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridge-image-e1422037269149-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26562 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridge-image-e1422037269149-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Clouds dissipate over San Pablo Bay after the season’s most intense storm on December 11. There’s been relatively little rain since. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clouds dissipate over San Pablo Bay after the season’s most intense storm on December 11. There’s been relatively little rain since. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You might’ve noticed a conspicuous absence lately: rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, with a scant few days remaining in the month, much of Northern California is on track for a record-dry January. The winter storms that had us scrambling in December have largely dried up, raising the prospect of a fourth year of drought. We had two big bursts that qualify as \u003ca title=\"Q-NewsFix - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/12/09/our-next-storm-very-windy-and-very-wet\">atmospheric river storms\u003c/a> and then … crickets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this sounds somewhat familiar, flash back to the beginning of 2013, when, after a similarly soggy December, almost in sync with the New Year’s ball dropping in Times Square, the tap suddenly shut off — and stayed off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turned out that a big, bloated bubble of high pressure had parked itself over the West Coast and did not move. It caught the eye of Daniel Swain, then a 23-year-old doctoral student in climate science at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was going on and on, well beyond that maximum that we normally see and persisting over months,” Swain recalls. “And not only over months but then recurring essentially over the course of two consecutive winter seasons.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He started writing about it on his \u003ca title=\"Weather West\" href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1085\">California Weather blog\u003c/a> and decided to give it a name: the \u003ca title=\"CA Wx Blog - post\" href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1085\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>. It stuck. In fact, the “Triple-R” as it’s now known in weather geek shorthand, has become enough of “a thing” that it has \u003ca title=\"Wiki - RRR\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridiculously_Resilient_Ridge\">its own Wikipedia page\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26565\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26565 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Ridiculously-Reilent-Ridge-graphic-e1422040126985-1024x629.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"629\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storms headed for the California coast run into the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, represented by the “H” in this graphic. (David Pierce/ KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pockets of high and low pressure — meteorologists like to call them “ridges” and “troughs” — are a regular feature of California’s winter weather, moving through like waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These pressure patterns in the upper atmosphere define wind flow,” Swain explains, “and where the wind’s coming from defines the storm track and whether California receives its wintertime precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or doesn’t. When we’re in a trough, the usual winter storm track in the Pacific is ushered right into California. But as Swain points out, “When it’s pushed farther north, as has been the case when we see these big ridges of high pressure occur, that storm track gets shifted well to the north, to British Columbia, to Alaska.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As weatherman Paul Deanno at San Francisco’s CBS-5 put it, “It’s like a bouncer in the sky. Nothing makes it here with the ridge right on top of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain offers another image: “They’re like boulders in a small stream of water that deflect the flow of the water to either side of the boulder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, that stream is the jet stream, the high-level winds that are the conveyor belt for California’s rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And it’s kind of literally true,” Swain says, “because these pressure patterns in the atmosphere are actually defining fluid flow, except in this case the fluid is air in the atmosphere rather than water in a stream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26572\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Daniel-Swain-e1422041073843-782x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26572 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Daniel-Swain-e1422041073843-782x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain coined the “Ridiculously Resilient Ridge” moniker. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"305\" height=\"399\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain coined the “Ridiculously Resilient Ridge” moniker. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So now, here we are again, with an obstinate ridge parked over us. Does this mean the Triple-R has returned?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No,” California State Climatologist Mike Anderson told me at a recent drought briefing. “This is very different from the pattern that set up last year, where we had a ridge that extended up into Canada, and was reinforced and lasted six weeks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pattern we’re in now is more of a transient pattern where you may see a ridge develop but it may just as easily break down,” Anderson continued. “In this case, the patterns that we see in the jet streams and the oceans are not all moving in the same direction to create such a ridge. The jet stream is in a position where it will push through and will have an easier time than it did last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swain \u003ca title=\"CA Wx Blog - post\" href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2853\">agrees that the jury is out\u003c/a>, though the current high-pressure pattern has remained in control for more than a month now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But this is a really critical time of year,” he adds. And if this high-pressure stays parked into February? “Then we have to start thinking about the potential that we’re looking at another dry year, despite the fact that we saw so much rainfall in early December,” Swain says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some other things we don’t know: whether this is some kind of “new normal” and if it is, whether human-induced climate change is to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we do know is that winter doesn’t last all year. January is the middle leg of a three-month stretch in which California typically gets half its precipitation (in the Bay Area, December, January and February are virtually tied for the wettest months on average). And while there have been “March miracles,” at some point, time runs out.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Still Trying to Identify Mystery Bird Goo",
"headTitle": "Scientists Still Trying to Identify Mystery Bird Goo | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26463\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Goo-bird-e1421799850872-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26463 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Goo-bird-e1421799850872-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">International Bird Rescue’s Mark Russell points to the unidentified substance which induced hypothermia in this dead bird in San Leandro’s Marina. (Sara Hossaini/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sarastrummer\">Sara Hossaini\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 11:45 a.m., Jan. 28:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the International Bird Rescue Center released 24 birds that were found covered in a mysterious goo in San Francisco Bay. After spending ten days in captivity receiving medical treatment, the birds were well enough to return to the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 6:30 p.m., Jan. 27:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> say they’re working around the clock to categorize the elusive substance that killed and injured hundreds of the seabirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far they have ruled out petroleum and polyisobutylene, or high-viscosity PIB, a synthetic rubber and marine fuel additive that was \u003ca href=\"http://www.theinformationdaily.com/2013/10/23/chemical-pib-responsible-for-mass-seabird-deaths-to-be-banned\">responsible for bird kills\u003c/a> along the coast of England in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They now believe the gunk is a chemical mixture but are still trying to figure out whether it’s natural or man-made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental scientist Daniel Orr said, unfortunately, there isn’t a single instrument to test the material. “When you have a fully unknown compound, there’s no [one] tool I can put that into,” said Orr. “I certainly wish there was in this case.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, his team relies on infrared technology, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, sometimes testing multiple samples simultaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To speed up the investigation, his team is now sending samples to laboratories at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dtsc.ca.gov/\">Department of Toxic Substances Control\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orr says the process isn’t as simple as TV crime dramas suggest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the biggest differences in the reality between ‘CSI’ and my day-to-day work is the preparation of the sample,” said Orr. Removing materials like feathers and sand prior to processing can take hours, Orr says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 40 scientists are now working on the case, with no word on how long it might take to have results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 10:30 a.m. Jan. 21:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of birds that have died from a mysterious goo has doubled since yesterday. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife says 200 birds are dead and another 315 are being treated by International Bird Rescue. The organizations still haven’t identified the sticky substance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26470\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Goo-bird__2-682x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26470 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Goo-bird__2-682x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Labs are investigating the cause of the mysterious gunk which has killed at least 100 birds since Friday, including this bufflehead in San Leandro Marina. (Sara Hossaini)\" width=\"310\" height=\"465\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Labs are investigating the cause of the mysterious gunk which has killed at least 100 birds since Friday, including this bufflehead in San Leandro Marina. (Sara Hossaini)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife officials are still seeking the source of a strange, sticky substance fouling birds around San Francisco Bay. It’s already killed at least 200 birds and injured hundreds more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All these dead birds are my failures,” lamented Mark Russell of \u003ca href=\"http://bird-rescue.org/\">International Bird Rescue\u003c/a>, as he heaved a bag full of dead birds into his van at the San Leandro Marina on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a team of volunteers, boxes of living birds await cleanup — but of \u003cem>what\u003c/em>, they’re not sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Non-petroleum substance has wildlife experts baffled\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not oil. That’s one reason why volunteer groups like Russell’s have been doing most of the work since the gooey substance was first reported at multiple sites on Friday, including Alameda County, the Crab Cove Visitor Center in Alameda, Hayward Regional Shoreline and the San Leandro Marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife \u003c/a>spokesman Andrew Hughan says extra resources that might have been triggered by a petroleum incident aren’t available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news, according to Hughan, is that the substance doesn’t appear to be toxic. No fish have died and residents continued to cast their poles along the shoreline on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a mystery, says Hughan, “you know, I’ve heard it described as rubber cement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chemical analysis may lead to source\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughan says two labs are currently trying to pin down the nature of the substance,which gunks up feathers and leads to hypothermia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it turns out that this is man-made, we’re going to try to find them, and if it comes to it, we’re going to file criminal charges.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughman hopes to announce the findings as early as this week on California Fish and Wildlife’s Twitter feed: @CaliforniaDFW.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the stuff is finding its way primarily onto common shoreline birds, such as buffleheads, surf scoters, and horned grebes. Meanwhile its impact has spread to the Peninsula coastline and has started to affect more fragile species, including sandpipers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//www.wildlifeservices.org/\">Wildlife Emergency Services\u003c/a> leaders are asking for volunteers to help find distressed birds by reporting sightings to the organization at \u003ca href=\"tel:%28831%29%20429-2323\">(831) 429-2323\u003c/a>. Interested volunteers can \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlifeservices.org/PAGES/VOLUNTEER.html\">fill out an application\u003c/a>. Untrained members of the public are discouraged from trying capture distressed birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/187062825″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26463\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Goo-bird-e1421799850872-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26463 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Goo-bird-e1421799850872-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">International Bird Rescue’s Mark Russell points to the unidentified substance which induced hypothermia in this dead bird in San Leandro’s Marina. (Sara Hossaini/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sarastrummer\">Sara Hossaini\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 11:45 a.m., Jan. 28:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the International Bird Rescue Center released 24 birds that were found covered in a mysterious goo in San Francisco Bay. After spending ten days in captivity receiving medical treatment, the birds were well enough to return to the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 6:30 p.m., Jan. 27:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> say they’re working around the clock to categorize the elusive substance that killed and injured hundreds of the seabirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far they have ruled out petroleum and polyisobutylene, or high-viscosity PIB, a synthetic rubber and marine fuel additive that was \u003ca href=\"http://www.theinformationdaily.com/2013/10/23/chemical-pib-responsible-for-mass-seabird-deaths-to-be-banned\">responsible for bird kills\u003c/a> along the coast of England in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They now believe the gunk is a chemical mixture but are still trying to figure out whether it’s natural or man-made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental scientist Daniel Orr said, unfortunately, there isn’t a single instrument to test the material. “When you have a fully unknown compound, there’s no [one] tool I can put that into,” said Orr. “I certainly wish there was in this case.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, his team relies on infrared technology, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, sometimes testing multiple samples simultaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To speed up the investigation, his team is now sending samples to laboratories at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dtsc.ca.gov/\">Department of Toxic Substances Control\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orr says the process isn’t as simple as TV crime dramas suggest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the biggest differences in the reality between ‘CSI’ and my day-to-day work is the preparation of the sample,” said Orr. Removing materials like feathers and sand prior to processing can take hours, Orr says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 40 scientists are now working on the case, with no word on how long it might take to have results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 10:30 a.m. Jan. 21:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of birds that have died from a mysterious goo has doubled since yesterday. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife says 200 birds are dead and another 315 are being treated by International Bird Rescue. The organizations still haven’t identified the sticky substance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26470\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Goo-bird__2-682x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26470 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Goo-bird__2-682x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Labs are investigating the cause of the mysterious gunk which has killed at least 100 birds since Friday, including this bufflehead in San Leandro Marina. (Sara Hossaini)\" width=\"310\" height=\"465\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Labs are investigating the cause of the mysterious gunk which has killed at least 100 birds since Friday, including this bufflehead in San Leandro Marina. (Sara Hossaini)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife officials are still seeking the source of a strange, sticky substance fouling birds around San Francisco Bay. It’s already killed at least 200 birds and injured hundreds more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All these dead birds are my failures,” lamented Mark Russell of \u003ca href=\"http://bird-rescue.org/\">International Bird Rescue\u003c/a>, as he heaved a bag full of dead birds into his van at the San Leandro Marina on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a team of volunteers, boxes of living birds await cleanup — but of \u003cem>what\u003c/em>, they’re not sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Non-petroleum substance has wildlife experts baffled\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not oil. That’s one reason why volunteer groups like Russell’s have been doing most of the work since the gooey substance was first reported at multiple sites on Friday, including Alameda County, the Crab Cove Visitor Center in Alameda, Hayward Regional Shoreline and the San Leandro Marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife \u003c/a>spokesman Andrew Hughan says extra resources that might have been triggered by a petroleum incident aren’t available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news, according to Hughan, is that the substance doesn’t appear to be toxic. No fish have died and residents continued to cast their poles along the shoreline on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a mystery, says Hughan, “you know, I’ve heard it described as rubber cement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chemical analysis may lead to source\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughan says two labs are currently trying to pin down the nature of the substance,which gunks up feathers and leads to hypothermia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it turns out that this is man-made, we’re going to try to find them, and if it comes to it, we’re going to file criminal charges.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughman hopes to announce the findings as early as this week on California Fish and Wildlife’s Twitter feed: @CaliforniaDFW.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the stuff is finding its way primarily onto common shoreline birds, such as buffleheads, surf scoters, and horned grebes. Meanwhile its impact has spread to the Peninsula coastline and has started to affect more fragile species, including sandpipers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//www.wildlifeservices.org/\">Wildlife Emergency Services\u003c/a> leaders are asking for volunteers to help find distressed birds by reporting sightings to the organization at \u003ca href=\"tel:%28831%29%20429-2323\">(831) 429-2323\u003c/a>. Interested volunteers can \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlifeservices.org/PAGES/VOLUNTEER.html\">fill out an application\u003c/a>. 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"title": "Sick Sea Lions Wash Up on California Beaches",
"headTitle": "Sick Sea Lions Wash Up on California Beaches | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/AA-Sea-lion-pups_Sarah-van-Schagen-e1421460550384-1024x578.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26406 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/AA-Sea-lion-pups_Sarah-van-Schagen-e1421460550384-1024x578.jpg\" alt=\"The Marine Mammal Center’s record-breaking patient load in 2014 included an influx of emaciated young sea lions. (Sarah van Schagen/The Marine Mammal Center) \" width=\"1024\" height=\"578\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marine Mammal Center’s record-breaking patient load in 2014 included an influx of emaciated young sea lions. (Sarah van Schagen/The Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year a record number of sea lions washed up on Central and Northern California beaches, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, the organization that treats wounded wild marine animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually the center near Sausalito treats fewer than 20 sea lion pups a year, but in 2014 that spiked to 245. Older sea lions also stranded themselves in record numbers last year, 449 up from 176 in 2013. A neurotoxin found in algal blooms affected 34 percent of the adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sea lions were sighted all the way from San Luis Obispo to Mendocino. When rescuers responded to calls, said Shawn Johnson, Director of Veterinary Science, the emaciated pups looked extremely undernourished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very sad,” Johnson said. “Imagine starving to death and not eating for many weeks, where your skin is just hanging off you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Do Pups Get Stranded?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strandings happen when sea lion moms abandon their pups before they are ready to feed on their own. Scientists are unsure precisely what is causing these events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26410\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 335px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Blarney-McCresty-rehab-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26410 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Blarney-McCresty-rehab-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Blarney McCresty, an adult male California sea lion, was treated for domoic acid toxicity during his rehabilitation at The Marine Mammal Center.\" width=\"335\" height=\"223\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blarney McCresty, an adult male California sea lion, was treated for domoic acid toxicity during his rehabilitation at The Marine Mammal Center. (The Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One possibility is rising ocean temperatures. Fish live in specific temperature ranges and warmer water could change their habitat, which means sea lion moms swim father afield to find the same amount of nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists do know that when the adults are unable to provide for the pups they abandon them. If the infants are younger than 10 months, they don’t know how to fend for themselves and wind up on beaches throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year the center is able to save about 50 percent of the pups that are rescued, by nourishing them back to health with a slurry of ground-up fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is working with biologists from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/nmml/\">National Marine Mammal Laboratory\u003c/a> to study the health of sea lion populations on the Channel Islands, where the animals breed. They’re hoping to help predict future strandings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re bracing for another very big year in 2015,” Johnson said. “The biologists observing sea lions at the Channel Islands say the pups are underweight so we’ll likely have another busy spring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sea Lions Have Brain Damage, Experience Seizures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26414\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Atlas-Orbit-Caelum_release__Conner-Jay-242x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-26414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Atlas-Orbit-Caelum_release__Conner-Jay-242x162.jpg\" alt=\"California sea lions Atlas, Orbit and Caelum return to the ocean at Chimney Rock in Point Reyes after receiving care at The Marine Mammal Center. (Conner Jay/ The Marine Mammal Center)\" width=\"324\" height=\"217\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California sea lions Atlas, Orbit and Caelum return to the ocean at Chimney Rock in Point Reyes after receiving care at The Marine Mammal Center. (Conner Jay/ The Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since 1998, scientists have discovered sea lions with a neurotoxin that causes memory loss and seizures. Domoic acid is created by certain types of algae and passed up the food chain from fish to the animals that eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once ingested, the toxin enters the bloodstream, traveling to the brain where it starts causing brain damage. Scientists performing memory tests on the animals also found that the animals lost memory function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If treated immediately, some of the sea lions survive but once the toxin accumulates the animals often experience multiple seizures and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, four sea lions have been admitted to The Marine Mammal Center that have domoic acid. Because these harmful algal blooms can be toxic to humans as well, the center alerts the health department when several animals are discovered with the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to domoic acid, they literally are the canaries in the ocean or coal mine,” Johnson said. “We do what we can but some of these sea lions might not have enough memory to survive out in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/AA-Sea-lion-pups_Sarah-van-Schagen-e1421460550384-1024x578.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26406 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/AA-Sea-lion-pups_Sarah-van-Schagen-e1421460550384-1024x578.jpg\" alt=\"The Marine Mammal Center’s record-breaking patient load in 2014 included an influx of emaciated young sea lions. (Sarah van Schagen/The Marine Mammal Center) \" width=\"1024\" height=\"578\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marine Mammal Center’s record-breaking patient load in 2014 included an influx of emaciated young sea lions. (Sarah van Schagen/The Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year a record number of sea lions washed up on Central and Northern California beaches, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, the organization that treats wounded wild marine animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually the center near Sausalito treats fewer than 20 sea lion pups a year, but in 2014 that spiked to 245. Older sea lions also stranded themselves in record numbers last year, 449 up from 176 in 2013. A neurotoxin found in algal blooms affected 34 percent of the adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sea lions were sighted all the way from San Luis Obispo to Mendocino. When rescuers responded to calls, said Shawn Johnson, Director of Veterinary Science, the emaciated pups looked extremely undernourished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very sad,” Johnson said. “Imagine starving to death and not eating for many weeks, where your skin is just hanging off you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Do Pups Get Stranded?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strandings happen when sea lion moms abandon their pups before they are ready to feed on their own. Scientists are unsure precisely what is causing these events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26410\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 335px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Blarney-McCresty-rehab-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26410 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Blarney-McCresty-rehab-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Blarney McCresty, an adult male California sea lion, was treated for domoic acid toxicity during his rehabilitation at The Marine Mammal Center.\" width=\"335\" height=\"223\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blarney McCresty, an adult male California sea lion, was treated for domoic acid toxicity during his rehabilitation at The Marine Mammal Center. (The Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One possibility is rising ocean temperatures. Fish live in specific temperature ranges and warmer water could change their habitat, which means sea lion moms swim father afield to find the same amount of nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists do know that when the adults are unable to provide for the pups they abandon them. If the infants are younger than 10 months, they don’t know how to fend for themselves and wind up on beaches throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year the center is able to save about 50 percent of the pups that are rescued, by nourishing them back to health with a slurry of ground-up fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is working with biologists from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/nmml/\">National Marine Mammal Laboratory\u003c/a> to study the health of sea lion populations on the Channel Islands, where the animals breed. They’re hoping to help predict future strandings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re bracing for another very big year in 2015,” Johnson said. “The biologists observing sea lions at the Channel Islands say the pups are underweight so we’ll likely have another busy spring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sea Lions Have Brain Damage, Experience Seizures\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26414\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Atlas-Orbit-Caelum_release__Conner-Jay-242x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-26414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Atlas-Orbit-Caelum_release__Conner-Jay-242x162.jpg\" alt=\"California sea lions Atlas, Orbit and Caelum return to the ocean at Chimney Rock in Point Reyes after receiving care at The Marine Mammal Center. (Conner Jay/ The Marine Mammal Center)\" width=\"324\" height=\"217\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California sea lions Atlas, Orbit and Caelum return to the ocean at Chimney Rock in Point Reyes after receiving care at The Marine Mammal Center. (Conner Jay/ The Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since 1998, scientists have discovered sea lions with a neurotoxin that causes memory loss and seizures. Domoic acid is created by certain types of algae and passed up the food chain from fish to the animals that eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once ingested, the toxin enters the bloodstream, traveling to the brain where it starts causing brain damage. Scientists performing memory tests on the animals also found that the animals lost memory function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If treated immediately, some of the sea lions survive but once the toxin accumulates the animals often experience multiple seizures and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, four sea lions have been admitted to The Marine Mammal Center that have domoic acid. Because these harmful algal blooms can be toxic to humans as well, the center alerts the health department when several animals are discovered with the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to domoic acid, they literally are the canaries in the ocean or coal mine,” Johnson said. “We do what we can but some of these sea lions might not have enough memory to survive out in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26280\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 636px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/strawberries-e1421271793733.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26280 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/strawberries-e1421271793733.jpg\" alt=\"Chloropicrin was introduced to replace methyl bromide but has negative health effects on workers so the California Department of Pesticide Regulation has introduced tighter regulations. (Sandy Huffaker/Getty Images)\" width=\"636\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chloropicrin was introduced to replace methyl bromide but has had negative health effects on workers and those who live near treated farms. (Sandy Huffaker/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Scott Smith\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_CALIFORNIA_PESTICIDE_REGULATION?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT\">Associated Press\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCalifornia farmers now must abide by the nation’s strictest rules for a widely used pesticide in a change designed to protect farmworkers and people who live and work near agricultural fields but is likely to raise prices on produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restrictions announced Wednesday target chloropicrin, a pesticide injected into the ground before planting crops such as strawberries, tomatoes and almond orchards. In recent years, the chemical has caused hundreds of people to suffer from irritated eyes, coughing fits and headaches, state officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new regulations surpass standards required by \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Leahy, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/\">California Department of Pesticide Regulation\u003c/a>, said Tuesday that the higher standard is needed in California, the nation’s leading agricultural producer and most populated state, where farms are often next to people. Costs are sure to rise for farmers, who will pass it along to consumers, but Leahy said it is worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is burdensome,” Leahy said. “But if we’re going to use these tools, we’ve got to ensure that they’re used as safely as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“If we’re going to use these tools, we’ve got to ensure that they’re used as safely as possible.’\u003ccite>–Brian Leahy,\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Department of Pesticide Regulation Director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Under the new regulation, farmers are limited to applying the pesticide on up to 40 acres in one day, a reduction of 75 percent. It also expands the distance between fields and human activity – in some cases to double the distance. Farmers who use upgraded tarps to cover their fields while applying the pesticide can follow less stringent regulations, said officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers use about 5 million pounds of the pesticide a year, most heavily in the Central Valley counties of San Joaquin and Fresno and along the coast in Monterey, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz and Ventura counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has been talking with growers for more than a year about the new standards and will immediately begin implementing them, with full compliance required by 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state documented 787 people as suffering from exposure to the pesticide drifting through the air between 2002 and 2011, according to the most recent records. In 2013, 19 people picking raspberries in Monterey County were sickened, and in 2012, 15 people in their homes and two firefighters near a Ventura County strawberry field reported irritated eyes, officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California farmers fear that tighter restrictions will increase the costs of their fruits and vegetables, potentially driving the market out of state or the country. Almond and grape growers use chloropicrin once every 20 to 30 years when they plant a new orchard or vineyard, but California’s strawberry growers, who use it each season, may be hit hardest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California produces 88 percent of the nation’s strawberry crop, supporting a $2.3 billion industry, said Carolyn O’Donnell, a spokeswoman for the California Strawberry Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will cost the state’s strawberry growers an estimated $20 million to buy upgraded tarps to cover their crops and comply with the standards, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farmers and their families live near their farms and work in their fields and care deeply about protecting the safety of their workers, neighbors and communities,” O’Donnell said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26280\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 636px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/strawberries-e1421271793733.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26280 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/strawberries-e1421271793733.jpg\" alt=\"Chloropicrin was introduced to replace methyl bromide but has negative health effects on workers so the California Department of Pesticide Regulation has introduced tighter regulations. (Sandy Huffaker/Getty Images)\" width=\"636\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chloropicrin was introduced to replace methyl bromide but has had negative health effects on workers and those who live near treated farms. (Sandy Huffaker/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Scott Smith\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_CALIFORNIA_PESTICIDE_REGULATION?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT\">Associated Press\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCalifornia farmers now must abide by the nation’s strictest rules for a widely used pesticide in a change designed to protect farmworkers and people who live and work near agricultural fields but is likely to raise prices on produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restrictions announced Wednesday target chloropicrin, a pesticide injected into the ground before planting crops such as strawberries, tomatoes and almond orchards. In recent years, the chemical has caused hundreds of people to suffer from irritated eyes, coughing fits and headaches, state officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new regulations surpass standards required by \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Leahy, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/\">California Department of Pesticide Regulation\u003c/a>, said Tuesday that the higher standard is needed in California, the nation’s leading agricultural producer and most populated state, where farms are often next to people. Costs are sure to rise for farmers, who will pass it along to consumers, but Leahy said it is worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is burdensome,” Leahy said. “But if we’re going to use these tools, we’ve got to ensure that they’re used as safely as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“If we’re going to use these tools, we’ve got to ensure that they’re used as safely as possible.’\u003ccite>–Brian Leahy,\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Department of Pesticide Regulation Director\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Under the new regulation, farmers are limited to applying the pesticide on up to 40 acres in one day, a reduction of 75 percent. It also expands the distance between fields and human activity – in some cases to double the distance. Farmers who use upgraded tarps to cover their fields while applying the pesticide can follow less stringent regulations, said officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers use about 5 million pounds of the pesticide a year, most heavily in the Central Valley counties of San Joaquin and Fresno and along the coast in Monterey, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz and Ventura counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has been talking with growers for more than a year about the new standards and will immediately begin implementing them, with full compliance required by 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state documented 787 people as suffering from exposure to the pesticide drifting through the air between 2002 and 2011, according to the most recent records. In 2013, 19 people picking raspberries in Monterey County were sickened, and in 2012, 15 people in their homes and two firefighters near a Ventura County strawberry field reported irritated eyes, officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California farmers fear that tighter restrictions will increase the costs of their fruits and vegetables, potentially driving the market out of state or the country. Almond and grape growers use chloropicrin once every 20 to 30 years when they plant a new orchard or vineyard, but California’s strawberry growers, who use it each season, may be hit hardest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California produces 88 percent of the nation’s strawberry crop, supporting a $2.3 billion industry, said Carolyn O’Donnell, a spokeswoman for the California Strawberry Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will cost the state’s strawberry growers an estimated $20 million to buy upgraded tarps to cover their crops and comply with the standards, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farmers and their families live near their farms and work in their fields and care deeply about protecting the safety of their workers, neighbors and communities,” O’Donnell said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "23andMe Strikes Another Deal With Big Pharma",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26269\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/23andMe_Box-e1421263543823.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26269 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/23andMe_Box-e1421263543823.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">23andMe sells genetic testing kits and has recently started sharing that data with pharmaceutical companies. (23andMe)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It hasn’t taken long for \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a>, the Mountain View-based genetics company, to strike another deal with big pharma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the Google-backed firm announced a $60 million agreement to allow Genentech to use participant data to study Parkinson’s disease. A new agreement announced Monday will give Pfizer access to 5,000 people in the company’s database to study the genetics of lupus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could be a new way to come up with treatments, says Emily Drabant Conley, Director of Business Development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re quite hopeful that the information is being leveraged to move us toward therapies and cures,” Drabant Conley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re quite hopeful that the information is being leveraged to move us toward therapies and cures.’\u003ccite>— Emily Drabant Conley,\u003cbr>\n23andMe Director of Business Development\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The biotech firm sells $99 personal DNA kits that, through one dab of saliva, can tell consumers about their genetic make-up and ancestry. It has enrolled more than 800,000 participants and 650,000 of those have consented to share their medical information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only are they benefiting by learning about themselves,” says Drabant Conley, “but when they consent to participate in research it gives us the ability to go back to them repeatedly over time and collect more info and engage them in the research that our partners are doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics say the company is making millions by selling its users’ data. Concerns include privacy breaches and whether insurance companies would increase rates if they had access to a member’s genetic history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe came under attack in 2013 when the Food and Drug Administration issued a \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2013/ucm376296.htm\">warning letter\u003c/a> saying the company was marketing genetic health analyses without approval, and raising concerns about the accuracy of the tests and the health risks to consumers of inaccurate tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 23andMe \u003ca href=\"http://www.ispot.tv/ad/7qoF/23-and-me\">television commercial\u003c/a> at the time said people could discover if they “might have an increased risk of heart disease, arthritis, gallstones, [or] hemochromatosis.” 23andMe also gave people an analysis of genetic markers it said were associated with 254 specific diseases and conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerned about “the public health consequences of inaccurate results,” the FDA asked company founder Anne Wojcicki to stop marketing the health analyses until the “diagnostic and prognostic capability of genomic information has been clinically validated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe has \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm391016.htm\">stopped marketing\u003c/a> the health analyses in the U.S., but is \u003ca href=\"http://blog.23andme.com/news/update-on-the-regulatory-review-process-with-the-fda/\">working with the FDA\u003c/a> to develop protocols that will allow the company to resume that part of its business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe is expected to announce another ten partnerships with pharmaceutical companies over the next several weeks.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26269\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/23andMe_Box-e1421263543823.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26269 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/23andMe_Box-e1421263543823.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">23andMe sells genetic testing kits and has recently started sharing that data with pharmaceutical companies. (23andMe)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It hasn’t taken long for \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a>, the Mountain View-based genetics company, to strike another deal with big pharma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the Google-backed firm announced a $60 million agreement to allow Genentech to use participant data to study Parkinson’s disease. A new agreement announced Monday will give Pfizer access to 5,000 people in the company’s database to study the genetics of lupus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could be a new way to come up with treatments, says Emily Drabant Conley, Director of Business Development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re quite hopeful that the information is being leveraged to move us toward therapies and cures,” Drabant Conley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re quite hopeful that the information is being leveraged to move us toward therapies and cures.’\u003ccite>— Emily Drabant Conley,\u003cbr>\n23andMe Director of Business Development\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The biotech firm sells $99 personal DNA kits that, through one dab of saliva, can tell consumers about their genetic make-up and ancestry. It has enrolled more than 800,000 participants and 650,000 of those have consented to share their medical information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not only are they benefiting by learning about themselves,” says Drabant Conley, “but when they consent to participate in research it gives us the ability to go back to them repeatedly over time and collect more info and engage them in the research that our partners are doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics say the company is making millions by selling its users’ data. Concerns include privacy breaches and whether insurance companies would increase rates if they had access to a member’s genetic history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe came under attack in 2013 when the Food and Drug Administration issued a \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2013/ucm376296.htm\">warning letter\u003c/a> saying the company was marketing genetic health analyses without approval, and raising concerns about the accuracy of the tests and the health risks to consumers of inaccurate tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 23andMe \u003ca href=\"http://www.ispot.tv/ad/7qoF/23-and-me\">television commercial\u003c/a> at the time said people could discover if they “might have an increased risk of heart disease, arthritis, gallstones, [or] hemochromatosis.” 23andMe also gave people an analysis of genetic markers it said were associated with 254 specific diseases and conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerned about “the public health consequences of inaccurate results,” the FDA asked company founder Anne Wojcicki to stop marketing the health analyses until the “diagnostic and prognostic capability of genomic information has been clinically validated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe has \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm391016.htm\">stopped marketing\u003c/a> the health analyses in the U.S., but is \u003ca href=\"http://blog.23andme.com/news/update-on-the-regulatory-review-process-with-the-fda/\">working with the FDA\u003c/a> to develop protocols that will allow the company to resume that part of its business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe is expected to announce another ten partnerships with pharmaceutical companies over the next several weeks.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/01/20150112science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26127\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Plant-mold-feature_image1-e1420852016889-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26127 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Plant-mold-feature_image1-e1420852016889-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Plant mold feature_image1\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Wolfgang Schweigkofler holds up a culture of \u003cem>Phytophthora tentaculata\u003c/em> at Dominican University in Marin County. Experts there have spent years studying ways to fight Sudden Oak Death and are now turning their attention to \u003cem>P. tentaculata\u003c/em>. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago, scores of trees began visibly dying off around the Bay Area, in what turned out to be the advent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/PRamorumChronology_12.10.14.pdf\">Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>. The cause was a microscopic parasite, \u003cem>Phytophthora ramorum\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Phytophthora \u003c/em>comes from Greek and means “plant destroyer.” (It’s pronounced fie-TOF-thur-uh.) Of its many relatives, perhaps the best known is \u003cem>Phytophthora infestans\u003c/em>, noted for causing the \u003ca href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294137/Irish-Potato-Famine\">Irish Potato Famine\u003c/a>. Though sometimes classified among fungi, they’re actually part of a distinct group known as “water molds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/emergency/downloads/nprg-genericphytophthoras.pdf\">An ominous federal\u003c/a> report five years ago warned of another \u003cem>Phytophthora \u003c/em>species that had not arrived yet in North America. If it were to appear, the report said it “would likely cause severe economic impacts to the nursery trade, as well as environmental impacts on native species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in the fall of 2012, it showed up at a nursery in Monterey County. “We were like, what the heck is this?” says state plant pathologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HK4-NMsDbm8\">Suzanne Latham\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She identified it through DNA testing as \u003cem>Phytophthora tentaculata\u003c/em>. All the plants in the nursery were destroyed, Latham says, “and we thought we had an isolated detection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, about a year ago, \u003cem>P. tentaculata\u003c/em> showed up again, this time outside the confines of a nursery.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We were like, what the heck is this?’\u003ccite>— Suzanne Latham,\u003cbr>\nSenior Plant Pathologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Insidious, Microscopic Hitchhiker\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a remote part of Alameda County, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/\">San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> is restoring native species across a vast, grassy terrain. It’s a mitigation project for several water systems the PUC is overhauling. At roughly an area of one hundred football fields, the massive project involved hauling in many thousands of plants that are native to California, at a cost of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plants included a shrub called toyon and a subshrub called sticky monkey flower. Both turned out to be hosts of \u003cem>P. tentaculata\u003c/em>, which, unbeknownst to workers, was quietly hitchhiking into the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a soil-born pathogen, \u003cem>tentaculata \u003c/em>attacks and rots plant roots. Infected plants look “water-stressed,” meaning the parasite can masquerade as effects of the drought. It can spread by drifting in water, or with help from people: in contaminated potting soil, perhaps, or in dirt on workers’ boots or tools, or in the treads of truck tires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That invasive species have the potential to sabotage restoration efforts was not news to the PUC. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypRe4nX6fSo\">Greg Lyman\u003c/a>, a habitat mitigation engineer, says the agency had taken pains to keep pests and pathogens out of the site, with a zero-tolerance approach to potential contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workers who rolled up with dirty equipment had to turn around and go power-wash it before they were allowed onsite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26142\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Toyon-P.1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-26142\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Toyon-P.1.jpg\" alt=\"A shrub infected with Phytophthora cactorum, which rots plant roots, leading to symptoms like yellowing leaves, stunting and necrosis. (Ted Swiecki/Phytosphere Research)\" width=\"400\" height=\"283\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A shrub infected with \u003cem>Phytophthora cactorum\u003c/em>, which rots plant roots, leading to symptoms like yellowing leaves, stunting and necrosis. (Ted Swiecki/Phytosphere Research)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The zero-tolerance policy meant inspections for nurseries, and throwing out batches of seeds that had even a fraction of a percent of extraneous weeds. To keep pests from creeping into the site, a contractor sterilized the logs used in landscaping inside a huge metal oven, heated with propane to more than 180 degrees. Baking a single batch of about five logs, Lyman says, typically required a full 24 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these many precautions, \u003cem>tentaculata \u003c/em>and several other varieties of \u003cem>Phytophthora\u003c/em> have now turned up at the site. How many kinds of plants these pathogens might eat and how much damage they might do is uncertain, but for Lyman, the nightmare scenario would be this: “We’ve introduced a pathogen into the watershed that could decimate a whole ecosystem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Before It Can Run Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Invasive species, once they’ve found a toehold in a new environment, can be difficult – if not impossible – to fully eradicate. The best time to try, experts say, is before they’ve had a chance to get established.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were more than eight thousand outplantings of sticky monkey flower and toyon at the site in Alameda County. While not all of them were necessarily infected with \u003cem>tentaculata\u003c/em>, every one of them had to go. Workers lopped each one off at ground level, with the roots still buried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ripping them out would actually increase the risk of spread,” Lyman explains, “because as you pull them out you would leave some roots behind or you would accidentally spray roots and pathogens outside of controlled areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the hope is to kill the mold where it lays, using a process called “solarization.” This entails putting sheets of plastic over the ground to trap the sun’s heat in the soil, warming it to 120 degrees Fahrenheit or higher, several inches down into the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26146\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 383px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Phytophthora-tentaculata-213x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-26146\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Phytophthora-tentaculata-213x162.jpg\" alt=\"Photomicrograph of Phytophthora tentaculata, showing the filaments that grow through plant tissues, secrete toxins and enzymes and absorb nutrients. (Ted Swiecki/Phytosphere Research)\" width=\"383\" height=\"291\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>P. tentaculata\u003c/em> filaments grow through plant tissues, secrete toxins and enzymes and absorb nutrients. (Ted Swiecki/Phytosphere Research)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lyman says so far dealing with the infection has cost some $700,000, and while he acknowledges trying to halt the pathogen’s spread is a tall order, he insists “it’s not a lost cause. With education, and with changes in the practice, we can make a difference. We will make a difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nursery Shakeup\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tentaculata \u003c/em>has also shown up at nurseries in Monterey, Santa Cruz, Placer and Butte counties, elevating concerns in the industry over the potential spread of tiny invaders. While Watershed Nursery in Richmond has kept it out, “everybody’s a little paranoid now,” says owner Diana Benner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last year, Benner and her co-owner, Laura Hanson, have added safeguards, like a spongy sort of doormat soaked in disinfectant, so people passing in and out of the chain-link gate won’t track in potential pathogens on the soles of their shoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve replaced wooden potting tables with surfaces that are easier to disinfect. They now sterilize the many pots they reuse. They’re even working on a way to sterilize potting soil, rigging together a pair of metal trashcans with a smoker underneath for heat. A big part of the success or failure of these methods, Benner says, is vigilance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can have all these things set up, and if your staff is not thinking about it constantly, it doesn’t matter,” she says. “So the biggest thing about it has been habits – habits, habits, habits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benner also notes the nursery grows plants for restoration projects from seed, which is not believed to be a vector for passing along \u003cem>Phytophthora\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plant pathologist Ted Swiecki says the danger of spreading exotic pathogens is familiar in places like Australia, where the species \u003cem>Phytophthora cinnamomi\u003c/em> is widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have huge education campaigns, they’ve been doing various types of treatments in different areas, they have quarantines, all kinds of sanitation stations, all kinds of efforts,” Swiecki says. “We don’t want to end up where they are. In a way, we’re in a version of that with Sudden Oak Death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, while the microbe that causes Sudden Oak Death can infect many plants and kills only a handful of them, \u003cem>P. cinnamomi\u003c/em> has “a host list of a couple thousand-plus species, which we could add to every day, because most of its hosts aren’t known. And it will kill most of those.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With other exotic varieties of Phytophthora turning up around the Bay Area, Swiecki is urging action: he believes there’s still a chance for native plant nurseries and the restoration projects they supply to take heed, before things get worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time we get a new Phytophthora species out there with limited information like \u003cem>tentaculata\u003c/em>,” Swiecki says, “we don’t really know what it’s going to affect and how wide its host range is going to be. And when we have a combination of species out there, we really have a set of wild cards.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A microscopic pathogen got into the roots of some native plants at a restoration project in Alameda County, despite massive efforts to prevent it. Now officials are hoping to stop this microbe before it spreads.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26127\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Plant-mold-feature_image1-e1420852016889-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26127 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Plant-mold-feature_image1-e1420852016889-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Plant mold feature_image1\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Wolfgang Schweigkofler holds up a culture of \u003cem>Phytophthora tentaculata\u003c/em> at Dominican University in Marin County. Experts there have spent years studying ways to fight Sudden Oak Death and are now turning their attention to \u003cem>P. tentaculata\u003c/em>. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago, scores of trees began visibly dying off around the Bay Area, in what turned out to be the advent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/PRamorumChronology_12.10.14.pdf\">Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>. The cause was a microscopic parasite, \u003cem>Phytophthora ramorum\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Phytophthora \u003c/em>comes from Greek and means “plant destroyer.” (It’s pronounced fie-TOF-thur-uh.) Of its many relatives, perhaps the best known is \u003cem>Phytophthora infestans\u003c/em>, noted for causing the \u003ca href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294137/Irish-Potato-Famine\">Irish Potato Famine\u003c/a>. Though sometimes classified among fungi, they’re actually part of a distinct group known as “water molds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/emergency/downloads/nprg-genericphytophthoras.pdf\">An ominous federal\u003c/a> report five years ago warned of another \u003cem>Phytophthora \u003c/em>species that had not arrived yet in North America. If it were to appear, the report said it “would likely cause severe economic impacts to the nursery trade, as well as environmental impacts on native species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in the fall of 2012, it showed up at a nursery in Monterey County. “We were like, what the heck is this?” says state plant pathologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HK4-NMsDbm8\">Suzanne Latham\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She identified it through DNA testing as \u003cem>Phytophthora tentaculata\u003c/em>. All the plants in the nursery were destroyed, Latham says, “and we thought we had an isolated detection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, about a year ago, \u003cem>P. tentaculata\u003c/em> showed up again, this time outside the confines of a nursery.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We were like, what the heck is this?’\u003ccite>— Suzanne Latham,\u003cbr>\nSenior Plant Pathologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Insidious, Microscopic Hitchhiker\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a remote part of Alameda County, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfwater.org/\">San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> is restoring native species across a vast, grassy terrain. It’s a mitigation project for several water systems the PUC is overhauling. At roughly an area of one hundred football fields, the massive project involved hauling in many thousands of plants that are native to California, at a cost of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plants included a shrub called toyon and a subshrub called sticky monkey flower. Both turned out to be hosts of \u003cem>P. tentaculata\u003c/em>, which, unbeknownst to workers, was quietly hitchhiking into the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a soil-born pathogen, \u003cem>tentaculata \u003c/em>attacks and rots plant roots. Infected plants look “water-stressed,” meaning the parasite can masquerade as effects of the drought. It can spread by drifting in water, or with help from people: in contaminated potting soil, perhaps, or in dirt on workers’ boots or tools, or in the treads of truck tires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That invasive species have the potential to sabotage restoration efforts was not news to the PUC. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypRe4nX6fSo\">Greg Lyman\u003c/a>, a habitat mitigation engineer, says the agency had taken pains to keep pests and pathogens out of the site, with a zero-tolerance approach to potential contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workers who rolled up with dirty equipment had to turn around and go power-wash it before they were allowed onsite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26142\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Toyon-P.1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-26142\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Toyon-P.1.jpg\" alt=\"A shrub infected with Phytophthora cactorum, which rots plant roots, leading to symptoms like yellowing leaves, stunting and necrosis. (Ted Swiecki/Phytosphere Research)\" width=\"400\" height=\"283\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A shrub infected with \u003cem>Phytophthora cactorum\u003c/em>, which rots plant roots, leading to symptoms like yellowing leaves, stunting and necrosis. (Ted Swiecki/Phytosphere Research)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The zero-tolerance policy meant inspections for nurseries, and throwing out batches of seeds that had even a fraction of a percent of extraneous weeds. To keep pests from creeping into the site, a contractor sterilized the logs used in landscaping inside a huge metal oven, heated with propane to more than 180 degrees. Baking a single batch of about five logs, Lyman says, typically required a full 24 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these many precautions, \u003cem>tentaculata \u003c/em>and several other varieties of \u003cem>Phytophthora\u003c/em> have now turned up at the site. How many kinds of plants these pathogens might eat and how much damage they might do is uncertain, but for Lyman, the nightmare scenario would be this: “We’ve introduced a pathogen into the watershed that could decimate a whole ecosystem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Before It Can Run Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Invasive species, once they’ve found a toehold in a new environment, can be difficult – if not impossible – to fully eradicate. The best time to try, experts say, is before they’ve had a chance to get established.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were more than eight thousand outplantings of sticky monkey flower and toyon at the site in Alameda County. While not all of them were necessarily infected with \u003cem>tentaculata\u003c/em>, every one of them had to go. Workers lopped each one off at ground level, with the roots still buried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ripping them out would actually increase the risk of spread,” Lyman explains, “because as you pull them out you would leave some roots behind or you would accidentally spray roots and pathogens outside of controlled areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the hope is to kill the mold where it lays, using a process called “solarization.” This entails putting sheets of plastic over the ground to trap the sun’s heat in the soil, warming it to 120 degrees Fahrenheit or higher, several inches down into the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26146\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 383px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Phytophthora-tentaculata-213x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-26146\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Phytophthora-tentaculata-213x162.jpg\" alt=\"Photomicrograph of Phytophthora tentaculata, showing the filaments that grow through plant tissues, secrete toxins and enzymes and absorb nutrients. (Ted Swiecki/Phytosphere Research)\" width=\"383\" height=\"291\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>P. tentaculata\u003c/em> filaments grow through plant tissues, secrete toxins and enzymes and absorb nutrients. (Ted Swiecki/Phytosphere Research)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lyman says so far dealing with the infection has cost some $700,000, and while he acknowledges trying to halt the pathogen’s spread is a tall order, he insists “it’s not a lost cause. With education, and with changes in the practice, we can make a difference. We will make a difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nursery Shakeup\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tentaculata \u003c/em>has also shown up at nurseries in Monterey, Santa Cruz, Placer and Butte counties, elevating concerns in the industry over the potential spread of tiny invaders. While Watershed Nursery in Richmond has kept it out, “everybody’s a little paranoid now,” says owner Diana Benner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last year, Benner and her co-owner, Laura Hanson, have added safeguards, like a spongy sort of doormat soaked in disinfectant, so people passing in and out of the chain-link gate won’t track in potential pathogens on the soles of their shoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve replaced wooden potting tables with surfaces that are easier to disinfect. They now sterilize the many pots they reuse. They’re even working on a way to sterilize potting soil, rigging together a pair of metal trashcans with a smoker underneath for heat. A big part of the success or failure of these methods, Benner says, is vigilance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can have all these things set up, and if your staff is not thinking about it constantly, it doesn’t matter,” she says. “So the biggest thing about it has been habits – habits, habits, habits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benner also notes the nursery grows plants for restoration projects from seed, which is not believed to be a vector for passing along \u003cem>Phytophthora\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plant pathologist Ted Swiecki says the danger of spreading exotic pathogens is familiar in places like Australia, where the species \u003cem>Phytophthora cinnamomi\u003c/em> is widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have huge education campaigns, they’ve been doing various types of treatments in different areas, they have quarantines, all kinds of sanitation stations, all kinds of efforts,” Swiecki says. “We don’t want to end up where they are. In a way, we’re in a version of that with Sudden Oak Death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, while the microbe that causes Sudden Oak Death can infect many plants and kills only a handful of them, \u003cem>P. cinnamomi\u003c/em> has “a host list of a couple thousand-plus species, which we could add to every day, because most of its hosts aren’t known. And it will kill most of those.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With other exotic varieties of Phytophthora turning up around the Bay Area, Swiecki is urging action: he believes there’s still a chance for native plant nurseries and the restoration projects they supply to take heed, before things get worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time we get a new Phytophthora species out there with limited information like \u003cem>tentaculata\u003c/em>,” Swiecki says, “we don’t really know what it’s going to affect and how wide its host range is going to be. And when we have a combination of species out there, we really have a set of wild cards.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Foie Gras: Back on California Menus",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26038\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 636px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/foie-gras-e1420740734180.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/foie-gras-e1420740734180.jpg\" alt=\" cyclonebill/flickr)\" width=\"636\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Foie gras reappeared on many California menus the same day a ban on the food was lifted. (cyclonebill/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Foie gras exploded back onto the California culinary scene Wednesday after a judge lifted a statewide ban on the French delicacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge Stephen V. Wilson ruled that a 2004 California ban, on the fatty duck or goose liver, clashes with an existing federal law that regulates poultry products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three plaintiffs in the case—Canada’s Association des Eleveurs de Canards et d’Oies du Quebec, New York’s Hudson Valley Foie Gras and Los Angeles-based Hot’s Restaurant Group— filed suit the day after the ban took effect in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, restaurants across the state have been illicitly stashing and serving foie gras.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We are thrilled to be offering our guests the opportunity to enjoy this delicacy again.’\u003ccite>— Thomas Keller,\u003cbr>\nChef/Proprietor, The French Laundry\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Chefs liken the ban to Prohibition and “duckeasies” popped up to satisfy foodies’ demand. By offering it free as a gift from the kitchen, restaurants weren’t “selling” foie gras or violating the ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last night chefs rejoiced on Twitter. In a tweet, Chef David Bazirgan of San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.dirtyhabitsf.com/\">Dirty Habit \u003c/a>said: \u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>CALI FOIE BAN OVERTURNED . GOOD THING I ALWAYS HAVE IT ANYWAY!!! We have lots of FOIE gras for tonight…”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bazirgan created a four-course foie gras tasting menu that sold out within a few hours. “We were slammed and the chef sold out but we’re doing it again tonight,” said Jamie Law, public relations manager for Dirty Habit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Animal rights groups have vowed to appeal. \u003ca href=\"http://www.peta.org/\">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals\u003c/a>, President Ingrid Newkirk said force-feeding ducks and geese is akin to torture and won’t be tolerated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A line will be drawn in the sand outside any restaurant that goes back to serving this ‘torture in a tin,’ and whoever crosses that line identifies themselves with gluttony that cannot control itself even to the point of torturing animals,” said Newkirk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26048\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 302px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Bazirgan-with-Foie-Gras-1_7_15.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-26048\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Bazirgan-with-Foie-Gras-1_7_15.jpg\" alt=\"San Francisco Chef David Bazirgan holds up two lobes of foie gras moments after the statewide ban was lifted Wednesday. (Kimpton Group)\" width=\"302\" height=\"302\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco Chef David Bazirgan holds up two lobes of foie gras moments after the statewide ban was lifted Wednesday. (Dirty Habit)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The state has not said whether it will appeal the decision. A representative from \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/about\">California Attorney General Kamala Harris\u003c/a>’ office said, “we are reviewing the ruling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restaurants from Los Angeles to San Francisco are offering celebratory foie gras treats from \u003ca href=\"http://www.timeout.com/los-angeles/blog/where-to-find-free-foie-gras-to-celebrate-the-end-of-the-ban\">cotton candy\u003c/a> to foie gras burgers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Celebrity chef Thomas Keller, who has been a vocal opponent of the ban said both his Yountville Calif. restaurants, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thomaskeller.com/tfl\">The French Laundry \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thomaskeller.com/yountville-california/bouchon-bistro\">Bouchon\u003c/a>, will start serving foie gras again this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thrilled to be offering our guests the opportunity to enjoy this delicacy again,” said Keller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is still illegal to produce foie gras but the ruling allows restaurants to sell it, meaning California restaurants can purchase the food from other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although a handful of celebrity chefs like Wolfgang Puck oppose serving foie gras, most welcomed the recent news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a rite of passage to be able to serve it,” said Chef Josiah Citrin of Santa Monica’s Melisse. “It’ll be on our menu all this week.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26038\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 636px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/foie-gras-e1420740734180.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/foie-gras-e1420740734180.jpg\" alt=\" cyclonebill/flickr)\" width=\"636\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Foie gras reappeared on many California menus the same day a ban on the food was lifted. (cyclonebill/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Foie gras exploded back onto the California culinary scene Wednesday after a judge lifted a statewide ban on the French delicacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge Stephen V. Wilson ruled that a 2004 California ban, on the fatty duck or goose liver, clashes with an existing federal law that regulates poultry products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three plaintiffs in the case—Canada’s Association des Eleveurs de Canards et d’Oies du Quebec, New York’s Hudson Valley Foie Gras and Los Angeles-based Hot’s Restaurant Group— filed suit the day after the ban took effect in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, restaurants across the state have been illicitly stashing and serving foie gras.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We are thrilled to be offering our guests the opportunity to enjoy this delicacy again.’\u003ccite>— Thomas Keller,\u003cbr>\nChef/Proprietor, The French Laundry\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Chefs liken the ban to Prohibition and “duckeasies” popped up to satisfy foodies’ demand. By offering it free as a gift from the kitchen, restaurants weren’t “selling” foie gras or violating the ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last night chefs rejoiced on Twitter. In a tweet, Chef David Bazirgan of San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.dirtyhabitsf.com/\">Dirty Habit \u003c/a>said: \u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>CALI FOIE BAN OVERTURNED . GOOD THING I ALWAYS HAVE IT ANYWAY!!! We have lots of FOIE gras for tonight…”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bazirgan created a four-course foie gras tasting menu that sold out within a few hours. “We were slammed and the chef sold out but we’re doing it again tonight,” said Jamie Law, public relations manager for Dirty Habit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Animal rights groups have vowed to appeal. \u003ca href=\"http://www.peta.org/\">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals\u003c/a>, President Ingrid Newkirk said force-feeding ducks and geese is akin to torture and won’t be tolerated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A line will be drawn in the sand outside any restaurant that goes back to serving this ‘torture in a tin,’ and whoever crosses that line identifies themselves with gluttony that cannot control itself even to the point of torturing animals,” said Newkirk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26048\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 302px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Bazirgan-with-Foie-Gras-1_7_15.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-26048\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/Bazirgan-with-Foie-Gras-1_7_15.jpg\" alt=\"San Francisco Chef David Bazirgan holds up two lobes of foie gras moments after the statewide ban was lifted Wednesday. (Kimpton Group)\" width=\"302\" height=\"302\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco Chef David Bazirgan holds up two lobes of foie gras moments after the statewide ban was lifted Wednesday. (Dirty Habit)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The state has not said whether it will appeal the decision. A representative from \u003ca href=\"http://oag.ca.gov/about\">California Attorney General Kamala Harris\u003c/a>’ office said, “we are reviewing the ruling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restaurants from Los Angeles to San Francisco are offering celebratory foie gras treats from \u003ca href=\"http://www.timeout.com/los-angeles/blog/where-to-find-free-foie-gras-to-celebrate-the-end-of-the-ban\">cotton candy\u003c/a> to foie gras burgers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Celebrity chef Thomas Keller, who has been a vocal opponent of the ban said both his Yountville Calif. restaurants, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thomaskeller.com/tfl\">The French Laundry \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thomaskeller.com/yountville-california/bouchon-bistro\">Bouchon\u003c/a>, will start serving foie gras again this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thrilled to be offering our guests the opportunity to enjoy this delicacy again,” said Keller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is still illegal to produce foie gras but the ruling allows restaurants to sell it, meaning California restaurants can purchase the food from other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although a handful of celebrity chefs like Wolfgang Puck oppose serving foie gras, most welcomed the recent news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a rite of passage to be able to serve it,” said Chef Josiah Citrin of Santa Monica’s Melisse. “It’ll be on our menu all this week.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "2014: California's Warmest Year on Record",
"headTitle": "2014: California’s Warmest Year on Record | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26019\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS1213_P1000565-lpr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26019\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS1213_P1000565-lpr.jpg\" alt=\"2014 set temperature records throughout much of the West. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2014 set temperature records throughout much of the West. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Federal climate scientists confirmed today that 2014 stands as \u003ca title=\"NOAA - summary - CA\" href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/climatological-rankings/index.php?periods%5B%5D=ytd¶meter=tavg&state=4&div=0&month=12&year=2014#ranks-form\">California’s warmest year\u003c/a> on record. The state’s average temperature for the year clocked in at 61.5 degrees Fahrenheit, 4.1 degrees higher than the 20th century average. Last year’s average bested the previous record, set in 1934, by nearly two degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"NOAA - 2014 summary\" href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/summary-info/national/2014/12\">annual review\u003c/a> from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says last year was warm throughout much of the West:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The West was warmer than average for much of 2014. Nine states had a top 10 warm year. Alaska, Arizona, California, and Nevada each had their warmest year on record. Most locations from the Rockies to the East Coast were cooler than average, with the exception of New England and Florida.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Consistent temperature records date back to 1894.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warmer-than-usual weather had a wide array of effects on California. First and foremost, it \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">made an already withering drought even worse\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Indeed, temperature is one of the driving factors of drought,” says Jeff Mount, co-founder of the Center for Watershed Sciences at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says two-thirds of California’s precipitation is routinely lost to evaporation or transpiration, the water taken up by plants. When temperatures rise, evapo-transpiration rates rise, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just the process of evaporation alone out of the soils and then the associated transpiration that comes out of plants with the warmer temperatures, the increased length of the growing season — all of these are producing moisture deficits in the soil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how much worse the drought was made by record warmth is harder to pin down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, a study by scientists at NOAA and Columbia University concluded that climate change was not a major cause of California’s current drought. It \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/12/08/californias-drought-is-it-global-warming/\">drew immediate fire\u003c/a> from other scientists for not taking record-high temperatures into account. The authors said they were looking at causal factors, not intensifying forces, but would be interested in doing additional analysis on the influence of temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/185091766″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says most striking have been the warm overnight lows, which stretched out the growing season and shriveled the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get those warm temps at night, where its not freezing at night anymore, you start melting your snow very, very quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, warm weather can keep the snowpack from building up in the first place. December’s persistent storms brought water content of Sierra snows to \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/12/30/warm-temps-mean-less-snow-for-the-sierra/\">just about half\u003c/a> of the average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Down below, last year’s persistently high temperatures made the notoriously bad air quality even worse in places like the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“2014 was one of our busiest years,” says A.M. Aminian, an allergist and respiratory specialist in Fresno, and chair of the Fresno-Madera Medical Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year we saw more people with asthma, respiratory problems, stuffy nose, and itching eyes, and also respiratory infections,” Aminian recalled. “We have been seeing more air pollution, the air was warmer, and it was very dry. That caused more particulate matter, dust in the air. Whenever there is heat and a lot of sunshine, the smog levels go up. This was one of the years we had more air pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures also \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/parched-california-wildlife-suffers-in-drought/\">exacerbated conditions for wildlife\u003c/a> already suffering from the drought. Low flows in rivers and streams heated up that much more, presenting a challenge especially to anadromous fish, like salmon and steelhead, for which water temperatures much above 60 can be fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this compounding of drought conditions might seem hard to square with another statistic in NOAA’s review: that California had a near-average precipitation year in 2014, coming in just slightly drier than normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the nearly non-stop rain throughout December, the NOAA report concluded that “drought conditions improved across parts of Northern California” but, “Despite above-average precipitation in California, only modest drought improvements occurred due to long-term precipitation deficits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Central Valley Bureau Chief, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/about/staff/sasha-khokha.jsp\">Sasha Khokha\u003c/a>, contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26019\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS1213_P1000565-lpr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26019\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS1213_P1000565-lpr.jpg\" alt=\"2014 set temperature records throughout much of the West. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2014 set temperature records throughout much of the West. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Federal climate scientists confirmed today that 2014 stands as \u003ca title=\"NOAA - summary - CA\" href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/climatological-rankings/index.php?periods%5B%5D=ytd¶meter=tavg&state=4&div=0&month=12&year=2014#ranks-form\">California’s warmest year\u003c/a> on record. The state’s average temperature for the year clocked in at 61.5 degrees Fahrenheit, 4.1 degrees higher than the 20th century average. Last year’s average bested the previous record, set in 1934, by nearly two degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"NOAA - 2014 summary\" href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/summary-info/national/2014/12\">annual review\u003c/a> from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says last year was warm throughout much of the West:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The West was warmer than average for much of 2014. Nine states had a top 10 warm year. Alaska, Arizona, California, and Nevada each had their warmest year on record. Most locations from the Rockies to the East Coast were cooler than average, with the exception of New England and Florida.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Consistent temperature records date back to 1894.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warmer-than-usual weather had a wide array of effects on California. First and foremost, it \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">made an already withering drought even worse\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Indeed, temperature is one of the driving factors of drought,” says Jeff Mount, co-founder of the Center for Watershed Sciences at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says two-thirds of California’s precipitation is routinely lost to evaporation or transpiration, the water taken up by plants. When temperatures rise, evapo-transpiration rates rise, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just the process of evaporation alone out of the soils and then the associated transpiration that comes out of plants with the warmer temperatures, the increased length of the growing season — all of these are producing moisture deficits in the soil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how much worse the drought was made by record warmth is harder to pin down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, a study by scientists at NOAA and Columbia University concluded that climate change was not a major cause of California’s current drought. It \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/12/08/californias-drought-is-it-global-warming/\">drew immediate fire\u003c/a> from other scientists for not taking record-high temperatures into account. The authors said they were looking at causal factors, not intensifying forces, but would be interested in doing additional analysis on the influence of temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/185091766″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/185091766″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says most striking have been the warm overnight lows, which stretched out the growing season and shriveled the Sierra snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get those warm temps at night, where its not freezing at night anymore, you start melting your snow very, very quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, warm weather can keep the snowpack from building up in the first place. December’s persistent storms brought water content of Sierra snows to \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/12/30/warm-temps-mean-less-snow-for-the-sierra/\">just about half\u003c/a> of the average for this time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Down below, last year’s persistently high temperatures made the notoriously bad air quality even worse in places like the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“2014 was one of our busiest years,” says A.M. Aminian, an allergist and respiratory specialist in Fresno, and chair of the Fresno-Madera Medical Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year we saw more people with asthma, respiratory problems, stuffy nose, and itching eyes, and also respiratory infections,” Aminian recalled. “We have been seeing more air pollution, the air was warmer, and it was very dry. That caused more particulate matter, dust in the air. Whenever there is heat and a lot of sunshine, the smog levels go up. This was one of the years we had more air pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures also \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/parched-california-wildlife-suffers-in-drought/\">exacerbated conditions for wildlife\u003c/a> already suffering from the drought. Low flows in rivers and streams heated up that much more, presenting a challenge especially to anadromous fish, like salmon and steelhead, for which water temperatures much above 60 can be fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this compounding of drought conditions might seem hard to square with another statistic in NOAA’s review: that California had a near-average precipitation year in 2014, coming in just slightly drier than normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the nearly non-stop rain throughout December, the NOAA report concluded that “drought conditions improved across parts of Northern California” but, “Despite above-average precipitation in California, only modest drought improvements occurred due to long-term precipitation deficits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Central Valley Bureau Chief, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/about/staff/sasha-khokha.jsp\">Sasha Khokha\u003c/a>, contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Governor Unveils Ambitious New Climate Goals",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25865\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 860px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS13894_IMG_2969-Edit-qut-e1420492587204-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS13894_IMG_2969-Edit-qut-e1420492587204-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"During his inaugural address, Gov. Jerry Brown set new goals for California's renewable energy standards that are the most ambitious in the country. (Andrew Nixon/Capital Public Radio)\" width=\"860\" height=\"484\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Jerry Brown spoke to a joint session of the Legislature in Sacramento during his inaugural address on Monday.\u003cbr>(Andrew Nixon/Capital Public Radio)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During his fourth\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/01/05/an-annotated-guide-to-jerry-browns-state-of-the-state-address\"> inaugural address\u003c/a> in Sacramento Monday, Gov. Jerry Brown focused heavily on energy efficiency, calling for further cuts in consumption as a way to combat global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Taking significant amounts of carbon out of our economy without harming its vibrancy,” Brown said, “is exactly the sort of challenge at which California excels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This is exciting, it is bold and it is absolutely necessary.’\u003ccite>— Gov. Jerry Brown\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The governor recommended three items including increasing renewable energy production, decreasing petroleum use and making buildings and heating fuels more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is exciting,” Brown said, “it is bold and it is absolutely necessary if we are to have any chance of stopping potentially catastrophic changes to our climate system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s landmark greenhouse gas emissions bills mandated that 33 percent of the state’s energy must come from renewable sources like wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower by 2020. During his speech, Brown upped that goal to 50 percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/renewables/tracking_progress/documents/renewable.pdf\">about 20 percent \u003c/a>of California’s energy comes from renewables, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/renewables/tracking_progress/documents/renewable.pdf\">latest report\u003c/a> from the California Energy Commission says that number should reach 25 percent by 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is already 40 percent more energy-efficient than the rest of the nation, thanks to the work that, interestingly, Governor\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Brown started when he was governor the first time,” said \u003ca href=\"http://seventhgenerationadvisors.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4:terry-tamminen&catid=2&Itemid=4\">Terry Tamminen\u003c/a>, former Secretary of California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.calepa.ca.gov/\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>. “I think with the very rapid expansion of wind, solar and storage — which makes it possible to store intermittent resources like wind and solar — that it will be relatively easy to get there by his 2030 deadline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the suggestions Brown offered to meet his aggressive goals: distributed power, expanded rooftop solar, micro-grids, an energy imbalance market, battery storage, and millions of electric and low-carbon vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He acknowledged the goals would be costly but are necessary since current measures alone “are not enough\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The challenge is to build for the future, not steal from it,” Brown said, “to live within our means and to keep California ever golden and creative.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25865\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 860px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS13894_IMG_2969-Edit-qut-e1420492587204-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/RS13894_IMG_2969-Edit-qut-e1420492587204-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"During his inaugural address, Gov. Jerry Brown set new goals for California's renewable energy standards that are the most ambitious in the country. (Andrew Nixon/Capital Public Radio)\" width=\"860\" height=\"484\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Jerry Brown spoke to a joint session of the Legislature in Sacramento during his inaugural address on Monday.\u003cbr>(Andrew Nixon/Capital Public Radio)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During his fourth\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/01/05/an-annotated-guide-to-jerry-browns-state-of-the-state-address\"> inaugural address\u003c/a> in Sacramento Monday, Gov. Jerry Brown focused heavily on energy efficiency, calling for further cuts in consumption as a way to combat global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Taking significant amounts of carbon out of our economy without harming its vibrancy,” Brown said, “is exactly the sort of challenge at which California excels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This is exciting, it is bold and it is absolutely necessary.’\u003ccite>— Gov. Jerry Brown\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The governor recommended three items including increasing renewable energy production, decreasing petroleum use and making buildings and heating fuels more efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is exciting,” Brown said, “it is bold and it is absolutely necessary if we are to have any chance of stopping potentially catastrophic changes to our climate system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s landmark greenhouse gas emissions bills mandated that 33 percent of the state’s energy must come from renewable sources like wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower by 2020. During his speech, Brown upped that goal to 50 percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/renewables/tracking_progress/documents/renewable.pdf\">about 20 percent \u003c/a>of California’s energy comes from renewables, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/renewables/tracking_progress/documents/renewable.pdf\">latest report\u003c/a> from the California Energy Commission says that number should reach 25 percent by 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is already 40 percent more energy-efficient than the rest of the nation, thanks to the work that, interestingly, Governor\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Brown started when he was governor the first time,” said \u003ca href=\"http://seventhgenerationadvisors.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4:terry-tamminen&catid=2&Itemid=4\">Terry Tamminen\u003c/a>, former Secretary of California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.calepa.ca.gov/\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>. “I think with the very rapid expansion of wind, solar and storage — which makes it possible to store intermittent resources like wind and solar — that it will be relatively easy to get there by his 2030 deadline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the suggestions Brown offered to meet his aggressive goals: distributed power, expanded rooftop solar, micro-grids, an energy imbalance market, battery storage, and millions of electric and low-carbon vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He acknowledged the goals would be costly but are necessary since current measures alone “are not enough\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The challenge is to build for the future, not steal from it,” Brown said, “to live within our means and to keep California ever golden and creative.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Creation of Huge National Monument Rests With White House",
"headTitle": "Creation of Huge National Monument Rests With White House | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/12/20150105science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25774\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Berryessa-Snow-Mountain_feature-image-e1420068956267.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25774 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Berryessa-Snow-Mountain_feature-image-e1420068956267.jpg\" alt=\"Berryessa Snow Mountain_feature image\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hikers traverse Snow Mountain during a summer trip led by the conservation group Tuleyome. (Charlotte Orr/Tuleyome)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It could become California’s largest national monument — or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of about 350,000 acres of federal lands north of the Bay Area likely now rests in the hands of President Obama and his Interior Secretary, Sally Jewell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Tuleyome - Berryessa\" href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/\">Proponents of special protections\u003c/a> for the huge, biologically diverse tract of land have changed their strategy. For years they’ve been pushing Congress to create a national conservation area that includes a \u003ca title=\"Berryessa NCA map\" href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/pdf/NCAMap%2003.05.2013.pdf\">mishmash of federal lands\u003c/a> stretching from Lake Berryessa, 100 miles north to Snow Mountain in the Mendocino National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as bills from Democrats Mike Thompson and Barbara Boxer have languished in the House and Senate, respectively, the call has gone out for President Obama to use his executive power and designate the lands instead as a national monument. That status would create similar protections from development. It could also become the largest national monument in California, rivaling the \u003ca title=\"KPCC - San Gabriel NM\" href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/10/23/47606/usfs-releases-detailed-map-of-san-gabriel-national/\">newly created San Gabriel Mountains National Monument\u003c/a> in area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For guidance on the matter, Obama will look to Jewell, who was in the region lately attending town meetings and even slogging across creeks to get a sense of the landscape and the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/another-try-for-californias-second-national-conservation-area/\">range of opinions\u003c/a> surrounding its future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26112\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 289px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/NCAMap-01-08-2015-693x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/NCAMap-01-08-2015-693x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"289\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge. (David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m not prepared to make a recommendation,” Jewell told me following a recent public meeting in Napa. “I’ve just been absorbing the information here.” Jewell admits that there’s “a lot of complexity here — different landowners, a man-made lake, there’s a lot of factors that need to be taken into account.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “man-made lake” to which she refers is Berryessa, created in the 1950s with the construction of Monticello Dam, near the town of Winters. Local opponents to the designation say the lake, while picturesque, doesn’t merit special protections. They fear that national monument status would curtail activities like hunting and motorized watercraft on the lake. Thompson has repeatedly assured them that it would not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, the specific restrictions put in place for national monuments and conservation areas depend on how the management plan is eventually written by federal land managers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thompson said by his own count of comment cards at the Napa town meeting, sentiment was running about 80/20 in favor of a national monument or national conservation area. The state of California (via its Natural Resources Agency) has joined area legislators and conservationists in calling on the president to use his pen to put protections in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jewell says her preference is still to protect the area by legislation, but “in a number of instances the president has used his executive authority because Congress has failed to act, not because they have disagreed, they just have failed to act, and that is the case here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t care how we get it done,” added Thompson in a separate interview, “just so we protect it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Faced with a new Republican-led Congress, supporters of special protections for the area are taking their case to the president, urging him to create a new national monument. But there are no guarantees there, either.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25774\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Berryessa-Snow-Mountain_feature-image-e1420068956267.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25774 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Berryessa-Snow-Mountain_feature-image-e1420068956267.jpg\" alt=\"Berryessa Snow Mountain_feature image\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hikers traverse Snow Mountain during a summer trip led by the conservation group Tuleyome. (Charlotte Orr/Tuleyome)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It could become California’s largest national monument — or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of about 350,000 acres of federal lands north of the Bay Area likely now rests in the hands of President Obama and his Interior Secretary, Sally Jewell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Tuleyome - Berryessa\" href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/\">Proponents of special protections\u003c/a> for the huge, biologically diverse tract of land have changed their strategy. For years they’ve been pushing Congress to create a national conservation area that includes a \u003ca title=\"Berryessa NCA map\" href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/pdf/NCAMap%2003.05.2013.pdf\">mishmash of federal lands\u003c/a> stretching from Lake Berryessa, 100 miles north to Snow Mountain in the Mendocino National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as bills from Democrats Mike Thompson and Barbara Boxer have languished in the House and Senate, respectively, the call has gone out for President Obama to use his executive power and designate the lands instead as a national monument. That status would create similar protections from development. It could also become the largest national monument in California, rivaling the \u003ca title=\"KPCC - San Gabriel NM\" href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/10/23/47606/usfs-releases-detailed-map-of-san-gabriel-national/\">newly created San Gabriel Mountains National Monument\u003c/a> in area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For guidance on the matter, Obama will look to Jewell, who was in the region lately attending town meetings and even slogging across creeks to get a sense of the landscape and the \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/another-try-for-californias-second-national-conservation-area/\">range of opinions\u003c/a> surrounding its future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26112\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 289px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/NCAMap-01-08-2015-693x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/NCAMap-01-08-2015-693x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"289\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge. (David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m not prepared to make a recommendation,” Jewell told me following a recent public meeting in Napa. “I’ve just been absorbing the information here.” Jewell admits that there’s “a lot of complexity here — different landowners, a man-made lake, there’s a lot of factors that need to be taken into account.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “man-made lake” to which she refers is Berryessa, created in the 1950s with the construction of Monticello Dam, near the town of Winters. Local opponents to the designation say the lake, while picturesque, doesn’t merit special protections. They fear that national monument status would curtail activities like hunting and motorized watercraft on the lake. Thompson has repeatedly assured them that it would not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, the specific restrictions put in place for national monuments and conservation areas depend on how the management plan is eventually written by federal land managers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thompson said by his own count of comment cards at the Napa town meeting, sentiment was running about 80/20 in favor of a national monument or national conservation area. The state of California (via its Natural Resources Agency) has joined area legislators and conservationists in calling on the president to use his pen to put protections in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jewell says her preference is still to protect the area by legislation, but “in a number of instances the president has used his executive authority because Congress has failed to act, not because they have disagreed, they just have failed to act, and that is the case here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t care how we get it done,” added Thompson in a separate interview, “just so we protect it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"perspectives": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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