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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29060\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14773_468383616-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29060\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RS14773_468383616-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Lawn sprinklers in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, in April. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1293\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lawn sprinklers in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park, in April. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown’s decision to put his foot down was well timed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reports from local water agencies around the state show that on average in February, Californians did their poorest job at conserving water since the state began tracking water use last summer. Urban water savings in February were 2.8 percent, compared to the baseline year of 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation efforts peaked in December at just over 22 percent savings, but December’s weather skewed the results, as property owners cut back on watering amid persistent rains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a per-capita basis, the State Water Resources Control Board reported that Californians’ use of water actually rose in February, from 73 gallons per person, per day, to 77 gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”tJbLQZarX9yB8gq9JUMWI1Byekpp3PaA”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The averages conceal the progress that many communities have made. Livermore, Tracy, Stockton and Roseville, inland cities with relatively warm temperatures and abundant lawns, all made regulators’ honor roll of towns that cut water use more than 15 percent and reduced the closely watched per capita use to under 60 gallons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, water board \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/a-candid-conversation-with-californias-water-czar/\">chair Felicia Marcus\u003c/a> says she finds the broad numbers “sobering and disheartening.” Recent statewide polling indicates that Californians are ready to roll up their sleeves to save water. A \u003ca title=\"PPIC - survey\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1143\">March survey\u003c/a> by the Public Policy Institute of California found that water and drought remain at the top of Californians’ concerns, tied with jobs and the economy, and that fully two-thirds say they don’t think enough is being done in response to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Against this backdrop, officials face the task of figuring out how to implement the governor’s \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/31/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts/\">31-point conservation mandate\u003c/a>, announced on April 1. Marcus said the governor was aware that the February numbers would be “bad” before he unveiled his new program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a very tight timeline for trying to implement this order from the governor,” says Max Gomberg, a senior scientist at the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aspects of the mandate remain murky, such as the proscriptions on \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/07/confusion-over-drought-rules-on-lawns-for-new-homes/\">landscaping for new homes\u003c/a>. By mid-May, regulators hope to have specific regulations in place to achieve Brown’s goal of 25 percent water savings across the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the plan, the state will assign localities specific reduction targets based on how they’re already doing in terms of per-capita daily water consumption. Under a \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - proposal\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/urban_water_supplier_tiers.pdf\">proposed framework\u003c/a> for the regulation, targets would range from 10 percent for the most efficient areas, such as San Francisco and Santa Cruz to 35 percent for persistently heavy users such as Hillsborough and West Sacramento. Much of Southern California is at the high end, though officials cited San Diego as a standout water saver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All told, officials say that Californians have saved 148 billion gallons of water since conservation efforts began in earnest last summer. Gomberg says that’s a year’s worth of water for two million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see how your city stacks up, \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - proposal\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/urban_water_supplier_tiers.pdf\">view the full list\u003c/a> of proposed mandatory conservation targets.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, water board \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/a-candid-conversation-with-californias-water-czar/\">chair Felicia Marcus\u003c/a> says she finds the broad numbers “sobering and disheartening.” Recent statewide polling indicates that Californians are ready to roll up their sleeves to save water. A \u003ca title=\"PPIC - survey\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=1143\">March survey\u003c/a> by the Public Policy Institute of California found that water and drought remain at the top of Californians’ concerns, tied with jobs and the economy, and that fully two-thirds say they don’t think enough is being done in response to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Against this backdrop, officials face the task of figuring out how to implement the governor’s \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/31/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts/\">31-point conservation mandate\u003c/a>, announced on April 1. Marcus said the governor was aware that the February numbers would be “bad” before he unveiled his new program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a very tight timeline for trying to implement this order from the governor,” says Max Gomberg, a senior scientist at the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aspects of the mandate remain murky, such as the proscriptions on \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/07/confusion-over-drought-rules-on-lawns-for-new-homes/\">landscaping for new homes\u003c/a>. By mid-May, regulators hope to have specific regulations in place to achieve Brown’s goal of 25 percent water savings across the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the plan, the state will assign localities specific reduction targets based on how they’re already doing in terms of per-capita daily water consumption. Under a \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - proposal\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/urban_water_supplier_tiers.pdf\">proposed framework\u003c/a> for the regulation, targets would range from 10 percent for the most efficient areas, such as San Francisco and Santa Cruz to 35 percent for persistently heavy users such as Hillsborough and West Sacramento. Much of Southern California is at the high end, though officials cited San Diego as a standout water saver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All told, officials say that Californians have saved 148 billion gallons of water since conservation efforts began in earnest last summer. Gomberg says that’s a year’s worth of water for two million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see how your city stacks up, \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - proposal\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/docs/emergency_regulations/urban_water_supplier_tiers.pdf\">view the full list\u003c/a> of proposed mandatory conservation targets.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Confusion Over Drought Rules on Lawns for New Homes",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29028\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Lawn-e1428434193116-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29028 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Lawn-e1428434193116-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Making sense of the governor's 31-point drought plan in relation to home lawns hasn't been easy. (Mariusz Blach)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The governor’s 31-point drought plan says 50 million square feet of lawns and ornamental turf need to be replaced with drought tolerant landscapes. (Mariusz Blach)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You may have seen those \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/05/us/california-drought-tests-history-of-endless-growth.html?_r=0\">startling aeriel photographs\u003c/a> in the New York Times of new California housing tracts with emerald-green lawns edged up against swaths of dry desert. The governor’s drought order will change that picture. It’s just not exactly clear how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the less talked-about new rules in his \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/4.1.15_Executive_Order.pdf\">31-point drought plan \u003c/a>will ban watering outside newly constructed homes and buildings – unless it’s with recycled water, or using drip or microspray systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The landscaping definitely will change in terms of its look,” says Mike Prandini, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biafm.org/\">Building Industry Association\u003c/a> of Fresno and Madera Counties, “which means grass, because grass takes an awful lot of water to keep it alive, to keep it green.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says many builders are already putting in drought-efficient plants, sometimes astroturf. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Now is definitely the time for California to start thinking about water-neutral growth.’ \u003ccite>— Tracy Quinn, NRDC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “We think those are responsible approaches and are pleased to see that the Governor’s not calling for any kind of a moratorium on new building,” says former State Sen. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbia.org/go/about-cbia/cbia-2015-leadership-team/president-ceo-dave-cogdill/\">Dave Codgill\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s now president of the \u003ca href=\"cbia.org\">California Building Industry Association\u003c/a>, which issued a \u003ca href=\"//www.mychf.org/go/linkservid/19A16F2E-C561-47B7-9EC0618A43897B42/showMeta/0/\">recent report \u003c/a>showing that new homes, with required low-flow showers and toilets, use about half the water compared to homes built before 1980.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re\u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article2921148.html\"> really not the problem\u003c/a>, says Cogdill. “We feel like that the governor has basically acknowledged that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While strides have been made inside, the landscaping requirements in the governor’s executive order are aimed at outdoor watering, which amounts to 44 percent of total urban water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developers still have a lot of questions about what exactly the new rules will look like. Does “new construction” mean homes that are currently being built, or developments that have yet to break ground? What about common spaces in developments, like parks? Can you hand-water grass or use alternative grasses that are less thirsty than conventional turf? They’re hoping for some answers by mid-April when the State Water Resources Control Board is expected to release more details for public comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-sprawl crusaders say this may be a good wake-up call for developers to mind their water footprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now is definitely the time for California to start thinking about \u003ca title=\"LAO - op ed\" href=\"http://www.laobserved.com/intell/2015/03/time_to_ratchet_down_on_water.php\">water-neutral growth\u003c/a>,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/tracy-quinn\">Tracy Quinn\u003c/a>, a water policy analyst with the \u003ca href=\"nrdc.org\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a>. “A lot of our growth is projected to grow in the hotter, drier areas, so we need to do that in a way that doesn’t extend our limited resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of a learning moment for all of us,” says Kathryn Phillips, director of \u003ca href=\"https://california2.sierraclub.org/about/meetthestaff#.VSQUaDvF8bQ\">Sierra Club California\u003c/a>. “More and more people want to move away from having to spend weekends mowing lawns. I think this actually opens an opportunity for housing developers to shift away from the old ‘tried and true’ and move to things that are less water intensive, and less labor intensive, from the homeowners’ perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules are not likely to be the death knell for lawns entirely. Some emerging technologies allow you to water grass with drip irrigation, by burying the drip line underneath the sod.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29028\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Lawn-e1428434193116-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29028 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Lawn-e1428434193116-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Making sense of the governor's 31-point drought plan in relation to home lawns hasn't been easy. (Mariusz Blach)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The governor’s 31-point drought plan says 50 million square feet of lawns and ornamental turf need to be replaced with drought tolerant landscapes. (Mariusz Blach)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You may have seen those \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/05/us/california-drought-tests-history-of-endless-growth.html?_r=0\">startling aeriel photographs\u003c/a> in the New York Times of new California housing tracts with emerald-green lawns edged up against swaths of dry desert. The governor’s drought order will change that picture. It’s just not exactly clear how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the less talked-about new rules in his \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/4.1.15_Executive_Order.pdf\">31-point drought plan \u003c/a>will ban watering outside newly constructed homes and buildings – unless it’s with recycled water, or using drip or microspray systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The landscaping definitely will change in terms of its look,” says Mike Prandini, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biafm.org/\">Building Industry Association\u003c/a> of Fresno and Madera Counties, “which means grass, because grass takes an awful lot of water to keep it alive, to keep it green.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says many builders are already putting in drought-efficient plants, sometimes astroturf. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Now is definitely the time for California to start thinking about water-neutral growth.’ \u003ccite>— Tracy Quinn, NRDC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> “We think those are responsible approaches and are pleased to see that the Governor’s not calling for any kind of a moratorium on new building,” says former State Sen. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbia.org/go/about-cbia/cbia-2015-leadership-team/president-ceo-dave-cogdill/\">Dave Codgill\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s now president of the \u003ca href=\"cbia.org\">California Building Industry Association\u003c/a>, which issued a \u003ca href=\"//www.mychf.org/go/linkservid/19A16F2E-C561-47B7-9EC0618A43897B42/showMeta/0/\">recent report \u003c/a>showing that new homes, with required low-flow showers and toilets, use about half the water compared to homes built before 1980.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re\u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article2921148.html\"> really not the problem\u003c/a>, says Cogdill. “We feel like that the governor has basically acknowledged that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While strides have been made inside, the landscaping requirements in the governor’s executive order are aimed at outdoor watering, which amounts to 44 percent of total urban water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developers still have a lot of questions about what exactly the new rules will look like. Does “new construction” mean homes that are currently being built, or developments that have yet to break ground? What about common spaces in developments, like parks? Can you hand-water grass or use alternative grasses that are less thirsty than conventional turf? They’re hoping for some answers by mid-April when the State Water Resources Control Board is expected to release more details for public comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-sprawl crusaders say this may be a good wake-up call for developers to mind their water footprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now is definitely the time for California to start thinking about \u003ca title=\"LAO - op ed\" href=\"http://www.laobserved.com/intell/2015/03/time_to_ratchet_down_on_water.php\">water-neutral growth\u003c/a>,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/tracy-quinn\">Tracy Quinn\u003c/a>, a water policy analyst with the \u003ca href=\"nrdc.org\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a>. “A lot of our growth is projected to grow in the hotter, drier areas, so we need to do that in a way that doesn’t extend our limited resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of a learning moment for all of us,” says Kathryn Phillips, director of \u003ca href=\"https://california2.sierraclub.org/about/meetthestaff#.VSQUaDvF8bQ\">Sierra Club California\u003c/a>. “More and more people want to move away from having to spend weekends mowing lawns. I think this actually opens an opportunity for housing developers to shift away from the old ‘tried and true’ and move to things that are less water intensive, and less labor intensive, from the homeowners’ perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules are not likely to be the death knell for lawns entirely. Some emerging technologies allow you to water grass with drip irrigation, by burying the drip line underneath the sod.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Warm Winter Wrought Havoc for Coastal Wildlife",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28950\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Seals-SophieWebb-1024x640.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28950\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Seals-SophieWebb-1024x640.jpg\" alt=\"On the Farallones, the warm air and warm ocean this winter proved harsh for wildlife like these weaned elephant seal pups. (Sophie Webb/Point Blue)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the Farallones, the warm air and warm ocean this winter proved harsh for wildlife like these weaned elephant seal pups. (Sophie Webb/Point Blue)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Warm ocean waters and the recent lack of cool weather coalesced into a rough winter for wildlife on the islands known as “\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-farallon-islands-californias-galapagos/\">California’s Galapagos.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About thirty miles out from the Golden Gate, the federally protected Farallones are breeding grounds visited by hundreds of thousands of seabirds – many of which use the islands as a winter way station — but not this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerry McChesney, manager of the site for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/\">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a>, says that’s a bad sign not just for the Farallon Islands but also for wildlife more broadly along California’s coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also hardship for breeding marine mammals. Dozens of pregnant sea lions proved too weak to carry their pups to term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”MfJmpy5dydzjjZP5TvjbfFNpvjkhihqw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s such a bizarre thing,” McChesney says. “We were seeing multiple aborted fetuses every day,” 94 in total – or nearly half the number of sea lions born there in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor was the warm winter kind to elephant seal pups. Russ Bradley, Farallon program manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, says elephant seal mothers, trying to cool off amid the unusual heat, led their pups up to a cliff that, while breezy, proved perilous – “and actually had a fair amount of pups fall into this sea channel, because they’re pups and they’re clumsy and they got too close to the edge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is pretty brutal for the biologists out here that had to watch it,” McChesney says. “It was pretty tough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the conspicuously absent birds was a type called Cassin’s Auklet, which feeds on krill. All along the Pacific coast, McChesney says, these birds have been suffering “a huge, unprecedented die-off like we’ve never seen” for want of food. That’s also bad news for other species that eat krill, he says, from salmon to blue whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the warm winter and warm water may have made the islands more inviting for other species, like brown boobies – a bird much more familiar to Central America and Mexico. Pointing to records from 1968 to 1999, “We had 11 observations of this species total in 30 years,” McChesney says. “A week ago, I saw 12 at the same time on the island.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Warm air and warm ocean waters together proved bad news this winter for wildlife on the Farallon Islands and along the nothern California coast.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28950\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Seals-SophieWebb-1024x640.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28950\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Seals-SophieWebb-1024x640.jpg\" alt=\"On the Farallones, the warm air and warm ocean this winter proved harsh for wildlife like these weaned elephant seal pups. (Sophie Webb/Point Blue)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the Farallones, the warm air and warm ocean this winter proved harsh for wildlife like these weaned elephant seal pups. (Sophie Webb/Point Blue)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Warm ocean waters and the recent lack of cool weather coalesced into a rough winter for wildlife on the islands known as “\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-farallon-islands-californias-galapagos/\">California’s Galapagos.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About thirty miles out from the Golden Gate, the federally protected Farallones are breeding grounds visited by hundreds of thousands of seabirds – many of which use the islands as a winter way station — but not this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerry McChesney, manager of the site for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/\">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a>, says that’s a bad sign not just for the Farallon Islands but also for wildlife more broadly along California’s coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also hardship for breeding marine mammals. Dozens of pregnant sea lions proved too weak to carry their pups to term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s such a bizarre thing,” McChesney says. “We were seeing multiple aborted fetuses every day,” 94 in total – or nearly half the number of sea lions born there in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor was the warm winter kind to elephant seal pups. Russ Bradley, Farallon program manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, says elephant seal mothers, trying to cool off amid the unusual heat, led their pups up to a cliff that, while breezy, proved perilous – “and actually had a fair amount of pups fall into this sea channel, because they’re pups and they’re clumsy and they got too close to the edge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is pretty brutal for the biologists out here that had to watch it,” McChesney says. “It was pretty tough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the conspicuously absent birds was a type called Cassin’s Auklet, which feeds on krill. All along the Pacific coast, McChesney says, these birds have been suffering “a huge, unprecedented die-off like we’ve never seen” for want of food. That’s also bad news for other species that eat krill, he says, from salmon to blue whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the warm winter and warm water may have made the islands more inviting for other species, like brown boobies – a bird much more familiar to Central America and Mexico. Pointing to records from 1968 to 1999, “We had 11 observations of this species total in 30 years,” McChesney says. “A week ago, I saw 12 at the same time on the island.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Lunar Eclipse Visible in Bay Area Saturday Morning",
"headTitle": "Lunar Eclipse Visible in Bay Area Saturday Morning | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28956\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/lunar-eclipse-5-1024x731.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28956\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/lunar-eclipse-5-1024x731.jpg\" alt=\"Snapshot of a lunar eclipse from the Naval Air Station on Whidbey Island, Wash. in 2004. (Courtesy U.S. Navy) \" width=\"1024\" height=\"731\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snapshot of a lunar eclipse from the Naval Air Station on Whidbey Island, Wash. in 2004. (Courtesy U.S. Navy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bay Area residents will have an orchestra-seat view of a rare astronomical event this Saturday: a total lunar eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lunar eclipse happens when the Earth and sun align so that the Earth casts a shadow on the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This can occur up to three times a year. But Saturday morning’s show will be a total eclipse, when the moon is full and the Earth’s shadow completely covers it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens twice annually at most, and can only be seen from whichever hemisphere is shrouded in darkness at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Saturday, it will be visible from Western North America, though the total part of the eclipse–when the moon is in the sun’s full shadow–will only be visible for a fleeting five minutes, between 4:58-5:03 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/What-is-a-Lunar-eclipse_graphic.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-28969\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/What-is-a-Lunar-eclipse_graphic-1024x511.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"511\">\u003c/a>This happens because the only sunlight hitting the moon has been bent toward the red end of the spectrum by passing through the sun’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This will be the shortest lunar eclipse of the 21st century, but for these few minutes, the moon will bathed in a reddish glow, called a “blood moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the same phenomenon, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492483/Rayleigh-scattering\">Rayleigh scattering\u003c/a>, that colors sunsets red and orange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This will be the third of four lunar eclipses taking place over four years. The first was in April 2014, and the last and final of the series will be on September 28, 2015.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28956\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/lunar-eclipse-5-1024x731.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28956\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/lunar-eclipse-5-1024x731.jpg\" alt=\"Snapshot of a lunar eclipse from the Naval Air Station on Whidbey Island, Wash. in 2004. (Courtesy U.S. Navy) \" width=\"1024\" height=\"731\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snapshot of a lunar eclipse from the Naval Air Station on Whidbey Island, Wash. in 2004. (Courtesy U.S. Navy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bay Area residents will have an orchestra-seat view of a rare astronomical event this Saturday: a total lunar eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lunar eclipse happens when the Earth and sun align so that the Earth casts a shadow on the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This can occur up to three times a year. But Saturday morning’s show will be a total eclipse, when the moon is full and the Earth’s shadow completely covers it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens twice annually at most, and can only be seen from whichever hemisphere is shrouded in darkness at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Saturday, it will be visible from Western North America, though the total part of the eclipse–when the moon is in the sun’s full shadow–will only be visible for a fleeting five minutes, between 4:58-5:03 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/What-is-a-Lunar-eclipse_graphic.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-28969\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/What-is-a-Lunar-eclipse_graphic-1024x511.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"511\">\u003c/a>This happens because the only sunlight hitting the moon has been bent toward the red end of the spectrum by passing through the sun’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This will be the shortest lunar eclipse of the 21st century, but for these few minutes, the moon will bathed in a reddish glow, called a “blood moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the same phenomenon, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492483/Rayleigh-scattering\">Rayleigh scattering\u003c/a>, that colors sunsets red and orange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This will be the third of four lunar eclipses taking place over four years. The first was in April 2014, and the last and final of the series will be on September 28, 2015.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Governor Orders Water Cuts Amid Record Low Snowpack",
"headTitle": "Governor Orders Water Cuts Amid Record Low Snowpack | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28843\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DonnerLk_JEJ_20150226.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DonnerLk_JEJ_20150226.jpeg\" alt=\"Barren mountainsides around Donner Lake in late February. (Joanne Elgart Jennings)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"854\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barren mountainsides around Donner Lake in late February. (Joanne Elgart Jennings)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We are officially in uncharted territory — in more ways than one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada snowpack, which typically supplies nearly a third of California’s water, is showing the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">lowest water content on record\u003c/a>: 6 percent of the long-term average for April 1. That doesn’t just set a new record, it shatters the old low-water mark of 25 percent, which happens to have been last year’s reading (tied with 1977).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things are so bad that Governor Jerry Brown decided to slog into the field for the manual snow survey on Wednesday morning. He didn’t need snowshoes but he did bring along a first-ever executive order mandating statewide water reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a historic drought and that demands unprecedented action,” he told reporters who made it to the Sierra survey site off of Highway 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Gov. Jerry Brown - EO\" href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/4.1.15_Executive_Order.pdf\">31-point program\u003c/a> is wide-ranging, though direct actions are focused on urban water consumption, aiming for a “mandatory” 25 percent reduction compared to 2013 levels. It will be up to the State Water Resources Control Board and more than 400 local water agencies to work out how to implement and enforce the mandates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative also includes new incentives for replacing lawns with drought-friendly landscaping, consumer rebates for water-saving appliances, and special assistance for residents whose wells have run dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> does monthly snow surveys during the winter season, the April 1 survey is the benchmark for assessing the season as a whole. That’s when snowfall is reckoned to have peaked and the runoff season gets underway. Six percent on April 1 is essentially saying there’s next-to-nothing to show for an entire winter’s snow accumulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Snow-Pack_UPDATED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-28981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Snow-Pack_UPDATED-1024x511.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"511\">\u003c/a>The snowpack has now seen four years of steady decline. 2013 was California’s driest year on record. 2014 was dry too, but also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/16/its-official-2014-was-the-hottest-year-on-record-noaa-says/\">the warmest on record\u003c/a>, which combined for a one-two punch to California’s water supply. In March, for example, both Sacramento and Redding logged average temperatures more than 10 degrees above normal, according to consulting meteorologist Jan Null of Golden Gate Weather Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be consequences,” says Mark Cowin, who heads DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 400,000 acres of farmland were fallowed last year because of scarce water. Credible sources have estimated that figure could double this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More impacts to farms where supplies will be shorted,” predicts Cowin, “more local communities where wells will run dry, and we’ll have to help assist them in some sort of emergency response, and more impacts to fish & wildlife, which is of course, very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater resources will be stressed even more, as water-constrained farmers \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/02/drought-drives-drilling-frenzy-for-groundwater-in-california/\">turn up the pumps\u003c/a> to offset cuts in allocations from state and federal water projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Cowin hastens to add that “the vast majority of our citizens will not run out of water,” some already have, mostly in rural areas where wells have gone dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope that this will continue to be a wake-up call for people that things are different,” says Lester Snow, a former DWR chief who now heads the non-partisan California Water Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And not only is it gonna be bad this year but let’s not pretend that next year’s gonna be a lot better,” he added. “This drought has revealed fundamental weaknesses in our drought management system, and we need to start addressing those weaknesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other impacts from the paltry snowpack will be more subtle, such as the \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article16494344.html\">loss of hydroelectric power\u003c/a>. Less runoff coming down the hill, turning hydropower turbines means that utilities have to replace the electricity, which they usually do with natural gas-fired power plants. That wields a bigger carbon footprint and adds to Californians’ electric bills — $1.4 billion since 2012, by one estimate.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Governor Jerry Brown orders the state Water Resources Control Board to implement mandatory reductions to cut water use by 25 percent. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28843\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DonnerLk_JEJ_20150226.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DonnerLk_JEJ_20150226.jpeg\" alt=\"Barren mountainsides around Donner Lake in late February. (Joanne Elgart Jennings)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"854\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barren mountainsides around Donner Lake in late February. (Joanne Elgart Jennings)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We are officially in uncharted territory — in more ways than one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada snowpack, which typically supplies nearly a third of California’s water, is showing the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">lowest water content on record\u003c/a>: 6 percent of the long-term average for April 1. That doesn’t just set a new record, it shatters the old low-water mark of 25 percent, which happens to have been last year’s reading (tied with 1977).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things are so bad that Governor Jerry Brown decided to slog into the field for the manual snow survey on Wednesday morning. He didn’t need snowshoes but he did bring along a first-ever executive order mandating statewide water reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a historic drought and that demands unprecedented action,” he told reporters who made it to the Sierra survey site off of Highway 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Gov. Jerry Brown - EO\" href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/docs/4.1.15_Executive_Order.pdf\">31-point program\u003c/a> is wide-ranging, though direct actions are focused on urban water consumption, aiming for a “mandatory” 25 percent reduction compared to 2013 levels. It will be up to the State Water Resources Control Board and more than 400 local water agencies to work out how to implement and enforce the mandates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative also includes new incentives for replacing lawns with drought-friendly landscaping, consumer rebates for water-saving appliances, and special assistance for residents whose wells have run dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> does monthly snow surveys during the winter season, the April 1 survey is the benchmark for assessing the season as a whole. That’s when snowfall is reckoned to have peaked and the runoff season gets underway. Six percent on April 1 is essentially saying there’s next-to-nothing to show for an entire winter’s snow accumulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Snow-Pack_UPDATED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-28981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Snow-Pack_UPDATED-1024x511.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"1024\" height=\"511\">\u003c/a>The snowpack has now seen four years of steady decline. 2013 was California’s driest year on record. 2014 was dry too, but also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/16/its-official-2014-was-the-hottest-year-on-record-noaa-says/\">the warmest on record\u003c/a>, which combined for a one-two punch to California’s water supply. In March, for example, both Sacramento and Redding logged average temperatures more than 10 degrees above normal, according to consulting meteorologist Jan Null of Golden Gate Weather Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will be consequences,” says Mark Cowin, who heads DWR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 400,000 acres of farmland were fallowed last year because of scarce water. Credible sources have estimated that figure could double this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More impacts to farms where supplies will be shorted,” predicts Cowin, “more local communities where wells will run dry, and we’ll have to help assist them in some sort of emergency response, and more impacts to fish & wildlife, which is of course, very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater resources will be stressed even more, as water-constrained farmers \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/02/drought-drives-drilling-frenzy-for-groundwater-in-california/\">turn up the pumps\u003c/a> to offset cuts in allocations from state and federal water projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Cowin hastens to add that “the vast majority of our citizens will not run out of water,” some already have, mostly in rural areas where wells have gone dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope that this will continue to be a wake-up call for people that things are different,” says Lester Snow, a former DWR chief who now heads the non-partisan California Water Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And not only is it gonna be bad this year but let’s not pretend that next year’s gonna be a lot better,” he added. “This drought has revealed fundamental weaknesses in our drought management system, and we need to start addressing those weaknesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other impacts from the paltry snowpack will be more subtle, such as the \u003ca title=\"SacBee - post\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article16494344.html\">loss of hydroelectric power\u003c/a>. Less runoff coming down the hill, turning hydropower turbines means that utilities have to replace the electricity, which they usually do with natural gas-fired power plants. That wields a bigger carbon footprint and adds to Californians’ electric bills — $1.4 billion since 2012, by one estimate.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "what-happens-when-you-put-a-hummingbird-in-a-wind-tunnel",
"title": "What Happens When You Put a Hummingbird in a Wind Tunnel?",
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"headTitle": "What Happens When You Put a Hummingbird in a Wind Tunnel? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]With spring in full bloom, \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/browse_tax/62/\">hummingbirds\u003c/a> can be spotted across the Bay Area flitting from flower to flower and lapping up the sugary nectar inside. These tiniest of birds have the highest metabolism of any warm-blooded animal, requiring them to consume their own body weight in nectar each day to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, if a 150-pound human had the metabolism of a hummingbird, he or she would need to consume the caloric equivalent of more than 300 hamburgers a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just an extreme appetite that sets hummingbirds apart from other birds. These avian acrobats are the only birds that can fly sideways, backwards and hover for long stretches of time. In fact, hovering is essential to hummingbirds’ survival since they have to keep their long, thin beaks as steady as a surgeon’s scalpel while probing flowers for nectar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hummingbirds don’t just hover to feed when the weather is nice. They have to keep hovering and feeding even if it’s windy or raining, a remarkable feat considering most of these birds weigh less than a nickel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DeepLook_hummingbird_perch2_P1070210_SCALED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DeepLook_hummingbird_perch2_P1070210_SCALED.jpg\" alt=\"An Anna's hummingbird rests after feeding in a wind tunnel at the Animal Flight Laboratory at UC Berkeley. Image by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Anna’s hummingbird rests after feeding in a wind tunnel at the Animal Flight Laboratory at UC Berkeley. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To find out how the birds do this, in 2010, biology professor Robert Dudley and post-doctoral researcher Victor M. Ortega brought hummingbirds into the \u003ca href=\"http://berkeleyflightlab.org/\">Animal Flight Laboratory\u003c/a> at the University of California-Berkeley for a closer view. The researchers worked with Anna’s hummingbirds, a species that can be found year-round in the Bay Area, which they caught on the Berkeley campus and later released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the birds had to be trained to feed from an artificial flower – a syringe with plastic petals around it – filled with sugar water, a substitute for flower nectar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the birds were moved into a wind tunnel inside the Animal Flight Laboratory. The researchers could control the wind speed, subjecting the birds to speeds of three, six and nine meters per second –roughly 7 to 20 miles per hour. As the birds flew into the direction of the wind to feed from an artificial flower, a high-speed camera filmed their flight from top and side views at up to 1000 frames per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hummingbirds’ wings can beat up to 80 times a second – too fast for the naked eye to see. So by filming them with the high-speed camera, the scientists could capture in super-slow motion how the birds used their wings, tails and bodies to hover in windy conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The videos showed that the birds were still able to fly steadily, even in windy turbulence. To adapt, they twisted and turned their tiny bodies in the direction of the air flow, and used their wings for control and their tails like rudders to stay steady.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hummingbird’s gyrations in the wind tunnel resembled a kind of aerobatic dance that also burned up more calories when the bird had to fly into turbulent winds to get to the nectar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortega and Dudley performed another experiment with Anna’s hummingbirds, but this time they wanted to see how they responded to rain. They placed each bird in a Plexiglas cube and, using a water spray nozzle, simulated a light rainfall that they turned on when the bird either hovered to feed or rested on its perch. Again, a high-speed camera recorded the bird’s movements, but this time, to the element of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the 500 frames-per-second video was played back, the scientists observed that rain didn’t keep the bird from feeding. When it finished, the wet bird flew backwards and vigorously shook its body while rotating its wings in the opposite direction – in mid-air, no less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DL-hummingbirds-hi-speed-solo.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DL-hummingbirds-hi-speed-solo.jpg\" alt=\"A framegrab from high-speed video of a hummingbird feeding in a wind tunnel at UC Berkeley. Image courtesy of Victor M. Ortega, UC Berkeley.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A framegrab from high-speed video of a hummingbird feeding in a wind tunnel at UC Berkeley. Image courtesy of Victor M. Ortega, UC Berkeley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They shake their bodies like dogs while still flying, but they don’t lose control,” said Ortega.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for birds that weigh only weigh a few grams, even a few drops of rain clinging to feathers add extra weight that can make it tough to hover in pursuit of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how would hummingbirds perform when they had to fly sideways during turbulence generated in the wind tunnel? Ortega hopes to find out when he runs the experiment later this year or next.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>With spring in full bloom, \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/browse_tax/62/\">hummingbirds\u003c/a> can be spotted across the Bay Area flitting from flower to flower and lapping up the sugary nectar inside. These tiniest of birds have the highest metabolism of any warm-blooded animal, requiring them to consume their own body weight in nectar each day to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, if a 150-pound human had the metabolism of a hummingbird, he or she would need to consume the caloric equivalent of more than 300 hamburgers a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just an extreme appetite that sets hummingbirds apart from other birds. These avian acrobats are the only birds that can fly sideways, backwards and hover for long stretches of time. In fact, hovering is essential to hummingbirds’ survival since they have to keep their long, thin beaks as steady as a surgeon’s scalpel while probing flowers for nectar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hummingbirds don’t just hover to feed when the weather is nice. They have to keep hovering and feeding even if it’s windy or raining, a remarkable feat considering most of these birds weigh less than a nickel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DeepLook_hummingbird_perch2_P1070210_SCALED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DeepLook_hummingbird_perch2_P1070210_SCALED.jpg\" alt=\"An Anna's hummingbird rests after feeding in a wind tunnel at the Animal Flight Laboratory at UC Berkeley. Image by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Anna’s hummingbird rests after feeding in a wind tunnel at the Animal Flight Laboratory at UC Berkeley. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To find out how the birds do this, in 2010, biology professor Robert Dudley and post-doctoral researcher Victor M. Ortega brought hummingbirds into the \u003ca href=\"http://berkeleyflightlab.org/\">Animal Flight Laboratory\u003c/a> at the University of California-Berkeley for a closer view. The researchers worked with Anna’s hummingbirds, a species that can be found year-round in the Bay Area, which they caught on the Berkeley campus and later released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the birds had to be trained to feed from an artificial flower – a syringe with plastic petals around it – filled with sugar water, a substitute for flower nectar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the birds were moved into a wind tunnel inside the Animal Flight Laboratory. The researchers could control the wind speed, subjecting the birds to speeds of three, six and nine meters per second –roughly 7 to 20 miles per hour. As the birds flew into the direction of the wind to feed from an artificial flower, a high-speed camera filmed their flight from top and side views at up to 1000 frames per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hummingbirds’ wings can beat up to 80 times a second – too fast for the naked eye to see. So by filming them with the high-speed camera, the scientists could capture in super-slow motion how the birds used their wings, tails and bodies to hover in windy conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The videos showed that the birds were still able to fly steadily, even in windy turbulence. To adapt, they twisted and turned their tiny bodies in the direction of the air flow, and used their wings for control and their tails like rudders to stay steady.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hummingbird’s gyrations in the wind tunnel resembled a kind of aerobatic dance that also burned up more calories when the bird had to fly into turbulent winds to get to the nectar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortega and Dudley performed another experiment with Anna’s hummingbirds, but this time they wanted to see how they responded to rain. They placed each bird in a Plexiglas cube and, using a water spray nozzle, simulated a light rainfall that they turned on when the bird either hovered to feed or rested on its perch. Again, a high-speed camera recorded the bird’s movements, but this time, to the element of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the 500 frames-per-second video was played back, the scientists observed that rain didn’t keep the bird from feeding. When it finished, the wet bird flew backwards and vigorously shook its body while rotating its wings in the opposite direction – in mid-air, no less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DL-hummingbirds-hi-speed-solo.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DL-hummingbirds-hi-speed-solo.jpg\" alt=\"A framegrab from high-speed video of a hummingbird feeding in a wind tunnel at UC Berkeley. Image courtesy of Victor M. Ortega, UC Berkeley.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A framegrab from high-speed video of a hummingbird feeding in a wind tunnel at UC Berkeley. Image courtesy of Victor M. Ortega, UC Berkeley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They shake their bodies like dogs while still flying, but they don’t lose control,” said Ortega.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for birds that weigh only weigh a few grams, even a few drops of rain clinging to feathers add extra weight that can make it tough to hover in pursuit of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how would hummingbirds perform when they had to fly sideways during turbulence generated in the wind tunnel? Ortega hopes to find out when he runs the experiment later this year or next.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Hypothesis: Our Solar System Lacks 'Super-Earths' Because Jupiter Wrecked Them All",
"headTitle": "Hypothesis: Our Solar System Lacks ‘Super-Earths’ Because Jupiter Wrecked Them All | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28497\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Jupiter2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28497 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Jupiter2.jpg\" alt='With its leather jacket and earring, Jupiter may have been a very, very bad influence on \"super-Earths\" during freshman year of the solar system. (Image courtesy NASA)' width=\"1280\" height=\"721\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the early days of the solar system, Jupiter may have compressed the orbits of any nascent “super-Earths,” triggering collisions and debris spiraling toward the sun. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I’ve always loathed Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, I am not stoked on toxic gases or crushing gravity. And the weather on Jupiter is abysmal, with wind speeds roughly twice those of hurricanes on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were I in charge, I once told a theoretical physicist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, I would set about destroying Jupiter for the good of humanity. He reminded me that in 1994, a like-minded comet smashed into the gas giant, which is some 89,000 miles across. The result was like a bullet fired into a mountain of shaving cream, accomplishing nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes when I am feeling crabby aboard an overly humid BART car with no vacant seats I think, “Well, of all the places in the universe that I could be right now, at least I’m not on Jupiter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I mention this to explain the vindication I feel upon learning that Jupiter may be the reason our solar system is, it’s turning out, something of a weirdo among its galactic peers. Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\">perusing\u003c/a> thousands of exoplanets (some potentially habitable) in other systems around the Milky Way are discovering that rocky “super-Earths” are commonplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are planets bigger than our own, albeit perhaps not better for our brand of life: they may have crushingly thick atmospheres, and their orbits are typically tighter than Mercury’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”PibCaA7lQnX51E91sjrQVszLByTzfGg6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The standard-issue planetary system in our galaxy seems to be a set of super-Earths with alarmingly short orbital periods. Our solar system is looking increasingly like an oddball,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.astro.ucsc.edu/faculty/profiles/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=glaughli\">Gregory Laughlin\u003c/a>, professor and chair of astronomy and astrophysics at University of California, Santa Cruz, and co-author of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/03/18/1423252112.abstract?sid=95e1eea2-a537-4d0d-b947-4a058672f40c\">new paper\u003c/a> in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason our humble solar system suffers this peculiar dearth of “super-Earths” and must instead make do with our vanilla “\u003cem>Earth\u003c/em>-Earth” can be summarized thusly: Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Miley Cyrus, Jupiter came in like a wrecking ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, astronomers proposed the “Grand Tack” hypothesis, suggesting that during the early days of the solar system — the first few million years — Jupiter migrated inward toward the sun, stopping only when the formation of Saturn tugged it back out to its current orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laughlin and co-author \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/pictures/ggik45ekh/konstantin-batygin-28/\">Konstantin Batygin\u003c/a> think rocky planets could’ve been forming near our sun, until an encroaching Jupiter’s gravitational perturbations rudely started compressing their orbits, slinging them into each other in a chain reaction that took out any nascent super-Earths and sent a lot of debris spiraling into the sun to be vaporized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the same thing we worry about if satellites were to be destroyed in low-Earth orbit. Their fragments would start smashing into other satellites and you’d risk a chain reaction of collisions,” Laughlin says. “Our work indicates that Jupiter would have created just such a collisional cascade in the inner solar system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second generation of inner planets including familiar old Earth, as well as Mercury, Venus and Mars, would’ve emerged from the aftermath only tens of millions of years later. This explains why the planets close to our sun are younger than the planets farther away. And again, this was possible only thanks to Saturn tugging Jupiter away, thereby allowing our humble planet some breathing room to, you know, exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thank you, Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It turns out our solar system is weird: it doesn't have any rocky \"super-Earths\" orbiting closer to the sun than Mercury. Here's one theory as to why: like Miley Cyrus, Jupiter came in like a wrecking ball and smashed any nascent terrestrial planets just as the solar system was forming.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28497\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Jupiter2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28497 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Jupiter2.jpg\" alt='With its leather jacket and earring, Jupiter may have been a very, very bad influence on \"super-Earths\" during freshman year of the solar system. (Image courtesy NASA)' width=\"1280\" height=\"721\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the early days of the solar system, Jupiter may have compressed the orbits of any nascent “super-Earths,” triggering collisions and debris spiraling toward the sun. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I’ve always loathed Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, I am not stoked on toxic gases or crushing gravity. And the weather on Jupiter is abysmal, with wind speeds roughly twice those of hurricanes on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were I in charge, I once told a theoretical physicist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, I would set about destroying Jupiter for the good of humanity. He reminded me that in 1994, a like-minded comet smashed into the gas giant, which is some 89,000 miles across. The result was like a bullet fired into a mountain of shaving cream, accomplishing nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes when I am feeling crabby aboard an overly humid BART car with no vacant seats I think, “Well, of all the places in the universe that I could be right now, at least I’m not on Jupiter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I mention this to explain the vindication I feel upon learning that Jupiter may be the reason our solar system is, it’s turning out, something of a weirdo among its galactic peers. Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\">perusing\u003c/a> thousands of exoplanets (some potentially habitable) in other systems around the Milky Way are discovering that rocky “super-Earths” are commonplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are planets bigger than our own, albeit perhaps not better for our brand of life: they may have crushingly thick atmospheres, and their orbits are typically tighter than Mercury’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The standard-issue planetary system in our galaxy seems to be a set of super-Earths with alarmingly short orbital periods. Our solar system is looking increasingly like an oddball,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.astro.ucsc.edu/faculty/profiles/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=glaughli\">Gregory Laughlin\u003c/a>, professor and chair of astronomy and astrophysics at University of California, Santa Cruz, and co-author of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/03/18/1423252112.abstract?sid=95e1eea2-a537-4d0d-b947-4a058672f40c\">new paper\u003c/a> in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason our humble solar system suffers this peculiar dearth of “super-Earths” and must instead make do with our vanilla “\u003cem>Earth\u003c/em>-Earth” can be summarized thusly: Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Miley Cyrus, Jupiter came in like a wrecking ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, astronomers proposed the “Grand Tack” hypothesis, suggesting that during the early days of the solar system — the first few million years — Jupiter migrated inward toward the sun, stopping only when the formation of Saturn tugged it back out to its current orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laughlin and co-author \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/pictures/ggik45ekh/konstantin-batygin-28/\">Konstantin Batygin\u003c/a> think rocky planets could’ve been forming near our sun, until an encroaching Jupiter’s gravitational perturbations rudely started compressing their orbits, slinging them into each other in a chain reaction that took out any nascent super-Earths and sent a lot of debris spiraling into the sun to be vaporized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the same thing we worry about if satellites were to be destroyed in low-Earth orbit. Their fragments would start smashing into other satellites and you’d risk a chain reaction of collisions,” Laughlin says. “Our work indicates that Jupiter would have created just such a collisional cascade in the inner solar system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second generation of inner planets including familiar old Earth, as well as Mercury, Venus and Mars, would’ve emerged from the aftermath only tens of millions of years later. This explains why the planets close to our sun are younger than the planets farther away. And again, this was possible only thanks to Saturn tugging Jupiter away, thereby allowing our humble planet some breathing room to, you know, exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thank you, Saturn.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A Candid Conversation With California's 'Water Czar'",
"headTitle": "A Candid Conversation With California’s ‘Water Czar’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/03/20150320ScienceFeliciaMarcus.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>There will be no “March miracle” this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a record-dry January, California is on track for a March that is also in record-dry territory.\u003cbr>\nAnd the state Department of Water Resources says we may be looking at the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">skimpiest Sierra snowpack\u003c/a> on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28502\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 274px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Marcus-11-e1426897208682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28502 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Marcus-11-e1426897208682.jpg\" alt=\"Marcus-1\" width=\"274\" height=\"357\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Felicia Marcus chairs the powerful State Water Resources Control Board. (Families Protecting the Valley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>None of this has been lost on Felicia Marcus, who chairs the \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - members\" href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/about_us/board_members/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. When water supplies are tight, as they are now, her board is where the buck stops in arguments over who gets what.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I sat down with her to find out where we go from here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> Your senior scientist at the Water Board has said that it’s “hard to overstate the severity of this drought.” How would you characterize it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Felicia Marcus:\u003c/strong> It’s the worst thing that any of us have dealt with — probably worse than anything our grandparents ever dealt with, for a number of reasons. The precipitation levels have, of course, been terrible. Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/03/march-drought-update-a-north-south-divide-and-wheres-the-snow/\">reservoirs are low\u003c/a> and you can see that graphically. Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/29/shrinking-sierra-snowpack-heightens-drought-worries/\">snowpack is even worse\u003c/a>. And so the dislocation caused by multiple years of low precipitation — particularly the fact that it’s been so warm and we don’t have snowpack — is like a double whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People will quibble about precipitation levels and look at 1924 and 1977 as technically having less precipitation than now. That is nothing to have a party about because there are millions more people than there were relying on that water. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-stressed-town-tries-controversial-new-water-plan/\">communities running out of water\u003c/a>, we have hundreds of thousands of acres of fields that have been fallowed, we’ve got thousands of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/15/californias-drought-is-hurting-farmers-more-than-food-consumers/\">people out of work\u003c/a> and we’ve got \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/parched-california-wildlife-suffers-in-drought/\">fish and wildlife suffering\u003c/a> as never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> We started to see \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/15/california-regulators-approve-fines-for-wasting-water/\">water restrictions last year\u003c/a>. How will this year be different?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> Let me start with my most fervent hope, which is that local water agencies will begin to act as if we might have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">a “millennial drought,” like Australia\u003c/a>. I think people were hoping for rain, which is not a strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2014.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-28433\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2014-575x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"265\" height=\"472\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2015.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-28434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2015-676x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"315\" height=\"476\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">Marcus says local water agencies were “dithering” over what to do, so last summer, her board stepped in with a first-ever set of \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - resolution\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/board_info/agendas/2015/mar/031715_7_with_draft_resolution.pdf\">statewide minimum rules\u003c/a> for water use. Beginning in May, they’ll \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/17/calif-water-regulators-tighten-the-screws-just-a-little/\">tighten the screws\u003c/a> a little bit more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will mean, among other things, people will have to ask for water at restaurants, and local water agencies will have to limit days in which lawn and landscape watering are allowed — in some cases to two days a week. It’ll be up to local water officials to adapt and enforce the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> It’s the first time that the state has set a sort of minimum bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> First time any state has actually stepped in and set minimum conservation levels, but we felt we had to — not to control and tell everybody what to do, in fact they were quite modest — but to ring the bell and give some permission to the local agencies. And what I said was, “If you’re worried that your customers are gonna be mad at you, blame me. You know, I don’t mind if they’re mad at me.” It’s better if we act now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>[contextly_sidebar id=”ohFYS8FlqbMmI8VKdSuW9ftUMb6KCMHa”]\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: There also seems to be a gap between the rules and enforcement part of that. Much was made a year ago about $500 fines. To your knowledge, has anybody been fined $500?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> You know, I’ve heard anecdotally that there have been $500 fines. We weren’t intending to say, “Thou shalt fine.” We were actually enabling locals who maybe didn’t have the authority — we were giving them the authority to go up to $500. Some go to a thousand, some shut off your water. Again, this is something that localities do in different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> Here we are in Year 4 and we’re just talking about saying to restaurants, “No, you can’t automatically bring a glass of water to every table.” Honestly, isn’t that something we should’ve done in Year 1?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> Well, absolutely, I mean there are communities all over the state that have been doing it for years and they’ve never undone it — and that is the right thing to do. Again — what’s appropriate for the state to do and what’s appropriate for the locals — and we’re trying to tread somewhat lightly. Our goal isn’t a statewide takeover of every urban water agency. But in a time of crisis, we need something that’s more visible. It sends a recurrent message that we’re in a drought because part of our challenge is, it rained a lot in December, so people may have thought the drought was over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can hear a longer version of our interview with Felicia Marcus by clicking on the audio player at the top of this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The State Water Resources Control Board is California's top arbiter of water supply conflicts. Lately it's been caught in a tug of war between those who would have it tread lightly with local water agencies and those calling for aggressive statewide rationing.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>There will be no “March miracle” this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a record-dry January, California is on track for a March that is also in record-dry territory.\u003cbr>\nAnd the state Department of Water Resources says we may be looking at the \u003ca title=\"CDEC - snowpack\" href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">skimpiest Sierra snowpack\u003c/a> on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28502\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 274px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Marcus-11-e1426897208682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28502 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Marcus-11-e1426897208682.jpg\" alt=\"Marcus-1\" width=\"274\" height=\"357\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Felicia Marcus chairs the powerful State Water Resources Control Board. (Families Protecting the Valley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>None of this has been lost on Felicia Marcus, who chairs the \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - members\" href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/about_us/board_members/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. When water supplies are tight, as they are now, her board is where the buck stops in arguments over who gets what.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I sat down with her to find out where we go from here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> Your senior scientist at the Water Board has said that it’s “hard to overstate the severity of this drought.” How would you characterize it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Felicia Marcus:\u003c/strong> It’s the worst thing that any of us have dealt with — probably worse than anything our grandparents ever dealt with, for a number of reasons. The precipitation levels have, of course, been terrible. Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/03/march-drought-update-a-north-south-divide-and-wheres-the-snow/\">reservoirs are low\u003c/a> and you can see that graphically. Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/29/shrinking-sierra-snowpack-heightens-drought-worries/\">snowpack is even worse\u003c/a>. And so the dislocation caused by multiple years of low precipitation — particularly the fact that it’s been so warm and we don’t have snowpack — is like a double whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People will quibble about precipitation levels and look at 1924 and 1977 as technically having less precipitation than now. That is nothing to have a party about because there are millions more people than there were relying on that water. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-stressed-town-tries-controversial-new-water-plan/\">communities running out of water\u003c/a>, we have hundreds of thousands of acres of fields that have been fallowed, we’ve got thousands of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/15/californias-drought-is-hurting-farmers-more-than-food-consumers/\">people out of work\u003c/a> and we’ve got \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/parched-california-wildlife-suffers-in-drought/\">fish and wildlife suffering\u003c/a> as never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> We started to see \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/15/california-regulators-approve-fines-for-wasting-water/\">water restrictions last year\u003c/a>. How will this year be different?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> Let me start with my most fervent hope, which is that local water agencies will begin to act as if we might have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">a “millennial drought,” like Australia\u003c/a>. I think people were hoping for rain, which is not a strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2014.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-28433\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2014-575x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"265\" height=\"472\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2015.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-28434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/WaterRules2015-676x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"315\" height=\"476\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">Marcus says local water agencies were “dithering” over what to do, so last summer, her board stepped in with a first-ever set of \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - resolution\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/board_info/agendas/2015/mar/031715_7_with_draft_resolution.pdf\">statewide minimum rules\u003c/a> for water use. Beginning in May, they’ll \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/17/calif-water-regulators-tighten-the-screws-just-a-little/\">tighten the screws\u003c/a> a little bit more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will mean, among other things, people will have to ask for water at restaurants, and local water agencies will have to limit days in which lawn and landscape watering are allowed — in some cases to two days a week. It’ll be up to local water officials to adapt and enforce the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> It’s the first time that the state has set a sort of minimum bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> First time any state has actually stepped in and set minimum conservation levels, but we felt we had to — not to control and tell everybody what to do, in fact they were quite modest — but to ring the bell and give some permission to the local agencies. And what I said was, “If you’re worried that your customers are gonna be mad at you, blame me. You know, I don’t mind if they’re mad at me.” It’s better if we act now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: There also seems to be a gap between the rules and enforcement part of that. Much was made a year ago about $500 fines. To your knowledge, has anybody been fined $500?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> You know, I’ve heard anecdotally that there have been $500 fines. We weren’t intending to say, “Thou shalt fine.” We were actually enabling locals who maybe didn’t have the authority — we were giving them the authority to go up to $500. Some go to a thousand, some shut off your water. Again, this is something that localities do in different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>CM:\u003c/strong> Here we are in Year 4 and we’re just talking about saying to restaurants, “No, you can’t automatically bring a glass of water to every table.” Honestly, isn’t that something we should’ve done in Year 1?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FM:\u003c/strong> Well, absolutely, I mean there are communities all over the state that have been doing it for years and they’ve never undone it — and that is the right thing to do. Again — what’s appropriate for the state to do and what’s appropriate for the locals — and we’re trying to tread somewhat lightly. Our goal isn’t a statewide takeover of every urban water agency. But in a time of crisis, we need something that’s more visible. It sends a recurrent message that we’re in a drought because part of our challenge is, it rained a lot in December, so people may have thought the drought was over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can hear a longer version of our interview with Felicia Marcus by clicking on the audio player at the top of this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Calif. Water Regulators Tighten the Screws -- But Just a Little",
"headTitle": "Calif. Water Regulators Tighten the Screws — But Just a Little | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2869.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28302\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2869.jpg\" alt='Some eateries had already implemented a \"water-only-on-demand\" policy before it was made mandatory --but many had not. (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some eateries had already implemented an “only-on-demand” water policy before it was made mandatory –but many had not. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The nozzle just got tightened a bit on water use in California — but only a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators today added new restrictions to those put in place last summer. Urban water customers will have a few more “don’ts” added to \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/publications_forms/publications/factsheets/docs/fs072914manwaterreg.pdf\">the list that came out last July\u003c/a>, which includes prohibitions on things like washing your car without a shutoff nozzle and hosing down “hardscapes” like sidewalks and driveways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - resolution\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/board_info/agendas/2015/mar/031715_7_with_draft_resolution.pdf\">new measures\u003c/a>, approved by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>, are a set of minimum standards for local water agencies, which have broad latitude to set and enforce conservation measures. Under the new rules:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Restaurants may only serve water if customers ask for it\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>No outdoor watering within 48 hours after any rain\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>2 day-per-week cap on watering lawns and landscaping\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Local agencies will have 45 days to comply. Outside watering is a prime target as it makes up 44 percent of total urban water use. Local agencies have some flexibility with the two-day rule if they already have similar restrictions in place to achieve the same ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also new reporting standards for local water agencies on restrictions they’ve put in place and agencies are required to notify customers with known water leaks on their properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘In this fourth year of drought, we’re going to have to move to a little more aggressive — or maybe a lot more aggressive responses.’\u003ccite> Peter Gleick, Pacific Institute scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>All of the measures seem tame compared to recent \u003ca title=\"LAT - op-ed\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-famiglietti-drought-california-20150313-story.html\">calls for statewide rationing\u003c/a>, such as the one by NASA earth scientist Jay Famiglietti recently in the Los Angeles Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those things, frankly, are going to have very minor impacts on total water demand but they raise awareness,” added Peter Gleick, who heads the Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this fourth year of drought, we’re going to have to move to a little more aggressive — or maybe a lot more aggressive responses,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201503170900\">Gleick told KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been trying to take modest measures to sort of light a fire under local agencies,” says Felicia Marcus, who chairs the Board, essentially the state’s final arbiter of most water matters. “My hope is that in this fourth year they will act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much was made last summer of new fines of up to $500 that could be slapped on egregious water wasters, but it’s unclear from talking to regulators if even one such fine has been assessed — hence the new requirement that local agencies report such actions to the state. Marcus says her board was never beating the drum for big fines, but she adds, “I think local communities should be taking much more dramatic action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The staff report prepared for the board members said that “additional benefits will be realized” from the latest round of measures, but staffers conceded that it’s not possible to “finely calculate” the savings, partly because of the lack of data available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new actions come as the state’s primary trade group for local water agencies \u003ca title=\"ACWA - poll\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/sites/default/files/post/2015/03/summary-key-findings-ca-water-conservation-survey.pdf\">released a poll\u003c/a> on Californians’ attitudes toward water conservation. According to the survey commissioned by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/\">Association of California Water Agencies\u003c/a>, 80 percent of those surveyed say the drought has already caused them to reduce water use, and two thirds say there is more they could do.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As California plods into its fourth year of drought, critics say the latest round of statewide water restrictions are too little -- and possibly too late.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2869.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28302\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2869.jpg\" alt='Some eateries had already implemented a \"water-only-on-demand\" policy before it was made mandatory --but many had not. (Craig Miller/KQED)' width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some eateries had already implemented an “only-on-demand” water policy before it was made mandatory –but many had not. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The nozzle just got tightened a bit on water use in California — but only a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators today added new restrictions to those put in place last summer. Urban water customers will have a few more “don’ts” added to \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/publications_forms/publications/factsheets/docs/fs072914manwaterreg.pdf\">the list that came out last July\u003c/a>, which includes prohibitions on things like washing your car without a shutoff nozzle and hosing down “hardscapes” like sidewalks and driveways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"SWRCB - resolution\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/board_info/agendas/2015/mar/031715_7_with_draft_resolution.pdf\">new measures\u003c/a>, approved by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>, are a set of minimum standards for local water agencies, which have broad latitude to set and enforce conservation measures. Under the new rules:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Restaurants may only serve water if customers ask for it\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>No outdoor watering within 48 hours after any rain\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>2 day-per-week cap on watering lawns and landscaping\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Local agencies will have 45 days to comply. Outside watering is a prime target as it makes up 44 percent of total urban water use. Local agencies have some flexibility with the two-day rule if they already have similar restrictions in place to achieve the same ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also new reporting standards for local water agencies on restrictions they’ve put in place and agencies are required to notify customers with known water leaks on their properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘In this fourth year of drought, we’re going to have to move to a little more aggressive — or maybe a lot more aggressive responses.’\u003ccite> Peter Gleick, Pacific Institute scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>All of the measures seem tame compared to recent \u003ca title=\"LAT - op-ed\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-famiglietti-drought-california-20150313-story.html\">calls for statewide rationing\u003c/a>, such as the one by NASA earth scientist Jay Famiglietti recently in the Los Angeles Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those things, frankly, are going to have very minor impacts on total water demand but they raise awareness,” added Peter Gleick, who heads the Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this fourth year of drought, we’re going to have to move to a little more aggressive — or maybe a lot more aggressive responses,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201503170900\">Gleick told KQED’s Forum\u003c/a> program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been trying to take modest measures to sort of light a fire under local agencies,” says Felicia Marcus, who chairs the Board, essentially the state’s final arbiter of most water matters. “My hope is that in this fourth year they will act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much was made last summer of new fines of up to $500 that could be slapped on egregious water wasters, but it’s unclear from talking to regulators if even one such fine has been assessed — hence the new requirement that local agencies report such actions to the state. Marcus says her board was never beating the drum for big fines, but she adds, “I think local communities should be taking much more dramatic action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The staff report prepared for the board members said that “additional benefits will be realized” from the latest round of measures, but staffers conceded that it’s not possible to “finely calculate” the savings, partly because of the lack of data available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new actions come as the state’s primary trade group for local water agencies \u003ca title=\"ACWA - poll\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/sites/default/files/post/2015/03/summary-key-findings-ca-water-conservation-survey.pdf\">released a poll\u003c/a> on Californians’ attitudes toward water conservation. According to the survey commissioned by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/\">Association of California Water Agencies\u003c/a>, 80 percent of those surveyed say the drought has already caused them to reduce water use, and two thirds say there is more they could do.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Video Produced by Gabriela Quirós\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]The Japanese Pool at the University of California Botanical Garden in Berkeley was built in 1941. Stones from Japan line its edges, and a small Japanese-style bridge offers visitors a place to sit and contemplate the water’s surface. It looks peaceful, but beneath the surface is a riot of writhing activity: the newts have come to town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California newts (\u003cem>Taricha torosa)\u003c/em> have marched in from the surrounding forests by the dozens (some years there are hundreds), to mate and lay eggs in the pond. Most of the time, California newts live quiet, hidden lives in the forests of California. But every winter – and newts can live for 20 years – they return to mate in the same ponds in which they were born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28291\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0594-e1426542791975.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28291 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0594-e1426542791975.jpg\" alt=\"Cameraman Josh Cassidy gets a peek below the pond's peaceful surface\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cameraman Josh Cassidy gets a peek below the pond’s peaceful surface (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These amphibious creatures are about five to eight inches long, with rust-colored skin, except for their bright yellow eyes and belly. They began to arrive at the UC Botanical Garden around November, and will stay here for the duration of the rainy season, usually through the end of March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Licht, director of the garden, has been observing the newts in the Japanese Pool for 12 years, since he became director in 2003. But his fascination began long before that, as he studied newts and newt hormones for more than 40 years as a zoologist at the University of California, Berkeley. In those days, he says, he never just sat and watched them like he does now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was usually out collecting them in the field,” he says, “or doing experiments with them in the lab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Licht enjoys simply observing them, year after year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re a very special kind of animal,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California newts are only about six inches long, they might travel as far as three miles to return to their birthplace. That’s the equivalent for a human of walking about a marathon and a half, without any signs or road maps. Scientists aren’t sure exactly how they find their way, but they think it might be based on smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victor Twitty, a biologist at Stanford University in the 1960s, tampered with the olfactory organs of a related species, the red-bellied newt (\u003cem>Taricha rivularis\u003c/em>) and observed that they had a hard time getting home, while undamaged newts were able to get back to their ponds with astounding accuracy, even when he moved them miles away to places they had never been before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their migration takes them out of the burrows where they spend the rest of the year, eating bugs and living a terrestrial life in the forests along the California coast. It starts with the release of a hormone called prolactin, the same chemical that helps women breastfeed. In newts, it triggers an urge to head towards the water they were born in, and in males it combines with testosterone to induce a physical transformation that prepares them for the months they will spend in the water, fighting over females and engaging in an elaborate mating ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they get closer to the pond, the males’ skin transforms from pimply and rough to slimy and smooth. They bulk up, and grow pads on their feet for clamping onto females. Their tails flatten, grow wider and turn into fins that will power them through the water. When the breeding season ends, they emerge from the water, slim down, dry out, and re-adapt to a land-based lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28278\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_floats-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_floats-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Release of the hormone prolactin triggers male newts' transformation into aquatic creatures (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Release of the hormone prolactin triggers male newts’ transformation into aquatic creatures (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a rapid change in phenotype, year in and year out,” says Sean Reilly, a graduate student who studies newts in the integrative biology department at UC Berkeley.” These newts are pretty amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts generally enjoy a relatively safe existence, protected by a poison in their skin called tetrodotoxin, one of the world’s most potent neurotoxins. It’s the same poison found in Japanese puffer fish that occasionally kills adventurous sushi eaters –23 people were fatally poisoned in Japan between 2000 and 2009. The bright coloring of the California newt, and their even more toxic cousin, the rough-skinned newt (\u003cem>Taricha granulosa\u003c/em>), warns most predators that they’re a bad choice for a meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28287\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_yellow_eyes_CU-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28287\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_yellow_eyes_CU-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Newts' bright yellow belly and eyes warn predators to stay away from their toxic skin (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newts’ bright yellow belly and eyes warn predators to stay away from their toxic skin (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s one exception, a predator that doesn’t need to heed this warning: the garter snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts and garter snakes are locked in an epic struggle that Jim McGuire, a herpetologist at UC Berkeley, calls a “co-evolutionary arms race.” Some of the snakes in the newt’s habitat have evolved immunity to tetrodotoxin, and in response, some newts have become even more toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s essentially a geographic mosaic across the West,” McGuire says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some places, newts are very toxic and can keep the snakes at bay. But in other places, “it seems like the garter snake has essentially won,” and the newts are less toxic, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28281\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_in_headlight_WWS-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_in_headlight_WWS-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Road crossings can be some of the most dangerous parts of a newt's journey (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Road crossings can be some of the most dangerous parts of a newt’s journey (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When newts begin their annual odyssey from the forest to the water, they often encounter dangers that even the strongest poison can’t protect them from. Cars driving through their territory aren’t deterred by the newts’ bright colors, and road crossings can be the most dangerous part of a newt’s journey. Excluding the dangers of cars and roads, McGuire says, “It’s hard for me to imagine that many of them would be prevented from making it to their breeding site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neighbors of Tilden Park, just a few miles from the Japanese Pool, became concerned a few years ago by the newts they were finding flattened on the road. They persuaded the park to close a road in the newt’s migration path from November to March to protect them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0573-1024x681.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28297\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0573-1024x681.jpg\" alt=\"South Park Drive in Berkeley's Tilden Park is closed for the newts' breeding season every year (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">South Park Drive in Berkeley’s Tilden Park is closed for the newts’ breeding season every year (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But closing roads may not be the only protection they need. Licht said that during the past two years he’s seen the lowest numbers of newts and newt eggs since he started working at the garden. California newts aren’t currently endangered, but Licht is concerned by the decline that he’s seen in the Japanese Pool population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last year, the whole season we only saw one egg cluster,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, he sees hundreds, dotting the pond’s muddy bottom and hidden in the vegetation. The male newts are even known to snack on a few of them for extra protein, adding cannibalism to the newts’ yearly ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28275\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt-eat-eggs-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28275\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt-eat-eggs-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Newt eggs can be energy-rich snacks for cannibalistic male newts (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newt eggs can be energy-rich snacks for cannibalistic male newts (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were more egg clusters this year, but still many fewer than usual. Licht doesn’t know what caused the downturn. He says it might be due to California’s severe drought, now in its fourth year, but naturalist James Wilson with the East Bay Regional Park District, reports he’s seen normal numbers this year at breeding sites only a few miles away from the Japanese Pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may never know why they almost disappeared from the Japanese Pool, Licht says, but he’s glad to see a few more this season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We mostly study them when they come to breed, we don’t know what they do the rest of the year,” he says. “There’s still a lot of mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The Japanese Pool at the University of California Botanical Garden in Berkeley was built in 1941. Stones from Japan line its edges, and a small Japanese-style bridge offers visitors a place to sit and contemplate the water’s surface. It looks peaceful, but beneath the surface is a riot of writhing activity: the newts have come to town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California newts (\u003cem>Taricha torosa)\u003c/em> have marched in from the surrounding forests by the dozens (some years there are hundreds), to mate and lay eggs in the pond. Most of the time, California newts live quiet, hidden lives in the forests of California. But every winter – and newts can live for 20 years – they return to mate in the same ponds in which they were born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28291\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0594-e1426542791975.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28291 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0594-e1426542791975.jpg\" alt=\"Cameraman Josh Cassidy gets a peek below the pond's peaceful surface\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cameraman Josh Cassidy gets a peek below the pond’s peaceful surface (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These amphibious creatures are about five to eight inches long, with rust-colored skin, except for their bright yellow eyes and belly. They began to arrive at the UC Botanical Garden around November, and will stay here for the duration of the rainy season, usually through the end of March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Licht, director of the garden, has been observing the newts in the Japanese Pool for 12 years, since he became director in 2003. But his fascination began long before that, as he studied newts and newt hormones for more than 40 years as a zoologist at the University of California, Berkeley. In those days, he says, he never just sat and watched them like he does now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was usually out collecting them in the field,” he says, “or doing experiments with them in the lab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Licht enjoys simply observing them, year after year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re a very special kind of animal,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California newts are only about six inches long, they might travel as far as three miles to return to their birthplace. That’s the equivalent for a human of walking about a marathon and a half, without any signs or road maps. Scientists aren’t sure exactly how they find their way, but they think it might be based on smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victor Twitty, a biologist at Stanford University in the 1960s, tampered with the olfactory organs of a related species, the red-bellied newt (\u003cem>Taricha rivularis\u003c/em>) and observed that they had a hard time getting home, while undamaged newts were able to get back to their ponds with astounding accuracy, even when he moved them miles away to places they had never been before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their migration takes them out of the burrows where they spend the rest of the year, eating bugs and living a terrestrial life in the forests along the California coast. It starts with the release of a hormone called prolactin, the same chemical that helps women breastfeed. In newts, it triggers an urge to head towards the water they were born in, and in males it combines with testosterone to induce a physical transformation that prepares them for the months they will spend in the water, fighting over females and engaging in an elaborate mating ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they get closer to the pond, the males’ skin transforms from pimply and rough to slimy and smooth. They bulk up, and grow pads on their feet for clamping onto females. Their tails flatten, grow wider and turn into fins that will power them through the water. When the breeding season ends, they emerge from the water, slim down, dry out, and re-adapt to a land-based lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28278\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_floats-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_floats-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Release of the hormone prolactin triggers male newts' transformation into aquatic creatures (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Release of the hormone prolactin triggers male newts’ transformation into aquatic creatures (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a rapid change in phenotype, year in and year out,” says Sean Reilly, a graduate student who studies newts in the integrative biology department at UC Berkeley.” These newts are pretty amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts generally enjoy a relatively safe existence, protected by a poison in their skin called tetrodotoxin, one of the world’s most potent neurotoxins. It’s the same poison found in Japanese puffer fish that occasionally kills adventurous sushi eaters –23 people were fatally poisoned in Japan between 2000 and 2009. The bright coloring of the California newt, and their even more toxic cousin, the rough-skinned newt (\u003cem>Taricha granulosa\u003c/em>), warns most predators that they’re a bad choice for a meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28287\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_yellow_eyes_CU-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28287\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_yellow_eyes_CU-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Newts' bright yellow belly and eyes warn predators to stay away from their toxic skin (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newts’ bright yellow belly and eyes warn predators to stay away from their toxic skin (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s one exception, a predator that doesn’t need to heed this warning: the garter snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts and garter snakes are locked in an epic struggle that Jim McGuire, a herpetologist at UC Berkeley, calls a “co-evolutionary arms race.” Some of the snakes in the newt’s habitat have evolved immunity to tetrodotoxin, and in response, some newts have become even more toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s essentially a geographic mosaic across the West,” McGuire says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some places, newts are very toxic and can keep the snakes at bay. But in other places, “it seems like the garter snake has essentially won,” and the newts are less toxic, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28281\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_in_headlight_WWS-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_in_headlight_WWS-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Road crossings can be some of the most dangerous parts of a newt's journey (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Road crossings can be some of the most dangerous parts of a newt’s journey (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When newts begin their annual odyssey from the forest to the water, they often encounter dangers that even the strongest poison can’t protect them from. Cars driving through their territory aren’t deterred by the newts’ bright colors, and road crossings can be the most dangerous part of a newt’s journey. Excluding the dangers of cars and roads, McGuire says, “It’s hard for me to imagine that many of them would be prevented from making it to their breeding site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neighbors of Tilden Park, just a few miles from the Japanese Pool, became concerned a few years ago by the newts they were finding flattened on the road. They persuaded the park to close a road in the newt’s migration path from November to March to protect them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0573-1024x681.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28297\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0573-1024x681.jpg\" alt=\"South Park Drive in Berkeley's Tilden Park is closed for the newts' breeding season every year (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">South Park Drive in Berkeley’s Tilden Park is closed for the newts’ breeding season every year (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But closing roads may not be the only protection they need. Licht said that during the past two years he’s seen the lowest numbers of newts and newt eggs since he started working at the garden. California newts aren’t currently endangered, but Licht is concerned by the decline that he’s seen in the Japanese Pool population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last year, the whole season we only saw one egg cluster,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, he sees hundreds, dotting the pond’s muddy bottom and hidden in the vegetation. The male newts are even known to snack on a few of them for extra protein, adding cannibalism to the newts’ yearly ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28275\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt-eat-eggs-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28275\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt-eat-eggs-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Newt eggs can be energy-rich snacks for cannibalistic male newts (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newt eggs can be energy-rich snacks for cannibalistic male newts (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were more egg clusters this year, but still many fewer than usual. Licht doesn’t know what caused the downturn. He says it might be due to California’s severe drought, now in its fourth year, but naturalist James Wilson with the East Bay Regional Park District, reports he’s seen normal numbers this year at breeding sites only a few miles away from the Japanese Pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may never know why they almost disappeared from the Japanese Pool, Licht says, but he’s glad to see a few more this season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We mostly study them when they come to breed, we don’t know what they do the rest of the year,” he says. “There’s still a lot of mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Los Angeles Willing to Pay Its Highest Price Ever for Water",
"headTitle": "Los Angeles Willing to Pay Its Highest Price Ever for Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28293\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Crowley.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28293\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Crowley.jpg\" alt=\"Flooded rice fields at the Cosumnes River Preserve near Elk Grove. Growing an acre of rice requires three acre feet of water or more; an acre foot is about 326,000 gallons. (Photo: Nancy Crowley/The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flooded rice fields at the Cosumnes River Preserve near Elk Grove. Growing an acre of rice requires three acre-feet of water or more. An acre-foot is roughly enough water for two Los Angeles-area households for a year. (Photo: Nancy Crowley/The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles is offering rice farmers in the Sacramento Valley more money than the city has ever paid for water — $700 per acre-foot. At this price, rice farmers could make more money selling water than they can make on their crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes it easy to say “yes,” says Lance Tennis, whose family has about 900 acres near Chico, an hour north of Sacramento. He says rice farmers in the Sacramento Valley feel compelled to help their parched neighbors to the south, but they wouldn’t want to make a habit of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re rice growers, not water marketers,” Tennis says. “It’s something you would never want to commit to on an ongoing permanent basis because these water rights are very precious, very valuable to us — they’re the only thing that makes this land up here worth what it is — the ability to grow rice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming the drought doesn’t curtail his local water district’s own supply, farmers like Tennis could get about $2,100 this year for every acre they agree to fallow. That’s because it takes more than three acre-feet of water to grow one acre of rice. By contrast, selling the rice nets a profit of between $1,000 to $1,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a brief “wet” season marked by California’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/02/05/after-driest-january-on-record-how-low-are-californias-reservoirs-visualization/\">driest January\u003c/a> on record, Metropolitan Water District in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article13908632.html\">L.A. is offering\u003c/a> to buy more than $70 million worth of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One upside to giving some land the year off, Tennis says, is that it’s easier with rice than certain other crops, like citrus, and doing so helps with weed control and affords a chance to level the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tennis is among the rice farmers who depend on the Western Canal Water District, which is coordinating sales to Metropolitan. General manager Ted Trimble says he wouldn’t allow farmers to fallow more than 20 percent of the land district-wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But depending on the weather in the next couple weeks, all bets could be off, Trimble says — the deals are “contingent on the district getting its full supply of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district depends on the Feather River, which flows into Lake Oroville, and Trimble says the likelihood of getting the full allotment of water has been growing slimmer by the day.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "Los Angeles is offering rice farmers in the Sacramento Valley more money than the city has ever paid for water -- $700 per acre-foot. At this price, rice farmers could make more money selling water than they can make on their crops. That makes it easy to say "yes," says Lance Tennis, whose family has",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28293\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Crowley.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28293\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Crowley.jpg\" alt=\"Flooded rice fields at the Cosumnes River Preserve near Elk Grove. Growing an acre of rice requires three acre feet of water or more; an acre foot is about 326,000 gallons. (Photo: Nancy Crowley/The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flooded rice fields at the Cosumnes River Preserve near Elk Grove. Growing an acre of rice requires three acre-feet of water or more. An acre-foot is roughly enough water for two Los Angeles-area households for a year. (Photo: Nancy Crowley/The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles is offering rice farmers in the Sacramento Valley more money than the city has ever paid for water — $700 per acre-foot. At this price, rice farmers could make more money selling water than they can make on their crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes it easy to say “yes,” says Lance Tennis, whose family has about 900 acres near Chico, an hour north of Sacramento. He says rice farmers in the Sacramento Valley feel compelled to help their parched neighbors to the south, but they wouldn’t want to make a habit of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re rice growers, not water marketers,” Tennis says. “It’s something you would never want to commit to on an ongoing permanent basis because these water rights are very precious, very valuable to us — they’re the only thing that makes this land up here worth what it is — the ability to grow rice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming the drought doesn’t curtail his local water district’s own supply, farmers like Tennis could get about $2,100 this year for every acre they agree to fallow. That’s because it takes more than three acre-feet of water to grow one acre of rice. By contrast, selling the rice nets a profit of between $1,000 to $1,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a brief “wet” season marked by California’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/02/05/after-driest-january-on-record-how-low-are-californias-reservoirs-visualization/\">driest January\u003c/a> on record, Metropolitan Water District in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article13908632.html\">L.A. is offering\u003c/a> to buy more than $70 million worth of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One upside to giving some land the year off, Tennis says, is that it’s easier with rice than certain other crops, like citrus, and doing so helps with weed control and affords a chance to level the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tennis is among the rice farmers who depend on the Western Canal Water District, which is coordinating sales to Metropolitan. General manager Ted Trimble says he wouldn’t allow farmers to fallow more than 20 percent of the land district-wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But depending on the weather in the next couple weeks, all bets could be off, Trimble says — the deals are “contingent on the district getting its full supply of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district depends on the Feather River, which flows into Lake Oroville, and Trimble says the likelihood of getting the full allotment of water has been growing slimmer by the day.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Ancient Sinkhole Could Presage Mega-Tsunami for Hawaii",
"headTitle": "Ancient Sinkhole Could Presage Mega-Tsunami for Hawaii | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/03/20150309TsunamiCave.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27931\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Makauwahi_2344-e1425689804216-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27931\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Makauwahi_2344-e1425689804216-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Makauwahi sinkhole, seen from the caves on the south side. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Makauwahi sinkhole on Kauai, as seen from the caves on the south side of this hidden bowl. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Four years ago this week, an earthquake off the Japan coast unleashed a wall of water that devastated coastal cities there — and caused more than $50 million in damages along the California coast from Santa Cruz \u003ca title=\"Q - CW - post\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/03/13/crescent-city-its-a-mess-all-right/\">to Crescent City\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"LiveSci - Tohoku\" href=\"http://www.livescience.com/39110-japan-2011-earthquake-tsunami-facts.html\">Tohoku Earthquake and its aftermath\u003c/a> are a reminder that the threat of tsunamis is always with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Especially vulnerable is the \u003ca title=\"NOAA - PTWC\" href=\"http://ptwc.weather.gov/ptwc/?region=2\">state of Hawaii\u003c/a>, where scientists have been calculating just how big that threat might be, using evidence that could’ve gone completely unnoticed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Tsunimi-Map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-27965\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Tsunimi-Map-593x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"204\" height=\"352\">\u003c/a>Hidden away on the south shore of Kauai, Hawaii’s geologically oldest island, is \u003ca title=\"Makauwahi - main\" href=\"http://cavereserve.org/\">Makauwahi sinkhole\u003c/a>, a small wonder amid the dense coastal vegetation. It also contains buried treasure for scientists who study \u003ca title=\"Ready.gov - tsunamis\" href=\"http://www.ready.gov/tsunamis\">Pacific tsunamis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just a massive old sand dune that has — scientists will say ‘lithified’ — it’s become rock,” explains Chris Landreau, an archaeologist who’s worked on digs at the sinkhole. Emerging through a small cave on the north side of the bowl, it presents as its own tiny world, open to the sky, surrounded by sheer walls. Palm trees sprout from the floor of the crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When biologists entered this world in the 1990s, they soon realized that it was \u003ca title=\"Honolulu Ad - post\" href=\"http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2005/Sep/28/ln/FP509280357.html\">an open time capsule\u003c/a> for unmasking the island’s biologic and geologic history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paleoecologists starting digging down, sifting from the layers of sediments the comings and goings of plants and animals through time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seismic Paydirt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea is to identify those things that are extinct,” Landreau says, “and to identify those things that we can still find somewhere locally, and try to revive them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the idea. But as they were digging, they struck seismic paydirt: a layer about a yard thick that clearly didn’t belong there. What was there — basalt cobbles, corals, shells and other ocean debris — eventually caught the eye of a geophysicist at the University of Hawaii named, yes, \u003ca title=\"U of HI - Butler\" href=\"http://www.higp.hawaii.edu/cgi-bin/higp/directory.cgi?func=disp&searchname=RhettButler\">Rhett Butler\u003c/a> (not to be confused with \u003ca title=\"Wiki - post\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhett_Butler\">this Rhett Butler\u003c/a>). He noticed that this was obviously stuff that came from the ocean, not the residue of plants and animals that would’ve lived on the island. And there was a lot of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Tsunami-cave-layers.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-27969\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Tsunami-cave-layers-1024x547.png\" alt=\"Tsunami cave layers\" width=\"1024\" height=\"547\">\u003c/a>“It’s a huge volume,” Butler says. He calculates about 600 cubic yards, or enough debris to fill nine ocean containers, the kind you see stacked up on cargo ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes a heck of a lot to move that much material, move it from the beach, move it up the hill,” reasons Butler. “So the most likely scenario, quite frankly, is that it’s a tsunami.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would have to have been huge — big enough to hurl 200-pound boulders into a hole that’s two to three stories above sea level and set back from the shoreline about the length of a football field. Butler reckons that it hit Kauai sometime between 350 and 575 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We only have, literally, 4 ½ hours. Imagine you snap your fingers and 4 ½ hours later, there’s a wave coming on shore that’s massive.’\u003ccite>— Rhett Butler,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of Hawaii Geophysicist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Butler \u003ca title=\"GRL - Butler\" href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GL061232/epdf\">began using computer models\u003c/a> to trace such a tsunami back to its probable origins. That led him to a seismically active zone nearly 2,000 miles north, in the eastern Aleutian Islands, off Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And the shape of the subduction zone,” he notes, “in other words where the Pacific and North America converge together — if you look at that geometry, it basically focuses energy directly toward Hawaii.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His modeling work points to a quake bigger than magnitude-9 — that’s 100 times more powerful than San Francisco’s Big One in 1906, or at least as powerful as the 2011 Tohoku event that savaged coastal Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a similar sized event to Tohoku, maybe slightly bigger,” Butler estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, he thinks it might’ve been the Pacific’s biggest quake in the past 7,000 years. At the rate that tectonic plates near the Aleutians have been moving since the Kauai tsunami, he calculates that the region is capable of producing a similar quake, at any time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27932\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 334px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Makauwahi_2355-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-27932\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Makauwahi_2355-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Makauwahi_2355\" width=\"334\" height=\"251\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Archaeologist Chris Landreau points out some of the tsunami deposits at the edge of caves on the south side of the sinkhole. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Once you start modeling it and looking at the possibilities,” Butler says, “you realize it’s not unreasonable that we could get a magnitude-9 in the worst possible spot that would make all the other events look rather small in comparison.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a tsunami of that size 500 years ago would have been devastating to Hawaii’s primitive coastal culture, today civil defense authorities estimate that 370,000 people and $40 billion worth of infrastructure stand in harm’s way in the islands’ existing tsunami zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For California, a tsunami is a nasty event but it happens within a mile of the coast,” Butler says. “The rest of the state is not affected. One of these things in Hawaii devastates the whole state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partly as a result of Butler’s work, Hawaii officials are in the process of \u003ca title=\"HI tsunami maps\" href=\"http://tsunami.csc.noaa.gov/map.html?mapname=KAUA_I-POIPU&submit1=Search+Island+Area\">redrawing tsunami maps\u003c/a> to take into account the possibility of something much bigger than is in the historical record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically letting the people know where the safe zone is, which is the essence of the whole thing,” he says. “It’s to save people’s lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27977\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 390px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Tsunami-Cave-Simulation-ft-1024x889.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27977\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Tsunami-Cave-Simulation-ft-1024x889.jpg\" alt=\"Computer modeling shows how an earthquake in the eastern Aleutians would focus tsunami energy toward Hawaii. The green band above Kauai, in particular, shows how the contours of the ocean floor focus even more of the energy directly on the state¹s northernmost island. Actual wave heights at landfall could be greater than colors indicate.\" width=\"390\" height=\"340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Computer modeling shows how an earthquake in the eastern Aleutian Islands would focus tsunami energy toward Hawaii. The green band above Kauai, in particular, shows how the contours of the ocean floor focus even more of the energy directly on the state’s northernmost island. Actual wave heights at landfall could be greater than colors indicate.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Technology to the Rescue?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of progress has been made toward that end in the last 10 years or so. \u003ca title=\"NOAA - DART\" href=\"http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/dart.shtml\">A network of ocean buoys\u003c/a> and other sensors keep watch for tsunamis. The U.S. maintains 39 buoys and other nations have added about 20 more to the network, known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/dart/dart.shtml\">DART\u003c/a>. But keeping them working in harsh ocean environments is a challenge. And currently about a quarter of the U.S. network is out of service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler has suggested adding two more buoys to the Aleutian chain. \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/tsu400/faculty/whitmore.html\">Paul Whitmore\u003c/a>, who directs the \u003ca title=\"NOAA - NTWC AK\" href=\"http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/\">National Tsunami Warning Center\u003c/a> in Palmer, Alaska, says there are no plans to do so, citing the costs involved. Butler has also suggested adding sensors to transoceanic cables that traverse the north Pacific. Whitmore says while officials have talked about that “for years,” deployment costs have been a barrier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Butler says were a similar event to happen today, “We only have, literally, 4 ½ hours. Imagine you snap your fingers and 4 ½ hours later, there’s a wave coming on shore that’s massive. So we’re very concerned about improving tsunami warning capabilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler is seeking funding from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fema.gov/\">Federal Emergency Management Agency\u003c/a> to search for other sites in the islands that would tell us more about this and other tsunamis in the distant past that might portend future events. Right now, Makauwahi sinkhole is the only evidence found of the mega-tsunami of 500 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, Butler muses that one small town in Oregon — Seaside — has “over 300 paleotsunami measurements of a former Cascadia event, whereas in all of the Hawaiian islands, we have precisely one.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27931\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Makauwahi_2344-e1425689804216-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27931\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Makauwahi_2344-e1425689804216-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Makauwahi sinkhole, seen from the caves on the south side. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Makauwahi sinkhole on Kauai, as seen from the caves on the south side of this hidden bowl. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Four years ago this week, an earthquake off the Japan coast unleashed a wall of water that devastated coastal cities there — and caused more than $50 million in damages along the California coast from Santa Cruz \u003ca title=\"Q - CW - post\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/03/13/crescent-city-its-a-mess-all-right/\">to Crescent City\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"LiveSci - Tohoku\" href=\"http://www.livescience.com/39110-japan-2011-earthquake-tsunami-facts.html\">Tohoku Earthquake and its aftermath\u003c/a> are a reminder that the threat of tsunamis is always with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Especially vulnerable is the \u003ca title=\"NOAA - PTWC\" href=\"http://ptwc.weather.gov/ptwc/?region=2\">state of Hawaii\u003c/a>, where scientists have been calculating just how big that threat might be, using evidence that could’ve gone completely unnoticed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Tsunimi-Map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-27965\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Tsunimi-Map-593x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"204\" height=\"352\">\u003c/a>Hidden away on the south shore of Kauai, Hawaii’s geologically oldest island, is \u003ca title=\"Makauwahi - main\" href=\"http://cavereserve.org/\">Makauwahi sinkhole\u003c/a>, a small wonder amid the dense coastal vegetation. It also contains buried treasure for scientists who study \u003ca title=\"Ready.gov - tsunamis\" href=\"http://www.ready.gov/tsunamis\">Pacific tsunamis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just a massive old sand dune that has — scientists will say ‘lithified’ — it’s become rock,” explains Chris Landreau, an archaeologist who’s worked on digs at the sinkhole. Emerging through a small cave on the north side of the bowl, it presents as its own tiny world, open to the sky, surrounded by sheer walls. Palm trees sprout from the floor of the crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When biologists entered this world in the 1990s, they soon realized that it was \u003ca title=\"Honolulu Ad - post\" href=\"http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2005/Sep/28/ln/FP509280357.html\">an open time capsule\u003c/a> for unmasking the island’s biologic and geologic history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paleoecologists starting digging down, sifting from the layers of sediments the comings and goings of plants and animals through time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Seismic Paydirt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea is to identify those things that are extinct,” Landreau says, “and to identify those things that we can still find somewhere locally, and try to revive them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the idea. But as they were digging, they struck seismic paydirt: a layer about a yard thick that clearly didn’t belong there. What was there — basalt cobbles, corals, shells and other ocean debris — eventually caught the eye of a geophysicist at the University of Hawaii named, yes, \u003ca title=\"U of HI - Butler\" href=\"http://www.higp.hawaii.edu/cgi-bin/higp/directory.cgi?func=disp&searchname=RhettButler\">Rhett Butler\u003c/a> (not to be confused with \u003ca title=\"Wiki - post\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhett_Butler\">this Rhett Butler\u003c/a>). He noticed that this was obviously stuff that came from the ocean, not the residue of plants and animals that would’ve lived on the island. And there was a lot of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Tsunami-cave-layers.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-27969\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Tsunami-cave-layers-1024x547.png\" alt=\"Tsunami cave layers\" width=\"1024\" height=\"547\">\u003c/a>“It’s a huge volume,” Butler says. He calculates about 600 cubic yards, or enough debris to fill nine ocean containers, the kind you see stacked up on cargo ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes a heck of a lot to move that much material, move it from the beach, move it up the hill,” reasons Butler. “So the most likely scenario, quite frankly, is that it’s a tsunami.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would have to have been huge — big enough to hurl 200-pound boulders into a hole that’s two to three stories above sea level and set back from the shoreline about the length of a football field. Butler reckons that it hit Kauai sometime between 350 and 575 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We only have, literally, 4 ½ hours. Imagine you snap your fingers and 4 ½ hours later, there’s a wave coming on shore that’s massive.’\u003ccite>— Rhett Butler,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of Hawaii Geophysicist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Butler \u003ca title=\"GRL - Butler\" href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GL061232/epdf\">began using computer models\u003c/a> to trace such a tsunami back to its probable origins. That led him to a seismically active zone nearly 2,000 miles north, in the eastern Aleutian Islands, off Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And the shape of the subduction zone,” he notes, “in other words where the Pacific and North America converge together — if you look at that geometry, it basically focuses energy directly toward Hawaii.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His modeling work points to a quake bigger than magnitude-9 — that’s 100 times more powerful than San Francisco’s Big One in 1906, or at least as powerful as the 2011 Tohoku event that savaged coastal Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a similar sized event to Tohoku, maybe slightly bigger,” Butler estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, he thinks it might’ve been the Pacific’s biggest quake in the past 7,000 years. At the rate that tectonic plates near the Aleutians have been moving since the Kauai tsunami, he calculates that the region is capable of producing a similar quake, at any time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27932\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 334px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Makauwahi_2355-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-27932\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Makauwahi_2355-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Makauwahi_2355\" width=\"334\" height=\"251\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Archaeologist Chris Landreau points out some of the tsunami deposits at the edge of caves on the south side of the sinkhole. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Once you start modeling it and looking at the possibilities,” Butler says, “you realize it’s not unreasonable that we could get a magnitude-9 in the worst possible spot that would make all the other events look rather small in comparison.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a tsunami of that size 500 years ago would have been devastating to Hawaii’s primitive coastal culture, today civil defense authorities estimate that 370,000 people and $40 billion worth of infrastructure stand in harm’s way in the islands’ existing tsunami zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For California, a tsunami is a nasty event but it happens within a mile of the coast,” Butler says. “The rest of the state is not affected. One of these things in Hawaii devastates the whole state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partly as a result of Butler’s work, Hawaii officials are in the process of \u003ca title=\"HI tsunami maps\" href=\"http://tsunami.csc.noaa.gov/map.html?mapname=KAUA_I-POIPU&submit1=Search+Island+Area\">redrawing tsunami maps\u003c/a> to take into account the possibility of something much bigger than is in the historical record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically letting the people know where the safe zone is, which is the essence of the whole thing,” he says. “It’s to save people’s lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27977\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 390px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Tsunami-Cave-Simulation-ft-1024x889.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27977\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Tsunami-Cave-Simulation-ft-1024x889.jpg\" alt=\"Computer modeling shows how an earthquake in the eastern Aleutians would focus tsunami energy toward Hawaii. The green band above Kauai, in particular, shows how the contours of the ocean floor focus even more of the energy directly on the state¹s northernmost island. Actual wave heights at landfall could be greater than colors indicate.\" width=\"390\" height=\"340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Computer modeling shows how an earthquake in the eastern Aleutian Islands would focus tsunami energy toward Hawaii. The green band above Kauai, in particular, shows how the contours of the ocean floor focus even more of the energy directly on the state’s northernmost island. Actual wave heights at landfall could be greater than colors indicate.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Technology to the Rescue?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of progress has been made toward that end in the last 10 years or so. \u003ca title=\"NOAA - DART\" href=\"http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/dart.shtml\">A network of ocean buoys\u003c/a> and other sensors keep watch for tsunamis. The U.S. maintains 39 buoys and other nations have added about 20 more to the network, known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/dart/dart.shtml\">DART\u003c/a>. But keeping them working in harsh ocean environments is a challenge. And currently about a quarter of the U.S. network is out of service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler has suggested adding two more buoys to the Aleutian chain. \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/tsu400/faculty/whitmore.html\">Paul Whitmore\u003c/a>, who directs the \u003ca title=\"NOAA - NTWC AK\" href=\"http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/\">National Tsunami Warning Center\u003c/a> in Palmer, Alaska, says there are no plans to do so, citing the costs involved. Butler has also suggested adding sensors to transoceanic cables that traverse the north Pacific. Whitmore says while officials have talked about that “for years,” deployment costs have been a barrier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Butler says were a similar event to happen today, “We only have, literally, 4 ½ hours. Imagine you snap your fingers and 4 ½ hours later, there’s a wave coming on shore that’s massive. So we’re very concerned about improving tsunami warning capabilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butler is seeking funding from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fema.gov/\">Federal Emergency Management Agency\u003c/a> to search for other sites in the islands that would tell us more about this and other tsunamis in the distant past that might portend future events. Right now, Makauwahi sinkhole is the only evidence found of the mega-tsunami of 500 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
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},
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"order": 10
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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