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"excerpt": "In the annals of medical research, you won’t find many studies on the common hangover. But one intrepid Bay Area scientist has taken on the topic -- and even has an inexpensive remedy you probably haven't heard about.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This story ran originally on Dec. 29, 2014. Amy Standen is now a reporter at \u003ca href=\"https://gimletmedia.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gimlet Media\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hangovers are a neglected topic, at least in the annals of science. Search “alcoholism” on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=alcoholism\">PubMed \u003c/a>and you’ll find 76,131 studies published in peer-reviewed science journals. “Hangovers” yields a mere \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=hangover\">520\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of those were authored by Michael Shlipak, a physician at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Most of the time, Shlipak studies kidney function. But a couple of oft-cited studies on hangovers in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10836917\">2000 \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15226168\">2004 \u003c/a>have earned him the distinction of being a “hangover expert,” a title he accepts somewhat reluctantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went to meet Shlipak at his office in San Francisco’s Outer Richmond district. His spectacular view of the Pacific coast would probably be a balm after a rocky night out. What Shlipak told me about hangovers is surprising, as you’ll see in the video below (use the audio player above to hear the complete interview segment).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After you watch it, scroll down for some recipes that might (might!) help take the edge off of that New Year’s misery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mY1A6LwqsRU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mY1A6LwqsRU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So You Want to Try Prickly Pear at Home?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, two Big Caveats here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Caveat #1\u003c/em>: first is that in Shlipak’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15226168\">study\u003c/a>, the prickly pear was consumed \u003cem>before\u003c/em> study subjects went out drinking. The science here is far from certain, but Shlipak was concerned that the prickly pear wouldn’t digest as well in a belly full of booze. By the time the hangover has set in, he says, it’s probably too late. So think of it as prevention, not antidote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Caveat #2:\u003c/em> No one knows exactly how much prickly pear you’d have to eat to tame that hangover. In Shlipak’s study, researchers used an extract. But dosages vary widely in nutritional supplements, which is why Shlipak told me he’d stick with the raw fruit itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How much ?” I asked. “Lots,” he answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With those troublesome details out of the way, here are a couple of recipes I found online for prickly pear. (Of course, you could also just peel it and eat it raw. I bought a couple at a local market and found them to be quite tasty, kind of like a tart cucumber.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Prickly Pear Sorbet! Sounds like just the thing for your pre-New Years ramp-up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"embedly-card\" href=\"http://www.rickbayless.com/recipe/monte-cristos-prickly-pear-sorbet/\">Monte Cristo’s Prickly Pear Sorbet\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And from Dr. Oz (not known for his \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/alicegwalton/2014/12/22/the-best-medical-advice-it-may-be-to-stay-away-from-dr-ozs/\">sound medical advice\u003c/a>, but if nothing else, this sounds delicious), a non-alcoholic prickly pear cocktail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"embedly-card\" href=\"http://www.doctoroz.com/recipe/hangover-cure-prickly-pear-cocktail\">Hangover Cure Prickly Pear Cocktail\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, because nothing says New Years Eve like salad and chia seeds, this attractive vinaigrette.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca class=\"embedly-card\" href=\"http://michelepeterson.com/3243-healthy-prickly-pear-chia-salad-dressing-recipe/\">Healthy prickly pear + chia salad dressing | A Taste for Travel with Michele Peterson\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Earth in the Year 2015: Can You Ace the KQED Science Quiz?",
"headTitle": "Earth in the Year 2015: Can You Ace the KQED Science Quiz? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From planetology to paleontology, 2015 was full of news in the Earth sciences. Ace this 20-question quiz and you’ll have plenty of planetary tidbits from KQED Science to quick-turn an awkward conversation at your holiday table. Who doesn’t need that?\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>It’s the ultimate selfie: NASA launched this satellite that hovers between Earth and the Sun, taking snapshots of the whole planet about 15 times a day. Do you know its name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Scientists reported that the ash from some volcanoes contains abundant spherules — glassy droplets as fine as powder — that don’t arise from the splashing and explosions of lava. What makes them instead?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sediments in the bottom of a rare sinkhole show that a very large tsunami, triggered by a magnitude-9 quake in Alaska, struck this state about 500 years ago. What state is that?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A study showed that the coral-sand islands of the Maldives are maintained by the activity of parrotfish. What do the fish do?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Researchers found that parts of Mars contain hydrated minerals, as well as dark streaks in the ground that appear during the Martian summer. What did they conclude?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Last month, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere rose above a round number and will not go back below it in the foreseeable future. What is that number?\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29853\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Daisy-parrotfish-wikimedia.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy Parrotfish in the Maldives\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Species like the daisy parrotfish \u003ci>Chlorurus sordidus\u003c/i>, are a crucial link in the natural chain that builds dry land in the Maldives archipelago. \u003ccite>(Julien Bidet/Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>Two groups of scientists called for research programs to study the invisible ecosystems of microscopic organisms found everywhere we look. What’s the name for those ecosystems?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Early this year a spacecraft named MESSENGER ended several years of planetary observations by crashing into its target. What is that planet?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft sent back images of high mountain ranges, plus what look like volcanoes and glaciers, on a place it took more than 9 years to reach. What is that distant world?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A fossil study proposed that the ancient soft-bodied creatures called Ediacarans went extinct when newly evolved animals ruined their habitat. What scientist first proposed this kind of extinction?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In December, NOAA reported that the previous month was the warmest November ever recorded. How many record-breaking months in a row did that make?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A new National Monument was established in northern California that displays signs of dramatic geologic activity including the clash of tectonic plates, volcanic eruptions and the wrenching of modern earthquake faults. Do you know its name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>True or false? A strong El Niño has been active since early summer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104383\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-104383\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-800x656.jpg\" alt=\"Head of Wendiceratops\" width=\"800\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-800x656.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-400x328.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-960x787.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>, as reconstructed by scientific illustrator \u003ca href=\"http://www.ddufault.com/paleo.html\">Danielle Dufault\u003c/a> for the Royal Ontario Museum \u003ccite>(Danielle Dufault/PLOS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>Fossils of a three-horned dinosaur with a flamboyant bony frill behind its head were found in a Canadian park and assigned the name \u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>. Why that name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After an earthquake rips the ground, you can walk around the fresh geological evidence taking snapshots, and scientists can turn those images into an accurate 3D model. What’s the name of that technique?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A widely used record of the Sun’s historical activity was revised, erasing an apparent increase in solar energy that some researchers used to argue against greenhouse warming. What is that record?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Researchers showed that the Hayward fault is closely connected to a neighboring fault, making it more likely than previously thought that both can rupture together in an earthquake the size of 1906’s Big One. What’s the second fault?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Clever observations by a spacecraft peeking through dense clouds yielded conclusive evidence of volcanoes caught in the act of erupting. What planet was this?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After 100 years of guessing, a fossil study of stegosaurs — those big dinosaurs with the rows of bony plates down their backs — found a way to tell the males and females apart. What is it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The U.S. Geological Survey updated its long-term earthquake forecast this year. Which Bay Area earthquake fault is considered most likely to cause a major quake over the next few decades?\u003c/li>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Here are the answers, each linked to its KQED Science story.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/20/nasas-new-snapshots-of-earth-from-a-satellite-far-far-away\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The “selfie satellite” is DSCOVR\u003c/a>, or Deep Space Climate Observatory.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/05/volcanoes-and-lightning-make-tiny-glass-balls-together/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The new variety of spherule is made\u003c/a> when lightning lashes the ash-filled clouds above erupting volcanoes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27883\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27883\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/galunggung-lightning-usgs.jpg\" alt=\"Volcanic lightning can melt ash into tiny spheres of glass\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volcanic lightning lashes the eruption cloud over Galunggung, in Indonesia, in this 1984 photo. This discharge of energy creates abundant tiny spheres of melted rock that mix with the ash as it settles earthward and enters the geologic cycle. \u003ccite>(U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/09/ancient-sinkhole-could-presage-mega-tsunami-for-hawaii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hawaii is the state\u003c/a>, and the Makauwahi sinkhole in Kauai has the evidence.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/01/fish-help-build-coral-reef-islands/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The parrotfish manufacture sand for the Maldives islands\u003c/a> by crunching on large corals and pooping out the grit.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/28/reports-nasa-to-announce-water-flows-on-mars-watch-live/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA scientists announced\u003c/a> they had “the strongest evidence yet that liquid water flows intermittently on present-day Mars.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/19/co2-earth-passes-into-uncharted-territory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In mid-November the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> level\u003c/a> at the standard observatory in Hawaii exceeded 400 parts per million, for good.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/05/whats-left-to-discover-about-microbes-pretty-much-everything/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">These worlds of microbes\u003c/a>, found in soils, our skins and our digestive tracts, are called microbiomes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/03/nasas-messenger-spacecraft-preparing-its-farewell-message-from-mercury/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The planet was Mercury\u003c/a>, the one nearest to the Sun.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/27/ice-volcanoes-on-pluto-whats-next/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Horizons found volcanoes of ice water\u003c/a> and glaciers of solid nitrogen on the dwarf planet Pluto.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281380\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-281380\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"New Horizons' high-resolution color-enhanced portrait of Pluto exaggerated colors showing variations in surface composition and terrain.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Horizons’ high-resolution color-enhanced portrait of Pluto, exaggerated colors showing variations in surface composition and terrain. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/11/mass-extinctions-the-case-of-the-vanishing-ediacarans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unlike other mass extinctions\u003c/a>, which had catastrophic causes, the Ediacaran mass extinction is the first example ever found of “biotic replacement,” the mechanism proposed in 1859 by Charles Darwin.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/17/november-was-record-warm-month-for-globe-extending-streak/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In 2015, November was the seventh month in a row\u003c/a> that was the warmest on record.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/16/geologic-highlights-of-californias-new-national-monument/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The new park, in the heart of the Coast Range\u003c/a>, is Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument, although lots of California parklands feature this kind of geology.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/11/burn-after-reading-big-el-nino-building-could-be-major-rainmaker-this-fall/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">It’s true; El Niño is a tropical weather pattern\u003c/a> that was strong back in June, in the tropics, but it’s barely starting to affect California now in late December.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/wendys-ceratops-a-new-face-in-the-dinosaur-line/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>, an early relative of \u003ci>Triceratops\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, was named in honor of amateur fossil hunter Wendy Sloboda and the Pinhorn Provincial Grazing Reserve, where its bones were dug up.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/19/after-an-earthquake-use-your-phone-camera-for-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The surprisingly effective image-stitching technique\u003c/a>, stereoscopic viewing on steroids, is called “Structure from Motion,” or SfM.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28390\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/vofstereo.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28390\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28390\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/vofstereo.jpg\" alt=\"Stereo image from Valley of Fire, Nevada\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stereo image of a scene from Nevada’s Valley of Fire State Park. To view it, carefully cross your eyes until the two images fuse in a 3D picture. \u003ccite>(Andrew Alden/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/14/its-official-dont-blame-the-sun-for-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The historical record of solar activity\u003c/a> is based on a quantity called the sunspot number.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hayward fault could form a megafault with its southern neighbor\u003c/a> that runs from San Jose past Gilroy — the Calaveras fault.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/25/active-volcanoes-spotted-on-venus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The evidence of fresh pools of red-hot lava\u003c/a> was seen through the thick atmosphere of Venus.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/23/stegosaurus-male-or-female-the-answer-is-in-the-plates/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stegosaurs appear to have had differently shaped spinal plates\u003c/a> in males and females.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/03/10/new-earthquake-forecast-less-frequent-moderate-quakes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hayward fault is given one-in-seven odds\u003c/a> of a massive rupture between now and 2045.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/ol>\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From planetology to paleontology, 2015 was full of news in the Earth sciences. Ace this 20-question quiz and you’ll have plenty of planetary tidbits from KQED Science to quick-turn an awkward conversation at your holiday table. Who doesn’t need that?\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>It’s the ultimate selfie: NASA launched this satellite that hovers between Earth and the Sun, taking snapshots of the whole planet about 15 times a day. Do you know its name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Scientists reported that the ash from some volcanoes contains abundant spherules — glassy droplets as fine as powder — that don’t arise from the splashing and explosions of lava. What makes them instead?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sediments in the bottom of a rare sinkhole show that a very large tsunami, triggered by a magnitude-9 quake in Alaska, struck this state about 500 years ago. What state is that?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A study showed that the coral-sand islands of the Maldives are maintained by the activity of parrotfish. What do the fish do?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Researchers found that parts of Mars contain hydrated minerals, as well as dark streaks in the ground that appear during the Martian summer. What did they conclude?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Last month, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere rose above a round number and will not go back below it in the foreseeable future. What is that number?\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29853\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Daisy-parrotfish-wikimedia.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy Parrotfish in the Maldives\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Species like the daisy parrotfish \u003ci>Chlorurus sordidus\u003c/i>, are a crucial link in the natural chain that builds dry land in the Maldives archipelago. \u003ccite>(Julien Bidet/Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>Two groups of scientists called for research programs to study the invisible ecosystems of microscopic organisms found everywhere we look. What’s the name for those ecosystems?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Early this year a spacecraft named MESSENGER ended several years of planetary observations by crashing into its target. What is that planet?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft sent back images of high mountain ranges, plus what look like volcanoes and glaciers, on a place it took more than 9 years to reach. What is that distant world?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A fossil study proposed that the ancient soft-bodied creatures called Ediacarans went extinct when newly evolved animals ruined their habitat. What scientist first proposed this kind of extinction?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In December, NOAA reported that the previous month was the warmest November ever recorded. How many record-breaking months in a row did that make?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A new National Monument was established in northern California that displays signs of dramatic geologic activity including the clash of tectonic plates, volcanic eruptions and the wrenching of modern earthquake faults. Do you know its name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>True or false? A strong El Niño has been active since early summer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104383\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-104383\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-800x656.jpg\" alt=\"Head of Wendiceratops\" width=\"800\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-800x656.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-400x328.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-960x787.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>, as reconstructed by scientific illustrator \u003ca href=\"http://www.ddufault.com/paleo.html\">Danielle Dufault\u003c/a> for the Royal Ontario Museum \u003ccite>(Danielle Dufault/PLOS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>Fossils of a three-horned dinosaur with a flamboyant bony frill behind its head were found in a Canadian park and assigned the name \u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>. Why that name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After an earthquake rips the ground, you can walk around the fresh geological evidence taking snapshots, and scientists can turn those images into an accurate 3D model. What’s the name of that technique?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A widely used record of the Sun’s historical activity was revised, erasing an apparent increase in solar energy that some researchers used to argue against greenhouse warming. What is that record?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Researchers showed that the Hayward fault is closely connected to a neighboring fault, making it more likely than previously thought that both can rupture together in an earthquake the size of 1906’s Big One. What’s the second fault?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Clever observations by a spacecraft peeking through dense clouds yielded conclusive evidence of volcanoes caught in the act of erupting. What planet was this?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After 100 years of guessing, a fossil study of stegosaurs — those big dinosaurs with the rows of bony plates down their backs — found a way to tell the males and females apart. What is it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The U.S. Geological Survey updated its long-term earthquake forecast this year. Which Bay Area earthquake fault is considered most likely to cause a major quake over the next few decades?\u003c/li>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Here are the answers, each linked to its KQED Science story.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/20/nasas-new-snapshots-of-earth-from-a-satellite-far-far-away\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The “selfie satellite” is DSCOVR\u003c/a>, or Deep Space Climate Observatory.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/05/volcanoes-and-lightning-make-tiny-glass-balls-together/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The new variety of spherule is made\u003c/a> when lightning lashes the ash-filled clouds above erupting volcanoes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27883\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27883\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/galunggung-lightning-usgs.jpg\" alt=\"Volcanic lightning can melt ash into tiny spheres of glass\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volcanic lightning lashes the eruption cloud over Galunggung, in Indonesia, in this 1984 photo. This discharge of energy creates abundant tiny spheres of melted rock that mix with the ash as it settles earthward and enters the geologic cycle. \u003ccite>(U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/09/ancient-sinkhole-could-presage-mega-tsunami-for-hawaii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hawaii is the state\u003c/a>, and the Makauwahi sinkhole in Kauai has the evidence.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/01/fish-help-build-coral-reef-islands/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The parrotfish manufacture sand for the Maldives islands\u003c/a> by crunching on large corals and pooping out the grit.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/28/reports-nasa-to-announce-water-flows-on-mars-watch-live/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA scientists announced\u003c/a> they had “the strongest evidence yet that liquid water flows intermittently on present-day Mars.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/19/co2-earth-passes-into-uncharted-territory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In mid-November the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> level\u003c/a> at the standard observatory in Hawaii exceeded 400 parts per million, for good.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/05/whats-left-to-discover-about-microbes-pretty-much-everything/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">These worlds of microbes\u003c/a>, found in soils, our skins and our digestive tracts, are called microbiomes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/03/nasas-messenger-spacecraft-preparing-its-farewell-message-from-mercury/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The planet was Mercury\u003c/a>, the one nearest to the Sun.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/27/ice-volcanoes-on-pluto-whats-next/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Horizons found volcanoes of ice water\u003c/a> and glaciers of solid nitrogen on the dwarf planet Pluto.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281380\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-281380\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"New Horizons' high-resolution color-enhanced portrait of Pluto exaggerated colors showing variations in surface composition and terrain.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Horizons’ high-resolution color-enhanced portrait of Pluto, exaggerated colors showing variations in surface composition and terrain. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/11/mass-extinctions-the-case-of-the-vanishing-ediacarans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unlike other mass extinctions\u003c/a>, which had catastrophic causes, the Ediacaran mass extinction is the first example ever found of “biotic replacement,” the mechanism proposed in 1859 by Charles Darwin.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/17/november-was-record-warm-month-for-globe-extending-streak/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In 2015, November was the seventh month in a row\u003c/a> that was the warmest on record.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/16/geologic-highlights-of-californias-new-national-monument/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The new park, in the heart of the Coast Range\u003c/a>, is Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument, although lots of California parklands feature this kind of geology.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/11/burn-after-reading-big-el-nino-building-could-be-major-rainmaker-this-fall/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">It’s true; El Niño is a tropical weather pattern\u003c/a> that was strong back in June, in the tropics, but it’s barely starting to affect California now in late December.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/wendys-ceratops-a-new-face-in-the-dinosaur-line/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>, an early relative of \u003ci>Triceratops\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, was named in honor of amateur fossil hunter Wendy Sloboda and the Pinhorn Provincial Grazing Reserve, where its bones were dug up.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/19/after-an-earthquake-use-your-phone-camera-for-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The surprisingly effective image-stitching technique\u003c/a>, stereoscopic viewing on steroids, is called “Structure from Motion,” or SfM.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28390\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/vofstereo.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28390\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28390\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/vofstereo.jpg\" alt=\"Stereo image from Valley of Fire, Nevada\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stereo image of a scene from Nevada’s Valley of Fire State Park. To view it, carefully cross your eyes until the two images fuse in a 3D picture. \u003ccite>(Andrew Alden/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/14/its-official-dont-blame-the-sun-for-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The historical record of solar activity\u003c/a> is based on a quantity called the sunspot number.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hayward fault could form a megafault with its southern neighbor\u003c/a> that runs from San Jose past Gilroy — the Calaveras fault.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/25/active-volcanoes-spotted-on-venus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The evidence of fresh pools of red-hot lava\u003c/a> was seen through the thick atmosphere of Venus.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/23/stegosaurus-male-or-female-the-answer-is-in-the-plates/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stegosaurs appear to have had differently shaped spinal plates\u003c/a> in males and females.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/03/10/new-earthquake-forecast-less-frequent-moderate-quakes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hayward fault is given one-in-seven odds\u003c/a> of a massive rupture between now and 2045.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/ol>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Converting Buses to Showers for the Homeless",
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"content": "\u003cp>It all started in 2012 when Doniece Sandoval overheard a homeless woman on the street crying that she would never feel clean again. Sandoval took this lament to heart and decided she wanted to do something to help. So she began doing some research to see how accessible showers were for San Francisco’s homeless population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were about 16 shower stalls for 3,500 men, women and children who literally live on the streets,” she explains. “And I thought that’s crazy, this isn’t a third world country, yet here in San Francisco, one of the most affluent cities in the world, we have issues with access to water and sanitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long after this discovery, she founded \u003ca href=\"http://lavamae.org/\">Lava Mae\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization that takes retired public transportation buses and converts them into mobile hygiene units for the homeless. In June of 2014, they launched their pilot bus. Fire hydrants provide the buses with water-- a hose and water meter connect the fire hydrant to the bus, ensuring that Lava Mae is billed for the water they use. They also have a special agreement with the city of San Francisco that allows them to drain the shower water into the sewers. Storage tanks underneath the bus collects sewage from the toilets, which then gets transported to a treatment facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_106215\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-106215\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-400x225.png\" alt=\"One of the shower stalls in the Lava Mae bus\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-400x225.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-800x450.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-768x432.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-1440x810.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-1180x664.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-960x540.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the bathrooms in the Lava Mae bus\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lava Mae’s mobility allows them to partner with other homeless service organizations, and they pull their shower bus in front of those locations. This allows users to sign up for a shower time, so they can avoid waiting in a physical line, and, if they choose, users can utilize some of the services that their partner organizations offer. By going mobile, Lava Mae does not have to worry about losing their shower facilities to rising rent in San Francisco, and they can serve multiple areas instead of being restricted to just one location. While the buses offer these advantages over stationary shower stalls, actually converting the old buses into showers was quite a design and engineering challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest challenges was maintaining the structural integrity of the bus-- making sure that the bus won’t tip or fall over when taking turns or going up and down the hills of San Francisco. Making changes to the bus, like creating skylights and adding water storage tanks, can affect the stability of the bus. Converting these buses required a very careful design. Sandoval solicited the help of Brett Terpeluk, an architect. Part of the design process involved reaching out to the homeless community and running focus groups to determine user needs. The team realized very quickly that they wanted to create private, safe spaces in which people could shower. Given the size of the bus, that meant that they could only fit two bathrooms on the bus, each with a private shower, sink, toilet and changing area. They also wanted to ensure that one of the bathrooms was accessible by wheelchair and to those with disabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the structural requirements, they also wanted to make sure that they were creating a welcoming and clean environment, complete with skylights and music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re thinking about the user, and the kind of experience you want to create for that specific user. And we knew we wanted this to be a joyous, light-filled, contained environment,” explains Terpeluk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After they had the design down, they turned to Airco Mechanical, a Sacramento-based company, to actually convert the buses. They had all sorts of engineering challenges they had to figure out. For example, how do you heat the water? How do you waterproof the interior? How do you lay the pipes on a structure that will not be consistently level?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_105921\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-105921\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"An empty Muni bus, before it is converted to mobile showers\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An empty Muni bus, before it is converted to mobile showers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of problem-solving that goes on. That’s where the challenge is and that’s where the reward is, in solving problems,” explains Wyatt Jones, the CEO of Airco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, Lava Mae has converted two buses. They call their first bus their prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So knowing that bus number one worked, you take that pride and move it on to the next one and go, ‘Hey, we’re going to make this thing even better than before,’” says Chris Doherty, a shop foreman at Airco that worked on the buses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team has made several improvements from the first to the second bus. For example, on the first bus they installed a 50-gallon water heater like you would find in your house. They found these types of heaters to be cumbersome, heavy, and difficult to control, so for the second bus, they switched to instantaneous water heaters. These are smaller boxes that are more friendly to a mobile environment. They also installed a larger generator on the second bus to increase the amount of electricity the bus could use. And, they switched their waterproofing material to one that was a bit more flexible and could handle wear and tear caused by a moving bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Lava Mae’s pilot in June 2014, they’ve provided almost 4,000 showers to just over 2,000 homeless individuals in San Francisco. And the Lava Mae team is not stopping, there are plans to expand their fleet. They are also working to turn their model into a toolkit that other communities can replicate. Check out their \u003ca href=\"http://lavamae.org/get-involved/\">website\u003c/a> for advice on creating mobile shower units in your own community.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It all started in 2012 when Doniece Sandoval overheard a homeless woman on the street crying that she would never feel clean again. Sandoval took this lament to heart and decided she wanted to do something to help. So she began doing some research to see how accessible showers were for San Francisco’s homeless population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were about 16 shower stalls for 3,500 men, women and children who literally live on the streets,” she explains. “And I thought that’s crazy, this isn’t a third world country, yet here in San Francisco, one of the most affluent cities in the world, we have issues with access to water and sanitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long after this discovery, she founded \u003ca href=\"http://lavamae.org/\">Lava Mae\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization that takes retired public transportation buses and converts them into mobile hygiene units for the homeless. In June of 2014, they launched their pilot bus. Fire hydrants provide the buses with water-- a hose and water meter connect the fire hydrant to the bus, ensuring that Lava Mae is billed for the water they use. They also have a special agreement with the city of San Francisco that allows them to drain the shower water into the sewers. Storage tanks underneath the bus collects sewage from the toilets, which then gets transported to a treatment facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_106215\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-106215\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-400x225.png\" alt=\"One of the shower stalls in the Lava Mae bus\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-400x225.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-800x450.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-768x432.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-1440x810.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-1180x664.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Interior_still_00026.MTS_-960x540.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the bathrooms in the Lava Mae bus\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lava Mae’s mobility allows them to partner with other homeless service organizations, and they pull their shower bus in front of those locations. This allows users to sign up for a shower time, so they can avoid waiting in a physical line, and, if they choose, users can utilize some of the services that their partner organizations offer. By going mobile, Lava Mae does not have to worry about losing their shower facilities to rising rent in San Francisco, and they can serve multiple areas instead of being restricted to just one location. While the buses offer these advantages over stationary shower stalls, actually converting the old buses into showers was quite a design and engineering challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest challenges was maintaining the structural integrity of the bus-- making sure that the bus won’t tip or fall over when taking turns or going up and down the hills of San Francisco. Making changes to the bus, like creating skylights and adding water storage tanks, can affect the stability of the bus. Converting these buses required a very careful design. Sandoval solicited the help of Brett Terpeluk, an architect. Part of the design process involved reaching out to the homeless community and running focus groups to determine user needs. The team realized very quickly that they wanted to create private, safe spaces in which people could shower. Given the size of the bus, that meant that they could only fit two bathrooms on the bus, each with a private shower, sink, toilet and changing area. They also wanted to ensure that one of the bathrooms was accessible by wheelchair and to those with disabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the structural requirements, they also wanted to make sure that they were creating a welcoming and clean environment, complete with skylights and music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re thinking about the user, and the kind of experience you want to create for that specific user. And we knew we wanted this to be a joyous, light-filled, contained environment,” explains Terpeluk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After they had the design down, they turned to Airco Mechanical, a Sacramento-based company, to actually convert the buses. They had all sorts of engineering challenges they had to figure out. For example, how do you heat the water? How do you waterproof the interior? How do you lay the pipes on a structure that will not be consistently level?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_105921\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-105921\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"An empty Muni bus, before it is converted to mobile showers\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Empty_bus-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An empty Muni bus, before it is converted to mobile showers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of problem-solving that goes on. That’s where the challenge is and that’s where the reward is, in solving problems,” explains Wyatt Jones, the CEO of Airco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, Lava Mae has converted two buses. They call their first bus their prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So knowing that bus number one worked, you take that pride and move it on to the next one and go, ‘Hey, we’re going to make this thing even better than before,’” says Chris Doherty, a shop foreman at Airco that worked on the buses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team has made several improvements from the first to the second bus. For example, on the first bus they installed a 50-gallon water heater like you would find in your house. They found these types of heaters to be cumbersome, heavy, and difficult to control, so for the second bus, they switched to instantaneous water heaters. These are smaller boxes that are more friendly to a mobile environment. They also installed a larger generator on the second bus to increase the amount of electricity the bus could use. And, they switched their waterproofing material to one that was a bit more flexible and could handle wear and tear caused by a moving bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Lava Mae’s pilot in June 2014, they’ve provided almost 4,000 showers to just over 2,000 homeless individuals in San Francisco. And the Lava Mae team is not stopping, there are plans to expand their fleet. They are also working to turn their model into a toolkit that other communities can replicate. Check out their \u003ca href=\"http://lavamae.org/get-involved/\">website\u003c/a> for advice on creating mobile shower units in your own community.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Can anything new be said about rainbows? Certainly, from an artistic or literary standpoint, the possibilities seem endless. But in science as well, new ground is being broken into the nature of these enchanting symbols of hope in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>French scientist Jean Louis Ricard says he’s come up with a new classification scheme that takes into account the sheer diversity of rainbow types out there. Alongside the classic 7-color banded bow (imprinted on generations of school kids by the mnemonic character ROY G. BIV), he has incorporated red bows and yellow bows, as well as rainbows with a variety of added components.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rainbows are perhaps the best known phenomenon in atmospheric physics, but Ricard, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrm-game.fr/spip.php?rubrique1&lang=en\">National Centre for Meteorological Research\u003c/a> in Toulouse, France, found the existing body of research wanting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though the study of rainbows can be traced back 2000 years they are still not fully understood,” he said at the recent American Geophysical Union in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His new system divides rainbows into 12 types and the insight he’s brought to rainbow science, if there is such a thing, is to define them by appearance rather than by the underlying physics. That may seem a backward approach for a physical scientist, but Ricard notes that doing so actually does incorporate more of the complex physical processes that go into forming rainbows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" size=\"full\" link=\"file\" ids=\"427336\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strategy here is unlearning what we know about rainbows,” he suggests. “Stop using rainbow models in defining the classes and (instead) define the classes directly from the pictures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rainbows form \u003ca href=\"http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-4/Rainbow-Formation\">when sunlight passes through water droplets\u003c/a> in the sky, usually left over from a rainstorm or passing shower. Rays reflect and refract (bend) off the droplet as it enters and as it exits, and the colors seen at any given time are a result of how big the water droplets are. For example, the largest droplets give bright violet and vivid green and red streaks but hardly any blue. As the droplets get smaller, more of the colors get washed out until you get mist-bows, which are bands of white in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_429005\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-429005\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/red-rainbow-800x283.jpeg\" alt=\"Sunset at the Golden Gate Bridge, a red rainbow appears.\" width=\"800\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/red-rainbow-800x283.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/red-rainbow-400x142.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/red-rainbow-768x272.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/red-rainbow-1440x510.jpeg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/red-rainbow.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/red-rainbow-1180x418.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/red-rainbow-960x340.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunset at the Golden Gate Bridge, a red rainbow appears. \u003ccite>(Photo: Charles/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ricard said that the textbook explanation of rainbows classifies them based on water droplet size, but there are many other factors that can influence a rainbow. Red or yellow bows can appear at sunrise or sunset and have to do with the low angle of the sun in the sky and the intensity of the light. And rainbows can vary based on the presence or strength of other accompanying bows, known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.atoptics.co.uk/rainbows/adband.htm\">Alexander band\u003c/a> and supernumerary bows. His new schema assigns rainbows to a type based on a variety of visual characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says being more inclusive in this way means you don’t “miss the point that other important physical processes are at work” in the formation of rainbows. Still, he acknowledges that rainbows are fickle and ever-changing. Just when you try to pin one down, a rainbow will slip away or become some new type or maybe even multiple types at once. Perhaps the water droplets at the foot are larger than those at the arch so that the color bands change with altitude — what kind of rainbow is that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps their elusiveness is what makes rainbows so appealing on so many fronts, including in science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Very often people ask me if [I’ve] found a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow,” Ricard reflected, “and the answer is, ‘No.’ But I have found happiness in the rainbow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_429004\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-429004\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/supernumerary-rainbow-800x531.jpeg\" alt=\"Supernumerary rainbow: Extra supernumerary arches appear on the underside of this rainbow near Hilo, Hawaii.\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/supernumerary-rainbow-800x531.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/supernumerary-rainbow-400x266.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/supernumerary-rainbow-768x510.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/supernumerary-rainbow-960x638.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/supernumerary-rainbow.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Extra supernumerary arches appear on the underside of this rainbow near Hilo, Hawaii. \u003ccite>(James Walsh via Creative Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Can anything new be said about rainbows? Certainly, from an artistic or literary standpoint, the possibilities seem endless. But in science as well, new ground is being broken into the nature of these enchanting symbols of hope in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>French scientist Jean Louis Ricard says he’s come up with a new classification scheme that takes into account the sheer diversity of rainbow types out there. Alongside the classic 7-color banded bow (imprinted on generations of school kids by the mnemonic character ROY G. BIV), he has incorporated red bows and yellow bows, as well as rainbows with a variety of added components.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rainbows are perhaps the best known phenomenon in atmospheric physics, but Ricard, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrm-game.fr/spip.php?rubrique1&lang=en\">National Centre for Meteorological Research\u003c/a> in Toulouse, France, found the existing body of research wanting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though the study of rainbows can be traced back 2000 years they are still not fully understood,” he said at the recent American Geophysical Union in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His new system divides rainbows into 12 types and the insight he’s brought to rainbow science, if there is such a thing, is to define them by appearance rather than by the underlying physics. That may seem a backward approach for a physical scientist, but Ricard notes that doing so actually does incorporate more of the complex physical processes that go into forming rainbows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The strategy here is unlearning what we know about rainbows,” he suggests. “Stop using rainbow models in defining the classes and (instead) define the classes directly from the pictures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rainbows form \u003ca href=\"http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-4/Rainbow-Formation\">when sunlight passes through water droplets\u003c/a> in the sky, usually left over from a rainstorm or passing shower. Rays reflect and refract (bend) off the droplet as it enters and as it exits, and the colors seen at any given time are a result of how big the water droplets are. For example, the largest droplets give bright violet and vivid green and red streaks but hardly any blue. As the droplets get smaller, more of the colors get washed out until you get mist-bows, which are bands of white in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_429005\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-429005\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/red-rainbow-800x283.jpeg\" alt=\"Sunset at the Golden Gate Bridge, a red rainbow appears.\" width=\"800\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/red-rainbow-800x283.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/red-rainbow-400x142.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/red-rainbow-768x272.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/red-rainbow-1440x510.jpeg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/red-rainbow.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/red-rainbow-1180x418.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/red-rainbow-960x340.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sunset at the Golden Gate Bridge, a red rainbow appears. \u003ccite>(Photo: Charles/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ricard said that the textbook explanation of rainbows classifies them based on water droplet size, but there are many other factors that can influence a rainbow. Red or yellow bows can appear at sunrise or sunset and have to do with the low angle of the sun in the sky and the intensity of the light. And rainbows can vary based on the presence or strength of other accompanying bows, known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.atoptics.co.uk/rainbows/adband.htm\">Alexander band\u003c/a> and supernumerary bows. His new schema assigns rainbows to a type based on a variety of visual characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says being more inclusive in this way means you don’t “miss the point that other important physical processes are at work” in the formation of rainbows. Still, he acknowledges that rainbows are fickle and ever-changing. Just when you try to pin one down, a rainbow will slip away or become some new type or maybe even multiple types at once. Perhaps the water droplets at the foot are larger than those at the arch so that the color bands change with altitude — what kind of rainbow is that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps their elusiveness is what makes rainbows so appealing on so many fronts, including in science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Very often people ask me if [I’ve] found a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow,” Ricard reflected, “and the answer is, ‘No.’ But I have found happiness in the rainbow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_429004\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-429004\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/supernumerary-rainbow-800x531.jpeg\" alt=\"Supernumerary rainbow: Extra supernumerary arches appear on the underside of this rainbow near Hilo, Hawaii.\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/supernumerary-rainbow-800x531.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/supernumerary-rainbow-400x266.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/supernumerary-rainbow-768x510.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/supernumerary-rainbow-960x638.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/supernumerary-rainbow.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Extra supernumerary arches appear on the underside of this rainbow near Hilo, Hawaii. \u003ccite>(James Walsh via Creative Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A few miles northeast of Fresno, Chris Pluhar walks through a field pockmarked with little holes. It’s dry, scrubby and surrounded by rolling brown hills. You’d never know that in a normal year, where he’s standing would be under 20 feet of water. It’s usually a part of Millerton Lake, a major but rapidly shrinking reservoir in the Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than being in a lake, which is how it’s shown on the map, we’re standing in the middle of a grassland,” says Pluhar, who teaches geology at Fresno State University. “We were here about three weeks ago and since then, a few new islands have popped up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range, and yet us scientists can’t agree on some of the most basic things—like did it uplift recently or not?’\u003ccite>Chris Pluhar, Fresno State University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Right now, Millerton’s filled to about a third of its total capacity. The high water line scars the hillside far above Pluhar’s head, and some boat ramps lead to nowhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most people overlooking Millerton would see only a shriveled reservoir, Pluhar saw an opportunity: he could study rocks revealed for the first time in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is kind of virgin territory for mapping,” he says. “If you look at the U.S., it’s mapped all across the country except for places like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluhar studies tectonics—the process by which geologic plates pull apart and jam together to form ridges and mountains—and he’s interested in what these rocks can tell him about the Sierra Nevada. So he brought along a student to help figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wynter Erickson is mapping this area for her senior thesis—a process that involves tracking the boundaries between rock layers and measuring how much they’ve tilted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You kind of just get in your own little world while everyone’s on their speedboats,” she says. “It’s awesome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These geologists are piecing together pre-history. Some of the rocks here formed more than 100 million years ago, long before the Sierra began to rise. Pluhar hopes Erickson’s measurements will help answer an important question: when did the mountains grow to their current size? And how quickly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419846\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-419846 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Fresno State student Wynter Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range,” says Pluhar, “and yet us scientists \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2015/05/mountain-mystery-the-stop-and-go-growth-of-the-sierra-nevada/3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can’t agree on some of the most basic things\u003c/a>—like did it uplift recently or not?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra is a jumble of sediments transported from the deep ocean and piled up on top of the continent, with scars of granite and lava from defunct volcanoes. Its history is complex, and it’s not easy to figure out what happened when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no telling if this one little part of the foothills will resolve a big, longstanding scientific debate. But one thing is certain: now is the time to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re probably, overall statewide, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/05/14/california-drought-pictures-reservoirs-rivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about half of what we would normally see in reservoir storage\u003c/a>” for this time of year, says Jay Lund, director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis. “Some of the reservoirs are the lowest that they’ve ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As worrisome as that is, Lund says it does present some rare opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get to see what used to be in the reservoir before they filled it,” he says, like relics and building foundations from towns submerged long ago. “And there are sometimes\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/21/lake-county-cracks-down-on-looting-of-native-american-artifacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> old Indian artifacts around the state.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lund also says drought years are the best time to perform maintenance and repairs on dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419847\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 408px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-419847\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-419847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg\" alt=\"Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers.\" width=\"408\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-400x326.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-768x626.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1440x1175.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1920x1566.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1180x962.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-960x783.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 408px) 100vw, 408px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He’s hopeful that an El Niño winter will top up the state’s thirsty reservoirs. But he’s quick to point out that high water levels wouldn’t mean all of the state’s water worries are over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For long droughts, it’s groundwater which is really by far the largest reservoir for California,” he says—like the over-pumped aquifer underlying the Central Valley. “It’ll take a very very long time, if ever, for those groundwater levels to recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find an upside when farms are going fallow and thousands of people are out of drinking water. But back in the parched basin of Millerton Lake, Wynter Erickson is excited that she’s in the right place at the right time to make something good of the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s so cool because if we do get our El Niño year, it’s not going to be available to map anymore,” she says. “So I think it’s pretty incredible that we get to do this research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time she and Pluhar finish their maps, their field site will once again be at the bottom of a lake—at least, one can hope.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The low water in Millerton Lake, northeast of Fresno, reveals ancient geology that may help scientists solve mysteries of the Sierra.",
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"description": "The low water in Millerton Lake, northeast of Fresno, reveals ancient geology that may help scientists solve mysteries of the Sierra.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A few miles northeast of Fresno, Chris Pluhar walks through a field pockmarked with little holes. It’s dry, scrubby and surrounded by rolling brown hills. You’d never know that in a normal year, where he’s standing would be under 20 feet of water. It’s usually a part of Millerton Lake, a major but rapidly shrinking reservoir in the Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than being in a lake, which is how it’s shown on the map, we’re standing in the middle of a grassland,” says Pluhar, who teaches geology at Fresno State University. “We were here about three weeks ago and since then, a few new islands have popped up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range, and yet us scientists can’t agree on some of the most basic things—like did it uplift recently or not?’\u003ccite>Chris Pluhar, Fresno State University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Right now, Millerton’s filled to about a third of its total capacity. The high water line scars the hillside far above Pluhar’s head, and some boat ramps lead to nowhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most people overlooking Millerton would see only a shriveled reservoir, Pluhar saw an opportunity: he could study rocks revealed for the first time in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is kind of virgin territory for mapping,” he says. “If you look at the U.S., it’s mapped all across the country except for places like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluhar studies tectonics—the process by which geologic plates pull apart and jam together to form ridges and mountains—and he’s interested in what these rocks can tell him about the Sierra Nevada. So he brought along a student to help figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wynter Erickson is mapping this area for her senior thesis—a process that involves tracking the boundaries between rock layers and measuring how much they’ve tilted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You kind of just get in your own little world while everyone’s on their speedboats,” she says. “It’s awesome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These geologists are piecing together pre-history. Some of the rocks here formed more than 100 million years ago, long before the Sierra began to rise. Pluhar hopes Erickson’s measurements will help answer an important question: when did the mountains grow to their current size? And how quickly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419846\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-419846 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Fresno State student Wynter Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range,” says Pluhar, “and yet us scientists \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2015/05/mountain-mystery-the-stop-and-go-growth-of-the-sierra-nevada/3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can’t agree on some of the most basic things\u003c/a>—like did it uplift recently or not?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra is a jumble of sediments transported from the deep ocean and piled up on top of the continent, with scars of granite and lava from defunct volcanoes. Its history is complex, and it’s not easy to figure out what happened when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no telling if this one little part of the foothills will resolve a big, longstanding scientific debate. But one thing is certain: now is the time to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re probably, overall statewide, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/05/14/california-drought-pictures-reservoirs-rivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about half of what we would normally see in reservoir storage\u003c/a>” for this time of year, says Jay Lund, director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis. “Some of the reservoirs are the lowest that they’ve ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As worrisome as that is, Lund says it does present some rare opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get to see what used to be in the reservoir before they filled it,” he says, like relics and building foundations from towns submerged long ago. “And there are sometimes\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/21/lake-county-cracks-down-on-looting-of-native-american-artifacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> old Indian artifacts around the state.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lund also says drought years are the best time to perform maintenance and repairs on dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419847\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 408px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-419847\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-419847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg\" alt=\"Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers.\" width=\"408\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-400x326.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-768x626.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1440x1175.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1920x1566.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1180x962.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-960x783.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 408px) 100vw, 408px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He’s hopeful that an El Niño winter will top up the state’s thirsty reservoirs. But he’s quick to point out that high water levels wouldn’t mean all of the state’s water worries are over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For long droughts, it’s groundwater which is really by far the largest reservoir for California,” he says—like the over-pumped aquifer underlying the Central Valley. “It’ll take a very very long time, if ever, for those groundwater levels to recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find an upside when farms are going fallow and thousands of people are out of drinking water. But back in the parched basin of Millerton Lake, Wynter Erickson is excited that she’s in the right place at the right time to make something good of the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s so cool because if we do get our El Niño year, it’s not going to be available to map anymore,” she says. “So I think it’s pretty incredible that we get to do this research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time she and Pluhar finish their maps, their field site will once again be at the bottom of a lake—at least, one can hope.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why Isn't Desalination the Answer to All California's Water Problems?",
"headTitle": "Why Isn’t Desalination the Answer to All California’s Water Problems? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_421307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-421307\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-421307\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2.jpg\" alt=\"The massive new Carlsbad desalination plant is the biggest in the country, capable of supplying water to around 7 percent of the population of San Diego County.\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The massive new Carlsbad desalination plant is the biggest in the country, capable of supplying water to around 7 percent of the population of San Diego County. \u003ccite>(Adam Keigwin/Poseidon Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Desalination just took a huge leap forward in California. The biggest plant in North America, able to purify tens of millions of gallons each day, is now pumping water near San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $1 billion Carlsbad facility is a “test case” to backers like Cal Desal executive director Ron Davis, who quipped last year, “Only the entire future of desal is riding on this project. No pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”PsIq1FEW9Pa1Xfg5p2BjmbrK5unfibeO”]Now the plant’s completion is a feather in the cap for the builder, Poseidon Water, which hopes to follow suit with a similar desalination project in Huntington Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First though, Poseidon engineers must resolve the question of how the Huntington Beach plant would draw in water. State regulators prefer an intake below the seafloor, to make sure it doesn’t suck in fish and their tiny eggs – but a feasibility study this summer said building that type of intake would cost too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further north, a smaller plant is expected to provide water for several towns around the Monterey Peninsula. But it won’t come online for four years, long after a deadline for the local water company, California American, to stop sucking water from the Carmel River. Cal Am and local officials recently asked the state water board to delay that cutoff order – currently set for the end of 2016 – until the plant can be finished around 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meantime, a test well for the plant’s subsurface intake, on a beach near the town of Marina, is pulling up a couple thousand gallons of saltwater per minute. Carmel Mayor Jason Burnett says that bolsters hopes that, pending the proper approvals, drilling of more slant wells could get underway in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original Story:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowhere near enough water has fallen on California in years, and there’s nothing you can do to make it rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where else can we get water? One idea gaining traction is desalination: converting seawater into drinking water. While desal has long been confined by steep costs and environmental concerns, even some critics now say it merits a place in the state’s water portfolio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South of Los Angeles, in the city of Carlsbad, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25859513/nations-largest-ocean-desalination-plant-goes-up-near\">what will be\u003c/a> the nation’s largest desalination facility is \u003ca href=\"http://www.kpbs.org/news/2014/oct/07/tapping-ocean-san-diegos-billion-dollar-desalinati/\">nearly ready\u003c/a>. For roughly a billion dollars, the plant will produce 7 percent of San Diego County’s water. \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-santa-barbara-desal-20150303-story.html\">In Santa Barbara\u003c/a>, a plant built amid the drought of the early 1990’s, and idled by the return of rain, could come back online soon and provide 30 percent of the community’s water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther north, another desalination plant is expected to serve several towns in Monterey County. Jason Burnett, the mayor of Carmel, sometimes acts as a kind of spokesman for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.watersupplyproject.org/\">planned project\u003c/a> — but he’s hardly an evangelist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll say at the outset, I am not a fan of desal generally,” says Burnett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2015/12/ScienceDesalinationPotter150330.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apart from concerns about the expense, Burnett has a personal stake in desalination’s environmental challenges. He’s the son of two marine biologists, and his grandfather David Packard’s Silicon Valley fortune was integral to founding the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Burnett himself worked on climate rules for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/22/us/22enviro.html?_r=0\">before becoming\u003c/a> Carmel’s mayor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28687\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 373px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/JB1-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-28687\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/JB1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Carmel Mayor Jason Burnett stands on the beach where the Carmel River flows out to the Pacific. Burnett says he's not a fan of desalination, but the Monterey Peninsula is out of alternatives. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"373\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carmel Mayor Jason Burnett gestures toward the Carmel River, near its mouth at the Pacific. Burnett says he’s not a fan of desalination, but the Monterey Peninsula is out of alternatives. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’ve dedicated my professional life to working on climate change,” Burnett says. “My family is very dedicated to the health of our oceans. So here I am advocating a project that has a large carbon footprint, and, if not done correctly, can hurt the oceans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burnett met me on a beach where the Carmel River flows out to the Pacific Ocean. Nearby, ladies in straw hats were hauling easels and paints out to the sand to capture the picturesque landscape. Wearing designer sunglasses and a crisp blue shirt, Burnett told me desalination was the community’s last resort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve explored a wide range of options,” he says. “Everything was on the table — harnessing icebergs and bringing them down, filling up huge balloons of water from up north and bringing them down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It came to desal because the area’s for-profit water supplier, California American Water Company, was told it had to find a new source. For decades Cal Am had relied on the Carmel River, but then came a cease-and-desist order intended to protect the river’s threatened steelhead trout. There were years of wrangling and competing designs. A deadline was set for the end of next year –- a deadline Cal Am’s proposed desal plant will not hit. All the same, a plan is moving forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, at its core,” says Burnett, “an environmental project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Intakes and Outfalls\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are three main environmental considerations when building a desalination plant: how seawater is brought in, how the drinkable water is separated out, and what happens to the salt afterward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”19″ left=”auto”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The simplest intake is essentially a straw in the ocean -– a design that risks trapping and killing sea life. One solution is to affix a grate to the end of such a pipe, but even then, tiny larvae and fish eggs can still be sucked in. Instead, regulators tend to prefer what’s known as a “subsurface intake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a cement company’s beachside site on Monterey Bay, California American is currently working on a proof-of-concept for this approach. They’re using directional drilling, similar to the technology oil companies use to extract fossil fuels. The idea is to run a slant well hundreds of feet out, passing beneath the dunes to a spot under the waves. From below 200 feet of sand, and well insulated from any vulnerable sea life, Cal Am hopes to suck up a couple thousand gallons of water per minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28727\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/test-well1-7x-577x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-28727\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/test-well1-7x-577x1024.jpg\" alt=\"California American is using directional drilling extend a pipe some 735 feet under the beach, in hopes of sucking in a couple thousand gallons of seawater per minute from below the ocean floor. (Luke Gianni/California American Water Co.)\" width=\"277\" height=\"493\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California American is using directional drilling extend a pipe some 735 feet under the beach, in hopes of sucking in a couple thousand gallons of seawater per minute from below the ocean floor. (Luke Gianni/California American Water Co.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It will take a huge amount of power to pump that much water, that far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our energy bill is going up, no question,” an engineer on the project told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second concern with desalination: once the seawater gets to the plant, it has to be pushed through membranes fine enough that salt can’t pass through them. That requires immense pressure – on the order of a pressure-washer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An official at a smaller desal facility told me it took $25,000 of electricity per month to produce enough water for 1,200 homes. In Cal Am’s case, they’re hoping to reach a deal to power the plant using methane from a nearby landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One other still-tentative design element addresses the third challenge of the desalination process: all that salt has to go somewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about half of the saltwater piped into a desal plant is made drinkable. All the salt that’s separated out ends up concentrated into the other half, in a kind of brine that’s much denser than seawater. As a result, it doesn’t easily mix back in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it’s just dumped carelessly back into the ocean, it sinks, and can kill any marine life having the misfortune of dwelling on the seafloor below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blending the briny byproduct back into the ocean may involve sprayers, or in Cal Am’s case, an existing outfall that the nearby Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control Agency uses to dispose of wastewater. It’s a pipe that runs thousands of feet out to sea, with small holes spaced ten feet apart, so not too much brine would pour out in any one place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The desal facility isn’t expected to start delivering water to customers for several years, and in the meantime, it has to navigate a regulatory thicket of needed approvals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Optional or Inevitable?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, desalination projects were considered in places like Marin County and Santa Cruz, only to end up sidelined amid skepticism. Between the environmental headaches and the cost of engineering work-arounds, critics argued the technology is often more trouble than it’s worth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the extent that conservation’s an option, it’s much simpler and cheaper to do. Mayor Burnett says the towns along the Monterey Peninsula have just about wrung out that sponge for all it’s worth: people there get by on 60 gallons per day — \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/01/23/how-much-water-do-californians-use-each-day-and-what-does-a-20-reduction-look-like/\">less than half\u003c/a> what many Californians use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Jordan with the California Coastal Protection Network is a longtime critic of desal. She says, indeed, communities should first exhaust their other options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re going to do something like desal,” Jordan says, “you want to make sure you’re doing everything you can in terms of conservation, water recycling, water re-use, and you don’t want unsustainable development that just perpetuates your problem, or the state’s problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Desal-map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-28675 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Desal-map-1024x511.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"640\" height=\"319\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That question of what constitutes sustainable development underpins the debate around desal. The counter-argument I heard from Scott Maloni, vice president at Poseidon Water, is: what if there are no alternatives?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The larger concern is climate change, and what happens ten years from now and twenty years from now,” says Maloni, whose company is building the big plant outside San Diego and hopes to add another like it in Huntington Beach. “Can you really count on the Colorado River or Northern California to continue to supply the vast majority of the state’s population with water?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked several people what percentage of California’s overall water portfolio desalination might someday make up, and only Maloni was willing to venture a guess. He says such plants are most efficient when they’re built big, thereby reaping economies of scale. Between that and the stringent permitting process, he says, you could probably count the number of viable sites on two hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so I think you could be looking at somewhere between 10 to 20 percent of the state’s municipal and industrial demand,” Maloni says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worth noting that would seem to leave out agriculture; Maloni envisions desal serving the state’s coastal urban populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maloni and several others I spoke with also made the point that, while the technical challenges of designing and constructing an environmentally sound desalination plant are serious, the permitting process is lengthy and could well last longer than the drought itself.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It’s really expensive to turn salt water into drinking water. And it’s hard to do it in a way that’s friendly to sea life. ",
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"description": "It’s really expensive to turn salt water into drinking water. And it’s hard to do it in a way that’s friendly to sea life. ",
"title": "Why Isn't Desalination the Answer to All California's Water Problems? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_421307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-421307\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-421307\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2.jpg\" alt=\"The massive new Carlsbad desalination plant is the biggest in the country, capable of supplying water to around 7 percent of the population of San Diego County.\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The massive new Carlsbad desalination plant is the biggest in the country, capable of supplying water to around 7 percent of the population of San Diego County. \u003ccite>(Adam Keigwin/Poseidon Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Desalination just took a huge leap forward in California. The biggest plant in North America, able to purify tens of millions of gallons each day, is now pumping water near San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $1 billion Carlsbad facility is a “test case” to backers like Cal Desal executive director Ron Davis, who quipped last year, “Only the entire future of desal is riding on this project. No pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Now the plant’s completion is a feather in the cap for the builder, Poseidon Water, which hopes to follow suit with a similar desalination project in Huntington Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First though, Poseidon engineers must resolve the question of how the Huntington Beach plant would draw in water. State regulators prefer an intake below the seafloor, to make sure it doesn’t suck in fish and their tiny eggs – but a feasibility study this summer said building that type of intake would cost too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further north, a smaller plant is expected to provide water for several towns around the Monterey Peninsula. But it won’t come online for four years, long after a deadline for the local water company, California American, to stop sucking water from the Carmel River. Cal Am and local officials recently asked the state water board to delay that cutoff order – currently set for the end of 2016 – until the plant can be finished around 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meantime, a test well for the plant’s subsurface intake, on a beach near the town of Marina, is pulling up a couple thousand gallons of saltwater per minute. Carmel Mayor Jason Burnett says that bolsters hopes that, pending the proper approvals, drilling of more slant wells could get underway in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original Story:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowhere near enough water has fallen on California in years, and there’s nothing you can do to make it rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where else can we get water? One idea gaining traction is desalination: converting seawater into drinking water. While desal has long been confined by steep costs and environmental concerns, even some critics now say it merits a place in the state’s water portfolio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South of Los Angeles, in the city of Carlsbad, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25859513/nations-largest-ocean-desalination-plant-goes-up-near\">what will be\u003c/a> the nation’s largest desalination facility is \u003ca href=\"http://www.kpbs.org/news/2014/oct/07/tapping-ocean-san-diegos-billion-dollar-desalinati/\">nearly ready\u003c/a>. For roughly a billion dollars, the plant will produce 7 percent of San Diego County’s water. \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-santa-barbara-desal-20150303-story.html\">In Santa Barbara\u003c/a>, a plant built amid the drought of the early 1990’s, and idled by the return of rain, could come back online soon and provide 30 percent of the community’s water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther north, another desalination plant is expected to serve several towns in Monterey County. Jason Burnett, the mayor of Carmel, sometimes acts as a kind of spokesman for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.watersupplyproject.org/\">planned project\u003c/a> — but he’s hardly an evangelist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll say at the outset, I am not a fan of desal generally,” says Burnett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Apart from concerns about the expense, Burnett has a personal stake in desalination’s environmental challenges. He’s the son of two marine biologists, and his grandfather David Packard’s Silicon Valley fortune was integral to founding the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Burnett himself worked on climate rules for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/22/us/22enviro.html?_r=0\">before becoming\u003c/a> Carmel’s mayor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28687\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 373px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/JB1-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-28687\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/JB1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Carmel Mayor Jason Burnett stands on the beach where the Carmel River flows out to the Pacific. Burnett says he's not a fan of desalination, but the Monterey Peninsula is out of alternatives. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"373\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carmel Mayor Jason Burnett gestures toward the Carmel River, near its mouth at the Pacific. Burnett says he’s not a fan of desalination, but the Monterey Peninsula is out of alternatives. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’ve dedicated my professional life to working on climate change,” Burnett says. “My family is very dedicated to the health of our oceans. So here I am advocating a project that has a large carbon footprint, and, if not done correctly, can hurt the oceans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burnett met me on a beach where the Carmel River flows out to the Pacific Ocean. Nearby, ladies in straw hats were hauling easels and paints out to the sand to capture the picturesque landscape. Wearing designer sunglasses and a crisp blue shirt, Burnett told me desalination was the community’s last resort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve explored a wide range of options,” he says. “Everything was on the table — harnessing icebergs and bringing them down, filling up huge balloons of water from up north and bringing them down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It came to desal because the area’s for-profit water supplier, California American Water Company, was told it had to find a new source. For decades Cal Am had relied on the Carmel River, but then came a cease-and-desist order intended to protect the river’s threatened steelhead trout. There were years of wrangling and competing designs. A deadline was set for the end of next year –- a deadline Cal Am’s proposed desal plant will not hit. All the same, a plan is moving forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, at its core,” says Burnett, “an environmental project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Intakes and Outfalls\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are three main environmental considerations when building a desalination plant: how seawater is brought in, how the drinkable water is separated out, and what happens to the salt afterward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[edge_animation id=”19″ left=”auto”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The simplest intake is essentially a straw in the ocean -– a design that risks trapping and killing sea life. One solution is to affix a grate to the end of such a pipe, but even then, tiny larvae and fish eggs can still be sucked in. Instead, regulators tend to prefer what’s known as a “subsurface intake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a cement company’s beachside site on Monterey Bay, California American is currently working on a proof-of-concept for this approach. They’re using directional drilling, similar to the technology oil companies use to extract fossil fuels. The idea is to run a slant well hundreds of feet out, passing beneath the dunes to a spot under the waves. From below 200 feet of sand, and well insulated from any vulnerable sea life, Cal Am hopes to suck up a couple thousand gallons of water per minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28727\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/test-well1-7x-577x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-28727\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/test-well1-7x-577x1024.jpg\" alt=\"California American is using directional drilling extend a pipe some 735 feet under the beach, in hopes of sucking in a couple thousand gallons of seawater per minute from below the ocean floor. (Luke Gianni/California American Water Co.)\" width=\"277\" height=\"493\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California American is using directional drilling extend a pipe some 735 feet under the beach, in hopes of sucking in a couple thousand gallons of seawater per minute from below the ocean floor. (Luke Gianni/California American Water Co.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It will take a huge amount of power to pump that much water, that far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our energy bill is going up, no question,” an engineer on the project told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second concern with desalination: once the seawater gets to the plant, it has to be pushed through membranes fine enough that salt can’t pass through them. That requires immense pressure – on the order of a pressure-washer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An official at a smaller desal facility told me it took $25,000 of electricity per month to produce enough water for 1,200 homes. In Cal Am’s case, they’re hoping to reach a deal to power the plant using methane from a nearby landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One other still-tentative design element addresses the third challenge of the desalination process: all that salt has to go somewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about half of the saltwater piped into a desal plant is made drinkable. All the salt that’s separated out ends up concentrated into the other half, in a kind of brine that’s much denser than seawater. As a result, it doesn’t easily mix back in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it’s just dumped carelessly back into the ocean, it sinks, and can kill any marine life having the misfortune of dwelling on the seafloor below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blending the briny byproduct back into the ocean may involve sprayers, or in Cal Am’s case, an existing outfall that the nearby Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control Agency uses to dispose of wastewater. It’s a pipe that runs thousands of feet out to sea, with small holes spaced ten feet apart, so not too much brine would pour out in any one place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The desal facility isn’t expected to start delivering water to customers for several years, and in the meantime, it has to navigate a regulatory thicket of needed approvals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Optional or Inevitable?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, desalination projects were considered in places like Marin County and Santa Cruz, only to end up sidelined amid skepticism. Between the environmental headaches and the cost of engineering work-arounds, critics argued the technology is often more trouble than it’s worth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the extent that conservation’s an option, it’s much simpler and cheaper to do. Mayor Burnett says the towns along the Monterey Peninsula have just about wrung out that sponge for all it’s worth: people there get by on 60 gallons per day — \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/01/23/how-much-water-do-californians-use-each-day-and-what-does-a-20-reduction-look-like/\">less than half\u003c/a> what many Californians use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Jordan with the California Coastal Protection Network is a longtime critic of desal. She says, indeed, communities should first exhaust their other options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re going to do something like desal,” Jordan says, “you want to make sure you’re doing everything you can in terms of conservation, water recycling, water re-use, and you don’t want unsustainable development that just perpetuates your problem, or the state’s problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Desal-map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-28675 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Desal-map-1024x511.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"640\" height=\"319\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That question of what constitutes sustainable development underpins the debate around desal. The counter-argument I heard from Scott Maloni, vice president at Poseidon Water, is: what if there are no alternatives?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The larger concern is climate change, and what happens ten years from now and twenty years from now,” says Maloni, whose company is building the big plant outside San Diego and hopes to add another like it in Huntington Beach. “Can you really count on the Colorado River or Northern California to continue to supply the vast majority of the state’s population with water?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked several people what percentage of California’s overall water portfolio desalination might someday make up, and only Maloni was willing to venture a guess. He says such plants are most efficient when they’re built big, thereby reaping economies of scale. Between that and the stringent permitting process, he says, you could probably count the number of viable sites on two hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so I think you could be looking at somewhere between 10 to 20 percent of the state’s municipal and industrial demand,” Maloni says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worth noting that would seem to leave out agriculture; Maloni envisions desal serving the state’s coastal urban populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maloni and several others I spoke with also made the point that, while the technical challenges of designing and constructing an environmentally sound desalination plant are serious, the permitting process is lengthy and could well last longer than the drought itself.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Fog is iconic to the Northern California coasts, but it turns out these low-lying clouds that billow in from the ocean are not just an amazing photo opp, or a wet blanket on a day at the beach. They appear to be bringing toxic mercury with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://fognet.ucsc.edu/\">project called FogNet\u003c/a>, scientists have been collecting fog at coastal sites from Monterey to Eureka over the past two summers to examine the chemistry of the water droplets. They’ve discovered that fog — not rain — carries most of the mercury that falls out of the atmosphere into coastal environments. That was surprising since fog accounts for a mere 5 percent of precipitation along the coast, but made sense when they considered the ocean as the source of this environmental toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_mviqitVLw&w=853&h=480]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is sort of a Sherlock Holmes kind of story,” says Kenneth Coale, an oceanographer at Moss Landing Marine Labs. “Oceanographers set to sea and shake down the usual suspects that might tell us something about this mystery of how methyl mercury is getting into fog and subsequently getting onto land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the land-based sampling, the researchers went out on four research cruises to the California continental margin — the submerged outer edge of the continental shelf — to find out where the mercury might be coming from. They sampled the water column, plankton and sediments, but a key to their answer came from \u003ca href=\"http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/ocean-mesoscale-eddies\">mesoscale eddies\u003c/a>, the huge swirling water masses that spin off from the \u003ca href=\"https://swfsc.noaa.gov/textblock.aspx?id=1051\">California current\u003c/a>. They found that these eddies are dragging up dimethyl mercury and marine aerosols in fog clouds are converting it to the methyl mercury that’s been discovered onshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fog wafts ashore and the methyl mercury is deposited on land,” explained Coale at the American Geophysical Union conference in San Francisco. “That’s our working model and we’re sticking to it until we can disprove that, but it’s a working model that has a lot of promise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since the Industrial Revolution, mercury has been spewing out of smokestacks and mining operations, with much of it ending up in the ocean where it wreaks havoc on marine ecosystems. Mercury can cause neurological damage and has been known to impair reproductive function, especially as it concentrates up the food chain. Although California industry emits relatively little mercury these days, its coastal communities may be disproportionately affected based purely on geography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just because of our unique coastal situation, the ocean, atmosphere interactions and the upwelling, we seem to be exposed to this somewhat natural enhancement right along the coast,” said Peter Weiss-Penzias, a chemist from the University of California, Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since fog is a newly discovered pathway of mercury pollution onshore, the researchers are now trying to find out the impacts to terrestrial species. So far they’ve done a seasonal study of wolf spiders along the coast and found a spike in their mercury levels during periods of high fog. At the highest point, the spiders would exceed FDA limits on mercury consumption of 3 parts per million, if you were to actually eat one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would definitely not eat any spiders from foggy areas,” joked Coale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group has embarked on a new study looking at — get this — puma whiskers. The results are not yet out, but Weiss-Penzias says it falls right in line with the others. And should humans be worried? The researchers said they don’t believe their findings point to a public health crisis — switching from eating tuna to salmon would probably do much more to reduce mercury risk. But if mercury is making its way up the food chain, we should take notice, they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the broader scale, human health is definitely dependent on the health of the environment,” said Weiss-Penzias. “As recently as a few years ago we discovered this new pathway and so how it fits into the larger picture of human health risk from mercury pollution, we’re not sure yet.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fog is iconic to the Northern California coasts, but it turns out these low-lying clouds that billow in from the ocean are not just an amazing photo opp, or a wet blanket on a day at the beach. They appear to be bringing toxic mercury with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://fognet.ucsc.edu/\">project called FogNet\u003c/a>, scientists have been collecting fog at coastal sites from Monterey to Eureka over the past two summers to examine the chemistry of the water droplets. They’ve discovered that fog — not rain — carries most of the mercury that falls out of the atmosphere into coastal environments. That was surprising since fog accounts for a mere 5 percent of precipitation along the coast, but made sense when they considered the ocean as the source of this environmental toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/C_mviqitVLw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/C_mviqitVLw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is sort of a Sherlock Holmes kind of story,” says Kenneth Coale, an oceanographer at Moss Landing Marine Labs. “Oceanographers set to sea and shake down the usual suspects that might tell us something about this mystery of how methyl mercury is getting into fog and subsequently getting onto land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the land-based sampling, the researchers went out on four research cruises to the California continental margin — the submerged outer edge of the continental shelf — to find out where the mercury might be coming from. They sampled the water column, plankton and sediments, but a key to their answer came from \u003ca href=\"http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/ocean-mesoscale-eddies\">mesoscale eddies\u003c/a>, the huge swirling water masses that spin off from the \u003ca href=\"https://swfsc.noaa.gov/textblock.aspx?id=1051\">California current\u003c/a>. They found that these eddies are dragging up dimethyl mercury and marine aerosols in fog clouds are converting it to the methyl mercury that’s been discovered onshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fog wafts ashore and the methyl mercury is deposited on land,” explained Coale at the American Geophysical Union conference in San Francisco. “That’s our working model and we’re sticking to it until we can disprove that, but it’s a working model that has a lot of promise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since the Industrial Revolution, mercury has been spewing out of smokestacks and mining operations, with much of it ending up in the ocean where it wreaks havoc on marine ecosystems. Mercury can cause neurological damage and has been known to impair reproductive function, especially as it concentrates up the food chain. Although California industry emits relatively little mercury these days, its coastal communities may be disproportionately affected based purely on geography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just because of our unique coastal situation, the ocean, atmosphere interactions and the upwelling, we seem to be exposed to this somewhat natural enhancement right along the coast,” said Peter Weiss-Penzias, a chemist from the University of California, Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since fog is a newly discovered pathway of mercury pollution onshore, the researchers are now trying to find out the impacts to terrestrial species. So far they’ve done a seasonal study of wolf spiders along the coast and found a spike in their mercury levels during periods of high fog. At the highest point, the spiders would exceed FDA limits on mercury consumption of 3 parts per million, if you were to actually eat one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would definitely not eat any spiders from foggy areas,” joked Coale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group has embarked on a new study looking at — get this — puma whiskers. The results are not yet out, but Weiss-Penzias says it falls right in line with the others. And should humans be worried? The researchers said they don’t believe their findings point to a public health crisis — switching from eating tuna to salmon would probably do much more to reduce mercury risk. But if mercury is making its way up the food chain, we should take notice, they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the broader scale, human health is definitely dependent on the health of the environment,” said Weiss-Penzias. “As recently as a few years ago we discovered this new pathway and so how it fits into the larger picture of human health risk from mercury pollution, we’re not sure yet.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA Seeks New Astronauts; Do You Have The Right Stuff?",
"headTitle": "NASA Seeks New Astronauts; Do You Have The Right Stuff? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On Monday, NASA started accepting applications for its new class of astronauts. Applying is simple: Just log in to \u003ca href=\"https://www.usajobs.gov/\">USAjobs.gov\u003c/a>, search for “astronaut,” and upload your resume and references. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.usajobs.gov/GetJob/ViewDetails/423817000\">job description\u003c/a> says “Frequent travel may be required.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a bit more difficult to be picked. In 2013, more than 6,000 people applied to the program. Only eight were selected. That’s an acceptance rate of a little more than one-tenth of 1 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”imEvk5ltmvQ1y8xi2rXkTx4EPj4OsZ5C”]To be an astronaut, you need a degree in a scientific field, vision correctable to 20/20, and you’ve got to stand between 4 feet, 8.5 inches tall and 6 foot 4. (History suggests it also helps to be white and a man, but NASA says it’s trying hard to \u003ca href=\"http://odeo.hq.nasa.gov/\">remedy that\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are many possible paths to space. For former astronaut Charlie Bolden, that journey started in middle school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I fell in love with a place called the United States Naval Academy in seventh grade when I saw a program on television called \u003cem>Men of Annapolis,\u003c/em>” Bolden says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The men portrayed in the program reminded him of his father and uncles, who had served in WWII. He resolved to attend the academy once he graduated from high school. But there was a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I grew up in the segregated South,” Bolden says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The South Carolina congressional delegation refused to give Bolden the required nomination to the school. An Illinois congressman, instead, opened the way to the Naval Academy, and Bolden began his military career. He flew in Vietnam, became a test pilot, and was selected to become an astronaut in 1980. It was the beginning of the space shuttle era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Mike Massimino, another former astronaut, it all started with Apollo 11 in the summer of 1969.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was 6 years old when Neil Armstrong walked on the moon,” Massimino says. “And I wanted to be an astronaut — dressed up like an astronaut for Halloween, played astronaut in my backyard with my little astronaut, Snoopy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as he grew up, in Franklin Square, N.Y., that dream started to seem “ridiculous,” Massimino says. “I didn’t know anybody that was an astronaut.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he went to school to become an engineer. After picking up a degree from Columbia University and four more from MIT, Massimino was accepted to the astronaut corps in 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianchannel.com/videos/interview-with-the-expert-maria-banks/16590\">Maria Banks\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral fellow at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum, is planning to apply to the astronaut corps this year. In college, she studied harp performance, and when she graduated she found a job playing on a cruise ship that traveled all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would take soil samples and rock samples and hide them in my suitcase,” Banks says. “I don’t know why; I just had to do it. Every day I would try to find the most geologically interesting thing I could do — climb a volcano, or hike a desert, hike on glaciers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sent her back to school, where she started a Ph.D. program in geology and planetary science. Among other things, she studied the fingerprints of glaciers on Mars, using data and images from NASA missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These three people — a pilot, an engineer, a planetary geologist — came from different backgrounds and different eras, but they all felt the same way about applying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was convinced that I did not stand any chance,” Bolden says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought there was no way they were going to pick me,” Massimino says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess I didn’t believe it was … an attainable goal,” Banks says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they still applied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the technological side of the application has changed a bit over the years (Bolden wrote his application on a sheet of paper; Banks will visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usajobs.gov/GetJob/ViewDetails/423817000\">USAjobs website\u003c/a>), the selection process has remained virtually identical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current astronauts and NASA officials sift through the applications — eliminating the obviously unqualified and making piles, based on profession. Physicists are compared with other physicists. Pilots with other pilots. The cream of the crop (100 or so) will be invited to Houston for live interviews and medical screening. Then a small number will be selected to begin about two years of intense astronaut training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re not tops at what you’re doing now,” Bolden says, “you’re not going to be selected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bolden was tops. He went on to pilot two shuttle missions and commanded two more. He helped put the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit. In 2009, President Obama appointed him the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/about/highlights/bolden_bio.html\">head of NASA.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took Massimino a few more tries to get accepted. He first applied in 1989, then again in 1991 and was rejected. In 1994, he made it to the interview round.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My attitude was just to be myself,” Massimino says. “When you’re trying to realize a life’s dream, you want to speak from the heart.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was rejected again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, in 1996, NASA selected him. He flew on two shuttle missions and helped repair the Hubble. He became the first person to \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Astro_Mike\">tweet from space\u003c/a>. Today he’s a \u003ca href=\"http://me.columbia.edu/mike-massimino\">professor at Columbia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This round will be Banks’ third attempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Just keep trying,’ ” she says. “Those are the words I kept hearing from all of the astronauts I talked with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Banks is accepted, there is some question about what she’ll do. The shuttle program that began with Bolden ended with Massimino in 2011. Since then, NASA has been accused of lacking clear goals. But Bolden says future astronauts have a lot to look forward to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are going to be the trailblazers for our ventures to Mars,” Bolden says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says they’ll fly in new spacecraft and return to lunar orbit for the first time since 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all sounds fantastic to me,” Banks says. “I would be happy doing just about anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s preparing her application. The deadline: Feb. 18, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA+Is+Seeking+Astronauts.+Do+You+Have+The+Right+Stuff%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Monday, NASA started accepting applications for its new class of astronauts. Applying is simple: Just log in to \u003ca href=\"https://www.usajobs.gov/\">USAjobs.gov\u003c/a>, search for “astronaut,” and upload your resume and references. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.usajobs.gov/GetJob/ViewDetails/423817000\">job description\u003c/a> says “Frequent travel may be required.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a bit more difficult to be picked. In 2013, more than 6,000 people applied to the program. Only eight were selected. That’s an acceptance rate of a little more than one-tenth of 1 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>To be an astronaut, you need a degree in a scientific field, vision correctable to 20/20, and you’ve got to stand between 4 feet, 8.5 inches tall and 6 foot 4. (History suggests it also helps to be white and a man, but NASA says it’s trying hard to \u003ca href=\"http://odeo.hq.nasa.gov/\">remedy that\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are many possible paths to space. For former astronaut Charlie Bolden, that journey started in middle school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I fell in love with a place called the United States Naval Academy in seventh grade when I saw a program on television called \u003cem>Men of Annapolis,\u003c/em>” Bolden says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The men portrayed in the program reminded him of his father and uncles, who had served in WWII. He resolved to attend the academy once he graduated from high school. But there was a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I grew up in the segregated South,” Bolden says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The South Carolina congressional delegation refused to give Bolden the required nomination to the school. An Illinois congressman, instead, opened the way to the Naval Academy, and Bolden began his military career. He flew in Vietnam, became a test pilot, and was selected to become an astronaut in 1980. It was the beginning of the space shuttle era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Mike Massimino, another former astronaut, it all started with Apollo 11 in the summer of 1969.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was 6 years old when Neil Armstrong walked on the moon,” Massimino says. “And I wanted to be an astronaut — dressed up like an astronaut for Halloween, played astronaut in my backyard with my little astronaut, Snoopy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as he grew up, in Franklin Square, N.Y., that dream started to seem “ridiculous,” Massimino says. “I didn’t know anybody that was an astronaut.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he went to school to become an engineer. After picking up a degree from Columbia University and four more from MIT, Massimino was accepted to the astronaut corps in 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianchannel.com/videos/interview-with-the-expert-maria-banks/16590\">Maria Banks\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral fellow at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum, is planning to apply to the astronaut corps this year. In college, she studied harp performance, and when she graduated she found a job playing on a cruise ship that traveled all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would take soil samples and rock samples and hide them in my suitcase,” Banks says. “I don’t know why; I just had to do it. Every day I would try to find the most geologically interesting thing I could do — climb a volcano, or hike a desert, hike on glaciers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sent her back to school, where she started a Ph.D. program in geology and planetary science. Among other things, she studied the fingerprints of glaciers on Mars, using data and images from NASA missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These three people — a pilot, an engineer, a planetary geologist — came from different backgrounds and different eras, but they all felt the same way about applying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was convinced that I did not stand any chance,” Bolden says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought there was no way they were going to pick me,” Massimino says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess I didn’t believe it was … an attainable goal,” Banks says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they still applied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the technological side of the application has changed a bit over the years (Bolden wrote his application on a sheet of paper; Banks will visit the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usajobs.gov/GetJob/ViewDetails/423817000\">USAjobs website\u003c/a>), the selection process has remained virtually identical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current astronauts and NASA officials sift through the applications — eliminating the obviously unqualified and making piles, based on profession. Physicists are compared with other physicists. Pilots with other pilots. The cream of the crop (100 or so) will be invited to Houston for live interviews and medical screening. Then a small number will be selected to begin about two years of intense astronaut training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re not tops at what you’re doing now,” Bolden says, “you’re not going to be selected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bolden was tops. He went on to pilot two shuttle missions and commanded two more. He helped put the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit. In 2009, President Obama appointed him the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/about/highlights/bolden_bio.html\">head of NASA.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took Massimino a few more tries to get accepted. He first applied in 1989, then again in 1991 and was rejected. In 1994, he made it to the interview round.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My attitude was just to be myself,” Massimino says. “When you’re trying to realize a life’s dream, you want to speak from the heart.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was rejected again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, in 1996, NASA selected him. He flew on two shuttle missions and helped repair the Hubble. He became the first person to \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Astro_Mike\">tweet from space\u003c/a>. Today he’s a \u003ca href=\"http://me.columbia.edu/mike-massimino\">professor at Columbia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This round will be Banks’ third attempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Just keep trying,’ ” she says. “Those are the words I kept hearing from all of the astronauts I talked with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Banks is accepted, there is some question about what she’ll do. The shuttle program that began with Bolden ended with Massimino in 2011. Since then, NASA has been accused of lacking clear goals. But Bolden says future astronauts have a lot to look forward to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are going to be the trailblazers for our ventures to Mars,” Bolden says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says they’ll fly in new spacecraft and return to lunar orbit for the first time since 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all sounds fantastic to me,” Banks says. “I would be happy doing just about anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s preparing her application. The deadline: Feb. 18, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA+Is+Seeking+Astronauts.+Do+You+Have+The+Right+Stuff%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "November Was Record-Warm Month for Globe, Extending Streak",
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"content": "\u003cp>Last month was the globe’s warmest November on record, the seventh consecutive month to reach a new high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A climate update Thursday from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration also noted a record-warm average temperature for January through November as a whole. NOAA scientist Jake Crouch said it’s “virtually certain” that 2015 will be the warmest year globally since record-keeping began in 1880.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also said it’s been the warmest autumn on record for the continental U.S., with an average temperature of 56.8 F (13.8 C) for September through November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201511\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-419265 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/NOAA-climate-anomolies.gif\" alt=\"NOAA climate anomolies\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1302\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nCrouch said the warmth has come from climate change, a strong El Nino and some other short-term influences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is primarily caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases, or heat-trapping gases, in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are certain molecules in the air that have the ability to trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), occur naturally and play an important role in Earth’s climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, some human activities, such as mining and burning fossil fuels (like coal, oil and natural gas) for energy and transportation, emit molecules of CO2 and other greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-419271\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases.png\" alt=\"Greenhouse_gases\" width=\"1198\" height=\"868\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases.png 1198w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-400x290.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-800x580.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-768x556.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-1180x855.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-960x696.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1198px) 100vw, 1198px\">\u003cbr>\nThese activities cause greenhouse gases to accumulate in the air, and as these molecules build up in the atmosphere they cause an overall warming of the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, the forecast calls for an easing of drought in California and Nevada through March.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last month was the globe’s warmest November on record, the seventh consecutive month to reach a new high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A climate update Thursday from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration also noted a record-warm average temperature for January through November as a whole. NOAA scientist Jake Crouch said it’s “virtually certain” that 2015 will be the warmest year globally since record-keeping began in 1880.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also said it’s been the warmest autumn on record for the continental U.S., with an average temperature of 56.8 F (13.8 C) for September through November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201511\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-419265 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/NOAA-climate-anomolies.gif\" alt=\"NOAA climate anomolies\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1302\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nCrouch said the warmth has come from climate change, a strong El Nino and some other short-term influences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is primarily caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases, or heat-trapping gases, in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are certain molecules in the air that have the ability to trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), occur naturally and play an important role in Earth’s climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, some human activities, such as mining and burning fossil fuels (like coal, oil and natural gas) for energy and transportation, emit molecules of CO2 and other greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-419271\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases.png\" alt=\"Greenhouse_gases\" width=\"1198\" height=\"868\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases.png 1198w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-400x290.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-800x580.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-768x556.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-1180x855.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-960x696.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1198px) 100vw, 1198px\">\u003cbr>\nThese activities cause greenhouse gases to accumulate in the air, and as these molecules build up in the atmosphere they cause an overall warming of the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, the forecast calls for an easing of drought in California and Nevada through March.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Racing Drones Built for Speed, Not Selfies, Take Off With Techies",
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"content": "\u003cp>Nearly 50 drone racing pilots flocked to a sports field in the heart of Silicon Valley last month to compete in a day of races and drone to drone combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day was organized by \u003ca href=\"http://flyingbearfpv.com\">Ken Loo\u003c/a>, an avid drone racer and the president of the South Bay chapter of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aerialsports.tv\">Aerial Sports League\u003c/a>. “The Aerial Sports League is a group of hackers, makers and do-it-yourselfers that got together and wanted to promote the sport of drone racing, freestyle and drone combat,” said Loo, who by day works as a product design engineer for a tech company in Silicon Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loo showed up at Baylands Park in Sunnyvale just before dawn to set up the racing course. Throughout the day, he juggled organizing duties while also finding time to compete in the freestyle event and the qualifying race heats which culminated in the championship race between the top five drone pilots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_404434\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drew_FinalRace_1000178_2-e1449712137289.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-404434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drew_FinalRace_1000178_2-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"Spectators look on as drone pilots race their drones around a course at Baylands Park in Sunnyvale.\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spectators look on as drone pilots race their drones around a course at Baylands Park in Sunnyvale. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the drones used for racing are not the ones you’ll find for sale at Best Buy, Fry’s Electronics or Amazon. Racing drones are typically under a pound in weight, including the battery, and are built by hand for speed – not selfies – using parts such as carbon fiber frames, tiny motors, propellers, flight controllers and other components that are purchased online or at hobby shops. In 2014, Loo started racing drones that he built by hand, a process which now takes him three to four hours to make a drone that can rocket through the air at 80 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_404440\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drone_CU_1000181-e1449712717429.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-404440\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drone_CU_1000181-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"The drones used for racing are small, typically under a pound, and built using parts such as motors, a small camera and a flight controller. \" width=\"800\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The drones used for racing are small, typically under a pound, and built using parts such as motors, a small camera and a flight controller. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What I really love about flying drones is the feeling of flying,” Loo said. “I feel like I’m in the cockpit of an aircraft.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drone racing pilots wear First Person View goggles equipped with an antenna that picks up an analog video feed from a camera mounted on the drone to deliver the real-time sensation of flying furiously past objects, somersaulting in the sky or taking a plunge from 100 feet in the air onto a grassy field below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_404525\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Ken_goggles_1000196-e1449715024980.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-404525\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Ken_goggles_1000196-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"Ken Loo, a drone racing pilot, wears First Person View goggles which allow the pilot to see an analog video feed from the drone in flight.\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ken Loo, a drone racing pilot, wears First Person View goggles which allow the pilot to see an analog video feed from the drone in flight. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Loo considers drone racing to be a sport, not just a hobby, and he practices several days a week during his lunch hour with five or six friends who set up flags, tunnels, gates and other obstacles they steer their drones around, including the occasional soccer player who runs onto their race track to collect a stray ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The engineer turned drone advocate concedes that the geeky nature of the sport attracts mostly young males with tech or engineering backgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_404532\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Ken_Drone_1000205_2-e1449718415613.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-404532\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Ken_Drone_1000205_2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Ken Loo shows off his drone at a drone racing competition he organized and competed in at a park in Sunnyvale. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ken Loo shows off his drone at a drone racing competition he organized and competed in at a park in Sunnyvale. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the people that are doing this and building their own drones and tinkering are (from) the engineering community, which is also heavily male-dominated,” Loo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://hexinair.com\">Zoe Stumbaugh\u003c/a>, a Santa Cruz resident, is one of the few female drone racing pilots who competes nationally. Using a drone with inverted thrusts that allowed her to fly upside down while doing tricks in the air, she was one of the pilots who competed in the freestyle portion of the Aerial Sports League tournament in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drone racing is definitely a male-dominated sport,” she said. “I’m hoping that by being in the forefront and kind of leading the way, others will follow and we can have a lot more fun and more females in the sport.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_408229\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-408229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drone_Pilot_2_1000172-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"A drone racing pilot adjusts his drone before the start of a race. \" width=\"800\" height=\"449\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A drone racing pilot adjusts his drone before the start of a race. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the other side of the course, the drone combat cage whirred with activity, as Marque Cornblatt, the CEO and Co-Founder of the Aerial Sports League, locked propellers with opponents until one or both of the drones fell to the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cornblatt is confident that drone racing will continue to attract new fans and more diverse participants, and he thinks that today’s drone pilots could be tomorrow’s newest million-dollar sports stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This whole thing has only existed for about a year and a half in the public consciousness, and there’s already so much enthusiasm for it,” Cornblatt said. “Five or ten years from now, there’s no reason not to assume that we’ll be as big as the NFL, as big as NASCAR.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nearly 50 drone racing pilots flocked to a sports field in the heart of Silicon Valley last month to compete in a day of races and drone to drone combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day was organized by \u003ca href=\"http://flyingbearfpv.com\">Ken Loo\u003c/a>, an avid drone racer and the president of the South Bay chapter of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aerialsports.tv\">Aerial Sports League\u003c/a>. “The Aerial Sports League is a group of hackers, makers and do-it-yourselfers that got together and wanted to promote the sport of drone racing, freestyle and drone combat,” said Loo, who by day works as a product design engineer for a tech company in Silicon Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loo showed up at Baylands Park in Sunnyvale just before dawn to set up the racing course. Throughout the day, he juggled organizing duties while also finding time to compete in the freestyle event and the qualifying race heats which culminated in the championship race between the top five drone pilots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_404434\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drew_FinalRace_1000178_2-e1449712137289.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-404434\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drew_FinalRace_1000178_2-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"Spectators look on as drone pilots race their drones around a course at Baylands Park in Sunnyvale.\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spectators look on as drone pilots race their drones around a course at Baylands Park in Sunnyvale. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the drones used for racing are not the ones you’ll find for sale at Best Buy, Fry’s Electronics or Amazon. Racing drones are typically under a pound in weight, including the battery, and are built by hand for speed – not selfies – using parts such as carbon fiber frames, tiny motors, propellers, flight controllers and other components that are purchased online or at hobby shops. In 2014, Loo started racing drones that he built by hand, a process which now takes him three to four hours to make a drone that can rocket through the air at 80 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_404440\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drone_CU_1000181-e1449712717429.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-404440\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drone_CU_1000181-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"The drones used for racing are small, typically under a pound, and built using parts such as motors, a small camera and a flight controller. \" width=\"800\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The drones used for racing are small, typically under a pound, and built using parts such as motors, a small camera and a flight controller. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What I really love about flying drones is the feeling of flying,” Loo said. “I feel like I’m in the cockpit of an aircraft.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drone racing pilots wear First Person View goggles equipped with an antenna that picks up an analog video feed from a camera mounted on the drone to deliver the real-time sensation of flying furiously past objects, somersaulting in the sky or taking a plunge from 100 feet in the air onto a grassy field below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_404525\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Ken_goggles_1000196-e1449715024980.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-404525\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Ken_goggles_1000196-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"Ken Loo, a drone racing pilot, wears First Person View goggles which allow the pilot to see an analog video feed from the drone in flight.\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ken Loo, a drone racing pilot, wears First Person View goggles which allow the pilot to see an analog video feed from the drone in flight. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Loo considers drone racing to be a sport, not just a hobby, and he practices several days a week during his lunch hour with five or six friends who set up flags, tunnels, gates and other obstacles they steer their drones around, including the occasional soccer player who runs onto their race track to collect a stray ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The engineer turned drone advocate concedes that the geeky nature of the sport attracts mostly young males with tech or engineering backgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_404532\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Ken_Drone_1000205_2-e1449718415613.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-404532\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Ken_Drone_1000205_2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Ken Loo shows off his drone at a drone racing competition he organized and competed in at a park in Sunnyvale. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ken Loo shows off his drone at a drone racing competition he organized and competed in at a park in Sunnyvale. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the people that are doing this and building their own drones and tinkering are (from) the engineering community, which is also heavily male-dominated,” Loo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://hexinair.com\">Zoe Stumbaugh\u003c/a>, a Santa Cruz resident, is one of the few female drone racing pilots who competes nationally. Using a drone with inverted thrusts that allowed her to fly upside down while doing tricks in the air, she was one of the pilots who competed in the freestyle portion of the Aerial Sports League tournament in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drone racing is definitely a male-dominated sport,” she said. “I’m hoping that by being in the forefront and kind of leading the way, others will follow and we can have a lot more fun and more females in the sport.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_408229\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-408229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Drone_Pilot_2_1000172-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"A drone racing pilot adjusts his drone before the start of a race. \" width=\"800\" height=\"449\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A drone racing pilot adjusts his drone before the start of a race. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the other side of the course, the drone combat cage whirred with activity, as Marque Cornblatt, the CEO and Co-Founder of the Aerial Sports League, locked propellers with opponents until one or both of the drones fell to the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cornblatt is confident that drone racing will continue to attract new fans and more diverse participants, and he thinks that today’s drone pilots could be tomorrow’s newest million-dollar sports stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This whole thing has only existed for about a year and a half in the public consciousness, and there’s already so much enthusiasm for it,” Cornblatt said. “Five or ten years from now, there’s no reason not to assume that we’ll be as big as the NFL, as big as NASCAR.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A “report card” for California’s response to the four-year drought is being greeted with some consternation by state water officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One always prefers ‘atta-boys’ to kicks in the pants,” responds Felicia Marcus, one of the state’s top water regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the Natural Resources Defense Council \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/water/california-drought-response.asp\">issued a report\u003c/a> grading efforts to cope with the current dry times and gird the state against future droughts. It was a report card that, if handed down by your fifth-grade teacher, you probably wouldn’t be eager to show your parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report issued D grades for conservation in the farm belt and for capturing and recycling stormwater runoff, and an F for its efforts thus far to restore and protect the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, widely considered the keystone in California’s water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it comes down to setting clear goals and putting regulations in place to ensure those goals are met,” says Kate Poole, a senior attorney for NRDC, “and then providing the funding and assistance to meet those goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report assigned higher grades to some of the state’s efforts: a B for its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/01/warm-temperatures-boost-california-water-use-in-october/\">urban water conservation\u003c/a> program, and B- for use of recycled and reused water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While the state is making significant progress in a couple of those areas,” says Poole, “it’s really fallen down on the job in a few of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_414229\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-414229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-800x1224.jpg\" alt='The NRDC \"report card\" grades California in five broad areas of water management.' width=\"800\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-800x1224.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-400x612.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-768x1175.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-960x1469.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The NRDC “report card” grades California in five broad areas of water management. \u003ccite>(NRDC/Thirsting for Progress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Marcus, who chairs the State Water Resources Control Board, says she would like to have seen the NRDC give more credit for last year’s landmark \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/17/what-to-know-about-californias-new-groundwater-law/\">groundwater legislation\u003c/a>, which will pave the way for the first regulation of groundwater pumping in California’s history. She sees this drought as a pivot point in attitudes toward water — but also a starting point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve tried to lay a foundation for the future,” says Marcus, whose board was not the sole target of the critique. “I think we’ve actually been able to advance the cause of sustainable water considerably, even while in the midst of of the drought. But the work is far from over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus cites “hundreds of millions of dollars” in low-cost loans and streamlining of rules to make water recycling easier for local water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re gonna end up with a lot more recycled water in just a few years,” she predicts. “But that’s not ‘snap your fingers, make it happen.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how would Marcus grade the state?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we get an A for effort,” she says, “and probably a B in execution, because you can’t get it all right.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A “report card” for California’s response to the four-year drought is being greeted with some consternation by state water officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One always prefers ‘atta-boys’ to kicks in the pants,” responds Felicia Marcus, one of the state’s top water regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the Natural Resources Defense Council \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/water/california-drought-response.asp\">issued a report\u003c/a> grading efforts to cope with the current dry times and gird the state against future droughts. It was a report card that, if handed down by your fifth-grade teacher, you probably wouldn’t be eager to show your parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report issued D grades for conservation in the farm belt and for capturing and recycling stormwater runoff, and an F for its efforts thus far to restore and protect the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, widely considered the keystone in California’s water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it comes down to setting clear goals and putting regulations in place to ensure those goals are met,” says Kate Poole, a senior attorney for NRDC, “and then providing the funding and assistance to meet those goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report assigned higher grades to some of the state’s efforts: a B for its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/01/warm-temperatures-boost-california-water-use-in-october/\">urban water conservation\u003c/a> program, and B- for use of recycled and reused water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While the state is making significant progress in a couple of those areas,” says Poole, “it’s really fallen down on the job in a few of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_414229\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-414229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-800x1224.jpg\" alt='The NRDC \"report card\" grades California in five broad areas of water management.' width=\"800\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-800x1224.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-400x612.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-768x1175.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-960x1469.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The NRDC “report card” grades California in five broad areas of water management. \u003ccite>(NRDC/Thirsting for Progress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Marcus, who chairs the State Water Resources Control Board, says she would like to have seen the NRDC give more credit for last year’s landmark \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/17/what-to-know-about-californias-new-groundwater-law/\">groundwater legislation\u003c/a>, which will pave the way for the first regulation of groundwater pumping in California’s history. She sees this drought as a pivot point in attitudes toward water — but also a starting point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve tried to lay a foundation for the future,” says Marcus, whose board was not the sole target of the critique. “I think we’ve actually been able to advance the cause of sustainable water considerably, even while in the midst of of the drought. But the work is far from over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus cites “hundreds of millions of dollars” in low-cost loans and streamlining of rules to make water recycling easier for local water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re gonna end up with a lot more recycled water in just a few years,” she predicts. “But that’s not ‘snap your fingers, make it happen.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how would Marcus grade the state?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we get an A for effort,” she says, “and probably a B in execution, because you can’t get it all right.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Methane Leaks: A Visible 'Environmental Disaster' and Hidden Threat",
"headTitle": "Methane Leaks: A Visible ‘Environmental Disaster’ and Hidden Threat | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 7 January 2016, 12:20 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, UC Davis released the first estimates of methane emissions from an underground gas storage field north of Los Angeles. Owned by Southern California Gas Company, the gas has been leaking since October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis pilot and scientist Stephen Conley measured the plume and estimates nearly 80,000 tons of methane have been released, or about 1,000 tons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To put this into perspective, the leak effectively doubles the emission rate for the entire Los Angeles Basin,” says Conley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane has traveled and affected nearby Los Angeles suburb Porter Ranch, displacing thousands of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday, California Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency over the leak and its impact on the Porter Ranch community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 31 December 2015, 1:45 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utility officials in Southern California say they have determined the underground location of a pipe leak that has spewed natural gas into the air since late October, but it could be months before they’re able to fix the rupture that has driven up the state’s methane emissions and chased thousands of families from their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti has called the leak an “environmental disaster,” and the Los Angeles Unified School District shuttered two area schools for the rest of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the leak at Southern California Gas Company’s Aliso Canyon storage facility is pouring methane into the air at a rate equal to putting an additional 7 million cars on the road daily. The Environmental Defense Fund created this real-time counter showing how many metric tons of methane are estimated to have escaped from the Aliso Canyon facility since Oct. 23:\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.edf.org/embed/methane-counters\" width=\"100%\" height=\"515\" style=\"width: 100%; border: none; height: 515px;\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Original Story:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World leaders left Paris over the weekend with an aggressive agreement to cut methane emissions and other so-called short-lived climate pollutants. Methane doesn’t last as long in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, but it’s much more potent. That’s one reason the city of Los Angeles is suing over the methane leak from a natural gas well north of L.A., and it’s why state leaders are concerned about a long-hidden source of methane emissions: leaking natural gas pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, utilities in California have logged, but not repaired, thousands of pinprick leaks in pipelines criss-crossing the state. These leaks are considered non-hazardous because they don’t pose a health or safety risk. But they do pose an environmental risk. Tim O’Connor, an attorney with the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), says not many people, from utilities to state leaders, have been thinking about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is this hidden environmental issue which is quite significant,” O’Connor says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Certain situations—not all, I want to be very clear on this—you’d find some leaks that would go unrepaired for literally years.’\u003ccite>Eric Hofmann,\u003cbr>\nUtility Workers Union of America\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If you add up the greenhouse gas emissions coming from all pipeline leaks statewide, he says, it’s as if we’re putting 700,000 more cars on the roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane is a Potent Greenhouse Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Californians who care about climate change understand that carbon dioxide emissions are a key part of the problem, but methane – which can seep from landfills, oil and gas infrastructure, wastewater ponds or agricultural facilities – is an important piece of the puzzle when it comes to combating climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has a stronger global warming potential,” explains Riley Duren, a climate scientist who has been tracking atmospheric methane with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “On a 20-year timeline, methane is about 80 times more efficient at trapping heat than an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the biggest single source of methane emissions in the state is in a hilly territory north of Los Angeles, where a massive natural gas leak from Southern California Gas Company’s underground Aliso Canyon storage field has permeated the nearby community of Porter Ranch with a foul smell, sickening some residents and prompting hundreds to relocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I moved here, I didn’t know about the gas facility,” said Matt Pakucko, who lives near the leaking gas well and started a grassroots organization called Save Porter Ranch. Even before the leak started, he said, he’d notice the smell of gas sometimes. “Late night or early morning, it smells like natural gas, like my stove is on,” he explained. “I’d call the gas company, they would come out, and nothing in my house was leaking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aO8HraNes9w\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the leak started Oct. 23, he said the fumes grew to an extreme level – and started to affect residents’ health. “It was hard to breathe,” he said. “It’s the kind of thing where you call the emergency number. It’s that strong all over the neighborhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three weeks after the rupture began, the Los Angeles Department of Public Health issued \u003ca href=\"http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/eh/docs/AlisoCanyonFactSheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a fact sheet\u003c/a> noting that exposure to the methane gas wasn’t expected to cause long-term health impacts, but an additive called mercaptans is known to cause dizziness, respiratory issues, headaches and other short-term health issues. SoCalGas made several unsuccessful attempts to plug the leak, and it’s now \u003ca href=\"https://www.alisoupdates.com/main\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drilling a relief well\u003c/a> to contain it—a process that could take up to four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SoCalGas now faces a class-action lawsuit from residents of Porter Ranch, charging the company showed a “willful disregard for public health,” and a lawsuit from the city of Los Angeles charging that the utility failed to notify residents of the health hazard in a timely manner and didn’t have a sufficient plan in place to repair the breach. The company has also drawn heat from environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”j8ZKAhTyX6vUmZUPJsNS6vYz2BUiiQ2Q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a calculated rate per hour of about 50,000 kilograms of methane emissions, this single leak is likely responsible for over 25 percent of the state’s daily total methane emissions from all sources, including landfills and agriculture,” O’Connor wrote in a recent blog post. “Depending on when it is fixed, this one leak is also likely to single-handedly double the methane emissions associated with natural gas use in California this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Aliso Canyon leak has released a staggering amount of heat-trapping gases, leaking natural gas pipelines are a more insidious problem that has persisted for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hidden Source of Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-hazardous pipeline leaks are graded differently from ruptures that cause gas explosions – under state law, utilities must respond immediately if a detected leak is deemed hazardous. But leaks that vent outdoors, or emit only a small amount of gas, are classified as Grade 3 and have historically ranked as utilities’ lowest priority for repair. Usually the amount of gas they leak is so minuscule you can’t smell it, and if they’re venting outdoors, there’s no danger of a gas build-up that could lead to explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/12/WEBLeakyPipelinesBowe151214.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there are really high levels that could be dangerous, flammable, [utilities] come out immediately,” explains Francesca Hopkins, who works with Duren on the NASA carbon monitoring team. “What we’re talking about is worrying about methane leaks because of their impact on climate, not finding leaks because they’re a public safety hazard. We care because it’s those smaller, long-term leaks that affect global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board estimates gas pipeline leaks will account for 12 percent of the state’s methane emissions by 2030—a problem that will translate to higher utility bills in the long run, since customers pay for that wasted fuel. Policymakers have only recently started taking action to require utilities to fix them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Governor Jerry Brown signed legislation requiring utilities to seal non-hazardous pipeline leaks that don’t pose a threat to public safety. Before this policy, it was common practice to simply allow them to vent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_408396\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 497px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-408396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/armato-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A PG&E crew member uses soap to identify the exact location of a gas pipeline leak.\" width=\"497\" height=\"373\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E crew member uses soap to identify the exact location of a gas pipeline leak. \u003ccite>(Rebecca Bowe/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Certain situations — not all, I want to be very clear on this — you’d find some leaks that would go unrepaired for literally years,” said Eric Hofmann, business agent with the SoCalGas utility workers’ union. He said leaks from plastic pipes were more likely to be repaired, but leaks from steel pipes could persist for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partly because the deadly 2010 explosion in San Bruno drew attention to leaky pipelines, and partly because of the new state law, utilities are paying more attention to these small, non-hazardous leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the industry, Hofmann said, “there’s definitely been a sense of a more aggressive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities are currently working with state regulators to formulate long-term plans for complying with the new legislation. In the meantime, Hofmann and others say the gas companies have started adopting new practices, with the recognition that addressing environmentally hazardous leaks is now mandated under state law.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAround the time of this paradigm shift, PG&E adopted new air-monitoring technology that’s 1,000 times more sensitive than the devices it used to rely on. Now they’re finding leaks they couldn’t detect before. In 2014, PG&E reported to regulators that crews found more than 18,800 new, non-hazardous pipeline leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane has drawn a lot of attention from policymakers lately. Speaking at a press conference in Paris, Democratic Senator Ricardo Lara of Los Angeles County issued a proposal to slash methane emissions in California to 40 percent below current rates by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scientific evidence is really quite clear,” O’Connor said. “Methane, actual methane into the air, is responsible for 20 to 30 percent of the temperature increases we’re feeling today.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 7 January 2016, 12:20 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, UC Davis released the first estimates of methane emissions from an underground gas storage field north of Los Angeles. Owned by Southern California Gas Company, the gas has been leaking since October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis pilot and scientist Stephen Conley measured the plume and estimates nearly 80,000 tons of methane have been released, or about 1,000 tons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To put this into perspective, the leak effectively doubles the emission rate for the entire Los Angeles Basin,” says Conley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane has traveled and affected nearby Los Angeles suburb Porter Ranch, displacing thousands of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday, California Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency over the leak and its impact on the Porter Ranch community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 31 December 2015, 1:45 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utility officials in Southern California say they have determined the underground location of a pipe leak that has spewed natural gas into the air since late October, but it could be months before they’re able to fix the rupture that has driven up the state’s methane emissions and chased thousands of families from their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti has called the leak an “environmental disaster,” and the Los Angeles Unified School District shuttered two area schools for the rest of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the leak at Southern California Gas Company’s Aliso Canyon storage facility is pouring methane into the air at a rate equal to putting an additional 7 million cars on the road daily. The Environmental Defense Fund created this real-time counter showing how many metric tons of methane are estimated to have escaped from the Aliso Canyon facility since Oct. 23:\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.edf.org/embed/methane-counters\" width=\"100%\" height=\"515\" style=\"width: 100%; border: none; height: 515px;\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Original Story:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World leaders left Paris over the weekend with an aggressive agreement to cut methane emissions and other so-called short-lived climate pollutants. Methane doesn’t last as long in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, but it’s much more potent. That’s one reason the city of Los Angeles is suing over the methane leak from a natural gas well north of L.A., and it’s why state leaders are concerned about a long-hidden source of methane emissions: leaking natural gas pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, utilities in California have logged, but not repaired, thousands of pinprick leaks in pipelines criss-crossing the state. These leaks are considered non-hazardous because they don’t pose a health or safety risk. But they do pose an environmental risk. Tim O’Connor, an attorney with the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), says not many people, from utilities to state leaders, have been thinking about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is this hidden environmental issue which is quite significant,” O’Connor says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Certain situations—not all, I want to be very clear on this—you’d find some leaks that would go unrepaired for literally years.’\u003ccite>Eric Hofmann,\u003cbr>\nUtility Workers Union of America\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If you add up the greenhouse gas emissions coming from all pipeline leaks statewide, he says, it’s as if we’re putting 700,000 more cars on the roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane is a Potent Greenhouse Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Californians who care about climate change understand that carbon dioxide emissions are a key part of the problem, but methane – which can seep from landfills, oil and gas infrastructure, wastewater ponds or agricultural facilities – is an important piece of the puzzle when it comes to combating climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has a stronger global warming potential,” explains Riley Duren, a climate scientist who has been tracking atmospheric methane with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “On a 20-year timeline, methane is about 80 times more efficient at trapping heat than an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the biggest single source of methane emissions in the state is in a hilly territory north of Los Angeles, where a massive natural gas leak from Southern California Gas Company’s underground Aliso Canyon storage field has permeated the nearby community of Porter Ranch with a foul smell, sickening some residents and prompting hundreds to relocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I moved here, I didn’t know about the gas facility,” said Matt Pakucko, who lives near the leaking gas well and started a grassroots organization called Save Porter Ranch. Even before the leak started, he said, he’d notice the smell of gas sometimes. “Late night or early morning, it smells like natural gas, like my stove is on,” he explained. “I’d call the gas company, they would come out, and nothing in my house was leaking.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/aO8HraNes9w'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/aO8HraNes9w'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>But when the leak started Oct. 23, he said the fumes grew to an extreme level – and started to affect residents’ health. “It was hard to breathe,” he said. “It’s the kind of thing where you call the emergency number. It’s that strong all over the neighborhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three weeks after the rupture began, the Los Angeles Department of Public Health issued \u003ca href=\"http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/eh/docs/AlisoCanyonFactSheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a fact sheet\u003c/a> noting that exposure to the methane gas wasn’t expected to cause long-term health impacts, but an additive called mercaptans is known to cause dizziness, respiratory issues, headaches and other short-term health issues. SoCalGas made several unsuccessful attempts to plug the leak, and it’s now \u003ca href=\"https://www.alisoupdates.com/main\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drilling a relief well\u003c/a> to contain it—a process that could take up to four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SoCalGas now faces a class-action lawsuit from residents of Porter Ranch, charging the company showed a “willful disregard for public health,” and a lawsuit from the city of Los Angeles charging that the utility failed to notify residents of the health hazard in a timely manner and didn’t have a sufficient plan in place to repair the breach. The company has also drawn heat from environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a calculated rate per hour of about 50,000 kilograms of methane emissions, this single leak is likely responsible for over 25 percent of the state’s daily total methane emissions from all sources, including landfills and agriculture,” O’Connor wrote in a recent blog post. “Depending on when it is fixed, this one leak is also likely to single-handedly double the methane emissions associated with natural gas use in California this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Aliso Canyon leak has released a staggering amount of heat-trapping gases, leaking natural gas pipelines are a more insidious problem that has persisted for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hidden Source of Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-hazardous pipeline leaks are graded differently from ruptures that cause gas explosions – under state law, utilities must respond immediately if a detected leak is deemed hazardous. But leaks that vent outdoors, or emit only a small amount of gas, are classified as Grade 3 and have historically ranked as utilities’ lowest priority for repair. Usually the amount of gas they leak is so minuscule you can’t smell it, and if they’re venting outdoors, there’s no danger of a gas build-up that could lead to explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“If there are really high levels that could be dangerous, flammable, [utilities] come out immediately,” explains Francesca Hopkins, who works with Duren on the NASA carbon monitoring team. “What we’re talking about is worrying about methane leaks because of their impact on climate, not finding leaks because they’re a public safety hazard. We care because it’s those smaller, long-term leaks that affect global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board estimates gas pipeline leaks will account for 12 percent of the state’s methane emissions by 2030—a problem that will translate to higher utility bills in the long run, since customers pay for that wasted fuel. Policymakers have only recently started taking action to require utilities to fix them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Governor Jerry Brown signed legislation requiring utilities to seal non-hazardous pipeline leaks that don’t pose a threat to public safety. Before this policy, it was common practice to simply allow them to vent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_408396\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 497px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-408396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/armato-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A PG&E crew member uses soap to identify the exact location of a gas pipeline leak.\" width=\"497\" height=\"373\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E crew member uses soap to identify the exact location of a gas pipeline leak. \u003ccite>(Rebecca Bowe/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Certain situations — not all, I want to be very clear on this — you’d find some leaks that would go unrepaired for literally years,” said Eric Hofmann, business agent with the SoCalGas utility workers’ union. He said leaks from plastic pipes were more likely to be repaired, but leaks from steel pipes could persist for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partly because the deadly 2010 explosion in San Bruno drew attention to leaky pipelines, and partly because of the new state law, utilities are paying more attention to these small, non-hazardous leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the industry, Hofmann said, “there’s definitely been a sense of a more aggressive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities are currently working with state regulators to formulate long-term plans for complying with the new legislation. In the meantime, Hofmann and others say the gas companies have started adopting new practices, with the recognition that addressing environmentally hazardous leaks is now mandated under state law.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAround the time of this paradigm shift, PG&E adopted new air-monitoring technology that’s 1,000 times more sensitive than the devices it used to rely on. Now they’re finding leaks they couldn’t detect before. In 2014, PG&E reported to regulators that crews found more than 18,800 new, non-hazardous pipeline leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane has drawn a lot of attention from policymakers lately. Speaking at a press conference in Paris, Democratic Senator Ricardo Lara of Los Angeles County issued a proposal to slash methane emissions in California to 40 percent below current rates by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"freakonomics-radio": {
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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