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"bio": "\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.",
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"content": "\u003cp>The election of Donald Trump as the nation’s next president spurred celebration in some quarters and dismay in others, including among those concerned about the steady warming of the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unrestrained emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases have altered the Earth’s climate, \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">raising sea levels\u003c/a>, impacting ecosystems, and increasingly the likelihood of \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-evolving-role-in-extreme-weather-18501\">extreme weather\u003c/a>. In terms of numbers, the world’s temperature has risen by more than 1°F since 1900 and 2016 is expected to be the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hottest-months-global-warming-20797\">hottest year on record\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though climate change was not a major topic in much election coverage — there were \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-climate-questions-the-next-president-should-answer-20804\">no questions on it\u003c/a> during the three presidential debates — many climate scientists and policy advocates supported Clinton. They expected that she would continue policies enacted by the Obama administration, such as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-suit-against-the-clean-power-plan-explained-20234\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a> and the signing of international agreements to limit warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s comments on climate change have included \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/09/27/trump-didnt-delete-his-tweet-calling-global-warming-a-chinese-hoax/\">calling it a hoax\u003c/a> and warning that \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsweek.com/2016/10/14/donald-trump-epa-myron-ebell-climate-change-505546.html\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> policies are costing the country jobs, though he has talked about the importance of maintaining clean air and water. He has suggested he will \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/trump-could-abandon-paris-climate-agreement-20711\">pull out of the landmark Paris agreement\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2016/11/09/rump-president-clean-energy-climate-change/\">scuttle the Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, as well as boost the domestic \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/23/us/politics/donald-trump-fracking.html\">coal and oil industries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the U.S. is only one country, it is a linchpin to the viability of international agreements and to moving the needle on limiting warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to Tuesday’s landmark election, Climate Central reached out to climate, energy and policy researchers to see how they think a Trump presidency will impact climate research and efforts to limit future warming and mitigate what has already happened. We also asked what they think climate scientists should be doing in the coming weeks, months and years, including what they may personally be doing. Their answers have been lightly edited for clarity and brevity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://marine.rutgers.edu/~francis/\">\u003cstrong>Jennifer Francis\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, sea ice researcher at Rutgers University:\u003c/strong> If President Trump acts on statements he made during the campaign, we are likely to see any federal efforts to curtail fossil fuel burning go up in smoke. I fear that funding for any scientific research related to the environment will be further cut by an unrestrained science-phobic Congress, even as we become ever more confident of the myriad ways that climate change is costing the U.S. economy billions of dollars, contributing to food and international insecurity, and disrupting daily life. As an optimist, I hope that a President Trump will become more open-minded than the candidate Trump and allow facts to guide his presidential decisions. I also hope that as president he will take his grandchildren to visit our great national parks and see the beauty that will be destroyed if he ignores those facts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mother Nature did her share to influence this election by dishing up a smorgasbord of record-breaking heat, flooding, drought, and storms — yet, climate change was a non-issue. We know it’s adversely affecting wildlife, agriculture, fisheries, outdoor sports, transportation, you name it — so clearly scientists of all stripes need to tell this story better. I will be redoubling my efforts to help people recognize impacts of climate change on their own lives, and also see the solutions that must happen to reduce the mess we leave for our children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://jacquelyngill.wordpress.com/\">\u003cstrong>Jacquelyn Gill\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, paleoecologist at the University of Maine:\u003c/strong> We have just elected the only climate denying president in the free world, with a Young Earth Creationist vice president. It’s hard to predict exactly how this will play out in terms of impacts to combat and mitigate against climate change, but one of the most immediate threats will be to the funding and agencies that support climate change research. Trump has gone on the record stating he’d cut funding for climate science, which will directly jeopardize ongoing efforts to understand how the climate system works, how to predict the impacts of climate change, and what the effective strategies for mitigation should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I worry that Trump’s election will only rejuvenate the ongoing assault on climate scientists, both in terms of internet harassment and in Congress. In my opinion, scientists should be taking steps to protect the security of their online communications, their data, and their personal information. We should be supporting efforts like the Climate Legal Defense Fund. We should be careful about bringing new students into our labs while the future of science funding is so uncertain. We should be putting communication networks in place, reaching out to grant program officers, university administrators, and legislators, and doing what we can to advocate for the importance of our research and academic freedom at every level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though it’s scary, we need to be reaching out to the public, now more than ever. We need to find our own outreach communities and connect with those people, and to undertake efforts to humanize climate science. And we need to work with the folks who aren’t scientists who are on the ground, on the front lines of climate change and climate justice, to make sure that we amplify their voices and pitch in where we can. This is going to be especially crucial for those of us who are in the most protected groups — white men especially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://katharinehayhoe.com/\">\u003cstrong>Katharine Hayhoe\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, climate modeler at Texas Tech University:\u003c/strong> I work with cities, states, and provinces — helping them prepare for a changing climate, building resilience to the impacts we can’t avoid, cutting carbon to reduce the impacts we can avoid. Cities like Washington, D.C., Chicago, and even tiny Georgetown, Texas, are at the forefront of this global movement. A president hostile to climate policy may be able to affect federal and even international action: but they can’t stop cities and that’s where the momentum is. That’s what gives me hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.andrewhoffman.net/\">\u003cstrong>Andrew Hoffman\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, sustainable development expert at the University of Michigan:\u003c/strong> Trump’s election throws the future of environmental policy, both in the U.S. and globally, into confusion. His stated and tweeted positions on climate change, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Paris climate accord, the Clean Power Plan and many other related issues suggest that the future of much of the programs and policies of the past administration, indeed many from administrations going back to President Nixon’s formation of the EPA, are in question. That said, Trump’s positions have been uneven (for example, while deriding some environmental policies, he has endorsed programs by the National Wildlife Federation to protect the Great Lakes; announcing “let’s make the Great Lakes great again”) and some seem to have been hastily announced (such as his tweet that climate change is a Chinese plot). Let’s wait and see how his positions solidify in the coming days of his administration. One aspect of Trump’s campaign has been his unpredictability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would also add that I wrote\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/climate-change-and-the-presidential-race-lessons-from-the-reagan-years-66194\"> this essay\u003c/a> to warn that he may be following a similar path that Reagan started down and had to stop. Reagan tried to stop the actions of the EPA and faced a latent interest among the general public on the environment that was aroused by his disregard for environmental policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/\">\u003cstrong>Mark Jacobson\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, clean energy researcher at Stanford:\u003c/strong> I’m most concerned with how a Trump presidency will affect solutions to climate change, air pollution, and energy security. Fortunately, the cost of wind and solar are very low now and dropping still, and clean-energy technologies and startups are widespread, so we have momentum. At the state level, many states are moving to clean, renewable energy. It is still in the economic interest of Republicans and Democrats to expand clean, renewable energy. In fact, the five states with the highest fraction of electricity from wind are all “red” states that voted for Trump. Those countries that move faster toward clean, renewable energy will create more jobs, develop their economies faster, become more energy independent, reduce catastrophic risk, including terrorism, associated with centralized plants, and live healthier and longer, so this should be an incentive to keep moving in the right direction. Since most efforts to solve the problems have been at the state level over the past four years in any case (e.g., California, New York, and even inadvertently in Iowa and South Dakota with their expansion of wind), I am confident state and local steps can continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I will continue to do what I do, namely try to understand and solve the problems. There is nothing that an unsupportive president can do to stop my efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/personnel_bios/ralph_keeling\">\u003cstrong>Ralph Keeling\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, director of the Mauna Loa CO2 program at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography: \u003c/strong>It’s not easy to formulate responses at this point. It’s clearly too early to tell what Trump will do to change the landscape on climate mitigation. For now we will be waiting to see how much his policies will be guided by the sometimes extreme views that guided his campaign — such as being in denial of the climate problem. It’s certainly easier to be in denial from the sidelines than from being in the driver’s seat, so there’s hope that a more reasoned approach will follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main step for the climate scientists is to keep working on the science. If we end up on a slower track on mitigating climate change, this just means we need a faster track on adaptation and preparedness. There’s a lot on the plate of the scientists regardless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, paleoclimate researcher at Penn State: \u003c/strong>A Trump presidency might be game over for the climate. In other words, it might make it impossible to stabilize planetary warming below dangerous (i.e. greater than 2°C) levels. If Trump makes good on his campaign promises and pulls out of the Paris Treaty, it is difficult to see a path forward to keeping warming below dangerous levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is time for introspection and contemplation. I’m still in the process of letting this sink in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/about/staff/laura-tam\">\u003cstrong>Laura Tam\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, sustainable development policy director at SPUR:\u003c/strong> As a policy analyst and advocate for local climate action, I can tell you that the urgency of sub-nationals and cities to take action to go fossil-free is even more important, and we should set up our systems to do this without the federal government, and perhaps in spite of it. The demonstration of the viability of 100 percent renewables for all energy needs can happen here in California and when we demonstrate the economic and environmental superiority of this model, the nation will not be long to follow. It will become inevitable. A Trump presidency will make local and state action even more urgent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.met.psu.edu/people/dwt12\">\u003cstrong>David Titley\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, climate and weather risk researcher at Penn State: \u003c/strong>Many black swans have taken flight this year. One thing science teaches you is that systems frequently revert to the mean. So, as dark as everything looks at this moment for fixing our climate, we need to have hope that we won’t realize the worst case. If there is a silver lining it’s that Trump does not seem bound by whatever he has said previously. So perhaps he will see the wisdom or at least self-interest, in investing in non-carbon, U.S.-produced, energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The climate community has a huge challenge ahead, to frame this issue in a way that will resonate with the likely president-elect. It may not be possible but it would be negligent to not even try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The election of Donald Trump as the nation’s next president spurred celebration in some quarters and dismay in others, including among those concerned about the steady warming of the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unrestrained emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases have altered the Earth’s climate, \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">raising sea levels\u003c/a>, impacting ecosystems, and increasingly the likelihood of \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-evolving-role-in-extreme-weather-18501\">extreme weather\u003c/a>. In terms of numbers, the world’s temperature has risen by more than 1°F since 1900 and 2016 is expected to be the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hottest-months-global-warming-20797\">hottest year on record\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though climate change was not a major topic in much election coverage — there were \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-climate-questions-the-next-president-should-answer-20804\">no questions on it\u003c/a> during the three presidential debates — many climate scientists and policy advocates supported Clinton. They expected that she would continue policies enacted by the Obama administration, such as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-suit-against-the-clean-power-plan-explained-20234\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a> and the signing of international agreements to limit warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s comments on climate change have included \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/09/27/trump-didnt-delete-his-tweet-calling-global-warming-a-chinese-hoax/\">calling it a hoax\u003c/a> and warning that \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsweek.com/2016/10/14/donald-trump-epa-myron-ebell-climate-change-505546.html\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> policies are costing the country jobs, though he has talked about the importance of maintaining clean air and water. He has suggested he will \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/trump-could-abandon-paris-climate-agreement-20711\">pull out of the landmark Paris agreement\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2016/11/09/rump-president-clean-energy-climate-change/\">scuttle the Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, as well as boost the domestic \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/23/us/politics/donald-trump-fracking.html\">coal and oil industries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the U.S. is only one country, it is a linchpin to the viability of international agreements and to moving the needle on limiting warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to Tuesday’s landmark election, Climate Central reached out to climate, energy and policy researchers to see how they think a Trump presidency will impact climate research and efforts to limit future warming and mitigate what has already happened. We also asked what they think climate scientists should be doing in the coming weeks, months and years, including what they may personally be doing. Their answers have been lightly edited for clarity and brevity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://marine.rutgers.edu/~francis/\">\u003cstrong>Jennifer Francis\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, sea ice researcher at Rutgers University:\u003c/strong> If President Trump acts on statements he made during the campaign, we are likely to see any federal efforts to curtail fossil fuel burning go up in smoke. I fear that funding for any scientific research related to the environment will be further cut by an unrestrained science-phobic Congress, even as we become ever more confident of the myriad ways that climate change is costing the U.S. economy billions of dollars, contributing to food and international insecurity, and disrupting daily life. As an optimist, I hope that a President Trump will become more open-minded than the candidate Trump and allow facts to guide his presidential decisions. I also hope that as president he will take his grandchildren to visit our great national parks and see the beauty that will be destroyed if he ignores those facts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mother Nature did her share to influence this election by dishing up a smorgasbord of record-breaking heat, flooding, drought, and storms — yet, climate change was a non-issue. We know it’s adversely affecting wildlife, agriculture, fisheries, outdoor sports, transportation, you name it — so clearly scientists of all stripes need to tell this story better. I will be redoubling my efforts to help people recognize impacts of climate change on their own lives, and also see the solutions that must happen to reduce the mess we leave for our children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://jacquelyngill.wordpress.com/\">\u003cstrong>Jacquelyn Gill\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, paleoecologist at the University of Maine:\u003c/strong> We have just elected the only climate denying president in the free world, with a Young Earth Creationist vice president. It’s hard to predict exactly how this will play out in terms of impacts to combat and mitigate against climate change, but one of the most immediate threats will be to the funding and agencies that support climate change research. Trump has gone on the record stating he’d cut funding for climate science, which will directly jeopardize ongoing efforts to understand how the climate system works, how to predict the impacts of climate change, and what the effective strategies for mitigation should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I worry that Trump’s election will only rejuvenate the ongoing assault on climate scientists, both in terms of internet harassment and in Congress. In my opinion, scientists should be taking steps to protect the security of their online communications, their data, and their personal information. We should be supporting efforts like the Climate Legal Defense Fund. We should be careful about bringing new students into our labs while the future of science funding is so uncertain. We should be putting communication networks in place, reaching out to grant program officers, university administrators, and legislators, and doing what we can to advocate for the importance of our research and academic freedom at every level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though it’s scary, we need to be reaching out to the public, now more than ever. We need to find our own outreach communities and connect with those people, and to undertake efforts to humanize climate science. And we need to work with the folks who aren’t scientists who are on the ground, on the front lines of climate change and climate justice, to make sure that we amplify their voices and pitch in where we can. This is going to be especially crucial for those of us who are in the most protected groups — white men especially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://katharinehayhoe.com/\">\u003cstrong>Katharine Hayhoe\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, climate modeler at Texas Tech University:\u003c/strong> I work with cities, states, and provinces — helping them prepare for a changing climate, building resilience to the impacts we can’t avoid, cutting carbon to reduce the impacts we can avoid. Cities like Washington, D.C., Chicago, and even tiny Georgetown, Texas, are at the forefront of this global movement. A president hostile to climate policy may be able to affect federal and even international action: but they can’t stop cities and that’s where the momentum is. That’s what gives me hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.andrewhoffman.net/\">\u003cstrong>Andrew Hoffman\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, sustainable development expert at the University of Michigan:\u003c/strong> Trump’s election throws the future of environmental policy, both in the U.S. and globally, into confusion. His stated and tweeted positions on climate change, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Paris climate accord, the Clean Power Plan and many other related issues suggest that the future of much of the programs and policies of the past administration, indeed many from administrations going back to President Nixon’s formation of the EPA, are in question. That said, Trump’s positions have been uneven (for example, while deriding some environmental policies, he has endorsed programs by the National Wildlife Federation to protect the Great Lakes; announcing “let’s make the Great Lakes great again”) and some seem to have been hastily announced (such as his tweet that climate change is a Chinese plot). Let’s wait and see how his positions solidify in the coming days of his administration. One aspect of Trump’s campaign has been his unpredictability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would also add that I wrote\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/climate-change-and-the-presidential-race-lessons-from-the-reagan-years-66194\"> this essay\u003c/a> to warn that he may be following a similar path that Reagan started down and had to stop. Reagan tried to stop the actions of the EPA and faced a latent interest among the general public on the environment that was aroused by his disregard for environmental policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/\">\u003cstrong>Mark Jacobson\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, clean energy researcher at Stanford:\u003c/strong> I’m most concerned with how a Trump presidency will affect solutions to climate change, air pollution, and energy security. Fortunately, the cost of wind and solar are very low now and dropping still, and clean-energy technologies and startups are widespread, so we have momentum. At the state level, many states are moving to clean, renewable energy. It is still in the economic interest of Republicans and Democrats to expand clean, renewable energy. In fact, the five states with the highest fraction of electricity from wind are all “red” states that voted for Trump. Those countries that move faster toward clean, renewable energy will create more jobs, develop their economies faster, become more energy independent, reduce catastrophic risk, including terrorism, associated with centralized plants, and live healthier and longer, so this should be an incentive to keep moving in the right direction. Since most efforts to solve the problems have been at the state level over the past four years in any case (e.g., California, New York, and even inadvertently in Iowa and South Dakota with their expansion of wind), I am confident state and local steps can continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I will continue to do what I do, namely try to understand and solve the problems. There is nothing that an unsupportive president can do to stop my efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/personnel_bios/ralph_keeling\">\u003cstrong>Ralph Keeling\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, director of the Mauna Loa CO2 program at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography: \u003c/strong>It’s not easy to formulate responses at this point. It’s clearly too early to tell what Trump will do to change the landscape on climate mitigation. For now we will be waiting to see how much his policies will be guided by the sometimes extreme views that guided his campaign — such as being in denial of the climate problem. It’s certainly easier to be in denial from the sidelines than from being in the driver’s seat, so there’s hope that a more reasoned approach will follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main step for the climate scientists is to keep working on the science. If we end up on a slower track on mitigating climate change, this just means we need a faster track on adaptation and preparedness. There’s a lot on the plate of the scientists regardless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, paleoclimate researcher at Penn State: \u003c/strong>A Trump presidency might be game over for the climate. In other words, it might make it impossible to stabilize planetary warming below dangerous (i.e. greater than 2°C) levels. If Trump makes good on his campaign promises and pulls out of the Paris Treaty, it is difficult to see a path forward to keeping warming below dangerous levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is time for introspection and contemplation. I’m still in the process of letting this sink in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/about/staff/laura-tam\">\u003cstrong>Laura Tam\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, sustainable development policy director at SPUR:\u003c/strong> As a policy analyst and advocate for local climate action, I can tell you that the urgency of sub-nationals and cities to take action to go fossil-free is even more important, and we should set up our systems to do this without the federal government, and perhaps in spite of it. The demonstration of the viability of 100 percent renewables for all energy needs can happen here in California and when we demonstrate the economic and environmental superiority of this model, the nation will not be long to follow. It will become inevitable. A Trump presidency will make local and state action even more urgent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.met.psu.edu/people/dwt12\">\u003cstrong>David Titley\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, climate and weather risk researcher at Penn State: \u003c/strong>Many black swans have taken flight this year. One thing science teaches you is that systems frequently revert to the mean. So, as dark as everything looks at this moment for fixing our climate, we need to have hope that we won’t realize the worst case. If there is a silver lining it’s that Trump does not seem bound by whatever he has said previously. So perhaps he will see the wisdom or at least self-interest, in investing in non-carbon, U.S.-produced, energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The climate community has a huge challenge ahead, to frame this issue in a way that will resonate with the likely president-elect. It may not be possible but it would be negligent to not even try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Hot and wild and with an “increasingly visible human footprint” — that’s how the U.N. weather agency sums up the global climate in the past five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”DJNK6QpJN1KkOPiNtgV4a9AJApoO6mWN”]In a \u003ca href=\"http://ane4bf-datap1.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wmocms/s3fs-public/1179_EN.pdf?WevaJ8QIS5ntCjcWd7OYyZfhIDKuews9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report released Tuesday\u003c/a> at international climate talks in Morocco, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Meteorological Organization\u003c/a> said 2011-2015 was the hottest five-year period on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That comes as no surprise as WMO’s annual reports have showed record average temperatures in 2014 and 2015. But the agency said the five-year report provides a better overview of warming trends and extreme events such as prolonged droughts and recurrent heatwaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just had the hottest five-year period on record, with 2015 claiming the title of hottest individual year. Even that record is likely to be beaten in 2016,” said WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The WMO’s preliminary climate assessment for 2016 is set to be released next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s complicated to draw links between single weather events and climate change, the report found that many extreme events during the period were made more likely as a result of man-made climate change. In the case of some extreme high temperatures, the probability increased by a factor of 10 or more, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Examples include the record high seasonal and annual temperatures in the United States in 2012 and in Australia in 2013, hot summers in eastern Asia and western Europe in 2013, heatwaves in spring and autumn 2014 in Australia, record annual warmth in Europe in 2014, and a heatwave in Argentina in December 2013,” WMO said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found no strong climate change link for extreme rainfall events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Arctic summer sea ice coverage was 28 percent below the 1981-2010 average, reaching a record low in 2012. By contrast the Antarctic sea ice was above average, especially the winter maximum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Surface melting of the Greenland ice sheet — a contributor to rising seas — continued at above-average levels, exceeding the 1981-2010 average in all five years from 2011 to 2015. Mountain glaciers also continued their decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Snow cover in the northern hemisphere was “well below average” in all five years, continuing a strong downward trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists who were not involved with the report said it underscored the need for governments to boost efforts to fight climate change beyond their pledges for last year’s landmark Paris Agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The evidence is overwhelming,” said Chris Field, director of the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. “The new report from WMO is a clarion call for embracing and going beyond the goals of the Paris Agreement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Paris deal calls for keeping global temperature rises below 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) compared with preindustrial times. The average temperature in 2015, partly influenced by a powerful El Nino event, was already halfway there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Halting global warming at a manageable level, as the world’s nations decided in the Paris Agreement, is now a race against time,” said Stefan Rahmstorf of the Potsdam Institute in Germany.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Hot and wild and with an “increasingly visible human footprint” — that’s how the U.N. weather agency sums up the global climate in the past five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://ane4bf-datap1.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wmocms/s3fs-public/1179_EN.pdf?WevaJ8QIS5ntCjcWd7OYyZfhIDKuews9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report released Tuesday\u003c/a> at international climate talks in Morocco, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Meteorological Organization\u003c/a> said 2011-2015 was the hottest five-year period on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That comes as no surprise as WMO’s annual reports have showed record average temperatures in 2014 and 2015. But the agency said the five-year report provides a better overview of warming trends and extreme events such as prolonged droughts and recurrent heatwaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just had the hottest five-year period on record, with 2015 claiming the title of hottest individual year. Even that record is likely to be beaten in 2016,” said WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The WMO’s preliminary climate assessment for 2016 is set to be released next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s complicated to draw links between single weather events and climate change, the report found that many extreme events during the period were made more likely as a result of man-made climate change. In the case of some extreme high temperatures, the probability increased by a factor of 10 or more, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Examples include the record high seasonal and annual temperatures in the United States in 2012 and in Australia in 2013, hot summers in eastern Asia and western Europe in 2013, heatwaves in spring and autumn 2014 in Australia, record annual warmth in Europe in 2014, and a heatwave in Argentina in December 2013,” WMO said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found no strong climate change link for extreme rainfall events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Arctic summer sea ice coverage was 28 percent below the 1981-2010 average, reaching a record low in 2012. By contrast the Antarctic sea ice was above average, especially the winter maximum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Surface melting of the Greenland ice sheet — a contributor to rising seas — continued at above-average levels, exceeding the 1981-2010 average in all five years from 2011 to 2015. Mountain glaciers also continued their decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Snow cover in the northern hemisphere was “well below average” in all five years, continuing a strong downward trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists who were not involved with the report said it underscored the need for governments to boost efforts to fight climate change beyond their pledges for last year’s landmark Paris Agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The evidence is overwhelming,” said Chris Field, director of the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. “The new report from WMO is a clarion call for embracing and going beyond the goals of the Paris Agreement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Paris deal calls for keeping global temperature rises below 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) compared with preindustrial times. The average temperature in 2015, partly influenced by a powerful El Nino event, was already halfway there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Halting global warming at a manageable level, as the world’s nations decided in the Paris Agreement, is now a race against time,” said Stefan Rahmstorf of the Potsdam Institute in Germany.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Let It Burn: The Forest Service Wants to Stop Putting Out Some Fires",
"headTitle": "Let It Burn: The Forest Service Wants to Stop Putting Out Some Fires | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s fire season hasn’t turned out to be as bad as some feared this year. In fact, forest managers say that certain kinds of fires — the “good” fires — were sorely lacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra Nevada forests are adapted to low-intensity fires that clear the underbrush and prevent trees from getting too dense. After a century of fire suppression, many forests are overgrown, which can make catastrophic fires worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So forest managers are piloting a new policy designed to shift a century-old mentality about fire in the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to let naturally-caused fires burn when they aren’t a threat to homes or people. But actually making those decisions on the ground isn’t easy in a crowded state like California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/11/WebFireSommer161104.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Decisions on the Front Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the U.S. Forest Service allows some fires to burn on a case-by-case basis, as in early September, when forest managers got reports of smoke in the Sierra National Forest, south of Yosemite, after a dry lightning storm rolled through.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The fires are coming one way or another. How do we want them to be?’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Alan Taylor, U.S. Forest Service\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The fire was really small at that point,” says Sarah LaPlante, the forest ranger on duty at the time. “It was probably about a quarter of an acre.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was dubbed the Crown Fire and LaPlante had to make the call about how to handle it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t put firefighters right on the line trying to stop the fire right where the fire is,” she says. “We can actually let the fire burn in a controlled way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134221\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134221\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire.jpg\" alt=\"The 2016 Crown Fire burned the forest floor, but didn't torch the treetops.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1142\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-160x95.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-800x476.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-768x457.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-1020x607.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-1180x702.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-960x571.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-240x143.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-375x223.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-520x309.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2016 Crown Fire burned the forest floor, but didn’t torch the treetops. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fire was extremely remote and the weather was cooling off, so she gave the order to let it spread, keeping a close watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t torching trees,” she says. “It was just cleaning the forest floor. Getting rid of all of that over-accumulation of dead, woody debris.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was exactly the low-intensity fire that LaPlante wanted to see. Around 800 acres have burned so far. Winter rains are expected to put the fire out in a couple weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But being on the front lines of those decisions is never easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that you take really seriously and there is some level of nerves,” LaPlante says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very rarely, these decisions go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Losing Control\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, rangers let a fire burn in Lassen Volcanic National Park. But the winds picked up and the fire spread thousands of acres toward the community of Old Station, an hour from Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Smoke was so heavy here ’cause it was blowing our direction,” says John Wallace, a restaurant-owner in Old Station who got ready to evacuate. “It was a scary situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”qSiCfPblZjWfYCn8ELcWmi7sbsm6nUhK”]Luckily, the town was spared, but residents were angry and congressional hearings were held to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just the fact that they let it burn and get away from them,” Wallace says. “I mean, anytime something affects you that way people get upset.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near-disasters like that make forest managers hesitant to let any fire burn. And scientists say that only makes things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Fire Deficit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So these are collections of fire scars from all over,” says fire scientist Scott Stephens, pointing to cross-sections of old trees inside his lab on the UC Berkeley campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see each of these small black marks that are recorded in the wood, in the tree rings, are actually a past fire that the tree survived.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134223\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens.jpg\" alt=\"UC Berkeley scientist Scott Stephens shows the fire history in a tree cross-section.\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1136\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-768x535.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-1020x710.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-1180x821.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-960x668.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-240x167.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-375x261.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-520x362.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Berkeley scientist Scott Stephens shows the fire history in a tree cross-section. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rings show that this centuries-old Pondarosa Pine used to survive low-intensity fires every six to twelve years. Those fires kept young trees from growing up to crowd the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, forests in the Sierra Nevada are typically much denser than they once were, which can fuel catastrophic fires like the Rim Fire in Yosemite three years ago. Stephens says today there’s actually a fire deficit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sounds crazy, but if you think about how fire used to work the land, millions of acres burned every year,” he says. “But you didn’t have things like the Rim Fire that actually causes a 20,000-acre patch of forest to completely die. No living trees for miles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens clarified that in those patches, 95 percent or more of the trees died, making it difficult for the forest to regenerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the legacy of Smokey Bear, and it hasn’t been easy for the Forest Service to change that legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing the Default\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a better understanding of the role of fire now as an agency and probably as a society,” says Alan Taylor, a fire planner with the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time in decades, the Forest Service is changing its fire suppression policy in three national forests in the Sierra Nevada. The Sierra, Inyo and Sequoia National Forests are piloting this new approach, as part of an update to their forest management plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is creating fire risk zones by using computer models to analyze the terrain, type of forest and possible weather scenarios.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some zones, near towns and roads, are protected, and fires there would be put out. But in another zone, covering 40 percent of the land, rangers would have to answer a question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s a lightning-caused fire, why are we putting it out?” says Taylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134225\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1.jpg\" alt='Firefighters lit a \"back-burn\" to control the Reading Fire in 2012.' width=\"1920\" height=\"967\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-160x81.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-800x403.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-768x387.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-1020x514.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-1180x594.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-960x484.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-240x121.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-375x189.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-520x262.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters lit a “back-burn” to control the Reading Fire in 2012. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This changes the default. Before, rangers had to make the case for letting a fire burn, but now, they’d have to justify putting it out if there’s no danger to people or homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to take time, but we’re trying to put the tools in the deciders’ hands to start working toward having fire back in its natural role in these ecosystems,” says Taylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a downside: more fire means more smoke and the Central Valley already has some of the worst air quality in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It probably will be smokier at times than what we’re used to,” Taylor acknowledges. But he says the smoke from low-intensity fires is easier to manage than smoke from catastrophic fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fires are coming one way or another,” Taylor says. “How do we want them to be? If we keep putting them out and the fuels keep growing, eventually it gets to the point that you can’t put it out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not going to be simple and it’s not going to be completely predictable,” says Stephens. “But I know one thing for certain. If we continue to have that backlog of forests that are in terrible shape, I call that a freight train having a wreck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Forest Service’s new approach encourages fire in California forests, it could be adopted by other forests across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: A line was added to clarify the extent of tree mortality in the Rim Fire.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Fires aren't all bad. Some fires help forests become healthier, but scientists say they're sorely lacking in California.",
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"title": "Let It Burn: The Forest Service Wants to Stop Putting Out Some Fires | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s fire season hasn’t turned out to be as bad as some feared this year. In fact, forest managers say that certain kinds of fires — the “good” fires — were sorely lacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra Nevada forests are adapted to low-intensity fires that clear the underbrush and prevent trees from getting too dense. After a century of fire suppression, many forests are overgrown, which can make catastrophic fires worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So forest managers are piloting a new policy designed to shift a century-old mentality about fire in the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to let naturally-caused fires burn when they aren’t a threat to homes or people. But actually making those decisions on the ground isn’t easy in a crowded state like California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Decisions on the Front Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the U.S. Forest Service allows some fires to burn on a case-by-case basis, as in early September, when forest managers got reports of smoke in the Sierra National Forest, south of Yosemite, after a dry lightning storm rolled through.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The fires are coming one way or another. How do we want them to be?’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Alan Taylor, U.S. Forest Service\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The fire was really small at that point,” says Sarah LaPlante, the forest ranger on duty at the time. “It was probably about a quarter of an acre.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was dubbed the Crown Fire and LaPlante had to make the call about how to handle it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t put firefighters right on the line trying to stop the fire right where the fire is,” she says. “We can actually let the fire burn in a controlled way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134221\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134221\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire.jpg\" alt=\"The 2016 Crown Fire burned the forest floor, but didn't torch the treetops.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1142\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-160x95.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-800x476.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-768x457.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-1020x607.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-1180x702.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-960x571.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-240x143.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-375x223.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-520x309.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2016 Crown Fire burned the forest floor, but didn’t torch the treetops. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fire was extremely remote and the weather was cooling off, so she gave the order to let it spread, keeping a close watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t torching trees,” she says. “It was just cleaning the forest floor. Getting rid of all of that over-accumulation of dead, woody debris.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was exactly the low-intensity fire that LaPlante wanted to see. Around 800 acres have burned so far. Winter rains are expected to put the fire out in a couple weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But being on the front lines of those decisions is never easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that you take really seriously and there is some level of nerves,” LaPlante says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very rarely, these decisions go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Losing Control\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, rangers let a fire burn in Lassen Volcanic National Park. But the winds picked up and the fire spread thousands of acres toward the community of Old Station, an hour from Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Smoke was so heavy here ’cause it was blowing our direction,” says John Wallace, a restaurant-owner in Old Station who got ready to evacuate. “It was a scary situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Luckily, the town was spared, but residents were angry and congressional hearings were held to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just the fact that they let it burn and get away from them,” Wallace says. “I mean, anytime something affects you that way people get upset.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near-disasters like that make forest managers hesitant to let any fire burn. And scientists say that only makes things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Fire Deficit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So these are collections of fire scars from all over,” says fire scientist Scott Stephens, pointing to cross-sections of old trees inside his lab on the UC Berkeley campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see each of these small black marks that are recorded in the wood, in the tree rings, are actually a past fire that the tree survived.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134223\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens.jpg\" alt=\"UC Berkeley scientist Scott Stephens shows the fire history in a tree cross-section.\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1136\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-768x535.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-1020x710.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-1180x821.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-960x668.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-240x167.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-375x261.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-520x362.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Berkeley scientist Scott Stephens shows the fire history in a tree cross-section. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rings show that this centuries-old Pondarosa Pine used to survive low-intensity fires every six to twelve years. Those fires kept young trees from growing up to crowd the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, forests in the Sierra Nevada are typically much denser than they once were, which can fuel catastrophic fires like the Rim Fire in Yosemite three years ago. Stephens says today there’s actually a fire deficit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sounds crazy, but if you think about how fire used to work the land, millions of acres burned every year,” he says. “But you didn’t have things like the Rim Fire that actually causes a 20,000-acre patch of forest to completely die. No living trees for miles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens clarified that in those patches, 95 percent or more of the trees died, making it difficult for the forest to regenerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the legacy of Smokey Bear, and it hasn’t been easy for the Forest Service to change that legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing the Default\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a better understanding of the role of fire now as an agency and probably as a society,” says Alan Taylor, a fire planner with the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time in decades, the Forest Service is changing its fire suppression policy in three national forests in the Sierra Nevada. The Sierra, Inyo and Sequoia National Forests are piloting this new approach, as part of an update to their forest management plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is creating fire risk zones by using computer models to analyze the terrain, type of forest and possible weather scenarios.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some zones, near towns and roads, are protected, and fires there would be put out. But in another zone, covering 40 percent of the land, rangers would have to answer a question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s a lightning-caused fire, why are we putting it out?” says Taylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134225\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1.jpg\" alt='Firefighters lit a \"back-burn\" to control the Reading Fire in 2012.' width=\"1920\" height=\"967\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-160x81.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-800x403.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-768x387.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-1020x514.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-1180x594.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-960x484.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-240x121.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-375x189.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-520x262.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters lit a “back-burn” to control the Reading Fire in 2012. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This changes the default. Before, rangers had to make the case for letting a fire burn, but now, they’d have to justify putting it out if there’s no danger to people or homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to take time, but we’re trying to put the tools in the deciders’ hands to start working toward having fire back in its natural role in these ecosystems,” says Taylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a downside: more fire means more smoke and the Central Valley already has some of the worst air quality in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It probably will be smokier at times than what we’re used to,” Taylor acknowledges. But he says the smoke from low-intensity fires is easier to manage than smoke from catastrophic fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fires are coming one way or another,” Taylor says. “How do we want them to be? If we keep putting them out and the fuels keep growing, eventually it gets to the point that you can’t put it out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not going to be simple and it’s not going to be completely predictable,” says Stephens. “But I know one thing for certain. If we continue to have that backlog of forests that are in terrible shape, I call that a freight train having a wreck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Forest Service’s new approach encourages fire in California forests, it could be adopted by other forests across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: A line was added to clarify the extent of tree mortality in the Rim Fire.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The World Isn’t Doing Enough to Slow Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/landmark-paris-climate-pact-take-effect-30-days-20766\">Paris Agreement to limit global warming\u003c/a> goes into effect Friday. It’s stated goal is to keep the world from warming more than 2°C (3.6°F) above pre-industrial times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s just one problem: the greenhouse gas emissions reductions countries have pledged so aren’t nearly enough to meet that goal, according to the United Nations’ Environmental Program’s fifth annual emissions gap report\u003ca href=\"https://web.unep.org/emissionsgap/\"> published\u003c/a> on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The carbon pollution cuts on the table from now through 2030 will put the world on a trajectory to warm 3.4°C (6.1°F) by 2100. In order to keep warming close to the 2°C threshold, the world will have to find a way to cut an additional 25 percent of its carbon pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, around 39 gigatons of carbon dioxide was emitted globally. While the Paris Agreement will limit emissions, particularly in developed countries, a number of developed countries will still likely see their emissions rise over the coming decade. For example, China is expected to peak its emissions in 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means the world’s cumulative emissions could reach 52 gigatons by 2030 — even if all Paris Agreement pledges are met (and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/americas-climate-rules-fall-short-20731\">that’s a big if\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are based on the concept of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/ipcc-climate-change-report-contains-grave-carbon-budget-message-16569\">carbon budget\u003c/a> — basically how much carbon pollution the world can emit while still remaining below the 2°C threshold. The world is already \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-world-is-halfway-to-2c-19663\">halfway through the 2°C carbon budget\u003c/a>. Current trends will take us well past the carbon budget for 1.5°C and right against the limits of the 2°C carbon budget. We’ve already come close to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-flirts-with-1.5C-threshold-20260\">1.5°C threshold\u003c/a> for a few months this year (which will incidentially be \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/september-hottest-month-climate-change-20791\">the world’s hottest\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep the world on a trajectory that makes 2°C feasible and doesn’t require even more drastic cuts, the world will have to find a way to cut an additional 12-14 gigatons of carbon pollution by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing this report so close to the Paris Agreement going into force and the climate talks kicking off next week in Morocco is an important reminder to policymakers that more has to be done. Climate change is an issue with little regard for wiggle room and the overdraft penalty for overshooting the carbon budget is steep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entire nations could \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-goal-surging-in-paris-19782\">disappear under rising seas\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/worlds-poorest-most-at-risk-from-drought-conflict-20793\">Conflict\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/zika-virus-climate-change-19970\">disease\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/pests-pose-increasing-risk-to-food-security-17964\">food insecurity\u003c/a> could become more common. Some of the ecosystems that support us could collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all the bad news about the current trajectory, the report shows that there’s a path forward where the world closes its carbon emissions gap and stands a better chance of achieving the 2°C goal. Cities, private corporations and regional governments could play a big role in doing that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York, for example, is planning to reduce its emissions 80 percent by 2050. That’s both a larger cut and a longer timeframe than the current U.S. commitment to the Paris Agreement, which is to cut emissions 26-28 percent below 2005 level in 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy efficiency could also help shave another few gigatons off the carbon budget overdraft, particularly emissions from buildings. Ultimately, the report shows that keeping global warming in check isn’t solely the responsibility of large government or small ones, but everyone on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/landmark-paris-climate-pact-take-effect-30-days-20766\">Paris Agreement to limit global warming\u003c/a> goes into effect Friday. It’s stated goal is to keep the world from warming more than 2°C (3.6°F) above pre-industrial times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s just one problem: the greenhouse gas emissions reductions countries have pledged so aren’t nearly enough to meet that goal, according to the United Nations’ Environmental Program’s fifth annual emissions gap report\u003ca href=\"https://web.unep.org/emissionsgap/\"> published\u003c/a> on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The carbon pollution cuts on the table from now through 2030 will put the world on a trajectory to warm 3.4°C (6.1°F) by 2100. In order to keep warming close to the 2°C threshold, the world will have to find a way to cut an additional 25 percent of its carbon pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, around 39 gigatons of carbon dioxide was emitted globally. While the Paris Agreement will limit emissions, particularly in developed countries, a number of developed countries will still likely see their emissions rise over the coming decade. For example, China is expected to peak its emissions in 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means the world’s cumulative emissions could reach 52 gigatons by 2030 — even if all Paris Agreement pledges are met (and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/americas-climate-rules-fall-short-20731\">that’s a big if\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are based on the concept of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/ipcc-climate-change-report-contains-grave-carbon-budget-message-16569\">carbon budget\u003c/a> — basically how much carbon pollution the world can emit while still remaining below the 2°C threshold. The world is already \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-world-is-halfway-to-2c-19663\">halfway through the 2°C carbon budget\u003c/a>. Current trends will take us well past the carbon budget for 1.5°C and right against the limits of the 2°C carbon budget. We’ve already come close to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-flirts-with-1.5C-threshold-20260\">1.5°C threshold\u003c/a> for a few months this year (which will incidentially be \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/september-hottest-month-climate-change-20791\">the world’s hottest\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep the world on a trajectory that makes 2°C feasible and doesn’t require even more drastic cuts, the world will have to find a way to cut an additional 12-14 gigatons of carbon pollution by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing this report so close to the Paris Agreement going into force and the climate talks kicking off next week in Morocco is an important reminder to policymakers that more has to be done. Climate change is an issue with little regard for wiggle room and the overdraft penalty for overshooting the carbon budget is steep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entire nations could \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-goal-surging-in-paris-19782\">disappear under rising seas\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/worlds-poorest-most-at-risk-from-drought-conflict-20793\">Conflict\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/zika-virus-climate-change-19970\">disease\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/pests-pose-increasing-risk-to-food-security-17964\">food insecurity\u003c/a> could become more common. Some of the ecosystems that support us could collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all the bad news about the current trajectory, the report shows that there’s a path forward where the world closes its carbon emissions gap and stands a better chance of achieving the 2°C goal. Cities, private corporations and regional governments could play a big role in doing that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York, for example, is planning to reduce its emissions 80 percent by 2050. That’s both a larger cut and a longer timeframe than the current U.S. commitment to the Paris Agreement, which is to cut emissions 26-28 percent below 2005 level in 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy efficiency could also help shave another few gigatons off the carbon budget overdraft, particularly emissions from buildings. Ultimately, the report shows that keeping global warming in check isn’t solely the responsibility of large government or small ones, but everyone on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What Will Convince Californians to Keep Conserving Water?",
"headTitle": "What Will Convince Californians to Keep Conserving Water? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>For year companies have targeted consumers with advertising that leverages social pressure – like saying seven out of 10 people prefer a certain brand of toothpaste or laundry detergent. More recently, that kind of thinking has been used not just to sell products, but also to change behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Behavioral economists assert that in the absence of price signals, policymakers can change people’s behaviors by harnessing their natural inclination to conform to social norms,” wrote Nola Hastings and Galib Rustamov in a 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://cuwcc.org/Portals/0/Document%20Library/Resources/Publications/Potential%20BMP%20Reports/2015%20Water%20Use%20Messaging%20PBMP%20Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> on customer water use messaging for the California Urban Water Conservation Council. “For example, customers make decisions based on social cues, self-image, local values and identities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, most of us just want to fit in with our social groups. And if given a little direction on how to do so, we’ll respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://opower.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Opower\u003c/a>, a customer engagement platform for utilities, took this philosophy and tested it in the electric utility sector. In 2008, it began sending Home Energy Reports to its utility partners’ customers, which showed people their energy consumption and how it compared to other similar households. The company now works with over 100 global utilities and its use of “social norms messaging” has begun to gain traction with water utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first \u003ca href=\"http://www.financingsustainablewater.org/resource-search/evaluation-east-bay-municipal-utility-districts-pilot-watersmart-home-water-reports\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">substantial research\u003c/a> that emerged from the water world on this front resulted from a June 2012 to June 2013 pilot project between 10,000 customers of East Bay Municipal Utilities District in the San Francisco Bay Area and \u003ca href=\"http://www.watersmart.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterSmart Software\u003c/a>. Much like Opower’s model, WaterSmart Software sends Home Water Reports, which tell customers how much water they’re using, how it compares to their own past use, as well as how much water similar households and similar efficient households are using. The reports also provide information on how to increase water efficiency, available rebates or other messaging from utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project compared two groups to controls – the first being a random sample of customers and the other (referred to as the Castro Valley group) were those thought to be “good candidates” for the messaging (mostly higher income and higher water use households).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the random group on average increased conservation by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">4.6\u003c/span> percent and the Castro Valley group by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.6\u003c/span> percent compared to the control groups. The effects went beyond just conservation, though. They also found that households from both groups were \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.7\u003c/span> times more likely to participate in a water audit program and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.7\u003c/span>times more likely to participate in a rebate program than those not receiving Home Water Reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1130783\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 719px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1130783\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter.png\" alt=\"Part of what a WaterSmart Software Home Water Report could include for customers. \" width=\"719\" height=\"648\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter.png 719w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter-160x144.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter-240x216.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter-375x338.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter-520x469.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Part of what a WaterSmart Software Home Water Report could include for customers. \u003ccite>(WaterSmart Software)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another study is under way by \u003ca href=\"http://www.uky.edu/Ag/AgriculturalEconomics/buck_steven.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Steven Buck\u003c/a>, assistant professor at University of Kentucky. Buck is examining how customers may be changing water use behavior in the city of Folsom, California, near Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folsom’s water agency signed up to work with \u003ca href=\"https://dropcountr.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dropcountr\u003c/a>, mobile and online application that tracks and shares water-use information. Customers in Folsom can voluntarily sign up for Dropcountr and create a customized household water budget. They’ll also receive information about water usage, how that usage compares to neighbors, specific tips for reducing water use and notifications about abnormal water usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are comparing households that enrolled versus households that didn’t enroll in the program and looking at what happened to consumption two months, three months, six months and 18 months after enrollment,” said Buck. Because the people who enroll may be more likely to conserve already, he said they are not simply comparing the difference between the two groups but, “we are taking into account the fact that there were baseline differences between the group that enrolled and the group that didn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buck’s research has yet to be peer-reviewed, but his preliminary findings show that on average, those who enrolled in Dropcountr in Folsom had a 6 percent drop in their consumption since enrollment. And that number jumps to a 12 percent drop for the very highest water users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has roughly 24,000 accounts, and 3,300 have enrolled in Dropcountr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folsom customers also have the added bonus of having water meters that relay data every day, instead of monthly or bimonthly. “There is more to learn about the usefulness of having daily water readings,” said Buck. Without them “it’s harder to detect a leak and hard to see a response in consumption.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Buck stressed that his research with the city of Folsom and Dropcountr is just beginning. He wants to look at how the results persists, if they would find the same results if it were not during a drought and which attributes of Dropcountr drove the effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is pretty certain in the industry – the typical format for water bills from many agencies aren’t very good at conveying important information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though you’ve received a water bill in the past, the info may not be so salient or transparent to the user,” said Buck. Many people receive water bills that measure use in units or cubic feet per second, which aren’t easily understood by most customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dropcountr provides a simple visual on how much water was used and when it was used,” said Don Smith, Water Management Coordinator with the city of Folsom. “The daily use graph provides 24 hourly data points that show the customer how much they use. Dropcountr provides current information on how their conservation efforts are working.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, many people simply disengage from their bills altogether, said Jeff Lipton, director of marketing at WaterSmart Software. That’s why WaterSmart sends water reports separately from bills because they are more likely to be read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing conservation and efficiency, however, isn’t the only helpful result from companies that increase customer engagement with their water utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reduction numbers of 6 percent to 12 percent are great, but are only part of the story,” said Smith. “Dropcountr provides a platform for customer engagement. We can communicate through email and mobile devices with customers who use Dropcountr and we can monitor usage of all our customers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities can use these tools to communicate important information with customers – something that is especially useful during droughts, but not just limited to times of water shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portland, Oregon, for example, is using WaterSmart’s Home Water Reports to try and reach low-income customers to help promote customer assistance programs and increase efficiency to reduce bills, said Lipton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we see the need for in the water space is better customer education and engagement around a variety of topics and the ability to build political support for infrastructure investments so we don’t have Flint, Michigan, happening all over the country,” said Lipton. “In some cases the need to improve efficiency is important but there are lots of other things utilities need to address with customers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities may want to communicate about how they are spending money on new infrastructure or the costs of maintaining quality service that may help customers better understand how their rates are set and the money spent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“Social norms messaging can be used to drive behavior in different directions,” said Lipton. “It’s really important the way we’re able to leverage behavioral science insight to achieve measurable outcomes that utilities care about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/11/03/social-norms-messaging-how-water-agencies-can-change-our-habits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For year companies have targeted consumers with advertising that leverages social pressure – like saying seven out of 10 people prefer a certain brand of toothpaste or laundry detergent. More recently, that kind of thinking has been used not just to sell products, but also to change behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Behavioral economists assert that in the absence of price signals, policymakers can change people’s behaviors by harnessing their natural inclination to conform to social norms,” wrote Nola Hastings and Galib Rustamov in a 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://cuwcc.org/Portals/0/Document%20Library/Resources/Publications/Potential%20BMP%20Reports/2015%20Water%20Use%20Messaging%20PBMP%20Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> on customer water use messaging for the California Urban Water Conservation Council. “For example, customers make decisions based on social cues, self-image, local values and identities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, most of us just want to fit in with our social groups. And if given a little direction on how to do so, we’ll respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://opower.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Opower\u003c/a>, a customer engagement platform for utilities, took this philosophy and tested it in the electric utility sector. In 2008, it began sending Home Energy Reports to its utility partners’ customers, which showed people their energy consumption and how it compared to other similar households. The company now works with over 100 global utilities and its use of “social norms messaging” has begun to gain traction with water utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first \u003ca href=\"http://www.financingsustainablewater.org/resource-search/evaluation-east-bay-municipal-utility-districts-pilot-watersmart-home-water-reports\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">substantial research\u003c/a> that emerged from the water world on this front resulted from a June 2012 to June 2013 pilot project between 10,000 customers of East Bay Municipal Utilities District in the San Francisco Bay Area and \u003ca href=\"http://www.watersmart.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterSmart Software\u003c/a>. Much like Opower’s model, WaterSmart Software sends Home Water Reports, which tell customers how much water they’re using, how it compares to their own past use, as well as how much water similar households and similar efficient households are using. The reports also provide information on how to increase water efficiency, available rebates or other messaging from utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project compared two groups to controls – the first being a random sample of customers and the other (referred to as the Castro Valley group) were those thought to be “good candidates” for the messaging (mostly higher income and higher water use households).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the random group on average increased conservation by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">4.6\u003c/span> percent and the Castro Valley group by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.6\u003c/span> percent compared to the control groups. The effects went beyond just conservation, though. They also found that households from both groups were \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.7\u003c/span> times more likely to participate in a water audit program and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.7\u003c/span>times more likely to participate in a rebate program than those not receiving Home Water Reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1130783\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 719px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1130783\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter.png\" alt=\"Part of what a WaterSmart Software Home Water Report could include for customers. \" width=\"719\" height=\"648\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter.png 719w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter-160x144.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter-240x216.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter-375x338.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter-520x469.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Part of what a WaterSmart Software Home Water Report could include for customers. \u003ccite>(WaterSmart Software)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another study is under way by \u003ca href=\"http://www.uky.edu/Ag/AgriculturalEconomics/buck_steven.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Steven Buck\u003c/a>, assistant professor at University of Kentucky. Buck is examining how customers may be changing water use behavior in the city of Folsom, California, near Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folsom’s water agency signed up to work with \u003ca href=\"https://dropcountr.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dropcountr\u003c/a>, mobile and online application that tracks and shares water-use information. Customers in Folsom can voluntarily sign up for Dropcountr and create a customized household water budget. They’ll also receive information about water usage, how that usage compares to neighbors, specific tips for reducing water use and notifications about abnormal water usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are comparing households that enrolled versus households that didn’t enroll in the program and looking at what happened to consumption two months, three months, six months and 18 months after enrollment,” said Buck. Because the people who enroll may be more likely to conserve already, he said they are not simply comparing the difference between the two groups but, “we are taking into account the fact that there were baseline differences between the group that enrolled and the group that didn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buck’s research has yet to be peer-reviewed, but his preliminary findings show that on average, those who enrolled in Dropcountr in Folsom had a 6 percent drop in their consumption since enrollment. And that number jumps to a 12 percent drop for the very highest water users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has roughly 24,000 accounts, and 3,300 have enrolled in Dropcountr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folsom customers also have the added bonus of having water meters that relay data every day, instead of monthly or bimonthly. “There is more to learn about the usefulness of having daily water readings,” said Buck. Without them “it’s harder to detect a leak and hard to see a response in consumption.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Buck stressed that his research with the city of Folsom and Dropcountr is just beginning. He wants to look at how the results persists, if they would find the same results if it were not during a drought and which attributes of Dropcountr drove the effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is pretty certain in the industry – the typical format for water bills from many agencies aren’t very good at conveying important information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though you’ve received a water bill in the past, the info may not be so salient or transparent to the user,” said Buck. Many people receive water bills that measure use in units or cubic feet per second, which aren’t easily understood by most customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dropcountr provides a simple visual on how much water was used and when it was used,” said Don Smith, Water Management Coordinator with the city of Folsom. “The daily use graph provides 24 hourly data points that show the customer how much they use. Dropcountr provides current information on how their conservation efforts are working.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, many people simply disengage from their bills altogether, said Jeff Lipton, director of marketing at WaterSmart Software. That’s why WaterSmart sends water reports separately from bills because they are more likely to be read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing conservation and efficiency, however, isn’t the only helpful result from companies that increase customer engagement with their water utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reduction numbers of 6 percent to 12 percent are great, but are only part of the story,” said Smith. “Dropcountr provides a platform for customer engagement. We can communicate through email and mobile devices with customers who use Dropcountr and we can monitor usage of all our customers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities can use these tools to communicate important information with customers – something that is especially useful during droughts, but not just limited to times of water shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portland, Oregon, for example, is using WaterSmart’s Home Water Reports to try and reach low-income customers to help promote customer assistance programs and increase efficiency to reduce bills, said Lipton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we see the need for in the water space is better customer education and engagement around a variety of topics and the ability to build political support for infrastructure investments so we don’t have Flint, Michigan, happening all over the country,” said Lipton. “In some cases the need to improve efficiency is important but there are lots of other things utilities need to address with customers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities may want to communicate about how they are spending money on new infrastructure or the costs of maintaining quality service that may help customers better understand how their rates are set and the money spent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“Social norms messaging can be used to drive behavior in different directions,” said Lipton. “It’s really important the way we’re able to leverage behavioral science insight to achieve measurable outcomes that utilities care about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/11/03/social-norms-messaging-how-water-agencies-can-change-our-habits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Californians ended three months of backsliding in September, using 18.3 percent less water than in September of 2013, according to the state’s monthly tally of local suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators were relieved by the number after monthly urban conservation rates had tumbled steadily month-to-month, from 28.1 percent in May, to 17.5 percent in August. Conservation began to evaporate when the state dropped its system of mandatory savings quotas for local water suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mandatory was a good idea to get things going,” said State Water Resources Control Board member Steven Moore, “and now things are going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, at least in September they were going. October numbers won’t be available for about a month, but might show further improvement given the unusually wet month that much of California experienced. Rain often prompts homeowners to turn off their sprinklers, which is now required by state regulations. As part of the drought restrictions that Governor Jerry Brown made permanent last spring, outside irrigation is prohibited either while it’s raining or for 48 hours after it stops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rain can also have the effect of signaling that the drought is “over,” which officials hasten to point out is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel like I’ve spent my life saying, ‘Well, we’re still in a drought — just not the drought we were in last year,”‘ a drought-weary chair Felicia Marcus groaned at Tuesday’s meeting of the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/calif/oct2016.htm\">October’s copious rains\u003c/a> might signal otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\">Many locations\u003c/a> in the northern half of the state saw 200-to-400 percent of their normal October precipitation, or even more. Sacramento clocked in at more than 450 percent of average. Mount Shasta City, near Shasta Lake, the state’s largest reservoir, registered five times the average for October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1126416\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1126416\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025.png\" alt='Much of California remains in official drought. The red and dark-red areas indicate \"extreme\" and \"exceptional\" drought conditions, respectively.' width=\"541\" height=\"592\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025.png 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-160x175.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-240x263.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-375x410.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-520x569.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Much of California remains in official drought. The red and dark-red areas indicate “extreme” and “exceptional” drought conditions, respectively. \u003ccite>(U.S. Drought Monitor)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Southern California remains stubbornly dry and more than 40 percent of the state is \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">still categorized\u003c/a> by federal climatologists as being in “extreme drought.” But the extra precipitation up north was a boon to the entire state, if indirectly, as many of the key reservoirs that supply statewide water projects are located in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But October can be a cruel tease. History shows that a wet start notwithstanding, the “tap” can shut off at any time, and soggy Octobers have often led to disappointingly dry winters, overall.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Californians ended three months of backsliding in September, using 18.3 percent less water than in September of 2013, according to the state’s monthly tally of local suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators were relieved by the number after monthly urban conservation rates had tumbled steadily month-to-month, from 28.1 percent in May, to 17.5 percent in August. Conservation began to evaporate when the state dropped its system of mandatory savings quotas for local water suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mandatory was a good idea to get things going,” said State Water Resources Control Board member Steven Moore, “and now things are going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, at least in September they were going. October numbers won’t be available for about a month, but might show further improvement given the unusually wet month that much of California experienced. Rain often prompts homeowners to turn off their sprinklers, which is now required by state regulations. As part of the drought restrictions that Governor Jerry Brown made permanent last spring, outside irrigation is prohibited either while it’s raining or for 48 hours after it stops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rain can also have the effect of signaling that the drought is “over,” which officials hasten to point out is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel like I’ve spent my life saying, ‘Well, we’re still in a drought — just not the drought we were in last year,”‘ a drought-weary chair Felicia Marcus groaned at Tuesday’s meeting of the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/calif/oct2016.htm\">October’s copious rains\u003c/a> might signal otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\">Many locations\u003c/a> in the northern half of the state saw 200-to-400 percent of their normal October precipitation, or even more. Sacramento clocked in at more than 450 percent of average. Mount Shasta City, near Shasta Lake, the state’s largest reservoir, registered five times the average for October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1126416\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1126416\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025.png\" alt='Much of California remains in official drought. The red and dark-red areas indicate \"extreme\" and \"exceptional\" drought conditions, respectively.' width=\"541\" height=\"592\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025.png 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-160x175.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-240x263.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-375x410.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-520x569.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Much of California remains in official drought. The red and dark-red areas indicate “extreme” and “exceptional” drought conditions, respectively. \u003ccite>(U.S. Drought Monitor)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Southern California remains stubbornly dry and more than 40 percent of the state is \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">still categorized\u003c/a> by federal climatologists as being in “extreme drought.” But the extra precipitation up north was a boon to the entire state, if indirectly, as many of the key reservoirs that supply statewide water projects are located in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But October can be a cruel tease. History shows that a wet start notwithstanding, the “tap” can shut off at any time, and soggy Octobers have often led to disappointingly dry winters, overall.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>What has 414 legs and four ways to procreate? Until recently, nothing. Or so it was thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have discovered a species of millipede with those far-out features in a cave in California’s Sequoia National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”cdCwF7KLpEZFgv1KNx96FIfgWuXJdPQx”]The pale bug’s 414 legs are fairly meager for a millipede. Some species have as many as 750. None have 1,000, despite its name meaning “thousand feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like some other species, this millipede has four modified legs that are used as penises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A statement Monday detailed the discovery by Jean Krejca of Texas-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.zaraenvironmental.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zara Environmental LLC\u003c/a>. Millipede experts Paul Marek at Virginia Tech and Bill Shear at Virginia’s Hampden-Sydney College classified the critter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s named illacme tobini (ill-ACK’-mee-toh-BEE’-nee), a play on the name Ben Tobin, a former cave biologist with the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "‘The Blob’ Is Back: What Warm Ocean Mass Means for Weather, Wildlife",
"headTitle": "‘The Blob’ Is Back: What Warm Ocean Mass Means for Weather, Wildlife | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The blob is back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Since 2014, a mass of unusually warm water has hovered and swelled in the Pacific Ocean off the West Coast of North America, playing havoc with marine wildlife, water quality and the regional weather.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Earlier this year, weather and oceanography experts thought it was waning. But no: The Blob came back, and it is again in position off the coast, threatening to smother normal coastal weather and ecosystem behavior.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The Blob isn’t exactly to blame for California’s drought, though it certainly aggravated the problem. But it is to blame for seriously disrupting the ocean food chain and for creating conditions that fed unprecedented algal blooms in the coastal Pacific.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">With the Blob back in play again, what does it mean for the winter ahead? To find out, Water Deeply spoke with Nicholas Bond, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jisao.washington.edu/researchers/bios/bond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">research meteorologist\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at the University of Washington in Seattle and Washington’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.washington.edu/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">state climatologist\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. In June 2014, Bond \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.washington.edu/newsletter/2014Jun.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">named\u003c/span>\u003c/a> this persistent weather phenomenon, and later wrote the first \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL063306/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">scientific paper\u003c/span>\u003c/a> characterizing it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What exactly is the Blob?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1123167\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1123167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply.jpg\" alt=\"Washington’s state climatologist Nicholas Bond named the warm ocean mass now commonly known as “the Blob.”\" width=\"298\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply.jpg 681w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-160x210.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-240x315.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-375x492.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-520x683.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Washington’s state climatologist Nicholas Bond named the warm ocean mass now commonly known as “the Blob.” \u003ccite>(Nicholas Bond)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Nicholas Bond: It’s a large mass of water in the northeast Pacific Ocean that’s considerably warmer than usual. It doesn’t have any real sharply defined boundaries, but it’s an area that, at times, has stretched from Baja California up to the Bering Sea. At other times, it’s kinda shrunk back down. It’s been at least 1,000 miles (1,600km) across and, recently, quite deep.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Typically, it’s been something like\u003cspan class=\"caps\">2.7\u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.6F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"caps\">2C\u003c/span>) warmer than normal. But there have been places where it’s been as much as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">9F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">5C\u003c/span>) warmer. It’s waxed and waned, but it’s been that way since early 2014. The warmer-than-normal water extends down to something like 300m (1,000ft) below the surface. So that’s a huge volume of considerably warmer-than-normal water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Is it still out there?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: Yeah. There was sort of a reinvigoration this past summer. The temperatures were moderating early in 2016, and then, at least in a large area south of Alaska and off the coast of the Pacific Northwest, it really warmed up again this past summer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What causes it?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: A lot of it, almost all of it, is due to just the unusual weather patterns that have been occurring over the northeast Pacific during the past few years. They haven’t been the same patterns, but what really got it started was when a ridge of higher-than-normal sea-level pressure set up during the winter of 2013–14 over the northeast Pacific.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That was a very persistent and strong ridge of higher-than-normal pressure that kind of blocked the usual parade of storms across the Pacific. That meant less heat was drawn out of the ocean into the atmosphere than usual. It meant there was less cold water (from the deeper ocean) mixing near the surface part of the ocean. And also the unusual winds meant the upper-level currents in the ocean were a little bit different from usual.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Is it unprecedented?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: Yeah, certainly. In terms of the magnitude of anomalies in a lot of locations, we haven’t seen anything quite like this. I did a fairly careful study using the data that’s available, going back decades. There have been other periods with considerably warmer-than-normal ocean temperatures in the region. But they were never of the kind of geographic extent and magnitude we’ve seen with this recent event.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1123168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1123168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery.jpg\" alt=\"Emaciated juvenile sea lions undergoing rehabilitation at the Marine Mammal Center in California. Their plight is thought to have been triggered by the unusually warm water conditions that persist in the coastal Pacific Ocean, upsetting the usual food web upon which sea lions and other wildlife depend. \" width=\"1400\" height=\"933\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emaciated juvenile sea lions undergoing rehabilitation at the Marine Mammal Center in California. Their plight is thought to have been triggered by the unusually warm water conditions that persist in the coastal Pacific Ocean, upsetting the usual food web upon which sea lions and other wildlife depend. \u003ccite>(NOAA Fisheries)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What caused that persistent high pressure?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: It became known as the “\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ridiculously resilient ridge\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>” There’s been a number of independent studies that have basically shown that much warmer than normal waters in the far western tropical Pacific, in the vicinity of New Guinea – and thunderstorms that those warm waters helped spawn – had this kind of ripple effect on the atmospheric-circulation weather patterns over much of the globe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It set up this series of very large-scale high- and low-pressure centers, with the ridge over the coast of western North America, and then a trough of lower pressure over the northeastern part of North America.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How did the Blob affect the drought in California?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: That same ridge of high pressure basically blocked the storms. There was just a real lack of those regular storms. The warm water didn’t cause the unusual weather patterns. But those unusual weather patterns that brought the warm water also were a large cause of the drought in California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It turned out that was the same case in the Pacific Northwest. Not quite the same extent, but we were looking at very low snowpack in mid-February 2014. Then there was enough of a shift that we actually had a pretty wet period there at the end of winter and got enough rain and snow to kind of tide us through the summer of 2014. But there weren’t enough (storms), and those didn’t extend far enough south for California to get relief.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But it gets kind of complicated. Once that warm water formed out there in a big way, it does tend to warm the air that’s passing over it. Once that water was warmed, it did help warm the air coming off the ocean. This was especially the case in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/040115snowsurvey.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">winter of 2014–15\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. It led to warmer air temperatures and higher snow levels. The freezing level was 1,000–2,000ft (300–600m) higher than usual in the mountains. So that certainly ended up being a real problem. We count on that snowpack coming out of winter to get us through the summer. But it fell as rain rather than snow during that 2014–15 winter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Is there a climate change connection here?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: This is sometimes called a marine heat wave, and it’s a short-term kind of event. There is some evidence that long-term trends are favoring the patterns we’ve had over the past few years. But that’s a very small effect.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So it’s not due to global warming. But it does provide some hint, at least, of what it’s going to be like in future decades, in particular, with some of the impacts we’ve seen in the marine ecosystem. What we’ve had the past few years is something that is liable to be more the rule rather than the exception toward the middle of the century. So maybe this is kind of a little preview or something. So we’re trying to learn from it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How has the Blob affected ocean life?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: The impacts were quite a few and widespread. At the bottom of the food chain, we saw a higher preponderance at the plankton level of subtropical species versus ones that are more adapted to cooler water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That had repercussions all the way up the food chain – everything from the kind of suitable prey for salmon that was present and whether they were getting the food they need, to some real problems with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/guadalupefurseals2015.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">fur seals\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/californiasealions2013.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">sea lions\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in California in particular. In the Gulf of Alaska we had what National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has called a marine mammal\u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/large_whales_2015.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">mortality event\u003c/span>\u003c/a> last year. Seabirds are another one: There were some species with some very large mortalities, with lots more \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/01/150123-seabirds-mass-die-off-auklet-california-animals-environment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">dead seabirds\u003c/span>\u003c/a>washing up on the beaches.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One of the more alarming things is the harmful algal blooms. That was sort of way out there in terms of how far along the coast it stretched, how long it lasted, how high the toxin levels got. That was something that was really scary.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How long will the Blob be with us?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: That’s kind of the $64,000 question. We thought this whole event was winding down earlier this year, and then we’ve seen it rear its ugly head again in some locations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How will this affect our weather this coming winter?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: The more prominent temperature anomalies are a little north of California. It’s all going to depend on the weather patterns. There are kind of borderline La Ni\u003c/span>ña conditions now, which doesn’t tend to imply too much one way or another for Northern California. In the past, it probably has meant somewhat less precipitation than normal for Southern California. But we see a lot of exceptions there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s kind of an admission of defeat, but it’s basically a crapshoot in terms of how much rain you get.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">I think in terms of temperature, it’s not liable to be quite as warm as the past two winters, so that’s good, at least for the winter-sports folks. What falls in the mountains should be snow at the higher elevations. I think Northern California is liable to do \u003cspan class=\"caps\">OK.\u003c/span> Southern California? Wow, that’s a tough one.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2016/10/31/the-blob-is-back-what-warm-ocean-mass-means-for-weather-wildlife\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Unusually warm waters along the Pacific Coast, dubbed “the Blob,” have severely disrupted weather and wildlife since 2014. Meteorologist Nicholas Bond explains the phenomenon.",
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"description": "Unusually warm waters along the Pacific Coast, dubbed “the Blob,” have severely disrupted weather and wildlife since 2014. Meteorologist Nicholas Bond explains the phenomenon.",
"title": "‘The Blob’ Is Back: What Warm Ocean Mass Means for Weather, Wildlife | KQED",
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"headline": "‘The Blob’ Is Back: What Warm Ocean Mass Means for Weather, Wildlife",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The blob is back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Since 2014, a mass of unusually warm water has hovered and swelled in the Pacific Ocean off the West Coast of North America, playing havoc with marine wildlife, water quality and the regional weather.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Earlier this year, weather and oceanography experts thought it was waning. But no: The Blob came back, and it is again in position off the coast, threatening to smother normal coastal weather and ecosystem behavior.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The Blob isn’t exactly to blame for California’s drought, though it certainly aggravated the problem. But it is to blame for seriously disrupting the ocean food chain and for creating conditions that fed unprecedented algal blooms in the coastal Pacific.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">With the Blob back in play again, what does it mean for the winter ahead? To find out, Water Deeply spoke with Nicholas Bond, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jisao.washington.edu/researchers/bios/bond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">research meteorologist\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at the University of Washington in Seattle and Washington’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.washington.edu/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">state climatologist\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. In June 2014, Bond \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.washington.edu/newsletter/2014Jun.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">named\u003c/span>\u003c/a> this persistent weather phenomenon, and later wrote the first \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL063306/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">scientific paper\u003c/span>\u003c/a> characterizing it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What exactly is the Blob?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1123167\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1123167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply.jpg\" alt=\"Washington’s state climatologist Nicholas Bond named the warm ocean mass now commonly known as “the Blob.”\" width=\"298\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply.jpg 681w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-160x210.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-240x315.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-375x492.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-520x683.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Washington’s state climatologist Nicholas Bond named the warm ocean mass now commonly known as “the Blob.” \u003ccite>(Nicholas Bond)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Nicholas Bond: It’s a large mass of water in the northeast Pacific Ocean that’s considerably warmer than usual. It doesn’t have any real sharply defined boundaries, but it’s an area that, at times, has stretched from Baja California up to the Bering Sea. At other times, it’s kinda shrunk back down. It’s been at least 1,000 miles (1,600km) across and, recently, quite deep.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Typically, it’s been something like\u003cspan class=\"caps\">2.7\u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.6F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"caps\">2C\u003c/span>) warmer than normal. But there have been places where it’s been as much as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">9F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">5C\u003c/span>) warmer. It’s waxed and waned, but it’s been that way since early 2014. The warmer-than-normal water extends down to something like 300m (1,000ft) below the surface. So that’s a huge volume of considerably warmer-than-normal water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Is it still out there?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: Yeah. There was sort of a reinvigoration this past summer. The temperatures were moderating early in 2016, and then, at least in a large area south of Alaska and off the coast of the Pacific Northwest, it really warmed up again this past summer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What causes it?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: A lot of it, almost all of it, is due to just the unusual weather patterns that have been occurring over the northeast Pacific during the past few years. They haven’t been the same patterns, but what really got it started was when a ridge of higher-than-normal sea-level pressure set up during the winter of 2013–14 over the northeast Pacific.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That was a very persistent and strong ridge of higher-than-normal pressure that kind of blocked the usual parade of storms across the Pacific. That meant less heat was drawn out of the ocean into the atmosphere than usual. It meant there was less cold water (from the deeper ocean) mixing near the surface part of the ocean. And also the unusual winds meant the upper-level currents in the ocean were a little bit different from usual.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Is it unprecedented?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: Yeah, certainly. In terms of the magnitude of anomalies in a lot of locations, we haven’t seen anything quite like this. I did a fairly careful study using the data that’s available, going back decades. There have been other periods with considerably warmer-than-normal ocean temperatures in the region. But they were never of the kind of geographic extent and magnitude we’ve seen with this recent event.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1123168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1123168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery.jpg\" alt=\"Emaciated juvenile sea lions undergoing rehabilitation at the Marine Mammal Center in California. Their plight is thought to have been triggered by the unusually warm water conditions that persist in the coastal Pacific Ocean, upsetting the usual food web upon which sea lions and other wildlife depend. \" width=\"1400\" height=\"933\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emaciated juvenile sea lions undergoing rehabilitation at the Marine Mammal Center in California. Their plight is thought to have been triggered by the unusually warm water conditions that persist in the coastal Pacific Ocean, upsetting the usual food web upon which sea lions and other wildlife depend. \u003ccite>(NOAA Fisheries)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What caused that persistent high pressure?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: It became known as the “\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ridiculously resilient ridge\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>” There’s been a number of independent studies that have basically shown that much warmer than normal waters in the far western tropical Pacific, in the vicinity of New Guinea – and thunderstorms that those warm waters helped spawn – had this kind of ripple effect on the atmospheric-circulation weather patterns over much of the globe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It set up this series of very large-scale high- and low-pressure centers, with the ridge over the coast of western North America, and then a trough of lower pressure over the northeastern part of North America.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How did the Blob affect the drought in California?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: That same ridge of high pressure basically blocked the storms. There was just a real lack of those regular storms. The warm water didn’t cause the unusual weather patterns. But those unusual weather patterns that brought the warm water also were a large cause of the drought in California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It turned out that was the same case in the Pacific Northwest. Not quite the same extent, but we were looking at very low snowpack in mid-February 2014. Then there was enough of a shift that we actually had a pretty wet period there at the end of winter and got enough rain and snow to kind of tide us through the summer of 2014. But there weren’t enough (storms), and those didn’t extend far enough south for California to get relief.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But it gets kind of complicated. Once that warm water formed out there in a big way, it does tend to warm the air that’s passing over it. Once that water was warmed, it did help warm the air coming off the ocean. This was especially the case in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/040115snowsurvey.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">winter of 2014–15\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. It led to warmer air temperatures and higher snow levels. The freezing level was 1,000–2,000ft (300–600m) higher than usual in the mountains. So that certainly ended up being a real problem. We count on that snowpack coming out of winter to get us through the summer. But it fell as rain rather than snow during that 2014–15 winter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Is there a climate change connection here?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: This is sometimes called a marine heat wave, and it’s a short-term kind of event. There is some evidence that long-term trends are favoring the patterns we’ve had over the past few years. But that’s a very small effect.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So it’s not due to global warming. But it does provide some hint, at least, of what it’s going to be like in future decades, in particular, with some of the impacts we’ve seen in the marine ecosystem. What we’ve had the past few years is something that is liable to be more the rule rather than the exception toward the middle of the century. So maybe this is kind of a little preview or something. So we’re trying to learn from it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How has the Blob affected ocean life?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: The impacts were quite a few and widespread. At the bottom of the food chain, we saw a higher preponderance at the plankton level of subtropical species versus ones that are more adapted to cooler water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That had repercussions all the way up the food chain – everything from the kind of suitable prey for salmon that was present and whether they were getting the food they need, to some real problems with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/guadalupefurseals2015.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">fur seals\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/californiasealions2013.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">sea lions\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in California in particular. In the Gulf of Alaska we had what National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has called a marine mammal\u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/large_whales_2015.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">mortality event\u003c/span>\u003c/a> last year. Seabirds are another one: There were some species with some very large mortalities, with lots more \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/01/150123-seabirds-mass-die-off-auklet-california-animals-environment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">dead seabirds\u003c/span>\u003c/a>washing up on the beaches.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One of the more alarming things is the harmful algal blooms. That was sort of way out there in terms of how far along the coast it stretched, how long it lasted, how high the toxin levels got. That was something that was really scary.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How long will the Blob be with us?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: That’s kind of the $64,000 question. We thought this whole event was winding down earlier this year, and then we’ve seen it rear its ugly head again in some locations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How will this affect our weather this coming winter?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: The more prominent temperature anomalies are a little north of California. It’s all going to depend on the weather patterns. There are kind of borderline La Ni\u003c/span>ña conditions now, which doesn’t tend to imply too much one way or another for Northern California. In the past, it probably has meant somewhat less precipitation than normal for Southern California. But we see a lot of exceptions there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s kind of an admission of defeat, but it’s basically a crapshoot in terms of how much rain you get.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">I think in terms of temperature, it’s not liable to be quite as warm as the past two winters, so that’s good, at least for the winter-sports folks. What falls in the mountains should be snow at the higher elevations. I think Northern California is liable to do \u003cspan class=\"caps\">OK.\u003c/span> Southern California? Wow, that’s a tough one.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2016/10/31/the-blob-is-back-what-warm-ocean-mass-means-for-weather-wildlife\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What Makes Us 'Creeped Out'? One Scientist Explains",
"headTitle": "What Makes Us ‘Creeped Out’? One Scientist Explains | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>‘Tis the season of creepiness and not just because of the election. Following a summer of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/10/24/the-creepy-clown-hysteria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">creepy clown hysteria\u003c/a>, the jokesters are threatening to rear their frizzy heads again tonight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes it an apt time to consider why certain things, like\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the original\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/31/us/creepy-clown-sightings-in-south-carolina-cause-a-frenzy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> clown “sightings” in South Carolina\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> creep us out. What makes us uncomfortable, sometimes even scared,\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>in situations and not others?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psychology professor Frank Andrew has been researching just why we get\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“creeped out” for\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>a book he’s writing on \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X16300320\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the nature of creepiness\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1111940\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1111940\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/giphy-2.gif\" alt=\"Most women have encountered that creepy guy who stands a little too close, smiles a bit too much and just won't let you escape the conversation. \" width=\"500\" height=\"437\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most women have encountered that creepy guy who stands a little too close, smiles a bit too much and just won’t let you escape the conversation. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"http://caseyrojas.tumblr.com/post/22455932201/its-cinco-de-mayo-gonna-bbq-with-our-best-friends\" target=\"_blank\">Casey Rojas/tumblr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I noticed all of a sudden how frequently the word was getting used,” says McAndrews. \u003c/span>His students at \u003ca href=\"http://www.knox.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Knox College\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>in Illinois would mention a person or a thing that ‘creeped them out’ and McAndrews got curious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I started asking them, ‘well what exactly do you mean by that?’ And I started hearing similar things from different people.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of their answers had one underlying theme, one unifying factor that made the person or situation creepy: the presence of an ambiguous threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not something frightening or strange, mind you. A killer on the loose is frightening — there’s no ambiguity in the potential danger there. And your nerdy, socially awkward cousin may be strange, but he’s harmless, and therefore not creepy. Creepiness is a function of uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X16300320\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a\u003cem> \u003c/em>paper\u003c/a> he wrote with undergraduate psychology student Sara Koehnke, McAndrews explains, “It is our belief that creepiness is anxiety aroused by the \u003cem>ambiguity\u003c/em> of whether there is something to fear or not, and/or by the ambiguity of the precise nature of the threat (e.g., sexual, physical violence, contamination, etc).”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the finding that creepiness is associated with ambiguity, they also discovered that certain occupations and hobbies are linked with creepiness. Also, that men are creepier than women and that women are more likely to perceive sexual threat from a “creepy” person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who’s That Creepy Guy at the Bar?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many women have encountered the dude who leans in uncomfortably close, invading their personal space while smirking ominously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If our creep detectors are out there to protect us from threats they’re gonna be especially sensitive to men being around because men are potentially more dangerous,” says McAndrews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1112054\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 301px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1112054\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Creepy-sloth.jpg\" alt=\"The creepy sloth meme.\" width=\"301\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Creepy-sloth.jpg 625w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Creepy-sloth-160x210.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Creepy-sloth-240x315.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Creepy-sloth-375x492.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Creepy-sloth-520x682.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The creepy sloth meme. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"http://www.quickmeme.com/meme/3tjsve\" target=\"_blank\">Quick meme\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, in the online survey McAndrews did, 95 percent of the\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>participants of both genders said that a creepy person is much more likely to be a man than a woman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And certain behaviors were deemed creepier than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When respondents to McAndrews’ survey were asked to imagine their friend met someone that he or she described as “creepy,” they had to rate the likelihood the person exhibited 44 different behaviors. Actions participants rate as “very likely to be a characteristic of a creepy person” included:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Standing too close to someone\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Smiling peculiarly\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Laughing at inappropriate times\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Not letting someone out of conversation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Displaying unwanted sexual interest\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Asking to take pictures of people\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Having bulging eyes\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Having greasy hair\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Licking lips\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And it should come as no surprise that certain occupations were considered creepier than others. Taxidermist, sex shop owner, funeral director and taxi driver made the top five. The creepiest job of all? Clowns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Creepy Things on the Interweb\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But humans aren’t the only ones that can be creepy. Zombies are especially creepy precisely because we don’t know what to make of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Zombies are creepier than ghosts,” McAndrew notes\u003cstrong>, “\u003c/strong>because it’s sort of an \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Uncanny Valley\u003c/a> kind of thing. They are human, or they were human, but are they alive or are they dead?” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Uncanny Valley refers to human replicas, like robots or dolls, that appear almost, but not quite, like real humans eliciting feelings of eeriness and revulsion among some observers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about the Hosts in \u003ca href=\"http://www.hbo.com/westworld/about/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HBO’s Westworld\u003c/a> — lifelike androids that exist to serve and please visitors to the Western theme park. And dolls have long held a creepy place in our imagination, from the Twilight Zone’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wb8PxjhwsDE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Talky Tina\u003c/a> to Child Play’s \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chucky_(Child%27s_Play)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chucky\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wb8PxjhwsDE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, dolls don’t pose a real life threat so why do many consider them creepy? McAndrew says it’s a different type of creepiness than the threat of creepiness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s the creepiness that involves threat and there’s the creepiness that’s just sort of troubling because you don’t know how to respond to the thing or categorize it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latter leaves you feeling uncomfortable and uneasy. But it’s not just androids, dolls and zombies. Certain animal photos online have started to take on creepy dimensions. Memes of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.relatably.com/m/img/creepy-animal-memes/513855f2137cf.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gorilla\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.relatably.com/m/img/creepy-animal-memes/8132335.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alpaca\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.relatably.com/m/img/creepy-animal-memes/that-amp-039-s-not-cute-it-amp-039-s-creepy_o_1294535.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rat\u003c/a> have been circulating on Pinterest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps most notable is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=creepy%20sloth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">creepy sloth\u003c/a>, a tamer version of the viral \u003ca href=\"http://i3.kym-cdn.com/photos/images/facebook/000/505/179/2f0.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rape sloth\u003c/a> meme, which taps into\u003cb> \u003c/b>women’s fear of creeps as sexual predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many of us love to be creeped out. We line up to enter haunted houses on Halloween and pay to watch horror flicks. So why do people seek this out?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As long as we know that we are safe, the thrill of being in a scary movie or going through a haunted house comes from the opportunity to mentally rehearse strategies for dealing with potentially deadly situations should they arise,” says McAndrews. “We’re very adaptive to be drawn to such things!”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "You know that feeling of unease and discomfort? We break down why some things creep us out.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>‘Tis the season of creepiness and not just because of the election. Following a summer of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/10/24/the-creepy-clown-hysteria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">creepy clown hysteria\u003c/a>, the jokesters are threatening to rear their frizzy heads again tonight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes it an apt time to consider why certain things, like\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the original\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/31/us/creepy-clown-sightings-in-south-carolina-cause-a-frenzy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> clown “sightings” in South Carolina\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> creep us out. What makes us uncomfortable, sometimes even scared,\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>in situations and not others?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psychology professor Frank Andrew has been researching just why we get\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“creeped out” for\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>a book he’s writing on \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X16300320\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the nature of creepiness\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1111940\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1111940\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/giphy-2.gif\" alt=\"Most women have encountered that creepy guy who stands a little too close, smiles a bit too much and just won't let you escape the conversation. \" width=\"500\" height=\"437\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most women have encountered that creepy guy who stands a little too close, smiles a bit too much and just won’t let you escape the conversation. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"http://caseyrojas.tumblr.com/post/22455932201/its-cinco-de-mayo-gonna-bbq-with-our-best-friends\" target=\"_blank\">Casey Rojas/tumblr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I noticed all of a sudden how frequently the word was getting used,” says McAndrews. \u003c/span>His students at \u003ca href=\"http://www.knox.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Knox College\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>in Illinois would mention a person or a thing that ‘creeped them out’ and McAndrews got curious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I started asking them, ‘well what exactly do you mean by that?’ And I started hearing similar things from different people.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of their answers had one underlying theme, one unifying factor that made the person or situation creepy: the presence of an ambiguous threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not something frightening or strange, mind you. A killer on the loose is frightening — there’s no ambiguity in the potential danger there. And your nerdy, socially awkward cousin may be strange, but he’s harmless, and therefore not creepy. Creepiness is a function of uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X16300320\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a\u003cem> \u003c/em>paper\u003c/a> he wrote with undergraduate psychology student Sara Koehnke, McAndrews explains, “It is our belief that creepiness is anxiety aroused by the \u003cem>ambiguity\u003c/em> of whether there is something to fear or not, and/or by the ambiguity of the precise nature of the threat (e.g., sexual, physical violence, contamination, etc).”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the finding that creepiness is associated with ambiguity, they also discovered that certain occupations and hobbies are linked with creepiness. Also, that men are creepier than women and that women are more likely to perceive sexual threat from a “creepy” person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who’s That Creepy Guy at the Bar?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many women have encountered the dude who leans in uncomfortably close, invading their personal space while smirking ominously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If our creep detectors are out there to protect us from threats they’re gonna be especially sensitive to men being around because men are potentially more dangerous,” says McAndrews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1112054\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 301px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1112054\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Creepy-sloth.jpg\" alt=\"The creepy sloth meme.\" width=\"301\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Creepy-sloth.jpg 625w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Creepy-sloth-160x210.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Creepy-sloth-240x315.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Creepy-sloth-375x492.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Creepy-sloth-520x682.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The creepy sloth meme. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"http://www.quickmeme.com/meme/3tjsve\" target=\"_blank\">Quick meme\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, in the online survey McAndrews did, 95 percent of the\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>participants of both genders said that a creepy person is much more likely to be a man than a woman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And certain behaviors were deemed creepier than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When respondents to McAndrews’ survey were asked to imagine their friend met someone that he or she described as “creepy,” they had to rate the likelihood the person exhibited 44 different behaviors. Actions participants rate as “very likely to be a characteristic of a creepy person” included:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Standing too close to someone\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Smiling peculiarly\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Laughing at inappropriate times\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Not letting someone out of conversation\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Displaying unwanted sexual interest\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Asking to take pictures of people\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Having bulging eyes\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Having greasy hair\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Licking lips\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>And it should come as no surprise that certain occupations were considered creepier than others. Taxidermist, sex shop owner, funeral director and taxi driver made the top five. The creepiest job of all? Clowns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Creepy Things on the Interweb\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But humans aren’t the only ones that can be creepy. Zombies are especially creepy precisely because we don’t know what to make of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Zombies are creepier than ghosts,” McAndrew notes\u003cstrong>, “\u003c/strong>because it’s sort of an \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Uncanny Valley\u003c/a> kind of thing. They are human, or they were human, but are they alive or are they dead?” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Uncanny Valley refers to human replicas, like robots or dolls, that appear almost, but not quite, like real humans eliciting feelings of eeriness and revulsion among some observers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about the Hosts in \u003ca href=\"http://www.hbo.com/westworld/about/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HBO’s Westworld\u003c/a> — lifelike androids that exist to serve and please visitors to the Western theme park. And dolls have long held a creepy place in our imagination, from the Twilight Zone’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wb8PxjhwsDE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Talky Tina\u003c/a> to Child Play’s \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chucky_(Child%27s_Play)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chucky\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/wb8PxjhwsDE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/wb8PxjhwsDE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>However, dolls don’t pose a real life threat so why do many consider them creepy? McAndrew says it’s a different type of creepiness than the threat of creepiness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s the creepiness that involves threat and there’s the creepiness that’s just sort of troubling because you don’t know how to respond to the thing or categorize it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latter leaves you feeling uncomfortable and uneasy. But it’s not just androids, dolls and zombies. Certain animal photos online have started to take on creepy dimensions. Memes of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.relatably.com/m/img/creepy-animal-memes/513855f2137cf.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gorilla\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.relatably.com/m/img/creepy-animal-memes/8132335.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alpaca\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.relatably.com/m/img/creepy-animal-memes/that-amp-039-s-not-cute-it-amp-039-s-creepy_o_1294535.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rat\u003c/a> have been circulating on Pinterest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps most notable is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=creepy%20sloth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">creepy sloth\u003c/a>, a tamer version of the viral \u003ca href=\"http://i3.kym-cdn.com/photos/images/facebook/000/505/179/2f0.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rape sloth\u003c/a> meme, which taps into\u003cb> \u003c/b>women’s fear of creeps as sexual predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many of us love to be creeped out. We line up to enter haunted houses on Halloween and pay to watch horror flicks. So why do people seek this out?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As long as we know that we are safe, the thrill of being in a scary movie or going through a haunted house comes from the opportunity to mentally rehearse strategies for dealing with potentially deadly situations should they arise,” says McAndrews. “We’re very adaptive to be drawn to such things!”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Desalination's Future in California Is Clouded by Cost and Controversy",
"headTitle": "Desalination’s Future in California Is Clouded by Cost and Controversy | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>[audio src=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/11/Desal2GornWEB161031.mp3\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once thought to be the wave of the future, desalination is proving to be a tough sell in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of turning ocean water into drinking water has long held promise, but the dream of sticking a straw in the sea and getting unlimited clean water simply by opening the spigot of technology — that’s looking less and less likely here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scarcely a decade ago, when “desal” was relatively new to the state and optimism was high, there were 22 different proposals for plants up and down the California coast. Since then, Marin, Santa Cruz and other coastal cities have scrapped their plans. A tiny desal plant has been constructed in Sand City, north of Monterey, but only one significant project has been completed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s in Carlsbad, 30 miles north of San Diego, and it’s the \u003ca href=\"http://www.poseidonwater.com/carlsbad-desal-plant.html\">largest desal plant in the nation\u003c/a>, built and operated by Boston-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.poseidonwater.com/\">Poseidon Water.\u003c/a> Peter MacLaggan looks up at the giant building like it’s a monument to common sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t plan for the future and ensure you have an adequate supply,” says MacLaggan, a senior vice president with Poseidon, “you’re going to find yourself in a crisis that costs a lot more than if you plan ahead and do it right.”[edge_animation id=”19″ left=”auto”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says one of the reasons the San Diego area managed to get a desal plant built is because of its location at the tail end of the state’s water pipe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look at San Diego and where it’s located in the water supply system in California, it’s at the end of a very long plumbing system, 500 miles from its nearest source,” MacLaggan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That intensified the need for another water supply, he says. This plant supplies about 10% of the San Diego area’s water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_421307\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-421307\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2.jpg\" alt=\"The massive Carlsbad desalination plant is the biggest in the country, capable of supplying water to around 7 percent of the population of San Diego County--but has been cited several times for environmental violations.\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sprawling Carlsbad desalination plant is the nation’s largest. It’s been online for less than a year but has been cited several times for environmental violations. \u003ccite>(Adam Keigwin/Poseidon Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmental Costs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacLaggan and other proponents hold up Carlsbad as proof-positive that desal works. But just 60 miles up the coast from Carlsbad, you get a different view; \u003ca href=\"http://www.poseidonwater.com/huntington-beach-desalination-plant.html\">another one of these gigantic plants\u003c/a> is proposed for a white expanse of sand at Huntington Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ray Hiemstra says this spot is the poster child for why desal \u003cem>doesn’t\u003c/em> work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to kill marine life, pollute your water, increase your rates and most importantly we don’t need it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hiemstra works for \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastkeeper.org/\">Orange County Coastkeeper\u003c/a>, a South Coast environmental watchdog. He starts to run out of fingers as he enumerates all the other reasons to reject the plant proposed for Huntington Beach. There’s an active earthquake fault here. It’s in a tsunami zone. And its elevation is so low that rising seas might inundate the proposed site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the big problems with taking the salt out of seawater, says Hiemstra, is what to do with it after it’s removed; that highly concentrated brine typically goes back into the ocean. At Huntington Beach, you can see the outflow pipe just a thousand feet offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s right there,” he says, squinting and pointing at the surf line. “There’s a couple of surfers out there, right by it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1120579\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3197px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1120579\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr.jpg\" alt=\"The proposed Huntington Beach desal plant would use the outflow pipe from the AES power plant (background) to deposit salt residue, known as brine, back into the ocean.\" width=\"3197\" height=\"2359\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr.jpg 3197w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-160x118.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-800x590.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-768x567.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-1020x753.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-1920x1417.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-1180x871.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-960x708.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-240x177.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-375x277.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-520x384.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3197px) 100vw, 3197px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The proposed Huntington Beach desal plant would use the outflow pipe from the AES power plant (background) to deposit salt residue (known as brine) back into the ocean.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When you increase the level of salt in the water, he says, even diluted to low levels, it disrupts marine life all around that spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything that comes through here and realizes that brine plume and higher salinity, even a little bit higher salinity, it’s just going to move away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That area of less sea life and the water at the outfall can drift south, he says, affecting the food supply of the California least tern, a threatened bird living nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s another problem with putting water from a desal plant back in the ocean: it may have residue from the chemicals used to treat the water, such as chlorine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘There are some people who still hold onto it as the Holy Grail.’\u003ccite>Heather Cooley, Pacific Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Carlsbad plant isn’t even a year old but state officials have cited it a dozen times for environmental violations. That includes what they call “chronic toxicity,” from an unknown chemical used in water treatment that has been piped into the ocean. The company is still trying to identify, isolate and clean it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Expensive Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their severity, environmental concerns aren’t the main barrier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In general, one of the big challenges has really been the cost,” says Heather Cooley, an analyst with the \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a> in Oakland. The nonpartisan research group recently issued a \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/cost-alternative-water-supply-efficiency-options-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lengthy report\u003c/a> on the state of desalination in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the environmental cost is the actual price tag: the plant in Carlsbad cost $1 billion to build, with a rough estimate of $50 million a year for the power to run it. The estimated cost of the water to San Diego is about $2,300 dollars an acre-foot — more than double the cost most Southern California cities pay for water. (An acre-foot is enough water to supply one-to-two California households per year.) And ratepayers need to pony up for that water even during rainy seasons when the price of water from more traditional sources plummets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cooley says the expense is the main reason communities have turned away from desalination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As many of these projects sort of went through the process and started looking more seriously at the cost,” she says, “there started to be concern that that was too high, that there very likely were other options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those options include treating wastewater and putting it back into the water table, catching stormwater runoff, or simple conservation efforts. That’s the future most agencies are pursuing in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cooley says desal used to be high on the list of possible water sources, but now it’s closer to the last choice on the list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are some people who still hold onto it as the Holy Grail,” she says, “that thing you’re seeking that’s going to solve our problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, six years into the drought and counting, the demand for water sources is only liable to intensify. That could set the stage next year for yet another fight over approval for the Huntington Beach desal plant.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once thought to be the wave of the future, desalination is proving to be a tough sell in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of turning ocean water into drinking water has long held promise, but the dream of sticking a straw in the sea and getting unlimited clean water simply by opening the spigot of technology — that’s looking less and less likely here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scarcely a decade ago, when “desal” was relatively new to the state and optimism was high, there were 22 different proposals for plants up and down the California coast. Since then, Marin, Santa Cruz and other coastal cities have scrapped their plans. A tiny desal plant has been constructed in Sand City, north of Monterey, but only one significant project has been completed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s in Carlsbad, 30 miles north of San Diego, and it’s the \u003ca href=\"http://www.poseidonwater.com/carlsbad-desal-plant.html\">largest desal plant in the nation\u003c/a>, built and operated by Boston-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.poseidonwater.com/\">Poseidon Water.\u003c/a> Peter MacLaggan looks up at the giant building like it’s a monument to common sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you don’t plan for the future and ensure you have an adequate supply,” says MacLaggan, a senior vice president with Poseidon, “you’re going to find yourself in a crisis that costs a lot more than if you plan ahead and do it right.”[edge_animation id=”19″ left=”auto”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says one of the reasons the San Diego area managed to get a desal plant built is because of its location at the tail end of the state’s water pipe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look at San Diego and where it’s located in the water supply system in California, it’s at the end of a very long plumbing system, 500 miles from its nearest source,” MacLaggan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That intensified the need for another water supply, he says. This plant supplies about 10% of the San Diego area’s water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_421307\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-421307\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2.jpg\" alt=\"The massive Carlsbad desalination plant is the biggest in the country, capable of supplying water to around 7 percent of the population of San Diego County--but has been cited several times for environmental violations.\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/desal2-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sprawling Carlsbad desalination plant is the nation’s largest. It’s been online for less than a year but has been cited several times for environmental violations. \u003ccite>(Adam Keigwin/Poseidon Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmental Costs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MacLaggan and other proponents hold up Carlsbad as proof-positive that desal works. But just 60 miles up the coast from Carlsbad, you get a different view; \u003ca href=\"http://www.poseidonwater.com/huntington-beach-desalination-plant.html\">another one of these gigantic plants\u003c/a> is proposed for a white expanse of sand at Huntington Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ray Hiemstra says this spot is the poster child for why desal \u003cem>doesn’t\u003c/em> work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to kill marine life, pollute your water, increase your rates and most importantly we don’t need it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hiemstra works for \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastkeeper.org/\">Orange County Coastkeeper\u003c/a>, a South Coast environmental watchdog. He starts to run out of fingers as he enumerates all the other reasons to reject the plant proposed for Huntington Beach. There’s an active earthquake fault here. It’s in a tsunami zone. And its elevation is so low that rising seas might inundate the proposed site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the big problems with taking the salt out of seawater, says Hiemstra, is what to do with it after it’s removed; that highly concentrated brine typically goes back into the ocean. At Huntington Beach, you can see the outflow pipe just a thousand feet offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s right there,” he says, squinting and pointing at the surf line. “There’s a couple of surfers out there, right by it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1120579\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3197px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1120579\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr.jpg\" alt=\"The proposed Huntington Beach desal plant would use the outflow pipe from the AES power plant (background) to deposit salt residue, known as brine, back into the ocean.\" width=\"3197\" height=\"2359\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr.jpg 3197w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-160x118.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-800x590.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-768x567.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-1020x753.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-1920x1417.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-1180x871.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-960x708.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-240x177.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-375x277.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/IMG_3731corr-520x384.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3197px) 100vw, 3197px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The proposed Huntington Beach desal plant would use the outflow pipe from the AES power plant (background) to deposit salt residue (known as brine) back into the ocean.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When you increase the level of salt in the water, he says, even diluted to low levels, it disrupts marine life all around that spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything that comes through here and realizes that brine plume and higher salinity, even a little bit higher salinity, it’s just going to move away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That area of less sea life and the water at the outfall can drift south, he says, affecting the food supply of the California least tern, a threatened bird living nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s another problem with putting water from a desal plant back in the ocean: it may have residue from the chemicals used to treat the water, such as chlorine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘There are some people who still hold onto it as the Holy Grail.’\u003ccite>Heather Cooley, Pacific Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Carlsbad plant isn’t even a year old but state officials have cited it a dozen times for environmental violations. That includes what they call “chronic toxicity,” from an unknown chemical used in water treatment that has been piped into the ocean. The company is still trying to identify, isolate and clean it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Expensive Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their severity, environmental concerns aren’t the main barrier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In general, one of the big challenges has really been the cost,” says Heather Cooley, an analyst with the \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a> in Oakland. The nonpartisan research group recently issued a \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/publication/cost-alternative-water-supply-efficiency-options-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lengthy report\u003c/a> on the state of desalination in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the environmental cost is the actual price tag: the plant in Carlsbad cost $1 billion to build, with a rough estimate of $50 million a year for the power to run it. The estimated cost of the water to San Diego is about $2,300 dollars an acre-foot — more than double the cost most Southern California cities pay for water. (An acre-foot is enough water to supply one-to-two California households per year.) And ratepayers need to pony up for that water even during rainy seasons when the price of water from more traditional sources plummets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cooley says the expense is the main reason communities have turned away from desalination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As many of these projects sort of went through the process and started looking more seriously at the cost,” she says, “there started to be concern that that was too high, that there very likely were other options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those options include treating wastewater and putting it back into the water table, catching stormwater runoff, or simple conservation efforts. That’s the future most agencies are pursuing in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cooley says desal used to be high on the list of possible water sources, but now it’s closer to the last choice on the list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are some people who still hold onto it as the Holy Grail,” she says, “that thing you’re seeking that’s going to solve our problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, six years into the drought and counting, the demand for water sources is only liable to intensify. That could set the stage next year for yet another fight over approval for the Huntington Beach desal plant.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Blunt Trauma' Found in Rare Blue Whale Beaching",
"headTitle": "‘Blunt Trauma’ Found in Rare Blue Whale Beaching | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists are still seeking answers in the rare beaching of a blue whale in Northern California this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 65-foot male washed ashore Wednesday on Westmoor Beach in Daly City. On Thursday scientists dissected the carcass in an effort to determine what killed the endangered cetacean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About twenty scientists crowded around the carcass, about the length of one-and-a-half school buses. Barbie Halaska, from \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/education/marine-mammal-information/cetaceans/blue-whale.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, was one of those sawing into its thick flesh with a serrated knife to extract tissue samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually take the blubber pieces so it can be analyzed for contaminants, so it’s a really thorough way of finding out how deep the contaminants may go,” says Halaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1113255\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4917px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1113255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration.jpg\" alt=\"As the largest animals on Earth, they can reach 110 feet in length and weigh up to 330,000 pounds.\" width=\"4917\" height=\"1154\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration.jpg 4917w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-160x38.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-800x188.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-768x180.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-1020x239.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-1920x451.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-1180x277.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-960x225.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-240x56.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-375x88.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-520x122.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4917px) 100vw, 4917px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As the largest animals on Earth, blue whales can reach 110 feet in length and weigh up to 330,000 pounds. \u003ccite>(NOAA Fisheries)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some blubber samples were so heavy, it took two-person teams to haul them away with meat hooks. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> took pelvic bones and TMMC took tissue and blubber back to their respective labs for further analysis. The center will analyze the flesh for contaminants like DDT and flame retardants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the necropsy, the researchers discovered evidence of blunt trauma — multiple fractures to the base of the whale’s skull that could have come from colliding with a ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> says vessel strikes and “fisheries interactions” — like entanglement in fishing line — are primary threats facing blue whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marine Mammal Center says it may take months before it determines the exact cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1113262\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1113262 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1.jpg\" alt=\"Blue_whale_1\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The whale washed ashore upside down and its thick gray baleen is visible on its upper jaw in the left side of this photo. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1113264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1113264 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3.jpg\" alt=\"Blue_whale_3\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists will analyze chunks of the whale’s blubber for contaminants like flame retardants and DDT that are found in the open ocean. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1113263\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1113263 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2.jpg\" alt=\"Blue_whale_2\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the whale from a narrow dirt path above Westmoor Beach in Daly City. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The last time a blue whale washed up in the Bay Area was in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though their normal life span is largely unknown, blue whales are the world’s largest animals, sometimes growing to more than 100 feet in length. The mammals are largest in the Antarctic and are smaller off the U.S. West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TMMC says the whale that washed ashore Wednesday is a juvenile to sub-adult, i.e. a teenager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center reminds onlookers that it’s illegal to remove any part of the carcass under the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/laws/mmpa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Protection Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists say a ship strike could have killed the giant ocean mammal, but 'further analysis' is needed.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists are still seeking answers in the rare beaching of a blue whale in Northern California this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 65-foot male washed ashore Wednesday on Westmoor Beach in Daly City. On Thursday scientists dissected the carcass in an effort to determine what killed the endangered cetacean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About twenty scientists crowded around the carcass, about the length of one-and-a-half school buses. Barbie Halaska, from \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/education/marine-mammal-information/cetaceans/blue-whale.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, was one of those sawing into its thick flesh with a serrated knife to extract tissue samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually take the blubber pieces so it can be analyzed for contaminants, so it’s a really thorough way of finding out how deep the contaminants may go,” says Halaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1113255\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4917px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1113255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration.jpg\" alt=\"As the largest animals on Earth, they can reach 110 feet in length and weigh up to 330,000 pounds.\" width=\"4917\" height=\"1154\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration.jpg 4917w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-160x38.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-800x188.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-768x180.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-1020x239.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-1920x451.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-1180x277.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-960x225.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-240x56.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-375x88.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-520x122.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4917px) 100vw, 4917px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As the largest animals on Earth, blue whales can reach 110 feet in length and weigh up to 330,000 pounds. \u003ccite>(NOAA Fisheries)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some blubber samples were so heavy, it took two-person teams to haul them away with meat hooks. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> took pelvic bones and TMMC took tissue and blubber back to their respective labs for further analysis. The center will analyze the flesh for contaminants like DDT and flame retardants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the necropsy, the researchers discovered evidence of blunt trauma — multiple fractures to the base of the whale’s skull that could have come from colliding with a ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> says vessel strikes and “fisheries interactions” — like entanglement in fishing line — are primary threats facing blue whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marine Mammal Center says it may take months before it determines the exact cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1113262\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1113262 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1.jpg\" alt=\"Blue_whale_1\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The whale washed ashore upside down and its thick gray baleen is visible on its upper jaw in the left side of this photo. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1113264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1113264 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3.jpg\" alt=\"Blue_whale_3\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists will analyze chunks of the whale’s blubber for contaminants like flame retardants and DDT that are found in the open ocean. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1113263\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1113263 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2.jpg\" alt=\"Blue_whale_2\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the whale from a narrow dirt path above Westmoor Beach in Daly City. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The last time a blue whale washed up in the Bay Area was in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though their normal life span is largely unknown, blue whales are the world’s largest animals, sometimes growing to more than 100 feet in length. The mammals are largest in the Antarctic and are smaller off the U.S. West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TMMC says the whale that washed ashore Wednesday is a juvenile to sub-adult, i.e. a teenager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center reminds onlookers that it’s illegal to remove any part of the carcass under the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/laws/mmpa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Protection Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Europe's Mars Landing Ends in Crash -- But Not Total Failure",
"headTitle": "Europe’s Mars Landing Ends in Crash — But Not Total Failure | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On October 19, Europe’s Schiaparelli Mars landing mission culminated in an unexpected failure. According to images captured from orbit by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, it ended in a spectacular crash-landing and possible explosion. But despite the landing not going according to plan, there is reason to count Schiaparelli’s mission as a partial success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”PLy7nmPVz9j5TZXJuk4IQl0Ls7fz5K4b”]On the Mars-exploration side, since Schiaparelli did not deliver its small suite of scientific instruments safely to Mars’ surface, no Mars-related science was accomplished. These instruments were designed to function for a few days, taking measurements of the landing site in the dry sea-bed of the planet’s Meridiani Planum—but this was not the primary purpose of the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Schiaparelli lander is part of the European Space Agency’s bigger “\u003ca href=\"http://exploration.esa.int/mars/48088-mission-overview/\">ExoMars\u003c/a>” program that’s aimed at searching for signs of life on Mars. Schiaparelli’s main purpose was to \u003ca href=\"http://exploration.esa.int/mars/47852-entry-descent-and-landing-demonstrator-module/\">test landing systems technology\u003c/a> in preparation for a future mission, the ExoMars 2020 rover, slated for launch in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data collected during Schiaparelli’s descent before communications failed a minute prior to the planned landing \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/10/schiaparelli-landing-data-exomars-2020-rover/\">will provide valuable engineering data\u003c/a> toward improving the ExoMars 2020 rover’s landing systems. A successful landing would have been great of course, but we often learn more from our mistakes than our successes. The hope is that analysis of the data collected during descent may actually increase the 2020 rover’s chances of a successful landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1112300\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1112300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA.jpg\" alt=\"Artist depiction of the planned landing sequence of the Schiaparelli lander. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA-800x527.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA-768x506.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA-1020x672.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA-960x633.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA-240x158.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA-375x247.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA-520x343.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist depiction of the planned landing sequence of the Schiaparelli lander. \u003ccite>(ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schiaparelli was dropped from the \u003ca href=\"http://exploration.esa.int/mars/46475-trace-gas-orbiter/\">Trace Gas Orbiter\u003c/a> spacecraft.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The pair are the first of the series of missions in the ExoMars program\u003cem>,\u003c/em> a partnership between the European Space Agency and the Russian Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trace Gas Orbiter’s mission is to analyze the composition of Mars’ upper atmosphere and look for trace amounts of gases like methane that might indicate biological activity on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data relayed back to Earth from the Trace Gas Orbiter indicates that at least some of Schiaparelli’s landing systems functioned properly. The heat shield was ejected and the supersonic parachute was deployed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the parachute appears to have been ejected prematurely, and the six rockets responsible for slowing the lander through a gentle descent appear not to have fired for as long as they were supposed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/european-space-probe-lands-on-mars-schiaparelli-lander/\">Schiaparelli may have fallen\u003c/a> freely for a mile or two and hit the surface at over 180 miles per hour. Its fuel tanks, possibly still containing unspent fuel, may also have exploded on impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1112301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1112301\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires.jpg\" alt=\"Image with inset blow-ups of the Schiaparelli lander's impact area taken by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's HIRISE camera. Upper right: impact mark of the ejected heat shield. Lower left: the severed parachute. Upper middle: the lander's impact site. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"1101\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires-160x172.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires-800x860.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires-768x826.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires-1020x1097.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires-960x1032.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires-240x258.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires-375x403.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires-520x559.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image with inset blow-ups of the Schiaparelli lander’s impact area taken by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s HIRISE camera. Upper right: impact mark of the ejected heat shield. Lower left: the severed parachute. Upper middle: the lander’s impact site. \u003ccite>(MRO/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/science/2016/10/24/rip-schiaparelli-european-mars-landers-crash-site-seen-by-nasa-probe.html\">Images of the intended landing\u003c/a> site captured by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter appear to confirm the violent nature of Schiaparelli’s planet fall. The images show Schiaparelli’s severed parachute in one location, the impact site of its heat shield in another, and the dark burn-like smudge of the impact site of the lander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who’s Winning: Earth or Mars?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on how you keep score, out of a total of about 53 attempted missions to explore Mars since the early 1960s, about 30 can be written off as failures—including two or three that might be rated as at least partial successes. These include spacecraft that failed en route to or after arrival at Mars (20), as well as failures at the time of launch from Earth (10).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves a balance of around 23 successful missions. Of these, eight—two rovers and six orbiters — are in operation today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schiaparelli’s demise should be a reminder that sending spacecraft out to explore distant reaches of the solar system is a very risky venture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we should not lose sight of all that we have learned about places like Mars, even when less than half of the spacecraft accomplish their goals. If the ExoMars missions ultimately turn up what they are designed to look for—the existence of extraterrestrial life on Mars—then maybe history will count the Schiaparelli mission’s partial failure more on the partial success side of the score card.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On October 19, Europe's \"Schiaparelli\" Mars landing mission culminated in an unexpected failure—and according to images captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, a spectacular crash-landing and possible explosion. However, despite the landing not going according to plan, there is reason to count Schiaparelli mission as a partial success.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On October 19, Europe’s Schiaparelli Mars landing mission culminated in an unexpected failure. According to images captured from orbit by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, it ended in a spectacular crash-landing and possible explosion. But despite the landing not going according to plan, there is reason to count Schiaparelli’s mission as a partial success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>On the Mars-exploration side, since Schiaparelli did not deliver its small suite of scientific instruments safely to Mars’ surface, no Mars-related science was accomplished. These instruments were designed to function for a few days, taking measurements of the landing site in the dry sea-bed of the planet’s Meridiani Planum—but this was not the primary purpose of the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Schiaparelli lander is part of the European Space Agency’s bigger “\u003ca href=\"http://exploration.esa.int/mars/48088-mission-overview/\">ExoMars\u003c/a>” program that’s aimed at searching for signs of life on Mars. Schiaparelli’s main purpose was to \u003ca href=\"http://exploration.esa.int/mars/47852-entry-descent-and-landing-demonstrator-module/\">test landing systems technology\u003c/a> in preparation for a future mission, the ExoMars 2020 rover, slated for launch in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data collected during Schiaparelli’s descent before communications failed a minute prior to the planned landing \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/10/schiaparelli-landing-data-exomars-2020-rover/\">will provide valuable engineering data\u003c/a> toward improving the ExoMars 2020 rover’s landing systems. A successful landing would have been great of course, but we often learn more from our mistakes than our successes. The hope is that analysis of the data collected during descent may actually increase the 2020 rover’s chances of a successful landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1112300\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1112300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA.jpg\" alt=\"Artist depiction of the planned landing sequence of the Schiaparelli lander. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA-800x527.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA-768x506.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA-1020x672.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA-960x633.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA-240x158.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA-375x247.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/ExoMars-Schiaparelli-lander-ESA-520x343.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist depiction of the planned landing sequence of the Schiaparelli lander. \u003ccite>(ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schiaparelli was dropped from the \u003ca href=\"http://exploration.esa.int/mars/46475-trace-gas-orbiter/\">Trace Gas Orbiter\u003c/a> spacecraft.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The pair are the first of the series of missions in the ExoMars program\u003cem>,\u003c/em> a partnership between the European Space Agency and the Russian Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trace Gas Orbiter’s mission is to analyze the composition of Mars’ upper atmosphere and look for trace amounts of gases like methane that might indicate biological activity on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data relayed back to Earth from the Trace Gas Orbiter indicates that at least some of Schiaparelli’s landing systems functioned properly. The heat shield was ejected and the supersonic parachute was deployed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the parachute appears to have been ejected prematurely, and the six rockets responsible for slowing the lander through a gentle descent appear not to have fired for as long as they were supposed to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/european-space-probe-lands-on-mars-schiaparelli-lander/\">Schiaparelli may have fallen\u003c/a> freely for a mile or two and hit the surface at over 180 miles per hour. Its fuel tanks, possibly still containing unspent fuel, may also have exploded on impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1112301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1112301\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires.jpg\" alt=\"Image with inset blow-ups of the Schiaparelli lander's impact area taken by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's HIRISE camera. Upper right: impact mark of the ejected heat shield. Lower left: the severed parachute. Upper middle: the lander's impact site. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"1101\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires-160x172.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires-800x860.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires-768x826.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires-1020x1097.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires-960x1032.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires-240x258.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires-375x403.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PIA21131_hires-520x559.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image with inset blow-ups of the Schiaparelli lander’s impact area taken by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s HIRISE camera. Upper right: impact mark of the ejected heat shield. Lower left: the severed parachute. Upper middle: the lander’s impact site. \u003ccite>(MRO/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/science/2016/10/24/rip-schiaparelli-european-mars-landers-crash-site-seen-by-nasa-probe.html\">Images of the intended landing\u003c/a> site captured by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter appear to confirm the violent nature of Schiaparelli’s planet fall. The images show Schiaparelli’s severed parachute in one location, the impact site of its heat shield in another, and the dark burn-like smudge of the impact site of the lander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who’s Winning: Earth or Mars?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on how you keep score, out of a total of about 53 attempted missions to explore Mars since the early 1960s, about 30 can be written off as failures—including two or three that might be rated as at least partial successes. These include spacecraft that failed en route to or after arrival at Mars (20), as well as failures at the time of launch from Earth (10).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves a balance of around 23 successful missions. Of these, eight—two rovers and six orbiters — are in operation today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schiaparelli’s demise should be a reminder that sending spacecraft out to explore distant reaches of the solar system is a very risky venture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we should not lose sight of all that we have learned about places like Mars, even when less than half of the spacecraft accomplish their goals. If the ExoMars missions ultimately turn up what they are designed to look for—the existence of extraterrestrial life on Mars—then maybe history will count the Schiaparelli mission’s partial failure more on the partial success side of the score card.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"science-friday": {
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