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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Temperatures are rising \u003c/span>and forest fires, already larger and more frequent than the historical norm, are projected to increase dramatically with anthropogenic warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The way humans have used land in the Sierra has had more effect on fire behavior than climate change.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s the general consensus among scientists studying the relationship between fire activity and climate change in the Sierra Nevada. But a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/11/08/1609775113.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> released last week found an influence on past fire activity even greater than climate: human beings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1600, the way humans have used land in the Sierra has had more effect on fire behavior than climate change, said Valerie Trouet, associate professor of dendrochronology at the University of Arizona and lead coauthor of the study, published November 14 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This conclusion has profound implications for the future, when higher temperatures are predicted to intensify fire activity in California. Average annual temperatures in the western United States have already risen by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.9F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.1C\u003c/span>) since 1970. With every increase of \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.8F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1C\u003c/span>), the area burned annually in the Sierra Nevada is projected to increase by as much as 300 percent, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/impacts/infographic-wildfires-climate-change.html#.WDNGj9UrLcs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> by the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study about humans and fire, coauthored by Alan H. Taylor of Penn State, suggests that land managers and owners can affect fire behavior through activities that make forests more resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By changing land use, we can at least buffer some of the effects of climate change,” Trouet said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most useful tool to do that is fire itself, said Craig Thomas, conservation director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Forest Legacy\u003c/a>, a coalition focused on Sierra Nevada national forest issues. Using controlled fires to burn ground litter and small trees breaks the fuel continuity from the surface to the crowns of trees, where fire is more difficult to control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we take the advice of this paper, we are going to build a real fire program with crews dedicated to lighting managed fires across many different land ownerships,” said Thomas, cochair of a statewide multiparty \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/Resources/Community/PrescribedFire/FireMOUSigned.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnership\u003c/a> dedicated to increasing the use of fire to benefit natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The importance of human-fire interactions in the Sierra surprised Trouet, Taylor and their coauthors: Carl N. Skinner of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Forest Service in Redding and Scott L. Stephens of the University of California, Berkeley. They set out to determine which climatic cycles – the El Niño/La Niña cycle or the longer Pacific Decadal Oscillation – have governed the fire regime in California’s Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team used the fire history recorded in tree rings from 29 sites in the Sierra Nevada. They combined these with 20th-century records of annual areas burned, resulting in a fire index that spans from 1600 to last year. The scientists plotted this 415-year history against past environmental records of temperature and moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They expected the fire index to roughly follow the pattern of summer temperatures: a gradual rise with a sharp increase starting around 1980.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they found four periods, each around 55 years long, when the frequency and extent of forest fires clearly differed from the time interlude before or after. That led them to take a closer look at human activity over the entire era since 1600, focusing on whether human land use affected the amount of fuel available for fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest period in their study was a time when Native Americans used sophisticated burning techniques to improve hunting and prepare ground for agriculture. The result was a patchy network of burned areas that reduced the ground fuels, hindering the spread of fire, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire index nearly doubled with the transition to the Spanish-Mexican period (1769–1847). Once Spanish missionaries arrived, Native American populations declined precipitously. Half the native population in California estimated in 1769 had disappeared by 1845, the study states. Disease and death brought an end to the mosaic of burned and unburned areas Native Americans had created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the mission era fuels built up, exacerbated by the Spanish government’s ban on the use of fire. Fires grew larger and more frequent. This is the period where the study finds the closest correlation between fire activity and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Gold Rush introduced another dramatic change in Sierra Nevada fires. It wasn’t the miners themselves but the enormous influx of people, beginning in 1848, that reduced fire activity. The new settlers brought sheep and cattle, which grazed on the grasses and other plants that would normally have been fuel for forest fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes in human land use triggered a shift to lower fire activity that continued to 1904, when the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> government established a fire suppression policy on federal lands. Under the regime of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/Fire/Suppression/Suppression.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smokey Bear\u003c/a>,” fire activity dropped to its lowest level since 1600. Aided by sparse fuels and, after World War \u003cspan class=\"caps\">II\u003c/span>, more sophisticated fire detection and suppression techniques, fire activity remained well below what the study’s scientists predicted into the late 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That began to change in 1980. As the climate continued to warm, fire frequency increased once again. A century of accumulated forest fuels contributed to fire seasons that are now 78 days longer than in the 1970s, and an acreage of burned area that is expected to double by 2050. This trend is not expected to abate, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the climate is changing. It already has a strong influence on fire activity and will continue to,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fires of the future will not necessarily be like the fires of the past, said Taylor, the co-lead author of the study, which has the unwieldy title “Socioecological Transitions Trigger Fire Regime Shifts and Modulate Fire-Climate Interactions in the Sierra Nevada, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">USA\u003c/span>, 1600–2015 \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CE.\u003c/span>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fires of the past were mostly surface fires. “Today we see more canopy-killing fires,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the near-certain future of rising temperatures and increased fire activity, the study’s strong evidence of humans’ effects on fire behavior offers opportunities to change the type and intensity of future burns, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199414\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner.jpg\" alt=\"A U.S. Forest Service fire professional uses a drip torch to light a low-severity prescribed burn to reduce the fuel load in a mixed-conifer forest in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area in northern California. \" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A U.S. Forest Service fire professional uses a drip torch to light a low-severity prescribed burn to reduce the fuel load in a mixed-conifer forest in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area in northern California. \u003ccite>(C.N. Skinner/USFS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burning is one way to do that and needs to be emphasized, she said, adding, “Now we know that burning not only helps with fuel loads; it also helps to reduce the effects of climate on fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land managers are increasing their use of prescribed burns as agency officials and the general public understand their importance. But 150 years of low activity and suppression have left an enormous fire deficit, said Thomas. To maintain healthy forests, where flames char trees without widespread destruction, Sierra Nevada land managers need to burn 500,000 acres (200,000 hectares) every year, he said. Current managed ignitions total less than 40,000 acres (16,000 hectares) through California, Thomas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We desperately need to burn tens of thousands of acres on every forest in the Sierra Nevada – every year,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures are already “locked in,” said Trouet, and there is not much we can do about that for a number of decades. But by deepening our understanding of how humans affect fire regimes we can reach beyond suppression toward a sustainable system of fire management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“That is the foundation for the development of effective strategies to address the amplified fire effects expected with a warming climate,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/11/28/new-study-finds-surprising-culprit-drives-forest-fire-behavior\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A newly published study examined more than 400 years’ worth of information on wildfire behavior in the Sierra Nevada and compared it with temperature and moisture data. But it turned out that climate was not the biggest influencer of fire behavior.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Temperatures are rising \u003c/span>and forest fires, already larger and more frequent than the historical norm, are projected to increase dramatically with anthropogenic warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The way humans have used land in the Sierra has had more effect on fire behavior than climate change.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s the general consensus among scientists studying the relationship between fire activity and climate change in the Sierra Nevada. But a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/11/08/1609775113.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> released last week found an influence on past fire activity even greater than climate: human beings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1600, the way humans have used land in the Sierra has had more effect on fire behavior than climate change, said Valerie Trouet, associate professor of dendrochronology at the University of Arizona and lead coauthor of the study, published November 14 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This conclusion has profound implications for the future, when higher temperatures are predicted to intensify fire activity in California. Average annual temperatures in the western United States have already risen by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.9F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.1C\u003c/span>) since 1970. With every increase of \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.8F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1C\u003c/span>), the area burned annually in the Sierra Nevada is projected to increase by as much as 300 percent, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/impacts/infographic-wildfires-climate-change.html#.WDNGj9UrLcs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> by the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study about humans and fire, coauthored by Alan H. Taylor of Penn State, suggests that land managers and owners can affect fire behavior through activities that make forests more resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By changing land use, we can at least buffer some of the effects of climate change,” Trouet said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most useful tool to do that is fire itself, said Craig Thomas, conservation director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Forest Legacy\u003c/a>, a coalition focused on Sierra Nevada national forest issues. Using controlled fires to burn ground litter and small trees breaks the fuel continuity from the surface to the crowns of trees, where fire is more difficult to control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we take the advice of this paper, we are going to build a real fire program with crews dedicated to lighting managed fires across many different land ownerships,” said Thomas, cochair of a statewide multiparty \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/Resources/Community/PrescribedFire/FireMOUSigned.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnership\u003c/a> dedicated to increasing the use of fire to benefit natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The importance of human-fire interactions in the Sierra surprised Trouet, Taylor and their coauthors: Carl N. Skinner of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Forest Service in Redding and Scott L. Stephens of the University of California, Berkeley. They set out to determine which climatic cycles – the El Niño/La Niña cycle or the longer Pacific Decadal Oscillation – have governed the fire regime in California’s Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team used the fire history recorded in tree rings from 29 sites in the Sierra Nevada. They combined these with 20th-century records of annual areas burned, resulting in a fire index that spans from 1600 to last year. The scientists plotted this 415-year history against past environmental records of temperature and moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They expected the fire index to roughly follow the pattern of summer temperatures: a gradual rise with a sharp increase starting around 1980.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they found four periods, each around 55 years long, when the frequency and extent of forest fires clearly differed from the time interlude before or after. That led them to take a closer look at human activity over the entire era since 1600, focusing on whether human land use affected the amount of fuel available for fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest period in their study was a time when Native Americans used sophisticated burning techniques to improve hunting and prepare ground for agriculture. The result was a patchy network of burned areas that reduced the ground fuels, hindering the spread of fire, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire index nearly doubled with the transition to the Spanish-Mexican period (1769–1847). Once Spanish missionaries arrived, Native American populations declined precipitously. Half the native population in California estimated in 1769 had disappeared by 1845, the study states. Disease and death brought an end to the mosaic of burned and unburned areas Native Americans had created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the mission era fuels built up, exacerbated by the Spanish government’s ban on the use of fire. Fires grew larger and more frequent. This is the period where the study finds the closest correlation between fire activity and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Gold Rush introduced another dramatic change in Sierra Nevada fires. It wasn’t the miners themselves but the enormous influx of people, beginning in 1848, that reduced fire activity. The new settlers brought sheep and cattle, which grazed on the grasses and other plants that would normally have been fuel for forest fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes in human land use triggered a shift to lower fire activity that continued to 1904, when the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> government established a fire suppression policy on federal lands. Under the regime of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/Fire/Suppression/Suppression.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smokey Bear\u003c/a>,” fire activity dropped to its lowest level since 1600. Aided by sparse fuels and, after World War \u003cspan class=\"caps\">II\u003c/span>, more sophisticated fire detection and suppression techniques, fire activity remained well below what the study’s scientists predicted into the late 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That began to change in 1980. As the climate continued to warm, fire frequency increased once again. A century of accumulated forest fuels contributed to fire seasons that are now 78 days longer than in the 1970s, and an acreage of burned area that is expected to double by 2050. This trend is not expected to abate, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the climate is changing. It already has a strong influence on fire activity and will continue to,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fires of the future will not necessarily be like the fires of the past, said Taylor, the co-lead author of the study, which has the unwieldy title “Socioecological Transitions Trigger Fire Regime Shifts and Modulate Fire-Climate Interactions in the Sierra Nevada, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">USA\u003c/span>, 1600–2015 \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CE.\u003c/span>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fires of the past were mostly surface fires. “Today we see more canopy-killing fires,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the near-certain future of rising temperatures and increased fire activity, the study’s strong evidence of humans’ effects on fire behavior offers opportunities to change the type and intensity of future burns, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199414\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner.jpg\" alt=\"A U.S. Forest Service fire professional uses a drip torch to light a low-severity prescribed burn to reduce the fuel load in a mixed-conifer forest in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area in northern California. \" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A U.S. Forest Service fire professional uses a drip torch to light a low-severity prescribed burn to reduce the fuel load in a mixed-conifer forest in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area in northern California. \u003ccite>(C.N. Skinner/USFS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burning is one way to do that and needs to be emphasized, she said, adding, “Now we know that burning not only helps with fuel loads; it also helps to reduce the effects of climate on fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land managers are increasing their use of prescribed burns as agency officials and the general public understand their importance. But 150 years of low activity and suppression have left an enormous fire deficit, said Thomas. To maintain healthy forests, where flames char trees without widespread destruction, Sierra Nevada land managers need to burn 500,000 acres (200,000 hectares) every year, he said. Current managed ignitions total less than 40,000 acres (16,000 hectares) through California, Thomas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We desperately need to burn tens of thousands of acres on every forest in the Sierra Nevada – every year,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures are already “locked in,” said Trouet, and there is not much we can do about that for a number of decades. But by deepening our understanding of how humans affect fire regimes we can reach beyond suppression toward a sustainable system of fire management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“That is the foundation for the development of effective strategies to address the amplified fire effects expected with a warming climate,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/11/28/new-study-finds-surprising-culprit-drives-forest-fire-behavior\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The next generation of great space telescopes is heading into its final round of ground tests. The nearly $9 billion \u003ca href=\"http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> will replace the aging \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>. It’s designed to provide unprecedented images of the earliest stars and galaxies that formed in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before the telescope can get to work, there are still a lot of engineering challenges to overcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the Webb telescope is designed to look at the infrared wavelengths of light given off by stars. Infrared is needed to see some of the earliest stars and galaxies that formed billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to work properly, infrared telescopes have to be kept cold — very cold. So engineers had to design a multilayered sun shield to protect the telescope from the sun’s heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s like a big umbrella — beach umbrella — so, we keep that facing the sun and the Earth so it dissipates all the heat through all the layers,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/bego%25C3%25B1a-vila-b5b28742\">Begoña Vila\u003c/a>, an astrophysicist and systems engineer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, in Greenbelt, Md. “That allows all the instruments to cool to the temperatures that we need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the sun shield \u003cem>is\u003c/em> big, about the size of a tennis court, and for launch it has to fit into a much smaller space — about the size of a school bus. So engineers had to come up with a way to fold it up. They also had to design a way to fold up the main mirror, and several other critical instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199406\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199406\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's rendering of the James Webb Space Telescope. The telescope's silver, umbrella-shape heat shield will be the size of a tennis court, engineers say. It's crucial to keep cool the instruments that detect infrared light from distant stars. Northrop \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of the James Webb Space Telescope. The telescope’s silver, umbrella-shape heat shield will be the size of a tennis court, engineers say. It’s crucial to keep cool the instruments that detect infrared light from distant stars.\u003cbr>Northrop \u003ccite>(Grumman/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then, after launch, everything has to unfold in a carefully choreographed sequence of steps over two weeks. You can see that sequence in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bTxLAGchWnA\">video\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the steps are absolutely crucial. A failure would compromise the telescope’s functionality and could render it useless. For the army of scientists and engineers who have been working on the telescope for nearly two decades, the deployment phase will be nerve-wracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, I think that scares all of us,” says Vila. But there’s no way around it. “We do as much testing as we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Webb telescope has had a difficult history. It is over budget and behind schedule, and Congress nearly killed the project earlier in the decade. The telescope is scheduled to launch in October 2018. We should know later that year whether the engineering challenges were successfully cleared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Some+Assembly+Required%3A+New+Space+Telescope+Will+Take+Shape+After+Launch&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The next generation of great space telescopes is heading into its final round of ground tests. The nearly $9 billion \u003ca href=\"http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> will replace the aging \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>. It’s designed to provide unprecedented images of the earliest stars and galaxies that formed in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before the telescope can get to work, there are still a lot of engineering challenges to overcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the Webb telescope is designed to look at the infrared wavelengths of light given off by stars. Infrared is needed to see some of the earliest stars and galaxies that formed billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to work properly, infrared telescopes have to be kept cold — very cold. So engineers had to design a multilayered sun shield to protect the telescope from the sun’s heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s like a big umbrella — beach umbrella — so, we keep that facing the sun and the Earth so it dissipates all the heat through all the layers,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/bego%25C3%25B1a-vila-b5b28742\">Begoña Vila\u003c/a>, an astrophysicist and systems engineer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, in Greenbelt, Md. “That allows all the instruments to cool to the temperatures that we need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the sun shield \u003cem>is\u003c/em> big, about the size of a tennis court, and for launch it has to fit into a much smaller space — about the size of a school bus. So engineers had to come up with a way to fold it up. They also had to design a way to fold up the main mirror, and several other critical instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199406\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199406\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's rendering of the James Webb Space Telescope. The telescope's silver, umbrella-shape heat shield will be the size of a tennis court, engineers say. It's crucial to keep cool the instruments that detect infrared light from distant stars. Northrop \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Artist-rendering-space-telescope-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of the James Webb Space Telescope. The telescope’s silver, umbrella-shape heat shield will be the size of a tennis court, engineers say. It’s crucial to keep cool the instruments that detect infrared light from distant stars.\u003cbr>Northrop \u003ccite>(Grumman/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then, after launch, everything has to unfold in a carefully choreographed sequence of steps over two weeks. You can see that sequence in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bTxLAGchWnA\">video\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the steps are absolutely crucial. A failure would compromise the telescope’s functionality and could render it useless. For the army of scientists and engineers who have been working on the telescope for nearly two decades, the deployment phase will be nerve-wracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, I think that scares all of us,” says Vila. But there’s no way around it. “We do as much testing as we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Webb telescope has had a difficult history. It is over budget and behind schedule, and Congress nearly killed the project earlier in the decade. The telescope is scheduled to launch in October 2018. We should know later that year whether the engineering challenges were successfully cleared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Some+Assembly+Required%3A+New+Space+Telescope+Will+Take+Shape+After+Launch&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Black Friday Special: Free Entrance to 116 California State Parks",
"headTitle": "Black Friday Special: Free Entrance to 116 California State Parks | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Most people’s idea of roughing it on Black Friday is pitching a camp chair outside the nearest big-box retailer at 3 a.m. Some fun, huh?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this year, the California State Parks system and two environmental groups are offering free admission to dozens of state parks to encourage folks to step outside and enjoy the state’s natural wonders instead of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbsun.com/general-news/20131128/walmart-officials-comfortable-with-security-after-rialto-black-friday-brawl-sends-police-officer-to-hospital\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">duking it out \u003c/a>at the mall on one of the biggest shopping days of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1172256\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269.png\" alt=\"img_3269\" width=\"273\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269-160x284.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269-240x427.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269-375x667.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269-520x924.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 273px) 100vw, 273px\">On Black Friday last year (the day after Thanksgiving) outdoor retailer REI launched what’s becoming a nationwide movement with its \u003ca href=\"https://www.rei.com/opt-outside\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#OptOutside\u003c/a> campaign, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/how-rei-expanding-its-blockbuster-optoutside-campaign-2016-174232\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">award-winning promotion\u003c/a> in which the company closed stores nationwide and asked people to head outside to enjoy nature. The company even pays its staff to #OptOutside instead of coming to work. Dozens of businesses and non-profit organizations are participating this year, from groups like \u003ca href=\"http://www.girltrek.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GirlTrek\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.outdoorafro.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Outdoor Afro\u003c/a>, which are hosting events, to Subaru, which is providing vehicles so New Yorkers can take shelter dogs into nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that being outside makes our lives better,” said REI President and CEO Jerry Stritzke. While the rest of the world is fighting it out in the aisles, we’ll be spending our day a little differently. We’re choosing to opt outside, and want you to come with us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as that third piece of Thanksgiving pie makes its way through your bloodstream, you can grab free admission and parking to visit one of 116 participating California state parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But you have to reserve the pass and print it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a limited number of spots — 13,000 in total — and the number of passes available for each park varies based on the park’s capacity. A pass is good for one vehicle but you need the printed hard copy; electronic images on your smartphone won’t get you through the gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find participating state parks, reserve passes and print them out, visit \u003ca style=\"font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit\" href=\"http://www.greenfriday.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.greenfriday.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CAStateParks/status/798979577578192900\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All California state parks will be open the day after Thanksgiving regardless of whether you snag a free pass. Normal day-use fees apply — usually $6 to $15 per vehicle. You can check a full list of each park’s admission price \u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/737/files/Current_web_day%20use.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time that three organizations — the state parks, Save the Redwoods League and the California State Parks Foundation — are working together to provide free passes to state parks. Last year, California State Parks and Save the Redwoods League offered free entrance to 48 redwood parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone who participates in the day can take photos of themselves outdoors and post to social media using the hashtag #OptOutside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California State Parks is also using two other hashtags, #GreenFriday and #CAstateparks, on Twitter and Instagram.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most people’s idea of roughing it on Black Friday is pitching a camp chair outside the nearest big-box retailer at 3 a.m. Some fun, huh?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this year, the California State Parks system and two environmental groups are offering free admission to dozens of state parks to encourage folks to step outside and enjoy the state’s natural wonders instead of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbsun.com/general-news/20131128/walmart-officials-comfortable-with-security-after-rialto-black-friday-brawl-sends-police-officer-to-hospital\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">duking it out \u003c/a>at the mall on one of the biggest shopping days of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1172256\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269.png\" alt=\"img_3269\" width=\"273\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269-160x284.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269-240x427.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269-375x667.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3269-520x924.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 273px) 100vw, 273px\">On Black Friday last year (the day after Thanksgiving) outdoor retailer REI launched what’s becoming a nationwide movement with its \u003ca href=\"https://www.rei.com/opt-outside\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">#OptOutside\u003c/a> campaign, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/how-rei-expanding-its-blockbuster-optoutside-campaign-2016-174232\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">award-winning promotion\u003c/a> in which the company closed stores nationwide and asked people to head outside to enjoy nature. The company even pays its staff to #OptOutside instead of coming to work. Dozens of businesses and non-profit organizations are participating this year, from groups like \u003ca href=\"http://www.girltrek.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GirlTrek\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.outdoorafro.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Outdoor Afro\u003c/a>, which are hosting events, to Subaru, which is providing vehicles so New Yorkers can take shelter dogs into nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that being outside makes our lives better,” said REI President and CEO Jerry Stritzke. While the rest of the world is fighting it out in the aisles, we’ll be spending our day a little differently. We’re choosing to opt outside, and want you to come with us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as that third piece of Thanksgiving pie makes its way through your bloodstream, you can grab free admission and parking to visit one of 116 participating California state parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But you have to reserve the pass and print it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a limited number of spots — 13,000 in total — and the number of passes available for each park varies based on the park’s capacity. A pass is good for one vehicle but you need the printed hard copy; electronic images on your smartphone won’t get you through the gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find participating state parks, reserve passes and print them out, visit \u003ca style=\"font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit\" href=\"http://www.greenfriday.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.greenfriday.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>All California state parks will be open the day after Thanksgiving regardless of whether you snag a free pass. Normal day-use fees apply — usually $6 to $15 per vehicle. You can check a full list of each park’s admission price \u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/737/files/Current_web_day%20use.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time that three organizations — the state parks, Save the Redwoods League and the California State Parks Foundation — are working together to provide free passes to state parks. Last year, California State Parks and Save the Redwoods League offered free entrance to 48 redwood parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone who participates in the day can take photos of themselves outdoors and post to social media using the hashtag #OptOutside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California State Parks is also using two other hashtags, #GreenFriday and #CAstateparks, on Twitter and Instagram.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In Vallejo, Proposed Cement Mill Divides a Community",
"headTitle": "In Vallejo, Proposed Cement Mill Divides a Community | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From 1869 through 2004, the city of Vallejo was known as a mill town — milling flour, that is. The old General Mills plant once employed hundreds of workers, processing wheat grain into flour and shipping it all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the Napa River shoreline, Steve Bryan, the president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.orcem.com/vallejo_project.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orcem California\u003c/a>, points to the rotting dock pilings next to the defunct plant. “You can see it’s not a functional wharf today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could change soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cement company wants to turn the old flour mill in south Vallejo into a cement mill, and revive the silent bluff with ships, trains and trucks. The idea, first proposed in 2012, has found favor with out-of-work Vallejoans and some city officials, who like the company’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.timesheraldonline.com/article/NH/20160902/NEWS/160909942\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offer\u003c/a> to invest $1 million in local non-profits and the tax revenues the project is projected to generate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1167190\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1334px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1167190 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop.jpg\" alt=\"cement_desktop\" width=\"1334\" height=\"1075\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop.jpg 1334w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-1020x822.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-1180x951.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-960x774.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-240x193.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-375x302.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-520x419.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1334px) 100vw, 1334px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Teodros Hailye/ KQED Science \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1167191\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1167191 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile.jpg\" alt=\"cement_mobile\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-375x667.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-520x925.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Teodros Hailye/ KQED Science \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But many other locals, along with environmental groups inside and outside the city, warn that the development would harm their families and act as a Trojan horse for an even greater threat: coal exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making ‘Green Cement’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcem wants to grind iron slag shipped from Japan to make what they call \u003ca href=\"http://www.orcem.com/environmental.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">green cement\u003c/a>. Iron slag is a byproduct of steel production. The company says recycling it to make cement reduces energy and emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The product that it [iron slag] substitutes for is one of the highest emitters of CO2 and other air pollutants in the world,” says Bryan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a ship is berthed, a clam-shell crane would scoop iron slag onto a series of conveyor belts. The mill would grind it down into a chunky grey sand that would be transported off-site to cement plants. The iron slag would replace traditional ingredients in cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cement industry is one of the worlds largest producers of greenhouse gasses\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070714085318/http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/1IBetslPgkEie83rTa0J/cement-action-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">producing 5 percent\u003c/a> of global man-made carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcem is a subsidiary of the cement maker Ecocem Materials. The company would partner with Vallejo Marine Terminal, a subsidiary of Vortex Marine Construction, to completely revamp the old port into a modern terminal that would also be used to move materials like iron ore, steel coils and gypsum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmentalists Fear Smog, Noise, Traffic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many residents and environmental groups are unimpressed with Orcem’s green bona fides. They are lining up against the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No Orcem” signs are staked into many front yards throughout the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169772\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1169772\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_1192-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Protest signs are staked into many yards or pasted into windows throughout Vallejo. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protest signs are staked into many yards or pasted into windows throughout Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Residents worry about increased smog from trucks and idling ships. More than 200 trucks would come and go nearly everyday. That means a big rig would rumble by about every four minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air pollution released from the plant would be equivalent to adding 7,000 cars to the road annually. Locals worry dirty air could drift to an elementary school that’s a quarter of a mile away. Residents like LaDonna Williams voiced her concerns to the plant’s president at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLsN6icha9Y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">community meeting\u003c/a> earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I won’t be accepting you telling me that it’s ok that you’re going to come here with a cement plant,” says Williams. “We know we are going to have particulate matter. We’re going to have all the ships coming through. We’re going to have the trucks coming through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Coal Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the known impacts. But this story is also about an export that’s \u003ci>not\u003c/i> in the proposal… coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”R2Tol9t1bI1nydnGxDz9V3sAHBTXg1B7″]Locals don’t want to fight the same \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/06/24/coal-foes-win-major-victory-in-fight-to-block-oakland-terminal-exports/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">battle\u003c/a> their neighbors in Oakland just fought.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developers for a marine terminal planned for Oakland promised not to use it to export coal, but then they changed their tune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually the city banned coal, but the heated showdown makes Peter Brooks of \u003ca href=\"http://freshairvallejo.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fresh Air Vallejo\u003c/a> wary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They [Oakland residents] have told us repeatedly that they were promised, ‘Don’t worry there won’t be coal. Right now we are cautiously optimistic but we are not stupid,” says Brooks. “We know that plans change and we know that if this site opens up it is possible that they won’t keep their word.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vallejomarineterminal.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo Marine Terminal\u003c/a> has made a similar promise to locals but Brooks isn’t convinced they’ll keep it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club and Baykeeper \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofvallejo.net/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=2813223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">worry\u003c/a> about open train cars filled with coal because the coal dust could pollute every community and waterway along the tracks, and they worry it could boost Asia’s use of coal, worsening climate change. Plus, they’re concerned that inhaling coal dust can cause asthma, heart disease and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Money and Jobs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone shares those concerns. Hattie Smith-Mills says her neighborhood needs a boost. She lives less than a mile from the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nothing here,” says Smith-Mills. “When General Mills went away it was, like, dead in this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industrial projects like Orcem’s are high on the city’s list of key priorities. Vallejo’s strategic \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.vallejo.ca.us/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=38786\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> vows to “make Vallejo the Bay Area’s premier site for manufacturing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups agree the site should be redeveloped, but they would rather see a promenade with hotels, restaurants and shops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofvallejo.net/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=920686\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimate\u003c/a> the proposal would bring in about $150,000 the first year and ramp up to $500,000 in taxes and fees annually. Together, Orcem and Vallejo Marine Terminal also plan to hire up to 60 full time employees. The developers predict that more work will ripple out to the community for jobs like contract construction workers and gas station attendants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s good news for Antoine Terrell. He’s a local truck driver in south Vallejo, washing his big rig in his front yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169777\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_1245-e1479423614372.jpg\" alt=\"Antoine Terrell hopes Orcem will hire him for a full time job if the plant opens in his neighborhood in south Vallejo.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Antoine Terrell hopes Orcem will hire him for a full time job if the plant opens in his neighborhood in south Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In the neighborhood, there’s nothing but churches and liquor stores,” says Terrell.\u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials will have to weigh the environmental costs and the economic benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project faces its first test before the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.vallejo.ca.us/cms/One.aspx?portalId=13506&pageId=32613\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo Planning Commission\u003c/a> early next year. If it reaches the City Council, opponents speculate the vote could swing either way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan says it would be a shame to waste such a prime location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have a natural deep water berth, you have rail infrastructure in here and you’re less than a mile from the interstate — if you don’t do this for some type of logistics then you’re not getting the highest and best use,” he says.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "Orcem California wants to turn the old flour mill in south Vallejo into a cement mill. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From 1869 through 2004, the city of Vallejo was known as a mill town — milling flour, that is. The old General Mills plant once employed hundreds of workers, processing wheat grain into flour and shipping it all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the Napa River shoreline, Steve Bryan, the president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.orcem.com/vallejo_project.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orcem California\u003c/a>, points to the rotting dock pilings next to the defunct plant. “You can see it’s not a functional wharf today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could change soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cement company wants to turn the old flour mill in south Vallejo into a cement mill, and revive the silent bluff with ships, trains and trucks. The idea, first proposed in 2012, has found favor with out-of-work Vallejoans and some city officials, who like the company’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.timesheraldonline.com/article/NH/20160902/NEWS/160909942\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offer\u003c/a> to invest $1 million in local non-profits and the tax revenues the project is projected to generate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1167190\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1334px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1167190 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop.jpg\" alt=\"cement_desktop\" width=\"1334\" height=\"1075\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop.jpg 1334w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-1020x822.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-1180x951.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-960x774.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-240x193.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-375x302.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Desktop-520x419.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1334px) 100vw, 1334px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Teodros Hailye/ KQED Science \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1167191\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1167191 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile.jpg\" alt=\"cement_mobile\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-375x667.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Cement_Mobile-520x925.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Teodros Hailye/ KQED Science \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But many other locals, along with environmental groups inside and outside the city, warn that the development would harm their families and act as a Trojan horse for an even greater threat: coal exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making ‘Green Cement’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcem wants to grind iron slag shipped from Japan to make what they call \u003ca href=\"http://www.orcem.com/environmental.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">green cement\u003c/a>. Iron slag is a byproduct of steel production. The company says recycling it to make cement reduces energy and emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The product that it [iron slag] substitutes for is one of the highest emitters of CO2 and other air pollutants in the world,” says Bryan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a ship is berthed, a clam-shell crane would scoop iron slag onto a series of conveyor belts. The mill would grind it down into a chunky grey sand that would be transported off-site to cement plants. The iron slag would replace traditional ingredients in cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cement industry is one of the worlds largest producers of greenhouse gasses\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070714085318/http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/1IBetslPgkEie83rTa0J/cement-action-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">producing 5 percent\u003c/a> of global man-made carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcem is a subsidiary of the cement maker Ecocem Materials. The company would partner with Vallejo Marine Terminal, a subsidiary of Vortex Marine Construction, to completely revamp the old port into a modern terminal that would also be used to move materials like iron ore, steel coils and gypsum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmentalists Fear Smog, Noise, Traffic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many residents and environmental groups are unimpressed with Orcem’s green bona fides. They are lining up against the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No Orcem” signs are staked into many front yards throughout the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169772\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1169772\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_1192-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Protest signs are staked into many yards or pasted into windows throughout Vallejo. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protest signs are staked into many yards or pasted into windows throughout Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Residents worry about increased smog from trucks and idling ships. More than 200 trucks would come and go nearly everyday. That means a big rig would rumble by about every four minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air pollution released from the plant would be equivalent to adding 7,000 cars to the road annually. Locals worry dirty air could drift to an elementary school that’s a quarter of a mile away. Residents like LaDonna Williams voiced her concerns to the plant’s president at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLsN6icha9Y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">community meeting\u003c/a> earlier this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I won’t be accepting you telling me that it’s ok that you’re going to come here with a cement plant,” says Williams. “We know we are going to have particulate matter. We’re going to have all the ships coming through. We’re going to have the trucks coming through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Coal Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the known impacts. But this story is also about an export that’s \u003ci>not\u003c/i> in the proposal… coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Locals don’t want to fight the same \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/06/24/coal-foes-win-major-victory-in-fight-to-block-oakland-terminal-exports/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">battle\u003c/a> their neighbors in Oakland just fought.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developers for a marine terminal planned for Oakland promised not to use it to export coal, but then they changed their tune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually the city banned coal, but the heated showdown makes Peter Brooks of \u003ca href=\"http://freshairvallejo.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fresh Air Vallejo\u003c/a> wary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They [Oakland residents] have told us repeatedly that they were promised, ‘Don’t worry there won’t be coal. Right now we are cautiously optimistic but we are not stupid,” says Brooks. “We know that plans change and we know that if this site opens up it is possible that they won’t keep their word.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vallejomarineterminal.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo Marine Terminal\u003c/a> has made a similar promise to locals but Brooks isn’t convinced they’ll keep it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club and Baykeeper \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofvallejo.net/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=2813223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">worry\u003c/a> about open train cars filled with coal because the coal dust could pollute every community and waterway along the tracks, and they worry it could boost Asia’s use of coal, worsening climate change. Plus, they’re concerned that inhaling coal dust can cause asthma, heart disease and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Money and Jobs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone shares those concerns. Hattie Smith-Mills says her neighborhood needs a boost. She lives less than a mile from the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nothing here,” says Smith-Mills. “When General Mills went away it was, like, dead in this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industrial projects like Orcem’s are high on the city’s list of key priorities. Vallejo’s strategic \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.vallejo.ca.us/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=38786\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> vows to “make Vallejo the Bay Area’s premier site for manufacturing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups agree the site should be redeveloped, but they would rather see a promenade with hotels, restaurants and shops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofvallejo.net/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=920686\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimate\u003c/a> the proposal would bring in about $150,000 the first year and ramp up to $500,000 in taxes and fees annually. Together, Orcem and Vallejo Marine Terminal also plan to hire up to 60 full time employees. The developers predict that more work will ripple out to the community for jobs like contract construction workers and gas station attendants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s good news for Antoine Terrell. He’s a local truck driver in south Vallejo, washing his big rig in his front yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169777\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_1245-e1479423614372.jpg\" alt=\"Antoine Terrell hopes Orcem will hire him for a full time job if the plant opens in his neighborhood in south Vallejo.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Antoine Terrell hopes Orcem will hire him for a full time job if the plant opens in his neighborhood in south Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In the neighborhood, there’s nothing but churches and liquor stores,” says Terrell.\u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials will have to weigh the environmental costs and the economic benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project faces its first test before the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.vallejo.ca.us/cms/One.aspx?portalId=13506&pageId=32613\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo Planning Commission\u003c/a> early next year. If it reaches the City Council, opponents speculate the vote could swing either way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan says it would be a shame to waste such a prime location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have a natural deep water berth, you have rail infrastructure in here and you’re less than a mile from the interstate — if you don’t do this for some type of logistics then you’re not getting the highest and best use,” he says.\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump’s Pledge to ‘Open Up the Water’ for Valley Farms: Easier Said Than Done",
"headTitle": "Trump’s Pledge to ‘Open Up the Water’ for Valley Farms: Easier Said Than Done | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump might have trouble living up to one of his more sweeping campaign promises in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the stump in Fresno last May, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7wVjKgfd18\">made headlines\u003c/a> for declaring, “There is no drought” here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a bit unclear from his remarks whether he was voicing an opinion or simply reporting what some farmers told him at a pre-rally gathering. Either way, he was badly mistaken.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re gonna solve your water problem.’\u003ccite>Donald Trump\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Though conditions have improved over much of the state since then, about 73 percent of California remains in some level drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, and nearly 43 percent is still classified in “extreme” or “exceptional” drought, including much of the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Don’t Even Think About It’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Trump also made a pledge to the assembled crowd in Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re gonna solve your water problem,” he told the audience. “We’re gonna get it done and we’re gonna get it done quick. That one’s an easy one. Don’t even think about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear how much the candidate had thought about it as his comments displayed a blend of confidence and confusion. He expressed bewilderment at the current water allocation policies, which require that a certain volume of water remain in the rivers to protect the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a water problem that is so insane. And it’s so ridiculous, where they’re taking the water and shoving it out to sea,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I’m asking everybody, why, why, why, and nobody can explain why they do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, a lot of people could’ve explained that. About a thousand of them were gathered in Sacramento this week for the \u003ca href=\"http://scienceconf2016.deltacouncil.ca.gov/\">Bay-Delta Science Conference\u003c/a>, where scientists and policy makers meet every other year to review the latest research supporting the environmentally fragile Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was more sloganeering than fact, in the middle of the drought,” observed Jeff Mount, a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California. He says a certain amount of California’s river water must flow to the sea, to keep salt water from creeping in and contaminating both drinking water and farm land — especially during droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The share that went to the environment during the worst of the drought—2014 and 2015—was vanishingly small,” he recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Uphill Battle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear how high California’s water issues will actually rank on the Trump administration’s agenda, though anxiety rose in conservation circles last week when Trump gave a spot on his transition team to Devin Nunes, a San Joaquin Valley Republican congressman and vocal proponent of pumping more Delta water to farms. (Nunes \u003ca href=\"http://nunes.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=238316\">floated a “Turn on the Pumps” bill\u003c/a> in 2009 that failed in congress.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will be uphill for [Trump] to make big changes here,” suggests Jay Lund, who heads the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis. Like Mount, he’s a grizzled veteran of California water debates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of state law, state regulations that would have to be overcome,” says Lund. “I think pretty much anything that anyone wants to do is gonna get petty thoroughly vetted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says an executive order from the White House to suddenly crank up the pumps would violate both state and federal law, beginning with the federal Endangered Species Act, which relies on formal studies known as “biological opinions” to set protections for sensitive habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He could write it, but it would be illegal,” wrote Mount in an email to KQED. “It would be inconsistent with the biological opinions, and the President cannot unilaterally alter the BOs. The project operators would run the risk of civil (and in a different world) criminal penalties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says such an order would also run afoul of the Clean Water Act and California law, though in times of drought, even more fundamental laws apply to the distribution of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campaign promises are one thing, says Mount, but, “Now they have to govern, and the laws of physics apply to everyone equally.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump might have trouble living up to one of his more sweeping campaign promises in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the stump in Fresno last May, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7wVjKgfd18\">made headlines\u003c/a> for declaring, “There is no drought” here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a bit unclear from his remarks whether he was voicing an opinion or simply reporting what some farmers told him at a pre-rally gathering. Either way, he was badly mistaken.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re gonna solve your water problem.’\u003ccite>Donald Trump\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Though conditions have improved over much of the state since then, about 73 percent of California remains in some level drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>, and nearly 43 percent is still classified in “extreme” or “exceptional” drought, including much of the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Don’t Even Think About It’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Trump also made a pledge to the assembled crowd in Fresno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re gonna solve your water problem,” he told the audience. “We’re gonna get it done and we’re gonna get it done quick. That one’s an easy one. Don’t even think about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear how much the candidate had thought about it as his comments displayed a blend of confidence and confusion. He expressed bewilderment at the current water allocation policies, which require that a certain volume of water remain in the rivers to protect the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a water problem that is so insane. And it’s so ridiculous, where they’re taking the water and shoving it out to sea,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I’m asking everybody, why, why, why, and nobody can explain why they do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, a lot of people could’ve explained that. About a thousand of them were gathered in Sacramento this week for the \u003ca href=\"http://scienceconf2016.deltacouncil.ca.gov/\">Bay-Delta Science Conference\u003c/a>, where scientists and policy makers meet every other year to review the latest research supporting the environmentally fragile Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was more sloganeering than fact, in the middle of the drought,” observed Jeff Mount, a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California. He says a certain amount of California’s river water must flow to the sea, to keep salt water from creeping in and contaminating both drinking water and farm land — especially during droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The share that went to the environment during the worst of the drought—2014 and 2015—was vanishingly small,” he recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Uphill Battle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear how high California’s water issues will actually rank on the Trump administration’s agenda, though anxiety rose in conservation circles last week when Trump gave a spot on his transition team to Devin Nunes, a San Joaquin Valley Republican congressman and vocal proponent of pumping more Delta water to farms. (Nunes \u003ca href=\"http://nunes.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=238316\">floated a “Turn on the Pumps” bill\u003c/a> in 2009 that failed in congress.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will be uphill for [Trump] to make big changes here,” suggests Jay Lund, who heads the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis. Like Mount, he’s a grizzled veteran of California water debates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of state law, state regulations that would have to be overcome,” says Lund. “I think pretty much anything that anyone wants to do is gonna get petty thoroughly vetted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says an executive order from the White House to suddenly crank up the pumps would violate both state and federal law, beginning with the federal Endangered Species Act, which relies on formal studies known as “biological opinions” to set protections for sensitive habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He could write it, but it would be illegal,” wrote Mount in an email to KQED. “It would be inconsistent with the biological opinions, and the President cannot unilaterally alter the BOs. The project operators would run the risk of civil (and in a different world) criminal penalties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount says such an order would also run afoul of the Clean Water Act and California law, though in times of drought, even more fundamental laws apply to the distribution of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campaign promises are one thing, says Mount, but, “Now they have to govern, and the laws of physics apply to everyone equally.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought Kills 102 Million Trees",
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"content": "\u003cp>The California drought has killed more than 102 million trees in a die-off of forests that increases the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/06/18/dead-trees-pose-serious-fire-threat-despite-wet-winter/\">risk of catastrophic wildfires\u003c/a> and other threats to humans, officials said Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest aerial survey by the U.S. Forest Service shows there are 36 million more dead trees since May in the state and there has been a 100 percent increase since 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These dead and dying trees continue to elevate the risk of wildfire, complicate our efforts to respond safely and effectively to fires when they do occur and pose a host of threats to life and property,” U.S. Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has endured five years of drought marked by a record low \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/06/interactive-sierra-snowpack-highs-and-lows-over-13-years/\">mountain snowpack\u003c/a> and warm temperatures. The drought has left trees thirsty and prone to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/09/14/the-surprising-science-of-wildfires-and-tree-killing-beetles/\">infestation by bark beetles\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late last year, Gov. Jerry Brown formed a task force charged with finding ways to remove the trees that threaten motorists and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vilsack called on Congress to act, saying more federal funding goes toward fighting fires than forestry management, such as removing dead trees to improve forests’ health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials are pushing to turn more trees into lumber, burn them in energy plants or dispose of them in incinerators to eliminate them as fuel for wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1172516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1172516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut.jpg\" alt=\"It's not just remote forests: Monterey pines that succumbed to the drought, tagged for removal in a city park in Vallejo.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It’s not just remote forests: Monterey pines that succumbed to the drought, tagged for removal in a city park in Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some environmentalists argue, however, that a die-off is part of a healthy forest’s life-cycle. They favor leaving the trees that need to be cut down on the forest floor to decompose and serve as wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most dead trees are in the central and southern Sierra Nevada, officials say. However, they’re also beginning to find dead trees in Northern California counties such as Siskiyou, Modoc, Plumas and Lassen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More trees are expected to die into 2017, U.S. Forest Service officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People assume the tally amounts to too many dead trees, but fire suppression has created unnaturally green forests with far too little wildfire and dead trees, said Chad Hanson, a forest ecologist at Earth Island Institute’s John Muir Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want too much and we don’t want too little,” he said. “This is not too much.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California drought has killed more than 102 million trees in a die-off of forests that increases the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/06/18/dead-trees-pose-serious-fire-threat-despite-wet-winter/\">risk of catastrophic wildfires\u003c/a> and other threats to humans, officials said Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest aerial survey by the U.S. Forest Service shows there are 36 million more dead trees since May in the state and there has been a 100 percent increase since 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These dead and dying trees continue to elevate the risk of wildfire, complicate our efforts to respond safely and effectively to fires when they do occur and pose a host of threats to life and property,” U.S. Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has endured five years of drought marked by a record low \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/06/interactive-sierra-snowpack-highs-and-lows-over-13-years/\">mountain snowpack\u003c/a> and warm temperatures. The drought has left trees thirsty and prone to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/09/14/the-surprising-science-of-wildfires-and-tree-killing-beetles/\">infestation by bark beetles\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late last year, Gov. Jerry Brown formed a task force charged with finding ways to remove the trees that threaten motorists and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vilsack called on Congress to act, saying more federal funding goes toward fighting fires than forestry management, such as removing dead trees to improve forests’ health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials are pushing to turn more trees into lumber, burn them in energy plants or dispose of them in incinerators to eliminate them as fuel for wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1172516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1172516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut.jpg\" alt=\"It's not just remote forests: Monterey pines that succumbed to the drought, tagged for removal in a city park in Vallejo.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/RS17049_IMG_3730-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It’s not just remote forests: Monterey pines that succumbed to the drought, tagged for removal in a city park in Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some environmentalists argue, however, that a die-off is part of a healthy forest’s life-cycle. They favor leaving the trees that need to be cut down on the forest floor to decompose and serve as wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most dead trees are in the central and southern Sierra Nevada, officials say. However, they’re also beginning to find dead trees in Northern California counties such as Siskiyou, Modoc, Plumas and Lassen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More trees are expected to die into 2017, U.S. Forest Service officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People assume the tally amounts to too many dead trees, but fire suppression has created unnaturally green forests with far too little wildfire and dead trees, said Chad Hanson, a forest ecologist at Earth Island Institute’s John Muir Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want too much and we don’t want too little,” he said. “This is not too much.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Obama Blocks New Oil, Gas Drilling Off California",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Obama administration is blocking any new oil and gas drilling in the waters off the West Coast and in the Arctic Ocean. No new drilling rights will be offered for sale over the next five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups and some California lawmakers applauded the announcement, but urged the administration to take the protections a step further by implementing a permanent moratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/Five-Year-Program-2017-2022/\">blueprint for drilling\u003c/a> from 2017 to 2022 can be rewritten by President-elect Donald Trump, in a process that could take months or years. A moratorium would be more challenging for a Trump administration to undo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While today’s announcement is a helpful step forward to help keep fossil fuels in the ground for the next five years, President Obama should take the necessary next step, while he still has the power to do so, to permanently withdraw regions of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans from future drilling, and to take the same permanent actions on the Arctic,” said California congressman Jared Huffman (D-San Rafael).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been decades since new oil rigs have been drilled off the California coast. Today, more than two dozen rigs are located offshore. California has banned new oil drilling in state waters, which extend three-miles from shore. Oil drilling is also banned in \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/\">national marine sanctuaries\u003c/a> in federal waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A five-year offshore drilling plan announced on Friday blocks the planned sale of new oil and gas drilling rights in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas north of Alaska. The plan allows drilling to go forward in Alaska’s Cook Inlet southwest of Anchorage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blueprint for drilling from 2017 to 2022 can be rewritten by President-elect Donald Trump, in a process that could take months or years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides Cook Inlet, the plan also allows drilling in the Gulf of Mexico, long the center of U.S. offshore oil production. Ten of the 11 lease sales proposed in the five-year plan are in the Gulf, mostly off the coasts of Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas and Alabama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confirming a decision announced this spring, the five-year plan also bars drilling in the Atlantic Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plan focuses lease sales in the best places – those with the highest resource potential, lowest conflict and established infrastructure – and removes regions that are simply not right to lease,” said Interior Secretary Sally Jewell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the unique and challenging Arctic environment and industry’s declining interest in the area, forgoing lease sales in the Arctic is the right path forward,” Jewell said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry representatives reacted bitterly, calling the decision political and not supported by the facts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The arrogance of the decision is unfathomable, but unfortunately not surprising,” said Randall Luthi, president of the National Ocean Industries Association, an industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once again, we see the attitude that Washington knows best — an attitude that contributed to last week’s election results,” Luthi said, referring to Trump’s victory over Democrat Hillary Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 70 percent of Alaskans, including a majority of Alaska Natives, support offshore drilling, Luthi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s three Republican members of Congress also blasted the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Lisa Murkowski, R-Alaska, said she was “infuriated” that Obama “has once again ignored our voices to side with the factions who oppose” offshore drilling in Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Arctic development is one of the best ways to create jobs, generate revenues and refill the Trans-Alaska Pipeline,” said Murkowski, who chairs the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee. “Why the president is willing to send all of those benefits overseas is beyond explanation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fellow Republican Sen. Dan Sullivan said the Obama administration was “once again capitulating to the demands of extreme environmental groups over Alaskans and their fellow Americans who want good-paying jobs, energy independence and a strong economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For nearly eight years this administration has given lip service to an ‘all of the above energy strategy,’ when their actions say the opposite,” Sullivan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacqueline Savitz, senior vice president of Oceana, an environmental group, hailed the announcement and praised Obama and Jewell for “protecting our coasts from dirty and dangerous offshore drilling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement “demonstrates a commitment to prioritizing common sense, economics and science ahead of industry favoritism and politics as usual,” Savitz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 400 scientists signed a letter this summer urging Obama to eliminate the possibility of Arctic offshore drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science reporter \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/laurensommer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lauren Sommer\u003c/a> contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Obama administration is blocking any new oil and gas drilling in the waters off the West Coast and in the Arctic Ocean. No new drilling rights will be offered for sale over the next five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups and some California lawmakers applauded the announcement, but urged the administration to take the protections a step further by implementing a permanent moratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/Five-Year-Program-2017-2022/\">blueprint for drilling\u003c/a> from 2017 to 2022 can be rewritten by President-elect Donald Trump, in a process that could take months or years. A moratorium would be more challenging for a Trump administration to undo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While today’s announcement is a helpful step forward to help keep fossil fuels in the ground for the next five years, President Obama should take the necessary next step, while he still has the power to do so, to permanently withdraw regions of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans from future drilling, and to take the same permanent actions on the Arctic,” said California congressman Jared Huffman (D-San Rafael).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been decades since new oil rigs have been drilled off the California coast. Today, more than two dozen rigs are located offshore. California has banned new oil drilling in state waters, which extend three-miles from shore. Oil drilling is also banned in \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/\">national marine sanctuaries\u003c/a> in federal waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>An Oregon man who died after falling into a scalding Yellowstone National Park hot spring in June was looking for a place to “hot pot,” the forbidden practice of soaking in one of the park’s thermal features, officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sable Scott told investigators that she and her 23-year-old brother, Colin, left a boardwalk near Pork Chop Geyser and walked several hundred feet up a hill in search of “a place that they could potentially get into and soak,” Deputy Chief Ranger Lorant Veress \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2fulh4g\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told KULR-TV\u003c/a> in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169416\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169416\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322.jpg\" alt=\"An orange bacterial mat in Yellowstone National Park. Steam rises from a hot spring in the background.\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322.jpg 3264w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An orange bacterial mat in Yellowstone National Park. Steam rises from a hot spring in the background. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Sable Scott took video of her brother with her cellphone on June 7, he reached down to check the water temperature and slipped and fell into a thermal pool about 6 feet long, 4 feet wide and 10 feet deep, according to a National Park Service incident record first reported by KULR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park officials did not release the video or a description of it, but the report said it also chronicled Sable Scott’s efforts to rescue her brother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Search and rescue rangers spotted Colin Scott’s body floating in the pool the day of the accident, but a lightning storm prevented recovery, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, workers could not find any remains in the boiling, acidic water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In very short order, there was a significant amount of dissolving,” Veress said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report included images of several signs warning people of the dangers of the park’s geothermal features and of traveling off walkways in the area where Colin Scott died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service did not issue any citations in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott was on a college graduation trip with his sister at the time of his death, which came a day after six people were cited for walking off-trail at the park’s Grand Prismatic Spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A week later, a tourist from China was fined $1,000 for breaking through the fragile crust in the Mammoth Hot Springs area, apparently to collect water for medicinal purposes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An Oregon man who died after falling into a scalding Yellowstone National Park hot spring in June was looking for a place to “hot pot,” the forbidden practice of soaking in one of the park’s thermal features, officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sable Scott told investigators that she and her 23-year-old brother, Colin, left a boardwalk near Pork Chop Geyser and walked several hundred feet up a hill in search of “a place that they could potentially get into and soak,” Deputy Chief Ranger Lorant Veress \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2fulh4g\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told KULR-TV\u003c/a> in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1169416\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1169416\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322.jpg\" alt=\"An orange bacterial mat in Yellowstone National Park. Steam rises from a hot spring in the background.\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322.jpg 3264w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/IMG_3322-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An orange bacterial mat in Yellowstone National Park. Steam rises from a hot spring in the background. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Sable Scott took video of her brother with her cellphone on June 7, he reached down to check the water temperature and slipped and fell into a thermal pool about 6 feet long, 4 feet wide and 10 feet deep, according to a National Park Service incident record first reported by KULR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park officials did not release the video or a description of it, but the report said it also chronicled Sable Scott’s efforts to rescue her brother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Search and rescue rangers spotted Colin Scott’s body floating in the pool the day of the accident, but a lightning storm prevented recovery, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, workers could not find any remains in the boiling, acidic water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In very short order, there was a significant amount of dissolving,” Veress said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report included images of several signs warning people of the dangers of the park’s geothermal features and of traveling off walkways in the area where Colin Scott died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service did not issue any citations in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott was on a college graduation trip with his sister at the time of his death, which came a day after six people were cited for walking off-trail at the park’s Grand Prismatic Spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A week later, a tourist from China was fined $1,000 for breaking through the fragile crust in the Mammoth Hot Springs area, apparently to collect water for medicinal purposes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Hundreds of U.S. Businesses Urge Trump to Uphold Paris Climate Deal",
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"content": "\u003cp>Hundreds of businesses such as Starbucks, General Mills and Hewlett Packard are asking President-elect Donald Trump to follow through on U.S. commitments to combat climate change. They argue it’s good for business.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Trump has threatened to scrap the Paris agreement and invest in the “low carbon economy at home and abroad.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The group of more than 360 companies and investors made their plea \u003ca href=\"http://www.lowcarbonusa.org/\">in an open letter\u003c/a> to Trump, President Obama and members of Congress. They called on Trump to “continue U.S. participation in the Paris agreement,” which he has threatened to scrap, and invest in the “low carbon economy at home and abroad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signatories also include DuPont, eBay, Nike, Unilever, Levi Strauss & Co., and Hilton. They issued the letter Wednesday during a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/08/501194848/climate-conference-aims-to-put-paris-agreement-into-action\">major U.N. climate conference\u003c/a> in Marrakech, Morocco, where representatives of nearly 200 countries were gathered to hash out the details of the Paris climate deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As members of the U.S. business and investor community, they emphasized their “deep commitment to addressing climate change” and pledged to their part, “in our operations and beyond,” to meet the goals of the agreement to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Failure to build a low-carbon economy puts American prosperity at risk. But the right action now will create jobs and boost US competitiveness,” the letter states. “Implementing the Paris Agreement will enable and encourage businesses and investors to turn the billions of dollars in existing low-carbon investments into the trillions of dollars the world needs to bring clean energy and prosperity to all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. commitments to the Paris accord are voluntary, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/10/501481492/trump-has-a-chance-to-pull-u-s-out-of-climate-accord\">as NPR’s Christopher Joyce has reported\u003c/a>. He added that experts are concerned that the U.S. could walk away from the deal and gut Obama’s domestic climate change strategy. This could also discourage other countries from working to lower their own emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The new administration has created a huge amount of uncertainty, and that’s bad for business,” MIT management professor \u003ca href=\"https://www.marketplace.org/2016/11/17/sustainability/climate-change\">John Sterman told Marketplace\u003c/a>. “So staying the course on the U.S. commitments to reduce emissions, to follow through on our Paris commitment is essential to lower that uncertainty, give businesses the confidence to develop and implement strategies that are going to build advantage, lower risk, and lower their costs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has previously labeled climate change a hoax. In 2012, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/265895292191248385?lang=en\">he tweeted that it was\u003c/a> a concept “created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/265895292191248385\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/16/502175860/from-lobbyists-to-loyalists-see-whos-on-donald-trumps-transition-team\">As NPR has reported\u003c/a>, Trump has appointed Myron Ebell to lead the Environmental Protection Agency transition team. Ebell “directs environmental and energy policy at the Competitive Enterprise Institute and is a leading climate change skeptic. He opposes the Clean Power Plan, which is aimed at reducing carbon emissions, calling it illegal. He heads a group called the ‘Cooler Heads Coalition’ that questions ‘global warming alarmism.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter’s overall message suggests that in the business community, environmental groups might have what would seem to be an unlikely ally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Environmental groups have been left with the daunting prospect that, with a climate skeptic in the White House, they will need to look directly to corporations to assume the mantle of leading the country’s response to climate change,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/17/business/energy-environment/us-companies-to-trump-dont-abandon-global-climate-deal.html?_r=0\">as The New York Times reported\u003c/a>. “But without strict regulatory standards or oversight, companies will be left freer to pick and choose which climate-friendly policies to pursue, and which they will choose to ignore or abandon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Hundreds+Of+U.S.+Businesses+Urge+Trump+To+Uphold+Paris+Climate+Deal&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Hundreds of businesses such as Starbucks, General Mills and Hewlett Packard are asking President-elect Donald Trump to follow through on U.S. commitments to combat climate change. They argue it’s good for business.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Trump has threatened to scrap the Paris agreement and invest in the “low carbon economy at home and abroad.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The group of more than 360 companies and investors made their plea \u003ca href=\"http://www.lowcarbonusa.org/\">in an open letter\u003c/a> to Trump, President Obama and members of Congress. They called on Trump to “continue U.S. participation in the Paris agreement,” which he has threatened to scrap, and invest in the “low carbon economy at home and abroad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signatories also include DuPont, eBay, Nike, Unilever, Levi Strauss & Co., and Hilton. They issued the letter Wednesday during a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/08/501194848/climate-conference-aims-to-put-paris-agreement-into-action\">major U.N. climate conference\u003c/a> in Marrakech, Morocco, where representatives of nearly 200 countries were gathered to hash out the details of the Paris climate deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As members of the U.S. business and investor community, they emphasized their “deep commitment to addressing climate change” and pledged to their part, “in our operations and beyond,” to meet the goals of the agreement to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Failure to build a low-carbon economy puts American prosperity at risk. But the right action now will create jobs and boost US competitiveness,” the letter states. “Implementing the Paris Agreement will enable and encourage businesses and investors to turn the billions of dollars in existing low-carbon investments into the trillions of dollars the world needs to bring clean energy and prosperity to all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. commitments to the Paris accord are voluntary, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/10/501481492/trump-has-a-chance-to-pull-u-s-out-of-climate-accord\">as NPR’s Christopher Joyce has reported\u003c/a>. He added that experts are concerned that the U.S. could walk away from the deal and gut Obama’s domestic climate change strategy. This could also discourage other countries from working to lower their own emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The new administration has created a huge amount of uncertainty, and that’s bad for business,” MIT management professor \u003ca href=\"https://www.marketplace.org/2016/11/17/sustainability/climate-change\">John Sterman told Marketplace\u003c/a>. “So staying the course on the U.S. commitments to reduce emissions, to follow through on our Paris commitment is essential to lower that uncertainty, give businesses the confidence to develop and implement strategies that are going to build advantage, lower risk, and lower their costs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has previously labeled climate change a hoax. In 2012, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/265895292191248385?lang=en\">he tweeted that it was\u003c/a> a concept “created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/16/502175860/from-lobbyists-to-loyalists-see-whos-on-donald-trumps-transition-team\">As NPR has reported\u003c/a>, Trump has appointed Myron Ebell to lead the Environmental Protection Agency transition team. Ebell “directs environmental and energy policy at the Competitive Enterprise Institute and is a leading climate change skeptic. He opposes the Clean Power Plan, which is aimed at reducing carbon emissions, calling it illegal. He heads a group called the ‘Cooler Heads Coalition’ that questions ‘global warming alarmism.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter’s overall message suggests that in the business community, environmental groups might have what would seem to be an unlikely ally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Environmental groups have been left with the daunting prospect that, with a climate skeptic in the White House, they will need to look directly to corporations to assume the mantle of leading the country’s response to climate change,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/17/business/energy-environment/us-companies-to-trump-dont-abandon-global-climate-deal.html?_r=0\">as The New York Times reported\u003c/a>. “But without strict regulatory standards or oversight, companies will be left freer to pick and choose which climate-friendly policies to pursue, and which they will choose to ignore or abandon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Hundreds+Of+U.S.+Businesses+Urge+Trump+To+Uphold+Paris+Climate+Deal&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought on Colorado River Sparks Revolutionary Idea: Sharing Water",
"headTitle": "Drought on Colorado River Sparks Revolutionary Idea: Sharing Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Business as usual on the Colorado River may be about to come to a screeching halt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the worst recorded droughts in human history has stretched water supplies thin across the far-reaching river basin, which serves 40 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowhere is this more obvious than Lake Mead, which straddles the border of Arizona and Nevada. The water level in the country’s largest manmade reservoir has been plummeting; it’s now only 38 percent full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With an official water shortage imminent, Arizona, Nevada and California are taking matters into their own hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states are hammering out a voluntary agreement to cut their water use — an approach some consider revolutionary after so many decades of fighting and lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cooperation springs from self-preservation. If Lake Mead drops too low, the federal government could step in and reallocate the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Can we get through? Yes, but not the same way we got through the last 100 years.’\u003ccite>Pat Mulroy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At the same time, upper basin states like Colorado and Wyoming want to use more Colorado River water — something they’re legally entitled to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Colorado, Denver Water is in the final stages of seeking approval on a water storage project that would take more water out of the Colorado River. Wyoming is researching whether to store more water from the Green River, a Colorado tributary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah is discussing whether to build a pipeline to transport water from Lake Powell, the reservoir found up river from Lake Mead along the Utah-Arizona border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add in the likely impacts of climate change and how it’s affecting the Colorado River basin and you have an increasingly complex and challenging picture developing for the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pat Mulroy, a senior fellow at the William S. Boyd School of Law at the University of Nevada Las Vegas and a leading Western water expert, says the time for a new toolbox and ideas to approach water management has arrived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There won’t be any winners and losers,” Mulroy says, unless Colorado River states move beyond the fighting and lawsuits of the last century as they try to adapt to the next century. “There will only be losers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Upper Basin States Want More Storage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a silent miracle that delivers water every day to Denver Water’s 1.4 million customers. For decades, the Fraser River, a tributary of the Colorado River, has flowed through a manmade system of dams, diversions and tunnels beneath the Continental Divide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A critical linchpin sits just outside Boulder. Gross Reservoir is a man-made lake that provides reliable storage for Denver Water. Retired IBM workers Beverly Kurtz and Tim Guenthner live just out of eyesight from the reservoir. For Kurtz, that’s on purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s choking off a wild river which in my opinion is never a good thing,” Kurtz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1164303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1164303\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir.jpg\" alt=\"Beverly Kurtz and Tim Guenthner live near Gross Reservoir outside Boulder and oppose a reservoir expansion project. Denver Water is seeking to raise the dam behind them 131 feet.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1313\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-800x547.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-768x525.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-1020x698.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-1180x807.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-960x657.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-520x356.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beverly Kurtz and Tim Guenthner live near Gross Reservoir outside Boulder and oppose a reservoir expansion project. Denver Water is seeking to raise the dam behind them 131 feet. \u003ccite>(Grace Hood/CPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The couple have a new-found job in retirement. It’s fighting a proposed expansion to Gross Reservoir’s dam. Denver Water wants to raise the dam by 131 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t make sense to build a multi-million dollar dam and disrupt the environment here, when down the line,” Kurtz says. “That’s not going to solve the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that Colorado’s population is expected to nearly double by 2050. A carefully crafted water plan by Colorado’s top chiefs calls for 400,000 more acre feet of storage, and 400,000 additional acre feet of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denver Water CEO Jim Lochhead says more storage is an important part of the solution. It’s also an insurance policy against future drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From Denver Water’s perspective, if we can’t provide clean, reliable, sustainable water 100 years from now to our customers, we’re not doing our jobs,” says Lochhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the proposed expansion of Gross Reservoir, Denver Water took a new approach. The agency worked with environmental groups and Western Slope water interests on the Colorado River Cooperative Agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the effort involves Denver Water actively working on the Fraser River to narrow the stream channel and restore the river. If the agency gets the green light to expand Gross, it would be required to keep a formal relationship with environmental groups and local governments through the life of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/293230158″ params=”auto_play=false&hide_related=true&show_comments=false&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true” width=”100%” height=”300″ iframe=”true” /]But that expansion is still expected to decrease stream flows by about one half of what they are now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Wyoming, state engineer Pat Tyrrell says the state is studying whether to store more water from the Green River, another Colorado River tributary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel we have some room to grow. But we understand that growth comes with risk,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s risk because Wyoming could expand reservoirs with proper permits. In 10 or 20 years there may not be enough water to fill that storage — or deliver enough water to existing reservoirs like Lake Powell. Upper basin states have developed a contingency plan to make sure that happens in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Imbalance Between Supply and Demand\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What unites all water planners from Colorado down to California is the need for certainty. They need confidence there will be enough water to fuel population and agricultural growth. And there’s a huge new wildcard in the deck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change upsets all aspects of the water cycle,” says Brad Udall, Senior Water and Climate Scientist at the Colorado Water Institute at Colorado State University. He says hotter temperatures and drought make certainty a thing of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Lh4Bea3bDk0rRmssEqlXBdk5irZlMba8″]Udall says a 16-year drought has dramatically decreased water supply. This recent past could be indicative of what the future holds. He worries that flows across the basin could be reduced by as much as 20 percent by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that temperatures are going to go up,” Udall says. “We know the temperature increases will influence the river flows, and that influence is likely to be strongly downward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now users along the Colorado River face a critical juncture. Deputy Secretary of the Interior Michael Connor recognizes the stress that climate change could have on future water supply. He also understands how overallocated the river is now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The imbalance between supply and demand, is just going to increase over the next 50 years if we don’t have some very strategic plans that we put in place,” Connor says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lower Basin States Turn to Cooperation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Downstream, the imbalance between supply and demand is already a reality. With an historic water shortage on the horizon, California, Arizona and Nevada are working on a voluntary agreement to cut back water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are especially high in California, where Colorado River water has played a critical role in the state’s five year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been the reliable source of water for us,” says Jeffrey Kightlinger, manager of the Metropolitan Water District, a water wholesaler that serves 19 million people in Southern California, and major power player in California water policy. “We’ve been getting hardly anything from Northern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/293229143″ params=”auto_play=false&hide_related=true&show_comments=false&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true” width=”100%” height=”300″ iframe=”true” /]At least a quarter of Metropolitan’s water supply comes from the Colorado River, which is delivered through a 240-mile aqueduct that stretches to the Arizona border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That supply is reaching a crisis point. Lake Mead could drop so low in 2017, an unprecedented shortage could be declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’ll be a historic moment,” Kightlinger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona and Nevada would be forced to cut back on how much water they draw from the river. California wouldn’t be required to, because it has senior water rights. But if levels in Lake Mead keep dropping, the federal government could step in and reallocate the water, including California’s share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a last-ditch effort to avoid that, the three states are hashing out a voluntary agreement. Arizona and Nevada are considering deeper water cuts, if California agrees to cuts amounting to somewhere between five and eight percent of its supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all realize if we model the future and we build in climate change, we could be in a world of hurt if we do nothing,” says Kightlinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These negotiations would have been unthinkable just a decade ago, Kightlinger says. The three states have years of bad blood among them over the river. Most disagreements have been settled with lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some, that’s not easy to forget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know there’s a target on our back in Imperial Valley for the amount of water we use,” says farmer Steve Benson, checking on one of his alfalfa fields near the Mexican border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The valley produces two-thirds of the country’s vegetables in the winter. Its sole source of water is the Colorado River. Benson sees little reason to share it because the district has senior water rights that trump the rights of Metropolitan Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Other districts need to understand their place and their rights,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1164305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1164305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID.jpg\" alt=\"The Imperial Valley produces around two-thirds of the country’s vegetables in the winter, solely with Colorado River water.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1165\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-160x93.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-800x466.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-768x447.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1020x594.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1920x1118.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1180x687.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-960x559.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-240x140.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-375x218.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-520x303.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Imperial Valley produces around two-thirds of the country’s vegetables in the winter, solely with Colorado River water. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many farmers also say they’ve compromised enough already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, California used more than its legal share of the Colorado River and finally agreed to cut back in 2003. The Imperial Irrigation District was under pressure to transfer water to cities like San Diego to make the cutbacks possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was the single, hardest decision I have ever made in my life,” says Bruce Kuhn, who voted on the water transfer as a board member of the district. He cast the deciding vote to share the water, but it came at a personal price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It cost me some friends,” he reflects, still sighing at the memory. “I mean, we still talk but it isn’t the same.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kuhn may have to make that same call again, and soon. California’s plan to voluntarily give up water to avoid an emergency shortage will likely come up for a vote. The Imperial Irrigation District is considering the deal, but is looking for incentives like the ability to bank water in Lake Mead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Kightlinger of the Metropolitan Water District says it’s a tough conversation. “But if the Colorado River dries up, Imperial goes out of business. It’s in all our interest to solve this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some, the negotiations are sign of what’s to come on an increasingly-stressed river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can we get through?” asks UNLV’s Pat Mulroy. “Yes, but not the same way we got through the last 100 years. There’s a different set of interconnections and relationships that have to be forged. So it’s how we tackle the problem that has to change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Arizona Public Media and \u003ca href=\"http://beyondthemirage.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Beyond the Mirage\u003c/a> contributed audio to this story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/laurensommer/\" target=\"_blank\">Lauren Sommer\u003c/a>, KQED and \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpr.org/news/profile/grace-hood\" target=\"_blank\">Grace Hood\u003c/a>, CPR",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Business as usual on the Colorado River may be about to come to a screeching halt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the worst recorded droughts in human history has stretched water supplies thin across the far-reaching river basin, which serves 40 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowhere is this more obvious than Lake Mead, which straddles the border of Arizona and Nevada. The water level in the country’s largest manmade reservoir has been plummeting; it’s now only 38 percent full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With an official water shortage imminent, Arizona, Nevada and California are taking matters into their own hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states are hammering out a voluntary agreement to cut their water use — an approach some consider revolutionary after so many decades of fighting and lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cooperation springs from self-preservation. If Lake Mead drops too low, the federal government could step in and reallocate the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Can we get through? Yes, but not the same way we got through the last 100 years.’\u003ccite>Pat Mulroy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At the same time, upper basin states like Colorado and Wyoming want to use more Colorado River water — something they’re legally entitled to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Colorado, Denver Water is in the final stages of seeking approval on a water storage project that would take more water out of the Colorado River. Wyoming is researching whether to store more water from the Green River, a Colorado tributary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah is discussing whether to build a pipeline to transport water from Lake Powell, the reservoir found up river from Lake Mead along the Utah-Arizona border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add in the likely impacts of climate change and how it’s affecting the Colorado River basin and you have an increasingly complex and challenging picture developing for the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pat Mulroy, a senior fellow at the William S. Boyd School of Law at the University of Nevada Las Vegas and a leading Western water expert, says the time for a new toolbox and ideas to approach water management has arrived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There won’t be any winners and losers,” Mulroy says, unless Colorado River states move beyond the fighting and lawsuits of the last century as they try to adapt to the next century. “There will only be losers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Upper Basin States Want More Storage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a silent miracle that delivers water every day to Denver Water’s 1.4 million customers. For decades, the Fraser River, a tributary of the Colorado River, has flowed through a manmade system of dams, diversions and tunnels beneath the Continental Divide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A critical linchpin sits just outside Boulder. Gross Reservoir is a man-made lake that provides reliable storage for Denver Water. Retired IBM workers Beverly Kurtz and Tim Guenthner live just out of eyesight from the reservoir. For Kurtz, that’s on purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s choking off a wild river which in my opinion is never a good thing,” Kurtz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1164303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1164303\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir.jpg\" alt=\"Beverly Kurtz and Tim Guenthner live near Gross Reservoir outside Boulder and oppose a reservoir expansion project. Denver Water is seeking to raise the dam behind them 131 feet.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1313\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-800x547.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-768x525.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-1020x698.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-1180x807.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-960x657.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Gross-Reservoir-520x356.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beverly Kurtz and Tim Guenthner live near Gross Reservoir outside Boulder and oppose a reservoir expansion project. Denver Water is seeking to raise the dam behind them 131 feet. \u003ccite>(Grace Hood/CPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The couple have a new-found job in retirement. It’s fighting a proposed expansion to Gross Reservoir’s dam. Denver Water wants to raise the dam by 131 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t make sense to build a multi-million dollar dam and disrupt the environment here, when down the line,” Kurtz says. “That’s not going to solve the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that Colorado’s population is expected to nearly double by 2050. A carefully crafted water plan by Colorado’s top chiefs calls for 400,000 more acre feet of storage, and 400,000 additional acre feet of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denver Water CEO Jim Lochhead says more storage is an important part of the solution. It’s also an insurance policy against future drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From Denver Water’s perspective, if we can’t provide clean, reliable, sustainable water 100 years from now to our customers, we’re not doing our jobs,” says Lochhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the proposed expansion of Gross Reservoir, Denver Water took a new approach. The agency worked with environmental groups and Western Slope water interests on the Colorado River Cooperative Agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the effort involves Denver Water actively working on the Fraser River to narrow the stream channel and restore the river. If the agency gets the green light to expand Gross, it would be required to keep a formal relationship with environmental groups and local governments through the life of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”300″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/293230158″&visual=true&”auto_play=false&hide_related=true&show_comments=false&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/293230158″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But that expansion is still expected to decrease stream flows by about one half of what they are now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Wyoming, state engineer Pat Tyrrell says the state is studying whether to store more water from the Green River, another Colorado River tributary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel we have some room to grow. But we understand that growth comes with risk,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s risk because Wyoming could expand reservoirs with proper permits. In 10 or 20 years there may not be enough water to fill that storage — or deliver enough water to existing reservoirs like Lake Powell. Upper basin states have developed a contingency plan to make sure that happens in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Imbalance Between Supply and Demand\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What unites all water planners from Colorado down to California is the need for certainty. They need confidence there will be enough water to fuel population and agricultural growth. And there’s a huge new wildcard in the deck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change upsets all aspects of the water cycle,” says Brad Udall, Senior Water and Climate Scientist at the Colorado Water Institute at Colorado State University. He says hotter temperatures and drought make certainty a thing of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Udall says a 16-year drought has dramatically decreased water supply. This recent past could be indicative of what the future holds. He worries that flows across the basin could be reduced by as much as 20 percent by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that temperatures are going to go up,” Udall says. “We know the temperature increases will influence the river flows, and that influence is likely to be strongly downward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now users along the Colorado River face a critical juncture. Deputy Secretary of the Interior Michael Connor recognizes the stress that climate change could have on future water supply. He also understands how overallocated the river is now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The imbalance between supply and demand, is just going to increase over the next 50 years if we don’t have some very strategic plans that we put in place,” Connor says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lower Basin States Turn to Cooperation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Downstream, the imbalance between supply and demand is already a reality. With an historic water shortage on the horizon, California, Arizona and Nevada are working on a voluntary agreement to cut back water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are especially high in California, where Colorado River water has played a critical role in the state’s five year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been the reliable source of water for us,” says Jeffrey Kightlinger, manager of the Metropolitan Water District, a water wholesaler that serves 19 million people in Southern California, and major power player in California water policy. “We’ve been getting hardly anything from Northern California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”300″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/293229143″&visual=true&”auto_play=false&hide_related=true&show_comments=false&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/293229143″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>At least a quarter of Metropolitan’s water supply comes from the Colorado River, which is delivered through a 240-mile aqueduct that stretches to the Arizona border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That supply is reaching a crisis point. Lake Mead could drop so low in 2017, an unprecedented shortage could be declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’ll be a historic moment,” Kightlinger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona and Nevada would be forced to cut back on how much water they draw from the river. California wouldn’t be required to, because it has senior water rights. But if levels in Lake Mead keep dropping, the federal government could step in and reallocate the water, including California’s share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a last-ditch effort to avoid that, the three states are hashing out a voluntary agreement. Arizona and Nevada are considering deeper water cuts, if California agrees to cuts amounting to somewhere between five and eight percent of its supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all realize if we model the future and we build in climate change, we could be in a world of hurt if we do nothing,” says Kightlinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These negotiations would have been unthinkable just a decade ago, Kightlinger says. The three states have years of bad blood among them over the river. Most disagreements have been settled with lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some, that’s not easy to forget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know there’s a target on our back in Imperial Valley for the amount of water we use,” says farmer Steve Benson, checking on one of his alfalfa fields near the Mexican border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The valley produces two-thirds of the country’s vegetables in the winter. Its sole source of water is the Colorado River. Benson sees little reason to share it because the district has senior water rights that trump the rights of Metropolitan Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Other districts need to understand their place and their rights,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1164305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1164305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID.jpg\" alt=\"The Imperial Valley produces around two-thirds of the country’s vegetables in the winter, solely with Colorado River water.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1165\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-160x93.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-800x466.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-768x447.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1020x594.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1920x1118.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-1180x687.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-960x559.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-240x140.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-375x218.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Sommer-IID-520x303.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Imperial Valley produces around two-thirds of the country’s vegetables in the winter, solely with Colorado River water. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many farmers also say they’ve compromised enough already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, California used more than its legal share of the Colorado River and finally agreed to cut back in 2003. The Imperial Irrigation District was under pressure to transfer water to cities like San Diego to make the cutbacks possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was the single, hardest decision I have ever made in my life,” says Bruce Kuhn, who voted on the water transfer as a board member of the district. He cast the deciding vote to share the water, but it came at a personal price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It cost me some friends,” he reflects, still sighing at the memory. “I mean, we still talk but it isn’t the same.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kuhn may have to make that same call again, and soon. California’s plan to voluntarily give up water to avoid an emergency shortage will likely come up for a vote. The Imperial Irrigation District is considering the deal, but is looking for incentives like the ability to bank water in Lake Mead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Kightlinger of the Metropolitan Water District says it’s a tough conversation. “But if the Colorado River dries up, Imperial goes out of business. It’s in all our interest to solve this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some, the negotiations are sign of what’s to come on an increasingly-stressed river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can we get through?” asks UNLV’s Pat Mulroy. “Yes, but not the same way we got through the last 100 years. There’s a different set of interconnections and relationships that have to be forged. So it’s how we tackle the problem that has to change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Arizona Public Media and \u003ca href=\"http://beyondthemirage.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Beyond the Mirage\u003c/a> contributed audio to this story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How a Sound Guru Got From Synthesizers to the Music of Nature",
"headTitle": "How a Sound Guru Got From Synthesizers to the Music of Nature | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Tonight, KQED begins airing the new television documentary series, \u003ca href=\"http://soundbreaking.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Soundbreaking\u003c/a>, which explores the breakthroughs that changed music recording through the decades.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electronic instruments have been around since at least 1919, when Leon Theremin introduced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5qf9O6c20o\">weird-sounding box\u003c/a> that became a staple of mid-century sci-fi movies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, mainstream electronic companies like RCA began to experiment with synthesized sound machines, powered by hundreds of vacuum tubes. But it was the advent of cheap transistors in the 1960s that a few entrepreneurs seized upon to make electronic synthesizers practical for studio recording — principally \u003ca href=\"https://www.moogmusic.com/legacy\">Robert Moog in New York\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/2016/09/16/don-buchla-influential-synthesizer-designer-dead-at-79/\">Don Buchla in Berkeley\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We were able to do things we were never able to do before.’\u003ccite>Bernie Krause\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“What Moog and Buchla did, kind of independently, is put all of these ideas into one box,” says Geeta Dayal, who has \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoriginalsoundtrack.com/about/comment-page-1/\">written extensively\u003c/a> on the history of electronic music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But getting that box (or boxes, since early synths came in multiple “modules”) into recording studios was a leap that required a different kind of visionary, like Bernie Krause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Electro-evangelists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes\u003cem>,\u003c/em> as in\u003cem> Doctor \u003c/em>Bernie Krause, best known today as the dean of the emerging field of \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/10/16/listen-as-a-california-forest-grows-quiet-over-time/\">soundscape ecology\u003c/a>, and one of the chief curators of \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildsanctuary.com/\">nature’s own music\u003c/a>. Few today remember that he also played a seminal role ushering in the synthesizer age. Krause and his music partner, Paul Beaver, turned out to be pioneers in the musical genre that we now call “electronica.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1152728\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1152728 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Bernie Krause and his creative partner, Paul Beaver, were key players in introducing the Moog synthesizer to pop music in the late 1960s.\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1195\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy.jpg 1800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-1180x783.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-960x637.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bernie Krause (foreground) and his creative partner, Paul Beaver, were key players in introducing the Moog synthesizer to pop music in the late 1960s. \u003ccite>(Bernie Krause/Wild Sanctuary)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was the 1960s and Robert Moog had barely rolled out his first \u003ca href=\"https://www.moogmusic.com/legacy/moog-product-timeline\">electronic synths\u003c/a> — unwieldy modules that looked more like telephone switchboards than musical instruments. But by \u003ca href=\"http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/audio-music/synthesizer4.htm\">manipulating the voltage and other factors\u003c/a> that shape sound waves, these boxes could produce literally unheard-of effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beaver and Krause, who was then an underemployed session guitarist, scraped together $15,000 to buy their own Moog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time that we patched a cord from one hole into another, we got a result that was intriguing, and in some cases, really pretty incredible,” says Krause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9w7TmtIjOHI]”We were able to do things we were never able to do before by writing music in the traditional way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But converts were hard to come by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We tried every single producer in Hollywood and record companies,” recalls Krause. “We had a hundred rejections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Breakthrough at Monterey\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breakthrough came at the legendary \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNrygTqx0FA\">Monterey Pop Festival\u003c/a> in 1967, when the two partners used the last of their savings to set up a demo booth for their synth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big-name artists and producers were wowed. Beaver and Krause soon had their own recording contract with Elektra’s Nonesuch label. Synths were so new, though, that that first LP was actually billed as a “Guide to Electronic Music,” complete with an instruction manual for aspiring synthesists.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It was a wide-open playground for new ideas.’\u003ccite>Joel Selvin, music critic\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Almost overnight, synthesized recordings like Wendy Carlos’ “Switched-On Bach” were charting and getting radio airplay, but Beaver and Krause stayed true to their vision, which was more about testing the synth’s limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Beaver and Krause operated on the margins of the recording industry,” says Joel Selvin. He was the San Francisco Chronicle’s pop music critic from 1970 to 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their records were experimental, not classifiable, not geared for radio airplay or any real obvious place in the commercial market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Back to Nature\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take “In a Wild Sanctuary,” a 1971 album that combined two polar opposites: totally synthesized music and actual nature recordings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was the first album on the theme of ecology, and the first album ever to use natural soundscapes as part of the orchestration,” recalls Krause, “which meant that Paul and I had to go out into the field and record some sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krause headed for the redwood groves of Muir Woods with his microphones. There he discovered his ultimate passion: recording natural soundscapes and assessing their role in the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he also had to make a living, so he went to work as a sales rep for Moog. The machines were so ponderous at that time that Krause ended up setting them up and doing sessions for A-list recording artists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were too stoned to play them,” he says. “They couldn’t figure out how to patch one hole to another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krause worked with a Who’s Who of the rock era, from the Byrds and Beatles to Stevie Wonder and Frank Zappa. When Jim Morrison decided to alter his voice on the Doors’ second album, “Strange Days,” that was Krause running his voice through a synth. These were strange days in the studio, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People were really looking for a new sound,” says Dayal, who reflects that synthesizers offered an “endless palette” of possibilities. The pop world was ready for the synthesizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a wide-open playground for new ideas,” recalls Selvin. “And it did get rapidly accepted but of course they just left Beaver and Krause behind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ride of the Valkyries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, not entirely. You can still hear echoes of Krause’s early work in classic and cult films, too. The \u003ca href=\"http://<iframe%20width=%22640%22%20height=%22360%22%20src=%22https://www.youtube.com/embed/g6gcz4hdLA8%22%20frameborder=%220%22%20allowfullscreen></iframe>\">signature scene\u003c/a> from Francis Ford Coppola’s Vietnam War epic, Apocalypse Now, opens with helicopter-evoking pulses that started on Krause’s Moog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6gcz4hdLA8&w=640&h=360]It was the last of 135 films that bear Krause’s fingerprints. Paul Beaver died while performing onstage in 1975. And Krause soon became exasperated with Hollywood . He went back to school, got his doctorate and has devoted the rest of his life to “The Great Animal Orchestra,” as his recent book is entitled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krause didn’t leave music behind. He just found it in new places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His close relationship with Beatles producer Sir George Martin lasted until Martin’s recent death. At one point, Martin \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=feexRcCHh3k\">went into the field with Krause\u003c/a> for a program aired on the BBC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a whim in 1988, Krause couldn’t resist producing an album of music composed entirely of animal and nature sounds. He called it, “Gorillas in the Mix,” a play on \u003cspan class=\"st\">Dian Fossey\u003c/span>‘s study of mountain gorillas in Rwanda (which Krause had also recorded by that time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1152965\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 702px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1152965 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK_SEKI_SycamoreLookup.jpg\" alt=\"Bernie Krause recording soundscapes at Sycamore Springs, Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park.\" width=\"702\" height=\"469\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK_SEKI_SycamoreLookup.jpg 702w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK_SEKI_SycamoreLookup-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK_SEKI_SycamoreLookup-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK_SEKI_SycamoreLookup-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK_SEKI_SycamoreLookup-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 702px) 100vw, 702px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bernie Krause recording soundscapes at Sycamore Springs, Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park in 2000. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even today, in an age when software allows almost any kind of sound manipulation, Dayal says younger performers are starting to rediscover the original synths, making them “coveted collectors’ items.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Using a slick iPad app just doesn’t compare,” she says. “People want that kind of intimacy with technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayal says many artists yearn for a more tactile experience with their tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And they just look so cool, you know, with wires everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced in collaboration with KQED Arts for the series \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/into-the-mix/\">Into the Mix\u003c/a>, where you’ll find more Bay Area connections to the evolution of sound recording.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A previous version of this post misidentified Nonesuch as a subsidiary label of Warner Bros.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Bernie Krause is widely known for his seminal work in the emerging field of natural soundscape ecology -- but he was also a pioneer in the music form we've come to call electronica.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Tonight, KQED begins airing the new television documentary series, \u003ca href=\"http://soundbreaking.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Soundbreaking\u003c/a>, which explores the breakthroughs that changed music recording through the decades.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electronic instruments have been around since at least 1919, when Leon Theremin introduced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5qf9O6c20o\">weird-sounding box\u003c/a> that became a staple of mid-century sci-fi movies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, mainstream electronic companies like RCA began to experiment with synthesized sound machines, powered by hundreds of vacuum tubes. But it was the advent of cheap transistors in the 1960s that a few entrepreneurs seized upon to make electronic synthesizers practical for studio recording — principally \u003ca href=\"https://www.moogmusic.com/legacy\">Robert Moog in New York\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/2016/09/16/don-buchla-influential-synthesizer-designer-dead-at-79/\">Don Buchla in Berkeley\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We were able to do things we were never able to do before.’\u003ccite>Bernie Krause\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“What Moog and Buchla did, kind of independently, is put all of these ideas into one box,” says Geeta Dayal, who has \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoriginalsoundtrack.com/about/comment-page-1/\">written extensively\u003c/a> on the history of electronic music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But getting that box (or boxes, since early synths came in multiple “modules”) into recording studios was a leap that required a different kind of visionary, like Bernie Krause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Electro-evangelists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes\u003cem>,\u003c/em> as in\u003cem> Doctor \u003c/em>Bernie Krause, best known today as the dean of the emerging field of \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/10/16/listen-as-a-california-forest-grows-quiet-over-time/\">soundscape ecology\u003c/a>, and one of the chief curators of \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildsanctuary.com/\">nature’s own music\u003c/a>. Few today remember that he also played a seminal role ushering in the synthesizer age. Krause and his music partner, Paul Beaver, turned out to be pioneers in the musical genre that we now call “electronica.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1152728\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1152728 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Bernie Krause and his creative partner, Paul Beaver, were key players in introducing the Moog synthesizer to pop music in the late 1960s.\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1195\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy.jpg 1800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-1180x783.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-960x637.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK1967-copy-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bernie Krause (foreground) and his creative partner, Paul Beaver, were key players in introducing the Moog synthesizer to pop music in the late 1960s. \u003ccite>(Bernie Krause/Wild Sanctuary)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was the 1960s and Robert Moog had barely rolled out his first \u003ca href=\"https://www.moogmusic.com/legacy/moog-product-timeline\">electronic synths\u003c/a> — unwieldy modules that looked more like telephone switchboards than musical instruments. But by \u003ca href=\"http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/audio-music/synthesizer4.htm\">manipulating the voltage and other factors\u003c/a> that shape sound waves, these boxes could produce literally unheard-of effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beaver and Krause, who was then an underemployed session guitarist, scraped together $15,000 to buy their own Moog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time that we patched a cord from one hole into another, we got a result that was intriguing, and in some cases, really pretty incredible,” says Krause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/9w7TmtIjOHI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/9w7TmtIjOHI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”We were able to do things we were never able to do before by writing music in the traditional way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But converts were hard to come by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We tried every single producer in Hollywood and record companies,” recalls Krause. “We had a hundred rejections.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Breakthrough at Monterey\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breakthrough came at the legendary \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNrygTqx0FA\">Monterey Pop Festival\u003c/a> in 1967, when the two partners used the last of their savings to set up a demo booth for their synth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big-name artists and producers were wowed. Beaver and Krause soon had their own recording contract with Elektra’s Nonesuch label. Synths were so new, though, that that first LP was actually billed as a “Guide to Electronic Music,” complete with an instruction manual for aspiring synthesists.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It was a wide-open playground for new ideas.’\u003ccite>Joel Selvin, music critic\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Almost overnight, synthesized recordings like Wendy Carlos’ “Switched-On Bach” were charting and getting radio airplay, but Beaver and Krause stayed true to their vision, which was more about testing the synth’s limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Beaver and Krause operated on the margins of the recording industry,” says Joel Selvin. He was the San Francisco Chronicle’s pop music critic from 1970 to 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their records were experimental, not classifiable, not geared for radio airplay or any real obvious place in the commercial market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Back to Nature\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take “In a Wild Sanctuary,” a 1971 album that combined two polar opposites: totally synthesized music and actual nature recordings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was the first album on the theme of ecology, and the first album ever to use natural soundscapes as part of the orchestration,” recalls Krause, “which meant that Paul and I had to go out into the field and record some sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krause headed for the redwood groves of Muir Woods with his microphones. There he discovered his ultimate passion: recording natural soundscapes and assessing their role in the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he also had to make a living, so he went to work as a sales rep for Moog. The machines were so ponderous at that time that Krause ended up setting them up and doing sessions for A-list recording artists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were too stoned to play them,” he says. “They couldn’t figure out how to patch one hole to another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krause worked with a Who’s Who of the rock era, from the Byrds and Beatles to Stevie Wonder and Frank Zappa. When Jim Morrison decided to alter his voice on the Doors’ second album, “Strange Days,” that was Krause running his voice through a synth. These were strange days in the studio, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People were really looking for a new sound,” says Dayal, who reflects that synthesizers offered an “endless palette” of possibilities. The pop world was ready for the synthesizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a wide-open playground for new ideas,” recalls Selvin. “And it did get rapidly accepted but of course they just left Beaver and Krause behind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ride of the Valkyries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, not entirely. You can still hear echoes of Krause’s early work in classic and cult films, too. The \u003ca href=\"http://<iframe%20width=%22640%22%20height=%22360%22%20src=%22https://www.youtube.com/embed/g6gcz4hdLA8%22%20frameborder=%220%22%20allowfullscreen></iframe>\">signature scene\u003c/a> from Francis Ford Coppola’s Vietnam War epic, Apocalypse Now, opens with helicopter-evoking pulses that started on Krause’s Moog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/g6gcz4hdLA8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/g6gcz4hdLA8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>It was the last of 135 films that bear Krause’s fingerprints. Paul Beaver died while performing onstage in 1975. And Krause soon became exasperated with Hollywood . He went back to school, got his doctorate and has devoted the rest of his life to “The Great Animal Orchestra,” as his recent book is entitled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krause didn’t leave music behind. He just found it in new places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His close relationship with Beatles producer Sir George Martin lasted until Martin’s recent death. At one point, Martin \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=feexRcCHh3k\">went into the field with Krause\u003c/a> for a program aired on the BBC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a whim in 1988, Krause couldn’t resist producing an album of music composed entirely of animal and nature sounds. He called it, “Gorillas in the Mix,” a play on \u003cspan class=\"st\">Dian Fossey\u003c/span>‘s study of mountain gorillas in Rwanda (which Krause had also recorded by that time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1152965\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 702px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1152965 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK_SEKI_SycamoreLookup.jpg\" alt=\"Bernie Krause recording soundscapes at Sycamore Springs, Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park.\" width=\"702\" height=\"469\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK_SEKI_SycamoreLookup.jpg 702w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK_SEKI_SycamoreLookup-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK_SEKI_SycamoreLookup-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK_SEKI_SycamoreLookup-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/BK_SEKI_SycamoreLookup-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 702px) 100vw, 702px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bernie Krause recording soundscapes at Sycamore Springs, Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park in 2000. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even today, in an age when software allows almost any kind of sound manipulation, Dayal says younger performers are starting to rediscover the original synths, making them “coveted collectors’ items.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Using a slick iPad app just doesn’t compare,” she says. “People want that kind of intimacy with technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayal says many artists yearn for a more tactile experience with their tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And they just look so cool, you know, with wires everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced in collaboration with KQED Arts for the series \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/into-the-mix/\">Into the Mix\u003c/a>, where you’ll find more Bay Area connections to the evolution of sound recording.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Monday's Supermoon Will Be Extra Super -- Closest in Nearly 70 Years",
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"content": "\u003cp>The moon doesn’t get much bigger and brighter than this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Earthlings will be treated to a so-called supermoon — the closest full moon of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">To see the moon at its biggest and brightest, go outside Monday morning just before dawn.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Monday’s supermoon will be extra super — it will be the closest the moon comes to us in almost 70 years. And it won’t happen again for another 18 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA says the closest approach will occur at 6:21 a.m. EST when the moon comes within 221,523 miles (356,508 kilometers). That’s from the center of the Earth to the center of the moon. Full moon will occur at 8:52 a.m. EST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA planetary geologist Noah Petro is urging everyone to step outside and soak in the view. At the time of closest approach, the moon will be setting and the sun rising, at least on the U.S. East Coast, so prime viewing will be Sunday and Monday nights there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, people should be more geared toward just getting outside and enjoying it,” Petro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supermoons can appear 14 percent bigger and 30 percent brighter in the night sky. But it takes a real expert to notice the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Petro, deputy project scientist for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter circling the moon, said Thursday that even he won’t be able to see much difference in size and luminosity. What counts, he said, is getting people “talking, thinking and caring about the moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather permitting, it’s a sky show the entire planet can enjoy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone gets to see the moon,” Petro said. “It’s a great shared resource for all humanity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time the moon was so close — actually, 29 miles closer — was in January 1948. That’s the same year the Cleveland Indians last won the World Series, Petro noted, “a big year,” at least there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2034, the moon will come even closer, within 221,485 miles. That, too, will be a supermoon.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The moon doesn’t get much bigger and brighter than this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Earthlings will be treated to a so-called supermoon — the closest full moon of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">To see the moon at its biggest and brightest, go outside Monday morning just before dawn.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Monday’s supermoon will be extra super — it will be the closest the moon comes to us in almost 70 years. And it won’t happen again for another 18 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA says the closest approach will occur at 6:21 a.m. EST when the moon comes within 221,523 miles (356,508 kilometers). That’s from the center of the Earth to the center of the moon. Full moon will occur at 8:52 a.m. EST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA planetary geologist Noah Petro is urging everyone to step outside and soak in the view. At the time of closest approach, the moon will be setting and the sun rising, at least on the U.S. East Coast, so prime viewing will be Sunday and Monday nights there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, people should be more geared toward just getting outside and enjoying it,” Petro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supermoons can appear 14 percent bigger and 30 percent brighter in the night sky. But it takes a real expert to notice the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Petro, deputy project scientist for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter circling the moon, said Thursday that even he won’t be able to see much difference in size and luminosity. What counts, he said, is getting people “talking, thinking and caring about the moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather permitting, it’s a sky show the entire planet can enjoy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone gets to see the moon,” Petro said. “It’s a great shared resource for all humanity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time the moon was so close — actually, 29 miles closer — was in January 1948. That’s the same year the Cleveland Indians last won the World Series, Petro noted, “a big year,” at least there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2034, the moon will come even closer, within 221,485 miles. That, too, will be a supermoon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
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"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
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