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"content": "\u003cp>Sonoma County voters appear to have banned genetically modified crops in unincorporated areas of the county, approving Measure M by a margin of 56-44 percent in unofficial results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results reflect a significant change in public sentiment. Sonoma voters shot down a similar measure in 2005 by a 5 percent margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma joins five other California counties that have already passed bans on transgenic crops: Mendocino, Marin, Trinity, Humboldt and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents say the ban is necessary to protect the county’s organic fields from cross-pollination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under U.S. law, says Karen Hudson, head of the campaign for the measure, if 1 percent of a farmer’s crop is contaminated by genetically engineered pollen, it becomes illegal for that farmer to use the seeds for the following year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of that seed belongs to the corporation that owns the patent on those seeds,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hudson also worries about increased use of herbicides in GMO plants. Many of them are engineered to resist herbicides like Roundup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spraying a crop with the same herbicide in a field over and over for several years depletes the soil of its nutrients,” says Hudson. “And it also creates weeds that are resistant to that particular herbicide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the measure, farmers could not plant any GMO seeds or grow GMO crops in unincorporated areas, which includes the majority of vineyards, dairies and farms in the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure M allows a transition period so that growers could continue cultivating existing GMO crops until the plants mature. Farmers who have GMO seeds in their possession would have to plant them in the growing season after the ordinance goes into effect. After that season, the GMO seeds would have to be destroyed or removed from the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetically modified plants are organisms whose genetic material has been altered to resist herbicides, weather drought, add nutritional benefits or improve crop yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most big crops in the Midwest, such as corn, soybean and cotton, have been genetically modified. The chemical companies Monsanto, Syngenta, Bayer, BASF, and DuPont funded the No campaign on Measure M.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The growing method is considered safe and very effective,” says Dave Kranz from the California Farm Bureau. “You don’t know what may be coming when you impose a blanket ban.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kranz uses the example of transgenic papayas in Hawaii to make his point. When the ringspot virus almost annihilated the fruit in the 1990s, the rainbow papaya saved the day. The genetically modified fruit rejected the pathogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year the National Academy of Sciences released a \u003ca href=\"http://nas-sites.org/ge-crops/\">report\u003c/a> concluding that genetically engineered foods are safe to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some cases technology is a perfectly appropriate solution,” says Kranz. He highlights the fact that Sonoma County is a grape-growing region that may need biotech to help vines weather severe droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ordinance would take effect as soon as election results are finalized, which is expected in early December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hudson says the campaign isn’t over; the next step will be a measure to ban GMOs in cities in Sonoma County. She’s worried about grasses in people’s yards and recreational areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have genetically engineered blue grass and fescue grasses that not only contaminate native grasses,” she says, “but it would also have the potential to blow into our pastures.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sonoma County voters appear to have banned genetically modified crops in unincorporated areas of the county, approving Measure M by a margin of 56-44 percent in unofficial results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results reflect a significant change in public sentiment. Sonoma voters shot down a similar measure in 2005 by a 5 percent margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma joins five other California counties that have already passed bans on transgenic crops: Mendocino, Marin, Trinity, Humboldt and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents say the ban is necessary to protect the county’s organic fields from cross-pollination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under U.S. law, says Karen Hudson, head of the campaign for the measure, if 1 percent of a farmer’s crop is contaminated by genetically engineered pollen, it becomes illegal for that farmer to use the seeds for the following year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of that seed belongs to the corporation that owns the patent on those seeds,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hudson also worries about increased use of herbicides in GMO plants. Many of them are engineered to resist herbicides like Roundup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spraying a crop with the same herbicide in a field over and over for several years depletes the soil of its nutrients,” says Hudson. “And it also creates weeds that are resistant to that particular herbicide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the measure, farmers could not plant any GMO seeds or grow GMO crops in unincorporated areas, which includes the majority of vineyards, dairies and farms in the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure M allows a transition period so that growers could continue cultivating existing GMO crops until the plants mature. Farmers who have GMO seeds in their possession would have to plant them in the growing season after the ordinance goes into effect. After that season, the GMO seeds would have to be destroyed or removed from the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetically modified plants are organisms whose genetic material has been altered to resist herbicides, weather drought, add nutritional benefits or improve crop yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most big crops in the Midwest, such as corn, soybean and cotton, have been genetically modified. The chemical companies Monsanto, Syngenta, Bayer, BASF, and DuPont funded the No campaign on Measure M.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The growing method is considered safe and very effective,” says Dave Kranz from the California Farm Bureau. “You don’t know what may be coming when you impose a blanket ban.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kranz uses the example of transgenic papayas in Hawaii to make his point. When the ringspot virus almost annihilated the fruit in the 1990s, the rainbow papaya saved the day. The genetically modified fruit rejected the pathogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year the National Academy of Sciences released a \u003ca href=\"http://nas-sites.org/ge-crops/\">report\u003c/a> concluding that genetically engineered foods are safe to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some cases technology is a perfectly appropriate solution,” says Kranz. He highlights the fact that Sonoma County is a grape-growing region that may need biotech to help vines weather severe droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ordinance would take effect as soon as election results are finalized, which is expected in early December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hudson says the campaign isn’t over; the next step will be a measure to ban GMOs in cities in Sonoma County. She’s worried about grasses in people’s yards and recreational areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have genetically engineered blue grass and fescue grasses that not only contaminate native grasses,” she says, “but it would also have the potential to blow into our pastures.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "States May Drive U.S. Climate Policy Under Trump | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Donald Trump could scrap the Obama administration’s plans to combat climate change once he takes office, a move that could shift climate policy making to local lawmakers instead of national ones, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout his campaign, Trump made his vision for federal climate policy clear: He has promised to reverse Obama’s climate agenda, including the Clean Power Plan, which would cut carbon emissions from coal-fired power plants as a way to meet U.S. obligations under the Paris Climate Agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Trump has appointed climate change skeptic Myron Ebell as the leader of the EPA’s transition team.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/trump-backs-off-plan-to-eliminate-epa/article/2602581\">also said\u003c/a> he would “refocus” the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to become less regulatory and pledged to cancel U.S. involvement in the Paris pact. He promised to fully develop all of America’s coal, oil and natural gas as a way to become fully energy independent, and said wind and other renewable energy sources \u003ca href=\"http://www.thedickinsonpress.com/news/north-dakota/4041606-trump-ready-unleash-oil-industry\">are expensive\u003c/a> and work less effectively than fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a sign of where Trump will take federal agencies involved in climate regulation, he has appointed \u003ca href=\"https://cei.org/expert/myron-ebell\">Myron Ebell\u003c/a>, a climate change skeptic and director of the Center for Energy and Environment at the conservative Competitive Enterprise Institute, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/trump-picks-top-climate-skeptic-to-lead-epa-transition/\">the leader\u003c/a> of the EPA’s transition team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts disagree about the extent to which Trump is likely to be successful in rolling back U.S. climate and energy policy, though many say he’ll be able to render carbon emissions regulations nearly impotent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an unmitigated disaster for U.S. climate policy,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ghgpolicy.org/about/\">Danny Cullenward\u003c/a>, an energy economist and lawyer at the Carnegie Institution for Science. “President Trump alone could unwind the Clean Power Plan, the Climate Action Plan and the United States’ commitment to Paris. With a supportive Senate, he will be able to appoint anyone he likes to key agencies and cabinet positions. With support in both houses of Congress, the legislative agenda is wide open.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://blog.aee.net/author/arvin-ganesan\">Arvin Ganesan\u003c/a>, vice president of federal policy for the group Advanced Energy Economy and the former deputy chief of staff for policy at the EPA, said it’s too early to tell what Trump will do with the Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we do know is the Clean Power Plan is just one factor driving a market that is already undergoing significant transformation,” Ganesan said. “Utilities, regional grid operators, and state regulators are already working to integrate advanced energy technologies to make our electric power system more reliable and affordable, and that also happen to reduce carbon emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ganesan said he sees Trump’s election as a business opportunity for those who want to create jobs by improving the nation’s energy infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://web.law.columbia.edu/climate-change/about-center/staff-and-affiliates/michael-burger\">Michael Burger\u003c/a>, executive director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia University, said that a Trump administration could be devastating for climate regulation in the U.S., but there are limits to what Trump will likely do right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulatory process for rescinding climate regulations is complicated and could take months or years, and those favoring regulations could sue to stop Trump from eliminating them, Burger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“President Obama has been challenged in court at every turn as he tried to reduce greenhouse gases,” Burger said. “You can be sure that Trump will also be challenged in court each and every step of the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Power Plan is already tied up in a lengthy court battle after 24 states sued to stop it. The Trump administration could choose not to defend it or allow it to be struck down by the Supreme Court, which would likely feature a Trump-appointee filling Justice Antonin Scalia’s open seat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://scholar.harvard.edu/stavins/home\">Robert Stavins\u003c/a>, director of the Environmental Economics Program at Harvard University, said that even with full GOP control of Congress, Trump is unlikely to repeal federal laws authorizing climate policies such as the Clean Power Plan because Democrats, who largely favor climate policy, will be able to filibuster any bill aiming to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Would he eliminate the EPA, as he also promised at one point?” Stavins said. “No. Again, that would require an act of Congress. But he could starve the agency through low funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2528\">Michael Gerrard\u003c/a>, faculty director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, said cutting funds to the EPA and other regulatory agencies through the appropriations process is something President Reagan did during the beginning of his administration in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During that period, most of the action went down to the state level,” Gerrard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States, which are already laboratories for carbon-cutting policies, could become the nation’s bulwark against a federal government hostile to combating climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“States’ actions are already driving a clean energy transition,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.analysisgroup.com/experts-and-staff/senior-advisors/susan-f--tierney/\">Susan Tierney\u003c/a>, senior advisor to the Analysis Group and former assistant secretary of policy for the U.S. Department of Energy. “Most of the states have been pushing for deeper investments in energy efficiency. State policies pushing for rooftop PV (photovoltaics) and utility-scale solar have transformed those markets. And states are increasingly adopting their own long-term carbon reduction targets. Yep, they’re leading the way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerrard said states can also regulate emissions from power plants within their borders, spur the development of new technology, create energy efficiency standards and find other ways of cutting carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, many Northeastern states have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/decision-on-climate-plan-jolts-carbon-prices-20497\">banded together\u003c/a> to create their own cap-and-trade program called the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. California has its own cap-and-trade program along with one of the nation’s most ambitious \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/us/californias-emissions-goal-is-a-milestone-on-climate-efforts.html\">climate goals\u003c/a> — to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. And Hawaii plans to go 100 percent renewable by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potential state action is the only climate-related silver lining to Trump’s election, but only if states reluctant to take action on climate follow suit, Cullenward said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“States will continue to make progress on energy and climate issues, but it is absolutely critical that pro-climate states change strategy,” he said. “Absent a national commitment, the efforts of a few key states to continue with policy won’t make much of a difference in terms of absolute emissions — those states have already made progress and their accomplishments are easily offset by other states that take the opposite approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Donald Trump could scrap the Obama administration’s plans to combat climate change once he takes office, a move that could shift climate policy making to local lawmakers instead of national ones, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout his campaign, Trump made his vision for federal climate policy clear: He has promised to reverse Obama’s climate agenda, including the Clean Power Plan, which would cut carbon emissions from coal-fired power plants as a way to meet U.S. obligations under the Paris Climate Agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Trump has appointed climate change skeptic Myron Ebell as the leader of the EPA’s transition team.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/trump-backs-off-plan-to-eliminate-epa/article/2602581\">also said\u003c/a> he would “refocus” the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to become less regulatory and pledged to cancel U.S. involvement in the Paris pact. He promised to fully develop all of America’s coal, oil and natural gas as a way to become fully energy independent, and said wind and other renewable energy sources \u003ca href=\"http://www.thedickinsonpress.com/news/north-dakota/4041606-trump-ready-unleash-oil-industry\">are expensive\u003c/a> and work less effectively than fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a sign of where Trump will take federal agencies involved in climate regulation, he has appointed \u003ca href=\"https://cei.org/expert/myron-ebell\">Myron Ebell\u003c/a>, a climate change skeptic and director of the Center for Energy and Environment at the conservative Competitive Enterprise Institute, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/trump-picks-top-climate-skeptic-to-lead-epa-transition/\">the leader\u003c/a> of the EPA’s transition team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts disagree about the extent to which Trump is likely to be successful in rolling back U.S. climate and energy policy, though many say he’ll be able to render carbon emissions regulations nearly impotent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an unmitigated disaster for U.S. climate policy,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ghgpolicy.org/about/\">Danny Cullenward\u003c/a>, an energy economist and lawyer at the Carnegie Institution for Science. “President Trump alone could unwind the Clean Power Plan, the Climate Action Plan and the United States’ commitment to Paris. With a supportive Senate, he will be able to appoint anyone he likes to key agencies and cabinet positions. With support in both houses of Congress, the legislative agenda is wide open.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://blog.aee.net/author/arvin-ganesan\">Arvin Ganesan\u003c/a>, vice president of federal policy for the group Advanced Energy Economy and the former deputy chief of staff for policy at the EPA, said it’s too early to tell what Trump will do with the Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we do know is the Clean Power Plan is just one factor driving a market that is already undergoing significant transformation,” Ganesan said. “Utilities, regional grid operators, and state regulators are already working to integrate advanced energy technologies to make our electric power system more reliable and affordable, and that also happen to reduce carbon emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ganesan said he sees Trump’s election as a business opportunity for those who want to create jobs by improving the nation’s energy infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://web.law.columbia.edu/climate-change/about-center/staff-and-affiliates/michael-burger\">Michael Burger\u003c/a>, executive director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia University, said that a Trump administration could be devastating for climate regulation in the U.S., but there are limits to what Trump will likely do right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulatory process for rescinding climate regulations is complicated and could take months or years, and those favoring regulations could sue to stop Trump from eliminating them, Burger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“President Obama has been challenged in court at every turn as he tried to reduce greenhouse gases,” Burger said. “You can be sure that Trump will also be challenged in court each and every step of the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Power Plan is already tied up in a lengthy court battle after 24 states sued to stop it. The Trump administration could choose not to defend it or allow it to be struck down by the Supreme Court, which would likely feature a Trump-appointee filling Justice Antonin Scalia’s open seat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://scholar.harvard.edu/stavins/home\">Robert Stavins\u003c/a>, director of the Environmental Economics Program at Harvard University, said that even with full GOP control of Congress, Trump is unlikely to repeal federal laws authorizing climate policies such as the Clean Power Plan because Democrats, who largely favor climate policy, will be able to filibuster any bill aiming to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Would he eliminate the EPA, as he also promised at one point?” Stavins said. “No. Again, that would require an act of Congress. But he could starve the agency through low funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2528\">Michael Gerrard\u003c/a>, faculty director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, said cutting funds to the EPA and other regulatory agencies through the appropriations process is something President Reagan did during the beginning of his administration in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During that period, most of the action went down to the state level,” Gerrard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States, which are already laboratories for carbon-cutting policies, could become the nation’s bulwark against a federal government hostile to combating climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“States’ actions are already driving a clean energy transition,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.analysisgroup.com/experts-and-staff/senior-advisors/susan-f--tierney/\">Susan Tierney\u003c/a>, senior advisor to the Analysis Group and former assistant secretary of policy for the U.S. Department of Energy. “Most of the states have been pushing for deeper investments in energy efficiency. State policies pushing for rooftop PV (photovoltaics) and utility-scale solar have transformed those markets. And states are increasingly adopting their own long-term carbon reduction targets. Yep, they’re leading the way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerrard said states can also regulate emissions from power plants within their borders, spur the development of new technology, create energy efficiency standards and find other ways of cutting carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, many Northeastern states have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/decision-on-climate-plan-jolts-carbon-prices-20497\">banded together\u003c/a> to create their own cap-and-trade program called the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. California has its own cap-and-trade program along with one of the nation’s most ambitious \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/us/californias-emissions-goal-is-a-milestone-on-climate-efforts.html\">climate goals\u003c/a> — to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. And Hawaii plans to go 100 percent renewable by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potential state action is the only climate-related silver lining to Trump’s election, but only if states reluctant to take action on climate follow suit, Cullenward said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“States will continue to make progress on energy and climate issues, but it is absolutely critical that pro-climate states change strategy,” he said. “Absent a national commitment, the efforts of a few key states to continue with policy won’t make much of a difference in terms of absolute emissions — those states have already made progress and their accomplishments are easily offset by other states that take the opposite approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Environmentalists hope the last \u003ca href=\"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">frack\u003c/a> has happened in Monterey County. Measure Z, which would ban the contentious oil and gas drilling technique, was leading with 56 percent of the vote as of Wednesday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“David beat Goliath in Monterey,” says Kassie Siegel, director of the Center for Biological Diversity’s Climate Law Institute. “It shows the power of grass-roots movements to overcome even unlimited spending by the world’s largest polluters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and gas companies outspent backers of Measure Z, the ban on fracking and other oil and gas extraction methods, by 30-to-1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1,200 existing oil wells near San Ardo and in the Salinas Valley could prevail under Measure Z, and in five years underground wastewater injection would be prohibited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monterey County produces 4 percent of California’s oil, and it’s the fourth-largest oil-producing county in the state. This would be the seventh California county to ban fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siegel calls the local battle an imperative step to solve the climate crisis. “We know we need to transition to 100 percent clean renewable energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The No on Measure Z campaign released a statement declaring disappointment in the results so far because they say hundreds of local jobs and millions of dollars in local revenue would be at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But an even larger fight looms. Siegel has her eyes on a statewide ban. “We have a plan to phase out the existing enormous, enormous production here, and we are not going to go away until we have real protections for Californians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition leading efforts for a statewide ban is Californians Against Fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Environmentalists hope the last \u003ca href=\"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">frack\u003c/a> has happened in Monterey County. Measure Z, which would ban the contentious oil and gas drilling technique, was leading with 56 percent of the vote as of Wednesday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“David beat Goliath in Monterey,” says Kassie Siegel, director of the Center for Biological Diversity’s Climate Law Institute. “It shows the power of grass-roots movements to overcome even unlimited spending by the world’s largest polluters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and gas companies outspent backers of Measure Z, the ban on fracking and other oil and gas extraction methods, by 30-to-1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1,200 existing oil wells near San Ardo and in the Salinas Valley could prevail under Measure Z, and in five years underground wastewater injection would be prohibited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monterey County produces 4 percent of California’s oil, and it’s the fourth-largest oil-producing county in the state. This would be the seventh California county to ban fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siegel calls the local battle an imperative step to solve the climate crisis. “We know we need to transition to 100 percent clean renewable energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The No on Measure Z campaign released a statement declaring disappointment in the results so far because they say hundreds of local jobs and millions of dollars in local revenue would be at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But an even larger fight looms. Siegel has her eyes on a statewide ban. “We have a plan to phase out the existing enormous, enormous production here, and we are not going to go away until we have real protections for Californians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition leading efforts for a statewide ban is Californians Against Fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"tp-ad-processed\">California’s epic battle over plastic bags looks to be over — as of Wednesday evening 52 percent of voters have upheld the statewide ban on carryout bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tp-ad-processed\">“The voters took a a very strong stand against a very deceptive multimillion-dollar campaign by out-of-state plastic bag makers who thought they could hijack California’s initiative and referendum system to protect their profits,” says Steven Maviglio, spokesman for the Yes on 67 campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tp-ad-processed\">In 2007, San Francisco became the first city in the nation to ban plastic bags, and about 150 cities and counties have followed suit. In 2014, Gov. Jerry Brown signed a statewide ban, but it never took effect because immediately after it became law, the American Progressive Bag Alliance (APBA), an industry group that lobbied against the bill, began collecting signatures to stop it with Proposition 67.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposition’s intent is to cut down on the cost of plastic pollution and unify the patchwork of local laws. California taxpayers spend $25 million every year to dispose used plastic bags, according to the Legislative Analyst’s Office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a significant environmental victory!” exclaims Maviglio. “It immediately means that 25 million plastic bags that are polluting California every day will be removed from our waste stream and from our oceans, and our coasts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Lee Califf, executive director of the APBA, warns that voters have set themselves up for buyer’s remorse. “Plastic bag bans don’t meaningfully reduce overall waste or litter or provide a positive environmental impact, but they do threaten tens of thousands of American manufacturing jobs, hit consumers in the wallet and drive people to use less environmentally friendly carryout options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Proposition 67 passes, supermarkets and large grocery stores will no longer offer flimsy plastic bags. You will need to bring a bag or pay at least a dime for a paper or reusable bag. The 10-cent fee will be waived for low-income folks who pay with a state benefit card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small grocery stores, convenience stores and liquor stores would have 18 months to comply with the law. Stores could still offer thin plastic bags for bulk goods and produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All revenue from the bag ban would be directed toward educational campaigns or to cover the costs of providing paper bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other ballot measure backed by the ABPA would have funneled that 10-cent bag fee to a wildlife conservation fund, Proposition 65, but the measure failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now, instead of bag fees going to an environmental fund, grocers will keep hundreds of millions of dollars in new profits without providing any public benefit,” says Califf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But opponents of 65 thought the measure was a ploy by the plastic industry to confuse voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California voters saw right through the motivations of out-of-state corporations and overwhelmingly rejected it [Proposition 65] and kept the law as signed by the governor in place,” says Maviglio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California would be the first state in the nation to ban plastic bags.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"tp-ad-processed\">California’s epic battle over plastic bags looks to be over — as of Wednesday evening 52 percent of voters have upheld the statewide ban on carryout bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tp-ad-processed\">“The voters took a a very strong stand against a very deceptive multimillion-dollar campaign by out-of-state plastic bag makers who thought they could hijack California’s initiative and referendum system to protect their profits,” says Steven Maviglio, spokesman for the Yes on 67 campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tp-ad-processed\">In 2007, San Francisco became the first city in the nation to ban plastic bags, and about 150 cities and counties have followed suit. In 2014, Gov. Jerry Brown signed a statewide ban, but it never took effect because immediately after it became law, the American Progressive Bag Alliance (APBA), an industry group that lobbied against the bill, began collecting signatures to stop it with Proposition 67.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposition’s intent is to cut down on the cost of plastic pollution and unify the patchwork of local laws. California taxpayers spend $25 million every year to dispose used plastic bags, according to the Legislative Analyst’s Office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a significant environmental victory!” exclaims Maviglio. “It immediately means that 25 million plastic bags that are polluting California every day will be removed from our waste stream and from our oceans, and our coasts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Lee Califf, executive director of the APBA, warns that voters have set themselves up for buyer’s remorse. “Plastic bag bans don’t meaningfully reduce overall waste or litter or provide a positive environmental impact, but they do threaten tens of thousands of American manufacturing jobs, hit consumers in the wallet and drive people to use less environmentally friendly carryout options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Proposition 67 passes, supermarkets and large grocery stores will no longer offer flimsy plastic bags. You will need to bring a bag or pay at least a dime for a paper or reusable bag. The 10-cent fee will be waived for low-income folks who pay with a state benefit card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small grocery stores, convenience stores and liquor stores would have 18 months to comply with the law. Stores could still offer thin plastic bags for bulk goods and produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All revenue from the bag ban would be directed toward educational campaigns or to cover the costs of providing paper bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other ballot measure backed by the ABPA would have funneled that 10-cent bag fee to a wildlife conservation fund, Proposition 65, but the measure failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now, instead of bag fees going to an environmental fund, grocers will keep hundreds of millions of dollars in new profits without providing any public benefit,” says Califf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But opponents of 65 thought the measure was a ploy by the plastic industry to confuse voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California voters saw right through the motivations of out-of-state corporations and overwhelmingly rejected it [Proposition 65] and kept the law as signed by the governor in place,” says Maviglio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California would be the first state in the nation to ban plastic bags.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The election of Donald Trump as the nation’s next president spurred celebration in some quarters and dismay in others, including among those concerned about the steady warming of the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unrestrained emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases have altered the Earth’s climate, \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">raising sea levels\u003c/a>, impacting ecosystems, and increasingly the likelihood of \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-evolving-role-in-extreme-weather-18501\">extreme weather\u003c/a>. In terms of numbers, the world’s temperature has risen by more than 1°F since 1900 and 2016 is expected to be the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hottest-months-global-warming-20797\">hottest year on record\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though climate change was not a major topic in much election coverage — there were \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-climate-questions-the-next-president-should-answer-20804\">no questions on it\u003c/a> during the three presidential debates — many climate scientists and policy advocates supported Clinton. They expected that she would continue policies enacted by the Obama administration, such as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-suit-against-the-clean-power-plan-explained-20234\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a> and the signing of international agreements to limit warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s comments on climate change have included \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/09/27/trump-didnt-delete-his-tweet-calling-global-warming-a-chinese-hoax/\">calling it a hoax\u003c/a> and warning that \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsweek.com/2016/10/14/donald-trump-epa-myron-ebell-climate-change-505546.html\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> policies are costing the country jobs, though he has talked about the importance of maintaining clean air and water. He has suggested he will \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/trump-could-abandon-paris-climate-agreement-20711\">pull out of the landmark Paris agreement\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2016/11/09/rump-president-clean-energy-climate-change/\">scuttle the Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, as well as boost the domestic \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/23/us/politics/donald-trump-fracking.html\">coal and oil industries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the U.S. is only one country, it is a linchpin to the viability of international agreements and to moving the needle on limiting warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to Tuesday’s landmark election, Climate Central reached out to climate, energy and policy researchers to see how they think a Trump presidency will impact climate research and efforts to limit future warming and mitigate what has already happened. We also asked what they think climate scientists should be doing in the coming weeks, months and years, including what they may personally be doing. Their answers have been lightly edited for clarity and brevity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://marine.rutgers.edu/~francis/\">\u003cstrong>Jennifer Francis\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, sea ice researcher at Rutgers University:\u003c/strong> If President Trump acts on statements he made during the campaign, we are likely to see any federal efforts to curtail fossil fuel burning go up in smoke. I fear that funding for any scientific research related to the environment will be further cut by an unrestrained science-phobic Congress, even as we become ever more confident of the myriad ways that climate change is costing the U.S. economy billions of dollars, contributing to food and international insecurity, and disrupting daily life. As an optimist, I hope that a President Trump will become more open-minded than the candidate Trump and allow facts to guide his presidential decisions. I also hope that as president he will take his grandchildren to visit our great national parks and see the beauty that will be destroyed if he ignores those facts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mother Nature did her share to influence this election by dishing up a smorgasbord of record-breaking heat, flooding, drought, and storms — yet, climate change was a non-issue. We know it’s adversely affecting wildlife, agriculture, fisheries, outdoor sports, transportation, you name it — so clearly scientists of all stripes need to tell this story better. I will be redoubling my efforts to help people recognize impacts of climate change on their own lives, and also see the solutions that must happen to reduce the mess we leave for our children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://jacquelyngill.wordpress.com/\">\u003cstrong>Jacquelyn Gill\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, paleoecologist at the University of Maine:\u003c/strong> We have just elected the only climate denying president in the free world, with a Young Earth Creationist vice president. It’s hard to predict exactly how this will play out in terms of impacts to combat and mitigate against climate change, but one of the most immediate threats will be to the funding and agencies that support climate change research. Trump has gone on the record stating he’d cut funding for climate science, which will directly jeopardize ongoing efforts to understand how the climate system works, how to predict the impacts of climate change, and what the effective strategies for mitigation should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I worry that Trump’s election will only rejuvenate the ongoing assault on climate scientists, both in terms of internet harassment and in Congress. In my opinion, scientists should be taking steps to protect the security of their online communications, their data, and their personal information. We should be supporting efforts like the Climate Legal Defense Fund. We should be careful about bringing new students into our labs while the future of science funding is so uncertain. We should be putting communication networks in place, reaching out to grant program officers, university administrators, and legislators, and doing what we can to advocate for the importance of our research and academic freedom at every level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though it’s scary, we need to be reaching out to the public, now more than ever. We need to find our own outreach communities and connect with those people, and to undertake efforts to humanize climate science. And we need to work with the folks who aren’t scientists who are on the ground, on the front lines of climate change and climate justice, to make sure that we amplify their voices and pitch in where we can. This is going to be especially crucial for those of us who are in the most protected groups — white men especially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://katharinehayhoe.com/\">\u003cstrong>Katharine Hayhoe\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, climate modeler at Texas Tech University:\u003c/strong> I work with cities, states, and provinces — helping them prepare for a changing climate, building resilience to the impacts we can’t avoid, cutting carbon to reduce the impacts we can avoid. Cities like Washington, D.C., Chicago, and even tiny Georgetown, Texas, are at the forefront of this global movement. A president hostile to climate policy may be able to affect federal and even international action: but they can’t stop cities and that’s where the momentum is. That’s what gives me hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.andrewhoffman.net/\">\u003cstrong>Andrew Hoffman\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, sustainable development expert at the University of Michigan:\u003c/strong> Trump’s election throws the future of environmental policy, both in the U.S. and globally, into confusion. His stated and tweeted positions on climate change, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Paris climate accord, the Clean Power Plan and many other related issues suggest that the future of much of the programs and policies of the past administration, indeed many from administrations going back to President Nixon’s formation of the EPA, are in question. That said, Trump’s positions have been uneven (for example, while deriding some environmental policies, he has endorsed programs by the National Wildlife Federation to protect the Great Lakes; announcing “let’s make the Great Lakes great again”) and some seem to have been hastily announced (such as his tweet that climate change is a Chinese plot). Let’s wait and see how his positions solidify in the coming days of his administration. One aspect of Trump’s campaign has been his unpredictability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would also add that I wrote\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/climate-change-and-the-presidential-race-lessons-from-the-reagan-years-66194\"> this essay\u003c/a> to warn that he may be following a similar path that Reagan started down and had to stop. Reagan tried to stop the actions of the EPA and faced a latent interest among the general public on the environment that was aroused by his disregard for environmental policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/\">\u003cstrong>Mark Jacobson\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, clean energy researcher at Stanford:\u003c/strong> I’m most concerned with how a Trump presidency will affect solutions to climate change, air pollution, and energy security. Fortunately, the cost of wind and solar are very low now and dropping still, and clean-energy technologies and startups are widespread, so we have momentum. At the state level, many states are moving to clean, renewable energy. It is still in the economic interest of Republicans and Democrats to expand clean, renewable energy. In fact, the five states with the highest fraction of electricity from wind are all “red” states that voted for Trump. Those countries that move faster toward clean, renewable energy will create more jobs, develop their economies faster, become more energy independent, reduce catastrophic risk, including terrorism, associated with centralized plants, and live healthier and longer, so this should be an incentive to keep moving in the right direction. Since most efforts to solve the problems have been at the state level over the past four years in any case (e.g., California, New York, and even inadvertently in Iowa and South Dakota with their expansion of wind), I am confident state and local steps can continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I will continue to do what I do, namely try to understand and solve the problems. There is nothing that an unsupportive president can do to stop my efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/personnel_bios/ralph_keeling\">\u003cstrong>Ralph Keeling\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, director of the Mauna Loa CO2 program at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography: \u003c/strong>It’s not easy to formulate responses at this point. It’s clearly too early to tell what Trump will do to change the landscape on climate mitigation. For now we will be waiting to see how much his policies will be guided by the sometimes extreme views that guided his campaign — such as being in denial of the climate problem. It’s certainly easier to be in denial from the sidelines than from being in the driver’s seat, so there’s hope that a more reasoned approach will follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main step for the climate scientists is to keep working on the science. If we end up on a slower track on mitigating climate change, this just means we need a faster track on adaptation and preparedness. There’s a lot on the plate of the scientists regardless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, paleoclimate researcher at Penn State: \u003c/strong>A Trump presidency might be game over for the climate. In other words, it might make it impossible to stabilize planetary warming below dangerous (i.e. greater than 2°C) levels. If Trump makes good on his campaign promises and pulls out of the Paris Treaty, it is difficult to see a path forward to keeping warming below dangerous levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is time for introspection and contemplation. I’m still in the process of letting this sink in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/about/staff/laura-tam\">\u003cstrong>Laura Tam\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, sustainable development policy director at SPUR:\u003c/strong> As a policy analyst and advocate for local climate action, I can tell you that the urgency of sub-nationals and cities to take action to go fossil-free is even more important, and we should set up our systems to do this without the federal government, and perhaps in spite of it. The demonstration of the viability of 100 percent renewables for all energy needs can happen here in California and when we demonstrate the economic and environmental superiority of this model, the nation will not be long to follow. It will become inevitable. A Trump presidency will make local and state action even more urgent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.met.psu.edu/people/dwt12\">\u003cstrong>David Titley\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, climate and weather risk researcher at Penn State: \u003c/strong>Many black swans have taken flight this year. One thing science teaches you is that systems frequently revert to the mean. So, as dark as everything looks at this moment for fixing our climate, we need to have hope that we won’t realize the worst case. If there is a silver lining it’s that Trump does not seem bound by whatever he has said previously. So perhaps he will see the wisdom or at least self-interest, in investing in non-carbon, U.S.-produced, energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The climate community has a huge challenge ahead, to frame this issue in a way that will resonate with the likely president-elect. It may not be possible but it would be negligent to not even try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The election of Donald Trump as the nation’s next president spurred celebration in some quarters and dismay in others, including among those concerned about the steady warming of the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unrestrained emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases have altered the Earth’s climate, \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">raising sea levels\u003c/a>, impacting ecosystems, and increasingly the likelihood of \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-evolving-role-in-extreme-weather-18501\">extreme weather\u003c/a>. In terms of numbers, the world’s temperature has risen by more than 1°F since 1900 and 2016 is expected to be the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hottest-months-global-warming-20797\">hottest year on record\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though climate change was not a major topic in much election coverage — there were \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-climate-questions-the-next-president-should-answer-20804\">no questions on it\u003c/a> during the three presidential debates — many climate scientists and policy advocates supported Clinton. They expected that she would continue policies enacted by the Obama administration, such as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-suit-against-the-clean-power-plan-explained-20234\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a> and the signing of international agreements to limit warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s comments on climate change have included \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/09/27/trump-didnt-delete-his-tweet-calling-global-warming-a-chinese-hoax/\">calling it a hoax\u003c/a> and warning that \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsweek.com/2016/10/14/donald-trump-epa-myron-ebell-climate-change-505546.html\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> policies are costing the country jobs, though he has talked about the importance of maintaining clean air and water. He has suggested he will \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/trump-could-abandon-paris-climate-agreement-20711\">pull out of the landmark Paris agreement\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2016/11/09/rump-president-clean-energy-climate-change/\">scuttle the Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, as well as boost the domestic \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/23/us/politics/donald-trump-fracking.html\">coal and oil industries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the U.S. is only one country, it is a linchpin to the viability of international agreements and to moving the needle on limiting warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to Tuesday’s landmark election, Climate Central reached out to climate, energy and policy researchers to see how they think a Trump presidency will impact climate research and efforts to limit future warming and mitigate what has already happened. We also asked what they think climate scientists should be doing in the coming weeks, months and years, including what they may personally be doing. Their answers have been lightly edited for clarity and brevity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://marine.rutgers.edu/~francis/\">\u003cstrong>Jennifer Francis\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, sea ice researcher at Rutgers University:\u003c/strong> If President Trump acts on statements he made during the campaign, we are likely to see any federal efforts to curtail fossil fuel burning go up in smoke. I fear that funding for any scientific research related to the environment will be further cut by an unrestrained science-phobic Congress, even as we become ever more confident of the myriad ways that climate change is costing the U.S. economy billions of dollars, contributing to food and international insecurity, and disrupting daily life. As an optimist, I hope that a President Trump will become more open-minded than the candidate Trump and allow facts to guide his presidential decisions. I also hope that as president he will take his grandchildren to visit our great national parks and see the beauty that will be destroyed if he ignores those facts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mother Nature did her share to influence this election by dishing up a smorgasbord of record-breaking heat, flooding, drought, and storms — yet, climate change was a non-issue. We know it’s adversely affecting wildlife, agriculture, fisheries, outdoor sports, transportation, you name it — so clearly scientists of all stripes need to tell this story better. I will be redoubling my efforts to help people recognize impacts of climate change on their own lives, and also see the solutions that must happen to reduce the mess we leave for our children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://jacquelyngill.wordpress.com/\">\u003cstrong>Jacquelyn Gill\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, paleoecologist at the University of Maine:\u003c/strong> We have just elected the only climate denying president in the free world, with a Young Earth Creationist vice president. It’s hard to predict exactly how this will play out in terms of impacts to combat and mitigate against climate change, but one of the most immediate threats will be to the funding and agencies that support climate change research. Trump has gone on the record stating he’d cut funding for climate science, which will directly jeopardize ongoing efforts to understand how the climate system works, how to predict the impacts of climate change, and what the effective strategies for mitigation should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I worry that Trump’s election will only rejuvenate the ongoing assault on climate scientists, both in terms of internet harassment and in Congress. In my opinion, scientists should be taking steps to protect the security of their online communications, their data, and their personal information. We should be supporting efforts like the Climate Legal Defense Fund. We should be careful about bringing new students into our labs while the future of science funding is so uncertain. We should be putting communication networks in place, reaching out to grant program officers, university administrators, and legislators, and doing what we can to advocate for the importance of our research and academic freedom at every level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though it’s scary, we need to be reaching out to the public, now more than ever. We need to find our own outreach communities and connect with those people, and to undertake efforts to humanize climate science. And we need to work with the folks who aren’t scientists who are on the ground, on the front lines of climate change and climate justice, to make sure that we amplify their voices and pitch in where we can. This is going to be especially crucial for those of us who are in the most protected groups — white men especially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://katharinehayhoe.com/\">\u003cstrong>Katharine Hayhoe\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, climate modeler at Texas Tech University:\u003c/strong> I work with cities, states, and provinces — helping them prepare for a changing climate, building resilience to the impacts we can’t avoid, cutting carbon to reduce the impacts we can avoid. Cities like Washington, D.C., Chicago, and even tiny Georgetown, Texas, are at the forefront of this global movement. A president hostile to climate policy may be able to affect federal and even international action: but they can’t stop cities and that’s where the momentum is. That’s what gives me hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.andrewhoffman.net/\">\u003cstrong>Andrew Hoffman\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, sustainable development expert at the University of Michigan:\u003c/strong> Trump’s election throws the future of environmental policy, both in the U.S. and globally, into confusion. His stated and tweeted positions on climate change, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Paris climate accord, the Clean Power Plan and many other related issues suggest that the future of much of the programs and policies of the past administration, indeed many from administrations going back to President Nixon’s formation of the EPA, are in question. That said, Trump’s positions have been uneven (for example, while deriding some environmental policies, he has endorsed programs by the National Wildlife Federation to protect the Great Lakes; announcing “let’s make the Great Lakes great again”) and some seem to have been hastily announced (such as his tweet that climate change is a Chinese plot). Let’s wait and see how his positions solidify in the coming days of his administration. One aspect of Trump’s campaign has been his unpredictability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would also add that I wrote\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/climate-change-and-the-presidential-race-lessons-from-the-reagan-years-66194\"> this essay\u003c/a> to warn that he may be following a similar path that Reagan started down and had to stop. Reagan tried to stop the actions of the EPA and faced a latent interest among the general public on the environment that was aroused by his disregard for environmental policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/\">\u003cstrong>Mark Jacobson\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, clean energy researcher at Stanford:\u003c/strong> I’m most concerned with how a Trump presidency will affect solutions to climate change, air pollution, and energy security. Fortunately, the cost of wind and solar are very low now and dropping still, and clean-energy technologies and startups are widespread, so we have momentum. At the state level, many states are moving to clean, renewable energy. It is still in the economic interest of Republicans and Democrats to expand clean, renewable energy. In fact, the five states with the highest fraction of electricity from wind are all “red” states that voted for Trump. Those countries that move faster toward clean, renewable energy will create more jobs, develop their economies faster, become more energy independent, reduce catastrophic risk, including terrorism, associated with centralized plants, and live healthier and longer, so this should be an incentive to keep moving in the right direction. Since most efforts to solve the problems have been at the state level over the past four years in any case (e.g., California, New York, and even inadvertently in Iowa and South Dakota with their expansion of wind), I am confident state and local steps can continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I will continue to do what I do, namely try to understand and solve the problems. There is nothing that an unsupportive president can do to stop my efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/personnel_bios/ralph_keeling\">\u003cstrong>Ralph Keeling\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, director of the Mauna Loa CO2 program at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography: \u003c/strong>It’s not easy to formulate responses at this point. It’s clearly too early to tell what Trump will do to change the landscape on climate mitigation. For now we will be waiting to see how much his policies will be guided by the sometimes extreme views that guided his campaign — such as being in denial of the climate problem. It’s certainly easier to be in denial from the sidelines than from being in the driver’s seat, so there’s hope that a more reasoned approach will follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main step for the climate scientists is to keep working on the science. If we end up on a slower track on mitigating climate change, this just means we need a faster track on adaptation and preparedness. There’s a lot on the plate of the scientists regardless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, paleoclimate researcher at Penn State: \u003c/strong>A Trump presidency might be game over for the climate. In other words, it might make it impossible to stabilize planetary warming below dangerous (i.e. greater than 2°C) levels. If Trump makes good on his campaign promises and pulls out of the Paris Treaty, it is difficult to see a path forward to keeping warming below dangerous levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is time for introspection and contemplation. I’m still in the process of letting this sink in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/about/staff/laura-tam\">\u003cstrong>Laura Tam\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, sustainable development policy director at SPUR:\u003c/strong> As a policy analyst and advocate for local climate action, I can tell you that the urgency of sub-nationals and cities to take action to go fossil-free is even more important, and we should set up our systems to do this without the federal government, and perhaps in spite of it. The demonstration of the viability of 100 percent renewables for all energy needs can happen here in California and when we demonstrate the economic and environmental superiority of this model, the nation will not be long to follow. It will become inevitable. A Trump presidency will make local and state action even more urgent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.met.psu.edu/people/dwt12\">\u003cstrong>David Titley\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, climate and weather risk researcher at Penn State: \u003c/strong>Many black swans have taken flight this year. One thing science teaches you is that systems frequently revert to the mean. So, as dark as everything looks at this moment for fixing our climate, we need to have hope that we won’t realize the worst case. If there is a silver lining it’s that Trump does not seem bound by whatever he has said previously. So perhaps he will see the wisdom or at least self-interest, in investing in non-carbon, U.S.-produced, energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The climate community has a huge challenge ahead, to frame this issue in a way that will resonate with the likely president-elect. It may not be possible but it would be negligent to not even try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Hot and wild and with an “increasingly visible human footprint” — that’s how the U.N. weather agency sums up the global climate in the past five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”DJNK6QpJN1KkOPiNtgV4a9AJApoO6mWN”]In a \u003ca href=\"http://ane4bf-datap1.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wmocms/s3fs-public/1179_EN.pdf?WevaJ8QIS5ntCjcWd7OYyZfhIDKuews9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report released Tuesday\u003c/a> at international climate talks in Morocco, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Meteorological Organization\u003c/a> said 2011-2015 was the hottest five-year period on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That comes as no surprise as WMO’s annual reports have showed record average temperatures in 2014 and 2015. But the agency said the five-year report provides a better overview of warming trends and extreme events such as prolonged droughts and recurrent heatwaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just had the hottest five-year period on record, with 2015 claiming the title of hottest individual year. Even that record is likely to be beaten in 2016,” said WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The WMO’s preliminary climate assessment for 2016 is set to be released next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s complicated to draw links between single weather events and climate change, the report found that many extreme events during the period were made more likely as a result of man-made climate change. In the case of some extreme high temperatures, the probability increased by a factor of 10 or more, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Examples include the record high seasonal and annual temperatures in the United States in 2012 and in Australia in 2013, hot summers in eastern Asia and western Europe in 2013, heatwaves in spring and autumn 2014 in Australia, record annual warmth in Europe in 2014, and a heatwave in Argentina in December 2013,” WMO said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found no strong climate change link for extreme rainfall events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Arctic summer sea ice coverage was 28 percent below the 1981-2010 average, reaching a record low in 2012. By contrast the Antarctic sea ice was above average, especially the winter maximum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Surface melting of the Greenland ice sheet — a contributor to rising seas — continued at above-average levels, exceeding the 1981-2010 average in all five years from 2011 to 2015. Mountain glaciers also continued their decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Snow cover in the northern hemisphere was “well below average” in all five years, continuing a strong downward trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists who were not involved with the report said it underscored the need for governments to boost efforts to fight climate change beyond their pledges for last year’s landmark Paris Agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The evidence is overwhelming,” said Chris Field, director of the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. “The new report from WMO is a clarion call for embracing and going beyond the goals of the Paris Agreement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Paris deal calls for keeping global temperature rises below 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) compared with preindustrial times. The average temperature in 2015, partly influenced by a powerful El Nino event, was already halfway there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Halting global warming at a manageable level, as the world’s nations decided in the Paris Agreement, is now a race against time,” said Stefan Rahmstorf of the Potsdam Institute in Germany.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Hot and wild and with an “increasingly visible human footprint” — that’s how the U.N. weather agency sums up the global climate in the past five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://ane4bf-datap1.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wmocms/s3fs-public/1179_EN.pdf?WevaJ8QIS5ntCjcWd7OYyZfhIDKuews9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report released Tuesday\u003c/a> at international climate talks in Morocco, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Meteorological Organization\u003c/a> said 2011-2015 was the hottest five-year period on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That comes as no surprise as WMO’s annual reports have showed record average temperatures in 2014 and 2015. But the agency said the five-year report provides a better overview of warming trends and extreme events such as prolonged droughts and recurrent heatwaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just had the hottest five-year period on record, with 2015 claiming the title of hottest individual year. Even that record is likely to be beaten in 2016,” said WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The WMO’s preliminary climate assessment for 2016 is set to be released next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s complicated to draw links between single weather events and climate change, the report found that many extreme events during the period were made more likely as a result of man-made climate change. In the case of some extreme high temperatures, the probability increased by a factor of 10 or more, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Examples include the record high seasonal and annual temperatures in the United States in 2012 and in Australia in 2013, hot summers in eastern Asia and western Europe in 2013, heatwaves in spring and autumn 2014 in Australia, record annual warmth in Europe in 2014, and a heatwave in Argentina in December 2013,” WMO said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found no strong climate change link for extreme rainfall events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Arctic summer sea ice coverage was 28 percent below the 1981-2010 average, reaching a record low in 2012. By contrast the Antarctic sea ice was above average, especially the winter maximum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Surface melting of the Greenland ice sheet — a contributor to rising seas — continued at above-average levels, exceeding the 1981-2010 average in all five years from 2011 to 2015. Mountain glaciers also continued their decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Snow cover in the northern hemisphere was “well below average” in all five years, continuing a strong downward trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists who were not involved with the report said it underscored the need for governments to boost efforts to fight climate change beyond their pledges for last year’s landmark Paris Agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The evidence is overwhelming,” said Chris Field, director of the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. “The new report from WMO is a clarion call for embracing and going beyond the goals of the Paris Agreement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Paris deal calls for keeping global temperature rises below 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) compared with preindustrial times. The average temperature in 2015, partly influenced by a powerful El Nino event, was already halfway there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Halting global warming at a manageable level, as the world’s nations decided in the Paris Agreement, is now a race against time,” said Stefan Rahmstorf of the Potsdam Institute in Germany.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Let It Burn: The Forest Service Wants to Stop Putting Out Some Fires",
"headTitle": "Let It Burn: The Forest Service Wants to Stop Putting Out Some Fires | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s fire season hasn’t turned out to be as bad as some feared this year. In fact, forest managers say that certain kinds of fires — the “good” fires — were sorely lacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra Nevada forests are adapted to low-intensity fires that clear the underbrush and prevent trees from getting too dense. After a century of fire suppression, many forests are overgrown, which can make catastrophic fires worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So forest managers are piloting a new policy designed to shift a century-old mentality about fire in the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to let naturally-caused fires burn when they aren’t a threat to homes or people. But actually making those decisions on the ground isn’t easy in a crowded state like California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/11/WebFireSommer161104.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Decisions on the Front Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the U.S. Forest Service allows some fires to burn on a case-by-case basis, as in early September, when forest managers got reports of smoke in the Sierra National Forest, south of Yosemite, after a dry lightning storm rolled through.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The fires are coming one way or another. How do we want them to be?’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Alan Taylor, U.S. Forest Service\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The fire was really small at that point,” says Sarah LaPlante, the forest ranger on duty at the time. “It was probably about a quarter of an acre.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was dubbed the Crown Fire and LaPlante had to make the call about how to handle it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t put firefighters right on the line trying to stop the fire right where the fire is,” she says. “We can actually let the fire burn in a controlled way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134221\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134221\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire.jpg\" alt=\"The 2016 Crown Fire burned the forest floor, but didn't torch the treetops.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1142\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-160x95.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-800x476.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-768x457.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-1020x607.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-1180x702.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-960x571.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-240x143.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-375x223.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-520x309.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2016 Crown Fire burned the forest floor, but didn’t torch the treetops. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fire was extremely remote and the weather was cooling off, so she gave the order to let it spread, keeping a close watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t torching trees,” she says. “It was just cleaning the forest floor. Getting rid of all of that over-accumulation of dead, woody debris.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was exactly the low-intensity fire that LaPlante wanted to see. Around 800 acres have burned so far. Winter rains are expected to put the fire out in a couple weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But being on the front lines of those decisions is never easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that you take really seriously and there is some level of nerves,” LaPlante says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very rarely, these decisions go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Losing Control\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, rangers let a fire burn in Lassen Volcanic National Park. But the winds picked up and the fire spread thousands of acres toward the community of Old Station, an hour from Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Smoke was so heavy here ’cause it was blowing our direction,” says John Wallace, a restaurant-owner in Old Station who got ready to evacuate. “It was a scary situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”qSiCfPblZjWfYCn8ELcWmi7sbsm6nUhK”]Luckily, the town was spared, but residents were angry and congressional hearings were held to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just the fact that they let it burn and get away from them,” Wallace says. “I mean, anytime something affects you that way people get upset.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near-disasters like that make forest managers hesitant to let any fire burn. And scientists say that only makes things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Fire Deficit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So these are collections of fire scars from all over,” says fire scientist Scott Stephens, pointing to cross-sections of old trees inside his lab on the UC Berkeley campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see each of these small black marks that are recorded in the wood, in the tree rings, are actually a past fire that the tree survived.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134223\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens.jpg\" alt=\"UC Berkeley scientist Scott Stephens shows the fire history in a tree cross-section.\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1136\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-768x535.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-1020x710.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-1180x821.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-960x668.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-240x167.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-375x261.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-520x362.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Berkeley scientist Scott Stephens shows the fire history in a tree cross-section. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rings show that this centuries-old Pondarosa Pine used to survive low-intensity fires every six to twelve years. Those fires kept young trees from growing up to crowd the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, forests in the Sierra Nevada are typically much denser than they once were, which can fuel catastrophic fires like the Rim Fire in Yosemite three years ago. Stephens says today there’s actually a fire deficit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sounds crazy, but if you think about how fire used to work the land, millions of acres burned every year,” he says. “But you didn’t have things like the Rim Fire that actually causes a 20,000-acre patch of forest to completely die. No living trees for miles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens clarified that in those patches, 95 percent or more of the trees died, making it difficult for the forest to regenerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the legacy of Smokey Bear, and it hasn’t been easy for the Forest Service to change that legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing the Default\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a better understanding of the role of fire now as an agency and probably as a society,” says Alan Taylor, a fire planner with the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time in decades, the Forest Service is changing its fire suppression policy in three national forests in the Sierra Nevada. The Sierra, Inyo and Sequoia National Forests are piloting this new approach, as part of an update to their forest management plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is creating fire risk zones by using computer models to analyze the terrain, type of forest and possible weather scenarios.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some zones, near towns and roads, are protected, and fires there would be put out. But in another zone, covering 40 percent of the land, rangers would have to answer a question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s a lightning-caused fire, why are we putting it out?” says Taylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134225\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1.jpg\" alt='Firefighters lit a \"back-burn\" to control the Reading Fire in 2012.' width=\"1920\" height=\"967\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-160x81.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-800x403.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-768x387.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-1020x514.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-1180x594.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-960x484.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-240x121.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-375x189.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-520x262.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters lit a “back-burn” to control the Reading Fire in 2012. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This changes the default. Before, rangers had to make the case for letting a fire burn, but now, they’d have to justify putting it out if there’s no danger to people or homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to take time, but we’re trying to put the tools in the deciders’ hands to start working toward having fire back in its natural role in these ecosystems,” says Taylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a downside: more fire means more smoke and the Central Valley already has some of the worst air quality in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It probably will be smokier at times than what we’re used to,” Taylor acknowledges. But he says the smoke from low-intensity fires is easier to manage than smoke from catastrophic fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fires are coming one way or another,” Taylor says. “How do we want them to be? If we keep putting them out and the fuels keep growing, eventually it gets to the point that you can’t put it out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not going to be simple and it’s not going to be completely predictable,” says Stephens. “But I know one thing for certain. If we continue to have that backlog of forests that are in terrible shape, I call that a freight train having a wreck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Forest Service’s new approach encourages fire in California forests, it could be adopted by other forests across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: A line was added to clarify the extent of tree mortality in the Rim Fire.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s fire season hasn’t turned out to be as bad as some feared this year. In fact, forest managers say that certain kinds of fires — the “good” fires — were sorely lacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra Nevada forests are adapted to low-intensity fires that clear the underbrush and prevent trees from getting too dense. After a century of fire suppression, many forests are overgrown, which can make catastrophic fires worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So forest managers are piloting a new policy designed to shift a century-old mentality about fire in the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to let naturally-caused fires burn when they aren’t a threat to homes or people. But actually making those decisions on the ground isn’t easy in a crowded state like California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Decisions on the Front Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the U.S. Forest Service allows some fires to burn on a case-by-case basis, as in early September, when forest managers got reports of smoke in the Sierra National Forest, south of Yosemite, after a dry lightning storm rolled through.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The fires are coming one way or another. How do we want them to be?’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Alan Taylor, U.S. Forest Service\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The fire was really small at that point,” says Sarah LaPlante, the forest ranger on duty at the time. “It was probably about a quarter of an acre.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was dubbed the Crown Fire and LaPlante had to make the call about how to handle it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t put firefighters right on the line trying to stop the fire right where the fire is,” she says. “We can actually let the fire burn in a controlled way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134221\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134221\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire.jpg\" alt=\"The 2016 Crown Fire burned the forest floor, but didn't torch the treetops.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1142\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-160x95.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-800x476.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-768x457.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-1020x607.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-1180x702.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-960x571.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-240x143.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-375x223.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/crownfire-520x309.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2016 Crown Fire burned the forest floor, but didn’t torch the treetops. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fire was extremely remote and the weather was cooling off, so she gave the order to let it spread, keeping a close watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t torching trees,” she says. “It was just cleaning the forest floor. Getting rid of all of that over-accumulation of dead, woody debris.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was exactly the low-intensity fire that LaPlante wanted to see. Around 800 acres have burned so far. Winter rains are expected to put the fire out in a couple weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But being on the front lines of those decisions is never easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that you take really seriously and there is some level of nerves,” LaPlante says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very rarely, these decisions go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Losing Control\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, rangers let a fire burn in Lassen Volcanic National Park. But the winds picked up and the fire spread thousands of acres toward the community of Old Station, an hour from Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Smoke was so heavy here ’cause it was blowing our direction,” says John Wallace, a restaurant-owner in Old Station who got ready to evacuate. “It was a scary situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Luckily, the town was spared, but residents were angry and congressional hearings were held to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just the fact that they let it burn and get away from them,” Wallace says. “I mean, anytime something affects you that way people get upset.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near-disasters like that make forest managers hesitant to let any fire burn. And scientists say that only makes things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Fire Deficit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So these are collections of fire scars from all over,” says fire scientist Scott Stephens, pointing to cross-sections of old trees inside his lab on the UC Berkeley campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see each of these small black marks that are recorded in the wood, in the tree rings, are actually a past fire that the tree survived.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134223\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens.jpg\" alt=\"UC Berkeley scientist Scott Stephens shows the fire history in a tree cross-section.\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1136\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-768x535.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-1020x710.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-1180x821.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-960x668.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-240x167.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-375x261.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/Stephens-520x362.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Berkeley scientist Scott Stephens shows the fire history in a tree cross-section. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rings show that this centuries-old Pondarosa Pine used to survive low-intensity fires every six to twelve years. Those fires kept young trees from growing up to crowd the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, forests in the Sierra Nevada are typically much denser than they once were, which can fuel catastrophic fires like the Rim Fire in Yosemite three years ago. Stephens says today there’s actually a fire deficit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sounds crazy, but if you think about how fire used to work the land, millions of acres burned every year,” he says. “But you didn’t have things like the Rim Fire that actually causes a 20,000-acre patch of forest to completely die. No living trees for miles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens clarified that in those patches, 95 percent or more of the trees died, making it difficult for the forest to regenerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the legacy of Smokey Bear, and it hasn’t been easy for the Forest Service to change that legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changing the Default\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a better understanding of the role of fire now as an agency and probably as a society,” says Alan Taylor, a fire planner with the U.S. Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first time in decades, the Forest Service is changing its fire suppression policy in three national forests in the Sierra Nevada. The Sierra, Inyo and Sequoia National Forests are piloting this new approach, as part of an update to their forest management plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is creating fire risk zones by using computer models to analyze the terrain, type of forest and possible weather scenarios.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some zones, near towns and roads, are protected, and fires there would be put out. But in another zone, covering 40 percent of the land, rangers would have to answer a question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s a lightning-caused fire, why are we putting it out?” says Taylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1134225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1134225\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1.jpg\" alt='Firefighters lit a \"back-burn\" to control the Reading Fire in 2012.' width=\"1920\" height=\"967\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-160x81.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-800x403.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-768x387.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-1020x514.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-1180x594.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-960x484.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-240x121.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-375x189.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/ReadingFire1-520x262.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighters lit a “back-burn” to control the Reading Fire in 2012. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This changes the default. Before, rangers had to make the case for letting a fire burn, but now, they’d have to justify putting it out if there’s no danger to people or homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to take time, but we’re trying to put the tools in the deciders’ hands to start working toward having fire back in its natural role in these ecosystems,” says Taylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a downside: more fire means more smoke and the Central Valley already has some of the worst air quality in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It probably will be smokier at times than what we’re used to,” Taylor acknowledges. But he says the smoke from low-intensity fires is easier to manage than smoke from catastrophic fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fires are coming one way or another,” Taylor says. “How do we want them to be? If we keep putting them out and the fuels keep growing, eventually it gets to the point that you can’t put it out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not going to be simple and it’s not going to be completely predictable,” says Stephens. “But I know one thing for certain. If we continue to have that backlog of forests that are in terrible shape, I call that a freight train having a wreck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Forest Service’s new approach encourages fire in California forests, it could be adopted by other forests across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: A line was added to clarify the extent of tree mortality in the Rim Fire.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The World Isn’t Doing Enough to Slow Climate Change",
"headTitle": "The World Isn’t Doing Enough to Slow Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/landmark-paris-climate-pact-take-effect-30-days-20766\">Paris Agreement to limit global warming\u003c/a> goes into effect Friday. It’s stated goal is to keep the world from warming more than 2°C (3.6°F) above pre-industrial times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s just one problem: the greenhouse gas emissions reductions countries have pledged so aren’t nearly enough to meet that goal, according to the United Nations’ Environmental Program’s fifth annual emissions gap report\u003ca href=\"https://web.unep.org/emissionsgap/\"> published\u003c/a> on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The carbon pollution cuts on the table from now through 2030 will put the world on a trajectory to warm 3.4°C (6.1°F) by 2100. In order to keep warming close to the 2°C threshold, the world will have to find a way to cut an additional 25 percent of its carbon pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, around 39 gigatons of carbon dioxide was emitted globally. While the Paris Agreement will limit emissions, particularly in developed countries, a number of developed countries will still likely see their emissions rise over the coming decade. For example, China is expected to peak its emissions in 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means the world’s cumulative emissions could reach 52 gigatons by 2030 — even if all Paris Agreement pledges are met (and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/americas-climate-rules-fall-short-20731\">that’s a big if\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are based on the concept of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/ipcc-climate-change-report-contains-grave-carbon-budget-message-16569\">carbon budget\u003c/a> — basically how much carbon pollution the world can emit while still remaining below the 2°C threshold. The world is already \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-world-is-halfway-to-2c-19663\">halfway through the 2°C carbon budget\u003c/a>. Current trends will take us well past the carbon budget for 1.5°C and right against the limits of the 2°C carbon budget. We’ve already come close to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-flirts-with-1.5C-threshold-20260\">1.5°C threshold\u003c/a> for a few months this year (which will incidentially be \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/september-hottest-month-climate-change-20791\">the world’s hottest\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep the world on a trajectory that makes 2°C feasible and doesn’t require even more drastic cuts, the world will have to find a way to cut an additional 12-14 gigatons of carbon pollution by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing this report so close to the Paris Agreement going into force and the climate talks kicking off next week in Morocco is an important reminder to policymakers that more has to be done. Climate change is an issue with little regard for wiggle room and the overdraft penalty for overshooting the carbon budget is steep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entire nations could \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-goal-surging-in-paris-19782\">disappear under rising seas\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/worlds-poorest-most-at-risk-from-drought-conflict-20793\">Conflict\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/zika-virus-climate-change-19970\">disease\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/pests-pose-increasing-risk-to-food-security-17964\">food insecurity\u003c/a> could become more common. Some of the ecosystems that support us could collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all the bad news about the current trajectory, the report shows that there’s a path forward where the world closes its carbon emissions gap and stands a better chance of achieving the 2°C goal. Cities, private corporations and regional governments could play a big role in doing that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York, for example, is planning to reduce its emissions 80 percent by 2050. That’s both a larger cut and a longer timeframe than the current U.S. commitment to the Paris Agreement, which is to cut emissions 26-28 percent below 2005 level in 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy efficiency could also help shave another few gigatons off the carbon budget overdraft, particularly emissions from buildings. Ultimately, the report shows that keeping global warming in check isn’t solely the responsibility of large government or small ones, but everyone on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/landmark-paris-climate-pact-take-effect-30-days-20766\">Paris Agreement to limit global warming\u003c/a> goes into effect Friday. It’s stated goal is to keep the world from warming more than 2°C (3.6°F) above pre-industrial times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s just one problem: the greenhouse gas emissions reductions countries have pledged so aren’t nearly enough to meet that goal, according to the United Nations’ Environmental Program’s fifth annual emissions gap report\u003ca href=\"https://web.unep.org/emissionsgap/\"> published\u003c/a> on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The carbon pollution cuts on the table from now through 2030 will put the world on a trajectory to warm 3.4°C (6.1°F) by 2100. In order to keep warming close to the 2°C threshold, the world will have to find a way to cut an additional 25 percent of its carbon pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, around 39 gigatons of carbon dioxide was emitted globally. While the Paris Agreement will limit emissions, particularly in developed countries, a number of developed countries will still likely see their emissions rise over the coming decade. For example, China is expected to peak its emissions in 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means the world’s cumulative emissions could reach 52 gigatons by 2030 — even if all Paris Agreement pledges are met (and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/americas-climate-rules-fall-short-20731\">that’s a big if\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are based on the concept of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/ipcc-climate-change-report-contains-grave-carbon-budget-message-16569\">carbon budget\u003c/a> — basically how much carbon pollution the world can emit while still remaining below the 2°C threshold. The world is already \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-world-is-halfway-to-2c-19663\">halfway through the 2°C carbon budget\u003c/a>. Current trends will take us well past the carbon budget for 1.5°C and right against the limits of the 2°C carbon budget. We’ve already come close to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-flirts-with-1.5C-threshold-20260\">1.5°C threshold\u003c/a> for a few months this year (which will incidentially be \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/september-hottest-month-climate-change-20791\">the world’s hottest\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep the world on a trajectory that makes 2°C feasible and doesn’t require even more drastic cuts, the world will have to find a way to cut an additional 12-14 gigatons of carbon pollution by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Releasing this report so close to the Paris Agreement going into force and the climate talks kicking off next week in Morocco is an important reminder to policymakers that more has to be done. Climate change is an issue with little regard for wiggle room and the overdraft penalty for overshooting the carbon budget is steep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entire nations could \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-goal-surging-in-paris-19782\">disappear under rising seas\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/worlds-poorest-most-at-risk-from-drought-conflict-20793\">Conflict\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/zika-virus-climate-change-19970\">disease\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/pests-pose-increasing-risk-to-food-security-17964\">food insecurity\u003c/a> could become more common. Some of the ecosystems that support us could collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all the bad news about the current trajectory, the report shows that there’s a path forward where the world closes its carbon emissions gap and stands a better chance of achieving the 2°C goal. Cities, private corporations and regional governments could play a big role in doing that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York, for example, is planning to reduce its emissions 80 percent by 2050. That’s both a larger cut and a longer timeframe than the current U.S. commitment to the Paris Agreement, which is to cut emissions 26-28 percent below 2005 level in 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy efficiency could also help shave another few gigatons off the carbon budget overdraft, particularly emissions from buildings. Ultimately, the report shows that keeping global warming in check isn’t solely the responsibility of large government or small ones, but everyone on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What Will Convince Californians to Keep Conserving Water?",
"headTitle": "What Will Convince Californians to Keep Conserving Water? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>For year companies have targeted consumers with advertising that leverages social pressure – like saying seven out of 10 people prefer a certain brand of toothpaste or laundry detergent. More recently, that kind of thinking has been used not just to sell products, but also to change behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Behavioral economists assert that in the absence of price signals, policymakers can change people’s behaviors by harnessing their natural inclination to conform to social norms,” wrote Nola Hastings and Galib Rustamov in a 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://cuwcc.org/Portals/0/Document%20Library/Resources/Publications/Potential%20BMP%20Reports/2015%20Water%20Use%20Messaging%20PBMP%20Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> on customer water use messaging for the California Urban Water Conservation Council. “For example, customers make decisions based on social cues, self-image, local values and identities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, most of us just want to fit in with our social groups. And if given a little direction on how to do so, we’ll respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://opower.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Opower\u003c/a>, a customer engagement platform for utilities, took this philosophy and tested it in the electric utility sector. In 2008, it began sending Home Energy Reports to its utility partners’ customers, which showed people their energy consumption and how it compared to other similar households. The company now works with over 100 global utilities and its use of “social norms messaging” has begun to gain traction with water utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first \u003ca href=\"http://www.financingsustainablewater.org/resource-search/evaluation-east-bay-municipal-utility-districts-pilot-watersmart-home-water-reports\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">substantial research\u003c/a> that emerged from the water world on this front resulted from a June 2012 to June 2013 pilot project between 10,000 customers of East Bay Municipal Utilities District in the San Francisco Bay Area and \u003ca href=\"http://www.watersmart.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterSmart Software\u003c/a>. Much like Opower’s model, WaterSmart Software sends Home Water Reports, which tell customers how much water they’re using, how it compares to their own past use, as well as how much water similar households and similar efficient households are using. The reports also provide information on how to increase water efficiency, available rebates or other messaging from utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project compared two groups to controls – the first being a random sample of customers and the other (referred to as the Castro Valley group) were those thought to be “good candidates” for the messaging (mostly higher income and higher water use households).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the random group on average increased conservation by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">4.6\u003c/span> percent and the Castro Valley group by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.6\u003c/span> percent compared to the control groups. The effects went beyond just conservation, though. They also found that households from both groups were \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.7\u003c/span> times more likely to participate in a water audit program and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.7\u003c/span>times more likely to participate in a rebate program than those not receiving Home Water Reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1130783\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 719px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1130783\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter.png\" alt=\"Part of what a WaterSmart Software Home Water Report could include for customers. \" width=\"719\" height=\"648\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter.png 719w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter-160x144.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter-240x216.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter-375x338.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter-520x469.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Part of what a WaterSmart Software Home Water Report could include for customers. \u003ccite>(WaterSmart Software)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another study is under way by \u003ca href=\"http://www.uky.edu/Ag/AgriculturalEconomics/buck_steven.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Steven Buck\u003c/a>, assistant professor at University of Kentucky. Buck is examining how customers may be changing water use behavior in the city of Folsom, California, near Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folsom’s water agency signed up to work with \u003ca href=\"https://dropcountr.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dropcountr\u003c/a>, mobile and online application that tracks and shares water-use information. Customers in Folsom can voluntarily sign up for Dropcountr and create a customized household water budget. They’ll also receive information about water usage, how that usage compares to neighbors, specific tips for reducing water use and notifications about abnormal water usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are comparing households that enrolled versus households that didn’t enroll in the program and looking at what happened to consumption two months, three months, six months and 18 months after enrollment,” said Buck. Because the people who enroll may be more likely to conserve already, he said they are not simply comparing the difference between the two groups but, “we are taking into account the fact that there were baseline differences between the group that enrolled and the group that didn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buck’s research has yet to be peer-reviewed, but his preliminary findings show that on average, those who enrolled in Dropcountr in Folsom had a 6 percent drop in their consumption since enrollment. And that number jumps to a 12 percent drop for the very highest water users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has roughly 24,000 accounts, and 3,300 have enrolled in Dropcountr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folsom customers also have the added bonus of having water meters that relay data every day, instead of monthly or bimonthly. “There is more to learn about the usefulness of having daily water readings,” said Buck. Without them “it’s harder to detect a leak and hard to see a response in consumption.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Buck stressed that his research with the city of Folsom and Dropcountr is just beginning. He wants to look at how the results persists, if they would find the same results if it were not during a drought and which attributes of Dropcountr drove the effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is pretty certain in the industry – the typical format for water bills from many agencies aren’t very good at conveying important information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though you’ve received a water bill in the past, the info may not be so salient or transparent to the user,” said Buck. Many people receive water bills that measure use in units or cubic feet per second, which aren’t easily understood by most customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dropcountr provides a simple visual on how much water was used and when it was used,” said Don Smith, Water Management Coordinator with the city of Folsom. “The daily use graph provides 24 hourly data points that show the customer how much they use. Dropcountr provides current information on how their conservation efforts are working.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, many people simply disengage from their bills altogether, said Jeff Lipton, director of marketing at WaterSmart Software. That’s why WaterSmart sends water reports separately from bills because they are more likely to be read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing conservation and efficiency, however, isn’t the only helpful result from companies that increase customer engagement with their water utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reduction numbers of 6 percent to 12 percent are great, but are only part of the story,” said Smith. “Dropcountr provides a platform for customer engagement. We can communicate through email and mobile devices with customers who use Dropcountr and we can monitor usage of all our customers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities can use these tools to communicate important information with customers – something that is especially useful during droughts, but not just limited to times of water shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portland, Oregon, for example, is using WaterSmart’s Home Water Reports to try and reach low-income customers to help promote customer assistance programs and increase efficiency to reduce bills, said Lipton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we see the need for in the water space is better customer education and engagement around a variety of topics and the ability to build political support for infrastructure investments so we don’t have Flint, Michigan, happening all over the country,” said Lipton. “In some cases the need to improve efficiency is important but there are lots of other things utilities need to address with customers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities may want to communicate about how they are spending money on new infrastructure or the costs of maintaining quality service that may help customers better understand how their rates are set and the money spent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“Social norms messaging can be used to drive behavior in different directions,” said Lipton. “It’s really important the way we’re able to leverage behavioral science insight to achieve measurable outcomes that utilities care about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/11/03/social-norms-messaging-how-water-agencies-can-change-our-habits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Exploiting our desire to conform – through reports comparing our water usage to the norm – is one tactic increasingly used by water agencies and utility companies to push the conservation message.",
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"description": "Exploiting our desire to conform – through reports comparing our water usage to the norm – is one tactic increasingly used by water agencies and utility companies to push the conservation message.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For year companies have targeted consumers with advertising that leverages social pressure – like saying seven out of 10 people prefer a certain brand of toothpaste or laundry detergent. More recently, that kind of thinking has been used not just to sell products, but also to change behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Behavioral economists assert that in the absence of price signals, policymakers can change people’s behaviors by harnessing their natural inclination to conform to social norms,” wrote Nola Hastings and Galib Rustamov in a 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://cuwcc.org/Portals/0/Document%20Library/Resources/Publications/Potential%20BMP%20Reports/2015%20Water%20Use%20Messaging%20PBMP%20Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> on customer water use messaging for the California Urban Water Conservation Council. “For example, customers make decisions based on social cues, self-image, local values and identities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, most of us just want to fit in with our social groups. And if given a little direction on how to do so, we’ll respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://opower.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Opower\u003c/a>, a customer engagement platform for utilities, took this philosophy and tested it in the electric utility sector. In 2008, it began sending Home Energy Reports to its utility partners’ customers, which showed people their energy consumption and how it compared to other similar households. The company now works with over 100 global utilities and its use of “social norms messaging” has begun to gain traction with water utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first \u003ca href=\"http://www.financingsustainablewater.org/resource-search/evaluation-east-bay-municipal-utility-districts-pilot-watersmart-home-water-reports\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">substantial research\u003c/a> that emerged from the water world on this front resulted from a June 2012 to June 2013 pilot project between 10,000 customers of East Bay Municipal Utilities District in the San Francisco Bay Area and \u003ca href=\"http://www.watersmart.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterSmart Software\u003c/a>. Much like Opower’s model, WaterSmart Software sends Home Water Reports, which tell customers how much water they’re using, how it compares to their own past use, as well as how much water similar households and similar efficient households are using. The reports also provide information on how to increase water efficiency, available rebates or other messaging from utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project compared two groups to controls – the first being a random sample of customers and the other (referred to as the Castro Valley group) were those thought to be “good candidates” for the messaging (mostly higher income and higher water use households).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the random group on average increased conservation by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">4.6\u003c/span> percent and the Castro Valley group by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.6\u003c/span> percent compared to the control groups. The effects went beyond just conservation, though. They also found that households from both groups were \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.7\u003c/span> times more likely to participate in a water audit program and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.7\u003c/span>times more likely to participate in a rebate program than those not receiving Home Water Reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1130783\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 719px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1130783\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter.png\" alt=\"Part of what a WaterSmart Software Home Water Report could include for customers. \" width=\"719\" height=\"648\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter.png 719w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter-160x144.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter-240x216.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter-375x338.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/water_counter-520x469.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Part of what a WaterSmart Software Home Water Report could include for customers. \u003ccite>(WaterSmart Software)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another study is under way by \u003ca href=\"http://www.uky.edu/Ag/AgriculturalEconomics/buck_steven.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Steven Buck\u003c/a>, assistant professor at University of Kentucky. Buck is examining how customers may be changing water use behavior in the city of Folsom, California, near Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folsom’s water agency signed up to work with \u003ca href=\"https://dropcountr.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dropcountr\u003c/a>, mobile and online application that tracks and shares water-use information. Customers in Folsom can voluntarily sign up for Dropcountr and create a customized household water budget. They’ll also receive information about water usage, how that usage compares to neighbors, specific tips for reducing water use and notifications about abnormal water usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are comparing households that enrolled versus households that didn’t enroll in the program and looking at what happened to consumption two months, three months, six months and 18 months after enrollment,” said Buck. Because the people who enroll may be more likely to conserve already, he said they are not simply comparing the difference between the two groups but, “we are taking into account the fact that there were baseline differences between the group that enrolled and the group that didn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buck’s research has yet to be peer-reviewed, but his preliminary findings show that on average, those who enrolled in Dropcountr in Folsom had a 6 percent drop in their consumption since enrollment. And that number jumps to a 12 percent drop for the very highest water users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has roughly 24,000 accounts, and 3,300 have enrolled in Dropcountr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folsom customers also have the added bonus of having water meters that relay data every day, instead of monthly or bimonthly. “There is more to learn about the usefulness of having daily water readings,” said Buck. Without them “it’s harder to detect a leak and hard to see a response in consumption.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Buck stressed that his research with the city of Folsom and Dropcountr is just beginning. He wants to look at how the results persists, if they would find the same results if it were not during a drought and which attributes of Dropcountr drove the effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is pretty certain in the industry – the typical format for water bills from many agencies aren’t very good at conveying important information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though you’ve received a water bill in the past, the info may not be so salient or transparent to the user,” said Buck. Many people receive water bills that measure use in units or cubic feet per second, which aren’t easily understood by most customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dropcountr provides a simple visual on how much water was used and when it was used,” said Don Smith, Water Management Coordinator with the city of Folsom. “The daily use graph provides 24 hourly data points that show the customer how much they use. Dropcountr provides current information on how their conservation efforts are working.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, many people simply disengage from their bills altogether, said Jeff Lipton, director of marketing at WaterSmart Software. That’s why WaterSmart sends water reports separately from bills because they are more likely to be read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing conservation and efficiency, however, isn’t the only helpful result from companies that increase customer engagement with their water utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reduction numbers of 6 percent to 12 percent are great, but are only part of the story,” said Smith. “Dropcountr provides a platform for customer engagement. We can communicate through email and mobile devices with customers who use Dropcountr and we can monitor usage of all our customers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities can use these tools to communicate important information with customers – something that is especially useful during droughts, but not just limited to times of water shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portland, Oregon, for example, is using WaterSmart’s Home Water Reports to try and reach low-income customers to help promote customer assistance programs and increase efficiency to reduce bills, said Lipton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we see the need for in the water space is better customer education and engagement around a variety of topics and the ability to build political support for infrastructure investments so we don’t have Flint, Michigan, happening all over the country,” said Lipton. “In some cases the need to improve efficiency is important but there are lots of other things utilities need to address with customers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities may want to communicate about how they are spending money on new infrastructure or the costs of maintaining quality service that may help customers better understand how their rates are set and the money spent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“Social norms messaging can be used to drive behavior in different directions,” said Lipton. “It’s really important the way we’re able to leverage behavioral science insight to achieve measurable outcomes that utilities care about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/11/03/social-norms-messaging-how-water-agencies-can-change-our-habits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "It's Raining -- Will Californians Still Conserve Water?",
"headTitle": "It’s Raining — Will Californians Still Conserve Water? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Californians ended three months of backsliding in September, using 18.3 percent less water than in September of 2013, according to the state’s monthly tally of local suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators were relieved by the number after monthly urban conservation rates had tumbled steadily month-to-month, from 28.1 percent in May, to 17.5 percent in August. Conservation began to evaporate when the state dropped its system of mandatory savings quotas for local water suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mandatory was a good idea to get things going,” said State Water Resources Control Board member Steven Moore, “and now things are going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, at least in September they were going. October numbers won’t be available for about a month, but might show further improvement given the unusually wet month that much of California experienced. Rain often prompts homeowners to turn off their sprinklers, which is now required by state regulations. As part of the drought restrictions that Governor Jerry Brown made permanent last spring, outside irrigation is prohibited either while it’s raining or for 48 hours after it stops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rain can also have the effect of signaling that the drought is “over,” which officials hasten to point out is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel like I’ve spent my life saying, ‘Well, we’re still in a drought — just not the drought we were in last year,”‘ a drought-weary chair Felicia Marcus groaned at Tuesday’s meeting of the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/calif/oct2016.htm\">October’s copious rains\u003c/a> might signal otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\">Many locations\u003c/a> in the northern half of the state saw 200-to-400 percent of their normal October precipitation, or even more. Sacramento clocked in at more than 450 percent of average. Mount Shasta City, near Shasta Lake, the state’s largest reservoir, registered five times the average for October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1126416\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1126416\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025.png\" alt='Much of California remains in official drought. The red and dark-red areas indicate \"extreme\" and \"exceptional\" drought conditions, respectively.' width=\"541\" height=\"592\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025.png 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-160x175.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-240x263.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-375x410.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-520x569.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Much of California remains in official drought. The red and dark-red areas indicate “extreme” and “exceptional” drought conditions, respectively. \u003ccite>(U.S. Drought Monitor)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Southern California remains stubbornly dry and more than 40 percent of the state is \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">still categorized\u003c/a> by federal climatologists as being in “extreme drought.” But the extra precipitation up north was a boon to the entire state, if indirectly, as many of the key reservoirs that supply statewide water projects are located in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But October can be a cruel tease. History shows that a wet start notwithstanding, the “tap” can shut off at any time, and soggy Octobers have often led to disappointingly dry winters, overall.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Californians ended three months of backsliding in September, using 18.3 percent less water than in September of 2013, according to the state’s monthly tally of local suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators were relieved by the number after monthly urban conservation rates had tumbled steadily month-to-month, from 28.1 percent in May, to 17.5 percent in August. Conservation began to evaporate when the state dropped its system of mandatory savings quotas for local water suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mandatory was a good idea to get things going,” said State Water Resources Control Board member Steven Moore, “and now things are going.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, at least in September they were going. October numbers won’t be available for about a month, but might show further improvement given the unusually wet month that much of California experienced. Rain often prompts homeowners to turn off their sprinklers, which is now required by state regulations. As part of the drought restrictions that Governor Jerry Brown made permanent last spring, outside irrigation is prohibited either while it’s raining or for 48 hours after it stops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rain can also have the effect of signaling that the drought is “over,” which officials hasten to point out is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel like I’ve spent my life saying, ‘Well, we’re still in a drought — just not the drought we were in last year,”‘ a drought-weary chair Felicia Marcus groaned at Tuesday’s meeting of the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/calif/oct2016.htm\">October’s copious rains\u003c/a> might signal otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/awipsProducts/RNOWRKCLI.php\">Many locations\u003c/a> in the northern half of the state saw 200-to-400 percent of their normal October precipitation, or even more. Sacramento clocked in at more than 450 percent of average. Mount Shasta City, near Shasta Lake, the state’s largest reservoir, registered five times the average for October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1126416\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1126416\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025.png\" alt='Much of California remains in official drought. The red and dark-red areas indicate \"extreme\" and \"exceptional\" drought conditions, respectively.' width=\"541\" height=\"592\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025.png 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-160x175.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-240x263.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-375x410.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/DroughtMonitor_161025-520x569.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Much of California remains in official drought. The red and dark-red areas indicate “extreme” and “exceptional” drought conditions, respectively. \u003ccite>(U.S. Drought Monitor)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Southern California remains stubbornly dry and more than 40 percent of the state is \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">still categorized\u003c/a> by federal climatologists as being in “extreme drought.” But the extra precipitation up north was a boon to the entire state, if indirectly, as many of the key reservoirs that supply statewide water projects are located in the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But October can be a cruel tease. History shows that a wet start notwithstanding, the “tap” can shut off at any time, and soggy Octobers have often led to disappointingly dry winters, overall.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>What has 414 legs and four ways to procreate? Until recently, nothing. Or so it was thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have discovered a species of millipede with those far-out features in a cave in California’s Sequoia National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”cdCwF7KLpEZFgv1KNx96FIfgWuXJdPQx”]The pale bug’s 414 legs are fairly meager for a millipede. Some species have as many as 750. None have 1,000, despite its name meaning “thousand feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like some other species, this millipede has four modified legs that are used as penises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A statement Monday detailed the discovery by Jean Krejca of Texas-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.zaraenvironmental.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zara Environmental LLC\u003c/a>. Millipede experts Paul Marek at Virginia Tech and Bill Shear at Virginia’s Hampden-Sydney College classified the critter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s named illacme tobini (ill-ACK’-mee-toh-BEE’-nee), a play on the name Ben Tobin, a former cave biologist with the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What has 414 legs and four ways to procreate? Until recently, nothing. Or so it was thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have discovered a species of millipede with those far-out features in a cave in California’s Sequoia National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The pale bug’s 414 legs are fairly meager for a millipede. Some species have as many as 750. None have 1,000, despite its name meaning “thousand feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like some other species, this millipede has four modified legs that are used as penises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A statement Monday detailed the discovery by Jean Krejca of Texas-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.zaraenvironmental.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zara Environmental LLC\u003c/a>. Millipede experts Paul Marek at Virginia Tech and Bill Shear at Virginia’s Hampden-Sydney College classified the critter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s named illacme tobini (ill-ACK’-mee-toh-BEE’-nee), a play on the name Ben Tobin, a former cave biologist with the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "‘The Blob’ Is Back: What Warm Ocean Mass Means for Weather, Wildlife",
"headTitle": "‘The Blob’ Is Back: What Warm Ocean Mass Means for Weather, Wildlife | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The blob is back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Since 2014, a mass of unusually warm water has hovered and swelled in the Pacific Ocean off the West Coast of North America, playing havoc with marine wildlife, water quality and the regional weather.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Earlier this year, weather and oceanography experts thought it was waning. But no: The Blob came back, and it is again in position off the coast, threatening to smother normal coastal weather and ecosystem behavior.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The Blob isn’t exactly to blame for California’s drought, though it certainly aggravated the problem. But it is to blame for seriously disrupting the ocean food chain and for creating conditions that fed unprecedented algal blooms in the coastal Pacific.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">With the Blob back in play again, what does it mean for the winter ahead? To find out, Water Deeply spoke with Nicholas Bond, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jisao.washington.edu/researchers/bios/bond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">research meteorologist\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at the University of Washington in Seattle and Washington’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.washington.edu/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">state climatologist\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. In June 2014, Bond \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.washington.edu/newsletter/2014Jun.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">named\u003c/span>\u003c/a> this persistent weather phenomenon, and later wrote the first \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL063306/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">scientific paper\u003c/span>\u003c/a> characterizing it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What exactly is the Blob?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1123167\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1123167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply.jpg\" alt=\"Washington’s state climatologist Nicholas Bond named the warm ocean mass now commonly known as “the Blob.”\" width=\"298\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply.jpg 681w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-160x210.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-240x315.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-375x492.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-520x683.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Washington’s state climatologist Nicholas Bond named the warm ocean mass now commonly known as “the Blob.” \u003ccite>(Nicholas Bond)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Nicholas Bond: It’s a large mass of water in the northeast Pacific Ocean that’s considerably warmer than usual. It doesn’t have any real sharply defined boundaries, but it’s an area that, at times, has stretched from Baja California up to the Bering Sea. At other times, it’s kinda shrunk back down. It’s been at least 1,000 miles (1,600km) across and, recently, quite deep.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Typically, it’s been something like\u003cspan class=\"caps\">2.7\u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.6F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"caps\">2C\u003c/span>) warmer than normal. But there have been places where it’s been as much as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">9F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">5C\u003c/span>) warmer. It’s waxed and waned, but it’s been that way since early 2014. The warmer-than-normal water extends down to something like 300m (1,000ft) below the surface. So that’s a huge volume of considerably warmer-than-normal water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Is it still out there?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: Yeah. There was sort of a reinvigoration this past summer. The temperatures were moderating early in 2016, and then, at least in a large area south of Alaska and off the coast of the Pacific Northwest, it really warmed up again this past summer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What causes it?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: A lot of it, almost all of it, is due to just the unusual weather patterns that have been occurring over the northeast Pacific during the past few years. They haven’t been the same patterns, but what really got it started was when a ridge of higher-than-normal sea-level pressure set up during the winter of 2013–14 over the northeast Pacific.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That was a very persistent and strong ridge of higher-than-normal pressure that kind of blocked the usual parade of storms across the Pacific. That meant less heat was drawn out of the ocean into the atmosphere than usual. It meant there was less cold water (from the deeper ocean) mixing near the surface part of the ocean. And also the unusual winds meant the upper-level currents in the ocean were a little bit different from usual.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Is it unprecedented?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: Yeah, certainly. In terms of the magnitude of anomalies in a lot of locations, we haven’t seen anything quite like this. I did a fairly careful study using the data that’s available, going back decades. There have been other periods with considerably warmer-than-normal ocean temperatures in the region. But they were never of the kind of geographic extent and magnitude we’ve seen with this recent event.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1123168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1123168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery.jpg\" alt=\"Emaciated juvenile sea lions undergoing rehabilitation at the Marine Mammal Center in California. Their plight is thought to have been triggered by the unusually warm water conditions that persist in the coastal Pacific Ocean, upsetting the usual food web upon which sea lions and other wildlife depend. \" width=\"1400\" height=\"933\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emaciated juvenile sea lions undergoing rehabilitation at the Marine Mammal Center in California. Their plight is thought to have been triggered by the unusually warm water conditions that persist in the coastal Pacific Ocean, upsetting the usual food web upon which sea lions and other wildlife depend. \u003ccite>(NOAA Fisheries)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What caused that persistent high pressure?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: It became known as the “\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ridiculously resilient ridge\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>” There’s been a number of independent studies that have basically shown that much warmer than normal waters in the far western tropical Pacific, in the vicinity of New Guinea – and thunderstorms that those warm waters helped spawn – had this kind of ripple effect on the atmospheric-circulation weather patterns over much of the globe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It set up this series of very large-scale high- and low-pressure centers, with the ridge over the coast of western North America, and then a trough of lower pressure over the northeastern part of North America.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How did the Blob affect the drought in California?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: That same ridge of high pressure basically blocked the storms. There was just a real lack of those regular storms. The warm water didn’t cause the unusual weather patterns. But those unusual weather patterns that brought the warm water also were a large cause of the drought in California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It turned out that was the same case in the Pacific Northwest. Not quite the same extent, but we were looking at very low snowpack in mid-February 2014. Then there was enough of a shift that we actually had a pretty wet period there at the end of winter and got enough rain and snow to kind of tide us through the summer of 2014. But there weren’t enough (storms), and those didn’t extend far enough south for California to get relief.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But it gets kind of complicated. Once that warm water formed out there in a big way, it does tend to warm the air that’s passing over it. Once that water was warmed, it did help warm the air coming off the ocean. This was especially the case in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/040115snowsurvey.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">winter of 2014–15\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. It led to warmer air temperatures and higher snow levels. The freezing level was 1,000–2,000ft (300–600m) higher than usual in the mountains. So that certainly ended up being a real problem. We count on that snowpack coming out of winter to get us through the summer. But it fell as rain rather than snow during that 2014–15 winter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Is there a climate change connection here?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: This is sometimes called a marine heat wave, and it’s a short-term kind of event. There is some evidence that long-term trends are favoring the patterns we’ve had over the past few years. But that’s a very small effect.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So it’s not due to global warming. But it does provide some hint, at least, of what it’s going to be like in future decades, in particular, with some of the impacts we’ve seen in the marine ecosystem. What we’ve had the past few years is something that is liable to be more the rule rather than the exception toward the middle of the century. So maybe this is kind of a little preview or something. So we’re trying to learn from it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How has the Blob affected ocean life?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: The impacts were quite a few and widespread. At the bottom of the food chain, we saw a higher preponderance at the plankton level of subtropical species versus ones that are more adapted to cooler water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That had repercussions all the way up the food chain – everything from the kind of suitable prey for salmon that was present and whether they were getting the food they need, to some real problems with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/guadalupefurseals2015.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">fur seals\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/californiasealions2013.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">sea lions\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in California in particular. In the Gulf of Alaska we had what National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has called a marine mammal\u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/large_whales_2015.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">mortality event\u003c/span>\u003c/a> last year. Seabirds are another one: There were some species with some very large mortalities, with lots more \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/01/150123-seabirds-mass-die-off-auklet-california-animals-environment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">dead seabirds\u003c/span>\u003c/a>washing up on the beaches.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One of the more alarming things is the harmful algal blooms. That was sort of way out there in terms of how far along the coast it stretched, how long it lasted, how high the toxin levels got. That was something that was really scary.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How long will the Blob be with us?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: That’s kind of the $64,000 question. We thought this whole event was winding down earlier this year, and then we’ve seen it rear its ugly head again in some locations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How will this affect our weather this coming winter?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: The more prominent temperature anomalies are a little north of California. It’s all going to depend on the weather patterns. There are kind of borderline La Ni\u003c/span>ña conditions now, which doesn’t tend to imply too much one way or another for Northern California. In the past, it probably has meant somewhat less precipitation than normal for Southern California. But we see a lot of exceptions there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s kind of an admission of defeat, but it’s basically a crapshoot in terms of how much rain you get.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">I think in terms of temperature, it’s not liable to be quite as warm as the past two winters, so that’s good, at least for the winter-sports folks. What falls in the mountains should be snow at the higher elevations. I think Northern California is liable to do \u003cspan class=\"caps\">OK.\u003c/span> Southern California? Wow, that’s a tough one.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2016/10/31/the-blob-is-back-what-warm-ocean-mass-means-for-weather-wildlife\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Unusually warm waters along the Pacific Coast, dubbed “the Blob,” have severely disrupted weather and wildlife since 2014. Meteorologist Nicholas Bond explains the phenomenon.",
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"description": "Unusually warm waters along the Pacific Coast, dubbed “the Blob,” have severely disrupted weather and wildlife since 2014. Meteorologist Nicholas Bond explains the phenomenon.",
"title": "‘The Blob’ Is Back: What Warm Ocean Mass Means for Weather, Wildlife | KQED",
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"headline": "‘The Blob’ Is Back: What Warm Ocean Mass Means for Weather, Wildlife",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The blob is back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Since 2014, a mass of unusually warm water has hovered and swelled in the Pacific Ocean off the West Coast of North America, playing havoc with marine wildlife, water quality and the regional weather.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Earlier this year, weather and oceanography experts thought it was waning. But no: The Blob came back, and it is again in position off the coast, threatening to smother normal coastal weather and ecosystem behavior.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The Blob isn’t exactly to blame for California’s drought, though it certainly aggravated the problem. But it is to blame for seriously disrupting the ocean food chain and for creating conditions that fed unprecedented algal blooms in the coastal Pacific.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">With the Blob back in play again, what does it mean for the winter ahead? To find out, Water Deeply spoke with Nicholas Bond, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jisao.washington.edu/researchers/bios/bond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">research meteorologist\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at the University of Washington in Seattle and Washington’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.washington.edu/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">state climatologist\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. In June 2014, Bond \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.washington.edu/newsletter/2014Jun.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">named\u003c/span>\u003c/a> this persistent weather phenomenon, and later wrote the first \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL063306/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">scientific paper\u003c/span>\u003c/a> characterizing it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What exactly is the Blob?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1123167\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1123167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply.jpg\" alt=\"Washington’s state climatologist Nicholas Bond named the warm ocean mass now commonly known as “the Blob.”\" width=\"298\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply.jpg 681w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-160x210.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-240x315.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-375x492.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-520x683.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Washington’s state climatologist Nicholas Bond named the warm ocean mass now commonly known as “the Blob.” \u003ccite>(Nicholas Bond)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Nicholas Bond: It’s a large mass of water in the northeast Pacific Ocean that’s considerably warmer than usual. It doesn’t have any real sharply defined boundaries, but it’s an area that, at times, has stretched from Baja California up to the Bering Sea. At other times, it’s kinda shrunk back down. It’s been at least 1,000 miles (1,600km) across and, recently, quite deep.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Typically, it’s been something like\u003cspan class=\"caps\">2.7\u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.6F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"caps\">2C\u003c/span>) warmer than normal. But there have been places where it’s been as much as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">9F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">5C\u003c/span>) warmer. It’s waxed and waned, but it’s been that way since early 2014. The warmer-than-normal water extends down to something like 300m (1,000ft) below the surface. So that’s a huge volume of considerably warmer-than-normal water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Is it still out there?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: Yeah. There was sort of a reinvigoration this past summer. The temperatures were moderating early in 2016, and then, at least in a large area south of Alaska and off the coast of the Pacific Northwest, it really warmed up again this past summer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What causes it?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: A lot of it, almost all of it, is due to just the unusual weather patterns that have been occurring over the northeast Pacific during the past few years. They haven’t been the same patterns, but what really got it started was when a ridge of higher-than-normal sea-level pressure set up during the winter of 2013–14 over the northeast Pacific.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That was a very persistent and strong ridge of higher-than-normal pressure that kind of blocked the usual parade of storms across the Pacific. That meant less heat was drawn out of the ocean into the atmosphere than usual. It meant there was less cold water (from the deeper ocean) mixing near the surface part of the ocean. And also the unusual winds meant the upper-level currents in the ocean were a little bit different from usual.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Is it unprecedented?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: Yeah, certainly. In terms of the magnitude of anomalies in a lot of locations, we haven’t seen anything quite like this. I did a fairly careful study using the data that’s available, going back decades. There have been other periods with considerably warmer-than-normal ocean temperatures in the region. But they were never of the kind of geographic extent and magnitude we’ve seen with this recent event.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1123168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1123168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery.jpg\" alt=\"Emaciated juvenile sea lions undergoing rehabilitation at the Marine Mammal Center in California. Their plight is thought to have been triggered by the unusually warm water conditions that persist in the coastal Pacific Ocean, upsetting the usual food web upon which sea lions and other wildlife depend. \" width=\"1400\" height=\"933\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emaciated juvenile sea lions undergoing rehabilitation at the Marine Mammal Center in California. Their plight is thought to have been triggered by the unusually warm water conditions that persist in the coastal Pacific Ocean, upsetting the usual food web upon which sea lions and other wildlife depend. \u003ccite>(NOAA Fisheries)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What caused that persistent high pressure?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: It became known as the “\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ridiculously resilient ridge\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>” There’s been a number of independent studies that have basically shown that much warmer than normal waters in the far western tropical Pacific, in the vicinity of New Guinea – and thunderstorms that those warm waters helped spawn – had this kind of ripple effect on the atmospheric-circulation weather patterns over much of the globe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It set up this series of very large-scale high- and low-pressure centers, with the ridge over the coast of western North America, and then a trough of lower pressure over the northeastern part of North America.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How did the Blob affect the drought in California?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: That same ridge of high pressure basically blocked the storms. There was just a real lack of those regular storms. The warm water didn’t cause the unusual weather patterns. But those unusual weather patterns that brought the warm water also were a large cause of the drought in California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It turned out that was the same case in the Pacific Northwest. Not quite the same extent, but we were looking at very low snowpack in mid-February 2014. Then there was enough of a shift that we actually had a pretty wet period there at the end of winter and got enough rain and snow to kind of tide us through the summer of 2014. But there weren’t enough (storms), and those didn’t extend far enough south for California to get relief.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But it gets kind of complicated. Once that warm water formed out there in a big way, it does tend to warm the air that’s passing over it. Once that water was warmed, it did help warm the air coming off the ocean. This was especially the case in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/040115snowsurvey.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">winter of 2014–15\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. It led to warmer air temperatures and higher snow levels. The freezing level was 1,000–2,000ft (300–600m) higher than usual in the mountains. So that certainly ended up being a real problem. We count on that snowpack coming out of winter to get us through the summer. But it fell as rain rather than snow during that 2014–15 winter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Is there a climate change connection here?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: This is sometimes called a marine heat wave, and it’s a short-term kind of event. There is some evidence that long-term trends are favoring the patterns we’ve had over the past few years. But that’s a very small effect.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So it’s not due to global warming. But it does provide some hint, at least, of what it’s going to be like in future decades, in particular, with some of the impacts we’ve seen in the marine ecosystem. What we’ve had the past few years is something that is liable to be more the rule rather than the exception toward the middle of the century. So maybe this is kind of a little preview or something. So we’re trying to learn from it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How has the Blob affected ocean life?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: The impacts were quite a few and widespread. At the bottom of the food chain, we saw a higher preponderance at the plankton level of subtropical species versus ones that are more adapted to cooler water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That had repercussions all the way up the food chain – everything from the kind of suitable prey for salmon that was present and whether they were getting the food they need, to some real problems with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/guadalupefurseals2015.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">fur seals\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/californiasealions2013.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">sea lions\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in California in particular. In the Gulf of Alaska we had what National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has called a marine mammal\u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/large_whales_2015.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">mortality event\u003c/span>\u003c/a> last year. Seabirds are another one: There were some species with some very large mortalities, with lots more \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/01/150123-seabirds-mass-die-off-auklet-california-animals-environment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">dead seabirds\u003c/span>\u003c/a>washing up on the beaches.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One of the more alarming things is the harmful algal blooms. That was sort of way out there in terms of how far along the coast it stretched, how long it lasted, how high the toxin levels got. That was something that was really scary.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How long will the Blob be with us?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: That’s kind of the $64,000 question. We thought this whole event was winding down earlier this year, and then we’ve seen it rear its ugly head again in some locations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How will this affect our weather this coming winter?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: The more prominent temperature anomalies are a little north of California. It’s all going to depend on the weather patterns. There are kind of borderline La Ni\u003c/span>ña conditions now, which doesn’t tend to imply too much one way or another for Northern California. In the past, it probably has meant somewhat less precipitation than normal for Southern California. But we see a lot of exceptions there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s kind of an admission of defeat, but it’s basically a crapshoot in terms of how much rain you get.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">I think in terms of temperature, it’s not liable to be quite as warm as the past two winters, so that’s good, at least for the winter-sports folks. What falls in the mountains should be snow at the higher elevations. I think Northern California is liable to do \u003cspan class=\"caps\">OK.\u003c/span> Southern California? Wow, that’s a tough one.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2016/10/31/the-blob-is-back-what-warm-ocean-mass-means-for-weather-wildlife\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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},
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"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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