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"content": "\u003cp>Everyone makes mistakes, but when scientists do, the remedy goes far beyond saying you’re sorry. Two fresh examples show how some journals and universities react when the need arises to set the record straight.[contextly_sidebar id=”toF8pCB4rpjwgHthW49Sm5f4Pf8oxvgZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, the New England Journal of Medicine retracted and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1800389\">republished\u003c/a> a landmark study on the Mediterranean diet, and issued an unprecedented five other corrections after an obscure \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/anae.13938\">report\u003c/a> last year scrutinized thousands of articles in eight journals over more than a decade and questioned some methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separately, Cornell University said it was investigating “a wide range of allegations of research misconduct” raised against a prominent food marketing faculty member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New England Journal’s review did not alter any conclusions and should raise public trust in science, not erode it, said its top editor, Dr. Jeffrey Drazen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we discover a problem we work very hard to get to the bottom of it,” he said. “There’s no fraud here as far as we can tell. But we needed to correct the record.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Common Are Errors?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Retractions are definitely on the rise” and there are 10 times as many corrections as retractions, said Dr. Ivan Oransky, a health journalism professor at New York University and co-founder of Retraction Watch, a \u003ca href=\"https://retractionwatch.com/\">website\u003c/a> that tracks errors in science journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they’re still pretty rare. About 1,350 papers were retracted in 2016 out of 2 million published — less than a tenth of a percent, but up from 36 out of 1 million in 2000, he said.[contextly_sidebar id=”5GKjfT0DwJsa6rC894haE4O451a46xpn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main reason they’re up is that people are looking,” and the internet makes it easier with tools to detect plagiarism and manipulated images, Oransky said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies are often the main source of evidence that guides doctors’ decision-making and patient care, and that’s why journals are so meticulous when that evidence is called into question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anatomy of a Mistake\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what happened at the New England Journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many experiments randomly assign people to different groups to compare one treatment to another. The groups should be similar on height, weight, age and other factors, and statistical tests can suggest whether the distribution of these traits is implausible, compromising any results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. John Carlisle of Torbay Hospital in England used one such test to scrutinize thousands of studies from 2000 through 2015 including 934 in the New England Journal and flagged 11 as suspicious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The journal contacted each author and “within a week we resolved 10 of the 11 cases,” Drazen said. In five, Carlisle was wrong. Five others were terminology errors by the authors — Wednesday’s corrections.[contextly_sidebar id=”BTVlvr3nQK7smxaa8elixuxHyCPiiPxF”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last was the diet study on 7,500 people in Spain, which established that eating lots of fish, vegetables, olive oil and nuts could slash heart risks by 30 percent — front-page news everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers dug through records and discovered that one study site had not followed procedures — if one person in a household joined the study, others such as a spouse also were allowed in. That makes the group assignments not truly random. When results were re-analyzed without those folks, the bottom line remained the same, and the journal is now publishing both versions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been impressed” with the response, Carlisle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His analysis also covered 518 studies in the Journal of the American Medical Association, but JAMA has not done a systematic review, said its top editor, Dr. Howard Bauchner. Instead, the journal asks authors to respond if concerns are raised about specific articles and publishes those as they arise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Food Articles Under a Cloud\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, JAMA published an “\u003ca href=\"https://tinyurl.com/y7xq7tpl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expression of concern\u003c/a> ” about six articles by Brian Wansink, head of the Cornell Food and Brand Lab, “to alert the scientific community to the ongoing concerns about the validity of these publications” and ask Cornell to do an independent evaluation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wansink has had seven papers retracted (one twice), 15 corrections and now this expression of concern, Oransky said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wansink said in an email that he has been working with co-authors in France, Israel and the Netherlands “to locate the original data sets and reanalyze and the data in the papers,” and that materials will be independently analyzed by Cornell and reported back to the journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cornell’s statement says a committee of faculty members has been investigating allegations against Wansink since last fall and working with federal agencies that sponsor research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The assertions being made by outside researchers and the retraction of multiple papers from academic journals by the Food and Brand Lab are concerning. Our silence on this matter to date should in no way be construed as a disregard for the seriousness of the claims being raised nor as an abdication of our obligation to explore them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Associated Press \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/tag/ScienceSays\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series\u003c/a> was produced in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2018/ap-hhmi-expand-collaboration-to-bolster-health-science-coverage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnership\u003c/a> with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Common Are Errors?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Retractions are definitely on the rise” and there are 10 times as many corrections as retractions, said Dr. Ivan Oransky, a health journalism professor at New York University and co-founder of Retraction Watch, a \u003ca href=\"https://retractionwatch.com/\">website\u003c/a> that tracks errors in science journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they’re still pretty rare. About 1,350 papers were retracted in 2016 out of 2 million published — less than a tenth of a percent, but up from 36 out of 1 million in 2000, he said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main reason they’re up is that people are looking,” and the internet makes it easier with tools to detect plagiarism and manipulated images, Oransky said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies are often the main source of evidence that guides doctors’ decision-making and patient care, and that’s why journals are so meticulous when that evidence is called into question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Anatomy of a Mistake\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what happened at the New England Journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many experiments randomly assign people to different groups to compare one treatment to another. The groups should be similar on height, weight, age and other factors, and statistical tests can suggest whether the distribution of these traits is implausible, compromising any results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. John Carlisle of Torbay Hospital in England used one such test to scrutinize thousands of studies from 2000 through 2015 including 934 in the New England Journal and flagged 11 as suspicious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The journal contacted each author and “within a week we resolved 10 of the 11 cases,” Drazen said. In five, Carlisle was wrong. Five others were terminology errors by the authors — Wednesday’s corrections.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last was the diet study on 7,500 people in Spain, which established that eating lots of fish, vegetables, olive oil and nuts could slash heart risks by 30 percent — front-page news everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers dug through records and discovered that one study site had not followed procedures — if one person in a household joined the study, others such as a spouse also were allowed in. That makes the group assignments not truly random. When results were re-analyzed without those folks, the bottom line remained the same, and the journal is now publishing both versions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been impressed” with the response, Carlisle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His analysis also covered 518 studies in the Journal of the American Medical Association, but JAMA has not done a systematic review, said its top editor, Dr. Howard Bauchner. Instead, the journal asks authors to respond if concerns are raised about specific articles and publishes those as they arise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Food Articles Under a Cloud\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, JAMA published an “\u003ca href=\"https://tinyurl.com/y7xq7tpl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expression of concern\u003c/a> ” about six articles by Brian Wansink, head of the Cornell Food and Brand Lab, “to alert the scientific community to the ongoing concerns about the validity of these publications” and ask Cornell to do an independent evaluation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wansink has had seven papers retracted (one twice), 15 corrections and now this expression of concern, Oransky said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wansink said in an email that he has been working with co-authors in France, Israel and the Netherlands “to locate the original data sets and reanalyze and the data in the papers,” and that materials will be independently analyzed by Cornell and reported back to the journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cornell’s statement says a committee of faculty members has been investigating allegations against Wansink since last fall and working with federal agencies that sponsor research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The assertions being made by outside researchers and the retraction of multiple papers from academic journals by the Food and Brand Lab are concerning. Our silence on this matter to date should in no way be construed as a disregard for the seriousness of the claims being raised nor as an abdication of our obligation to explore them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Associated Press \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/tag/ScienceSays\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series\u003c/a> was produced in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2018/ap-hhmi-expand-collaboration-to-bolster-health-science-coverage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnership\u003c/a> with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Research suggests the magnitude 6.0 earthquake that rocked California wine country in August 2014 may have been caused by an expansion of Earth’s crust due to seasonally receding groundwater under the Napa and Sonoma valleys.[contextly_sidebar id=”pOVj347X5q7IhDpu0fPbnrLlFztdObfd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vineyard-filled valleys flank the West Napa Fault, which produced the quake that killed one person, injured several hundred and caused more than $500 million in losses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2017JB015420\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently published in\u003c/a> the American Geophysical Union’s Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth suggests land between the valleys is stretched each summer as groundwater levels fall beneath the valleys and the ground in the valleys sinks and contracts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of the horizontal stretching measured is tiny — about 3 millimeters (0.12 inch) — but enough to stress faults, according to the researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it’s more of a localized effect, something related to the groundwater system. We don’t know if it is groundwater pumping specifically, or something related to how the natural aquifer system works, or a combination,” said lead author Meredith Kraner, formerly of the Department of Geosciences at Stony Brook University in New York and now with the University of Nevada, Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925746\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 374px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1925746\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/2017JB015420R-South-Napa-Quake-Fig1-map-768x976.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"374\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/2017JB015420R-South-Napa-Quake-Fig1-map-768x976.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/2017JB015420R-South-Napa-Quake-Fig1-map-768x976-160x203.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/2017JB015420R-South-Napa-Quake-Fig1-map-768x976-240x305.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/2017JB015420R-South-Napa-Quake-Fig1-map-768x976-375x477.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/2017JB015420R-South-Napa-Quake-Fig1-map-768x976-520x661.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 374px) 100vw, 374px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A star marks the epicenter of the 2014 South Napa earthquake and the black traces the West Napa Fault. Contraction in the Sonoma and Napa Valley groundwater subbasins, outlined in green, pulls on the Earth’s crust, contributing to stress on the fault and potentially triggering the 2014 earthquake, according to a new study. \u003ccite>(AGU Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Co-authors were William E. Holt of Stony Brook University and Adrian A. Borsa of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The early morning Napa quake on Aug. 24, was the largest to hit the San Francisco Bay Area since the magnitude 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake of Oct. 17, 1989.[contextly_sidebar id=”m5qXbekQ4HiCPDuaxNoFfvUyApxxKHV9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It left 8 miles of surface rupture and damaged many historical masonry buildings and older residences, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The weight of groundwater flexes the Earth’s crust, and changes in groundwater have been associated with earthquakes around the world,” the study said. “For example, the unloading of water weight as the Sierra Nevada snowpack melts each spring has been connected to increased frequency of earthquakes in the summer in California.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Research suggests the magnitude 6.0 earthquake that rocked California wine country in August 2014 may have been caused by an expansion of Earth’s crust due to seasonally receding groundwater under the Napa and Sonoma valleys.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vineyard-filled valleys flank the West Napa Fault, which produced the quake that killed one person, injured several hundred and caused more than $500 million in losses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2017JB015420\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently published in\u003c/a> the American Geophysical Union’s Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth suggests land between the valleys is stretched each summer as groundwater levels fall beneath the valleys and the ground in the valleys sinks and contracts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of the horizontal stretching measured is tiny — about 3 millimeters (0.12 inch) — but enough to stress faults, according to the researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it’s more of a localized effect, something related to the groundwater system. We don’t know if it is groundwater pumping specifically, or something related to how the natural aquifer system works, or a combination,” said lead author Meredith Kraner, formerly of the Department of Geosciences at Stony Brook University in New York and now with the University of Nevada, Reno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925746\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 374px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1925746\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/2017JB015420R-South-Napa-Quake-Fig1-map-768x976.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"374\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/2017JB015420R-South-Napa-Quake-Fig1-map-768x976.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/2017JB015420R-South-Napa-Quake-Fig1-map-768x976-160x203.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/2017JB015420R-South-Napa-Quake-Fig1-map-768x976-240x305.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/2017JB015420R-South-Napa-Quake-Fig1-map-768x976-375x477.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/2017JB015420R-South-Napa-Quake-Fig1-map-768x976-520x661.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 374px) 100vw, 374px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A star marks the epicenter of the 2014 South Napa earthquake and the black traces the West Napa Fault. Contraction in the Sonoma and Napa Valley groundwater subbasins, outlined in green, pulls on the Earth’s crust, contributing to stress on the fault and potentially triggering the 2014 earthquake, according to a new study. \u003ccite>(AGU Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Co-authors were William E. Holt of Stony Brook University and Adrian A. Borsa of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The early morning Napa quake on Aug. 24, was the largest to hit the San Francisco Bay Area since the magnitude 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake of Oct. 17, 1989.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It left 8 miles of surface rupture and damaged many historical masonry buildings and older residences, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The weight of groundwater flexes the Earth’s crust, and changes in groundwater have been associated with earthquakes around the world,” the study said. “For example, the unloading of water weight as the Sierra Nevada snowpack melts each spring has been connected to increased frequency of earthquakes in the summer in California.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Antarctica Has Lost More Than 3 Trillion Tons Of Ice In 25 Years",
"headTitle": "Antarctica Has Lost More Than 3 Trillion Tons Of Ice In 25 Years | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have completed the most exhaustive assessment of changes in Antarctica’s ice sheet to date. And they found that it’s melting faster than they thought.[contextly_sidebar id=”z99Sivlx9eVZ5dNVpnDqhORco4XkaD6X”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice losses totaling 3 trillion tonnes (or more than 3.3 trillion tons) since 1992 have caused global sea levels to rise by 7.6 mm, nearly one third of an inch, according to a study \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0179-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature\u003c/a> on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 2010, Antarctica was contributing a relatively small proportion of the melting that is causing global sea levels to rise, says study co-leader \u003ca href=\"http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/people/a.shepherd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Shepherd of the University of Leeds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that has changed. “Since around 2010, 2012, we can see that there’s been a sharp increase in the rate of ice loss from Antarctica. And the ice sheet is now losing three times as much ice,” Shepherd adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The annual sea level rise that’s attributed to Antarctica has tripled, from 0.2mm to 0.6mm, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a big jump, and it did catch us all by surprise,” Shepherd says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The melting is caused by rising ocean temperatures due to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepherd says they’ve seen the most dramatic effects in West Antarctica, where the ice sheet rests on the sea bed. “When we look into the ocean we find that it’s too warm and the ice sheet can’t withstand the temperatures that are surrounding it in the sea,” he says. That’s causing glaciers to flow more quickly into the sea.[contextly_sidebar id=”9wO7jBGuAtFyFodqyKBdH39yIDxejDIg”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Antarctica, which is home to the South Pole, has seen considerably less melting because most of its ice is above sea level. That’s “an important distinction, because it means it’s insulated from changes in the ocean’s temperature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This assessment, conducted by 84 scientists from 44 international organizations, is known as the Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise (IMBIE).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been many other estimates of how much ice has melted in Antarctica. And many of those papers showed different results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the estimates covered different proportions of the ice sheets, some of them covered different time periods, and all of them used different methods and so it became difficult for people who are not specialists to try to pick them apart,” says Shepherd. “So that was the motivation for originally setting up the project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists combined 24 different satellite surveys, which Shepherd says provides a more complete picture of the overall ice sheet change than previous studies. “We believe that we’ve captured all of the different satellite records that exist on the planet,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To analyze the ice, the researchers use three different kinds of measurements. Satellite altimeters measure the height of the ice sheets, to see how much they are thinning or thickening over time. Another measurement records the speed of the glaciers and how they’re moving into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the scientists are recording gravity measurements for Antarctica. These “tell us about changes in the earth’s gravitational attraction over time and that can be related to the mass of the ice sheets overall,” Shepherd says, “and they are really powerful measurements because they can add up everything across Antarctica.”[contextly_sidebar id=”eUQPZA3bgd7aPP1WzwXjFcrlNWtocdb4”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what accounts for the apparent three-fold speed up in Antarctica’s melting in the last five years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepherd says that actually, their data shows a “a progressive increase in ice loss throughout the whole 25 year time period.” However, a period of heavy snowfall between 2005 and 2010 masked some of the immediate effects of the ice loss, accounting for the sudden, steep increase in more recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new data creates a much starker picture of the future than previous estimates. Shepherd says until 2010, the data had been tracking a lower scenario which estimated that Antarctica “wouldn’t make much of a contribution to sea level rise at all” because of the effects of higher snowfall. However, he says that now the data is tracking a higher scenario, which could mean nearly 6 inches of additional sea level rise in the next century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be a big deal, he says, “for anybody who lives, works and governs a coastal region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding the rate of Antarctica’s melting is crucial for these communities. If all of the ice in Antarctica melted, global sea levels would rise by more than 190 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Antarctica+Has+Lost+More+Than+3+Trillion+Tons+Of+Ice+In+25+Years+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have completed the most exhaustive assessment of changes in Antarctica’s ice sheet to date. And they found that it’s melting faster than they thought.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice losses totaling 3 trillion tonnes (or more than 3.3 trillion tons) since 1992 have caused global sea levels to rise by 7.6 mm, nearly one third of an inch, according to a study \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0179-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature\u003c/a> on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 2010, Antarctica was contributing a relatively small proportion of the melting that is causing global sea levels to rise, says study co-leader \u003ca href=\"http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/people/a.shepherd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Shepherd of the University of Leeds\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that has changed. “Since around 2010, 2012, we can see that there’s been a sharp increase in the rate of ice loss from Antarctica. And the ice sheet is now losing three times as much ice,” Shepherd adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The annual sea level rise that’s attributed to Antarctica has tripled, from 0.2mm to 0.6mm, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a big jump, and it did catch us all by surprise,” Shepherd says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The melting is caused by rising ocean temperatures due to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepherd says they’ve seen the most dramatic effects in West Antarctica, where the ice sheet rests on the sea bed. “When we look into the ocean we find that it’s too warm and the ice sheet can’t withstand the temperatures that are surrounding it in the sea,” he says. That’s causing glaciers to flow more quickly into the sea.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East Antarctica, which is home to the South Pole, has seen considerably less melting because most of its ice is above sea level. That’s “an important distinction, because it means it’s insulated from changes in the ocean’s temperature.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This assessment, conducted by 84 scientists from 44 international organizations, is known as the Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise (IMBIE).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been many other estimates of how much ice has melted in Antarctica. And many of those papers showed different results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the estimates covered different proportions of the ice sheets, some of them covered different time periods, and all of them used different methods and so it became difficult for people who are not specialists to try to pick them apart,” says Shepherd. “So that was the motivation for originally setting up the project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists combined 24 different satellite surveys, which Shepherd says provides a more complete picture of the overall ice sheet change than previous studies. “We believe that we’ve captured all of the different satellite records that exist on the planet,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To analyze the ice, the researchers use three different kinds of measurements. Satellite altimeters measure the height of the ice sheets, to see how much they are thinning or thickening over time. Another measurement records the speed of the glaciers and how they’re moving into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the scientists are recording gravity measurements for Antarctica. These “tell us about changes in the earth’s gravitational attraction over time and that can be related to the mass of the ice sheets overall,” Shepherd says, “and they are really powerful measurements because they can add up everything across Antarctica.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what accounts for the apparent three-fold speed up in Antarctica’s melting in the last five years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepherd says that actually, their data shows a “a progressive increase in ice loss throughout the whole 25 year time period.” However, a period of heavy snowfall between 2005 and 2010 masked some of the immediate effects of the ice loss, accounting for the sudden, steep increase in more recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new data creates a much starker picture of the future than previous estimates. Shepherd says until 2010, the data had been tracking a lower scenario which estimated that Antarctica “wouldn’t make much of a contribution to sea level rise at all” because of the effects of higher snowfall. However, he says that now the data is tracking a higher scenario, which could mean nearly 6 inches of additional sea level rise in the next century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be a big deal, he says, “for anybody who lives, works and governs a coastal region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding the rate of Antarctica’s melting is crucial for these communities. If all of the ice in Antarctica melted, global sea levels would rise by more than 190 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Antarctica+Has+Lost+More+Than+3+Trillion+Tons+Of+Ice+In+25+Years+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Clean Streams Key to Aiding Endangered Frogs in California",
"headTitle": "Clean Streams Key to Aiding Endangered Frogs in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists working in the Santa Monica mountains of California recently announced that endangered red-legged frogs are successfully breeding on their own in four streams there, for the first time since the 1970s. It’s a huge success for a reintroduction program that began four years ago – and an important story about water quality.[contextly_sidebar id=”6PZkt8sJPXVx3gajBIjxuXG25SWOYGTx”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) was popularized by Mark Twain in his 1865 story, “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.” The amphibians were \u003ca href=\"https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/profile/speciesProfile?spcode=D02D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">listed as threatened\u003c/span>\u003c/a> under the Endangered Species Act in 1996 after decades of decline caused by invasive species and water pollution.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Because frogs have permeable skin, they are very sensitive to water quality. And because so much of their habitat has been developed, it would seem unlikely that reintroduction could succeed in a place like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/samo/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the largest urban national park in the United States.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But enough viable streams were found to make reintroduction worth a try, and the first frogs were translocated from the nearby Simi Hills in 2014. And in March of this year, scientists found the first egg masses laid by red-legged frogs that had successfully mated in their new homes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply recently spoke with Katy Delaney, a wildlife ecologist with the National Park Service. Other partners include California State Parks, the Mountains Recreation and Conservation Authority, the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Fish and Wildlife Service, the Santa Monica Bay Restoration Commission and the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Geological Survey.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How important was water quality to this reintroduction effort?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Katy Delaney: It was really, really important. I didn\u003c/span>’t want to put [the frogs] in a place where we have algae blooms and too many nutrients and lots of chemicals in the water. We have invasive species, and the invasives are almost always in these urban areas. It was very, very important that we put them in the most pristine places that we could\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are people that kind of know this area, and they\u003c/span>’re frog biologists, and they’re like, “How the hell did you find places to put them?” Well, we still have some nice streams. It’s partly because our park and the state parks and the local land conservancy agencies, back in the ’60s and ’70s and ’80s, were getting concerned about all of the building here and they saved big swathes of open space that were mostly ranches. And since then, a lot of it has gone back to just sort of native vegetation.[contextly_sidebar id=”WHXpxGgdxJwJ3HzHmad8orL2A0ggCveU”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All of that is really important. The native vegetation – and good, clean, normal upland vegetation – is really, really important for water quality and for water temperature because it provides some shade.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How were the reintroduction sites selected?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Delaney: We\u003c/span>’ve been doing regular stream surveys looking for breeding amphibians and invasive species since 2000. Our group started talking about reintroduction in earnest in 2011. We also met with other local stream experts. We picked about 35 different places to monitor to see if they are suitable habitat. We did those surveys for about three years – fall surveys when water levels are low, and spring surveys when they are high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We narrowed it down to about 10 candidate streams, then to seven. At that point, we did one round of water chemistry and water quality measurements and pesticide level monitoring. Also, I kind of consider our invasive species to be part of water quality as well. That was definitely a huge factor in where we would want to reintroduce red-legged frogs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Those places all tested very well. They were clean and they didn\u003c/span>’t have high levels of pesticides at all. We introduced at two of them starting in 2014, then we added two more sites in 2016. So right now, we’re continuing to do all the translocation and reintroduction work at four of the seven streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What are the water quality issues you encountered?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Delaney: One thing that’s really, really important: There\u003c/span>’s a big difference in streams that have a lot of urban water inputs, versus other streams that don’t. We don’t really calculate the amount of water that’s coming from urban sources, but we do calculate the amount of urbanization in the upstream watershed. That correlates directly to the quality of water and habitat. If you have a lot of urbanization – whole cities could be upstream of your park – then the water in your park is going to be affected.[contextly_sidebar id=”5jnMYDu32VGSuASR5JxZ5UkBT9AMuwVp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, it’s the things that run off urban areas. Oils, things from the road, are particularly bad. There are also lots of pesticides and there is a lot of fertilizer. High nitrogen content from fertilizers can make the algae growth go kind of crazy. There’s a lot of that from fertilizers from people’s lawns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The other big problem with urban water is we\u003c/span>’\u003cspan class=\"s1\">v\u003c/span>e channelized the streams. People don’t like it when a stream rises and goes into their house. So when you build a neighborhood around a stream, you either underground the stream or you channelize it. Then what happens during these big rain events – which we do have – you get the water not being able to meander. So the storm events can potentially be a lot more damaging. There’s a lot more energy flowing through those channelized stream corridors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">What people have also done is introduce fish because they like to go fishing. And they’ve introduced crayfish, because they use crayfish as bait. That probably happened 100 years ago. And we have found new introductions of these species in the more recent time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The non-native fish and the crayfish are the things that will just eat frogs and newts at all life stages. They are really bad predators of those things. And you can never get rid of them. It’s very hard to fish out every crayfish.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: So, were the odds against the frogs you reintroduced?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Delaney: Yes, every step of the way. But I had high hopes. And I have to say, we really don\u003c/span>’t consider this over, or a success. The frogs still have a long way to go, and it’s still sort of tenuous. I mean, they just started breeding on their own, and we don’t really know what’s going to happen. We will definitely continue to monitor for years and years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But these are big milestones where they did breed on their own. In the beginning when we put egg masses in stream, and then they hatched, it was amazing. That was a huge milestone. Then it was like, \u003c/span>“\u003cspan class=\"caps\">OK\u003c/span>, we got these tadpoles and they’re actually eating the food we’re feeding them and they’re not dying en masse.” Then they got big enough that we could release them. And then they became froglets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Now we have frogs literally released as tadpoles in 2014, and they\u003c/span>’ve survived a couple of years to be of breeding age. And now that they’re breeding it’s amazing to me. The fact they actually found each other and realized this is what they’re supposed to be doing – breeding. That’s about the most exciting thing that can happen to you at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/06/12/clean-streams-key-to-aiding-recovery-of-endangered-frogs-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area is home again to endangered California red-legged frogs, after a reintroduction effort. Success hinged on a handful of streams that are still clean enough to host the frogs, explains wildlife ecologist Katy Delaney.",
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"description": "Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area is home again to endangered California red-legged frogs, after a reintroduction effort. Success hinged on a handful of streams that are still clean enough to host the frogs, explains wildlife ecologist Katy Delaney.",
"title": "Clean Streams Key to Aiding Endangered Frogs in California | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists working in the Santa Monica mountains of California recently announced that endangered red-legged frogs are successfully breeding on their own in four streams there, for the first time since the 1970s. It’s a huge success for a reintroduction program that began four years ago – and an important story about water quality.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) was popularized by Mark Twain in his 1865 story, “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.” The amphibians were \u003ca href=\"https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/profile/speciesProfile?spcode=D02D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">listed as threatened\u003c/span>\u003c/a> under the Endangered Species Act in 1996 after decades of decline caused by invasive species and water pollution.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Because frogs have permeable skin, they are very sensitive to water quality. And because so much of their habitat has been developed, it would seem unlikely that reintroduction could succeed in a place like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/samo/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the largest urban national park in the United States.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But enough viable streams were found to make reintroduction worth a try, and the first frogs were translocated from the nearby Simi Hills in 2014. And in March of this year, scientists found the first egg masses laid by red-legged frogs that had successfully mated in their new homes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply recently spoke with Katy Delaney, a wildlife ecologist with the National Park Service. Other partners include California State Parks, the Mountains Recreation and Conservation Authority, the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Fish and Wildlife Service, the Santa Monica Bay Restoration Commission and the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Geological Survey.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How important was water quality to this reintroduction effort?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Katy Delaney: It was really, really important. I didn\u003c/span>’t want to put [the frogs] in a place where we have algae blooms and too many nutrients and lots of chemicals in the water. We have invasive species, and the invasives are almost always in these urban areas. It was very, very important that we put them in the most pristine places that we could\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are people that kind of know this area, and they\u003c/span>’re frog biologists, and they’re like, “How the hell did you find places to put them?” Well, we still have some nice streams. It’s partly because our park and the state parks and the local land conservancy agencies, back in the ’60s and ’70s and ’80s, were getting concerned about all of the building here and they saved big swathes of open space that were mostly ranches. And since then, a lot of it has gone back to just sort of native vegetation.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All of that is really important. The native vegetation – and good, clean, normal upland vegetation – is really, really important for water quality and for water temperature because it provides some shade.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How were the reintroduction sites selected?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Delaney: We\u003c/span>’ve been doing regular stream surveys looking for breeding amphibians and invasive species since 2000. Our group started talking about reintroduction in earnest in 2011. We also met with other local stream experts. We picked about 35 different places to monitor to see if they are suitable habitat. We did those surveys for about three years – fall surveys when water levels are low, and spring surveys when they are high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We narrowed it down to about 10 candidate streams, then to seven. At that point, we did one round of water chemistry and water quality measurements and pesticide level monitoring. Also, I kind of consider our invasive species to be part of water quality as well. That was definitely a huge factor in where we would want to reintroduce red-legged frogs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Those places all tested very well. They were clean and they didn\u003c/span>’t have high levels of pesticides at all. We introduced at two of them starting in 2014, then we added two more sites in 2016. So right now, we’re continuing to do all the translocation and reintroduction work at four of the seven streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What are the water quality issues you encountered?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Delaney: One thing that’s really, really important: There\u003c/span>’s a big difference in streams that have a lot of urban water inputs, versus other streams that don’t. We don’t really calculate the amount of water that’s coming from urban sources, but we do calculate the amount of urbanization in the upstream watershed. That correlates directly to the quality of water and habitat. If you have a lot of urbanization – whole cities could be upstream of your park – then the water in your park is going to be affected.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, it’s the things that run off urban areas. Oils, things from the road, are particularly bad. There are also lots of pesticides and there is a lot of fertilizer. High nitrogen content from fertilizers can make the algae growth go kind of crazy. There’s a lot of that from fertilizers from people’s lawns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The other big problem with urban water is we\u003c/span>’\u003cspan class=\"s1\">v\u003c/span>e channelized the streams. People don’t like it when a stream rises and goes into their house. So when you build a neighborhood around a stream, you either underground the stream or you channelize it. Then what happens during these big rain events – which we do have – you get the water not being able to meander. So the storm events can potentially be a lot more damaging. There’s a lot more energy flowing through those channelized stream corridors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">What people have also done is introduce fish because they like to go fishing. And they’ve introduced crayfish, because they use crayfish as bait. That probably happened 100 years ago. And we have found new introductions of these species in the more recent time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The non-native fish and the crayfish are the things that will just eat frogs and newts at all life stages. They are really bad predators of those things. And you can never get rid of them. It’s very hard to fish out every crayfish.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: So, were the odds against the frogs you reintroduced?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Delaney: Yes, every step of the way. But I had high hopes. And I have to say, we really don\u003c/span>’t consider this over, or a success. The frogs still have a long way to go, and it’s still sort of tenuous. I mean, they just started breeding on their own, and we don’t really know what’s going to happen. We will definitely continue to monitor for years and years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But these are big milestones where they did breed on their own. In the beginning when we put egg masses in stream, and then they hatched, it was amazing. That was a huge milestone. Then it was like, \u003c/span>“\u003cspan class=\"caps\">OK\u003c/span>, we got these tadpoles and they’re actually eating the food we’re feeding them and they’re not dying en masse.” Then they got big enough that we could release them. And then they became froglets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Now we have frogs literally released as tadpoles in 2014, and they\u003c/span>’ve survived a couple of years to be of breeding age. And now that they’re breeding it’s amazing to me. The fact they actually found each other and realized this is what they’re supposed to be doing – breeding. That’s about the most exciting thing that can happen to you at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/06/12/clean-streams-key-to-aiding-recovery-of-endangered-frogs-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Record-Low Clarity in Lake Tahoe Blamed on Unusual Weather Events",
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"content": "\u003cp>A bizarre confluence of weather events led to the average clarity of Lake Tahoe last year falling to its lowest level on record.[contextly_sidebar id=”JNSz6zz0TpEKsJfo8i0IASU0tgr9fDuY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://tahoe.ucdavis.edu/research/monitoring/water-clarity.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> report\u003c/a> issued by the \u003ca href=\"http://tahoe.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tahoe Environmental Research Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis, is a preview of its annual State of the Lake report, due out next month. It points to historic drought, followed by record precipitation and warm temperatures. Lake clarity is a key indicator used to track the degradation and restoration of the iconic lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was more than just a bizarre sequence of events,” says the center’s director, Geoffrey Schladow, “it was a sequence of extremely extreme events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data released by the center on Wednesday shows that the average annual clarity level for 2017 was 59.7 feet, which marks the deepest point at which a standardized measuring disk is visible. That’s a 9.5 -ft. decrease in depth from the previous year. The five-year average for lake clarity is about 70 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say heavy rains in early 2017 sent sediment that had been gathering in streambeds through five years of drought, into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These two events came together,” recalls Schladow. “The drought let lots of sediment build up in the streams over that 5-yr period and then finally this event — this really extreme winter — washed it all into the lake, literally in that one year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schladow estimates that 12,000 tons of fresh sediment ended up in the lake last year, whereas none of the previous five years has seen more than 1,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center has been monitoring Tahoe for over a half-century and uses the research to assess how freshwater ecosystems are responding to change. The center’s stated goal is to restore lake clarity back to its historic level of nearly 100 feet, which gave rise to its legendary reputation as a jewel among alpine lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the center, most pollutants that contribute to reduced clarity come from urban runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A joint statement issued by the California Natural Resources Secretary John Laird and Nevada Director of Conservation and Natural Resources Bradley Cowell urged the scientific community to take note of the report’s findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“While annual clarity declines are not unusual, the record decline experienced last year warrants an in-depth review to further understand the causes and impacts, and to help ensure the 2017 decrease is an anomaly, and not a trend,” it read.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Schladow says the lake is already recovering, the one-year pulse raises important questions about the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all believe that there will be more extreme events,” he says, “maybe not as extreme as what we saw, but more intense rainfall, more rain, less snow — things like that we haven’t dealt with before. How do we cope with those sorts of extremes?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the federal Department of Interior announced that it \u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/344033461/FY2017-Reduction-Options\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">might slash the budget\u003c/a> for conservation projects throughout Nevada, including those that serve the Lake Tahoe region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"speakable-p-1 p-text\">The majority of the funding has been used for projects at Lake Tahoe, according to Julie Regan, spokesperson at the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this funding were to be cut,” warns Regan, “that would potentially compromise forest health projects that would protect the region from catastrophic wildfires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p-text\">\n\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A bizarre confluence of weather events led to the average clarity of Lake Tahoe last year falling to its lowest level on record.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://tahoe.ucdavis.edu/research/monitoring/water-clarity.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> report\u003c/a> issued by the \u003ca href=\"http://tahoe.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tahoe Environmental Research Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis, is a preview of its annual State of the Lake report, due out next month. It points to historic drought, followed by record precipitation and warm temperatures. Lake clarity is a key indicator used to track the degradation and restoration of the iconic lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was more than just a bizarre sequence of events,” says the center’s director, Geoffrey Schladow, “it was a sequence of extremely extreme events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data released by the center on Wednesday shows that the average annual clarity level for 2017 was 59.7 feet, which marks the deepest point at which a standardized measuring disk is visible. That’s a 9.5 -ft. decrease in depth from the previous year. The five-year average for lake clarity is about 70 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say heavy rains in early 2017 sent sediment that had been gathering in streambeds through five years of drought, into the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These two events came together,” recalls Schladow. “The drought let lots of sediment build up in the streams over that 5-yr period and then finally this event — this really extreme winter — washed it all into the lake, literally in that one year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schladow estimates that 12,000 tons of fresh sediment ended up in the lake last year, whereas none of the previous five years has seen more than 1,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center has been monitoring Tahoe for over a half-century and uses the research to assess how freshwater ecosystems are responding to change. The center’s stated goal is to restore lake clarity back to its historic level of nearly 100 feet, which gave rise to its legendary reputation as a jewel among alpine lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the center, most pollutants that contribute to reduced clarity come from urban runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A joint statement issued by the California Natural Resources Secretary John Laird and Nevada Director of Conservation and Natural Resources Bradley Cowell urged the scientific community to take note of the report’s findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“While annual clarity declines are not unusual, the record decline experienced last year warrants an in-depth review to further understand the causes and impacts, and to help ensure the 2017 decrease is an anomaly, and not a trend,” it read.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Schladow says the lake is already recovering, the one-year pulse raises important questions about the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all believe that there will be more extreme events,” he says, “maybe not as extreme as what we saw, but more intense rainfall, more rain, less snow — things like that we haven’t dealt with before. How do we cope with those sorts of extremes?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the federal Department of Interior announced that it \u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/344033461/FY2017-Reduction-Options\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">might slash the budget\u003c/a> for conservation projects throughout Nevada, including those that serve the Lake Tahoe region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"speakable-p-1 p-text\">The majority of the funding has been used for projects at Lake Tahoe, according to Julie Regan, spokesperson at the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this funding were to be cut,” warns Regan, “that would potentially compromise forest health projects that would protect the region from catastrophic wildfires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p-text\">\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gray wolves are trekking farther south in California. A 2-year-old female, known as OR-54, recently wandered through Nevada County in the northern Sierra Nevada. Until now, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife had reported wolves only as far south as Lassen County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s made her way all the way down into the Sierra, and that’s so exciting because this is its prime wolf habitat,” said Amaroq Weiss of the Center for Biological Diversity. “It’s an area that scientists have identified for a long time as being good wolf habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If they see, smell or hear you, they’re probably going to be gone before you see them. Wolves are not dangerous to humans.’\u003ccite>Amaroq Weiss,\u003cbr>\nCenter for Biological Diversity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The wolf is collared with a GPS transmitter that allowed officials to determine her whereabouts just off Interstate 80, near Boreal Mountain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OR-54 is so named because she was the 54\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> wolf Oregon biologists have radio collared. She’s following in her father’s historic footsteps. Known as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/02/lone-wolf%E2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\">OR-7\u003c/a>, he was the first gray wolf to cross into California from Oregon in almost 90 years. Wolves are \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/mammals/gray-wolf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">making a comeback\u003c/a> in the West after they were eradicated by humans during the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925623\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1925623 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-1020x550.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-1020x550.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-160x86.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-800x431.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-768x414.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-960x517.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-240x129.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-375x202.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-520x280.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wolf pup born in 2017 in Lassen County, recorded by a wildlife camera installation. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we have wolves coming back to California is a great testament to the federal and state Endangered Species Act protections that have allowed these remarkable species to recover,” Weiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second time OR-54 has visited California. She crossed the border in January and stayed until late February. California Department of Fish and Wildlife wolf specialist Kent Laudon said someone outside of Chester, California caught her on video during her first visit. She went home for a few months, and then returned in mid-April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s common for wolves to leave their pack at about her age. When wolves are somewhere between 2 and 3 years old, they make their first solo wilderness outing, likely in search of a mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, biologists know of six other wolves with radio collars living in either Plumas or Lassen counties. But there could be more that have remained under the radar of biologists. Wolves are very shy animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they see, smell or hear you, they’re probably going to be gone before you see them,” Weiss said. “Wolves are not dangerous to humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last 100 years, two humans have fallen prey to wolves in all of North America, including Canada, Alaska and the lower 48 states. Weiss said it’s questionable whether a wolf actually killed the second person. In contrast, she said about 20 people die annually from encounters with livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would be more likely to die from a lightning strike than from a wolf,” Weiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She hopes more pups arrived in California this spring. Weiss speculated that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11551637/rare-gray-wolf-pups-born-in-california\">Lassen pack\u003c/a> had a litter a few months ago. Wolves usually breed around Valentine’s Day (appropriately enough) and pups arrive around mid-April. She expects pups to emerge from their dens any day now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=135026&inline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wolf management plan\u003c/a> estimates that Northern California, not including the Sierra Nevada, could support up to 500 wolves.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A female gray wolf has turned up in Nevada County in California's southernmost wolf sighting yet. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gray wolves are trekking farther south in California. A 2-year-old female, known as OR-54, recently wandered through Nevada County in the northern Sierra Nevada. Until now, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife had reported wolves only as far south as Lassen County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s made her way all the way down into the Sierra, and that’s so exciting because this is its prime wolf habitat,” said Amaroq Weiss of the Center for Biological Diversity. “It’s an area that scientists have identified for a long time as being good wolf habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If they see, smell or hear you, they’re probably going to be gone before you see them. Wolves are not dangerous to humans.’\u003ccite>Amaroq Weiss,\u003cbr>\nCenter for Biological Diversity\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The wolf is collared with a GPS transmitter that allowed officials to determine her whereabouts just off Interstate 80, near Boreal Mountain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OR-54 is so named because she was the 54\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> wolf Oregon biologists have radio collared. She’s following in her father’s historic footsteps. Known as \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/02/lone-wolf%E2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\">OR-7\u003c/a>, he was the first gray wolf to cross into California from Oregon in almost 90 years. Wolves are \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/conservation/mammals/gray-wolf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">making a comeback\u003c/a> in the West after they were eradicated by humans during the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925623\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1925623 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-1020x550.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-1020x550.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-160x86.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-800x431.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-768x414.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-960x517.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-240x129.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-375x202.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WolfPupCorrected-1180x636-520x280.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wolf pup born in 2017 in Lassen County, recorded by a wildlife camera installation. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The fact that we have wolves coming back to California is a great testament to the federal and state Endangered Species Act protections that have allowed these remarkable species to recover,” Weiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second time OR-54 has visited California. She crossed the border in January and stayed until late February. California Department of Fish and Wildlife wolf specialist Kent Laudon said someone outside of Chester, California caught her on video during her first visit. She went home for a few months, and then returned in mid-April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s common for wolves to leave their pack at about her age. When wolves are somewhere between 2 and 3 years old, they make their first solo wilderness outing, likely in search of a mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, biologists know of six other wolves with radio collars living in either Plumas or Lassen counties. But there could be more that have remained under the radar of biologists. Wolves are very shy animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they see, smell or hear you, they’re probably going to be gone before you see them,” Weiss said. “Wolves are not dangerous to humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last 100 years, two humans have fallen prey to wolves in all of North America, including Canada, Alaska and the lower 48 states. Weiss said it’s questionable whether a wolf actually killed the second person. In contrast, she said about 20 people die annually from encounters with livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would be more likely to die from a lightning strike than from a wolf,” Weiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She hopes more pups arrived in California this spring. Weiss speculated that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11551637/rare-gray-wolf-pups-born-in-california\">Lassen pack\u003c/a> had a litter a few months ago. Wolves usually breed around Valentine’s Day (appropriately enough) and pups arrive around mid-April. She expects pups to emerge from their dens any day now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=135026&inline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wolf management plan\u003c/a> estimates that Northern California, not including the Sierra Nevada, could support up to 500 wolves.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>With frustration mounting over lawmakers’ inaction on gun control, the American Medical Association on Tuesday pressed for a ban on assault weapons and came out against arming teachers as a way to fight what it calls a public health crisis.[contextly_sidebar id=”vwj3gYKaCHGqnLdA70WIcwKi6MInYtra”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its annual policymaking meeting, the nation’s largest physicians group bowed to unprecedented demands from doctor-members to take a stronger stand on gun violence — a problem the organizations says is as menacing as a lethal infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action comes against a backdrop of recurrent school shootings, everyday street violence in the nation’s inner cities, and rising U.S. suicide rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as physicians are the witnesses to the human toll of this disease,” Dr. Megan Ranney, an emergency-medicine specialist at Brown University, said at the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMA delegates voted to adopt several of nearly a dozen gun-related proposals presented by doctor groups that are part of the AMA’s membership. They agreed to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Support any bans on the purchase or possession of guns and ammunition by people under 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Back laws that would require licensing and safety courses for gun owners and registration of all firearms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Press for legislation that would allow relatives of suicidal people or those who have threatened imminent violence to seek court-ordered removal of guns from the home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Encourage better training for physicians in how to recognize patients at risk for suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Push to eliminate loopholes in laws preventing the purchase or possession of guns by people found guilty of domestic violence, including expanding such measures to cover convicted stalkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many AMA members are gun owners or supporters, including a doctor from Montana who told delegates of learning to shoot at a firing range in the basement of her middle school as part of gym class. But support for banning assault weapons was overwhelming, with the measure adopted in a 446-99 vote.[contextly_sidebar id=”tIfFD7hejzjbEH7RdfQqADeqHwklWnkT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a place to start and this should be it,” Dr. Jim Hinsdale, a San Jose, California, trauma surgeon, said before the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gun violence is not a new issue for the AMA; it has supported past efforts to ban assault weapons; declared gun violence a public health crisis; backed background checks, waiting periods and better funding for mental health services; and pressed for more research on gun violence prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>But Dr. David Barbe, whose one-year term as AMA president ended Tuesday, called the number of related measures on this year’s agenda extraordinary and said recent violence, including the Parkland, Florida, school shooting and the Las Vegas massacre, “spurred a new sense of urgency … while Congress fails to act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been frustrating that we have seen so little action from either state or federal legislators,” he said. “The most important audience for our message right now is our legislators, and second most important is the public, because sometimes it requires public pressure on the legislators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it is no longer viewed as the unified voice of American medicine, the AMA has more clout with politicians and the public than other doctor groups. It counted more than 243,000 members in 2017, up slightly for the seventh straight year. But it represents less than one-quarter of the nation’s million-plus physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMA members cited U.S. government data showing almost 40,000 deaths by gun in 2016, including suicides, and nearly 111,000 gun injuries. Both have been rising in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, U.S. deaths from diabetes in 2016 totaled almost 80,000; Alzheimer’s, 111,000; and lung disease, 155,000. The leaders are heart disease, with 634,000 deaths in 2016, and cancer, about 600,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With frustration mounting over lawmakers’ inaction on gun control, the American Medical Association on Tuesday pressed for a ban on assault weapons and came out against arming teachers as a way to fight what it calls a public health crisis.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its annual policymaking meeting, the nation’s largest physicians group bowed to unprecedented demands from doctor-members to take a stronger stand on gun violence — a problem the organizations says is as menacing as a lethal infectious disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action comes against a backdrop of recurrent school shootings, everyday street violence in the nation’s inner cities, and rising U.S. suicide rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as physicians are the witnesses to the human toll of this disease,” Dr. Megan Ranney, an emergency-medicine specialist at Brown University, said at the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMA delegates voted to adopt several of nearly a dozen gun-related proposals presented by doctor groups that are part of the AMA’s membership. They agreed to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Support any bans on the purchase or possession of guns and ammunition by people under 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Back laws that would require licensing and safety courses for gun owners and registration of all firearms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Press for legislation that would allow relatives of suicidal people or those who have threatened imminent violence to seek court-ordered removal of guns from the home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Encourage better training for physicians in how to recognize patients at risk for suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Push to eliminate loopholes in laws preventing the purchase or possession of guns by people found guilty of domestic violence, including expanding such measures to cover convicted stalkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many AMA members are gun owners or supporters, including a doctor from Montana who told delegates of learning to shoot at a firing range in the basement of her middle school as part of gym class. But support for banning assault weapons was overwhelming, with the measure adopted in a 446-99 vote.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a place to start and this should be it,” Dr. Jim Hinsdale, a San Jose, California, trauma surgeon, said before the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gun violence is not a new issue for the AMA; it has supported past efforts to ban assault weapons; declared gun violence a public health crisis; backed background checks, waiting periods and better funding for mental health services; and pressed for more research on gun violence prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>But Dr. David Barbe, whose one-year term as AMA president ended Tuesday, called the number of related measures on this year’s agenda extraordinary and said recent violence, including the Parkland, Florida, school shooting and the Las Vegas massacre, “spurred a new sense of urgency … while Congress fails to act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been frustrating that we have seen so little action from either state or federal legislators,” he said. “The most important audience for our message right now is our legislators, and second most important is the public, because sometimes it requires public pressure on the legislators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it is no longer viewed as the unified voice of American medicine, the AMA has more clout with politicians and the public than other doctor groups. It counted more than 243,000 members in 2017, up slightly for the seventh straight year. But it represents less than one-quarter of the nation’s million-plus physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMA members cited U.S. government data showing almost 40,000 deaths by gun in 2016, including suicides, and nearly 111,000 gun injuries. Both have been rising in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, U.S. deaths from diabetes in 2016 totaled almost 80,000; Alzheimer’s, 111,000; and lung disease, 155,000. The leaders are heart disease, with 634,000 deaths in 2016, and cancer, about 600,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Sexual harassment plagues academic science, and colleges and universities that train scientists need a culture change so women won’t be bullied out of the field, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24994/sexual-harassment-of-women-climate-culture-and-consequences-in-academic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report.\u003c/a>[contextly_sidebar id=”IhqJGy2gVVSPt54JXV94KsxWh77TSVcN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it’s time to treat sexual harassment as seriously as research misconduct, the\u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine\u003c/a> said Tuesday in recommendations aimed at U.S. institutions of higher education and groups that fund them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>“I think that the report does a great job of translating the science of sexual harassment to concrete action,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mills.edu/uniquely-mills/leadership-team/office-of-the-president/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Beth Hillman\u003c/a>, co-author and president at Mills College. “The report is rooted in evidence, which makes it different from other studies.”\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>While women are still outnumbered by men, universities are recruiting more women to science-related fields than ever before — but the new report makes clear that pervasive sexual harassment puts those gains at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gender harassment, at its baseline level, is essentially telling women, including women from minority groups, that they just don’t belong,” says Hillman. “And it’s hard for anybody to persist in that kind of environment. We’ve changed the numerical representation of women at these institutions without actually changing the organizational climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experiencing routine gender harassment can have a detrimental impact on victims and these professions, according to Kristen Houser, spokesperson at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Sexual Violence Resource Center. \u003c/a> Targeted women, she says, disengage from their careers and institutions and it can create feelings of anger, frustration, fear, increased stress and anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re coming into an unpleasant or unsafe environment for 40-60 hours a week, that’s a really horrible way to spend your time,” says Houser. “When someone is creating a hostile environment for you it can really lower your willingness to achieve your personal goals. And you have to think about the lifelong consequences of not achieving the goals that you’ve been investing in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gender Harassment is Not Necessarily Sexual \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assault or unwanted sexual advances are making #MeToo headlines but don’t tell the whole story, the report found. Most common in science is what the National Academies termed gender harassment, a hostile environment rife with sexist and sexual commentary and actions that can negatively impact a woman’s education and career.[contextly_sidebar id=”v0Sble65UgUVQsJ2mPADFefXctPOfbja”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How common? The report cited a University of Texas system survey that found about 20 percent of female science students, more than a quarter of female engineering students and more than 40 percent of female medical students said they had experienced sexual harassment from faculty or staff. In a similar survey in the Pennsylvania State University system, half of female medical students reported such harassment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hillman says gender harassment is by far the most common and most commonly dismissed form of sexual harassment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>“One of the biggest messages of this report is that it’s a very common misunderstanding that sexual coercion and unwanted sexual attention are at the heart of the problem,” says Hillman. “When in fact, it’s gender harassment that creates the conditions for those other more commonly understood forms of harassment.”\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>Houser says that using the term “sexual harassment, misconduct, and abuse” does a better job of capturing the extent of the problem.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>“Many women experience a continuum of all of this, from being pushed out of or denied an opportunity, to unwanted sexual contact,” says Houser. “We really need to keep in mind that there is a full spectrum of gender harassment that includes sexual harassment.”\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Whisper Network\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hierarchical nature of science can make it difficult to report and root out such behavior, with scientists-in-training often dependent on a single high-profile mentor for research funding, job recommendations and fieldwork in remote locations.[contextly_sidebar id=”JeI44M5JRTzHYKu6T9H37MXNkRWZ56UE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without institutional support, some women are turning to each other for help. Researchers obtained reports about various grassroots efforts, including one group called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomyallies.com/Astronomy_Allies/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Astronomy Allies\u003c/a>. The group was formed by women in the astronomy field who didn’t feel safe attending conferences and other networking events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A group of post graduate, graduate students and young professionals created the support network to address gaps in their institutional support networks,” says Hillman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grassroots support networks like the Astronomy Allies are common in other fields as well, according to Houser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw this in Hollywood and state government institutions. People refer to it as the ‘whisper network,'” notes Houser. “So when you lack institutional support and interventions, women recognize a shared unique vulnerability and oftentimes take to looking out for one another. When you find others who experience unsafe treatment by the same perpetrator, that can be a really important way of getting validation and knowing that the problem isn’t you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the report’s recommendations:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—An organization’s climate is the single most important factor in whether sexual harassment is tolerated. Colleges and universities should promote greater gender and racial equity in leadership positions and stress diverse, inclusive and respectful environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—Institutions should find alternatives to the traditional hierarchy, such as mentoring networks, so that students and junior faculty aren’t dependent on one supervisor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—Congress and state legislatures should consider prohibiting confidentiality agreements and other actions that shield harassers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Amel Ahmed of KQED Science contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sexual harassment plagues academic science, and colleges and universities that train scientists need a culture change so women won’t be bullied out of the field, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24994/sexual-harassment-of-women-climate-culture-and-consequences-in-academic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it’s time to treat sexual harassment as seriously as research misconduct, the\u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine\u003c/a> said Tuesday in recommendations aimed at U.S. institutions of higher education and groups that fund them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>“I think that the report does a great job of translating the science of sexual harassment to concrete action,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mills.edu/uniquely-mills/leadership-team/office-of-the-president/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Beth Hillman\u003c/a>, co-author and president at Mills College. “The report is rooted in evidence, which makes it different from other studies.”\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>While women are still outnumbered by men, universities are recruiting more women to science-related fields than ever before — but the new report makes clear that pervasive sexual harassment puts those gains at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gender harassment, at its baseline level, is essentially telling women, including women from minority groups, that they just don’t belong,” says Hillman. “And it’s hard for anybody to persist in that kind of environment. We’ve changed the numerical representation of women at these institutions without actually changing the organizational climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experiencing routine gender harassment can have a detrimental impact on victims and these professions, according to Kristen Houser, spokesperson at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Sexual Violence Resource Center. \u003c/a> Targeted women, she says, disengage from their careers and institutions and it can create feelings of anger, frustration, fear, increased stress and anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re coming into an unpleasant or unsafe environment for 40-60 hours a week, that’s a really horrible way to spend your time,” says Houser. “When someone is creating a hostile environment for you it can really lower your willingness to achieve your personal goals. And you have to think about the lifelong consequences of not achieving the goals that you’ve been investing in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gender Harassment is Not Necessarily Sexual \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assault or unwanted sexual advances are making #MeToo headlines but don’t tell the whole story, the report found. Most common in science is what the National Academies termed gender harassment, a hostile environment rife with sexist and sexual commentary and actions that can negatively impact a woman’s education and career.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How common? The report cited a University of Texas system survey that found about 20 percent of female science students, more than a quarter of female engineering students and more than 40 percent of female medical students said they had experienced sexual harassment from faculty or staff. In a similar survey in the Pennsylvania State University system, half of female medical students reported such harassment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hillman says gender harassment is by far the most common and most commonly dismissed form of sexual harassment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>“One of the biggest messages of this report is that it’s a very common misunderstanding that sexual coercion and unwanted sexual attention are at the heart of the problem,” says Hillman. “When in fact, it’s gender harassment that creates the conditions for those other more commonly understood forms of harassment.”\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>Houser says that using the term “sexual harassment, misconduct, and abuse” does a better job of capturing the extent of the problem.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>“Many women experience a continuum of all of this, from being pushed out of or denied an opportunity, to unwanted sexual contact,” says Houser. “We really need to keep in mind that there is a full spectrum of gender harassment that includes sexual harassment.”\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Whisper Network\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hierarchical nature of science can make it difficult to report and root out such behavior, with scientists-in-training often dependent on a single high-profile mentor for research funding, job recommendations and fieldwork in remote locations.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without institutional support, some women are turning to each other for help. Researchers obtained reports about various grassroots efforts, including one group called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomyallies.com/Astronomy_Allies/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Astronomy Allies\u003c/a>. The group was formed by women in the astronomy field who didn’t feel safe attending conferences and other networking events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A group of post graduate, graduate students and young professionals created the support network to address gaps in their institutional support networks,” says Hillman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grassroots support networks like the Astronomy Allies are common in other fields as well, according to Houser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw this in Hollywood and state government institutions. People refer to it as the ‘whisper network,'” notes Houser. “So when you lack institutional support and interventions, women recognize a shared unique vulnerability and oftentimes take to looking out for one another. When you find others who experience unsafe treatment by the same perpetrator, that can be a really important way of getting validation and knowing that the problem isn’t you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the report’s recommendations:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—An organization’s climate is the single most important factor in whether sexual harassment is tolerated. Colleges and universities should promote greater gender and racial equity in leadership positions and stress diverse, inclusive and respectful environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—Institutions should find alternatives to the traditional hierarchy, such as mentoring networks, so that students and junior faculty aren’t dependent on one supervisor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—Congress and state legislatures should consider prohibiting confidentiality agreements and other actions that shield harassers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Amel Ahmed of KQED Science contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists and engineers have been underscoring for some time the need for carbon-capture technologies to help reverse the course of climate change. A solution of last resort, it relies on technology to strip the atmosphere of the most prevalent greenhouse gas — a process referred to as “direct air capture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/06/carbon-engineering-liquid-fuel-carbon-capture-neutral-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Geographic:\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Keeping global warming to less than 2 degrees C (the international target to avoid the most dangerous impacts) will likely require \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02184-x\">“negative emissions”\u003c/a>—some way of taking lots of CO2 out of the atmosphere and storing it permanently, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Until now, the concept has remained elusive due to the exorbitant costs involved and few takers. But one Canadian company, \u003ca href=\"http://carbonengineering.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carbon Engineering\u003c/a>, has been running a pilot facility since 2015 and says it has successfully developed a cost-effective technology for DAC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Geographic called it an “engineering breakthrough.” The founders recently published a paper detailing the costs of the ambitious project in the\u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/joule/home\"> journal Joule\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our paper shows the costs and engineering for a full-scale plant that could capture one million tons of CO2 a year,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.seas.harvard.edu/directory/dkeith\">David Keith\u003c/a>, a physicist at Harvard University and founder of Carbon Engineering, told National Geographic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quest for direct capture has been frought with failure. Last year, a Swiss company called Climeworks launched a DAC pilot facility. The plant contains massive fans that blow air into a solution that contains a carbon-capturing chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the American Physical Society found that the procedure would likely cost about $600 per metric ton of captured CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. With our addiction to fossil fuel contributing \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/11/climate-change-carbon-emissions-rising-environment/?beta=true\">close to 40 billion metric tons of CO2 a year,\u003c/a> which doesn’t “pencil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, the technology developed by Carbon Engineering works by capturing the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in a solution that reacts with the carbon and converts it into a solid — and at lower cost. From the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05357-w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature\u003c/a>\u003cem>:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Carbon Engineering’s design blows air through towers that contain a solution of potassium hydroxide, which reacts with CO2 to form potassium carbonate. The result, after further processing, is a calcium carbonate pellet that can be heated to release the CO2. That CO2 could then be pressurized, put into a pipeline and disposed of underground, but the company is planning instead to use the gas to make synthetic, low-carbon fuels. Keith says that the company can produce these at a cost of about $1 per litre. When Carbon Engineering configured the air-capture plant for this purpose, they were able to bring costs down to as low as $94 per tonne of CO2.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Keith and his team used their findings to project the costs of an actual commercial plant with the same technology. They claim their \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(18)30225-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technology can capture CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> for between $94 and $232 per metric ton\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This isn’t going to save the world from the impacts of climate change, but it’s going to be a big step on the path to a low-carbon economy,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.seas.harvard.edu/directory/dkeith\">Keith\u003c/a> told National Geographic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company uses a separate pilot project to convert the captured carbon into liquid fuels, including gasoline. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/06/cost-plunges-capturing-carbon-dioxide-air\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Magazine\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[B]ecause the process recycles carbon from the air, it would constitute a low-carbon fuel, something that places such as California are increasingly requiring in their fuel mixes, and which command a premium price.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eventual demand could further drive down costs. But for the technology to truly succeed in making a dent in international climate recovery goals, it will require widespread adoption, according to Klaus Lackner, director at the Center for Negative Carbon Emissions at Arizona State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n\u003cp>“We will need a trillion-dollar industry to [keep warming below 2 degrees C]. That seems like a lot, but today’s airline industry is larger,” Lackner \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/06/carbon-engineering-liquid-fuel-carbon-capture-neutral-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> National Geographic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Economist magazine \u003ca href=\"https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2018/06/09/extracting-carbon-dioxide-from-the-air-is-possible.-but-at-what-cost\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports\u003c/a> that the founders of Carbon Engineering want to eventually license their technology to fuel manufacturers. They hope to begin construction of their first commercial plant before the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists and engineers have been underscoring for some time the need for carbon-capture technologies to help reverse the course of climate change. A solution of last resort, it relies on technology to strip the atmosphere of the most prevalent greenhouse gas — a process referred to as “direct air capture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/06/carbon-engineering-liquid-fuel-carbon-capture-neutral-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Geographic:\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Keeping global warming to less than 2 degrees C (the international target to avoid the most dangerous impacts) will likely require \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02184-x\">“negative emissions”\u003c/a>—some way of taking lots of CO2 out of the atmosphere and storing it permanently, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Until now, the concept has remained elusive due to the exorbitant costs involved and few takers. But one Canadian company, \u003ca href=\"http://carbonengineering.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carbon Engineering\u003c/a>, has been running a pilot facility since 2015 and says it has successfully developed a cost-effective technology for DAC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Geographic called it an “engineering breakthrough.” The founders recently published a paper detailing the costs of the ambitious project in the\u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/joule/home\"> journal Joule\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our paper shows the costs and engineering for a full-scale plant that could capture one million tons of CO2 a year,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.seas.harvard.edu/directory/dkeith\">David Keith\u003c/a>, a physicist at Harvard University and founder of Carbon Engineering, told National Geographic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quest for direct capture has been frought with failure. Last year, a Swiss company called Climeworks launched a DAC pilot facility. The plant contains massive fans that blow air into a solution that contains a carbon-capturing chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the American Physical Society found that the procedure would likely cost about $600 per metric ton of captured CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. With our addiction to fossil fuel contributing \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/11/climate-change-carbon-emissions-rising-environment/?beta=true\">close to 40 billion metric tons of CO2 a year,\u003c/a> which doesn’t “pencil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, the technology developed by Carbon Engineering works by capturing the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in a solution that reacts with the carbon and converts it into a solid — and at lower cost. From the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05357-w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature\u003c/a>\u003cem>:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Carbon Engineering’s design blows air through towers that contain a solution of potassium hydroxide, which reacts with CO2 to form potassium carbonate. The result, after further processing, is a calcium carbonate pellet that can be heated to release the CO2. That CO2 could then be pressurized, put into a pipeline and disposed of underground, but the company is planning instead to use the gas to make synthetic, low-carbon fuels. Keith says that the company can produce these at a cost of about $1 per litre. When Carbon Engineering configured the air-capture plant for this purpose, they were able to bring costs down to as low as $94 per tonne of CO2.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Keith and his team used their findings to project the costs of an actual commercial plant with the same technology. They claim their \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(18)30225-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">technology can capture CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> for between $94 and $232 per metric ton\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This isn’t going to save the world from the impacts of climate change, but it’s going to be a big step on the path to a low-carbon economy,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.seas.harvard.edu/directory/dkeith\">Keith\u003c/a> told National Geographic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company uses a separate pilot project to convert the captured carbon into liquid fuels, including gasoline. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/06/cost-plunges-capturing-carbon-dioxide-air\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Magazine\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[B]ecause the process recycles carbon from the air, it would constitute a low-carbon fuel, something that places such as California are increasingly requiring in their fuel mixes, and which command a premium price.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eventual demand could further drive down costs. But for the technology to truly succeed in making a dent in international climate recovery goals, it will require widespread adoption, according to Klaus Lackner, director at the Center for Negative Carbon Emissions at Arizona State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"parbase smartbody section text\">\n\u003cp>“We will need a trillion-dollar industry to [keep warming below 2 degrees C]. That seems like a lot, but today’s airline industry is larger,” Lackner \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/06/carbon-engineering-liquid-fuel-carbon-capture-neutral-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> National Geographic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Economist magazine \u003ca href=\"https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2018/06/09/extracting-carbon-dioxide-from-the-air-is-possible.-but-at-what-cost\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports\u003c/a> that the founders of Carbon Engineering want to eventually license their technology to fuel manufacturers. They hope to begin construction of their first commercial plant before the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Southern California agencies are field-testing equipment intended to enable helicopters to more quickly fill with water while battling wildfires.[contextly_sidebar id=”hOTJzcw3rv7xb5EzqaplZSRcT7JPe1ZD”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anaheim Fire & Rescue, the Orange County Fire Authority and OC Parks demonstrated the Remotely Activated Snorkel Site technology on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snorkels are hoses that allow hovering helicopters to suck loads of water out of natural and man-made sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experimental system involves strategically placing portable open-top tanks or permanent basins in the environment and connecting them to municipal water sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A helicopter pilot uses a radio signal to activate valves and fill a basin near a fire, reducing the need for ground crews and cutting the time spent flying to load up with more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Southern California agencies are field-testing equipment intended to enable helicopters to more quickly fill with water while battling wildfires.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anaheim Fire & Rescue, the Orange County Fire Authority and OC Parks demonstrated the Remotely Activated Snorkel Site technology on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snorkels are hoses that allow hovering helicopters to suck loads of water out of natural and man-made sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experimental system involves strategically placing portable open-top tanks or permanent basins in the environment and connecting them to municipal water sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A helicopter pilot uses a radio signal to activate valves and fill a basin near a fire, reducing the need for ground crews and cutting the time spent flying to load up with more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Dozens of Water Systems Consolidate in California’s Farming Heartland",
"headTitle": "Dozens of Water Systems Consolidate in California’s Farming Heartland | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Joaquin Valley, one of the most productive farming regions in the nation, an estimated 150,000 people are stuck living with contaminated drinking water. When they open a tap to fill a cooking pot or take a shower, the water that gushes out is contaminated with nitrates, hexavalent chromium, arsenic and other nasties from polluted wells.[contextly_sidebar id=”BXxHEiwGfcQkkmUN7w7VU8pQHE73VUWT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The good news: Help is available to many of these small community water systems, provided they can merge with a neighboring utility that has clean water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Estimating how many such mergers are under way is difficult, because they are at different stages and some may not have reached the attention of state regulators yet. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://innovation.luskin.ucla.edu/content/adopting-county-policies-which-limit-public-water-system-sprawl-and-promote-small-system-con\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">University of California, Los Angeles study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released last year estimated 32 mergers are in progress. Camille Pannu, director of the Water Justice Center at the University of California, Davis, said there are probably more than 50 mergers in the works in the San Joaquin Valley alone. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the number, the process can be expensive and laborious, despite state laws meant to ease the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s definitely a multiyear – often many-year – process,” said Nell Green Nylen, a senior research fellow at the Wheeler Water Institute at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis. “A big part of it is funding. And there can be a number of different agencies at different levels that need to be involved.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Green Nylen is coauthor of a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/clee/research/wheeler/learning-from-consolidations/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">new report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> summarizing the challenges of water system consolidation. They range from financing problems to a lack of basic data needed to understand the water-quality problems that need solving.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are legal and bureaucratic challenges, as well. For instance, in the unincorporated town of Tooleville in Tulare County, groundwater wells are contaminated by hexavalent chromium, also known as chromium-6 (the chemical made famous by the 2000 film “Erin Brockovich”). The town of fewer than 400 people has been trying to merge its tiny mutual water company with the municipal water system in the neighboring city of Exeter, which has more than 10,000 residents.[contextly_sidebar id=”5x6EMoTNwScXLen0hWQSc4sC4m8oo3uH”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We can’t cook with the water. We can’t drink it,” said Maria Olivera, a board member of the Tooleville water system and a resident of the town since 1974. “We really need help. Everybody is hoping it will be solved.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">An agreement for the merger finally appears close at hand. But now a financing problem has emerged. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The state’s water-quality standard for hexavalent chromium was struck down by a May 2017 court ruling. The lawsuit was filed by the California Manufacturers and Technology Association and the Solano County Taxpayers Association. The court agreed with the plaintiffs that the state failed to investigate whether compliance with the standard is economically feasible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, the State Water Resources Control Board was forced to withdraw its water-quality standard for hexavalent chromium while it works on revisions. With no standard in place, water systems trying to solve hexavalent chromium problems are not eligible for state grant funding. Which means Tooleville must seek another source of money to pay for the construction to connect with Exeter’s system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In the meantime, the \u003c/span>state is providing Tooleville with bottled water for drinking and cooking. The tainted well water is still used for cleaning, irrigating and everything else that people need water for. But recently the pump burned out at one of the town’s two wells. If the same should happen at Tooleville’s other well, the town’s water emergency will worsen considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We don’t have any money to buy a pump and then to hire a person to manage it, and then to pay the electricity bill for the water pumps,” Olivera said. “We are in a big problem right now because there’s no money.”[contextly_sidebar id=”xHtF69SRn5Ztvx5jGx3yCqAMHCppO19V”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A state law passed in 2015, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/programs/compliance/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Senate Bill 88\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, authorized the State Water Resources Control Board to require water system consolidations to fix water quality or reliability problems. Since the law passed, the water board has notified 25 water agencies they must consolidate – all in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Fortunately, the construction required to physically connect one water agency with another may be fairly easy in many cases. A \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://regionalchange.ucdavis.edu/publication/water-justice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released in February found that 66 percent of disadvantaged communities in the San Joaquin Valley are within 500ft of another water utility that meets drinking water standards. For the rest, the distance is 3 or more miles, which could make a connection too expensive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_132038\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-132038\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180607135056/EastPorterville21.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1027\" height=\"574\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Aranzazu, left, and Benny Zurita install new water lines in East Porterville, Calif., so homes can connect to a new water supply provided by the city of Porterville. East Porterville lived with groundwater problems for years until the connection was finally made in 2016. (Florence Low, California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Not all water system mergers involve full consolidation. Sometimes, water agencies might want to work together without merging completely. Neighboring water agencies might want to build an intertie, for example, in order to share water resources. But Green Nylen said state assistance programs tend to be available only for full mergers – another weakness in the regulatory process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One possibility of a partial merger is unfolding in Sacramento County, where the San Juan Water District and Sacramento Suburban Water District have talked for several years about combining resources.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">San Juan is primarily a surface-water agency, with water rights in the American River. Sacramento Suburban primarily relies on groundwater. Combined, the agencies serve around 340,000 people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If the two could agree to work together and build the necessary plumbing connections, San Juan could use Sacramento Suburban’s groundwater during drought years when American River water might be in short supply. Then, in wet years, it could use American River water to recharge Sacramento Suburban’s aquifers.[contextly_sidebar id=”dzHxoRfmqkHnJJ7XbCTWkFBX7rliqlAf”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“On the face of it, it would seem to give us more opportunity to optimize use of our water supply,” said Paul Helliker, general manager of San Juan Water District. “This is particularly important as we look at what the future holds with climate change and changing regulatory requirements.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 2015, board members of the two agencies held a joint meeting to discuss moving ahead with some kind of cooperating agreement. It could range from a full merger to simply collaborating on joint projects. San Juan’s board of directors voted unanimously in favor of proceeding with further negotiations. But the Sacramento Suburban board voted 3-2 against it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The two agencies recently restarted discussions, Helliker said. Each board has formed a two-member subcommittee for more joint meetings to discuss what form of cooperation to pursue.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In any merger, some of the trickiest issues do not involve money or laws at all, Green Nylen said. Rather, the sticky issues are about who will be in charge, which employees will be retained and deciding whose operating rules are best.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Also, ratepayers often have a variety of concerns. They may fear losing control of “their” water supply. And they may worry about rate increases under a newly consolidated water utility.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The current round of consolidations has focused on systems where water treatment is just not affordable or financially sustainable unless systems merge,” said Pannu at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis. “My understanding is that the state is triaging cases based on the public health impact.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/06/11/dozens-of-water-systems-consolidate-in-californias-farming-heartland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Many small community water systems in California’s San Joaquin Valley suffer from polluted wells and financial challenges. To fix these problems, some are moving to connect with a neighboring water system. It’s not an easy process.",
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"description": "Many small community water systems in California’s San Joaquin Valley suffer from polluted wells and financial challenges. To fix these problems, some are moving to connect with a neighboring water system. It’s not an easy process.",
"title": "Dozens of Water Systems Consolidate in California’s Farming Heartland | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Joaquin Valley, one of the most productive farming regions in the nation, an estimated 150,000 people are stuck living with contaminated drinking water. When they open a tap to fill a cooking pot or take a shower, the water that gushes out is contaminated with nitrates, hexavalent chromium, arsenic and other nasties from polluted wells.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The good news: Help is available to many of these small community water systems, provided they can merge with a neighboring utility that has clean water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Estimating how many such mergers are under way is difficult, because they are at different stages and some may not have reached the attention of state regulators yet. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://innovation.luskin.ucla.edu/content/adopting-county-policies-which-limit-public-water-system-sprawl-and-promote-small-system-con\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">University of California, Los Angeles study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released last year estimated 32 mergers are in progress. Camille Pannu, director of the Water Justice Center at the University of California, Davis, said there are probably more than 50 mergers in the works in the San Joaquin Valley alone. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the number, the process can be expensive and laborious, despite state laws meant to ease the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It’s definitely a multiyear – often many-year – process,” said Nell Green Nylen, a senior research fellow at the Wheeler Water Institute at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis. “A big part of it is funding. And there can be a number of different agencies at different levels that need to be involved.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Green Nylen is coauthor of a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/clee/research/wheeler/learning-from-consolidations/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">new report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> summarizing the challenges of water system consolidation. They range from financing problems to a lack of basic data needed to understand the water-quality problems that need solving.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are legal and bureaucratic challenges, as well. For instance, in the unincorporated town of Tooleville in Tulare County, groundwater wells are contaminated by hexavalent chromium, also known as chromium-6 (the chemical made famous by the 2000 film “Erin Brockovich”). The town of fewer than 400 people has been trying to merge its tiny mutual water company with the municipal water system in the neighboring city of Exeter, which has more than 10,000 residents.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We can’t cook with the water. We can’t drink it,” said Maria Olivera, a board member of the Tooleville water system and a resident of the town since 1974. “We really need help. Everybody is hoping it will be solved.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">An agreement for the merger finally appears close at hand. But now a financing problem has emerged. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The state’s water-quality standard for hexavalent chromium was struck down by a May 2017 court ruling. The lawsuit was filed by the California Manufacturers and Technology Association and the Solano County Taxpayers Association. The court agreed with the plaintiffs that the state failed to investigate whether compliance with the standard is economically feasible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, the State Water Resources Control Board was forced to withdraw its water-quality standard for hexavalent chromium while it works on revisions. With no standard in place, water systems trying to solve hexavalent chromium problems are not eligible for state grant funding. Which means Tooleville must seek another source of money to pay for the construction to connect with Exeter’s system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In the meantime, the \u003c/span>state is providing Tooleville with bottled water for drinking and cooking. The tainted well water is still used for cleaning, irrigating and everything else that people need water for. But recently the pump burned out at one of the town’s two wells. If the same should happen at Tooleville’s other well, the town’s water emergency will worsen considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We don’t have any money to buy a pump and then to hire a person to manage it, and then to pay the electricity bill for the water pumps,” Olivera said. “We are in a big problem right now because there’s no money.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A state law passed in 2015, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/programs/compliance/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Senate Bill 88\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, authorized the State Water Resources Control Board to require water system consolidations to fix water quality or reliability problems. Since the law passed, the water board has notified 25 water agencies they must consolidate – all in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Fortunately, the construction required to physically connect one water agency with another may be fairly easy in many cases. A \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://regionalchange.ucdavis.edu/publication/water-justice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released in February found that 66 percent of disadvantaged communities in the San Joaquin Valley are within 500ft of another water utility that meets drinking water standards. For the rest, the distance is 3 or more miles, which could make a connection too expensive.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_132038\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-132038\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180607135056/EastPorterville21.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1027\" height=\"574\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Aranzazu, left, and Benny Zurita install new water lines in East Porterville, Calif., so homes can connect to a new water supply provided by the city of Porterville. East Porterville lived with groundwater problems for years until the connection was finally made in 2016. (Florence Low, California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Not all water system mergers involve full consolidation. Sometimes, water agencies might want to work together without merging completely. Neighboring water agencies might want to build an intertie, for example, in order to share water resources. But Green Nylen said state assistance programs tend to be available only for full mergers – another weakness in the regulatory process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One possibility of a partial merger is unfolding in Sacramento County, where the San Juan Water District and Sacramento Suburban Water District have talked for several years about combining resources.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">San Juan is primarily a surface-water agency, with water rights in the American River. Sacramento Suburban primarily relies on groundwater. Combined, the agencies serve around 340,000 people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If the two could agree to work together and build the necessary plumbing connections, San Juan could use Sacramento Suburban’s groundwater during drought years when American River water might be in short supply. Then, in wet years, it could use American River water to recharge Sacramento Suburban’s aquifers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“On the face of it, it would seem to give us more opportunity to optimize use of our water supply,” said Paul Helliker, general manager of San Juan Water District. “This is particularly important as we look at what the future holds with climate change and changing regulatory requirements.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 2015, board members of the two agencies held a joint meeting to discuss moving ahead with some kind of cooperating agreement. It could range from a full merger to simply collaborating on joint projects. San Juan’s board of directors voted unanimously in favor of proceeding with further negotiations. But the Sacramento Suburban board voted 3-2 against it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The two agencies recently restarted discussions, Helliker said. Each board has formed a two-member subcommittee for more joint meetings to discuss what form of cooperation to pursue.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In any merger, some of the trickiest issues do not involve money or laws at all, Green Nylen said. Rather, the sticky issues are about who will be in charge, which employees will be retained and deciding whose operating rules are best.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Also, ratepayers often have a variety of concerns. They may fear losing control of “their” water supply. And they may worry about rate increases under a newly consolidated water utility.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The current round of consolidations has focused on systems where water treatment is just not affordable or financially sustainable unless systems merge,” said Pannu at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Davis. “My understanding is that the state is triaging cases based on the public health impact.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/06/11/dozens-of-water-systems-consolidate-in-californias-farming-heartland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "lets-talk-thors-hammer-and-wakanda-sciencewise",
"title": "Let's Talk Thor's Hammer and Wakanda ... Sciencewise",
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"headTitle": "Let’s Talk Thor’s Hammer and Wakanda … Sciencewise | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>The season of summer blockbusters is in full swing. From the rollicking space adventure of “Solo,” to the universe-spanning “Avengers: Infinity War,” characters are dodging blasters, collecting stones of power, and falling in love as their world hangs in peril.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re not trying to be the accuracy police. For us, it’s a lot more about inspiration.’\u003ccite>Rick Loverd,\u003cbr>\nScience & Entertainment Exchange\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s a lot of popcorn, and whole lot of fun. It’s also a chance to lose yourself in new imaginary worlds. Sometimes what you see on screen can become inspiration for real life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number of present-day scientists who might point to a character like Spock as a point of inspiration that got them interested in science is many,” says Rick Loverd, program director of the \u003ca href=\"http://scienceandentertainmentexchange.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science & Entertainment Exchange\u003c/a>, a project of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasonline.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s our job here at the Exchange to try to facilitate as many of those moments as possible for the next generation of kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The service is free and works best, Loverd says, when a researcher connects with a storyteller early on, while the project is still being envisioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While we’re happy to help at anytime,” Loverd says, “we’re most excited by those projects where a screenwriter calls us up and says, ‘Hey, I just had an idea. It involves time travel and I’d love to talk to a scientist.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loverd helped “Black Panther” movie makers conceive the city of Wakanda, for example, finding architects, city planners and anthropologists to contribute to a document the crew used as a reference for the history, culture and layout of Wakanda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lovered recently spoke with KQED Science editor Danielle Venton about what science can offer to Hollywood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925504\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 548px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1925504\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"548\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1.jpg 3500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 548px) 100vw, 548px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black Panther toys are displayed to attendees at the Hasbro showroom during the annual New York Toy Fair, on February 20, 2018, in New York. \u003ccite>(EDUARDO MUNOZ ALVAREZ/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DANIELLE VENTON:\u003c/strong> I wanted to know, is this really about getting the science right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RICK LOVERD:\u003c/strong> For us, we’re not trying to be the accuracy police and the least interesting consults for us, though we’re happy to do them, are the ones where we’re just fact checking. For us it’s a lot more about inspiration and about giving storytellers ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> What’s an example or two of a Hollywood movie that really got the science right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> I’d like to say that it’s not always important to get the science right. You know, especially in the narrative summer popcorn movie. Some of the more exciting science moments for me have come in Marvel films, not necessarily because they have deadly accuracy in them, but because they’re seen by so many people. And a character like Shuri from “Black Panther,” has an opportunity to inspire a lot of kids into science and engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LqzF5WauAw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also another example that I like is “Interstellar.” Because the visualization of the black hole actually was based on a Nobel Laureate’s work. We hear about black holes our whole lives and we kind of have this image of the absence of light. But when you see it in “Interstellar,” it’s actually quite vibrant and bright. I think that moment of wonder when you see the unexpected and then you later find out that there’s some truth to it, those are really the moments that the Science & Entertainment Exchange tries to facilitate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> I gotta say though as someone who has a science degree, when I’m watching a movie and there is something just obviously inaccurate it completely pulls me out of the story. I might be a curmudgeon but I can’t suspend my belief if I’m like, ‘Oh, that definitely couldn’t happen.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>[contextly_sidebar id=”uK4SZByLMh3UzYH99lxqWsSmDzKpBgWc”]\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> I can tell you that that is something that no filmmaker wants. But I don’t think that these mistakes usually are intentionally done, and when they are intentionally done I actually have no problem with the idea of a storyteller knowing what the facts are, and then saying, ‘You know what? It’s going to serve my story better to not be completely accurate in this situation.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> Some of my colleagues who are extreme movie fans had a couple of extra questions for you, if you’re game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> Okay, alright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> Alright, if you had unlimited resources, which company would you hire to build a real Iron Man suit?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> There are places like the Media lab at MIT where there’s just such a trove of brilliant minds that I would definitely feel comfortable that they’d be able to make something pretty spectacular, given unlimited resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue80QwXMRHg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> To the best of your knowledge what is Thor’s hammer composed of?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> Well it was forged in a dying star, so it’s gotta be made of some exotic materials that are super dense. Actually, there are materials that exist, I understand, in dying stars in our universe that are extraordinarily dense that could be targets for something like Thor’s hammer. I don’t know exactly, other than the magic of the character and the mystique of Thor, why one person would be able to lift it and another person would not, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV: \u003c/strong>That’s a mystery that will have to stand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The season of summer blockbusters is in full swing. From the rollicking space adventure of “Solo,” to the universe-spanning “Avengers: Infinity War,” characters are dodging blasters, collecting stones of power, and falling in love as their world hangs in peril.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re not trying to be the accuracy police. For us, it’s a lot more about inspiration.’\u003ccite>Rick Loverd,\u003cbr>\nScience & Entertainment Exchange\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s a lot of popcorn, and whole lot of fun. It’s also a chance to lose yourself in new imaginary worlds. Sometimes what you see on screen can become inspiration for real life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number of present-day scientists who might point to a character like Spock as a point of inspiration that got them interested in science is many,” says Rick Loverd, program director of the \u003ca href=\"http://scienceandentertainmentexchange.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science & Entertainment Exchange\u003c/a>, a project of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasonline.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s our job here at the Exchange to try to facilitate as many of those moments as possible for the next generation of kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The service is free and works best, Loverd says, when a researcher connects with a storyteller early on, while the project is still being envisioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While we’re happy to help at anytime,” Loverd says, “we’re most excited by those projects where a screenwriter calls us up and says, ‘Hey, I just had an idea. It involves time travel and I’d love to talk to a scientist.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loverd helped “Black Panther” movie makers conceive the city of Wakanda, for example, finding architects, city planners and anthropologists to contribute to a document the crew used as a reference for the history, culture and layout of Wakanda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lovered recently spoke with KQED Science editor Danielle Venton about what science can offer to Hollywood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925504\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 548px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1925504\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"548\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1.jpg 3500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 548px) 100vw, 548px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black Panther toys are displayed to attendees at the Hasbro showroom during the annual New York Toy Fair, on February 20, 2018, in New York. \u003ccite>(EDUARDO MUNOZ ALVAREZ/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DANIELLE VENTON:\u003c/strong> I wanted to know, is this really about getting the science right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RICK LOVERD:\u003c/strong> For us, we’re not trying to be the accuracy police and the least interesting consults for us, though we’re happy to do them, are the ones where we’re just fact checking. For us it’s a lot more about inspiration and about giving storytellers ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> What’s an example or two of a Hollywood movie that really got the science right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> I’d like to say that it’s not always important to get the science right. You know, especially in the narrative summer popcorn movie. Some of the more exciting science moments for me have come in Marvel films, not necessarily because they have deadly accuracy in them, but because they’re seen by so many people. And a character like Shuri from “Black Panther,” has an opportunity to inspire a lot of kids into science and engineering.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/2LqzF5WauAw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/2LqzF5WauAw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Also another example that I like is “Interstellar.” Because the visualization of the black hole actually was based on a Nobel Laureate’s work. We hear about black holes our whole lives and we kind of have this image of the absence of light. But when you see it in “Interstellar,” it’s actually quite vibrant and bright. I think that moment of wonder when you see the unexpected and then you later find out that there’s some truth to it, those are really the moments that the Science & Entertainment Exchange tries to facilitate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> I gotta say though as someone who has a science degree, when I’m watching a movie and there is something just obviously inaccurate it completely pulls me out of the story. I might be a curmudgeon but I can’t suspend my belief if I’m like, ‘Oh, that definitely couldn’t happen.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> I can tell you that that is something that no filmmaker wants. But I don’t think that these mistakes usually are intentionally done, and when they are intentionally done I actually have no problem with the idea of a storyteller knowing what the facts are, and then saying, ‘You know what? It’s going to serve my story better to not be completely accurate in this situation.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> Some of my colleagues who are extreme movie fans had a couple of extra questions for you, if you’re game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> Okay, alright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> Alright, if you had unlimited resources, which company would you hire to build a real Iron Man suit?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> There are places like the Media lab at MIT where there’s just such a trove of brilliant minds that I would definitely feel comfortable that they’d be able to make something pretty spectacular, given unlimited resources.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ue80QwXMRHg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ue80QwXMRHg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> To the best of your knowledge what is Thor’s hammer composed of?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> Well it was forged in a dying star, so it’s gotta be made of some exotic materials that are super dense. Actually, there are materials that exist, I understand, in dying stars in our universe that are extraordinarily dense that could be targets for something like Thor’s hammer. I don’t know exactly, other than the magic of the character and the mystique of Thor, why one person would be able to lift it and another person would not, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV: \u003c/strong>That’s a mystery that will have to stand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
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"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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