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"title": "Scott Pruitt Out At EPA",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scott Pruitt will no longer lead the Environmental Protection Agency, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1014956568129892352\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">President Trump announced Thursday afternoon via Twitter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt was among the most controversial of President Trump’s original Cabinet-level picks. He embodied the administration’s broad support for the fossil fuel industry and its disdain for climate science, and attracted the attention of Congress and the EPA’s inspector general for a wide range of potential ethics violations that hinged on misusing his power and spending far more taxpayer money than his predecessors had on travel and security expenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As investigations piled up, multiple close aides and EPA staffers resigned from the agency, and support among congressional Republicans slowly weakened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt came to the EPA from Oklahoma, where he \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/01/18/510355798/epa-critic-to-get-sharp-questions-on-industry-ties-as-he-vies-to-run-agency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spent years as the state’s attorney general attacking\u003c/a> the federal agency he would eventually run. With other Republican attorneys general, he sued the EPA to stop ozone and methane emissions rules and \u003ca href=\"https://stateimpact.npr.org/oklahoma/2014/08/06/oklahoma-attorney-general-scott-pruitt-sues-epa-over-federal-clean-power-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">block regulations\u003c/a> on coal-fired power plants. Throughout his career, he has publicly questioned climate change and whether it is caused by greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a replacement for Pruitt is named, the EPA will be led by Deputy Administrator \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/03/17/593546626/former-coal-lobbyist-on-tap-for-no-2-spot-at-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Wheeler\u003c/a>, himself a former coal lobbyist and senior Senate staffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ethics Questions and Investigations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Pruitt’s environmental policies were controversial, it was his spending and attempts to use the position for personal gain that resulted in more than a dozen investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several patterns were quickly established, including unusually high spending on his office and travel and continually mixing his personal and professional lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4412774-FPDS-NG-ICDUSER-Booth.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA spent\u003c/a> about $43,000 on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/14/scott-pruitts-25000-soundproof-phone-booth-it-actually-cost-more-like-43000/?utm_term=.5ccc035134f4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">soundproof phone booth\u003c/a> for the administrator’s office, and \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> reported that Pruitt spent thousands of dollars \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/first-class-travel-distinguishes-scott-pruitts-epa-tenure/2018/02/11/5bb89afc-0b7d-11e8-8b0d-891602206fb7_story.html?utm_term=.ed6e6914c51a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on first-class plane tickets\u003c/a>. \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> reported Pruitt’s chief of security proposed that Pruitt spend \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/06/us/politics/scott-pruitt-security-furniture.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$70,000 on two desks, one of them bulletproof\u003c/a>. The desks were not purchased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt cited security threats as one reason for the first-class travel, and he spent tens of thousands of dollars on a publicly-funded, 24-hour security detail, which his office said was necessary to protect him from threats. Pruitt’s security detail \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/30/politics/epa-pruitt-travel-whitehouse-rose-bowl-disneyland/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reportedly accompanied\u003c/a> him on personal trips, including a family vacation to Disneyland. In August 2017, the EPA’s Office of the Inspector General \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-08/documents/_epaoig_notificationmemo_08-28-17_administratorstravel.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">began investigating\u003c/a> Pruitt’s travel and security expenses and has widened the investigation \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/office-inspector-general/project-notification-memorandums\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multiple times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt aides also sought to protect their boss from questions, and help his wife pursue business deals, according to \u003cem>New York Times \u003c/em>and\u003cem> Washington Post \u003c/em>analyses of thousands of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2018/05/pruitt-exposed-sierra-club-secures-24000-pages-epa-emails-call-logs-and\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">internal emails\u003c/a> released to the Sierra Club under the Freedom of Information Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to CNN, Pruitt broke with a tradition set by past EPA administrators and kept a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/02/politics/scott-pruitt-whistleblower-secret-calendar/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">secret, non-public calendar\u003c/a> to hide meetings with industry representatives and controversial figures. At public appearances, EPA staff often told reporters and citizens that the administrator would only answer pre-planned questions, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/05/09/609697381/reporter-on-new-email-dump-that-reveals-secret-inner-workings-of-the-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Times reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chick-fil-A, Industry Lobbyists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2017, a scheduler for Pruitt reached out to the chief executive of the restaurant chain Chik-fil-A about setting up a meeting to discuss a “potential business opportunity,” \u003ca href=\"http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/national/epa-head-scott-pruitts-outreach-to-chick-fil-a-ceo-on-a-potential-business-opportunity/3006/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Post reported\u003c/a>. Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-tapped-aide-donors-to-help-wife-land-job-at-conservative-group/2018/06/13/f54c87fa-6db1-11e8-afd5-778aca903bbe_story.html?utm_term=.6f082ae58ca4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA official reached out\u003c/a> on Pruitt’s behalf to conservative political groups to ask about potential job opportunities for Pruitt’s wife, Marlyn Pruitt, who eventually landed a temporary position as an independent contractor for a conservative advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, the Office of Government Ethics \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/04/10/600875028/government-ethics-officials-raise-red-flags-on-scott-pruitt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published a letter\u003c/a> in which acting director and general counsel David Apol wrote some of Pruitt’s actions, including the use of his subordinates’ time, “do raise concerns about whether the Administrator is using public office for personal gain in violation of ethics rules” and “raise concerns about whether the Administrator misused his position.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As administrator, Pruitt also maintained close relationships with energy industry lobbyists and executives. He rented a room in a Washington, D.C., condominium owned by the wife of a prominent lobbyist, J. Steven Hart, who \u003ca href=\"https://soprweb.senate.gov/index.cfm?event=getFilingDetails&filingID=E5A4A633-B204-4801-9510-6EF7861505E2&filingTypeID=78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">personally represented\u003c/a>, among others, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/administrator-pruitt-promotes-environmental-cooperation-us-partners-morocco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">liquefied natural gas company\u003c/a> that stands to profit from \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/administrator-pruitt-promotes-environmental-cooperation-us-partners-morocco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pruitt’s push\u003c/a> to increase American gas exports, \u003cem>The Daily Beast\u003c/em> reported. Hart also represented other companies with business before the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/04/04/epas-scott-pruitt-pushes-back-on-pay-raise-condo-controversy-in-fox-exclusive.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interview on Fox News\u003c/a>, Pruitt incorrectly stated, “Mr. Hart has no clients that have business before this agency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the rental agreement, Pruitt paid $50 for each night he spent at the condo, which Pruitt described as “like an Airbnb situation.” In an initial \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4429953-MInoli-Memo.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>, an EPA lawyer defended the lease agreement, saying it was “consistent with federal ethics regulations regarding gifts” but noted later in \u003ca href=\"http://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2018/images/04/04/new.record.re.review.of.lease2018-04-04-163433.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a memo\u003c/a> obtained by CNN that he had not reviewed whether Pruitt was adhering to the lease’s terms after an \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/exclusive-epa-chief-pruitt-joined-family-condo-tied/story?id=54125092\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ABC News report\u003c/a> that his daughter may have stayed in another room at the condo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt also came under fire for enriching political appointees at the agency. \u003cem>The Atlantic\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/04/pruitt-epa/557123/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that in March, Pruitt circumvented the normal bureaucratic process to approve substantial pay increases for two EPA staffers after the White House refused to sign off on the raises. Both aides later resigned. One \u003ca href=\"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4493622/June-4-Connolly-Letter-to-Gowdy-Re-EPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">later told \u003c/a>House investigators that she was routinely asked to do personal tasks for Pruitt, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/04/616818561/epa-chiefs-latest-ethics-issue-used-mattress-from-a-trump-hotel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one instance\u003c/a> in which she called the Trump Hotel in Washington, D.C. to ask about purchasing a used mattress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt said he did not know about the salary increases until after they were granted, although in later congressional \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-says-he-did-know-about-pay-raises\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">testimony\u003c/a> he said he knew they were happening but not the amounts. He used the \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4112130-2017-3-Administratively-Determined-Positions-EPA.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same provision\u003c/a> to hire Nancy Beck, a longtime executive at the largest U.S. chemical industry lobbying group, to oversee toxic chemical regulation for the EPA. Earlier this year, the EPA inspector general \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-01/documents/notification_oa-fy18-0085_01-08-18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced\u003c/a> it was auditing Pruitt’s use of so-called administratively determined positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump Support\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Pruitt’s ethical problems deepened, he lost support from congressional Republicans and influential conservatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As reports of Pruitt’s conduct continually surfaced, Republican senators grew weary of defending him, saying they agreed with his policies but not his conduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He is acting like a moron and he needs to stop it,” said Sen. John Kennedy, R-La., \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/07/politics/senator-kennedy-scott-pruitt-epa-moron-cnntv/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on CNN\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt is “about as swampy as you get here,” said Sen. Joni Ernst, R-Iowa, who also said Pruitt was insufficiently supportive of ethanol fuel, a major industry in Iowa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prominent conservative talk show host Laura Ingraham repeatedly called for Pruitt’s firing. “It just doesn’t look good. If you want to drain the swamp, you got to have people in it who forego personal benefits and don’t send your aides around doing personal errands on the taxpayer dime, otherwise you make everyone else look bad,” said Ingraham on her radio show in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although multiple White House staff reportedly asked President Trump to remove Pruitt, the EPA chief was able to hold on in part because he built a strong rapport with the president over their shared dislike of the media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scott Pruitt is doing a great job within the walls of the EPA. I mean, we’re setting records,” said Trump in June. “Outside, he’s being attacked very viciously by the press. And I’m not saying that he’s blameless, but we’ll see what happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deregulatory Agenda\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As head of the EPA, Pruitt focused on taking the agency “\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/home/back-basics-agenda\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">back to basics\u003c/a>,” which he described as clean air and clean water policies, and asking state and local governments to take more responsibility for enforcing environmental regulations. He worked with the White House to undercut or begin rolling back many of the Obama administration’s signature environmental policies, including\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> leaving the Paris climate accord\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/28/517016071/trump-aims-to-eliminate-clean-water-rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reversing a sweeping rule\u003c/a> that designated which bodies of water are subject to federal authority, and moving to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/10/556962291/how-much-can-the-repeal-of-the-clean-power-plan-help-the-declining-coal-industry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">repeal the Clean Power Plan\u003c/a> regulation of carbon dioxide emissions. During his tenure, many climate change documents and pages were \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/09/29/553696314/an-absent-epa-climate-report-and-a-tale-of-two-flooded-superfund-sites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">removed from the agency’s website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt also created a task force to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/06/556041266/epas-scott-pruitt-vows-to-speed-toxic-superfund-site-cleanup\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expedite cleanup plans\u003c/a> for some of the most contaminated sites in the country, a move that was cautiously supported by environmental groups frustrated by understaffing of the Superfund program under previous administrations. However, the task force proved to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.peer.org/news/news-releases/pruitt-superfund-plans-leave-no-paper-trail.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opaque\u003c/a> about its decision-making process, and Pruitt did not allocate additional funds to the program. This spring, the man in charge of overseeing Superfund cleanups \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/05/03/607996825/albert-kelly-an-adviser-to-epa-chief-scott-pruitt-resigns-abruptly\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">abruptly stepped down\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA also said it would weaken fleet-wide fuel economy standards, rolling back Obama-era limits meant to nearly double the average fuel economy for cars and SUVs to more than 50 miles per gallon by 2025. “I am determining that those standards are inappropriate and should be revised,” Pruitt announced, flanked by leaders of three auto industry trade groups at a press conference. “I just want to say first and foremost to you in the auto sector. Thank you for your leadership. Thank you for the difference you’ve made on behalf of the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is leading a coalition of 17 states \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/01/607447344/states-sue-the-epa-to-protect-obama-era-fuel-efficiency-standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suing the EPA\u003c/a> over the planned change in efficiency standards, arguing that a weakened rule would violate the Clean Air Act. Automobile emissions and transportation currently account for more than a quarter of \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scott+Pruitt+Out+At+EPA&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scott Pruitt will no longer lead the Environmental Protection Agency, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1014956568129892352\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">President Trump announced Thursday afternoon via Twitter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt was among the most controversial of President Trump’s original Cabinet-level picks. He embodied the administration’s broad support for the fossil fuel industry and its disdain for climate science, and attracted the attention of Congress and the EPA’s inspector general for a wide range of potential ethics violations that hinged on misusing his power and spending far more taxpayer money than his predecessors had on travel and security expenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As investigations piled up, multiple close aides and EPA staffers resigned from the agency, and support among congressional Republicans slowly weakened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt came to the EPA from Oklahoma, where he \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/01/18/510355798/epa-critic-to-get-sharp-questions-on-industry-ties-as-he-vies-to-run-agency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spent years as the state’s attorney general attacking\u003c/a> the federal agency he would eventually run. With other Republican attorneys general, he sued the EPA to stop ozone and methane emissions rules and \u003ca href=\"https://stateimpact.npr.org/oklahoma/2014/08/06/oklahoma-attorney-general-scott-pruitt-sues-epa-over-federal-clean-power-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">block regulations\u003c/a> on coal-fired power plants. Throughout his career, he has publicly questioned climate change and whether it is caused by greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a replacement for Pruitt is named, the EPA will be led by Deputy Administrator \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/03/17/593546626/former-coal-lobbyist-on-tap-for-no-2-spot-at-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Wheeler\u003c/a>, himself a former coal lobbyist and senior Senate staffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ethics Questions and Investigations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Pruitt’s environmental policies were controversial, it was his spending and attempts to use the position for personal gain that resulted in more than a dozen investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several patterns were quickly established, including unusually high spending on his office and travel and continually mixing his personal and professional lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4412774-FPDS-NG-ICDUSER-Booth.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA spent\u003c/a> about $43,000 on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/14/scott-pruitts-25000-soundproof-phone-booth-it-actually-cost-more-like-43000/?utm_term=.5ccc035134f4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">soundproof phone booth\u003c/a> for the administrator’s office, and \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> reported that Pruitt spent thousands of dollars \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/first-class-travel-distinguishes-scott-pruitts-epa-tenure/2018/02/11/5bb89afc-0b7d-11e8-8b0d-891602206fb7_story.html?utm_term=.ed6e6914c51a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on first-class plane tickets\u003c/a>. \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> reported Pruitt’s chief of security proposed that Pruitt spend \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/06/us/politics/scott-pruitt-security-furniture.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$70,000 on two desks, one of them bulletproof\u003c/a>. The desks were not purchased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt cited security threats as one reason for the first-class travel, and he spent tens of thousands of dollars on a publicly-funded, 24-hour security detail, which his office said was necessary to protect him from threats. Pruitt’s security detail \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/30/politics/epa-pruitt-travel-whitehouse-rose-bowl-disneyland/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reportedly accompanied\u003c/a> him on personal trips, including a family vacation to Disneyland. In August 2017, the EPA’s Office of the Inspector General \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-08/documents/_epaoig_notificationmemo_08-28-17_administratorstravel.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">began investigating\u003c/a> Pruitt’s travel and security expenses and has widened the investigation \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/office-inspector-general/project-notification-memorandums\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multiple times\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt aides also sought to protect their boss from questions, and help his wife pursue business deals, according to \u003cem>New York Times \u003c/em>and\u003cem> Washington Post \u003c/em>analyses of thousands of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2018/05/pruitt-exposed-sierra-club-secures-24000-pages-epa-emails-call-logs-and\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">internal emails\u003c/a> released to the Sierra Club under the Freedom of Information Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to CNN, Pruitt broke with a tradition set by past EPA administrators and kept a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/02/politics/scott-pruitt-whistleblower-secret-calendar/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">secret, non-public calendar\u003c/a> to hide meetings with industry representatives and controversial figures. At public appearances, EPA staff often told reporters and citizens that the administrator would only answer pre-planned questions, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/05/09/609697381/reporter-on-new-email-dump-that-reveals-secret-inner-workings-of-the-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Times reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chick-fil-A, Industry Lobbyists\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2017, a scheduler for Pruitt reached out to the chief executive of the restaurant chain Chik-fil-A about setting up a meeting to discuss a “potential business opportunity,” \u003ca href=\"http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/national/epa-head-scott-pruitts-outreach-to-chick-fil-a-ceo-on-a-potential-business-opportunity/3006/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Post reported\u003c/a>. Another \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-tapped-aide-donors-to-help-wife-land-job-at-conservative-group/2018/06/13/f54c87fa-6db1-11e8-afd5-778aca903bbe_story.html?utm_term=.6f082ae58ca4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA official reached out\u003c/a> on Pruitt’s behalf to conservative political groups to ask about potential job opportunities for Pruitt’s wife, Marlyn Pruitt, who eventually landed a temporary position as an independent contractor for a conservative advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, the Office of Government Ethics \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/04/10/600875028/government-ethics-officials-raise-red-flags-on-scott-pruitt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published a letter\u003c/a> in which acting director and general counsel David Apol wrote some of Pruitt’s actions, including the use of his subordinates’ time, “do raise concerns about whether the Administrator is using public office for personal gain in violation of ethics rules” and “raise concerns about whether the Administrator misused his position.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As administrator, Pruitt also maintained close relationships with energy industry lobbyists and executives. He rented a room in a Washington, D.C., condominium owned by the wife of a prominent lobbyist, J. Steven Hart, who \u003ca href=\"https://soprweb.senate.gov/index.cfm?event=getFilingDetails&filingID=E5A4A633-B204-4801-9510-6EF7861505E2&filingTypeID=78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">personally represented\u003c/a>, among others, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/administrator-pruitt-promotes-environmental-cooperation-us-partners-morocco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">liquefied natural gas company\u003c/a> that stands to profit from \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/administrator-pruitt-promotes-environmental-cooperation-us-partners-morocco\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pruitt’s push\u003c/a> to increase American gas exports, \u003cem>The Daily Beast\u003c/em> reported. Hart also represented other companies with business before the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/04/04/epas-scott-pruitt-pushes-back-on-pay-raise-condo-controversy-in-fox-exclusive.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interview on Fox News\u003c/a>, Pruitt incorrectly stated, “Mr. Hart has no clients that have business before this agency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the rental agreement, Pruitt paid $50 for each night he spent at the condo, which Pruitt described as “like an Airbnb situation.” In an initial \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4429953-MInoli-Memo.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>, an EPA lawyer defended the lease agreement, saying it was “consistent with federal ethics regulations regarding gifts” but noted later in \u003ca href=\"http://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2018/images/04/04/new.record.re.review.of.lease2018-04-04-163433.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a memo\u003c/a> obtained by CNN that he had not reviewed whether Pruitt was adhering to the lease’s terms after an \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/exclusive-epa-chief-pruitt-joined-family-condo-tied/story?id=54125092\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ABC News report\u003c/a> that his daughter may have stayed in another room at the condo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt also came under fire for enriching political appointees at the agency. \u003cem>The Atlantic\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/04/pruitt-epa/557123/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that in March, Pruitt circumvented the normal bureaucratic process to approve substantial pay increases for two EPA staffers after the White House refused to sign off on the raises. Both aides later resigned. One \u003ca href=\"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4493622/June-4-Connolly-Letter-to-Gowdy-Re-EPA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">later told \u003c/a>House investigators that she was routinely asked to do personal tasks for Pruitt, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/06/04/616818561/epa-chiefs-latest-ethics-issue-used-mattress-from-a-trump-hotel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one instance\u003c/a> in which she called the Trump Hotel in Washington, D.C. to ask about purchasing a used mattress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt said he did not know about the salary increases until after they were granted, although in later congressional \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-says-he-did-know-about-pay-raises\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">testimony\u003c/a> he said he knew they were happening but not the amounts. He used the \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4112130-2017-3-Administratively-Determined-Positions-EPA.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same provision\u003c/a> to hire Nancy Beck, a longtime executive at the largest U.S. chemical industry lobbying group, to oversee toxic chemical regulation for the EPA. Earlier this year, the EPA inspector general \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-01/documents/notification_oa-fy18-0085_01-08-18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced\u003c/a> it was auditing Pruitt’s use of so-called administratively determined positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump Support\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Pruitt’s ethical problems deepened, he lost support from congressional Republicans and influential conservatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As reports of Pruitt’s conduct continually surfaced, Republican senators grew weary of defending him, saying they agreed with his policies but not his conduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He is acting like a moron and he needs to stop it,” said Sen. John Kennedy, R-La., \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/07/politics/senator-kennedy-scott-pruitt-epa-moron-cnntv/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on CNN\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt is “about as swampy as you get here,” said Sen. Joni Ernst, R-Iowa, who also said Pruitt was insufficiently supportive of ethanol fuel, a major industry in Iowa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prominent conservative talk show host Laura Ingraham repeatedly called for Pruitt’s firing. “It just doesn’t look good. If you want to drain the swamp, you got to have people in it who forego personal benefits and don’t send your aides around doing personal errands on the taxpayer dime, otherwise you make everyone else look bad,” said Ingraham on her radio show in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although multiple White House staff reportedly asked President Trump to remove Pruitt, the EPA chief was able to hold on in part because he built a strong rapport with the president over their shared dislike of the media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scott Pruitt is doing a great job within the walls of the EPA. I mean, we’re setting records,” said Trump in June. “Outside, he’s being attacked very viciously by the press. And I’m not saying that he’s blameless, but we’ll see what happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deregulatory Agenda\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As head of the EPA, Pruitt focused on taking the agency “\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/home/back-basics-agenda\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">back to basics\u003c/a>,” which he described as clean air and clean water policies, and asking state and local governments to take more responsibility for enforcing environmental regulations. He worked with the White House to undercut or begin rolling back many of the Obama administration’s signature environmental policies, including\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> leaving the Paris climate accord\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/28/517016071/trump-aims-to-eliminate-clean-water-rule\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reversing a sweeping rule\u003c/a> that designated which bodies of water are subject to federal authority, and moving to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/10/556962291/how-much-can-the-repeal-of-the-clean-power-plan-help-the-declining-coal-industry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">repeal the Clean Power Plan\u003c/a> regulation of carbon dioxide emissions. During his tenure, many climate change documents and pages were \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/09/29/553696314/an-absent-epa-climate-report-and-a-tale-of-two-flooded-superfund-sites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">removed from the agency’s website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt also created a task force to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/10/06/556041266/epas-scott-pruitt-vows-to-speed-toxic-superfund-site-cleanup\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expedite cleanup plans\u003c/a> for some of the most contaminated sites in the country, a move that was cautiously supported by environmental groups frustrated by understaffing of the Superfund program under previous administrations. However, the task force proved to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.peer.org/news/news-releases/pruitt-superfund-plans-leave-no-paper-trail.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opaque\u003c/a> about its decision-making process, and Pruitt did not allocate additional funds to the program. This spring, the man in charge of overseeing Superfund cleanups \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/05/03/607996825/albert-kelly-an-adviser-to-epa-chief-scott-pruitt-resigns-abruptly\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">abruptly stepped down\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA also said it would weaken fleet-wide fuel economy standards, rolling back Obama-era limits meant to nearly double the average fuel economy for cars and SUVs to more than 50 miles per gallon by 2025. “I am determining that those standards are inappropriate and should be revised,” Pruitt announced, flanked by leaders of three auto industry trade groups at a press conference. “I just want to say first and foremost to you in the auto sector. Thank you for your leadership. Thank you for the difference you’ve made on behalf of the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is leading a coalition of 17 states \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/01/607447344/states-sue-the-epa-to-protect-obama-era-fuel-efficiency-standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suing the EPA\u003c/a> over the planned change in efficiency standards, arguing that a weakened rule would violate the Clean Air Act. Automobile emissions and transportation currently account for more than a quarter of \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scott+Pruitt+Out+At+EPA&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Create Hybrids in Race to Save Rhino Sub-Species",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists say they’re several steps closer to perfecting a method that could prevent the extinction of northern white rhinos, of which only two animals are known still to be alive.[contextly_sidebar id=”bqKMJFy0lzg899EIXiCewb9fdibVbOiw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a paper published Wednesday in the journal Nature Communications, researchers have succeeded in creating embryos using frozen northern white rhino sperm and eggs from a southern white rhino, a closely related sub-species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time such hybrid embryos have been created and the scientists from Germany, Italy and the Czech Republic say it could provide a pathway to saving the critically endangered northern white rhino after the last male, called Sudan, died in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They plan to harvest the egg cells of the two surviving female rhinos soon and use preserved sperm to produce “pure” northern white rhino embryos. Since the females, a mother and daughter called Najin and Fatu, are unable to bear offspring themselves, the embryos would be implanted in a southern white rhino surrogate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to increase the supply of eggs and preserve the northern white rhino’s genetic diversity, scientists are also working on a second method that would coax frozen skin cells from deceased animals into becoming egg cells, a procedure that has already succeeded in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Hildebrandt, of the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research in Berlin, said researchers hope the first northern white rhino calf will be born in about three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are quite confident with the technology we have developed,” he said during a telephone conference with reporters detailing the research.[contextly_sidebar id=”3beI5DFMfogV9xuya2BW3dqhUkDczDh8″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saving the northern white rhino has become an international effort, with cooperation but also some rivalry among scientists and institutions around the world, including zoos in San Diego and Cincinnati.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts have criticized the effort however, saying it comes too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have no doubt that its purely scientific merit is laudable and it might have some application to endangered species conservation in the future,” said Richard Kock, a conservationist at Britain’s Royal Veterinary College who has worked extensively in Africa. “But I am afraid it is very much Nero fiddling after Rome is burning with respect to (northern) white rhino.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kock and fellow conservationists warned against focusing only on the northern white rhino sub-species, noting that its southern cousin has come back from the brink of extinction and now numbers some 21,000 individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they suggested, work should focus on saving other endangered rhino species that can still be found in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Assisted reproductive technologies are very expensive and their success is far from guaranteed. Meanwhile, we don’t have enough funding to conserve the other four rhino species, all of which are more threatened with extinction than the white rhino,” said Bob Smith, director of the Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology at the University of Kent, England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hildebrandt insisted the effort is worthwhile. “The northern white rhino didn’t fail in evolution,” he said. “It failed because it’s not bulletproof. It was slaughtered by criminals which went for the horn because the horn costs more than gold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern white rhinos were once abundant across Central and East Africa, but conflicts and poaching wiped them from their natural habitat.[contextly_sidebar id=”V1j4P8VGqkiw9Zwpba3pmVDEmKg2vEJl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rhino’s disappearance has left a void in the region’s ecosystem that could have significant impacts in the future, Hildebrandt said. “We have the tools in our hands to correct that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cesare Galli, whose Italy-based company Avantea has lengthy experience with the artificial reproduction of horses, said recent advances in stem cell technology could help the rhino preservation effort. The team is hoping that within a decade, scientists will be able to produce new rhino eggs from frozen skin cells\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jan Stejskal, a spokesman for Dvur Kralove Zoo in the Czech Republic, which has a long history of rhino conservation, said scientists hope to travel to Kenya before the end of the year. They are still waiting for permission from Kenyan authorities to perform the delicate procedure of removing egg cells from Najin and Fatu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the scientists are confident about being able to harvest eggs from the two females, questions remain over the risk to the rare animals’ health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as scientists are highly afraid that something unexpected happens during that procedure,” said Hildebrandt. “That would be a nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists say they’re several steps closer to perfecting a method that could prevent the extinction of northern white rhinos, of which only two animals are known still to be alive.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a paper published Wednesday in the journal Nature Communications, researchers have succeeded in creating embryos using frozen northern white rhino sperm and eggs from a southern white rhino, a closely related sub-species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first time such hybrid embryos have been created and the scientists from Germany, Italy and the Czech Republic say it could provide a pathway to saving the critically endangered northern white rhino after the last male, called Sudan, died in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They plan to harvest the egg cells of the two surviving female rhinos soon and use preserved sperm to produce “pure” northern white rhino embryos. Since the females, a mother and daughter called Najin and Fatu, are unable to bear offspring themselves, the embryos would be implanted in a southern white rhino surrogate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to increase the supply of eggs and preserve the northern white rhino’s genetic diversity, scientists are also working on a second method that would coax frozen skin cells from deceased animals into becoming egg cells, a procedure that has already succeeded in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Hildebrandt, of the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research in Berlin, said researchers hope the first northern white rhino calf will be born in about three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are quite confident with the technology we have developed,” he said during a telephone conference with reporters detailing the research.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saving the northern white rhino has become an international effort, with cooperation but also some rivalry among scientists and institutions around the world, including zoos in San Diego and Cincinnati.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts have criticized the effort however, saying it comes too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have no doubt that its purely scientific merit is laudable and it might have some application to endangered species conservation in the future,” said Richard Kock, a conservationist at Britain’s Royal Veterinary College who has worked extensively in Africa. “But I am afraid it is very much Nero fiddling after Rome is burning with respect to (northern) white rhino.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kock and fellow conservationists warned against focusing only on the northern white rhino sub-species, noting that its southern cousin has come back from the brink of extinction and now numbers some 21,000 individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they suggested, work should focus on saving other endangered rhino species that can still be found in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Assisted reproductive technologies are very expensive and their success is far from guaranteed. Meanwhile, we don’t have enough funding to conserve the other four rhino species, all of which are more threatened with extinction than the white rhino,” said Bob Smith, director of the Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology at the University of Kent, England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hildebrandt insisted the effort is worthwhile. “The northern white rhino didn’t fail in evolution,” he said. “It failed because it’s not bulletproof. It was slaughtered by criminals which went for the horn because the horn costs more than gold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern white rhinos were once abundant across Central and East Africa, but conflicts and poaching wiped them from their natural habitat.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rhino’s disappearance has left a void in the region’s ecosystem that could have significant impacts in the future, Hildebrandt said. “We have the tools in our hands to correct that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cesare Galli, whose Italy-based company Avantea has lengthy experience with the artificial reproduction of horses, said recent advances in stem cell technology could help the rhino preservation effort. The team is hoping that within a decade, scientists will be able to produce new rhino eggs from frozen skin cells\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jan Stejskal, a spokesman for Dvur Kralove Zoo in the Czech Republic, which has a long history of rhino conservation, said scientists hope to travel to Kenya before the end of the year. They are still waiting for permission from Kenyan authorities to perform the delicate procedure of removing egg cells from Najin and Fatu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the scientists are confident about being able to harvest eggs from the two females, questions remain over the risk to the rare animals’ health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as scientists are highly afraid that something unexpected happens during that procedure,” said Hildebrandt. “That would be a nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "County Fire Burns Through Many Lake Berryessa Holiday Plans",
"headTitle": "County Fire Burns Through Many Lake Berryessa Holiday Plans | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Vacation businesses around Lake Berryessa were gearing up for what should have been a lucrative Fourth of July when the County Fire rapidly tore through more than 72,000 acres on the lake’s eastern rim. Some owners had hoped the middle-of-the-week holiday would lead to an extended bump in revenue. Now they’re facing possible evacuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”VBJ2ChR38jQMODTXFQHsa1KzvVa9XvIJ”]”We were going to have a pretty full week of campers and cabin rentals,” says Terry Sparkman, general manager of Pleasure Cover Resort and Marina. “But when the sheriff came through this morning with the advisory evacuation, most people took it to heart and they packed their stuff and left.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sparkman and others are reminded of last year’s Winters, Atlas and Tubbs fires, which prompted mandatory evacuations in the area throughout the summer and fall. This continuous threat, they say, is taking its toll on local revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sparkman says he can traditionally expect to have approximately 75-80% of their campgrounds and cabins rented out ahead of Independence Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926898\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke rises from the County Fire as it burns through dry brush on July 2, 2018 in Guinda, California. The fast moving fire has burned more than 72,000 acres. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now he’s proceeding with caution, declining to book any new rentals and rescheduling existing camping or boating rentals. The risk is that a change in conditions could have companies scrambling to recall boaters off the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these same weather conditions and the fact that the evacuation is not mandatory is leading another lake business to continue with its holiday bookings. Berryessa Water Sports sales associate DJ Barnett says it’s business as usual, as they prep their fleet for the holiday onslaught.\u003cbr>\nBarnett says the weather is working in his favor, with slightly cooler temperatures expected tomorrow. And the wind has been blowing the morning smoke away from the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']“People are willing to get here to go out and enjoy themselves on Fourth of July weekend,” he says, “so we will be here, open, waiting for them to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Off the water, one of the only sit-down restaurants has been shut down for several days. Cucina Italiana owner Stefano Gusberti says there haven’t been very many people around. Independence Day, he adds, is traditionally a bad time for businesses such as his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Fourth of July, people go to the lake, especially going camping,” he says. “They go to 7-11 to pick up food and go picnic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gusberti recalls last year’s Napa fires with concern about the future. He says he was forced to evacuate for a week and lost more than $15,000 when two of his refrigerators broke down in the heat. His voice is strained as he describes his worry that he might face the same insurmountable challenges this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In nearby Napa Valley, however, the mood is optimistic. Angela Jackson, director of media relations for Visit Napa Valley, says that she is monitoring the situation and sharing information with their partners, but that little has changed. Several cities will continue with their holiday festivities, including a series of fireworks displays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are still getting many visitors at our welcome center,” Jackson says. “The County Fire has not affected visitation to the Napa Valley.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one expressed concern that tourism will be affected negatively in the long term. The silver lining after years of experiencing these fires, Sparkman says, seems to be that people are always willing to return.\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Vacation businesses around Lake Berryessa were gearing up for what should have been a lucrative Fourth of July when the County Fire rapidly tore through more than 72,000 acres on the lake’s eastern rim. Some owners had hoped the middle-of-the-week holiday would lead to an extended bump in revenue. Now they’re facing possible evacuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”We were going to have a pretty full week of campers and cabin rentals,” says Terry Sparkman, general manager of Pleasure Cover Resort and Marina. “But when the sheriff came through this morning with the advisory evacuation, most people took it to heart and they packed their stuff and left.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sparkman and others are reminded of last year’s Winters, Atlas and Tubbs fires, which prompted mandatory evacuations in the area throughout the summer and fall. This continuous threat, they say, is taking its toll on local revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sparkman says he can traditionally expect to have approximately 75-80% of their campgrounds and cabins rented out ahead of Independence Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926898\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-990113550-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke rises from the County Fire as it burns through dry brush on July 2, 2018 in Guinda, California. The fast moving fire has burned more than 72,000 acres. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now he’s proceeding with caution, declining to book any new rentals and rescheduling existing camping or boating rentals. The risk is that a change in conditions could have companies scrambling to recall boaters off the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these same weather conditions and the fact that the evacuation is not mandatory is leading another lake business to continue with its holiday bookings. Berryessa Water Sports sales associate DJ Barnett says it’s business as usual, as they prep their fleet for the holiday onslaught.\u003cbr>\nBarnett says the weather is working in his favor, with slightly cooler temperatures expected tomorrow. And the wind has been blowing the morning smoke away from the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“People are willing to get here to go out and enjoy themselves on Fourth of July weekend,” he says, “so we will be here, open, waiting for them to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Off the water, one of the only sit-down restaurants has been shut down for several days. Cucina Italiana owner Stefano Gusberti says there haven’t been very many people around. Independence Day, he adds, is traditionally a bad time for businesses such as his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Fourth of July, people go to the lake, especially going camping,” he says. “They go to 7-11 to pick up food and go picnic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gusberti recalls last year’s Napa fires with concern about the future. He says he was forced to evacuate for a week and lost more than $15,000 when two of his refrigerators broke down in the heat. His voice is strained as he describes his worry that he might face the same insurmountable challenges this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In nearby Napa Valley, however, the mood is optimistic. Angela Jackson, director of media relations for Visit Napa Valley, says that she is monitoring the situation and sharing information with their partners, but that little has changed. Several cities will continue with their holiday festivities, including a series of fireworks displays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are still getting many visitors at our welcome center,” Jackson says. “The County Fire has not affected visitation to the Napa Valley.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one expressed concern that tourism will be affected negatively in the long term. The silver lining after years of experiencing these fires, Sparkman says, seems to be that people are always willing to return.\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "the-giants-of-california-how-redwoods-and-whales-got-so-big",
"title": "The Giants of California: How Redwoods and Whales Got So Big",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Virginia-based ecologist Jeff Atkins visited the giant redwood trees at Muir Woods National Monument, he saw something that blew his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember watching drops of water falling from the top of the canopy,” he wrote on Twitter. “And it took forever for them to fall. I mean FOREVER!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood trees are so tall that, standing on the forest floor, you can’t see to the tops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You crane your head back and you look up, up, up, up, and it becomes a blur as you get into the crown,” says Lucy Kerhoulas, professor of forest physiology at Humboldt State University. You can’t really know what’s up there, unless you actually go up and climb,” which Kerhoulas has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer in California is a great time to hang out with giants: the giant sequoias in Yosemite National Park, or the giant redwood trees in forests from Big Sur to the Oregon border. And though the famous grey whale migration season is long over, summer whale watchers can spot the world’s largest living animal: the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale skeleton has hung in the California Academy of Sciences for years — the new exhibit is designed to draw attention to the classic specimen. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the best ways to learn about California’s giants and why the state became home to these giants is by visiting a new exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences called \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t happenstance that California and the waters off our coast are home to these giants. As the new exhibit explains, bigness emerges partly from the particulars of life here – the ocean currents and our famous fog.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">\u003cem>Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/em>\u003c/a> opened June 15. Highlights include:\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A blue whale skeleton, 85 feet long.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An immersive fog room, where visitors can feel what it’s like to be a redwood.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A series of films featuring the ecology of a redwood tree from roots to crown, shot by a drone in 6K definition.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli> Skulls and skeletons of marine mammals, including the massive northern elephant seal.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Strong winds drive ocean upwelling along the coast, bringing nutrients up from lower layers of the ocean to the surface. Plankton and krill multiply exhuberantly, providing food for the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those same winds bring cold water south from Arctic latitudes. When warm summer temperatures hit that cold water, a fog layer forms. The fog is drawn toward land, providing plenty of water for the redwood trees along the coast. Redwoods evolved the ability to tap into fog, absorbing some of its moisture through their leaves and funneling more to their roots. So ocean currents and weather systems unite in an ecological system primed to foster bigness in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, UC Davis paleontologist Geerat Vermeij says ecology doesn’t tell the whole story of how the giants got so big. Plants and animals don’t evolve bigness just because they can, much like a car doesn’t move forward just because there is a road in front of it — someone has to get in the driver’s seat and turn it on. In other words, there needs to be an evolutionary driver, too. There has to be an advantage to being bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3888px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926847\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3888\" height=\"2728\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg 3888w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-800x561.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1020x716.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1200x842.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1920x1347.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1180x828.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-960x674.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-520x365.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3888px) 100vw, 3888px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale exhales through its blowhole, in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Long Beach, California on July 16, 2008. At up to 33 metres (110 ft) in length and 181 metric tonnes (200 short tons) or more in weight, are believed to be the largest animal to ever live on earth. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants of the Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Gearty, a paleobiologist at Stanford, \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/news/stanford-researchers-learn-why-aquatic-mammals-need-be-big-not-too-big\">thinks he knows what pushed many marine mammals to get big\u003c/a>: they needed to keep warm. Water pulls heat from a body much faster than air — it’s why you can get hypothermia in 60 degree water. A marine mammal needs to deal with this every day, and one of the best ways to prevent heat loss is to get bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”gCcjqCUvcP2T3Zcw1sJPe746KEzUSrk9″]“The amount of skin they have compared to how much stuff inside they have goes down,” Gearty says, “and so they lose less heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gearty calculated the optimal size a mammal would need to be in order to stay warm in the water, and it turns out that’s about the size of a manatee. Relative to most land mammals, that’s pretty big, and it’s comparable to many marine mammals we do see. But it’s a whole lot smaller than a blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published last year suggested it was food density, not food availability, that drove the evolution of the biggest whales. Bigger whales were more efficient consumers of dense pockets of krill than smaller whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Vermeij favors a different hypothesis: killer whales and giant sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out that the evolution of the very largest whales pretty closely coincides with the evolution of killer whales,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer whales aren’t all that big, but they are social hunters, which allows them to bring down really large prey. Other early whales may have encountered Megalodon, a giant shark that stretched 59 feet from nose to tail. Being bigger than the Megalodon would have helped whales avoid becoming prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926436\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Redwood trees often reach heights greater than 300 feet. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants on Land\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that redwood trees evolved a second trait that, like their ability to absorb water from fog, allows them to thrive as huge trees: Redwoods are extraordinarily good at not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']While some other towering tree species invest in growing very fast, redwoods invest in defense: pest-resistant heartwood, fire resistant bark, and an impressive ability to regrow damaged trunks and branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly difficult to kill a redwood,” says Tamara Schwarz, director of exhibit development at the CalAcademy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the hundreds or thousands of years that a redwood may live, even moderate growth adds up. The evolutionary driver of bigness in redwoods may be the advantage in being good at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it may be simply be that being taller means better access to sunlight in the dark forest. On the other hand, trees compete for sunlight in every forest, and the oldest trees on earth, the bristlecone pines, are not particularly big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don’t really know for sure what drives bigness in redwood trees. But an answer\u003cb> \u003c/b>may lie in the redwood’s unusual, enormous genome, currently the topic of study for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savetheredwoods.org/project/redwood-genome-project/\">Redwood Genome Project\u003c/a>. The redwood genome is ten times the size of the human genome, with six copies of its chromosomes (both humans and giant sequoias only have two copies). Mapping the redwood genome may uncover genes that explain how the redwood got so big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the new exhibit, visitors can see a 9-foot tall redwood section up close and learn about how it tells the stories of the tree’s lifetime. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants in a Time of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental conditions like fog and food availability might not have been the only factors in the evolution of giants, but if those conditions change, it might be enough threaten California’s iconic species. Climate change could disrupt the ocean dynamics that generate abundant food and fog. Stanford’s Gearty says the biggest concern for whales is that they will no longer have enough food to sustain their huge bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of redwoods may be bit less gloomy. Fog levels have declined over recent decades, but it’s unclear whether this will hurt the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers say higher levels of carbon dioxide could help redwoods grow. When trees take in carbon dioxide, they lose water, but when there’s a higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, trees can sequester more carbon for the same amount of water lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get more bang for your buck,” says Humboldt State’s Kerhoulas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though drought and warmer temperatures might be stressful, especially for younger redwood forests, the same resilience that has allowed the redwoods and sequoias to grow so tall seems to be helping them cope with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not all totally doom and gloom,” Kerhoulas says. “These two ancient tree species, they have survived deep time, millions of years. And so from what I can tell, it seems like they are displaying a pretty high level of drought resistance and resilience.”\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Virginia-based ecologist Jeff Atkins visited the giant redwood trees at Muir Woods National Monument, he saw something that blew his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember watching drops of water falling from the top of the canopy,” he wrote on Twitter. “And it took forever for them to fall. I mean FOREVER!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood trees are so tall that, standing on the forest floor, you can’t see to the tops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You crane your head back and you look up, up, up, up, and it becomes a blur as you get into the crown,” says Lucy Kerhoulas, professor of forest physiology at Humboldt State University. You can’t really know what’s up there, unless you actually go up and climb,” which Kerhoulas has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer in California is a great time to hang out with giants: the giant sequoias in Yosemite National Park, or the giant redwood trees in forests from Big Sur to the Oregon border. And though the famous grey whale migration season is long over, summer whale watchers can spot the world’s largest living animal: the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/WhaleSkele_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale skeleton has hung in the California Academy of Sciences for years — the new exhibit is designed to draw attention to the classic specimen. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the best ways to learn about California’s giants and why the state became home to these giants is by visiting a new exhibit at the California Academy of Sciences called \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t happenstance that California and the waters off our coast are home to these giants. As the new exhibit explains, bigness emerges partly from the particulars of life here – the ocean currents and our famous fog.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/giants-of-land-and-sea\">\u003cem>Giants of Land and Sea\u003c/em>\u003c/a> opened June 15. Highlights include:\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A blue whale skeleton, 85 feet long.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An immersive fog room, where visitors can feel what it’s like to be a redwood.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A series of films featuring the ecology of a redwood tree from roots to crown, shot by a drone in 6K definition.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli> Skulls and skeletons of marine mammals, including the massive northern elephant seal.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Strong winds drive ocean upwelling along the coast, bringing nutrients up from lower layers of the ocean to the surface. Plankton and krill multiply exhuberantly, providing food for the blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those same winds bring cold water south from Arctic latitudes. When warm summer temperatures hit that cold water, a fog layer forms. The fog is drawn toward land, providing plenty of water for the redwood trees along the coast. Redwoods evolved the ability to tap into fog, absorbing some of its moisture through their leaves and funneling more to their roots. So ocean currents and weather systems unite in an ecological system primed to foster bigness in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, UC Davis paleontologist Geerat Vermeij says ecology doesn’t tell the whole story of how the giants got so big. Plants and animals don’t evolve bigness just because they can, much like a car doesn’t move forward just because there is a road in front of it — someone has to get in the driver’s seat and turn it on. In other words, there needs to be an evolutionary driver, too. There has to be an advantage to being bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3888px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926847\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3888\" height=\"2728\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601.jpg 3888w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-800x561.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1020x716.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1200x842.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1920x1347.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-1180x828.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-960x674.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-81956601-520x365.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3888px) 100vw, 3888px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue whale exhales through its blowhole, in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Long Beach, California on July 16, 2008. At up to 33 metres (110 ft) in length and 181 metric tonnes (200 short tons) or more in weight, are believed to be the largest animal to ever live on earth. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants of the Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Gearty, a paleobiologist at Stanford, \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/news/stanford-researchers-learn-why-aquatic-mammals-need-be-big-not-too-big\">thinks he knows what pushed many marine mammals to get big\u003c/a>: they needed to keep warm. Water pulls heat from a body much faster than air — it’s why you can get hypothermia in 60 degree water. A marine mammal needs to deal with this every day, and one of the best ways to prevent heat loss is to get bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“The amount of skin they have compared to how much stuff inside they have goes down,” Gearty says, “and so they lose less heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gearty calculated the optimal size a mammal would need to be in order to stay warm in the water, and it turns out that’s about the size of a manatee. Relative to most land mammals, that’s pretty big, and it’s comparable to many marine mammals we do see. But it’s a whole lot smaller than a blue whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research published last year suggested it was food density, not food availability, that drove the evolution of the biggest whales. Bigger whales were more efficient consumers of dense pockets of krill than smaller whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Vermeij favors a different hypothesis: killer whales and giant sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out that the evolution of the very largest whales pretty closely coincides with the evolution of killer whales,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer whales aren’t all that big, but they are social hunters, which allows them to bring down really large prey. Other early whales may have encountered Megalodon, a giant shark that stretched 59 feet from nose to tail. Being bigger than the Megalodon would have helped whales avoid becoming prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926436\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodForest-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Redwood trees often reach heights greater than 300 feet. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants on Land\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that redwood trees evolved a second trait that, like their ability to absorb water from fog, allows them to thrive as huge trees: Redwoods are extraordinarily good at not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>While some other towering tree species invest in growing very fast, redwoods invest in defense: pest-resistant heartwood, fire resistant bark, and an impressive ability to regrow damaged trunks and branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly difficult to kill a redwood,” says Tamara Schwarz, director of exhibit development at the CalAcademy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the hundreds or thousands of years that a redwood may live, even moderate growth adds up. The evolutionary driver of bigness in redwoods may be the advantage in being good at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it may be simply be that being taller means better access to sunlight in the dark forest. On the other hand, trees compete for sunlight in every forest, and the oldest trees on earth, the bristlecone pines, are not particularly big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don’t really know for sure what drives bigness in redwood trees. But an answer\u003cb> \u003c/b>may lie in the redwood’s unusual, enormous genome, currently the topic of study for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savetheredwoods.org/project/redwood-genome-project/\">Redwood Genome Project\u003c/a>. The redwood genome is ten times the size of the human genome, with six copies of its chromosomes (both humans and giant sequoias only have two copies). Mapping the redwood genome may uncover genes that explain how the redwood got so big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926438\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/RedwoodWedge_CalAcad.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the new exhibit, visitors can see a 9-foot tall redwood section up close and learn about how it tells the stories of the tree’s lifetime. \u003ccite>(Kathryn Whitney/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giants in a Time of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental conditions like fog and food availability might not have been the only factors in the evolution of giants, but if those conditions change, it might be enough threaten California’s iconic species. Climate change could disrupt the ocean dynamics that generate abundant food and fog. Stanford’s Gearty says the biggest concern for whales is that they will no longer have enough food to sustain their huge bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of redwoods may be bit less gloomy. Fog levels have declined over recent decades, but it’s unclear whether this will hurt the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers say higher levels of carbon dioxide could help redwoods grow. When trees take in carbon dioxide, they lose water, but when there’s a higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, trees can sequester more carbon for the same amount of water lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get more bang for your buck,” says Humboldt State’s Kerhoulas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though drought and warmer temperatures might be stressful, especially for younger redwood forests, the same resilience that has allowed the redwoods and sequoias to grow so tall seems to be helping them cope with climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not all totally doom and gloom,” Kerhoulas says. “These two ancient tree species, they have survived deep time, millions of years. And so from what I can tell, it seems like they are displaying a pretty high level of drought resistance and resilience.”\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Meet the New Entity in Charge of California’s Water Tunnels Project",
"headTitle": "Meet the New Entity in Charge of California’s Water Tunnels Project | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California is about to embark on one of the biggest public works projects not just in its own state history, but in any state’s history. The $17 billion \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterFix\u003c/a> tunnel project was approved by the state Department of Water Resources in June 2017 after a decade of study, and now moves into the nitty gritty of construction planning.[contextly_sidebar id=”jjKDMEU2YBi5oQze8PouywypYQm9diSm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if that weren’t enough, it now appears construction will be led by an entity entirely new to such a massive water project. The local water agencies that stand to benefit from the tunnels have formed a joint powers authority (JPA) to oversee construction, rather than let the Department of Water Resources handle that, as it has historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local governments have formed hundreds of JPAs for various municipal purposes. But this is a new undertaking for a massive state-owned water project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WaterFix includes two giant tunnels, each 35 miles long, which will divert water from the Sacramento River, the state’s largest river. Three massive new intakes along the river, near the town of Courtland, would siphon water into the tunnels, then to existing state and federal canals near the city of Tracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to reduce harm to endangered fish species in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, caused in part by existing water diversion plumbing. The project remains hugely controversial among environmental groups and local residents in and around the Delta, who are concerned it will disrupt the sensitive estuary and not live up to its promise of helping native fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to their anxiety is the new joint powers authority. Officially called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dcdca.org/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Delta Conveyance Design and Construction Authority\u003c/a>, it was formed at a meeting in Sacramento on May 17. How will it work? Here are some answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the Delta Conveyance Design and Construction Authority?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a joint powers authority created under California Government Code \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&division=7.&title=1.&part=&chapter=5.&article=1.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Section 6500\u003c/a>. Its sole purpose is to design and build the water diversion pumps and tunnels known as California WaterFix. Once completed, the project will be delivered to the state Department of Water Resources, which will retain control and supervision of the project throughout, and the JPA will be dissolved.[contextly_sidebar id=”L7ELRhfncYrqUdGlyZJVWVtPk0bcj1A1″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The JPA is led by a board of directors consisting of board members from the local water agencies that have agreed to finance the project. These board members will supervise a newly hired staff that will manage project construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four board members named so far include president Tony Estremera of the Santa Clara Valley Water District; vice president Richard Atwater of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California; Sarah Palmer of Zone 7 Water Agency; and Steve Blois of Metropolitan Water District. There are also four alternate board members, drawn from the same three water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employees hired so far include interim executive director Jill Duerig, former general manager of Zone 7 Water Agency, a retail water district serving the Livermore area; and interim general counsel Stefanie Morris, a partner with the law firm Best, Best &Krieger, and former general counsel for the State Water Contractors. Nearly a dozen additional employees are expected to be hired, including a program manager, chief engineer, contracting boss and environmental manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why is DWR handing over construction of such an important project to this entity?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The local water agencies basically insisted on overseeing construction as a condition of funding the project. They believe they’ll be able to save time and money by managing construction themselves through the JPA, which they assert provides a more flexible approach to designing, contracting, constructing and financing the project.[contextly_sidebar id=”3g6hYmIfPznJTdbsxO7I1P1pgZsx32cv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agencies feel that by assembling a specialized team that functions outside the bureaucracy of state government, they will be able to make quicker decisions, hire contractors faster and resolve problems easier. All this, they hope, will make the project move more smoothly. Construction is expected to start in two to three years, and take 13 years to complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Has something like this ever been done before?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joint powers agreements are common in California and elsewhere. A \u003ca href=\"http://sgf.senate.ca.gov/sites/sgf.senate.ca.gov/files/GWTFinalversion2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> in 2007 by the California Senate Local Government Committee estimated more than 1,800 JPAs have been formed by municipalities for construction projects or to oversee common programs or assets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One relevant example is the State Water Contractors, a JPA representing local water agencies that buy water from the State Water Project, which is owned and operated by the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, it seems that a JPA has never been used to actually build infrastructure for the State Water Project. DWR has always managed construction of its own infrastructure using its own employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What powers does this new JPA have?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A JPA is simply a tool to combine powers already held by its member agencies to achieve a common purpose. So the Delta Conveyance JPA will never have any powers – or obligations – that aren’t already familiar to anyone who understands local government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, California law governing JPAs does give these agencies special powers to issue revenue bonds. This may make project financing more attractive to the agencies involved, and may limit their individual liability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180628110559/WaterFixIntakeRender4-151.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"468\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rendering of one of the three tunnel intakes proposed along the Sacramento River as part of California WaterFix, a $17 billion water diversion project in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The fish screens for each intake are about a half mile long. (Image Courtesy Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Delta Conveyance JPA will be hiring and supervising contractors, awarding payments and overseeing the construction schedule on its own. DWR has oversight authority and may take control of the project if it goes awry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parties to the JPA, including the Department of Water Resources, signed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dcdca.org/pdf/Agenda%20Item%207d%20Materials.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">16-page agreement\u003c/a> that details overall goals and responsibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the JPA bound by California’s public records and open-meeting laws?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A JPA made up of local government agencies essentially becomes a new government agency itself. As a result, it is required by law to comply with the Ralph M. Brown Act (which requires board meetings be publicly notified and open to the public) and the state Public Records Act (which requires its documents and correspondence be open to public inspection).[contextly_sidebar id=”shKcdRGKMNhP0ljNu5RUjj1xcoiTcmd0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What concerns do critics have about this JPA?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are quite a few. One is that the JPA’s control over construction will bleed over into operation of the tunnels once complete. This “fox in the henhouse” situation could mean the tunnels are operated to maximize water delivery, not to minimize environmental impact. This is worrisome, because many operational details of the tunnels are still unresolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land acquisition is another. Thousands of acres of land must be acquired in the Delta to build and operate the project. The JPA holds the power to acquire land from willing sellers, subject to DWR approval. However, if the seller is not willing and eminent domain is required, the agreement delegates this task to the Department of Water Resources. Some are concerned this will slow down the process, and put the department on the hook for potentially large legal costs to acquire property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also a question about how conflicts will be resolved with the public. It remains unclear who Delta residents are supposed to contact within the JPA if they have a problem with construction noise, traffic, dust and dozens of other potential hardships. Residents feel they’ll get better complaint resolution from the Department of Water Resources, which is legally bound to represent all Californians. The out-of-town water agencies running the JPA, they fear, will put schedule, cost and their own far-flung ratepayers ahead of resolving impacts on local residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/03/meet-the-new-entity-in-charge-of-californias-water-tunnels-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The local water agencies that stand to benefit from California’s WaterFix tunnels project have formed a new joint powers authority to oversee construction. Here’s a look at how that will work.",
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"description": "The local water agencies that stand to benefit from California’s WaterFix tunnels project have formed a new joint powers authority to oversee construction. Here’s a look at how that will work.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is about to embark on one of the biggest public works projects not just in its own state history, but in any state’s history. The $17 billion \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterFix\u003c/a> tunnel project was approved by the state Department of Water Resources in June 2017 after a decade of study, and now moves into the nitty gritty of construction planning.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if that weren’t enough, it now appears construction will be led by an entity entirely new to such a massive water project. The local water agencies that stand to benefit from the tunnels have formed a joint powers authority (JPA) to oversee construction, rather than let the Department of Water Resources handle that, as it has historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local governments have formed hundreds of JPAs for various municipal purposes. But this is a new undertaking for a massive state-owned water project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WaterFix includes two giant tunnels, each 35 miles long, which will divert water from the Sacramento River, the state’s largest river. Three massive new intakes along the river, near the town of Courtland, would siphon water into the tunnels, then to existing state and federal canals near the city of Tracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to reduce harm to endangered fish species in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, caused in part by existing water diversion plumbing. The project remains hugely controversial among environmental groups and local residents in and around the Delta, who are concerned it will disrupt the sensitive estuary and not live up to its promise of helping native fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to their anxiety is the new joint powers authority. Officially called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dcdca.org/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Delta Conveyance Design and Construction Authority\u003c/a>, it was formed at a meeting in Sacramento on May 17. How will it work? Here are some answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the Delta Conveyance Design and Construction Authority?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a joint powers authority created under California Government Code \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&division=7.&title=1.&part=&chapter=5.&article=1.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Section 6500\u003c/a>. Its sole purpose is to design and build the water diversion pumps and tunnels known as California WaterFix. Once completed, the project will be delivered to the state Department of Water Resources, which will retain control and supervision of the project throughout, and the JPA will be dissolved.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The JPA is led by a board of directors consisting of board members from the local water agencies that have agreed to finance the project. These board members will supervise a newly hired staff that will manage project construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four board members named so far include president Tony Estremera of the Santa Clara Valley Water District; vice president Richard Atwater of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California; Sarah Palmer of Zone 7 Water Agency; and Steve Blois of Metropolitan Water District. There are also four alternate board members, drawn from the same three water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employees hired so far include interim executive director Jill Duerig, former general manager of Zone 7 Water Agency, a retail water district serving the Livermore area; and interim general counsel Stefanie Morris, a partner with the law firm Best, Best &Krieger, and former general counsel for the State Water Contractors. Nearly a dozen additional employees are expected to be hired, including a program manager, chief engineer, contracting boss and environmental manager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why is DWR handing over construction of such an important project to this entity?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The local water agencies basically insisted on overseeing construction as a condition of funding the project. They believe they’ll be able to save time and money by managing construction themselves through the JPA, which they assert provides a more flexible approach to designing, contracting, constructing and financing the project.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agencies feel that by assembling a specialized team that functions outside the bureaucracy of state government, they will be able to make quicker decisions, hire contractors faster and resolve problems easier. All this, they hope, will make the project move more smoothly. Construction is expected to start in two to three years, and take 13 years to complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Has something like this ever been done before?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joint powers agreements are common in California and elsewhere. A \u003ca href=\"http://sgf.senate.ca.gov/sites/sgf.senate.ca.gov/files/GWTFinalversion2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> in 2007 by the California Senate Local Government Committee estimated more than 1,800 JPAs have been formed by municipalities for construction projects or to oversee common programs or assets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One relevant example is the State Water Contractors, a JPA representing local water agencies that buy water from the State Water Project, which is owned and operated by the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, it seems that a JPA has never been used to actually build infrastructure for the State Water Project. DWR has always managed construction of its own infrastructure using its own employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What powers does this new JPA have?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A JPA is simply a tool to combine powers already held by its member agencies to achieve a common purpose. So the Delta Conveyance JPA will never have any powers – or obligations – that aren’t already familiar to anyone who understands local government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, California law governing JPAs does give these agencies special powers to issue revenue bonds. This may make project financing more attractive to the agencies involved, and may limit their individual liability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180628110559/WaterFixIntakeRender4-151.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"468\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rendering of one of the three tunnel intakes proposed along the Sacramento River as part of California WaterFix, a $17 billion water diversion project in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The fish screens for each intake are about a half mile long. (Image Courtesy Calif. Dept. of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Delta Conveyance JPA will be hiring and supervising contractors, awarding payments and overseeing the construction schedule on its own. DWR has oversight authority and may take control of the project if it goes awry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parties to the JPA, including the Department of Water Resources, signed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dcdca.org/pdf/Agenda%20Item%207d%20Materials.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">16-page agreement\u003c/a> that details overall goals and responsibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the JPA bound by California’s public records and open-meeting laws?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A JPA made up of local government agencies essentially becomes a new government agency itself. As a result, it is required by law to comply with the Ralph M. Brown Act (which requires board meetings be publicly notified and open to the public) and the state Public Records Act (which requires its documents and correspondence be open to public inspection).\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What concerns do critics have about this JPA?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are quite a few. One is that the JPA’s control over construction will bleed over into operation of the tunnels once complete. This “fox in the henhouse” situation could mean the tunnels are operated to maximize water delivery, not to minimize environmental impact. This is worrisome, because many operational details of the tunnels are still unresolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land acquisition is another. Thousands of acres of land must be acquired in the Delta to build and operate the project. The JPA holds the power to acquire land from willing sellers, subject to DWR approval. However, if the seller is not willing and eminent domain is required, the agreement delegates this task to the Department of Water Resources. Some are concerned this will slow down the process, and put the department on the hook for potentially large legal costs to acquire property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also a question about how conflicts will be resolved with the public. It remains unclear who Delta residents are supposed to contact within the JPA if they have a problem with construction noise, traffic, dust and dozens of other potential hardships. Residents feel they’ll get better complaint resolution from the Department of Water Resources, which is legally bound to represent all Californians. The out-of-town water agencies running the JPA, they fear, will put schedule, cost and their own far-flung ratepayers ahead of resolving impacts on local residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/03/meet-the-new-entity-in-charge-of-californias-water-tunnels-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Honeybees Finding it Harder to Eat at America’s Bee Hot Spot",
"headTitle": "Honeybees Finding it Harder to Eat at America’s Bee Hot Spot | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Bees are having a much harder time finding food in the region known as America’s last honeybee refuge, a new federal study found.[contextly_sidebar id=”J2glFdJr2VJQpZMkmQsi5gFDp7pZNDD2″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country’s hot spot for commercial beekeeping is the Northern Great Plains of the Dakotas and neighboring areas, where more 1 million colonies spend their summer feasting on pollen and nectar from nearby wildflowers and other plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from 2006 to 2016, more than half the conservation land within a mile of bee colonies was converted into agriculture, usually row crops such as soybeans and corn, said the study’s lead author Clint Otto of the U.S. Geological Survey. Those crops hold no food for bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a decade, bees and other pollinators in America have been dwindling in numbers because of a variety of problems, including poor nutrition, pesticides, parasites and disease. And outside experts said this study highlights another problem that affects the health of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area — which Otto called “America’s last honeybee refuge” — lost about 629 square miles (1,630 square kilometers) of prime bee habitat, according to the study published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And bees that have a hard time finding food are less likely to survive the winter, Otto said. They may not be hungry, he said, but they aren’t healthy either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Miller, in his 49th year as a North Dakota commercial beekeeper, said the Dakotas and Minnesota were once the last best place for bees.[contextly_sidebar id=”E1DkJVGwBYonxYynR2SqSHgf5JjjQNXp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now they are the least worst,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller, whose business was started in 1894 by his great-grandfather, has watched the average colony honey production drop from 120 pounds per hive 30 years ago to about 50 pounds now. But the price has gone up five-fold, and beekeepers like Miller are getting paid to truck their bees to California to pollinate crops there, mostly almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government pays farmers to keep some land wild and that benefits bees that feast on grasslands, flowers and weeds, Otto said. But the conservation program has a cap on how much land it will pay for — and during the ethanol boom, farmers found they could make more money in corn and soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Commercial beekeepers are scrambling to try to find places to take their bees when they are not in a crop requiring pollination,” U.S. Department of Agriculture bee researcher Diana Cox-Foster, who was not part of the study, said in an email.[contextly_sidebar id=”8maEERGiA43zIQZTHA3FtcOhvffIPseU”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservation lands of the Northern Great Plains were a go-to spot,” she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than one-third of America’s commercial colonies spend summer in the Northern Great Plains. The area east of the Dakotas is too developed, and the weather to the west is too dry, Otto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bees are crucial pollinators for more than 90 percent of the nation’s flowering crops, including apples, nuts, avocados, broccoli, peaches, blueberries and cherries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without honeybees,” Otto said, “our dinner plate looks a lot less colorful.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bees are having a much harder time finding food in the region known as America’s last honeybee refuge, a new federal study found.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country’s hot spot for commercial beekeeping is the Northern Great Plains of the Dakotas and neighboring areas, where more 1 million colonies spend their summer feasting on pollen and nectar from nearby wildflowers and other plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from 2006 to 2016, more than half the conservation land within a mile of bee colonies was converted into agriculture, usually row crops such as soybeans and corn, said the study’s lead author Clint Otto of the U.S. Geological Survey. Those crops hold no food for bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a decade, bees and other pollinators in America have been dwindling in numbers because of a variety of problems, including poor nutrition, pesticides, parasites and disease. And outside experts said this study highlights another problem that affects the health of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area — which Otto called “America’s last honeybee refuge” — lost about 629 square miles (1,630 square kilometers) of prime bee habitat, according to the study published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And bees that have a hard time finding food are less likely to survive the winter, Otto said. They may not be hungry, he said, but they aren’t healthy either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Miller, in his 49th year as a North Dakota commercial beekeeper, said the Dakotas and Minnesota were once the last best place for bees.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now they are the least worst,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller, whose business was started in 1894 by his great-grandfather, has watched the average colony honey production drop from 120 pounds per hive 30 years ago to about 50 pounds now. But the price has gone up five-fold, and beekeepers like Miller are getting paid to truck their bees to California to pollinate crops there, mostly almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government pays farmers to keep some land wild and that benefits bees that feast on grasslands, flowers and weeds, Otto said. But the conservation program has a cap on how much land it will pay for — and during the ethanol boom, farmers found they could make more money in corn and soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Commercial beekeepers are scrambling to try to find places to take their bees when they are not in a crop requiring pollination,” U.S. Department of Agriculture bee researcher Diana Cox-Foster, who was not part of the study, said in an email.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservation lands of the Northern Great Plains were a go-to spot,” she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than one-third of America’s commercial colonies spend summer in the Northern Great Plains. The area east of the Dakotas is too developed, and the weather to the west is too dry, Otto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bees are crucial pollinators for more than 90 percent of the nation’s flowering crops, including apples, nuts, avocados, broccoli, peaches, blueberries and cherries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without honeybees,” Otto said, “our dinner plate looks a lot less colorful.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Groundwater Woes, and Regulations, in California Wine Country",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s premier wine-growing region has been targeted for more regulation under the state’s new groundwater law, likely resulting in new fees and limits on water extraction for the industry.[contextly_sidebar id=”QCtg8D0oY6v717Kb1yLmaLFgU2WftK8q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/All-News-Articles/DWR-Releases-Draft-Prioritization-of-Groundwater-Basins-Under-SGMA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">declared in May\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that 14 groundwater basins across the state are at risk of overdraft, and thus should be reprioritized under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. Four of these are in Napa and Sonoma county wine-growing valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aquifers in question are the Sonoma Lowlands subbasin in Napa and Solano counties, the Alexander Valley basin and Healdsburg area subbasin in Sonoma County and the Wilson Grove Highlands basin in Sonoma and Marin Counties. Each is a vital source of irrigation water for grape growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department proposes to change these basins from “low” to “medium” priority under the law after reviewing new data on the severity of overdraft and land use in each region. Previously, their low ranking meant these basins got a pass from complying with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA.\u003c/span> If finalized in November, medium priority will require each basin to form a groundwater sustainability agency within two years, and complete a sustainability plan within five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other groundwater basins in Napa and Sonoma counties are already subject to these requirements. The new additions mean virtually all of California’s top wine region now confronts costly groundwater regulations for the first time. Grape growing is the primary consumer of groundwater in each basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_132941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_132941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 835px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-132941 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180628105438/WineBasinsDWR1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"835\" height=\"668\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The state of California proposes to change the wine-country groundwater basins shown in orange to “medium” priority, meaning they will be required to comply with the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. The basins shown in gray on the map are already subject to law. (Image courtesy California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“Nobody likes to be regulated, particularly when we are already doing our best to economize the use of irrigation water,” said Tito Sasaki, a board member of the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://sonomafb.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County Farm Bureau\u003c/a> and a farmer who grows champagne grapes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Trevor Joseph, a supervising engineering geologist with the state Department of Water Resources, said the water demands of wine growing were definitely a factor in raising the priority status of the Napa and Sonoma basins.[contextly_sidebar id=”nBlM2zhmBJCqj0p7PYGD92dVqTY4HuKL”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“We had more recent and refined estimates of groundwater use in these areas,” Joseph said. “There is some relevance here to the wine-growing areas. These ones in particular are heavily dependent on groundwater to meet their water demands.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The new groundwater sustainability plans require each basin to reverse groundwater overdraft. This could result in new water conservation rules imposed on farmers. The basins could also be required to develop plans to recharge aquifers, which could mean buying surface water or recycled water. Groundwater users in each basin will probably be required to pay fees to support all these efforts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">In Sonoma County, three groundwater basins were already ranked as “high” priority under the SGMA requirements. The \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"http://www.scwa.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County Water Agency\u003c/a> has been working under contract with groundwater users in those basins to organize new sustainability agencies and begin drafting sustainability plans.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Jay Jasperse, director of groundwater management for the county water agency, said doubling the number of groundwater basins subject to the law in Sonoma County will add significant workload and cost.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The expenses are numerous. At its core, the process involves creating a new government agency to regulate groundwater. The costs include selecting and seating a board, organizing meetings, complying with the state’s open-meetings law, hiring a part-time attorney and administrator for each basin, and developing all the usual policies and procedures required of any government agency.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">In addition, consultants must be hired to study the hydrology of the basin and, in many cases, to conduct a rate study to figure out how much each groundwater user should pay into the program. Other tasks are likely to include installing new groundwater monitoring devices on private wells throughout each basin and possibly even drilling new monitoring wells.[contextly_sidebar id=”ttRy99VzGqSEd7HSAjhbwTYNGuXIL4ST”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Jasperse said Sonoma County has budgeted $2.7 million to fund the startup process for each of the three groundwater agencies it is already working on. Each of the three new basins will require a similar investment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“You’re talking about over $8 million or so in costs, on top of what we’re already hit with,” he said. “So that is something we’re very concerned about. How do you pay for these extra costs? We’re already struggling with that with our first three basins.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The county obtained a $1 million state grant for each of the first three basins. Jasperse hopes the same will be possible for the additional three.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">He suspects the change in priority is a result of connections between groundwater and surface water. The Healdsburg groundwater basin, for instance, is connected to surface flow in the Russian River. The Dry Creek basin is connected to Dry Creek.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The Sonoma County Water Agency manages surface flow in both of those streams via its control of upstream reservoirs. This gives it a direct role in the fate of groundwater in those basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“Having surface water flows, and how those are managed – that’s very critical to the health of the groundwater aquifer,” Jasperse said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Two big questions loom over the future of groundwater in these wine-producing basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">First, what is the right path to sustainability? Is it through water conservation efforts, groundwater recharge, or some combination? Sasaki prefers to focus on recharge, he said, because wine growers have already done a lot to reduce groundwater pumping, including widespread conversion to drip irrigation.[contextly_sidebar id=”YW6NMSOpKDgyA2b0mIHl2qSwGkM4Ta81″]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">But that requires finding water to use for recharge, which won’t be easy in this already water-scarce region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Second, who should pay for groundwater management? Besides startup costs, there will be additional costs in perpetuity to monitor groundwater, prepare status reports, fund conservation efforts and plan aquifer recharge programs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Sasaki said the entire population benefits from sustainable aquifers and their connection to surface-water flows. Therefore, he said, the growers who extract most of the groundwater should not be solely responsible for groundwater management costs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">He acknowledges this is not a popular position, especially since most cities in the region depend on surface water, not groundwater.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“I’m more of the opinion that the groundwater issues are part of the entire water resources optimization challenge,” Sasaki said. “Therefore, the costs should be borne by everybody in the entire region – in this case, the entire county. But many people don’t agree with that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/02/new-groundwater-woes-and-regulations-in-california-wine-country\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Four groundwater basins in Napa and Sonoma counties may be in worse shape than previously thought. The state of California recently signaled they should be subject to new sustainability rules.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s premier wine-growing region has been targeted for more regulation under the state’s new groundwater law, likely resulting in new fees and limits on water extraction for the industry.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/News/News-Releases/All-News-Articles/DWR-Releases-Draft-Prioritization-of-Groundwater-Basins-Under-SGMA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">declared in May\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that 14 groundwater basins across the state are at risk of overdraft, and thus should be reprioritized under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. Four of these are in Napa and Sonoma county wine-growing valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aquifers in question are the Sonoma Lowlands subbasin in Napa and Solano counties, the Alexander Valley basin and Healdsburg area subbasin in Sonoma County and the Wilson Grove Highlands basin in Sonoma and Marin Counties. Each is a vital source of irrigation water for grape growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department proposes to change these basins from “low” to “medium” priority under the law after reviewing new data on the severity of overdraft and land use in each region. Previously, their low ranking meant these basins got a pass from complying with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA.\u003c/span> If finalized in November, medium priority will require each basin to form a groundwater sustainability agency within two years, and complete a sustainability plan within five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other groundwater basins in Napa and Sonoma counties are already subject to these requirements. The new additions mean virtually all of California’s top wine region now confronts costly groundwater regulations for the first time. Grape growing is the primary consumer of groundwater in each basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_132941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_132941\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 835px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-132941 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180628105438/WineBasinsDWR1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"835\" height=\"668\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The state of California proposes to change the wine-country groundwater basins shown in orange to “medium” priority, meaning they will be required to comply with the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. The basins shown in gray on the map are already subject to law. (Image courtesy California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“Nobody likes to be regulated, particularly when we are already doing our best to economize the use of irrigation water,” said Tito Sasaki, a board member of the \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://sonomafb.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County Farm Bureau\u003c/a> and a farmer who grows champagne grapes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Trevor Joseph, a supervising engineering geologist with the state Department of Water Resources, said the water demands of wine growing were definitely a factor in raising the priority status of the Napa and Sonoma basins.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“We had more recent and refined estimates of groundwater use in these areas,” Joseph said. “There is some relevance here to the wine-growing areas. These ones in particular are heavily dependent on groundwater to meet their water demands.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The new groundwater sustainability plans require each basin to reverse groundwater overdraft. This could result in new water conservation rules imposed on farmers. The basins could also be required to develop plans to recharge aquifers, which could mean buying surface water or recycled water. Groundwater users in each basin will probably be required to pay fees to support all these efforts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">In Sonoma County, three groundwater basins were already ranked as “high” priority under the SGMA requirements. The \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"http://www.scwa.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County Water Agency\u003c/a> has been working under contract with groundwater users in those basins to organize new sustainability agencies and begin drafting sustainability plans.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Jay Jasperse, director of groundwater management for the county water agency, said doubling the number of groundwater basins subject to the law in Sonoma County will add significant workload and cost.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The expenses are numerous. At its core, the process involves creating a new government agency to regulate groundwater. The costs include selecting and seating a board, organizing meetings, complying with the state’s open-meetings law, hiring a part-time attorney and administrator for each basin, and developing all the usual policies and procedures required of any government agency.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">In addition, consultants must be hired to study the hydrology of the basin and, in many cases, to conduct a rate study to figure out how much each groundwater user should pay into the program. Other tasks are likely to include installing new groundwater monitoring devices on private wells throughout each basin and possibly even drilling new monitoring wells.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Jasperse said Sonoma County has budgeted $2.7 million to fund the startup process for each of the three groundwater agencies it is already working on. Each of the three new basins will require a similar investment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“You’re talking about over $8 million or so in costs, on top of what we’re already hit with,” he said. “So that is something we’re very concerned about. How do you pay for these extra costs? We’re already struggling with that with our first three basins.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The county obtained a $1 million state grant for each of the first three basins. Jasperse hopes the same will be possible for the additional three.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">He suspects the change in priority is a result of connections between groundwater and surface water. The Healdsburg groundwater basin, for instance, is connected to surface flow in the Russian River. The Dry Creek basin is connected to Dry Creek.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The Sonoma County Water Agency manages surface flow in both of those streams via its control of upstream reservoirs. This gives it a direct role in the fate of groundwater in those basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“Having surface water flows, and how those are managed – that’s very critical to the health of the groundwater aquifer,” Jasperse said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Two big questions loom over the future of groundwater in these wine-producing basins.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">First, what is the right path to sustainability? Is it through water conservation efforts, groundwater recharge, or some combination? Sasaki prefers to focus on recharge, he said, because wine growers have already done a lot to reduce groundwater pumping, including widespread conversion to drip irrigation.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">But that requires finding water to use for recharge, which won’t be easy in this already water-scarce region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Second, who should pay for groundwater management? Besides startup costs, there will be additional costs in perpetuity to monitor groundwater, prepare status reports, fund conservation efforts and plan aquifer recharge programs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Sasaki said the entire population benefits from sustainable aquifers and their connection to surface-water flows. Therefore, he said, the growers who extract most of the groundwater should not be solely responsible for groundwater management costs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">He acknowledges this is not a popular position, especially since most cities in the region depend on surface water, not groundwater.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“I’m more of the opinion that the groundwater issues are part of the entire water resources optimization challenge,” Sasaki said. “Therefore, the costs should be borne by everybody in the entire region – in this case, the entire county. But many people don’t agree with that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/07/02/new-groundwater-woes-and-regulations-in-california-wine-country\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Many Common Sunscreens May Harm Coral. Here's What To Use Instead",
"headTitle": "Many Common Sunscreens May Harm Coral. Here’s What To Use Instead | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Hawaii Gov. David Ige is expected this week to sign the world’s first ban on the sale of sunscreens containing the chemicals oxybenzone and octinoxate. The state is banning the products because of concerns they may be harming one of the state’s biggest attractions — coral reefs.[contextly_sidebar id=”WAG7luu6pYq4m7yzLiWBNC57CSUpRh93″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it doesn’t kick in until 2021, the move is already prompting pushback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because up to 70 percent of sunscreens on the U.S. market contain oxybenzone, according to the Consumer Healthcare Products Association, which represents sunscreen-makers. Up to 8 percent contain octinoxate, which often shows up on labels as octyl methoxycinnamate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re taking away a product, or products … that have been shown over the course of time to be safe and effective” against skin cancer and sun damage, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.chpa.org/JaySirois.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jay Sirois\u003c/a>, director of regulatory affairs for the Consumer Healthcare Products Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, both chemicals have had the Food and Drug Administration’s OK for decades, but in recent years, some environmental research has suggested octinoxate can contribute to coral bleaching and that oxybenzone exposure leads to the death of baby coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies by \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/craig-downs-8b53aa9/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Craig Downs\u003c/a>, a biologist who runs the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.haereticus-lab.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Haereticus Environmental Lab\u003c/a>, and his colleagues inspired Hawaii lawmakers to propose the ban to protect the reefs. They point to Downs’ \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s00244-015-0227-7?shared_access_token=lRAXkGu1XApz6jHGNg_CNPe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY5VYCT4UGN4uI8dnS0bV8Myv9mGCAftDf32vi0At8e_HNV_0wDMrNSDE8HCVaz3KpLtw0WYOKvHY93rYFXVgoJs2A_m3_qp9PKL61Zo3QOX4_J4-SWyNXIbE1k8OohKL4Q=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 study published\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology\u003c/em>.[contextly_sidebar id=”ekcGjXp70GxOImUnE9vsrYWDuPa5ZHvj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the chemical acts as an endocrine disruptor to juvenile coral. “When they come across oxybenzone, they just encase themselves in their own skeleton, effectively killing them,” he says. They sink to the bottom of the ocean and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is convinced by the research so far. Downs primarily observed the coral in a lab, and in the ocean, there are many more factors that contribute to coral death, like pollution and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/18/602995137/climate-change-is-killing-coral-on-the-great-barrier-reef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global warming\u003c/a>, as Sirois points out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxybenzone pollution can come from other sources, such as wastewater discharge from ships. But sunscreen from beachgoers is a major contributor to pollution in concentrated areas, Downs argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sunscreen pollution doesn’t kill all the world’s coral reefs, it threatens coral reefs that are most important to people,” Downs says, like those close to shore where tourists like to snorkel. And if there are fewer attractions like beautiful and healthy coral reefs, the tourists are less likely to visit, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other tourist destinations are considering similar bans to protect their reefs, says Downs. The Caribbean island of Bonnaire has \u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/62598-bonaire-island-bans-sunscreen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">already begun\u003c/a> to follow suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beverly Hills dermatologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.chippsdermatology.com/meet-dr-chipps.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lisa Chipps\u003c/a> is worried that Hawaii’s ban is premature and will confuse consumers who have been told to use sunscreen daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that the cumulative ultraviolet damage that our skin receives every single day damages the cells and predisposes us to skin cancer as well as to all the signs of aging,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that there are already thousands of sunscreen products that do not contain oyxbenzone or octinoxate, with more working their way onto the market.[contextly_sidebar id=”3hAfaedZA28LbzsDFgYZFMSJQCDf7jy5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., there are two basic types of active ingredients in sunscreens: chemical blockers that work with skin to protect against harmful sun rays, and minerals like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide that reflect the rays away from skin. The first category contains some of the chemicals of concern to coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re worried about the potential impact of your sunscreen routine on sea life, look for mineral sunscreens that don’t easily rinse off in the water, suggests Downs. Another choice is to wear swim clothes with sun-blocking fabric, though you should still apply sunscreen to any exposed skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chipps reiterates that it’s vital to wear sunscreen. She says the rate of skin cancers detected is going up, despite greater awareness and usage of sunscreens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important things to look for in a sunscreen, she says, is that it protects against both UVA and UVB rays (typically labeled “broad spectrum”) and that it has an SPF of at least 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to which brands or formulas work best? It’s really a personal preference, says Chipps. “Pick a sunscreen that you like, that you feel good about, that you don’t have qualms about, and that makes you happy,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That way, you’ll be more likely to use it regularly and reapply often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t forget the best advice for avoiding sun damage — cover up with hats and long sleeves, and avoid going out during the hottest part of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are concerned about the possible harms to sea life, be aware that oxybenzone is found not only in sunscreens, but also many other consumer products including cosmetics. The Hawaii sunscreen ban applies only to on-island sales of over-the-counter sunscreens. Cosmetics and prescription sunscreens containing these chemicals are exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii welcomes about 9 million tourists a year. “Obviously we’re not going to have the beach police writing tickets” for sunscreen violations, says state \u003ca href=\"https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/memberpage.aspx?member=gabbard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sen. Mike Gabbard\u003c/a>, who introduced \u003ca href=\"https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/measure_indiv.aspx?billnumber=2571&billtype=SB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the bill\u003c/a> the governor will sign in the state Senate earlier this year. But he is hopeful that people who visit will think more about the kinds of sunscreen they are using and Hawaii’s natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s tourism industry — its airlines and tour guides — are on board. They are already handing out samples of sunscreens that do not contain the banned ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Many+Common+Sunscreens+May+Harm+Coral.+Here%27s+What+To+Use+Instead&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Hawaii is about to ban the sale of sunscreens containing certain chemicals that have been shown to harm coral reefs. Environmentalists urge a switch to mineral-based products.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Hawaii Gov. David Ige is expected this week to sign the world’s first ban on the sale of sunscreens containing the chemicals oxybenzone and octinoxate. The state is banning the products because of concerns they may be harming one of the state’s biggest attractions — coral reefs.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it doesn’t kick in until 2021, the move is already prompting pushback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because up to 70 percent of sunscreens on the U.S. market contain oxybenzone, according to the Consumer Healthcare Products Association, which represents sunscreen-makers. Up to 8 percent contain octinoxate, which often shows up on labels as octyl methoxycinnamate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re taking away a product, or products … that have been shown over the course of time to be safe and effective” against skin cancer and sun damage, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.chpa.org/JaySirois.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jay Sirois\u003c/a>, director of regulatory affairs for the Consumer Healthcare Products Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, both chemicals have had the Food and Drug Administration’s OK for decades, but in recent years, some environmental research has suggested octinoxate can contribute to coral bleaching and that oxybenzone exposure leads to the death of baby coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies by \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/craig-downs-8b53aa9/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Craig Downs\u003c/a>, a biologist who runs the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.haereticus-lab.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Haereticus Environmental Lab\u003c/a>, and his colleagues inspired Hawaii lawmakers to propose the ban to protect the reefs. They point to Downs’ \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s00244-015-0227-7?shared_access_token=lRAXkGu1XApz6jHGNg_CNPe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY5VYCT4UGN4uI8dnS0bV8Myv9mGCAftDf32vi0At8e_HNV_0wDMrNSDE8HCVaz3KpLtw0WYOKvHY93rYFXVgoJs2A_m3_qp9PKL61Zo3QOX4_J4-SWyNXIbE1k8OohKL4Q=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015 study published\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the chemical acts as an endocrine disruptor to juvenile coral. “When they come across oxybenzone, they just encase themselves in their own skeleton, effectively killing them,” he says. They sink to the bottom of the ocean and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is convinced by the research so far. Downs primarily observed the coral in a lab, and in the ocean, there are many more factors that contribute to coral death, like pollution and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/18/602995137/climate-change-is-killing-coral-on-the-great-barrier-reef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global warming\u003c/a>, as Sirois points out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxybenzone pollution can come from other sources, such as wastewater discharge from ships. But sunscreen from beachgoers is a major contributor to pollution in concentrated areas, Downs argues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sunscreen pollution doesn’t kill all the world’s coral reefs, it threatens coral reefs that are most important to people,” Downs says, like those close to shore where tourists like to snorkel. And if there are fewer attractions like beautiful and healthy coral reefs, the tourists are less likely to visit, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other tourist destinations are considering similar bans to protect their reefs, says Downs. The Caribbean island of Bonnaire has \u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/62598-bonaire-island-bans-sunscreen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">already begun\u003c/a> to follow suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beverly Hills dermatologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.chippsdermatology.com/meet-dr-chipps.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lisa Chipps\u003c/a> is worried that Hawaii’s ban is premature and will confuse consumers who have been told to use sunscreen daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that the cumulative ultraviolet damage that our skin receives every single day damages the cells and predisposes us to skin cancer as well as to all the signs of aging,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that there are already thousands of sunscreen products that do not contain oyxbenzone or octinoxate, with more working their way onto the market.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., there are two basic types of active ingredients in sunscreens: chemical blockers that work with skin to protect against harmful sun rays, and minerals like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide that reflect the rays away from skin. The first category contains some of the chemicals of concern to coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re worried about the potential impact of your sunscreen routine on sea life, look for mineral sunscreens that don’t easily rinse off in the water, suggests Downs. Another choice is to wear swim clothes with sun-blocking fabric, though you should still apply sunscreen to any exposed skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chipps reiterates that it’s vital to wear sunscreen. She says the rate of skin cancers detected is going up, despite greater awareness and usage of sunscreens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important things to look for in a sunscreen, she says, is that it protects against both UVA and UVB rays (typically labeled “broad spectrum”) and that it has an SPF of at least 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to which brands or formulas work best? It’s really a personal preference, says Chipps. “Pick a sunscreen that you like, that you feel good about, that you don’t have qualms about, and that makes you happy,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That way, you’ll be more likely to use it regularly and reapply often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t forget the best advice for avoiding sun damage — cover up with hats and long sleeves, and avoid going out during the hottest part of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are concerned about the possible harms to sea life, be aware that oxybenzone is found not only in sunscreens, but also many other consumer products including cosmetics. The Hawaii sunscreen ban applies only to on-island sales of over-the-counter sunscreens. Cosmetics and prescription sunscreens containing these chemicals are exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii welcomes about 9 million tourists a year. “Obviously we’re not going to have the beach police writing tickets” for sunscreen violations, says state \u003ca href=\"https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/memberpage.aspx?member=gabbard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sen. Mike Gabbard\u003c/a>, who introduced \u003ca href=\"https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/measure_indiv.aspx?billnumber=2571&billtype=SB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the bill\u003c/a> the governor will sign in the state Senate earlier this year. But he is hopeful that people who visit will think more about the kinds of sunscreen they are using and Hawaii’s natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s tourism industry — its airlines and tour guides — are on board. They are already handing out samples of sunscreens that do not contain the banned ingredients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Many+Common+Sunscreens+May+Harm+Coral.+Here%27s+What+To+Use+Instead&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "oakland-zoos-new-expansion-gives-animals-more-room",
"title": "Oakland Zoo Makes Room for Big Predators. But Is it Enough?",
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"content": "\u003cp>On a sunny, crisp day in April, LeRoy Little Bear and a dozen other tribal members from the Blackfeet Nation sang and danced a traditional rite to honor fourteen American bison they brought from Montana to the Oakland Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today is a very historic day because we’ve brought down buffalo that were almost extinct,” announced Little Bear from an overlook above the grazing herd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These bison are rare, he said, because they haven’t been bred with cattle, unlike most bison seen today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re getting full-blood buffalo from the way they used to be,” Little Bear proclaimed with visible pride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5472px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5472\" height=\"3648\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3.jpg 5472w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5472px) 100vw, 5472px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tribal members from the Blackfeet Nation sing together to honor and welcome fourteen bison they brought from Montana to their new home at Oakland Zoo. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The bison are one of eight species at \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/california-trail\">California Trail,\u003c/a> the Zoo’s new exhibit hosting animals native — or once native to California. It’s scheduled to open to the public in July 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amy Gotliffe, the zoo’s conservation director, says the exhibit is a way to, “show people from the Bay Area what beautiful biodiverse wildlife we live with now, lived with before and could live with again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bison, she says, are an example of how the zoo is trying to support animals in the wild. They will breed the bison and send the offspring back to the tribe to repopulate the wild herd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”aTk151tBzHueIylie0dSc9QmqJtX4Gam”]The zoo is also supporting a range of conservation efforts for each of their new animals, which include mountain lions, wolves, jaguars, California condors, bald eagles, black bears — even the long-extirpated grizzly bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the four black bears at the zoo — a mother and her three cubs — \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/news/black-bears-to-california-trail\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were rescued from Pine Mountain Club\u003c/a> in Kern County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a possibility of them all being put down because they were considered a nuisance,” said Gotliffe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The zoo is partnering with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savebears.org/mission.html\">Bear League\u003c/a> in Tahoe that helps to deter black bears from wandering into human areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927018\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4607px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927018\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4.jpg\" alt='Jaklyn Mistaken Chief, 12, and Dallis Mistaken Chief, 9, from the Blood Tribe, dance the \"Fancy Shawl\" dance during a ceremony to welcome fourteen bison brought from the Blackfeet Nation in Montana.' width=\"4607\" height=\"3072\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4.jpg 4607w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4607px) 100vw, 4607px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jaklyn Mistaken Chief, 12, and Dallis Mistaken Chief, 9, from the Blood Tribe, offer the “Fancy Shawl” dance during a ceremony to welcome fourteen bison brought from the Blackfeet Nation in Montana. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The zoo also rescued four grizzly cubs from Alaska, and three mountain lion cubs, one from El Dorado County and two from Orange County. (The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/654146/grizzly-bears-are-everywhere-in-california-but-the-woods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original California Grizzly\u003c/a> is considered extinct, hunted out nearly a century ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mountain lions are another story,” said Gotliffe, “They were all found abandoned [as cubs] on the side of the road.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']The zoo is working with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainlion.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mountain Lion Foundation\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bapp.org/\">Bay Area Puma Project\u003c/a> and has created a task force called the Bay Area Cougar Action Team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a plan to help California condors and bald eagles recover from lead bullet poisoning and then release them back into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to support all these partnerships, the zoo \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/news/action-for-wildlife-oakland-zoo-raises-126-000-for-conservation-organizations\">contributes 50 cents\u003c/a> of its admission price ($22 for adults) as well as a portion of future Zoo membership fees, to conservation funds. Managers expect to raise at least a quarter of a million dollars this fiscal year for conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Association of Zoos and Aquariums, or AZA, recommends that zoos under its accreditation — like the Oakland Zoo — spend at least three percent of their revenue for conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gotliffe says they aren’t there yet, but they “have that goal in mind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says with the opening of California Trail, which cost $80 million dollars and more than doubled the size of the zoo, they “will definitely be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927019\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4860px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927019\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2.jpg\" alt=\"Fourteen bison graze on native grasslands in their new exhibit at Oakland Zoo, in what was once part of Knowland Park.\" width=\"4860\" height=\"3240\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2.jpg 4860w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4860px) 100vw, 4860px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fourteen bison graze on native grasslands in their new exhibit at Oakland Zoo, in what was once part of Knowland Park. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ironically, to achieve these conservation goals, the zoo expanded into 57 acres of Knowland Park, cutting into habitat for the threatened Alameda striped racer — also known as the Alameda whipsnake — and the California red-legged frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This angered park advocates who formed an organization called \u003ca href=\"http://www.saveknowland.org/the-campaign/our-concerns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Friends of Knowland Park\u003c/a>. In 2011, they waged a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4433271-FriendsofKnowlandParkLawsuit-2-FOKP-Judgment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">losing legal battle\u003c/a> against the zoo and the City of Oakland, arguing that the city didn’t fully mitigate for impacts to the Alameda striped racer, native grasslands and sensitive plant species, like the Oakland star tulip and bristly leptosiphon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Zzzpoj8QtT25UzxkQDqfkHX9iaAUm5po”]Under the existing requirements, the zoo must set aside 13 acres for native grasslands and 53 acres for the striped racer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know if the snake is going to go into an animal enclosure and I’m not sure if that’s a good thing or a bad thing,” said Shawn Smallwood, an independent biologist from UC Davis hired by Friends of Knowland Park to review the zoo’s plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he added, when you are dealing with an endangered species you must err on the side of caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just been so political,” says Karen Swain, the biologist hired by the zoo to monitor the frog and the snake during construction. She’s tasked with making sure construction workers don’t harm the snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve had to walk this honest line for what the biology is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a way, the zoo is walking its own line: even making adequate space for its own animals remains controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1924954\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1924954\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/ZOO-5-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"Heather Paddock and her fellow zookeeper rake old hay away from the feeding areas for the zoo's fourteen American bison. \" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heather Paddock and her fellow zookeeper rake old hay away from the feeding areas for the zoo’s fourteen American bison. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We are trying to provide these guys with as varied of an environment as possible, to help them not be sitting around all day bored,” says Heather Paddock, one of the zookeepers in charge of the black bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bears have more than an acre, dotted with dens, oak trees — even a swimming pool. The zoo says the bears exhibit, as well as all of their new exhibits, exceed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.speakcdn.com/assets/2332/aza-accreditation-standards.pdf\">industry’s best standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mark Bekoff, an Emeritus Professor of Ecology who studies animal behavior at the University of Colorado, says zoos shouldn’t keep large predators because of their need to roam vast distances and hunt prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1924956\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1924956\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/ZOO-7-1020x733.jpg\" alt=\"One of the black bear cubs wanders over to the glass of his exhibit that is over an acre and features three dens, oak trees and a swimming pool. \" width=\"640\" height=\"460\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the black bear cubs wanders over to the glass of his enclosure, which is over an acre and features three dens, oak trees and a swimming pool. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Wide-ranging carnivores are among the animals who suffer the most when they are put into a cage,” he said, referencing \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/9069205_Animal_Welfare_Captivity_effects_on_wide-ranging_carnivores\">a 2014 study published in Nature.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Bekoff agrees that zoos should take in animals who have nowhere else to go, like these bears, he wants them to have more choice and control over their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zookeeper Paddock said she is trying to compensate for this with training and enrichment activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are providing them enrichment every single day, whether that’s a new food item or a new device, a toy, a new scent,” she said as she fed the black bears a mixture of bird seed, mealworms, romaine lettuce and oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Bekoff maintains that animals need privacy, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because let’s face it,” he says, “zoos bring animals in as money makers and so many animals in zoos suffer from boredom or stress from being unable to get out of the public’s eye.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927021\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5472px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927021\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8.jpg\" alt=\"Heather Paddock, a zookeeper for the Oakland Zoo's new exhibit, prepares a food enrichment activity for the zoo's four black bears. She pours bird seed and mealworms into large round containers and tapes off the holes to make it harder for the bears to get the food.\" width=\"5472\" height=\"3648\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8.jpg 5472w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5472px) 100vw, 5472px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heather Paddock, a zookeeper for the Oakland Zoo’s new exhibit, prepares a food enrichment activity for the zoo’s four black bears. She pours bird seed and mealworms into large round containers and tapes off the holes to make it harder for the bears to get the food. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Paddock says the public needs to connect with these animals so they care about saving them in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know the wild isn’t butterflies and rainbows for a lot of these animals,” she says. “They’re getting pushed further and further to the fringe of wild spaces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, that fringe habitat could be the last refuge — for both snakes \u003cem>and\u003c/em> bears — because there just isn’t enough wild space left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926637\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1926637\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-1020x1577.jpg\" alt=\"A map giving the layout of the Oakland Zoo\" width=\"640\" height=\"989\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-1020x1577.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-160x247.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-800x1236.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-768x1187.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-776x1200.jpg 776w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-1180x1824.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-960x1484.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-240x371.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-375x580.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-520x804.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo.jpg 1294w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A major new expansion doubling the size of the Oakland Zoo, called California Trails, opens July 12, and features eight species native or once native to California, a gondola and hilltop restaurant. Source: The Oakland Zoo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The zoo says its new California Trail is designed to re-acquaint visitors with native species, including some long gone.",
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"title": "Oakland Zoo Makes Room for Big Predators. But Is it Enough? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On a sunny, crisp day in April, LeRoy Little Bear and a dozen other tribal members from the Blackfeet Nation sang and danced a traditional rite to honor fourteen American bison they brought from Montana to the Oakland Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today is a very historic day because we’ve brought down buffalo that were almost extinct,” announced Little Bear from an overlook above the grazing herd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These bison are rare, he said, because they haven’t been bred with cattle, unlike most bison seen today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re getting full-blood buffalo from the way they used to be,” Little Bear proclaimed with visible pride.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927016\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5472px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927016\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"5472\" height=\"3648\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3.jpg 5472w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31311_ZOO-3-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5472px) 100vw, 5472px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tribal members from the Blackfeet Nation sing together to honor and welcome fourteen bison they brought from Montana to their new home at Oakland Zoo. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The bison are one of eight species at \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/california-trail\">California Trail,\u003c/a> the Zoo’s new exhibit hosting animals native — or once native to California. It’s scheduled to open to the public in July 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amy Gotliffe, the zoo’s conservation director, says the exhibit is a way to, “show people from the Bay Area what beautiful biodiverse wildlife we live with now, lived with before and could live with again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bison, she says, are an example of how the zoo is trying to support animals in the wild. They will breed the bison and send the offspring back to the tribe to repopulate the wild herd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The zoo is also supporting a range of conservation efforts for each of their new animals, which include mountain lions, wolves, jaguars, California condors, bald eagles, black bears — even the long-extirpated grizzly bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the four black bears at the zoo — a mother and her three cubs — \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/news/black-bears-to-california-trail\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were rescued from Pine Mountain Club\u003c/a> in Kern County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a possibility of them all being put down because they were considered a nuisance,” said Gotliffe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The zoo is partnering with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savebears.org/mission.html\">Bear League\u003c/a> in Tahoe that helps to deter black bears from wandering into human areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927018\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4607px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927018\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4.jpg\" alt='Jaklyn Mistaken Chief, 12, and Dallis Mistaken Chief, 9, from the Blood Tribe, dance the \"Fancy Shawl\" dance during a ceremony to welcome fourteen bison brought from the Blackfeet Nation in Montana.' width=\"4607\" height=\"3072\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4.jpg 4607w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31312_ZOO-4-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4607px) 100vw, 4607px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jaklyn Mistaken Chief, 12, and Dallis Mistaken Chief, 9, from the Blood Tribe, offer the “Fancy Shawl” dance during a ceremony to welcome fourteen bison brought from the Blackfeet Nation in Montana. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The zoo also rescued four grizzly cubs from Alaska, and three mountain lion cubs, one from El Dorado County and two from Orange County. (The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/654146/grizzly-bears-are-everywhere-in-california-but-the-woods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original California Grizzly\u003c/a> is considered extinct, hunted out nearly a century ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mountain lions are another story,” said Gotliffe, “They were all found abandoned [as cubs] on the side of the road.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The zoo is working with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainlion.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mountain Lion Foundation\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bapp.org/\">Bay Area Puma Project\u003c/a> and has created a task force called the Bay Area Cougar Action Team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a plan to help California condors and bald eagles recover from lead bullet poisoning and then release them back into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to support all these partnerships, the zoo \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/news/action-for-wildlife-oakland-zoo-raises-126-000-for-conservation-organizations\">contributes 50 cents\u003c/a> of its admission price ($22 for adults) as well as a portion of future Zoo membership fees, to conservation funds. Managers expect to raise at least a quarter of a million dollars this fiscal year for conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Association of Zoos and Aquariums, or AZA, recommends that zoos under its accreditation — like the Oakland Zoo — spend at least three percent of their revenue for conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gotliffe says they aren’t there yet, but they “have that goal in mind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says with the opening of California Trail, which cost $80 million dollars and more than doubled the size of the zoo, they “will definitely be there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927019\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4860px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927019\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2.jpg\" alt=\"Fourteen bison graze on native grasslands in their new exhibit at Oakland Zoo, in what was once part of Knowland Park.\" width=\"4860\" height=\"3240\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2.jpg 4860w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31313_ZOO-2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4860px) 100vw, 4860px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fourteen bison graze on native grasslands in their new exhibit at Oakland Zoo, in what was once part of Knowland Park. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ironically, to achieve these conservation goals, the zoo expanded into 57 acres of Knowland Park, cutting into habitat for the threatened Alameda striped racer — also known as the Alameda whipsnake — and the California red-legged frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This angered park advocates who formed an organization called \u003ca href=\"http://www.saveknowland.org/the-campaign/our-concerns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Friends of Knowland Park\u003c/a>. In 2011, they waged a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4433271-FriendsofKnowlandParkLawsuit-2-FOKP-Judgment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">losing legal battle\u003c/a> against the zoo and the City of Oakland, arguing that the city didn’t fully mitigate for impacts to the Alameda striped racer, native grasslands and sensitive plant species, like the Oakland star tulip and bristly leptosiphon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Under the existing requirements, the zoo must set aside 13 acres for native grasslands and 53 acres for the striped racer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know if the snake is going to go into an animal enclosure and I’m not sure if that’s a good thing or a bad thing,” said Shawn Smallwood, an independent biologist from UC Davis hired by Friends of Knowland Park to review the zoo’s plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he added, when you are dealing with an endangered species you must err on the side of caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just been so political,” says Karen Swain, the biologist hired by the zoo to monitor the frog and the snake during construction. She’s tasked with making sure construction workers don’t harm the snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve had to walk this honest line for what the biology is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a way, the zoo is walking its own line: even making adequate space for its own animals remains controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1924954\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1924954\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/ZOO-5-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"Heather Paddock and her fellow zookeeper rake old hay away from the feeding areas for the zoo's fourteen American bison. \" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heather Paddock and her fellow zookeeper rake old hay away from the feeding areas for the zoo’s fourteen American bison. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We are trying to provide these guys with as varied of an environment as possible, to help them not be sitting around all day bored,” says Heather Paddock, one of the zookeepers in charge of the black bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bears have more than an acre, dotted with dens, oak trees — even a swimming pool. The zoo says the bears exhibit, as well as all of their new exhibits, exceed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.speakcdn.com/assets/2332/aza-accreditation-standards.pdf\">industry’s best standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mark Bekoff, an Emeritus Professor of Ecology who studies animal behavior at the University of Colorado, says zoos shouldn’t keep large predators because of their need to roam vast distances and hunt prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1924956\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1924956\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/ZOO-7-1020x733.jpg\" alt=\"One of the black bear cubs wanders over to the glass of his exhibit that is over an acre and features three dens, oak trees and a swimming pool. \" width=\"640\" height=\"460\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the black bear cubs wanders over to the glass of his enclosure, which is over an acre and features three dens, oak trees and a swimming pool. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Wide-ranging carnivores are among the animals who suffer the most when they are put into a cage,” he said, referencing \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/9069205_Animal_Welfare_Captivity_effects_on_wide-ranging_carnivores\">a 2014 study published in Nature.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Bekoff agrees that zoos should take in animals who have nowhere else to go, like these bears, he wants them to have more choice and control over their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zookeeper Paddock said she is trying to compensate for this with training and enrichment activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are providing them enrichment every single day, whether that’s a new food item or a new device, a toy, a new scent,” she said as she fed the black bears a mixture of bird seed, mealworms, romaine lettuce and oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Bekoff maintains that animals need privacy, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because let’s face it,” he says, “zoos bring animals in as money makers and so many animals in zoos suffer from boredom or stress from being unable to get out of the public’s eye.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927021\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5472px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927021\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8.jpg\" alt=\"Heather Paddock, a zookeeper for the Oakland Zoo's new exhibit, prepares a food enrichment activity for the zoo's four black bears. She pours bird seed and mealworms into large round containers and tapes off the holes to make it harder for the bears to get the food.\" width=\"5472\" height=\"3648\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8.jpg 5472w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/RS31317_ZOO-8-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5472px) 100vw, 5472px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heather Paddock, a zookeeper for the Oakland Zoo’s new exhibit, prepares a food enrichment activity for the zoo’s four black bears. She pours bird seed and mealworms into large round containers and tapes off the holes to make it harder for the bears to get the food. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Paddock says the public needs to connect with these animals so they care about saving them in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know the wild isn’t butterflies and rainbows for a lot of these animals,” she says. “They’re getting pushed further and further to the fringe of wild spaces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, that fringe habitat could be the last refuge — for both snakes \u003cem>and\u003c/em> bears — because there just isn’t enough wild space left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926637\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1926637\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-1020x1577.jpg\" alt=\"A map giving the layout of the Oakland Zoo\" width=\"640\" height=\"989\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-1020x1577.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-160x247.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-800x1236.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-768x1187.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-776x1200.jpg 776w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-1180x1824.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-960x1484.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-240x371.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-375x580.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo-520x804.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/KQED_OaklandZoo.jpg 1294w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A major new expansion doubling the size of the Oakland Zoo, called California Trails, opens July 12, and features eight species native or once native to California, a gondola and hilltop restaurant. Source: The Oakland Zoo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How New Water Storage Projects in California Will Be Funded and Allocated",
"headTitle": "How New Water Storage Projects in California Will Be Funded and Allocated | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California is close to awarding $2.7 billion to new water storage projects. Jay Lund of U.C. Davis and Rachel Zwillinger of Defenders of Wildlife explain the process and how it will impact the state.[contextly_sidebar id=”sbjHNXP9NqQOKj4xf1c84t9su6SJ2Tap”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this episode of Deeply Talks, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tara Lohan\u003c/a>, managing editor of Water Deeply, talks with \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.engineering.ucdavis.edu/lund/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jay Lund\u003c/a>, a professor of civil and environmental engineering and director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California, Davis, and \u003ca href=\"https://defenders.org/staff/rachel-zwillinger\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rachel Zwillinger\u003c/a>, water policy adviser for Defenders of Wildlife, about how water storage projects in California are being funded, which projects are receiving state money and what kinds of water projects the state really needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/463726206″ params=”color=#ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&show_teaser=true&visual=true” width=”100%” height=”300″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, almost three years before the end of California’s drought, state voters approved a water bond, Proposition 1, which set aside $2.7 billion to fund the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/02/12/can-new-california-water-storage-projects-win-state-funding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">public benefits\u003c/a> of water storage projects. Since last year, the California Water Commission (CWC) has been reviewing \u003ca href=\"https://cwc.ca.gov/Pages/WSIP.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">project applications\u003c/a> to decide how much of this funding each project will get, if any. Decisions will be announced in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this process unique, says Zwillinger, is the focus on public benefit. Anyone who submitted a proposal for Proposition 1 funding for new storage projects had to quantify the public benefits – such as ecosystem improvements, water quality improvement or flood risk reduction – their project would provide. That number then determines how much funding the project could receive.[contextly_sidebar id=”1EqlMxQMfkM1ikg1h1OZNNbd2UjgmObE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There has never been a process like this,” says Zwillinger, “where applicants are actually having to come forward with proposals and prove what public benefits they are able to provide, with some pretty rigorous analysis from the various agencies that are weighing in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rigor shows. Twelve projects were originally submitted for funding, and after analysis by the CWC four projects were deemed “ineligible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Assessing public benefits is a really difficult thing to do,” says Lund. “On the whole, I think that [the CWC] has done quite well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it could be “quite a few years” before funded projects actually get built, says Lund. Whatever money is allocated to a project will only be a fraction of what it actually needs. Before even starting construction, teams will need to secure the rest of the money from other sources and obtain permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting permits for water projects, particularly surface-water projects like dams, is complex, notes Zwillinger. So complex that a project will often change substantially as it goes through the permitting process, so that some benefits it promises going in may not be realized when it comes out the other side. And that’s a problem.[contextly_sidebar id=”BkttGz40rTBNLueHwydLVB1qQKgYXgjn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The regulations for this process envision that the funding allocations can be reduced if, after permitting, the public benefits are no longer as significant as initially proposed,” says Zwillinger. “There are going to be some interesting and difficult conversations at the commission about how those initial funding allocations have to change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Zwillinger and Lund say that after this process is over, they would like to see the state shift its focus away from water storage and toward other important water issues. According to Lund, California already has more storage projects than any other Western state. Other water projects can have public benefits, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We probably need to devote a bit more time on … water quality, some of the watershed management aspects, water conservation, water trading, things like that,” says Lund. “And particularly in things like wetland enhancements and floodplain enhancements for the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/06/28/deeply-talks-new-water-storage-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is close to awarding $2.7 billion to new water storage projects. Jay Lund of U.C. Davis and Rachel Zwillinger of Defenders of Wildlife explain the process and how it will impact the state.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this episode of Deeply Talks, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tara Lohan\u003c/a>, managing editor of Water Deeply, talks with \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.engineering.ucdavis.edu/lund/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jay Lund\u003c/a>, a professor of civil and environmental engineering and director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California, Davis, and \u003ca href=\"https://defenders.org/staff/rachel-zwillinger\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rachel Zwillinger\u003c/a>, water policy adviser for Defenders of Wildlife, about how water storage projects in California are being funded, which projects are receiving state money and what kinds of water projects the state really needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”300″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/463726206″&visual=true&”color=#ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&show_teaser=true&visual=true”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/463726206″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, almost three years before the end of California’s drought, state voters approved a water bond, Proposition 1, which set aside $2.7 billion to fund the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/02/12/can-new-california-water-storage-projects-win-state-funding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">public benefits\u003c/a> of water storage projects. Since last year, the California Water Commission (CWC) has been reviewing \u003ca href=\"https://cwc.ca.gov/Pages/WSIP.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">project applications\u003c/a> to decide how much of this funding each project will get, if any. Decisions will be announced in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this process unique, says Zwillinger, is the focus on public benefit. Anyone who submitted a proposal for Proposition 1 funding for new storage projects had to quantify the public benefits – such as ecosystem improvements, water quality improvement or flood risk reduction – their project would provide. That number then determines how much funding the project could receive.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There has never been a process like this,” says Zwillinger, “where applicants are actually having to come forward with proposals and prove what public benefits they are able to provide, with some pretty rigorous analysis from the various agencies that are weighing in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rigor shows. Twelve projects were originally submitted for funding, and after analysis by the CWC four projects were deemed “ineligible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Assessing public benefits is a really difficult thing to do,” says Lund. “On the whole, I think that [the CWC] has done quite well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it could be “quite a few years” before funded projects actually get built, says Lund. Whatever money is allocated to a project will only be a fraction of what it actually needs. Before even starting construction, teams will need to secure the rest of the money from other sources and obtain permits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting permits for water projects, particularly surface-water projects like dams, is complex, notes Zwillinger. So complex that a project will often change substantially as it goes through the permitting process, so that some benefits it promises going in may not be realized when it comes out the other side. And that’s a problem.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The regulations for this process envision that the funding allocations can be reduced if, after permitting, the public benefits are no longer as significant as initially proposed,” says Zwillinger. “There are going to be some interesting and difficult conversations at the commission about how those initial funding allocations have to change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Zwillinger and Lund say that after this process is over, they would like to see the state shift its focus away from water storage and toward other important water issues. According to Lund, California already has more storage projects than any other Western state. Other water projects can have public benefits, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We probably need to devote a bit more time on … water quality, some of the watershed management aspects, water conservation, water trading, things like that,” says Lund. “And particularly in things like wetland enhancements and floodplain enhancements for the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/06/28/deeply-talks-new-water-storage-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A robot with true artificial intelligence is about to invade space.[contextly_sidebar id=”4lzBZjJKlIhpzaw7UhyNtLfbBm0Ies1j”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large, round, plastic robot head is part of SpaceX’s latest supply delivery to the International Space Station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friday’s pre-dawn liftoff also includes two sets of genetically identical female mice, 20 mousestronauts that will pick up where NASA’s identical twin brother astronauts left off a few years ago. Super-caffeinated coffee is also flying up for the space station’s java-craving crew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As intriguing as identical space siblings and turbo-charged space coffee may be, it’s the German robot — named Cimon, pronounced Simon, after a genius doctor in science fiction’s “Captain Future” — that’s stealing the show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t worry about AI running amok on the space station. Cimon’s human handlers promise the first AI space bot will behave. No mutinous takeovers like HAL from the 1968 film classic “2001: A Space Odyssey.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s a friendly guy and he has this hard power-off button,” German Space Agency physicist Christian Karrasch, the project manager, told The Associated Press on Thursday.[contextly_sidebar id=”uFtazHzBH2y0ib3h1IzDjDr1fMMz3YWh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like HAL, the autonomous Cimon is an acronym: it stands for Crew Interactive Mobile Companion. Its AI brain is courtesy of IBM.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>German astronaut Alexander Gerst, who arrived at the orbiting lab a month ago, will introduce Cimon to space life during three one-hour sessions. Already savvy about Gerst’s science experiments, the self-propelling Cimon will float at the astronaut’s side and help, when asked, with research procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cimon has Gerst’s face and voice imprinted in its memory. So while the robot could assist the five other station astronauts, it is best suited for Gerst, according to Karrasch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get Cimon’s attention, Gerst will need only to call its name. Their common language will be English, the official language of the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, Italian astronaut Luca Parmitano will be Cimon’s orbital master. That’s when the AI researchers will delve more into mood.[contextly_sidebar id=”x2oCHNHtMlOrvOD52lT5i59MC4AyEydD”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it is, Cimon smiles when it senses the conversation is upbeat and frowns when it’s sad. A small screen on the sphere serves as its face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During its open-ended stay on the space station, Cimon should grow ever smarter and more knowledgeable, its system updated via IBM’s Cloud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers chose a ball rather than a humanoid face for Cimon because they thought it would be less potentially disturbing or creepy. Because it’s perfectly round — a little bigger than a basketball — it’s also safer, with no sharp edges that could damage space station equipment or poke astronauts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entire project, barely two years in the making, came in under 5 million Euros, or $5.8 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real AI payoff will be when astronauts travel to the moon, Mars or other distant destinations. In a medical emergency, no one will want to wait 20 minutes for a call for help to reach Earth and then another 20 minutes for advice to get back to the stricken crew, said NASA’s space station program manager Kirk Shireman. An AI companion could provide instant assistance.[contextly_sidebar id=”EZUIFuTAhFwvp9KnMVgwk0UgKeREgXJc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cimon is meant for additional brainpower, so it doesn’t have legs or arms. NASA’s humanoid Robonaut, on the other hand, lacked AI but was envisioned as a Spiderman of sorts, its hands and feet designed for grabbing and climbing. Its creators saw Robonaut as a potential spacewalker, off in the future, that could venture outside for mundane tasks, saving astronauts considerable time and risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robonaut is back on Earth. It returned aboard a SpaceX Dragon capsule in May after long bouts of inactivity and wiring trouble. Once fixed, an improved Robonaut may fly back to the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "It's Going to Get Hot. Fire Weather Warning in Effect This Weekend for North Bay",
"headTitle": "It’s Going to Get Hot. Fire Weather Warning in Effect This Weekend for North Bay | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As the Bay Area gears up for triple digit temperatures this weekend, officials are warning conditions are already ripe for wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service has issued a red-flag fire weather warning for parts of the North Bay this weekend due to a dangerous combination of gusty winds, high temperatures, and low humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Residents should avoid activities that may trigger a fire, including lawn work, driving on grass, tossing cigarettes, campfires, or fireworks.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The warning extends from 11 p.m. Friday to 11 p.m. Saturday, and covers regions of higher elevation in Napa County and far eastern Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northeast winds \u003ca href=\"https://forecast.weather.gov/showsigwx.php?warnzone=CAZ507&warncounty=CAC055&firewxzone=CAZ507&local_place1=4%20Miles%20W%20Lake%20Berryessa%20CA&product1=Red+Flag+Warning&lat=38.5818&lon=-122.319\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will strengthen overnight\u003c/a> Friday followed by warmer and drier conditions on Saturday, according to the service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[googlemaps https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1yFb10tX5BPvSXtBWgOF1eZDVGE8&w=640&h=480]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winds of 15 miles per hour to 30 mph are expected, with gusts up to 40 mph. Daytime humidity is expected to drop to the 10 to 20 percent range, recovering poorly at night to less than 30 percent. Those numbers will drop to the single digits in the driest locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dry and windy conditions mean any fires that develop will likely spread rapidly. Forecasters are asking residents to avoid activities that may trigger a fire, including lawn work, driving on grass, tossing cigarettes, campfires, or fireworks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">A red flag warning has been issued and will go in effect tomorrow night. Here’s a look at what kind of wind speeds and humidity values we are expecting for a few select locations in Napa county. RHs will likely drop into the upper single digits for the driest areas. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/cawx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#cawx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/HLPO1V9KVh\">pic.twitter.com/HLPO1V9KVh\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— NWS Bay Area (@NWSBayArea) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1012411050904424449?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 28, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The service also issued a moderate risk warning for heat related illnesses for the East and North Bay, with inland temperatures on Friday soaring close to 100 degrees. Saturday will experience even warmer weather, up to 105 degrees. [contextly_sidebar id=”JGhTD5aSnNzwbBskZn8Ghe08maPk1aBe”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least a dozen wind-driven wildfires broke out last weekend throughout rural regions in Northern California, forcing thousands of people to leave their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest blaze, the Pawnee Fire in Lake County, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2080\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scorched 13,700 acres\u003c/a> and destroyed 12 homes since it began on Saturday. The blaze is 56 percent contained as of Friday morning, according to Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to this weekend’s fire weather warning, Sonoma County officials have issued \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CountyofSonoma/status/1012407098066391040\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evacuation guidelines\u003c/a>. [contextly_sidebar id=”T97eN26KdnMyVBJf9Smf5sCxXRmzzpKS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For important\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CountyofSonoma/status/1012407098066391040\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> updates on this weekend’s\u003c/a> weather warning, follow the Bay Area’s National Weather Service on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Dry and warm weather coupled with wind gusts will increase the risk of wildfire spreading in elevated regions of Napa Valley and far eastern Sonoma County.",
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"description": "Dry and warm weather coupled with wind gusts will increase the risk of wildfire spreading in elevated regions of Napa Valley and far eastern Sonoma County.",
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"headline": "It's Going to Get Hot. Fire Weather Warning in Effect This Weekend for North Bay",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the Bay Area gears up for triple digit temperatures this weekend, officials are warning conditions are already ripe for wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service has issued a red-flag fire weather warning for parts of the North Bay this weekend due to a dangerous combination of gusty winds, high temperatures, and low humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Residents should avoid activities that may trigger a fire, including lawn work, driving on grass, tossing cigarettes, campfires, or fireworks.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The warning extends from 11 p.m. Friday to 11 p.m. Saturday, and covers regions of higher elevation in Napa County and far eastern Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northeast winds \u003ca href=\"https://forecast.weather.gov/showsigwx.php?warnzone=CAZ507&warncounty=CAC055&firewxzone=CAZ507&local_place1=4%20Miles%20W%20Lake%20Berryessa%20CA&product1=Red+Flag+Warning&lat=38.5818&lon=-122.319\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will strengthen overnight\u003c/a> Friday followed by warmer and drier conditions on Saturday, according to the service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ciframe\n src='https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1yFb10tX5BPvSXtBWgOF1eZDVGE8&w=640&h=480'\n title='https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=1yFb10tX5BPvSXtBWgOF1eZDVGE8&w=640&h=480'\n width='640'\n height='480'\n scrolling='no'\n frameborder='no'>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winds of 15 miles per hour to 30 mph are expected, with gusts up to 40 mph. Daytime humidity is expected to drop to the 10 to 20 percent range, recovering poorly at night to less than 30 percent. Those numbers will drop to the single digits in the driest locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dry and windy conditions mean any fires that develop will likely spread rapidly. Forecasters are asking residents to avoid activities that may trigger a fire, including lawn work, driving on grass, tossing cigarettes, campfires, or fireworks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">A red flag warning has been issued and will go in effect tomorrow night. Here’s a look at what kind of wind speeds and humidity values we are expecting for a few select locations in Napa county. RHs will likely drop into the upper single digits for the driest areas. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/cawx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#cawx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/HLPO1V9KVh\">pic.twitter.com/HLPO1V9KVh\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— NWS Bay Area (@NWSBayArea) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1012411050904424449?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 28, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The service also issued a moderate risk warning for heat related illnesses for the East and North Bay, with inland temperatures on Friday soaring close to 100 degrees. Saturday will experience even warmer weather, up to 105 degrees. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least a dozen wind-driven wildfires broke out last weekend throughout rural regions in Northern California, forcing thousands of people to leave their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest blaze, the Pawnee Fire in Lake County, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2080\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scorched 13,700 acres\u003c/a> and destroyed 12 homes since it began on Saturday. The blaze is 56 percent contained as of Friday morning, according to Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to this weekend’s fire weather warning, Sonoma County officials have issued \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CountyofSonoma/status/1012407098066391040\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">evacuation guidelines\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For important\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CountyofSonoma/status/1012407098066391040\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> updates on this weekend’s\u003c/a> weather warning, follow the Bay Area’s National Weather Service on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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},
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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