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"content": "\u003cp>Global warming could drive many small animals and plants to extinction, according to the first study to measure the impact of climate change on America’s national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Researchers found that the average temperatures in national parks increased at twice the rate as the rest of the nation.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Unless action is taken to curb greenhouse gas emissions, higher temperatures\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aade09\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> could virtually eliminate the habitats\u003c/a> of small mammals, such as the mountain-dwelling \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915117/climate-change-spells-extinction-for-pikas-of-lake-tahoe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American pika\u003c/a>, according to the study, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research Letters\u003c/em>. The pika has become a kind of poster critter for climate threats, as it can only survive at high elevations, where temperatures remain cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Human-caused emissions [are] shifting warmth up mountains, which could destroy suitable habitats from the tops of these mountains,” says Patrick Gonzales, a climate change scientist at UC Berkeley and lead author of the study. “We have more leverage to deal with this now, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions that could harm small mammals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks are especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because they’re often located in regions that are hardest hit by global warming, such as at high elevation or upper latitudes. Researchers found that the average temperatures in national parks increased at twice the rate as the rest of the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parks also experienced a significant decline in annual rainfall compared to the U.S. as a whole, according to the joint study by UC Berkeley and the University of Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the current rate of emissions, temperatures in the most vulnerable parks could soar by as much as 16 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100 — a rate that gives species little time to adapt or migrate to more suitable climates, if there are any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are “bad news” for biodiversity, according to Rodolfo Dirzo, a biologist at Stanford University, who was not part of the study team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since protected areas represent currently one of our best instruments to protect biodiversity, the fact that North American parks are going to experience such drastic changes in their climatic conditions is a critical message,” says Dirzo.[contextly_sidebar id=”2cAvntmHbAEBZ68IS79VMx3mCv8vcGuI”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that many populations of small animals and plants are typically less vulnerable to anthropogenic warming, so the fact that these same populations are expected to experience such formidable challenges demands “immediate, effective action to prevent massive declines of our already threatened biodiversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing climate conditions in our national parks also increases human vulnerability, according to Gonzalez. He points to San Francisco residents’ reliance on the Hetch Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s essential that park officials conserve the watershed so that water is plentiful and clean for human consumption,” says Gonzalez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mapping Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers made their projections using data collected from weather stations located throughout the U.S. that track monthly temperature and rainfall going back to 1895.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They created maps of the average annual temperature and rainfall amounts throughout the country, at points approximately 800 meters apart. They then compared the maps to historical temperature and rainfall data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data revealed that on average, temperatures in national parks increased by nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit from 1895 to 2010 — roughly twice the warming experienced by the rest of the country. [contextly_sidebar id=”fsagCxvrtz8z5M5LkPwG8EXRRv8an2eW”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks also saw a 12 percent decline in rainfall compared to 3 percent for the U.S. at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks in Alaska endured the greatest increases, while rainfall decreased the most in Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also estimated future changes in temperature and precipitation using four different climate scenarios developed by the United Nations’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scenarios include one where no action is taken to reduce emissions, one based on commitments made in the \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paris Agreement \u003c/a>on climate three years ago, and two that range somewhere in the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the most extreme climate change scenario, the study found that the collective average temperature of all the national parks could rise between 9 and 13 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abiding by the Paris Agreement could limit this rise to between roughly 2 to 6 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under both scenarios, projected temperature increases are greatest in Alaska’s national parks, while rainfall decreases most in the Virgin Islands and the southwestern U.S.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers hope that the maps can aid park officials in developing stronger measures to protect endangered species and park resources from the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results show that reducing pollution from human resources can save parks from the most extreme heat,” says Gonzalez. “Compared to the highest emissions scenario, a scenario of adhering to the Paris Agreement would lower the rate of heating in parks by two-thirds by the end of the century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, he says, only underscore the National Park Service’s mandate of protecting parks for future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data can point parks in the direction of conserving the most vulnerable places or potential \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS713US713&ei=Ed2qW-BnsdL0A8-AiagF&q=refugia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refugia\u003c/a>, which are stable places that might provide shelter to plant and animal species,” he says. “The future of these national parks is in our hands.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Global warming could drive many small animals and plants to extinction, according to the first study to measure the impact of climate change on America’s national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Researchers found that the average temperatures in national parks increased at twice the rate as the rest of the nation.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Unless action is taken to curb greenhouse gas emissions, higher temperatures\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aade09\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> could virtually eliminate the habitats\u003c/a> of small mammals, such as the mountain-dwelling \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915117/climate-change-spells-extinction-for-pikas-of-lake-tahoe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American pika\u003c/a>, according to the study, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research Letters\u003c/em>. The pika has become a kind of poster critter for climate threats, as it can only survive at high elevations, where temperatures remain cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Human-caused emissions [are] shifting warmth up mountains, which could destroy suitable habitats from the tops of these mountains,” says Patrick Gonzales, a climate change scientist at UC Berkeley and lead author of the study. “We have more leverage to deal with this now, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions that could harm small mammals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks are especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because they’re often located in regions that are hardest hit by global warming, such as at high elevation or upper latitudes. Researchers found that the average temperatures in national parks increased at twice the rate as the rest of the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parks also experienced a significant decline in annual rainfall compared to the U.S. as a whole, according to the joint study by UC Berkeley and the University of Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the current rate of emissions, temperatures in the most vulnerable parks could soar by as much as 16 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100 — a rate that gives species little time to adapt or migrate to more suitable climates, if there are any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are “bad news” for biodiversity, according to Rodolfo Dirzo, a biologist at Stanford University, who was not part of the study team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since protected areas represent currently one of our best instruments to protect biodiversity, the fact that North American parks are going to experience such drastic changes in their climatic conditions is a critical message,” says Dirzo.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that many populations of small animals and plants are typically less vulnerable to anthropogenic warming, so the fact that these same populations are expected to experience such formidable challenges demands “immediate, effective action to prevent massive declines of our already threatened biodiversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing climate conditions in our national parks also increases human vulnerability, according to Gonzalez. He points to San Francisco residents’ reliance on the Hetch Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s essential that park officials conserve the watershed so that water is plentiful and clean for human consumption,” says Gonzalez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mapping Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers made their projections using data collected from weather stations located throughout the U.S. that track monthly temperature and rainfall going back to 1895.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They created maps of the average annual temperature and rainfall amounts throughout the country, at points approximately 800 meters apart. They then compared the maps to historical temperature and rainfall data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data revealed that on average, temperatures in national parks increased by nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit from 1895 to 2010 — roughly twice the warming experienced by the rest of the country. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks also saw a 12 percent decline in rainfall compared to 3 percent for the U.S. at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks in Alaska endured the greatest increases, while rainfall decreased the most in Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also estimated future changes in temperature and precipitation using four different climate scenarios developed by the United Nations’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scenarios include one where no action is taken to reduce emissions, one based on commitments made in the \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paris Agreement \u003c/a>on climate three years ago, and two that range somewhere in the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the most extreme climate change scenario, the study found that the collective average temperature of all the national parks could rise between 9 and 13 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abiding by the Paris Agreement could limit this rise to between roughly 2 to 6 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under both scenarios, projected temperature increases are greatest in Alaska’s national parks, while rainfall decreases most in the Virgin Islands and the southwestern U.S.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers hope that the maps can aid park officials in developing stronger measures to protect endangered species and park resources from the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results show that reducing pollution from human resources can save parks from the most extreme heat,” says Gonzalez. “Compared to the highest emissions scenario, a scenario of adhering to the Paris Agreement would lower the rate of heating in parks by two-thirds by the end of the century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, he says, only underscore the National Park Service’s mandate of protecting parks for future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data can point parks in the direction of conserving the most vulnerable places or potential \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS713US713&ei=Ed2qW-BnsdL0A8-AiagF&q=refugia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refugia\u003c/a>, which are stable places that might provide shelter to plant and animal species,” he says. “The future of these national parks is in our hands.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Sea Level Rise Will Cause Increasing Disruption at U.S. Airports",
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"content": "\u003cp>From the ramp tower 120 feet above the runway, it’s clear Philadelphia International Airport is surrounded by water. There is wetland, a network of creeks, and just a couple hundred yards away, the tidal Delaware River leading out to the Bay. As with many airports, the original idea was to build on a large tract of land convenient to a city, but far enough away from homes and tall buildings. Often, that meant coastal wetlands and landfill.[contextly_sidebar id=”U29eft1fiVfzwfT2TqSQvPyQpkUQkBuq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, such airports are threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/transportation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A federal report\u003c/a> lists Philadelphia International as one of 13 major U.S. airports that have at least one runway within 12 feet of current sea levels. There are many\u003ca href=\"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2018/09/07/500429.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> more\u003c/a> at risk around the world, and some have already faced flight disruptions or closure from storms and floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists, city planners and engineers say that will become more common as sea levels rise, storm surge and intense rain events worsen, and — in some areas — the land slowly sinks. Increasingly, it won’t take a major tropical storm to shut down an airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Superstorm Sandy spilled more than 100 million gallons of seawater into New York City’s LaGuardia airport, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/laguardia-to-get-37-5m-in-storm-protection-aid-1.6451288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shutting it down\u003c/a> for three days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we got hit by that, we could have flooding on some of our taxiways or runways,” says Ray Scheinfeld, who’s in charge of preparing for rising sea levels at Philadelphia International. “We could have problems with some of our infrastructure.”[contextly_sidebar id=”oU3nap8iRyiUm0Bd9PsEfnZNpJUHbBIp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheinfeld says if an airport shuts down, that not only leaves passengers stranded but also prevents delivery of crucial items like medicine or emergency services. It could cost millions of dollars in revenue for the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to the risk in Philadelphia, some of the most critical infrastructure is 15 feet underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, a storm flooded a tunnel serving one terminal with three feet of water, shutting down baggage conveyor belts and inundating an electric substation. It knocked out all power, and resulted in about 12 canceled flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, the airport installed stackable aluminum barriers that seal the doors to the substation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know a storm is coming or there’s a potential problem, we can insert those,” says Scheinfeld, “and protect probably up to about 40 inches above the floor level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheinfeld says new facilities built at the airport will also incorporate future sea level rise. “We may put additional fill into a particular area,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Airports across the country are working to solve the same problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.massport.com/media/2774/massport-annual-sustainability-and-resiliency-report-2018_lr.pdf\">Boston’s Logan airport \u003c/a>has \u003ca href=\"https://airportimprovement.com/article/logan-intl-heeds-warnings-prepares-potential-flooding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raised its electrical equipment\u003c/a> and purchased new flood barriers. San Francisco’s airport has runways that jut out into the bay. It’s already installed concrete berms and walls and is \u003ca href=\"http://www.adaptingtorisingtides.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/SFO_SanBruno_Colma-Resiliency-FINAL_Rpt_150820.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">working with the Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> to do more.[contextly_sidebar id=”EP2tDLEXpOAirOBxNpi4QYVBaFAJ5u2n”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Freudenberg has \u003ca href=\"http://library.rpa.org/pdf/RPA-Upgrading-to-World-Class-Revisited.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studied\u003c/a> climate impacts on New York area airports for the Regional Plan Association. He says solutions don’t come easy or cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about airports on the edge of the sea, the most likely thing you would think to do is build a higher wall around that airport,” he says. “But there is a point at which you can’t build a wall so high that an airplane couldn’t clear it. So this is a tricky thing with airports.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freudenberg says the problem will only get worse as the planet continues to warm and seas keep rising. In a few decades, he expects some airports may even be underwater and in need of a new home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coastal flooding isn’t the only climate-related problem for airports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/20/533662790/its-too-hot-for-some-planes-to-fly-in-phoenix\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grounded\u003c/a> planes in Phoenix. Melinda Pagliarello, of the Airports Council International North America, also cites warmer temperatures that lead to reduced snowfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When an airport that used to get x number of feet of snow, but now is getting the equivalent in rain,” she says, “that is in some cases overwhelming or challenging the existing drainage system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all that increased wetness can have another impact, this one somewhat icky. “Worms are infesting the runways,” Pagliarello says, making them slippery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes to us from StateImpact Pennsylvania, a public media collaboration covering Pennsylvania’s energy economy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 WHYY. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://whyy.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WHYY\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Airports+At+Water%27s+Edge+Battle+Rising+Sea+Levels&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From the ramp tower 120 feet above the runway, it’s clear Philadelphia International Airport is surrounded by water. There is wetland, a network of creeks, and just a couple hundred yards away, the tidal Delaware River leading out to the Bay. As with many airports, the original idea was to build on a large tract of land convenient to a city, but far enough away from homes and tall buildings. Often, that meant coastal wetlands and landfill.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, such airports are threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/transportation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A federal report\u003c/a> lists Philadelphia International as one of 13 major U.S. airports that have at least one runway within 12 feet of current sea levels. There are many\u003ca href=\"https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2018/09/07/500429.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> more\u003c/a> at risk around the world, and some have already faced flight disruptions or closure from storms and floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists, city planners and engineers say that will become more common as sea levels rise, storm surge and intense rain events worsen, and — in some areas — the land slowly sinks. Increasingly, it won’t take a major tropical storm to shut down an airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Superstorm Sandy spilled more than 100 million gallons of seawater into New York City’s LaGuardia airport, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/laguardia-to-get-37-5m-in-storm-protection-aid-1.6451288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shutting it down\u003c/a> for three days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we got hit by that, we could have flooding on some of our taxiways or runways,” says Ray Scheinfeld, who’s in charge of preparing for rising sea levels at Philadelphia International. “We could have problems with some of our infrastructure.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheinfeld says if an airport shuts down, that not only leaves passengers stranded but also prevents delivery of crucial items like medicine or emergency services. It could cost millions of dollars in revenue for the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to the risk in Philadelphia, some of the most critical infrastructure is 15 feet underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, a storm flooded a tunnel serving one terminal with three feet of water, shutting down baggage conveyor belts and inundating an electric substation. It knocked out all power, and resulted in about 12 canceled flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, the airport installed stackable aluminum barriers that seal the doors to the substation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know a storm is coming or there’s a potential problem, we can insert those,” says Scheinfeld, “and protect probably up to about 40 inches above the floor level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scheinfeld says new facilities built at the airport will also incorporate future sea level rise. “We may put additional fill into a particular area,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Airports across the country are working to solve the same problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.massport.com/media/2774/massport-annual-sustainability-and-resiliency-report-2018_lr.pdf\">Boston’s Logan airport \u003c/a>has \u003ca href=\"https://airportimprovement.com/article/logan-intl-heeds-warnings-prepares-potential-flooding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raised its electrical equipment\u003c/a> and purchased new flood barriers. San Francisco’s airport has runways that jut out into the bay. It’s already installed concrete berms and walls and is \u003ca href=\"http://www.adaptingtorisingtides.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/SFO_SanBruno_Colma-Resiliency-FINAL_Rpt_150820.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">working with the Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> to do more.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Freudenberg has \u003ca href=\"http://library.rpa.org/pdf/RPA-Upgrading-to-World-Class-Revisited.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studied\u003c/a> climate impacts on New York area airports for the Regional Plan Association. He says solutions don’t come easy or cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about airports on the edge of the sea, the most likely thing you would think to do is build a higher wall around that airport,” he says. “But there is a point at which you can’t build a wall so high that an airplane couldn’t clear it. So this is a tricky thing with airports.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freudenberg says the problem will only get worse as the planet continues to warm and seas keep rising. In a few decades, he expects some airports may even be underwater and in need of a new home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coastal flooding isn’t the only climate-related problem for airports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/20/533662790/its-too-hot-for-some-planes-to-fly-in-phoenix\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grounded\u003c/a> planes in Phoenix. Melinda Pagliarello, of the Airports Council International North America, also cites warmer temperatures that lead to reduced snowfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When an airport that used to get x number of feet of snow, but now is getting the equivalent in rain,” she says, “that is in some cases overwhelming or challenging the existing drainage system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all that increased wetness can have another impact, this one somewhat icky. “Worms are infesting the runways,” Pagliarello says, making them slippery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes to us from StateImpact Pennsylvania, a public media collaboration covering Pennsylvania’s energy economy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 WHYY. 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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]As California enters the winter rainy season, at least one transplant won’t be disappointed to see a change in the weather. West Coast rain is just fine for the house centipede, a guest from the Mediterranean that favors the dark, humid corners of people’s homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not to be confused with their herbivorous cousins the millipedes, centipedes are aggressive predators that use venom to subdue their prey. Even though they are often targeted for pest control, centipedes are some of nature’s best exterminators, emerging by night from their crevices to feed on cockroaches, flies, bedbugs, crickets, spiders and snails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931377\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1931377 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">House centipedes live in the dark, moist corners of people’s homes. \u003ccite>(Kevin Collins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Everyone thinks they bite,” said Orin McMonigle, author of the book “Centipedes in Captivity.” “But I’ve held them in my hand a million times and they’ve never bitten me. They can’t get through your skin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recognizable for their striking (some might say, repulsive) starburst-like shape, house centipedes have far fewer than the 100 legs their name suggests. They’re born with a modest eight, a count that grows to 30 as they reach adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The house centipede’s legs get progressively longer toward the rear, which creates its characteristic outline and keeps them from getting tangled when they are running fast. And they can run fast — about 16 inches a second, which is pound for pound about the same as a human running 42 mph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931378\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1931378\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517_cent_on_white_walksthru_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The house centipede’s legs coordinate to avoid getting tangled when it runs. \u003ccite>(Kevin Collins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If 30 legs sound like more than one critter really needs — perhaps it is. Over the last 450 million years or so, when centipedes split off from other arthropods, evolution has turned some of those walking limbs into other useful and versatile tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically arthropods are Swiss army knives,” said Greg Edgecombe, a paleontologist who specializes in centipedes at the Natural History Museum, London. “They differentiate the legs for different functions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it hunts, for example, the house centipede uses its legs as a rope to restrain prey in a tactic called “lassoing.” The tip of each leg is so finely segmented and flexible that it can coil around its victim to prevent escape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931384\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1931384 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517_cent_catches_cricket_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A house centipede catches its prey, like this cricket, with its ropelike legs. \u003ccite>(Kevin Collins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The centipede’s venom-injecting fangs, called forciples, are also modified legs. Though shorter and thicker than the walking limbs, they are multijointed , which makes them far more dexterous than the fangs of insects and spiders, which hinge in only one plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this dexterity, the centipede’s forciples not only inject venom, but also hold prey in place while the centipede feeds. Then they take a turn as a grooming tool. The centipede passes its legs through the forciples to clean and lubricate their sensory hairs. “All those hairs need to be kept clean, so they groom pretty regularly,” said Edgecombe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’re methodical about it. “They groom down one side of the body and then the other,” he added. “When you interrupt them, they pick up where they left off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research from scientists in Germany has identified another way the house centipede may be repurposing some of its many limbs, this time at the other end of the body. The research focuses on the critter’s hindmost legs, which rival its frontal antennae in length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931380\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1931380\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A house centipede grooms its leg with its forciples. \u003ccite>(Kevin Collins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long noticed that because of their length and the fact that the centipede holds them aloft when it walks, these back legs give the appearance of a second pair of antennae. The house centipede looks like it has two heads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In evolution, when an animal imitates itself, it’s called automimicry. Automimicry occurs in some fish, birds and butterflies, and usually serves to divert predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research suggests that’s not the whole story with the house centipede. When Andy Sombke and Matthes Kenning from the University of Greifswald turned an electron microscope on the centipede’s legs, they found as many sensory hairs, or sensilla, on them as on the antennae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We asked whether these legs represented some kind of antennae at the back or the end of the body,” said Sombke by email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931382\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1931382\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The house centipede’s back legs rival its front antennae in length. \u003ccite>(Kevin Collins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The presence of so many sensory hairs suggests the centipede’s long back legs are not merely dummies used in a defensive ploy but serve a special function, possibly in mate selection. During courtship, both the male and female house centipede slowly raise and lower their antennae and back legs, followed by mutual tapping and probing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do this whole ritual dance,” said Randy Mercurio, who runs Centipede Venom Pharm, a North Carolina-based firm that cultivates the venom of centipedes for scientific and medical research. The pairing is difficult to observe, he notes, because house centipedes are highly cannibalistic. His advice to anyone attempting to mate them: “Make sure they’re well fed.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>As California enters the winter rainy season, at least one transplant won’t be disappointed to see a change in the weather. West Coast rain is just fine for the house centipede, a guest from the Mediterranean that favors the dark, humid corners of people’s homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not to be confused with their herbivorous cousins the millipedes, centipedes are aggressive predators that use venom to subdue their prey. Even though they are often targeted for pest control, centipedes are some of nature’s best exterminators, emerging by night from their crevices to feed on cockroaches, flies, bedbugs, crickets, spiders and snails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931377\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1931377 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-wider-purple-legs-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">House centipedes live in the dark, moist corners of people’s homes. \u003ccite>(Kevin Collins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Everyone thinks they bite,” said Orin McMonigle, author of the book “Centipedes in Captivity.” “But I’ve held them in my hand a million times and they’ve never bitten me. They can’t get through your skin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recognizable for their striking (some might say, repulsive) starburst-like shape, house centipedes have far fewer than the 100 legs their name suggests. They’re born with a modest eight, a count that grows to 30 as they reach adulthood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The house centipede’s legs get progressively longer toward the rear, which creates its characteristic outline and keeps them from getting tangled when they are running fast. And they can run fast — about 16 inches a second, which is pound for pound about the same as a human running 42 mph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931378\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1931378\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517_cent_on_white_walksthru_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The house centipede’s legs coordinate to avoid getting tangled when it runs. \u003ccite>(Kevin Collins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If 30 legs sound like more than one critter really needs — perhaps it is. Over the last 450 million years or so, when centipedes split off from other arthropods, evolution has turned some of those walking limbs into other useful and versatile tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically arthropods are Swiss army knives,” said Greg Edgecombe, a paleontologist who specializes in centipedes at the Natural History Museum, London. “They differentiate the legs for different functions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it hunts, for example, the house centipede uses its legs as a rope to restrain prey in a tactic called “lassoing.” The tip of each leg is so finely segmented and flexible that it can coil around its victim to prevent escape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931384\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1931384 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517_cent_catches_cricket_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A house centipede catches its prey, like this cricket, with its ropelike legs. \u003ccite>(Kevin Collins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The centipede’s venom-injecting fangs, called forciples, are also modified legs. Though shorter and thicker than the walking limbs, they are multijointed , which makes them far more dexterous than the fangs of insects and spiders, which hinge in only one plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this dexterity, the centipede’s forciples not only inject venom, but also hold prey in place while the centipede feeds. Then they take a turn as a grooming tool. The centipede passes its legs through the forciples to clean and lubricate their sensory hairs. “All those hairs need to be kept clean, so they groom pretty regularly,” said Edgecombe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’re methodical about it. “They groom down one side of the body and then the other,” he added. “When you interrupt them, they pick up where they left off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research from scientists in Germany has identified another way the house centipede may be repurposing some of its many limbs, this time at the other end of the body. The research focuses on the critter’s hindmost legs, which rival its frontal antennae in length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931380\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1931380\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-underside-leg-groom-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A house centipede grooms its leg with its forciples. \u003ccite>(Kevin Collins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long noticed that because of their length and the fact that the centipede holds them aloft when it walks, these back legs give the appearance of a second pair of antennae. The house centipede looks like it has two heads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In evolution, when an animal imitates itself, it’s called automimicry. Automimicry occurs in some fish, birds and butterflies, and usually serves to divert predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research suggests that’s not the whole story with the house centipede. When Andy Sombke and Matthes Kenning from the University of Greifswald turned an electron microscope on the centipede’s legs, they found as many sensory hairs, or sensilla, on them as on the antennae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We asked whether these legs represented some kind of antennae at the back or the end of the body,” said Sombke by email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931382\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1931382\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/DL517-centipede-back-legs-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The house centipede’s back legs rival its front antennae in length. \u003ccite>(Kevin Collins)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The presence of so many sensory hairs suggests the centipede’s long back legs are not merely dummies used in a defensive ploy but serve a special function, possibly in mate selection. During courtship, both the male and female house centipede slowly raise and lower their antennae and back legs, followed by mutual tapping and probing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do this whole ritual dance,” said Randy Mercurio, who runs Centipede Venom Pharm, a North Carolina-based firm that cultivates the venom of centipedes for scientific and medical research. The pairing is difficult to observe, he notes, because house centipedes are highly cannibalistic. His advice to anyone attempting to mate them: “Make sure they’re well fed.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Tracing the Causes of California’s Worst Wildfires",
"headTitle": "Tracing the Causes of California’s Worst Wildfires | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California officials quickly determined an arsonist started last month’s huge wildfire southeast of Los Angeles, and that two weeks earlier sparks from a vehicle produced a deadly wildfire in the far northern part of the state.[contextly_sidebar id=”x9SVs9J5Md3sNK5CZuctRNYzzcoR5sxD”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But causes for many of California’s worst blazes of the past decade remain a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press reviewed state data on the 10 largest wildfires and 10 most destructive in terms of homes and buildings burned for each year dating to 2008. Lightning was the most common cause, accounting for about a quarter of those fires, followed by incidents involving power lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, investigators could not determine a cause for about a third of those fires. Experts say each is a missed opportunity to learn something new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t know what causes a fire, we don’t know how to prevent them,” said Carrie Bilbao, a spokeswoman for the National Interagency Fire Center who investigated wildfires in Idaho for 26 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1931687\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/800-2.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"556\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/800-2.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/800-2-160x111.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/800-2-768x534.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/800-2-240x167.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/800-2-375x261.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/800-2-520x361.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding the trigger aids criminal prosecutions and helps determine liability. It also guides campaigns to change behavior, like avoiding mowing on hot afternoons when fire threat is high. And it leads to safety enhancements, like sleeves on power lines, which came about when it was determined that falling tree branches and birds cause sparks when they hit unprotected electrical wires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s estimated human activity — from untended campfires to sparks from vehicles — causes more than 80 percent of all wildfires in the United States, according to the National Interagency Fire Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far in 2018, wildfires have scorched more than 2,000 square miles (5,180 square kilometers) in California. More than 2,000 homes and buildings have been destroyed, and at least 11 people killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mendocino Complex Fire that burned for nearly two months, killing one firefighter and destroying more than 150 homes, is the largest ever recorded in the state at 720 square miles (1,865 square kilometers), an area more than twice the size of New York City. No cause has been determined yet, nor has one been pinpointed for the Ferguson Fire, which prompted the closure of much of Yosemite National Park.[contextly_sidebar id=”ht3ccnGCMhE9MnKWGfNiADaxgb6dja0r”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Holy Fire, southeast of Los Angeles, was quickly determined to be arson. Authorities say the suspect was motivated by a feud with his neighbors in the Cleveland National Forest. The fire prompted evacuation orders for 20,000 people and nearly burned through the community of Lake Elsinore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arson was pegged as the cause for only five of California’s most destructive or largest fires of the last decade, according to state records, though officials say the true number likely is much higher. That’s because for arson to be the cause, no other possibility can exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, for example, even if investigators believe an arsonist was responsible for a fire next to a rail line, they may leave the cause undetermined because they can’t rule out a spark from a passing train.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding causes that can lead to preventive measures has become more urgent in drought-plagued California. Even as climate change extends the fire season and feeds record-breaking infernos, more homes are being built in rugged areas where fire danger is high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three times as much acreage has burned so far this year in California as last year, which produced the Tubbs Fire that was the most destructive in recorded state history and the Thomas Fire that, until this year, was the largest ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the most dangerous months for California wildfires are still to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Carr Fire, the deadliest so far this year with eight fatalities, started in July with a spark from a vehicle. Whipped by winds, the flames exploded into Redding, the largest city in far Northern California. More than 1,000 homes were destroyed.[contextly_sidebar id=”W46QqhdbxLoat50CyyG3OstxHgZm0r5B”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The driver immediately reported the fire so there was no mystery about how it started. Such quick confirmation is unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trying to investigate any kind of fire is almost like trying to investigate a murder — except most of your evidence has been destroyed, and everything around it has been destroyed, by fire,” said Lynne Tolmachoff, spokeswoman for the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If lightning maps show no activity in a burn area, the assumption is it was started by humans, and fire investigators immediately head to the spot to cordon it off and protect evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a painstaking process, even when fires are small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators look at how the vegetation is flattened to determine where the flames originated and track it to the ignition point — usually the coldest spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are challenges, especially if the fire occurred along a road or other heavily trafficked area. Crews fighting fires can inadvertently wipe out key clues, like carbon particles from a car backfiring or pieces of porcelain from an exploded catalytic converter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cellphone photos and videos from witnesses help investigators. Drones provide aerial views of a point of ignition, showing burn patterns and strike marks on power lines, which are hard to see from the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But often it comes down to two possible causes, which results in the cause being declared undetermined and the case being closed unless new evidence appears. Tolmachoff can’t recall an investigation to determine a cause ever reopening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s Tubbs and Thomas fires still are under investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tubbs, in wine country north of San Francisco, destroyed nearly 5,700 structures and killed 22 people. Thomas, in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, killed two people and destroyed more than 1,000 buildings. A month later, heavy rains fell on hills denuded by the fire, unleashing mudslides that killed 21 and left two others missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawsuits seeking billions in damages have been filed. Concern that California’s largest utility, Pacific Gas & Electric Co., would go bankrupt if it’s found at fault for the Tubbs Fire prompted the Legislature to pass a bill allowing the company to raise utility bills to pay off lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California officials quickly determined an arsonist started last month’s huge wildfire southeast of Los Angeles, and that two weeks earlier sparks from a vehicle produced a deadly wildfire in the far northern part of the state.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But causes for many of California’s worst blazes of the past decade remain a mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press reviewed state data on the 10 largest wildfires and 10 most destructive in terms of homes and buildings burned for each year dating to 2008. Lightning was the most common cause, accounting for about a quarter of those fires, followed by incidents involving power lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, investigators could not determine a cause for about a third of those fires. Experts say each is a missed opportunity to learn something new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t know what causes a fire, we don’t know how to prevent them,” said Carrie Bilbao, a spokeswoman for the National Interagency Fire Center who investigated wildfires in Idaho for 26 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1931687\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/800-2.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"556\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/800-2.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/800-2-160x111.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/800-2-768x534.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/800-2-240x167.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/800-2-375x261.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/800-2-520x361.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding the trigger aids criminal prosecutions and helps determine liability. It also guides campaigns to change behavior, like avoiding mowing on hot afternoons when fire threat is high. And it leads to safety enhancements, like sleeves on power lines, which came about when it was determined that falling tree branches and birds cause sparks when they hit unprotected electrical wires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s estimated human activity — from untended campfires to sparks from vehicles — causes more than 80 percent of all wildfires in the United States, according to the National Interagency Fire Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far in 2018, wildfires have scorched more than 2,000 square miles (5,180 square kilometers) in California. More than 2,000 homes and buildings have been destroyed, and at least 11 people killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mendocino Complex Fire that burned for nearly two months, killing one firefighter and destroying more than 150 homes, is the largest ever recorded in the state at 720 square miles (1,865 square kilometers), an area more than twice the size of New York City. No cause has been determined yet, nor has one been pinpointed for the Ferguson Fire, which prompted the closure of much of Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Holy Fire, southeast of Los Angeles, was quickly determined to be arson. Authorities say the suspect was motivated by a feud with his neighbors in the Cleveland National Forest. The fire prompted evacuation orders for 20,000 people and nearly burned through the community of Lake Elsinore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arson was pegged as the cause for only five of California’s most destructive or largest fires of the last decade, according to state records, though officials say the true number likely is much higher. That’s because for arson to be the cause, no other possibility can exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, for example, even if investigators believe an arsonist was responsible for a fire next to a rail line, they may leave the cause undetermined because they can’t rule out a spark from a passing train.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding causes that can lead to preventive measures has become more urgent in drought-plagued California. Even as climate change extends the fire season and feeds record-breaking infernos, more homes are being built in rugged areas where fire danger is high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three times as much acreage has burned so far this year in California as last year, which produced the Tubbs Fire that was the most destructive in recorded state history and the Thomas Fire that, until this year, was the largest ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the most dangerous months for California wildfires are still to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Carr Fire, the deadliest so far this year with eight fatalities, started in July with a spark from a vehicle. Whipped by winds, the flames exploded into Redding, the largest city in far Northern California. More than 1,000 homes were destroyed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The driver immediately reported the fire so there was no mystery about how it started. Such quick confirmation is unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trying to investigate any kind of fire is almost like trying to investigate a murder — except most of your evidence has been destroyed, and everything around it has been destroyed, by fire,” said Lynne Tolmachoff, spokeswoman for the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If lightning maps show no activity in a burn area, the assumption is it was started by humans, and fire investigators immediately head to the spot to cordon it off and protect evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a painstaking process, even when fires are small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators look at how the vegetation is flattened to determine where the flames originated and track it to the ignition point — usually the coldest spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are challenges, especially if the fire occurred along a road or other heavily trafficked area. Crews fighting fires can inadvertently wipe out key clues, like carbon particles from a car backfiring or pieces of porcelain from an exploded catalytic converter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cellphone photos and videos from witnesses help investigators. Drones provide aerial views of a point of ignition, showing burn patterns and strike marks on power lines, which are hard to see from the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But often it comes down to two possible causes, which results in the cause being declared undetermined and the case being closed unless new evidence appears. Tolmachoff can’t recall an investigation to determine a cause ever reopening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s Tubbs and Thomas fires still are under investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tubbs, in wine country north of San Francisco, destroyed nearly 5,700 structures and killed 22 people. Thomas, in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, killed two people and destroyed more than 1,000 buildings. A month later, heavy rains fell on hills denuded by the fire, unleashing mudslides that killed 21 and left two others missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawsuits seeking billions in damages have been filed. Concern that California’s largest utility, Pacific Gas & Electric Co., would go bankrupt if it’s found at fault for the Tubbs Fire prompted the Legislature to pass a bill allowing the company to raise utility bills to pay off lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, who has made climate preparedness a linchpin of his administration, issued a bold \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/9.10.18-Executive-Order.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive order\u003c/a> during the recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931186/live-blog-bringing-you-the-global-climate-action-summit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Action Summit\u003c/a> in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">‘I mean, if we’re talking about taking emissions out of driving, that sounds like doing away with the combustion engine.’ \n\u003cp>‘Well, exactly.’\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Brown is calling for the entire California economy to become carbon-neutral by 2045. That would mean deploying a combination of new technologies to vastly reduce the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, plus the widespread implementation of methods to capture the rest, so that the state’s net release of emissions already altering the climate in devastating ways would be zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vox energy and climate reporter David Roberts \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/9/11/17844896/california-jerry-brown-carbon-neutral-2045-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called\u003c/a> Brown’s announcement “surprising, strange, and stunning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is it doable? KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with Sally Benson, co-director of Stanford’s Precourt Institute for Energy, to find out. The following is edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The governor called for California to be carbon neutral by 2015. What does that mean? No plastic cups, no disposable diapers? Will I be able to use paper towels?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Benson:\u003c/strong> Well, if we make them exactly like we do today, the answer would probably be no. We have to find completely different ways to make a lot of the products we use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastics, for instance, come from petrochemicals — oil and gas. In the future we’re going to need to find new ways to do that. We might use \u003ca href=\"https://www.corbion.com/media/550170/corbion_whitepaper_feedstock_sourcing_11.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">biological feedstocks\u003c/a>. We have some other ideas about sophisticated chemistry that takes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, together with water and 100 percent clean energy, and synthesizes plastics. That’s a long way from now, but the seeds of those innovations are actually here today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931512/climate-summit-what-happened-and-what-it-means\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Summit: What Happened and What Does It Mean?\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But this has to apply to the whole economy, right? I mean, if we’re talking about taking emissions out of driving, that sounds like doing away with the combustion engine.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Benson:\u003c/strong> Well, exactly. So the strategy will be to electrify everything you can. And then the next thing is to address all those emissions you can’t get rid of, things like making cement and airline travel, where it’s hard to find substitutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those, we need to think about capturing the carbon dioxide that’s emitted, then sequestering it in underground formations like oil and gas reservoirs, which California’s got a lot of. We can also plant more forests and change our agricultural practices to store more carbon in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’re talking about sweeping changes across the entire landscape of how we use energy today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Just between you and me, is this realistic?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Benson: \u003c/strong>Well, I would say it’s aspirational. And also realistic. You know 100 percent is really hard, and we’re going to have to make major technological changes in order to achieve this. And no doubt, if California’s successful, we will be on the leading or perhaps bleeding edge of those kind of new technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, who has made climate preparedness a linchpin of his administration, issued a bold \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/9.10.18-Executive-Order.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive order\u003c/a> during the recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931186/live-blog-bringing-you-the-global-climate-action-summit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Action Summit\u003c/a> in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">‘I mean, if we’re talking about taking emissions out of driving, that sounds like doing away with the combustion engine.’ \n\u003cp>‘Well, exactly.’\u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Brown is calling for the entire California economy to become carbon-neutral by 2045. That would mean deploying a combination of new technologies to vastly reduce the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, plus the widespread implementation of methods to capture the rest, so that the state’s net release of emissions already altering the climate in devastating ways would be zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vox energy and climate reporter David Roberts \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/9/11/17844896/california-jerry-brown-carbon-neutral-2045-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called\u003c/a> Brown’s announcement “surprising, strange, and stunning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is it doable? KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with Sally Benson, co-director of Stanford’s Precourt Institute for Energy, to find out. The following is edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The governor called for California to be carbon neutral by 2015. What does that mean? No plastic cups, no disposable diapers? Will I be able to use paper towels?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Benson:\u003c/strong> Well, if we make them exactly like we do today, the answer would probably be no. We have to find completely different ways to make a lot of the products we use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastics, for instance, come from petrochemicals — oil and gas. In the future we’re going to need to find new ways to do that. We might use \u003ca href=\"https://www.corbion.com/media/550170/corbion_whitepaper_feedstock_sourcing_11.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">biological feedstocks\u003c/a>. We have some other ideas about sophisticated chemistry that takes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, together with water and 100 percent clean energy, and synthesizes plastics. That’s a long way from now, but the seeds of those innovations are actually here today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931512/climate-summit-what-happened-and-what-it-means\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Summit: What Happened and What Does It Mean?\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But this has to apply to the whole economy, right? I mean, if we’re talking about taking emissions out of driving, that sounds like doing away with the combustion engine.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Benson:\u003c/strong> Well, exactly. So the strategy will be to electrify everything you can. And then the next thing is to address all those emissions you can’t get rid of, things like making cement and airline travel, where it’s hard to find substitutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those, we need to think about capturing the carbon dioxide that’s emitted, then sequestering it in underground formations like oil and gas reservoirs, which California’s got a lot of. We can also plant more forests and change our agricultural practices to store more carbon in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’re talking about sweeping changes across the entire landscape of how we use energy today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Just between you and me, is this realistic?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Benson: \u003c/strong>Well, I would say it’s aspirational. And also realistic. You know 100 percent is really hard, and we’re going to have to make major technological changes in order to achieve this. And no doubt, if California’s successful, we will be on the leading or perhaps bleeding edge of those kind of new technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Octopuses Got High On Molly. Here’s What Happened Next",
"headTitle": "Octopuses Got High On Molly. Here’s What Happened Next | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>One day in a lab, scientists gave MDMA to four octopuses. Do not try this at home.[contextly_sidebar id=”7hZ0uH2A1fCX3JloyuehbESNhhtXdF8s”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After putting the eight-legged sea creatures in beakers filled with dissolved ecstasy, scientists learned that the octopuses, known for their anti-social behavior, become more touchy-feely. This reaction suggests an evolutionary link between humans and octopuses through their social behavior, the scientists said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They reported their findings Thursday in \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)30991-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Current Biology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Octopus intelligence rivals many mammals, and octopuses are the most behaviorally advanced invertebrates. Octopuses can complete mazes and escape from aquariums, but scientists previously believed that these cephalopods lack the social behaviors that often come in species with greater smarts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the new study shows octopuses can exhibit similar social behaviors as humans with a little push from ecstasy, despite drastic differences in their brains. If combined in the future with gene sequencing, the research may reveal the evolution of social behavior across species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans and octopuses diverged evolutionarily 500 million years ago, and a lot has changed since. Besides the obvious additional limbs, or tentacles, lack of spine and affinity for water, octopuses have vastly different central nervous systems compared to humans. For one, octopuses grow most their nerve cells (neurons) in their arms, and as a result, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-mind-of-an-octopus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can taste and touch things without their brains being involved\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 2015, marine biologist Eric Edsinger \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14668\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">co-discovered a surprising genetic connection\u003c/a> between octopuses and humans. Genetic sequencing revealed that octopuses and humans share a nearly identical serotonin transporter, a protein that moves the chemical messenger serotonin between neurons.[contextly_sidebar id=”qXdxbMfD69G3GbyEpMAhFkiOzPSIvrr5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serotonin transporters also mediate the psychological changes associated with taking ecstasy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were interested in the serotonin transporter because we knew that [it was] the principle binding site of MDMA,” said Gul Dolen, a neuroscientist at Johns Hopkins University who co-authored today’s study with Edsinger. “If we focused in on the parts of the protein that are really important for serotonin binding, then the similarity [between humans and octopuses] was over 95 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931628\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1931628\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-1020x720.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-960x678.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-520x367.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two-spotted Octopus, Octopus bimaculoides, portrait at Sea of Cortez, Baja California Mexico. \u003ccite>(Luis Javier Sandoval/VW Pics/UIG via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dolen and Edsinger, who works at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Massachusetts, designed a simple experiment. They gathered nine octopuses of the species Octopus bimaculoides, exposed four of the invertebrates to MDMA and watched if they became more social. They compared the behaviors of these drugged subjects to five sober octopuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wild, Octopus bimaculoides is only friendly for brief periods of time while mating. Unlike humans, lab mice and other mammals, octopuses lack a nucleus accumbens, any folded cortex whatsoever and reward circuits — parts of the brain associated with behavioral changes from drug use.[contextly_sidebar id=”gfwEw7FHGMXhH7MiIJ2VG7jW8rLqVHas”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molly seemed to change their behavior during testing. When a tripped-out octopus interacted with its caged counterpart, its caresses appeared to be more exploratory rather than aggressive. This observation mirrors the human behavior of becoming more \u003ca href=\"http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ecstasy.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">social and touchy-feely\u003c/a> after taking ecstasy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cephalopods’ unexpected reactions to the drug shocked scientists, who didn’t expect such a shift in behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I found it incredibly fascinating. It fits in very nicely with a growing idea that there are lots of genetic mechanisms for social behaviors that are conserved across the animal kingdom,” said Robert Meisel, a neuroscientist at the University of Minnesota who was not involved with the study. “You will have animals that tend to live in isolation, and by something so simple as altering a chemical in the nervous system, you can change the behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One day in a lab, scientists gave MDMA to four octopuses. Do not try this at home.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After putting the eight-legged sea creatures in beakers filled with dissolved ecstasy, scientists learned that the octopuses, known for their anti-social behavior, become more touchy-feely. This reaction suggests an evolutionary link between humans and octopuses through their social behavior, the scientists said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They reported their findings Thursday in \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)30991-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Current Biology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Octopus intelligence rivals many mammals, and octopuses are the most behaviorally advanced invertebrates. Octopuses can complete mazes and escape from aquariums, but scientists previously believed that these cephalopods lack the social behaviors that often come in species with greater smarts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the new study shows octopuses can exhibit similar social behaviors as humans with a little push from ecstasy, despite drastic differences in their brains. If combined in the future with gene sequencing, the research may reveal the evolution of social behavior across species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans and octopuses diverged evolutionarily 500 million years ago, and a lot has changed since. Besides the obvious additional limbs, or tentacles, lack of spine and affinity for water, octopuses have vastly different central nervous systems compared to humans. For one, octopuses grow most their nerve cells (neurons) in their arms, and as a result, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-mind-of-an-octopus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can taste and touch things without their brains being involved\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 2015, marine biologist Eric Edsinger \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14668\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">co-discovered a surprising genetic connection\u003c/a> between octopuses and humans. Genetic sequencing revealed that octopuses and humans share a nearly identical serotonin transporter, a protein that moves the chemical messenger serotonin between neurons.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serotonin transporters also mediate the psychological changes associated with taking ecstasy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were interested in the serotonin transporter because we knew that [it was] the principle binding site of MDMA,” said Gul Dolen, a neuroscientist at Johns Hopkins University who co-authored today’s study with Edsinger. “If we focused in on the parts of the protein that are really important for serotonin binding, then the similarity [between humans and octopuses] was over 95 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931628\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1931628\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-1020x720.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-960x678.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723-520x367.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/octopus_GettyImages-687143446-1024x723.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two-spotted Octopus, Octopus bimaculoides, portrait at Sea of Cortez, Baja California Mexico. \u003ccite>(Luis Javier Sandoval/VW Pics/UIG via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dolen and Edsinger, who works at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Massachusetts, designed a simple experiment. They gathered nine octopuses of the species Octopus bimaculoides, exposed four of the invertebrates to MDMA and watched if they became more social. They compared the behaviors of these drugged subjects to five sober octopuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wild, Octopus bimaculoides is only friendly for brief periods of time while mating. Unlike humans, lab mice and other mammals, octopuses lack a nucleus accumbens, any folded cortex whatsoever and reward circuits — parts of the brain associated with behavioral changes from drug use.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Molly seemed to change their behavior during testing. When a tripped-out octopus interacted with its caged counterpart, its caresses appeared to be more exploratory rather than aggressive. This observation mirrors the human behavior of becoming more \u003ca href=\"http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ecstasy.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">social and touchy-feely\u003c/a> after taking ecstasy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cephalopods’ unexpected reactions to the drug shocked scientists, who didn’t expect such a shift in behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I found it incredibly fascinating. It fits in very nicely with a growing idea that there are lots of genetic mechanisms for social behaviors that are conserved across the animal kingdom,” said Robert Meisel, a neuroscientist at the University of Minnesota who was not involved with the study. “You will have animals that tend to live in isolation, and by something so simple as altering a chemical in the nervous system, you can change the behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Residents in the city of Fremont face one less threat from a big earthquake today, with the opening of the new dam at the Calaveras Reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen years ago, engineers realized the 93-year-old dam could fail in a major earthquake, sending a gush of water onto nearly a quarter-million people living downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the reservoir, which sits near the Santa Clara-Alameda county line, has a new, 220-foot-high dam that can withstand a 7.2 magnitude earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1931603 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CR_V01_180920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CR_V01_180920.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CR_V01_180920-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CR_V01_180920-674x1200.jpg 674w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CR_V01_180920-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CR_V01_180920-375x668.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CR_V01_180920-520x926.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the new dam, KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with Paul Rogers, managing editor at KQED Science and environmental writer at Mercury News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brian Watt: Can you tell us why this dam needed to be done?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paul Rogers:\u003c/strong> Yeah, you know, this reservoir, Calaveras Reservoir, it kind of is hidden. It sits back in the hills behind I-680 in a rural area near the Alameda-Santa Clara County line, and it’s been there since 1925. About 15 years ago, state engineers realized it wasn’t really up to modern earthquake standards and that if a big quake happened on the Calaveras Fault, which literally runs right through the middle of the reservoir, it could break the dam and send a 30-foot-high wall of water into downtown Fremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: So when you decide to rebuild something like this, it strikes me as the kind of project that is a lot more involved than maybe you know at the outset. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absolutely. It’s like buying an old house, and you start to go into the walls and you realize there’s dry rot and all sorts of problems there. The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which owns this dam and the Hetch Hetchy System, they thought this project to replace the dam was going to be done three years ago. They thought it was going to cost $400 million. It’s ended up being three years late and costing $800 million, and it wasn’t really their fault. They found all of these ancient landslides and other just pieces of a geologic layer cake out there in the mountains when they started to dig away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1931602\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: So we’re talking about fossils? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paul Rogers:\u003c/strong> Well, there were all sorts of cool faults and things like that, which ended up being a problem for them, but there were also amazing fossils, like shark teeth from 50-foot-long megalodon sharks 20 million years ago that used to swim around here. They found 20 whale skulls. They found fossilized palm trees. All sorts of amazing stuff which is now up at the UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: Can you put this dam rebuilding in the context of all that is happening in the San Francisco Bay Area to shore up the water supply system?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure. After the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, a lot of people were really worried that we had a pretty old water system in the Bay Area, and particularly the Hetch Hetchy System, which serves 2.7 million people in four counties, that a big quake like Loma Prieta could cut off water supply to large sections of the Bay Area for up to 60 days. So the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission went to the people in 2002. There was a vote. The voters agreed to triple their water bills, essentially, and do a $5 billion upgrade, that’s billion with a B, of the water system all throughout the Bay Area. They’ve done almost all of that work. It’s more than 80 projects. They built a tunnel under the Bay to move water, they’ve upgraded not wastewater, but regular drinking water treatment plants, all sorts of cool projects, and this Calaveras project is the biggest final piece of all that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: So this sounds a little bit like going to the dentist. You don’t want to do it, it’s expensive, but you kind of know you have to do it. You have to push though it. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paul Rogers:\u003c/strong> Absolutely. You have to suffer, you have to pay the bill, and in this case, it means we’ll have a more reliable water supply for the next hundred years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Residents in the city of Fremont face one less threat from a big earthquake today, with the opening of the new dam at the Calaveras Reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen years ago, engineers realized the 93-year-old dam could fail in a major earthquake, sending a gush of water onto nearly a quarter-million people living downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the reservoir, which sits near the Santa Clara-Alameda county line, has a new, 220-foot-high dam that can withstand a 7.2 magnitude earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1931603 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CR_V01_180920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CR_V01_180920.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CR_V01_180920-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CR_V01_180920-674x1200.jpg 674w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CR_V01_180920-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CR_V01_180920-375x668.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CR_V01_180920-520x926.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the new dam, KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with Paul Rogers, managing editor at KQED Science and environmental writer at Mercury News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brian Watt: Can you tell us why this dam needed to be done?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paul Rogers:\u003c/strong> Yeah, you know, this reservoir, Calaveras Reservoir, it kind of is hidden. It sits back in the hills behind I-680 in a rural area near the Alameda-Santa Clara County line, and it’s been there since 1925. About 15 years ago, state engineers realized it wasn’t really up to modern earthquake standards and that if a big quake happened on the Calaveras Fault, which literally runs right through the middle of the reservoir, it could break the dam and send a 30-foot-high wall of water into downtown Fremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: So when you decide to rebuild something like this, it strikes me as the kind of project that is a lot more involved than maybe you know at the outset. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Absolutely. It’s like buying an old house, and you start to go into the walls and you realize there’s dry rot and all sorts of problems there. The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which owns this dam and the Hetch Hetchy System, they thought this project to replace the dam was going to be done three years ago. They thought it was going to cost $400 million. It’s ended up being three years late and costing $800 million, and it wasn’t really their fault. They found all of these ancient landslides and other just pieces of a geologic layer cake out there in the mountains when they started to dig away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1931602\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/CD01-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: So we’re talking about fossils? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paul Rogers:\u003c/strong> Well, there were all sorts of cool faults and things like that, which ended up being a problem for them, but there were also amazing fossils, like shark teeth from 50-foot-long megalodon sharks 20 million years ago that used to swim around here. They found 20 whale skulls. They found fossilized palm trees. All sorts of amazing stuff which is now up at the UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: Can you put this dam rebuilding in the context of all that is happening in the San Francisco Bay Area to shore up the water supply system?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure. After the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, a lot of people were really worried that we had a pretty old water system in the Bay Area, and particularly the Hetch Hetchy System, which serves 2.7 million people in four counties, that a big quake like Loma Prieta could cut off water supply to large sections of the Bay Area for up to 60 days. So the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission went to the people in 2002. There was a vote. The voters agreed to triple their water bills, essentially, and do a $5 billion upgrade, that’s billion with a B, of the water system all throughout the Bay Area. They’ve done almost all of that work. It’s more than 80 projects. They built a tunnel under the Bay to move water, they’ve upgraded not wastewater, but regular drinking water treatment plants, all sorts of cool projects, and this Calaveras project is the biggest final piece of all that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: So this sounds a little bit like going to the dentist. You don’t want to do it, it’s expensive, but you kind of know you have to do it. You have to push though it. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paul Rogers:\u003c/strong> Absolutely. You have to suffer, you have to pay the bill, and in this case, it means we’ll have a more reliable water supply for the next hundred years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>People who want straws with their drinks at California restaurants will have to ask for them under a new state law.[contextly_sidebar id=”iEek4fDVi4VVJwswE90PtTMGZCTkMapL”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law signed Thursday by Gov. Jerry Brown makes California the first state to bar full-service restaurants from automatically giving out single-use plastic straws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes effect next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law doesn’t ban plastic straws outright like some cities have.\u003cbr>\nRestaurants that don’t comply will get two warnings before being fined up to $300 per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will apply only to full-service restaurants, not fast food establishments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic lawmakers who support the law call it a small step toward reducing ocean pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists called it a great step in the right direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"m-3793131304738352932gmail-p3\">\u003cspan class=\"m-3793131304738352932gmail-s1\">“Nothing we use for five minutes should end up polluting our environment for thousands of years,” said Dan Jacobson, Director Environment California. “The time to take action on this persistent problem is NOW.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics argue California’s new law is government overreach that won’t significantly improve the environment. Some say restricting straws hurts disabled people who rely on them.[contextly_sidebar id=”ePW4SKv9i7JxdrSpWRvEjMKKOENsBnwN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, Republican Assemblywoman Melissa Melendez of Lake Elsinore said she doesn’t believe the move will reduce pollution but will punish restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"src-routes-Site-routes-Post-components-Post-___Post__post_Body___Bkfwv\">\n\u003cp>The restaurant industry doesn’t oppose the measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Coastal Commission \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-plastic-straw-limits-california-20180823-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has recorded roughly\u003c/a> 835,000 straws and stirrers picked up between 1988 and 2014 during beach cleanups.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"src-routes-Site-routes-Post-components-Post-___Post__post_Body___Bkfwv\">\n\u003cp>Plastic can take up to \u003ca href=\"https://www.des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wmb/coastal/trash/documents/marine_debris.pdf\">500 years\u003c/a> to decompose and leaks toxins into the soil and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Amel Ahmed contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>People who want straws with their drinks at California restaurants will have to ask for them under a new state law.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law signed Thursday by Gov. Jerry Brown makes California the first state to bar full-service restaurants from automatically giving out single-use plastic straws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes effect next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law doesn’t ban plastic straws outright like some cities have.\u003cbr>\nRestaurants that don’t comply will get two warnings before being fined up to $300 per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will apply only to full-service restaurants, not fast food establishments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic lawmakers who support the law call it a small step toward reducing ocean pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists called it a great step in the right direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"m-3793131304738352932gmail-p3\">\u003cspan class=\"m-3793131304738352932gmail-s1\">“Nothing we use for five minutes should end up polluting our environment for thousands of years,” said Dan Jacobson, Director Environment California. “The time to take action on this persistent problem is NOW.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics argue California’s new law is government overreach that won’t significantly improve the environment. Some say restricting straws hurts disabled people who rely on them.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, Republican Assemblywoman Melissa Melendez of Lake Elsinore said she doesn’t believe the move will reduce pollution but will punish restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"src-routes-Site-routes-Post-components-Post-___Post__post_Body___Bkfwv\">\n\u003cp>The restaurant industry doesn’t oppose the measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Coastal Commission \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-plastic-straw-limits-california-20180823-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has recorded roughly\u003c/a> 835,000 straws and stirrers picked up between 1988 and 2014 during beach cleanups.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"src-routes-Site-routes-Post-components-Post-___Post__post_Body___Bkfwv\">\n\u003cp>Plastic can take up to \u003ca href=\"https://www.des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wmb/coastal/trash/documents/marine_debris.pdf\">500 years\u003c/a> to decompose and leaks toxins into the soil and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Amel Ahmed contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A staple of summer — swarms of bugs — seems to be a thing of the past. And that’s got scientists worried.[contextly_sidebar id=”YLtJOQexW1eUFGytcsxLq3t33TBgqDGv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pesky mosquitoes, disease-carrying ticks, crop-munching aphids and cockroaches are doing just fine. But the more beneficial flying insects of summer — native bees, moths, butterflies, ladybugs, lovebugs, mayflies and fireflies — appear to be less abundant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists think something is amiss, but they can’t be certain: In the past, they didn’t systematically count the population of flying insects, so they can’t make a proper comparison to today. Nevertheless, they’re pretty sure across the globe there are fewer insects that are crucial to as much as 80 percent of what we eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, some insects are pests. But they also pollinate plants, are a key link in the food chain and help decompose life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have total ecosystem collapse if you lose your insects. How much worse can it get than that?” said University of Delaware entomologist Doug Tallamy. If they disappeared, “the world would start to rot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted Harvard biologist E.O. Wilson once \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.washington.edu/timbillo/Readings%20and%20documents/ABRIDGED%20READINGS%20for%20PERU/Wilson_1987_Little_things_that_run.pdf\">called\u003c/a> bugs: “The little things that run the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 89-year-old Wilson recalled that he once frolicked in a “Washington alive with insects, especially butterflies.” Now, “the flying insects are virtually gone.”[contextly_sidebar id=”LSRgkXpBDpPe50NnXtdj5Xd0619N8RGS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It hit home last year when he drove from suburban Boston to Vermont and decided to count how many bugs hit his windshield. The result: A single moth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Windshield Test \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The un-scientific experiment is called the windshield test. Wilson recommends everyday people do it themselves to see. Baby Boomers will probably notice the difference, Tallamy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several scientists have conducted their own tests with windshields, car grilles and headlights, and most notice few squashed bugs. Researchers are quick to point out that such exercises aren’t good scientific experiments, since they don’t include control groups or make comparisons with past results. (Today’s cars also are more aerodynamic, so bugs are more likely to slip past them and live to buzz about it.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"DFPSlot\">\n\u003cp>Still, there are signs of decline. Research has shown dwindling individual species in specific places, including lightning bugs, moths and bumblebees. One \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6047-2_10\">study\u003c/a>estimated a 14 percent decline in ladybugs in the United States and Canada from 1987 to 2006. University of Florida urban entomologist Philip Koehler said he’s seen a recent decrease in lovebugs — insects that fly connected and coated Florida’s windshields in the 1970s and 1980s. This year, he said, “was kind of disappointing, I thought.”[contextly_sidebar id=”CzcPMRuNuWgdNE0HSt5GPGJd8zg4vFrL”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Nevada, Reno, researcher Lee Dyer and his colleagues have been looking at insects at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica since 1991. There’s a big insect trap sheet under black light that decades ago would be covered with bugs. Now, “there’s no insects on that sheet,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s not much research looking at all flying insects in big areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Evidence\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/href=%22http:/journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0185809&_ga=2.266632718.1476661257.1527292800-1633289002.1527292800\">study\u003c/a> that found an 82 percent mid-summer decline in the number and weight of bugs captured in traps in 63 nature preserves in Germany compared with 27 years earlier. It was one of the few, if only, broad studies. Scientists say similar comparisons can’t be done elsewhere, because similar bug counts weren’t done decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know how much we’re losing if we don’t know how much we have,” said University of Hawaii entomologist Helen Spafford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of older data makes it “unclear to what degree we’re experiencing an arthropocalypse,” said University of Illinois entomologist May Berenbaum. Individual studies aren’t convincing in themselves, “but the sheer accumulated weight of evidence seems to be shifting” to show a problem, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the German study, countries started asking if they have similar problems, said ecologist Toke Thomas Hoye of Aarhus University in Denmark. He studied flies in a few spots in remote Greenland and \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ecog.02747\">noticed\u003c/a> an 80 percent drop in numbers since 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s clearly not a German thing,” said University of Connecticut entomologist David Wagner, who has chronicled declines in moth populations in the northeastern United States. “We just need to find out how widespread the phenomenon is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Suspects \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most scientists say lots of factors, not just one, caused the apparent decline in flying insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suspects include habitat loss, insecticide use, the killing of native weeds, single-crop agriculture, invasive species, light pollution, highway traffic and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s death by a thousand cuts, and that’s really bad news,” Wagner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Tallamy, two causes stand out: Humans’ war on weeds and vast farmland planted with the same few crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeds and native plants are what bugs eat and where they live, Tallamy said. Milkweeds, crucial to the beautiful monarch butterfly, are dwindling fast. Manicured lawns in the United States are so prevalent that, added together, they are as big as New England, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those landscapes are “essentially dead zones,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Light pollution is another big problem for species such as moths and fireflies, bug experts said. Insects are attracted to brightness, where they become easy prey and expend energy they should be using to get food, Tallamy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse Barber of Boise State is in the middle of a study of fireflies and other insects at Grand Teton National Park. He said he notices a distinct connection between light pollution and dwindling populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hitting insects during the day, we’re hitting them at night,” Tallamy said. “We’re hitting them just about everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawns, light pollution and bug-massacring highway traffic are associated where people congregate. But Danish scientist Hoye found a noticeable drop in muscid flies in Greenland 300 miles (500 kilometers) from civilization. His studies linked declines to warmer temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other scientists say human-caused climate change may play a role, albeit small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Restoring Habitat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governments are trying to improve the situation. Maryland is in a three-year experiment to see if planting bee-friendly native wildflowers helps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Maryland entomology researcher Lisa Kuder says the usual close-crop “turf is basically like a desert” that doesn’t attract flying insects. She found an improvement — 70 different species and records for bees — in the areas where flowers are allowed to grow wild and natural alongside roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is that it is so close to roadways that Tallamy fears that the plants become “ecological traps where you’re drawing insects in and they’re all squashed by cars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Tallamy remains hopeful. In 2000, he moved into this rural area between Philadelphia and Baltimore and made his 10-acre patch all native plants, creating a playground for bugs. Now he has 861 species of moths and 54 species of breeding birds that feed on insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wagner, of the University of Connecticut, spends his summers teaching middle schoolers in a camp to look for insects, like he did decades ago. They have a hard time finding the cocoons he used to see regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kids I’m teaching right now are going to think that scarce insects are the rule,” Wagner said. “They’re not realizing that there could be an ecological disaster on the horizon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press video journalist Federica Narancio contributed to this report. Follow Seth Borenstein on Twitter: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/borenbears\">@borenbears\u003c/a> . His work can be found \u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/sethap\">here\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists are noticing fewer flying insects that aren't really pests, like moths and butterflies. A variety of reasons are suspected but they all lead back to what humans are doing do the environment.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A staple of summer — swarms of bugs — seems to be a thing of the past. And that’s got scientists worried.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pesky mosquitoes, disease-carrying ticks, crop-munching aphids and cockroaches are doing just fine. But the more beneficial flying insects of summer — native bees, moths, butterflies, ladybugs, lovebugs, mayflies and fireflies — appear to be less abundant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists think something is amiss, but they can’t be certain: In the past, they didn’t systematically count the population of flying insects, so they can’t make a proper comparison to today. Nevertheless, they’re pretty sure across the globe there are fewer insects that are crucial to as much as 80 percent of what we eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, some insects are pests. But they also pollinate plants, are a key link in the food chain and help decompose life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have total ecosystem collapse if you lose your insects. How much worse can it get than that?” said University of Delaware entomologist Doug Tallamy. If they disappeared, “the world would start to rot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted Harvard biologist E.O. Wilson once \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.washington.edu/timbillo/Readings%20and%20documents/ABRIDGED%20READINGS%20for%20PERU/Wilson_1987_Little_things_that_run.pdf\">called\u003c/a> bugs: “The little things that run the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 89-year-old Wilson recalled that he once frolicked in a “Washington alive with insects, especially butterflies.” Now, “the flying insects are virtually gone.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It hit home last year when he drove from suburban Boston to Vermont and decided to count how many bugs hit his windshield. The result: A single moth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Windshield Test \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The un-scientific experiment is called the windshield test. Wilson recommends everyday people do it themselves to see. Baby Boomers will probably notice the difference, Tallamy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several scientists have conducted their own tests with windshields, car grilles and headlights, and most notice few squashed bugs. Researchers are quick to point out that such exercises aren’t good scientific experiments, since they don’t include control groups or make comparisons with past results. (Today’s cars also are more aerodynamic, so bugs are more likely to slip past them and live to buzz about it.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"DFPSlot\">\n\u003cp>Still, there are signs of decline. Research has shown dwindling individual species in specific places, including lightning bugs, moths and bumblebees. One \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6047-2_10\">study\u003c/a>estimated a 14 percent decline in ladybugs in the United States and Canada from 1987 to 2006. University of Florida urban entomologist Philip Koehler said he’s seen a recent decrease in lovebugs — insects that fly connected and coated Florida’s windshields in the 1970s and 1980s. This year, he said, “was kind of disappointing, I thought.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Nevada, Reno, researcher Lee Dyer and his colleagues have been looking at insects at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica since 1991. There’s a big insect trap sheet under black light that decades ago would be covered with bugs. Now, “there’s no insects on that sheet,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s not much research looking at all flying insects in big areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Evidence\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/href=%22http:/journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0185809&_ga=2.266632718.1476661257.1527292800-1633289002.1527292800\">study\u003c/a> that found an 82 percent mid-summer decline in the number and weight of bugs captured in traps in 63 nature preserves in Germany compared with 27 years earlier. It was one of the few, if only, broad studies. Scientists say similar comparisons can’t be done elsewhere, because similar bug counts weren’t done decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know how much we’re losing if we don’t know how much we have,” said University of Hawaii entomologist Helen Spafford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of older data makes it “unclear to what degree we’re experiencing an arthropocalypse,” said University of Illinois entomologist May Berenbaum. Individual studies aren’t convincing in themselves, “but the sheer accumulated weight of evidence seems to be shifting” to show a problem, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the German study, countries started asking if they have similar problems, said ecologist Toke Thomas Hoye of Aarhus University in Denmark. He studied flies in a few spots in remote Greenland and \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ecog.02747\">noticed\u003c/a> an 80 percent drop in numbers since 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s clearly not a German thing,” said University of Connecticut entomologist David Wagner, who has chronicled declines in moth populations in the northeastern United States. “We just need to find out how widespread the phenomenon is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Suspects \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most scientists say lots of factors, not just one, caused the apparent decline in flying insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suspects include habitat loss, insecticide use, the killing of native weeds, single-crop agriculture, invasive species, light pollution, highway traffic and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s death by a thousand cuts, and that’s really bad news,” Wagner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Tallamy, two causes stand out: Humans’ war on weeds and vast farmland planted with the same few crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeds and native plants are what bugs eat and where they live, Tallamy said. Milkweeds, crucial to the beautiful monarch butterfly, are dwindling fast. Manicured lawns in the United States are so prevalent that, added together, they are as big as New England, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those landscapes are “essentially dead zones,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Light pollution is another big problem for species such as moths and fireflies, bug experts said. Insects are attracted to brightness, where they become easy prey and expend energy they should be using to get food, Tallamy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse Barber of Boise State is in the middle of a study of fireflies and other insects at Grand Teton National Park. He said he notices a distinct connection between light pollution and dwindling populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hitting insects during the day, we’re hitting them at night,” Tallamy said. “We’re hitting them just about everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawns, light pollution and bug-massacring highway traffic are associated where people congregate. But Danish scientist Hoye found a noticeable drop in muscid flies in Greenland 300 miles (500 kilometers) from civilization. His studies linked declines to warmer temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other scientists say human-caused climate change may play a role, albeit small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Restoring Habitat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governments are trying to improve the situation. Maryland is in a three-year experiment to see if planting bee-friendly native wildflowers helps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Maryland entomology researcher Lisa Kuder says the usual close-crop “turf is basically like a desert” that doesn’t attract flying insects. She found an improvement — 70 different species and records for bees — in the areas where flowers are allowed to grow wild and natural alongside roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is that it is so close to roadways that Tallamy fears that the plants become “ecological traps where you’re drawing insects in and they’re all squashed by cars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Tallamy remains hopeful. In 2000, he moved into this rural area between Philadelphia and Baltimore and made his 10-acre patch all native plants, creating a playground for bugs. Now he has 861 species of moths and 54 species of breeding birds that feed on insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wagner, of the University of Connecticut, spends his summers teaching middle schoolers in a camp to look for insects, like he did decades ago. They have a hard time finding the cocoons he used to see regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kids I’m teaching right now are going to think that scarce insects are the rule,” Wagner said. “They’re not realizing that there could be an ecological disaster on the horizon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press video journalist Federica Narancio contributed to this report. Follow Seth Borenstein on Twitter: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/borenbears\">@borenbears\u003c/a> . His work can be found \u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/sethap\">here\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California’s Plan to Store Water Underground Could Risk Contamination",
"headTitle": "California’s Plan to Store Water Underground Could Risk Contamination | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As California begins handing out $2.5 billion in state funds for several new \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927929/bay-area-water-supply-gets-billion-dollar-boost\">water management projects\u003c/a>, a shift is taking place in the ways officials are considering storing water. To contend with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0140-y\">likelihood of future extreme droughts\u003c/a>, some of these \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927711/the-great-era-of-california-dam-building-may-be-over-heres-whats-next\">new strategies\u003c/a> rely on underground aquifers — an approach far removed from traditional dam-based water storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While diversifying the toolbelt of water management strategies will likely help insulate the state against loss, a group of researchers at Stanford University are drawing attention to a risk they say has long ridden under the radar of public consciousness: the introduction of dangerous chemicals into California groundwater, both through industrial and natural pathways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chromium in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chromium exists naturally in two main forms that are dependent on the local chemistry of the soils. One — chromium-3 \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/chromium-compounds.pdf\">(Cr-3)\u003c/a> — is benign, and in fact can be beneficial in the body. But chromium-6 (Cr-6) is toxic, linked by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration with\u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hexavalentchromium/healtheffects.html\"> health issues \u003c/a>including asthma-like symptoms, irritation of the nose, throat, eyes or skin, and in extreme cases lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.7b06627\">New research\u003c/a> draws from a growing database of groundwater data to map the elemental metal chromium in wells across the state. Researchers included wells used by government agencies to monitor pollution and the progress of cleaning projects, in addition to wells used for drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it occurs naturally, it can also enter the ground through human activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People know we have industrial contamination,” says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/scott-fendorf\">Scott Fendorf\u003c/a> a Stanford soil chemist and co-author on the study. “That is clear within the data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fendorf points to the work of activists who are fighting against industrial pollution, as Erin Brockovich did in her 1993 \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/science-jan-june13-hinkley_03-13\">court case\u003c/a> against Pacific Gas & Electric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s just not the only threat to groundwater. If you’re thinking larger, the natural contaminants are really widespread.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is particularly true in California, Fendorf says, where the geology is rich in chromium-carrying rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927929/bay-area-water-supply-gets-billion-dollar-boost\">Also from KQED: These Bay Area Water Projects Got $1 Billion in Funding\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where is it All Coming From?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fendorf and his collaborators found that all of the almost 16,000 wells they analyzed — spread throughout the majority of the state — showed Cr-6 present in low trace amounts. However, a smaller subset of wells, including 26 percent of monitoring wells and 7 percent of supply wells, had levels high enough to exceed a previous state-mandated maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 parts per billion (ppb).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to mapping chromium exposure throughout California, researchers wanted to identify the sources. By looking at other compounds found alongside Cr-6, they were able to identify three possible points of contamination: industry, agriculture, and natural input.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Industries such as metal plating were linked to high Cr-6 levels in the areas outside of Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay. Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the United States, and San Francisco’s proximity to Silicon Valley drives much of its industrial growth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the more rural Central Valley, researchers found that chromium was being introduced into the groundwater through agricultural practices. The heavy use of fertilizers meant that chromium was often found alongside nitrogen-based compounds which provide nutrients for crops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But parts of the Central Valley also pointed to a different source, one that researchers highlighted in their study: the presence of natural chromium in the land itself and its ability to shift from benign to toxic over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Within the rocks, chromium is found in areas where oceanic and continental plates come together, as in California where the Pacific plate and North American Plate meet along the San Andreas Fault. Serpentinite is a common rock found in these zones, to which chromium lends a distinctive green color.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930018\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1930018 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chromium is responsible for the vivid green color of serpentinite rocks, which are common in California due to its geology. The oceanic Pacific plate and continental North American Plate meet along the San Andreas Fault, which runs the length of the state. \u003ccite>(Ian Newman)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Natural sources explained the chromium concentrations in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, which are close to natural outcroppings of serpentinite. It also explained how more isolated areas such as the Mojave could have elevated chromium levels despite being far from sources of industrial pollution.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Fendorf, humans have the capability to aggravate these natural processes through their activities. The intentional use of chemicals to clean up toxic industrial contamination in the soil (called \u003ca href=\"https://clu-in.org/download/Citizens/a_citizens_guide_to_in_situ_chemical_oxidation.pdf\">in-situ chemical oxidation\u003c/a>), for example, can have the unintended consequence of turning the relatively harmless form (Cr-3) into the more dangerous from (Cr-6).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another culprit, he says, is the overdrawing of water from the underlying aquifer, often for agricultural use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water table is made of many stacked layers, alternating between sections of loose, wet gravel and sand and tightly-packed layers of fine clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The clay acts as a sponge with all this naturally chromium-rich dirty water in it,” says Fendorf, “And when you start overdrawing, you put pressure on the clays and start pushing dirty water into the main water that you’re pumping out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Much is Too Much?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ultimately, Fendorf’s work shows that industry and agriculture are responsible for the most concentrated sources of chromium contamination. However, the effects of natural chromium impact a much larger area of California and a greater proportion of the drinking water supply.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite the fact that chromium is present throughout California, federal and state agencies are still scrambling to decide on an acceptable minimum level.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Our agency was formed for that purpose, to protect the groundwater basin that is so important. It has always been our top priority.’\u003ccite>Steve Bigley, Coachella Valley Water District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While the EPA is tasked with setting federal MCLs, the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in drinking water, California has historically set many of its own thresholds with respect to environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 2014, California set the state MCL for Cr-6 in drinking water at 10 ppb due to the perceived risks of exposure. However, in September 2017 this threshold was suspended by a \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.html\">court ruling\u003c/a> for failing to consider the cost to agencies and industries attempting to comply with the ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/chromium-drinking-water\">federal\u003c/a> MCL (100 ppb) and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.html\">state\u003c/a> MCL (50 ppb) are at odds, with both entities working to establish new guidelines based on updated regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pilot Project Hints at Cleaner Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fortunately, there are promising methods for treating toxic chromium contamination on the horizon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/steve-bigley-21268820/\">Steve Bigley\u003c/a> is the Director for the Environmental Services department at the Coachella Valley Water District, a \u003ca href=\"http://ca-coachellavwd.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/View/57/District-Boundary-Map-PDF?bidId=\">district\u003c/a> whose boundaries are split down the middle by the San Andreas Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so much naturally-occurring chromium ground up into the sands along the fault, management officials here have had to grapple with the Cr-6 issue for decades. As many as a third of their drinking water supply wells, all of which are pulling from local groundwater sources, were found to exceed the 10 ppb limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the state rescinded its MCL in 2014, Bigley and his team had already begun a project to install costly treatment facilities to remove Cr-6 and remain compliant with the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”qIU4OS2tKFSePD3YiQXBCQLOws3w3Xq5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the regulations currently under review, Bigley says they were able to table such expensive projects and experiment with promising new technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district recently completed a full-scale \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvwd.org/383/Stannous-Chloride-Demonstration-Project\">pilot project\u003c/a> to reduce Cr-6 to the relatively harmless Cr-3 using stannous chloride, an approved drinking water and food additive. They were able to quickly deploy inexpensive, easy-to-operate equipment capable of treating an entire water system over the course of two months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The benefits go so far beyond cost,” Bigley says. “It is much more environmentally friendly because it has a much smaller footprint and doesn’t produce the toxic wastes that come with conventional treatment technologies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Eyes a New MCL\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the broader state level, water management agencies are taking notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darrin Polhemus is the Deputy Director of the California State Water Resources Control Board’s Division of Water Quality, and he has made Cr-6 assessments priority number one for his department in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the removal of the previous regulations, they are now working with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.html\">Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment\u003c/a> to establish a new MCL which balances a suggested \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/water/chemicals/phg/cr6phg072911.pdf\">Public Health Goal\u003c/a> of 50 ppb against the economic cost inherent in treating affected drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not just trying to plug the hole that a judge found in our previous regulations,” he said. “We want to do a thorough job from scratch to incorporate new technology and research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points to stannous chloride as one of several advances that have lowered the cost of treatment since the last round of research a \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/water/chemicals/phg/cr6phg072911.pdf\">decade ago\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Resources Control Board expects to have a draft of their recommendation ready for public comment in the summer of 2019 and a final MCL established six to nine months later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "California's unique geology may be putting state residents at risk from a natural but occasionally toxic element.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As California begins handing out $2.5 billion in state funds for several new \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927929/bay-area-water-supply-gets-billion-dollar-boost\">water management projects\u003c/a>, a shift is taking place in the ways officials are considering storing water. To contend with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0140-y\">likelihood of future extreme droughts\u003c/a>, some of these \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927711/the-great-era-of-california-dam-building-may-be-over-heres-whats-next\">new strategies\u003c/a> rely on underground aquifers — an approach far removed from traditional dam-based water storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While diversifying the toolbelt of water management strategies will likely help insulate the state against loss, a group of researchers at Stanford University are drawing attention to a risk they say has long ridden under the radar of public consciousness: the introduction of dangerous chemicals into California groundwater, both through industrial and natural pathways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chromium in California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chromium exists naturally in two main forms that are dependent on the local chemistry of the soils. One — chromium-3 \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/chromium-compounds.pdf\">(Cr-3)\u003c/a> — is benign, and in fact can be beneficial in the body. But chromium-6 (Cr-6) is toxic, linked by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration with\u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hexavalentchromium/healtheffects.html\"> health issues \u003c/a>including asthma-like symptoms, irritation of the nose, throat, eyes or skin, and in extreme cases lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.7b06627\">New research\u003c/a> draws from a growing database of groundwater data to map the elemental metal chromium in wells across the state. Researchers included wells used by government agencies to monitor pollution and the progress of cleaning projects, in addition to wells used for drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it occurs naturally, it can also enter the ground through human activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People know we have industrial contamination,” says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/scott-fendorf\">Scott Fendorf\u003c/a> a Stanford soil chemist and co-author on the study. “That is clear within the data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fendorf points to the work of activists who are fighting against industrial pollution, as Erin Brockovich did in her 1993 \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/science-jan-june13-hinkley_03-13\">court case\u003c/a> against Pacific Gas & Electric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s just not the only threat to groundwater. If you’re thinking larger, the natural contaminants are really widespread.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is particularly true in California, Fendorf says, where the geology is rich in chromium-carrying rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927929/bay-area-water-supply-gets-billion-dollar-boost\">Also from KQED: These Bay Area Water Projects Got $1 Billion in Funding\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where is it All Coming From?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fendorf and his collaborators found that all of the almost 16,000 wells they analyzed — spread throughout the majority of the state — showed Cr-6 present in low trace amounts. However, a smaller subset of wells, including 26 percent of monitoring wells and 7 percent of supply wells, had levels high enough to exceed a previous state-mandated maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 parts per billion (ppb).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to mapping chromium exposure throughout California, researchers wanted to identify the sources. By looking at other compounds found alongside Cr-6, they were able to identify three possible points of contamination: industry, agriculture, and natural input.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Industries such as metal plating were linked to high Cr-6 levels in the areas outside of Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay. Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the United States, and San Francisco’s proximity to Silicon Valley drives much of its industrial growth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the more rural Central Valley, researchers found that chromium was being introduced into the groundwater through agricultural practices. The heavy use of fertilizers meant that chromium was often found alongside nitrogen-based compounds which provide nutrients for crops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But parts of the Central Valley also pointed to a different source, one that researchers highlighted in their study: the presence of natural chromium in the land itself and its ability to shift from benign to toxic over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Within the rocks, chromium is found in areas where oceanic and continental plates come together, as in California where the Pacific plate and North American Plate meet along the San Andreas Fault. Serpentinite is a common rock found in these zones, to which chromium lends a distinctive green color.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930018\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1930018 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/BC-Serpentinite.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chromium is responsible for the vivid green color of serpentinite rocks, which are common in California due to its geology. The oceanic Pacific plate and continental North American Plate meet along the San Andreas Fault, which runs the length of the state. \u003ccite>(Ian Newman)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Natural sources explained the chromium concentrations in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, which are close to natural outcroppings of serpentinite. It also explained how more isolated areas such as the Mojave could have elevated chromium levels despite being far from sources of industrial pollution.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to Fendorf, humans have the capability to aggravate these natural processes through their activities. The intentional use of chemicals to clean up toxic industrial contamination in the soil (called \u003ca href=\"https://clu-in.org/download/Citizens/a_citizens_guide_to_in_situ_chemical_oxidation.pdf\">in-situ chemical oxidation\u003c/a>), for example, can have the unintended consequence of turning the relatively harmless form (Cr-3) into the more dangerous from (Cr-6).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another culprit, he says, is the overdrawing of water from the underlying aquifer, often for agricultural use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water table is made of many stacked layers, alternating between sections of loose, wet gravel and sand and tightly-packed layers of fine clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The clay acts as a sponge with all this naturally chromium-rich dirty water in it,” says Fendorf, “And when you start overdrawing, you put pressure on the clays and start pushing dirty water into the main water that you’re pumping out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Much is Too Much?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ultimately, Fendorf’s work shows that industry and agriculture are responsible for the most concentrated sources of chromium contamination. However, the effects of natural chromium impact a much larger area of California and a greater proportion of the drinking water supply.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite the fact that chromium is present throughout California, federal and state agencies are still scrambling to decide on an acceptable minimum level.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Our agency was formed for that purpose, to protect the groundwater basin that is so important. It has always been our top priority.’\u003ccite>Steve Bigley, Coachella Valley Water District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While the EPA is tasked with setting federal MCLs, the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in drinking water, California has historically set many of its own thresholds with respect to environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 2014, California set the state MCL for Cr-6 in drinking water at 10 ppb due to the perceived risks of exposure. However, in September 2017 this threshold was suspended by a \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.html\">court ruling\u003c/a> for failing to consider the cost to agencies and industries attempting to comply with the ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/chromium-drinking-water\">federal\u003c/a> MCL (100 ppb) and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Chromium6.html\">state\u003c/a> MCL (50 ppb) are at odds, with both entities working to establish new guidelines based on updated regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pilot Project Hints at Cleaner Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fortunately, there are promising methods for treating toxic chromium contamination on the horizon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/steve-bigley-21268820/\">Steve Bigley\u003c/a> is the Director for the Environmental Services department at the Coachella Valley Water District, a \u003ca href=\"http://ca-coachellavwd.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/View/57/District-Boundary-Map-PDF?bidId=\">district\u003c/a> whose boundaries are split down the middle by the San Andreas Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so much naturally-occurring chromium ground up into the sands along the fault, management officials here have had to grapple with the Cr-6 issue for decades. As many as a third of their drinking water supply wells, all of which are pulling from local groundwater sources, were found to exceed the 10 ppb limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the state rescinded its MCL in 2014, Bigley and his team had already begun a project to install costly treatment facilities to remove Cr-6 and remain compliant with the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the regulations currently under review, Bigley says they were able to table such expensive projects and experiment with promising new technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district recently completed a full-scale \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvwd.org/383/Stannous-Chloride-Demonstration-Project\">pilot project\u003c/a> to reduce Cr-6 to the relatively harmless Cr-3 using stannous chloride, an approved drinking water and food additive. 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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/Final%20Rule%20-1004-AE53%20-%20%20Ready%20for%20OFR%209.18.18_508%20%281%29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposing\u003c/a> to roll back another Obama-era energy regulation, this time one that aimed to curb methane leaks from oil and gas operations on tribal and public lands.[contextly_sidebar id=”wYJiHjg8DpGkOB72kvNLqXy3sCIDV7tW”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, even more potent than carbon dioxide in the short term, that contributes to climate change. The Obama administration said that large amounts of methane are lost into the atmosphere through through leaks, as well as intentional venting and flaring at energy production sites. It moved to \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/methane_waste_prevention_rule_factsheet_final.pdf\">limit \u003c/a>that by requiring oil and gas companies to capture leaking and vented methane at existing sites, to gradually update their technology and to make plans for monitoring escaping gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Government Accountability Office says as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-275R\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$23 million of potential royalty revenue\u003c/a> from those gases is lost annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a statement, the Department of the Interior said that rule was “unnecessarily burdensome on the private sector.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flawed 2016 rule was a radical assertion of legal authority that stood in stark contrast to the longstanding understanding of Interior’s own lawyers,” said Deputy Secretary David Bernhardt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration revised the rule after Congress\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526729339/inside-the-debate-over-repealing-curbs-on-methane-leaks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> failed to repeal\u003c/a> it outright last year. The proposal will be open to public comment for 60 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move comes a week after the Environmental Protection Agency eased its own protections on methane emissions. That proposal was aimed more at new oil and gas sites and would cut required inspections for leaks from every six months to once a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Petroleum Institute welcomed the latest rollback, noting in a statement that “methane emissions have plummeted 14 percent since 1990″ even as natural gas production has greatly expanded.[contextly_sidebar id=”A9KSO5S7kHUlB6r3ue697cqP7IVIAWXT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and gas producers say they already have an economic incentive to capture methane, because they can sell it. Several large oil and gas companies have also announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-shell-emissions/shell-targets-lower-methane-emissions-from-oil-and-gas-operations-idUSKCN1LX0P8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new efforts\u003c/a> to limit the release of methane, to help rein in their carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups criticized the Trump administration rollback. “More methane waste will harm our air and water and have significant public health impacts,” said Jamie Williams, president of The Wilderness Society, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of state attorneys general also threatened a legal challenge, calling Interior’s proposal “a shocking abdication of the Secretary’s fundamental fiscal and environmental stewardship responsibilities over our public lands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane proposal is the latest in a series of moves meant to undercut President Obama’s signature moves to address climate change. This year President Trump has also announced proposals to ease carbon emissions limits for power plants, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/02/598888447/epa-moves-to-weaken-landmark-fuel-efficiency-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fuel economy standards\u003c/a> for cars and trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Administration+Eases+Regulation+Of+Methane+Leaks+On+Public+Lands&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration revised the rule after Congress\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526729339/inside-the-debate-over-repealing-curbs-on-methane-leaks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> failed to repeal\u003c/a> it outright last year. The proposal will be open to public comment for 60 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move comes a week after the Environmental Protection Agency eased its own protections on methane emissions. That proposal was aimed more at new oil and gas sites and would cut required inspections for leaks from every six months to once a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Petroleum Institute welcomed the latest rollback, noting in a statement that “methane emissions have plummeted 14 percent since 1990″ even as natural gas production has greatly expanded.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and gas producers say they already have an economic incentive to capture methane, because they can sell it. Several large oil and gas companies have also announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-shell-emissions/shell-targets-lower-methane-emissions-from-oil-and-gas-operations-idUSKCN1LX0P8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new efforts\u003c/a> to limit the release of methane, to help rein in their carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups criticized the Trump administration rollback. “More methane waste will harm our air and water and have significant public health impacts,” said Jamie Williams, president of The Wilderness Society, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of state attorneys general also threatened a legal challenge, calling Interior’s proposal “a shocking abdication of the Secretary’s fundamental fiscal and environmental stewardship responsibilities over our public lands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane proposal is the latest in a series of moves meant to undercut President Obama’s signature moves to address climate change. This year President Trump has also announced proposals to ease carbon emissions limits for power plants, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/02/598888447/epa-moves-to-weaken-landmark-fuel-efficiency-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fuel economy standards\u003c/a> for cars and trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Administration+Eases+Regulation+Of+Methane+Leaks+On+Public+Lands&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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}
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"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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