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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Three researchers who “harnessed the power of evolution” to produce enzymes and antibodies that have led to a new best-selling drug and biofuels won the Nobel Prize in chemistry on Wednesday.[contextly_sidebar id=”7AwUAjsFlkcpSwxnmCZsoirAXyWvj1rJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frances Arnold of the California Institute of Technology was awarded half of the 9-million-kronor ($1.01 million) prize, while the other half will be shared by George Smith of the University of Missouri and Gregory Winter of the MRC molecular biology lab in Cambridge, England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which chose the winners, said Arnold, 62, conducted the first directed evolution of enzymes, whose uses include “more environmentally friendly manufacturing of chemical substances such as pharmaceuticals and the production of renewable fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold is only the fifth woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize in chemistry since the prizes were first handed out in 1901.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Hartings, an associate professor of chemistry at American University in Washington, D.C., said “her work is incredible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hartings said the proteins that Arnold designed “do these really off-the-wall chemical things in record time.” He said her directed evolution approach has greatly helped chemists make enzymes do jobs that nature never intended, such as for industrial purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith, 77, developed a method to evolve new proteins and Winter used the method to evolve antibodies, which are disease-fighting proteins in the blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932229\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932229\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1020x628.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"394\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1020x628.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-800x492.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-768x472.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1200x738.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1920x1181.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1180x726.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-960x591.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-375x231.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-520x320.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screen displays portraits of Frances H Arnold of the United States, George P Smith of the United States and Gregory P Winter of Great Britain during the announcement of the winners of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemestry at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on October 3, 2018 in Stockholm. \u003ccite>(JONAS EKSTROMER/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first pharmaceutical based on Winter’s work was approved for use in 2002 and is employed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases, the academy said. The chemical name of the drug is adalimumab, which has several trade named including Humira, one of the top-selling drugs in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith, speaking to The Associated Press after learning about this Nobel win, credited others for the work that led to his breakthrough.[contextly_sidebar id=”KmtHliyUDLrZHfCifzEXaVnWfYsObxyv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Very few research breakthroughs are novel. Virtually all of them build on what went on before. It’s happenstance. That was certainly the case with my work,” he said Wednesday. “Mine was an idea in a line of research that built very naturally on the lines of research that went before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith said he learned of the prize in a pre-dawn phone call from Stockholm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a standard joke that someone with a Swedish accent calls and says ‘You won!’ But there was so much static on the line, I knew it wasn’t any of my friends,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American Chemical Society president Peter Dorhout praised the Nobel winners, saying “the laureates have used chemistry to accelerate the evolution of natural biological molecules that act as the critical machinery for living organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The breakthroughs from these researchers enable that to occur thousands of times faster than nature to improve medicines, fuels and other products,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts said the developments for which the winners won the 2018 prize can be more ecological than many other chemical processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enzymes “are what all we organisms use to make our chemicals. So if you can harness enzymes for your own purposes, this is often more environmentally friendly than using heavy metals or toxic substances to make your chemicals,” said Johan Aqvist, a member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry.[contextly_sidebar id=”jTHAtk63E2HMPWhViD2oa4bQ2VpuPFqJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other Nobel prizes this year, the medicine prize went Monday to James Allison of the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and Tasuku Honjo of Kyoto University, who learned how to release the brakes that cancer can put on the immune system, discoveries that helped cancer doctors fight many advanced-stage tumors and save an “untold” numbers of lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the United States, Canada and France shared the physics prize Tuesday for revolutionizing the use of lasers in research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arthur Ashkin became the oldest Nobel Prize laureate at 96, while Donna Strickland of the University of Waterloo in Canada became only the third woman to win a physics Nobel. Strickland had worked with the third winner, Frenchman Gerard Mourou of the Ecole Polytechnique and the University of Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winner of the Nobel Peace Prize is to be announced Friday. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, honoring Alfred Nobel, the man who endowed the five Nobel Prizes, will be revealed on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No Nobel literature prize will be awarded this year due to a sex abuse scandal at the Swedish Academy, which chooses the winner. The academy plans to announce both the 2018 and the 2019 winner next year — although the head of the Nobel Foundation has said the body must fix its tarnished reputation first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man at the center of the Swedish Academy scandal, Jean-Claude Arnault, a major cultural figure in Sweden, was sentenced Monday to two years in prison for rape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heintz reported from Moscow. Malcolm Ritter and Chris Chester in New York contributed to this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Three researchers who “harnessed the power of evolution” to produce enzymes and antibodies that have led to a new best-selling drug and biofuels won the Nobel Prize in chemistry on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frances Arnold of the California Institute of Technology was awarded half of the 9-million-kronor ($1.01 million) prize, while the other half will be shared by George Smith of the University of Missouri and Gregory Winter of the MRC molecular biology lab in Cambridge, England.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which chose the winners, said Arnold, 62, conducted the first directed evolution of enzymes, whose uses include “more environmentally friendly manufacturing of chemical substances such as pharmaceuticals and the production of renewable fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnold is only the fifth woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize in chemistry since the prizes were first handed out in 1901.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Hartings, an associate professor of chemistry at American University in Washington, D.C., said “her work is incredible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hartings said the proteins that Arnold designed “do these really off-the-wall chemical things in record time.” He said her directed evolution approach has greatly helped chemists make enzymes do jobs that nature never intended, such as for industrial purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith, 77, developed a method to evolve new proteins and Winter used the method to evolve antibodies, which are disease-fighting proteins in the blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932229\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932229\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1020x628.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"394\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1020x628.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-800x492.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-768x472.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1200x738.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1920x1181.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-1180x726.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-960x591.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-375x231.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1044990976-520x320.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A screen displays portraits of Frances H Arnold of the United States, George P Smith of the United States and Gregory P Winter of Great Britain during the announcement of the winners of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemestry at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on October 3, 2018 in Stockholm. \u003ccite>(JONAS EKSTROMER/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first pharmaceutical based on Winter’s work was approved for use in 2002 and is employed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases, the academy said. The chemical name of the drug is adalimumab, which has several trade named including Humira, one of the top-selling drugs in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith, speaking to The Associated Press after learning about this Nobel win, credited others for the work that led to his breakthrough.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Very few research breakthroughs are novel. Virtually all of them build on what went on before. It’s happenstance. That was certainly the case with my work,” he said Wednesday. “Mine was an idea in a line of research that built very naturally on the lines of research that went before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith said he learned of the prize in a pre-dawn phone call from Stockholm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a standard joke that someone with a Swedish accent calls and says ‘You won!’ But there was so much static on the line, I knew it wasn’t any of my friends,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American Chemical Society president Peter Dorhout praised the Nobel winners, saying “the laureates have used chemistry to accelerate the evolution of natural biological molecules that act as the critical machinery for living organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The breakthroughs from these researchers enable that to occur thousands of times faster than nature to improve medicines, fuels and other products,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts said the developments for which the winners won the 2018 prize can be more ecological than many other chemical processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enzymes “are what all we organisms use to make our chemicals. So if you can harness enzymes for your own purposes, this is often more environmentally friendly than using heavy metals or toxic substances to make your chemicals,” said Johan Aqvist, a member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other Nobel prizes this year, the medicine prize went Monday to James Allison of the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and Tasuku Honjo of Kyoto University, who learned how to release the brakes that cancer can put on the immune system, discoveries that helped cancer doctors fight many advanced-stage tumors and save an “untold” numbers of lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the United States, Canada and France shared the physics prize Tuesday for revolutionizing the use of lasers in research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arthur Ashkin became the oldest Nobel Prize laureate at 96, while Donna Strickland of the University of Waterloo in Canada became only the third woman to win a physics Nobel. Strickland had worked with the third winner, Frenchman Gerard Mourou of the Ecole Polytechnique and the University of Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winner of the Nobel Peace Prize is to be announced Friday. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, honoring Alfred Nobel, the man who endowed the five Nobel Prizes, will be revealed on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No Nobel literature prize will be awarded this year due to a sex abuse scandal at the Swedish Academy, which chooses the winner. The academy plans to announce both the 2018 and the 2019 winner next year — although the head of the Nobel Foundation has said the body must fix its tarnished reputation first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man at the center of the Swedish Academy scandal, Jean-Claude Arnault, a major cultural figure in Sweden, was sentenced Monday to two years in prison for rape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heintz reported from Moscow. Malcolm Ritter and Chris Chester in New York contributed to this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration is quietly moving to weaken U.S. radiation regulations, turning to scientific outliers who argue that a bit of radiation damage is actually good for you — like a little bit of sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">A recent meta-study supports the principle that even low doses of radiation can cause a significant increase in cancer rates. But the Trump administration is turning to scientific outliers who question that consensus.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The government’s current, decades-old guidance says that any exposure to harmful radiation is a cancer risk. And critics say the proposed change could lead to higher levels of exposure for workers at nuclear installations and oil and gas drilling sites, medical workers doing X-rays and CT scans, people living next to Superfund sites and any members of the public who one day might find themselves exposed to a radiation release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration already has targeted a range of other regulations on toxins and pollutants, including coal power plant emissions and car exhaust, that it sees as costly and burdensome for businesses. Supporters of the EPA’s new radiation guidance argue the government’s current no-tolerance rule for radiation damage forces unnecessary spending for handling exposure in accidents, at nuclear plants, in medical centers and at other sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This would have a positive effect on human health as well as save billions and billions and billions of dollars,” Edward Calabrese, a toxicologist at the University of Massachusetts, said in 2016. He was to be the lead witness at a congressional hearing Wednesday on EPA’s push for what it calls transparency in science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed rule would require regulators to consider “various threshold models across the exposure range” when it comes to dangerous substances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it does not specify that it’s addressing radiation and chemicals, an EPA news release on the rule quotes Calabrese as saying it would: “The proposal represents a major scientific step forward by recognizing the widespread occurrence of non-linear dose responses in toxicology and epidemiology for chemicals and radiation and the need to incorporate such data in the risk assessment process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comment period for the science regulation has ended and the agency is currently reviewing the comments. There’s no specific date for final action by the administration. The EPA declined to make an official with its radiation-protection program available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiation is everywhere, from potassium in bananas to the microwaves popping our popcorn. Most of it is benign. But what’s of concern is the higher-energy, shorter-wave radiation, like X-rays, that can penetrate and disrupt living cells, sometimes causing cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as this March, the EPA’s online guidelines for radiation effects advised: “Current science suggests there is some cancer risk from any exposure to radiation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even exposures below 100 millisieverts” — an amount roughly equivalent to 25 chest X-rays or about 14 CT chest scans — “slightly increase the risk of getting cancer in the future,” the agency’s guidance said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that online guidance — separate from the rule-change proposal — was edited in July to add a section emphasizing the low individual odds of cancer: “According to radiation safety experts, radiation exposures of …100 millisieverts usually result in no harmful health effects, because radiation below these levels is a minor contributor to our overall cancer risk,” the revised policy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calabrese and his supporters argue that smaller exposures of cell-damaging radiation and other carcinogens can serve as stressors that activate the body’s repair mechanisms and can make people healthier. They compare it to physical exercise or sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mainstream scientific consensus on radiation is based on deceptive science, says Calabrese, who argued in a 2014 essay for “righting the past deceptions and correcting the ongoing errors in environmental regulation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA spokesman John Konkus said in an email that the proposed rule change is about “increasing transparency on assumptions” about how the body responds to different doses of dangerous substances and that the agency “acknowledges uncertainty regarding health effects at low doses” and supports more research on that.\u003cbr>\nThe radiation regulation is supported by Steven Milloy, a Trump transition team member for the EPA who is known for challenging widely accepted ideas about manmade climate change and the health risks of tobacco. He has been promoting Calabrese’s theory of healthy radiation on his blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Jan Beyea, a physicist whose work includes research with the National Academies of Science on the 2011 Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, said the EPA science proposal represents voices “generally dismissed by the great bulk of scientists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA proposal would lead to “increases in chemical and radiation exposures in the workplace, home and outdoor environment, including the vicinity of Superfund sites,” Beyea wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the level the EPA website talks about, any one person’s risk of cancer from radiation exposure is perhaps 1 percent, Beyea said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The individual risk will likely be low, but not the cumulative social risk,” Beyea said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they even look at that — no, no, no,” said Terrie Barrie, a resident of Craig, Colorado, and an advocate for her husband and other workers at the now-closed Rocky Flats nuclear-weapons plant, where the U.S. government is compensating certain cancer victims regardless of their history of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no reason not to protect people as much as possible,” said Barrie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. agencies for decades have followed a policy that there is no threshold of radiation exposure that is risk-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements reaffirmed that principle this year after a review of 29 public health studies on cancer rates among people exposed to low-dose radiation, via the U.S. atomic bombing of Japan in World War II, leak-prone Soviet nuclear installations, medical treatments and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty of the 29 studies directly support the principle that even low-dose exposures cause a significant increase in cancer rates, said Roy Shore, chief of research at the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, a joint project of the United States and Japan. Scientists found most of the other studies were inconclusive and decided one was flawed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None supported the theory there is some safe threshold for radiation, said Shore, who chaired the review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there were a threshold that it’s safe to go below, “those who profess that would have to come up with some data,”\u003cbr>\nShore said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly the evidence did not point that way,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which regulates electronic devices that emit radiation, advises, broadly, that a single CT scan with a dose of 10 millisieverts may increase risks of a fatal cancer by about 1 chance in 2,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the proposal say it’s time to rethink radiation regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now we spend an enormous effort trying to minimize low doses” at nuclear power plants, for example, said Brant Ulsh, a physicist with the California-based consulting firm M.H. Chew and Associates. “Instead, let’s spend the resources on minimizing the effect of a really big event.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration is quietly moving to weaken U.S. radiation regulations, turning to scientific outliers who argue that a bit of radiation damage is actually good for you — like a little bit of sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">A recent meta-study supports the principle that even low doses of radiation can cause a significant increase in cancer rates. But the Trump administration is turning to scientific outliers who question that consensus.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The government’s current, decades-old guidance says that any exposure to harmful radiation is a cancer risk. And critics say the proposed change could lead to higher levels of exposure for workers at nuclear installations and oil and gas drilling sites, medical workers doing X-rays and CT scans, people living next to Superfund sites and any members of the public who one day might find themselves exposed to a radiation release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration already has targeted a range of other regulations on toxins and pollutants, including coal power plant emissions and car exhaust, that it sees as costly and burdensome for businesses. Supporters of the EPA’s new radiation guidance argue the government’s current no-tolerance rule for radiation damage forces unnecessary spending for handling exposure in accidents, at nuclear plants, in medical centers and at other sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This would have a positive effect on human health as well as save billions and billions and billions of dollars,” Edward Calabrese, a toxicologist at the University of Massachusetts, said in 2016. He was to be the lead witness at a congressional hearing Wednesday on EPA’s push for what it calls transparency in science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed rule would require regulators to consider “various threshold models across the exposure range” when it comes to dangerous substances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it does not specify that it’s addressing radiation and chemicals, an EPA news release on the rule quotes Calabrese as saying it would: “The proposal represents a major scientific step forward by recognizing the widespread occurrence of non-linear dose responses in toxicology and epidemiology for chemicals and radiation and the need to incorporate such data in the risk assessment process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comment period for the science regulation has ended and the agency is currently reviewing the comments. There’s no specific date for final action by the administration. The EPA declined to make an official with its radiation-protection program available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiation is everywhere, from potassium in bananas to the microwaves popping our popcorn. Most of it is benign. But what’s of concern is the higher-energy, shorter-wave radiation, like X-rays, that can penetrate and disrupt living cells, sometimes causing cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as this March, the EPA’s online guidelines for radiation effects advised: “Current science suggests there is some cancer risk from any exposure to radiation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even exposures below 100 millisieverts” — an amount roughly equivalent to 25 chest X-rays or about 14 CT chest scans — “slightly increase the risk of getting cancer in the future,” the agency’s guidance said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that online guidance — separate from the rule-change proposal — was edited in July to add a section emphasizing the low individual odds of cancer: “According to radiation safety experts, radiation exposures of …100 millisieverts usually result in no harmful health effects, because radiation below these levels is a minor contributor to our overall cancer risk,” the revised policy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calabrese and his supporters argue that smaller exposures of cell-damaging radiation and other carcinogens can serve as stressors that activate the body’s repair mechanisms and can make people healthier. They compare it to physical exercise or sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mainstream scientific consensus on radiation is based on deceptive science, says Calabrese, who argued in a 2014 essay for “righting the past deceptions and correcting the ongoing errors in environmental regulation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA spokesman John Konkus said in an email that the proposed rule change is about “increasing transparency on assumptions” about how the body responds to different doses of dangerous substances and that the agency “acknowledges uncertainty regarding health effects at low doses” and supports more research on that.\u003cbr>\nThe radiation regulation is supported by Steven Milloy, a Trump transition team member for the EPA who is known for challenging widely accepted ideas about manmade climate change and the health risks of tobacco. He has been promoting Calabrese’s theory of healthy radiation on his blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Jan Beyea, a physicist whose work includes research with the National Academies of Science on the 2011 Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, said the EPA science proposal represents voices “generally dismissed by the great bulk of scientists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA proposal would lead to “increases in chemical and radiation exposures in the workplace, home and outdoor environment, including the vicinity of Superfund sites,” Beyea wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the level the EPA website talks about, any one person’s risk of cancer from radiation exposure is perhaps 1 percent, Beyea said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The individual risk will likely be low, but not the cumulative social risk,” Beyea said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they even look at that — no, no, no,” said Terrie Barrie, a resident of Craig, Colorado, and an advocate for her husband and other workers at the now-closed Rocky Flats nuclear-weapons plant, where the U.S. government is compensating certain cancer victims regardless of their history of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no reason not to protect people as much as possible,” said Barrie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. agencies for decades have followed a policy that there is no threshold of radiation exposure that is risk-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements reaffirmed that principle this year after a review of 29 public health studies on cancer rates among people exposed to low-dose radiation, via the U.S. atomic bombing of Japan in World War II, leak-prone Soviet nuclear installations, medical treatments and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty of the 29 studies directly support the principle that even low-dose exposures cause a significant increase in cancer rates, said Roy Shore, chief of research at the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, a joint project of the United States and Japan. Scientists found most of the other studies were inconclusive and decided one was flawed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None supported the theory there is some safe threshold for radiation, said Shore, who chaired the review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there were a threshold that it’s safe to go below, “those who profess that would have to come up with some data,”\u003cbr>\nShore said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly the evidence did not point that way,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which regulates electronic devices that emit radiation, advises, broadly, that a single CT scan with a dose of 10 millisieverts may increase risks of a fatal cancer by about 1 chance in 2,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the proposal say it’s time to rethink radiation regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California voters in November will decide whether or not to approve a controversial $8.9 billion bond measure for water-related projects like groundwater storage, water treatment and restoring protected habitats.[contextly_sidebar id=”h6hOz7EfOHKmS8UuKCNODXWxxxF4xU7E”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure, \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_3,_Water_Infrastructure_and_Watershed_Conservation_Bond_Initiative_(2018)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 3\u003c/a>, has divided the environmental community and drawn criticism from local newspapers, who say it would benefit wealthy farmers and agribusiness. From a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/editorials/article/Chronicle-recommends-No-on-state-Prop-3-13211167.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle \u003c/a>editorial:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>This scheme was devised as an initiative that is being funded, in part, by individuals and entities that are going to be receiving a share of the bond money. The pay-to-play aspect in itself should give voters ample reason to reject Prop. 3.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club agrees. If approved, taxpayers will end up footing the bill for water projects the private sector would normally undertake on its own or through enforcement of existing law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the group says many of the projects to be funded are “worthwhile,” others are “generous giveaways to private entities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Exactly what projects … are included in the bond was negotiated in private,” the environmental group says in its \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/sce/sierra-club-california/PDFs/Prop3_FAQ.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 3 FAQ\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor will the measure, says the Sierra Club, be required to undergo the annual legislative budgeting cycle to ensure that the money is going where voters intended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Stork, senior policy analyst at \u003ca href=\"https://www.friendsoftheriver.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Friends of the River\u003c/a>, which also opposes the measure, acknowledged on KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101867493/election-2018-california-proposition-3-would-fund-water-infrastructure-projects-with-bonds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum program\u003c/a> Monday that some projects like ensuring safe drinking water for disadvantaged communities are worthy of funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he called “general taxpayer subsidies for wealthy farmers and agribusiness in the San Joaquin valley,” a “poison pill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Stork and the Sierra Club singled out $750 million earmarked for the Friant Water Authority to fix the Friant-Kern Canal, which was damaged due to overpumping of groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traditional method of paying for canals that deliver water to agricultural interests is through a beneficiary pays model, where those who profit from the water pay for the costs of building and maintaining the infrastructure,” the Sierra Club says. “This bond instead provides taxpayer money for these canals that large corporate agricultural interests will profit from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental proponents of Proposition 3, however, insist that California’s crumbling water infrastructure demands urgent action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It provides more than $3 billion for state agencies and local conservancies to acquire and restore watersheds and wetlands, from the Sierras to the coast, throughout the Central Valley,” David Lewis, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://www.savesfbay.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Save the Bay\u003c/a>, said on Forum. “And protecting the watersheds is one of the great ways to improve the security and safety of our water supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He argued that bonds are sometimes passed to help local agencies cover costs.[contextly_sidebar id=”8BPNOSipKI7TEsIcCyvIUd6bDhl0VimM”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have often supported the use of state funds to build wastewater recycling plants, to undertake water conservation, for example,” said Lewis. “Leaving infrastructure to decay because a local agency can’t afford to fix it, that’s not a sustainable practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with Save the Bay, the measure is supported by the National Wildlife Federation and Audubon California, while opponents of the bill also include the League of Women Voters.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California voters in November will decide whether or not to approve a controversial $8.9 billion bond measure for water-related projects like groundwater storage, water treatment and restoring protected habitats.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure, \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_3,_Water_Infrastructure_and_Watershed_Conservation_Bond_Initiative_(2018)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 3\u003c/a>, has divided the environmental community and drawn criticism from local newspapers, who say it would benefit wealthy farmers and agribusiness. From a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/editorials/article/Chronicle-recommends-No-on-state-Prop-3-13211167.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle \u003c/a>editorial:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>This scheme was devised as an initiative that is being funded, in part, by individuals and entities that are going to be receiving a share of the bond money. The pay-to-play aspect in itself should give voters ample reason to reject Prop. 3.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Club agrees. If approved, taxpayers will end up footing the bill for water projects the private sector would normally undertake on its own or through enforcement of existing law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the group says many of the projects to be funded are “worthwhile,” others are “generous giveaways to private entities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Exactly what projects … are included in the bond was negotiated in private,” the environmental group says in its \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/sce/sierra-club-california/PDFs/Prop3_FAQ.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 3 FAQ\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor will the measure, says the Sierra Club, be required to undergo the annual legislative budgeting cycle to ensure that the money is going where voters intended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Stork, senior policy analyst at \u003ca href=\"https://www.friendsoftheriver.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Friends of the River\u003c/a>, which also opposes the measure, acknowledged on KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101867493/election-2018-california-proposition-3-would-fund-water-infrastructure-projects-with-bonds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum program\u003c/a> Monday that some projects like ensuring safe drinking water for disadvantaged communities are worthy of funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he called “general taxpayer subsidies for wealthy farmers and agribusiness in the San Joaquin valley,” a “poison pill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Stork and the Sierra Club singled out $750 million earmarked for the Friant Water Authority to fix the Friant-Kern Canal, which was damaged due to overpumping of groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traditional method of paying for canals that deliver water to agricultural interests is through a beneficiary pays model, where those who profit from the water pay for the costs of building and maintaining the infrastructure,” the Sierra Club says. “This bond instead provides taxpayer money for these canals that large corporate agricultural interests will profit from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental proponents of Proposition 3, however, insist that California’s crumbling water infrastructure demands urgent action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It provides more than $3 billion for state agencies and local conservancies to acquire and restore watersheds and wetlands, from the Sierras to the coast, throughout the Central Valley,” David Lewis, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://www.savesfbay.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Save the Bay\u003c/a>, said on Forum. “And protecting the watersheds is one of the great ways to improve the security and safety of our water supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He argued that bonds are sometimes passed to help local agencies cover costs.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have often supported the use of state funds to build wastewater recycling plants, to undertake water conservation, for example,” said Lewis. “Leaving infrastructure to decay because a local agency can’t afford to fix it, that’s not a sustainable practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with Save the Bay, the measure is supported by the National Wildlife Federation and Audubon California, while opponents of the bill also include the League of Women Voters.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Three scientists from the United States, Canada and France won the Nobel Prize in physics Tuesday for work with lasers described as revolutionary and bringing science fiction into reality.[contextly_sidebar id=”jq40ypDWzKXI8jMZGlIRqtcW0NcSar0D”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American, Arthur Ashkin of Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, entered the record books of the Nobel Prizes by becoming the oldest laureate at age 96. Donna Strickland, of the University of Waterloo in Canada, became the first woman to win a Nobel in three years and is only the third to have won the prize for physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frenchman Gerard Mourou of the Ecole Polytechnique and University of Michigan will share half of the 9 million kronor ($1.01 million) the prize carries with Strickland; Ashkin gets the other half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweden’s Royal Academy of Sciences, which chose the winners, said Ashkin’s development of “optical tweezers” that can grab tiny particles such as viruses without damaging them realized “an old dream of science fiction — using the radiation pressure of light to move physical objects.”[contextly_sidebar id=”OcCGWMZ4drTymQFYLnYmfScY6gGEwfex”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tweezers are “extremely important for measuring small forces on individual molecules, small objects, and this has been very interesting in biology, to understand how things like muscle tissue work, what are the molecule motors behind the muscle tissue,” said David Haviland of the academy’s Nobel committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strickland and Mourou helped develop short and intense laser pulses that have broad industrial and medical applications, including laser eye surgery and highly precise machine cutting. The academy said their 1985 article on the technique was “revolutionary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the technique we have developed, laser power has been increased about a million times, maybe even a billion,” Mourou said in a video statement released by Ecole Polytechnique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strickland’s award was the first Nobel Prize in physics to go to a woman since 1963, when it was won by Maria Goeppert-Mayer; the only other woman to win for physics was Marie Curie in 1903.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously, we need to celebrate women physicists because we’re out there. And hopefully in time, it’ll start to move forward at a faster rate, maybe,” Strickland said in a phone call with the academy after the prize announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Moloney, CEO of the American Institute of Physics, praised all the laureates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is also a personal delight to see Dr. Strickland break the 55-year hiatus since a woman has been awarded a Nobel Prize in physics, making this year’s award all the more historic,” Moloney said.[contextly_sidebar id=”PoGoICOUkDjybTx2hvmndiihlXPGZcU9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He credited the work of all three with “expanding what is possible at the extremes of time, space and forms of matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashkin’s tweezers can be used to hold and manipulate proteins, DNA and other biomolecules to study their mechanical properties or stimulate them, said Erwin Peterman, a physicist at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, who called the award “a great recognition for this visionary scientist who was ahead of his time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, American James Allison and Japan’s Tasuku Honjo won the Nobel medicine prize for groundbreaking work in fighting cancer with the body’s own immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winner or winners of the Nobel chemistry prize will be announced Wednesday, followed by the peace prize on Friday. The economics prize, which is not technically a Nobel, will be announced Oct. 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heintz reported from Moscow. Malcolm Ritter in New York, Samuel Petrequin in Paris and Frank Jordans in Berlin contributed.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strickland and Mourou helped develop short and intense laser pulses that have broad industrial and medical applications, including laser eye surgery and highly precise machine cutting. The academy said their 1985 article on the technique was “revolutionary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the technique we have developed, laser power has been increased about a million times, maybe even a billion,” Mourou said in a video statement released by Ecole Polytechnique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strickland’s award was the first Nobel Prize in physics to go to a woman since 1963, when it was won by Maria Goeppert-Mayer; the only other woman to win for physics was Marie Curie in 1903.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously, we need to celebrate women physicists because we’re out there. And hopefully in time, it’ll start to move forward at a faster rate, maybe,” Strickland said in a phone call with the academy after the prize announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Moloney, CEO of the American Institute of Physics, praised all the laureates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is also a personal delight to see Dr. Strickland break the 55-year hiatus since a woman has been awarded a Nobel Prize in physics, making this year’s award all the more historic,” Moloney said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He credited the work of all three with “expanding what is possible at the extremes of time, space and forms of matter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashkin’s tweezers can be used to hold and manipulate proteins, DNA and other biomolecules to study their mechanical properties or stimulate them, said Erwin Peterman, a physicist at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, who called the award “a great recognition for this visionary scientist who was ahead of his time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, American James Allison and Japan’s Tasuku Honjo won the Nobel medicine prize for groundbreaking work in fighting cancer with the body’s own immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winner or winners of the Nobel chemistry prize will be announced Wednesday, followed by the peace prize on Friday. The economics prize, which is not technically a Nobel, will be announced Oct. 8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heintz reported from Moscow. Malcolm Ritter in New York, Samuel Petrequin in Paris and Frank Jordans in Berlin contributed.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>After several dry months, the Bay Area might get some rainfall this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service forecast the region will get between 0.25 and 0.50 inches on Monday night into early Tuesday. Isolated rain of one inch or more “cannot be ruled out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be the first precipitation for San Francisco in four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1046746552109330434\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Saturday, light showers fell on Sonoma and Marin counties while San Mateo and Santa Clara counties saw some drizzle .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>October is when the region typically starts transitioning to wetter weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the risk of wildfire remains high, according to fire experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not letting our guard down,” says Cal Fire Deputy Chief Scott McLean. “It’s looking great now as far as weather, but (the weather) is starting to wane in terms of rainfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>September and October are historically the worst months for wildfires, according to Mclean, with seven of the state’s 10 worst fires having occurred in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A little bit of rainfall is not going to make much of a difference because everything is just so dry,” McLean said. “It’s going to take several years of winters to bring California to that plateau where plant life is not as dry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area is listed as “abnormally dry” \u003ca href=\"https://www.drought.gov/drought/data-maps-tools/current-conditions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by the federal government\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cooling trend the region is currently seeing will be replaced by warmer temperatures later this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has had seasonably warm weather lately, with temperatures in the 80s and 90s. October and November are typically when the Bay Area begins to experience cooler weather.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>On Saturday, light showers fell on Sonoma and Marin counties while San Mateo and Santa Clara counties saw some drizzle .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>October is when the region typically starts transitioning to wetter weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the risk of wildfire remains high, according to fire experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not letting our guard down,” says Cal Fire Deputy Chief Scott McLean. “It’s looking great now as far as weather, but (the weather) is starting to wane in terms of rainfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>September and October are historically the worst months for wildfires, according to Mclean, with seven of the state’s 10 worst fires having occurred in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A little bit of rainfall is not going to make much of a difference because everything is just so dry,” McLean said. “It’s going to take several years of winters to bring California to that plateau where plant life is not as dry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area is listed as “abnormally dry” \u003ca href=\"https://www.drought.gov/drought/data-maps-tools/current-conditions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by the federal government\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cooling trend the region is currently seeing will be replaced by warmer temperatures later this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has had seasonably warm weather lately, with temperatures in the 80s and 90s. October and November are typically when the Bay Area begins to experience cooler weather.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=21&v=vQ1jnbIX8wA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The venomous fangs of a copperhead snake are one thing. But the recent sighting of a rare two-headed snake in Northern Virginia is alarming — and mesmerizing — both social media spectators and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, a Woodbridge resident stumbled upon the young mutant reptile in a neighbor’s yard. “I wanted to look away but couldn’t stop looking at it. Plays trick[s] on the eyes,” Stephanie Myers told \u003cem>USA Today\u003c/em> after finding the snake and posting photos of it to \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10100971479165557&set=a.10100533113229407&type=3&theater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">her Facebook page\u003c/a>.[contextly_sidebar id=”If7PKb89y3ARuZNKnaBQ9zxwvHMQTfNG”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s even more exceptional is that the snake was discovered alive, according to state herpetologist J.D. Kleopfer, a reptiles and amphibians specialist at the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two-headed copperhead snakes are “extremely rare” to find in the wild, Kleopfer told NPR’s Scott Simon on \u003cem>Weekend Edition \u003c/em>Saturday. Their competing heads often contribute to their short life span. “They can’t coordinate escaping from predators and they can’t coordinate capturing foods, so they tend to not live,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, the rest of the baby viper’s anatomy is shared, Kleopfer says, which means that “both heads are getting the nutrition they need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a news release, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlifecenter.org/news_events/news/two-headed-copperhead\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wildlife Center of Virginia says \u003c/a>Kleopfer brought the snake to the hospital on Sept. 20 for an examination. X-rays revealed that one head has a more developed esophagus, Kleopfer says, while the other has a more developed throat. “Based on that, we’re just attempting to feed the [left] head,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the left head appears more dominant, the wildlife center adds. “It’s generally more active and responsive to stimulus,” the release reads. “It would be better for the right head to eat, but it may be a challenge since the left head appears more dominant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That unusual mutation also prevents the snake’s heads from quarreling with each other over the same food. Instead, Kleopfer says, the separated heads “seemed to be oblivious to each other.”[contextly_sidebar id=”EcqkhIpqtR0RZYt3OixE5LMSv7liOKip”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gender is still unknown, but Kleopfer estimates the baby viper to be about 3 weeks old and 6 to 8 inches long. Copperheads typically reach \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/snakes/types.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">18 to 36 inches\u003c/a> in length. The scientist says a private keeper who specializes in vipers for zoological facilities is currently caring for the snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/43641-copperhead-snake.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Venomous copperheads\u003c/a> are a fairly common sighting for U.S. residents, especially in the Southeastern United States or in forested, temperate climates. Captive-bred two-headed snakes are slightly more common, he says, “but that’s usually the result of inbreeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kleopfer has been in the field of herpetology for some 30 years. Still, he says, “This is definitely a first” and an “extraordinarily rare” sighting that few of his colleagues have seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hesitates to name the snake, as his goal right now is to keep it alive. If it survives, he says he hopes to donate the snake to a zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the current state of the snake, Kleoper tells in NPR in a follow-up email, “The little guy or girl is doing well. It [has] eaten and pooped, which are excellent signs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Sarah Handel and Viet Le produced and edited the story for broadcast.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=WATCH%3A+%27Extremely+Rare%27+2-Headed+Snake+Stuns+Social+Media%2C+Charms+Scientists&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, the rest of the baby viper’s anatomy is shared, Kleopfer says, which means that “both heads are getting the nutrition they need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a news release, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlifecenter.org/news_events/news/two-headed-copperhead\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wildlife Center of Virginia says \u003c/a>Kleopfer brought the snake to the hospital on Sept. 20 for an examination. X-rays revealed that one head has a more developed esophagus, Kleopfer says, while the other has a more developed throat. “Based on that, we’re just attempting to feed the [left] head,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the left head appears more dominant, the wildlife center adds. “It’s generally more active and responsive to stimulus,” the release reads. “It would be better for the right head to eat, but it may be a challenge since the left head appears more dominant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That unusual mutation also prevents the snake’s heads from quarreling with each other over the same food. Instead, Kleopfer says, the separated heads “seemed to be oblivious to each other.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gender is still unknown, but Kleopfer estimates the baby viper to be about 3 weeks old and 6 to 8 inches long. Copperheads typically reach \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/snakes/types.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">18 to 36 inches\u003c/a> in length. The scientist says a private keeper who specializes in vipers for zoological facilities is currently caring for the snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/43641-copperhead-snake.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Venomous copperheads\u003c/a> are a fairly common sighting for U.S. residents, especially in the Southeastern United States or in forested, temperate climates. Captive-bred two-headed snakes are slightly more common, he says, “but that’s usually the result of inbreeding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kleopfer has been in the field of herpetology for some 30 years. Still, he says, “This is definitely a first” and an “extraordinarily rare” sighting that few of his colleagues have seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hesitates to name the snake, as his goal right now is to keep it alive. If it survives, he says he hopes to donate the snake to a zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the current state of the snake, Kleoper tells in NPR in a follow-up email, “The little guy or girl is doing well. It [has] eaten and pooped, which are excellent signs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR’s Sarah Handel and Viet Le produced and edited the story for broadcast.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=WATCH%3A+%27Extremely+Rare%27+2-Headed+Snake+Stuns+Social+Media%2C+Charms+Scientists&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"large bodyText\">The Supreme Court is refusing to hear an appeal from a California billionaire who doesn’t want to open a road on his property so that the public can access a beach.[contextly_sidebar id=”hOZ1yhEdWqB8o6xNFuXDF9q6Z0qpU0kb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"large bodyText\">The justices said Monday that they will not take up Vinod Khosla’s appeal of a California appeals court decision. The case had the potential to upend California’s longstanding efforts to keep beaches open to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"large bodyText\">Khosla bought the property in the San Francisco Bay Area for $32.5 million in 2008 and later blocked the public from accessing it. That prompted a lawsuit by the nonprofit Surfrider Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"large bodyText\">A state appeals court ruled last year that Khosla needed to apply for a coastal development permit before denying public access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"large bodyText\">Khosla — a venture capitalist who co-founded the Silicon Valley technology company, Sun Microsystems — closed a gate, put up a no-access sign and painted over a billboard at the entrance to the property that had advertised access to the beach, according to the appellate ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"large bodyText\">The secluded beach south of Half Moon Bay, about 35 miles (56 kilometers) south of San Francisco, is only accessible by a road that goes over Khosla’s land.[contextly_sidebar id=”NOdtX1PCPmP7gxWO1mPs0dFnFa8KiNvp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"large bodyText\">The previous owners of the property allowed public access to the beach for a fee. But Khosla’s attorneys say the cost to maintain the beach and other facilities far exceeded revenue from the fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"large bodyText\">The government cannot demand that people keep their private property open to the public without paying them to do so, Khosla’s attorneys said in their appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"large bodyText\">The state appeals court ruling would “throw private property rights in California into disarray,” the appeal argued, saying other property owners along California’s coast would prefer to exclude the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"large bodyText\">The Surfrider Foundation said Khosla’s appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court was premature because he had not yet applied for a permit and received a decision from the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"large bodyText\">“This win helps to secure beach access for all people, as is enshrined in our laws,” said Angela Howe, legal director of the foundation. “The Surfrider Foundation will always fight to preserve the rights of the many from becoming the assets of the few.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"large bodyText\">Attorneys for Vinod Khosla did not immediately return an email message seeking comment.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.terisasiagatonu.com/youth-speaks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terisa Siagatonu\u003c/a> is a poet and mental health advocate who works with young people. She grew up in San Francisco, but her family is from Samoa, in the Pacific Islands. She says to be from Samoa is to be from water, and that this belonging with water is shifting because of climate change. We talked to her for our series, This Moment on Earth, about how climate change has impacted people’s lives in personal and specific ways. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is Terisa Siagatonu’s Moment. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water, for me, equates to belonging, or the sense of belonging, the sense of home. Because I know my home and my homeland is in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the water is also a threat. There’s now such a thing as a climate change refugee, and I see that amongst my community of folks having to leave where they’re living, because the sea levels are rising and they literally cannot survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to imagine being hopeful when you know that there are very real things happening to the place that you’re from. I imagine having children one day and wondering, can I bring them with me to visit Samoa? Will it still be there or will it be underwater?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will the only things I have to understand my culture and my identity be the books that my grandpa wrote, and the limited knowledge I have from what was passed down to me? And so, I get really scared. I get really nervous about what legacy will be left for future generations in my community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the poet is responsible for making what is typically taboo or typically off-limits to talk about — make it to make it possible to talk about, and make it accessible. Especially right now in regards to climate change — I see poetry, I see it literally as medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZMgGzD1–g&t=20s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Atlas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"layoutArea\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"column\">\n\u003cp>If you open up any atlas\u003cbr>\nand take a look at a map of the world,\u003cbr>\nalmost every single one of them\u003cbr>\nslices the Pacific Ocean in half.\u003cbr>\nTo the human eye,\u003cbr>\nevery map centers all the land masses on Earth\u003cbr>\ncreating the illusion\u003cbr>\nthat water can handle the butchering\u003cbr>\nand be pushed to the edges\u003cbr>\nof the world.\u003cbr>\nAs if the Pacific Ocean isn’t the largest body\u003cbr>\nliving today, beating the loudest heart,\u003cbr>\nthe reason why land has a pulse in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audacity one must have to create a visual so\u003cbr>\nviolent as to assume that no one comes\u003cbr>\nfrom water so no one will care\u003cbr>\nwhat you do with it\u003cbr>\nand yet,\u003cbr>\npeople came from land,\u003cbr>\nare still coming from land,\u003cbr>\nand look what was done to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people ask me where I’m from,\u003cbr>\nthey don’t believe me when I say water.\u003cbr>\nSo instead, I tell them that home is a machete\u003cbr>\nand that I belong to places\u003cbr>\nthat don’t belong to themselves anymore,\u003cbr>\nbroken and butchered places that have made me\u003cbr>\na hyphen of a woman:\u003cbr>\na Samoan-American that carries the weight of both\u003cbr>\ncolonizer and colonized,\u003cbr>\nboth blade and blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California stolen.\u003cbr>\nSamoa sliced in half stolen.\u003cbr>\nCalifornia, nestled on the western coast of the most powerful\u003cbr>\ncountry on this planet.\u003cbr>\nSamoa, an island so microscopic on a map, it’s no wonder\u003cbr>\npeople doubt its existence.\u003cbr>\nCalifornia, a state of emergency away from having the drought\u003cbr>\nrid it of all its water.\u003cbr>\nSamoa, a state of emergency away from becoming a saltwater cemetery\u003cbr>\nif the sea level doesn’t stop rising.\u003cbr>\nWhen people ask me where I’m from,\u003cbr>\nwhat they want is to hear me speak of land,\u003cbr>\nwhat they want is to know where I go once I leave here,\u003cbr>\nthe privilege that comes with assuming that home\u003cbr>\nis just a destination, and not the panic.\u003cbr>\nNot the constant migration that the panic gives birth to.\u003cbr>\nWhat is it like? To know that home is something\u003cbr>\nthat’s waiting for you to return to it?\u003cbr>\nWhat does it mean to belong to something that isn’t sinking?\u003cbr>\nWhat does it mean to belong to what is causing the flood?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many of us come from water\u003cbr>\nbut when you come from water\u003cbr>\nno one believes you.\u003cbr>\nColonization keeps laughing.\u003cbr>\nGlobal warming is grinning\u003cbr>\nat all your grief.\u003cbr>\nHow you mourn the loss of a home\u003cbr>\nthat isn’t even gone yet.\u003cbr>\nThat no one believes you’re from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How everyone is beginning\u003cbr>\nto hear more about your island\u003cbr>\nbut only in the context of\u003cbr>\nvacations and honeymoons,\u003cbr>\nfootball and military life,\u003cbr>\nexotic women exotic fruit exotic beaches\u003cbr>\nbut never asks about the rest of its body.\u003cbr>\nThe water.\u003cbr>\nThe islands breathing in it.\u003cbr>\nThe reason why they’re sinking.\u003cbr>\nNo one visualizes islands in the Pacific\u003cbr>\nas actually being there.\u003cbr>\nYou explain and explain and clarify\u003cbr>\nand correct their incorrect pronunciation\u003cbr>\nand explain\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>until they remember just how vast your ocean is,\u003cbr>\nhow microscopic your islands look in it,\u003cbr>\nhow easy it is to miss when looking\u003cbr>\non a map of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excuses people make\u003cbr>\nfor why they didn’t see it\u003cbr>\nbefore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Terisa Siagatonu is an award-winning poet, teaching artist, mental health educator, and community leader born and rooted in the Bay Area. A queer Samoan woman and activist, Siagatonu has spoken and performed at the White House and the UN Conference on Climate Change in Paris. In 2012, she received President Obama’s Champion of Change Award for her activism as a spoken word poet/organizer in her Pacific Islander community. Her Moment was recorded and produced by Peter Arcuni and Becky Hoag.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.terisasiagatonu.com/youth-speaks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terisa Siagatonu\u003c/a> is a poet and mental health advocate who works with young people. She grew up in San Francisco, but her family is from Samoa, in the Pacific Islands. She says to be from Samoa is to be from water, and that this belonging with water is shifting because of climate change. We talked to her for our series, This Moment on Earth, about how climate change has impacted people’s lives in personal and specific ways. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is Terisa Siagatonu’s Moment. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water, for me, equates to belonging, or the sense of belonging, the sense of home. Because I know my home and my homeland is in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the water is also a threat. There’s now such a thing as a climate change refugee, and I see that amongst my community of folks having to leave where they’re living, because the sea levels are rising and they literally cannot survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to imagine being hopeful when you know that there are very real things happening to the place that you’re from. I imagine having children one day and wondering, can I bring them with me to visit Samoa? Will it still be there or will it be underwater?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will the only things I have to understand my culture and my identity be the books that my grandpa wrote, and the limited knowledge I have from what was passed down to me? And so, I get really scared. I get really nervous about what legacy will be left for future generations in my community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the poet is responsible for making what is typically taboo or typically off-limits to talk about — make it to make it possible to talk about, and make it accessible. Especially right now in regards to climate change — I see poetry, I see it literally as medicine.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mZMgGzD1'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mZMgGzD1'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Atlas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"layoutArea\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"column\">\n\u003cp>If you open up any atlas\u003cbr>\nand take a look at a map of the world,\u003cbr>\nalmost every single one of them\u003cbr>\nslices the Pacific Ocean in half.\u003cbr>\nTo the human eye,\u003cbr>\nevery map centers all the land masses on Earth\u003cbr>\ncreating the illusion\u003cbr>\nthat water can handle the butchering\u003cbr>\nand be pushed to the edges\u003cbr>\nof the world.\u003cbr>\nAs if the Pacific Ocean isn’t the largest body\u003cbr>\nliving today, beating the loudest heart,\u003cbr>\nthe reason why land has a pulse in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audacity one must have to create a visual so\u003cbr>\nviolent as to assume that no one comes\u003cbr>\nfrom water so no one will care\u003cbr>\nwhat you do with it\u003cbr>\nand yet,\u003cbr>\npeople came from land,\u003cbr>\nare still coming from land,\u003cbr>\nand look what was done to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people ask me where I’m from,\u003cbr>\nthey don’t believe me when I say water.\u003cbr>\nSo instead, I tell them that home is a machete\u003cbr>\nand that I belong to places\u003cbr>\nthat don’t belong to themselves anymore,\u003cbr>\nbroken and butchered places that have made me\u003cbr>\na hyphen of a woman:\u003cbr>\na Samoan-American that carries the weight of both\u003cbr>\ncolonizer and colonized,\u003cbr>\nboth blade and blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California stolen.\u003cbr>\nSamoa sliced in half stolen.\u003cbr>\nCalifornia, nestled on the western coast of the most powerful\u003cbr>\ncountry on this planet.\u003cbr>\nSamoa, an island so microscopic on a map, it’s no wonder\u003cbr>\npeople doubt its existence.\u003cbr>\nCalifornia, a state of emergency away from having the drought\u003cbr>\nrid it of all its water.\u003cbr>\nSamoa, a state of emergency away from becoming a saltwater cemetery\u003cbr>\nif the sea level doesn’t stop rising.\u003cbr>\nWhen people ask me where I’m from,\u003cbr>\nwhat they want is to hear me speak of land,\u003cbr>\nwhat they want is to know where I go once I leave here,\u003cbr>\nthe privilege that comes with assuming that home\u003cbr>\nis just a destination, and not the panic.\u003cbr>\nNot the constant migration that the panic gives birth to.\u003cbr>\nWhat is it like? To know that home is something\u003cbr>\nthat’s waiting for you to return to it?\u003cbr>\nWhat does it mean to belong to something that isn’t sinking?\u003cbr>\nWhat does it mean to belong to what is causing the flood?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many of us come from water\u003cbr>\nbut when you come from water\u003cbr>\nno one believes you.\u003cbr>\nColonization keeps laughing.\u003cbr>\nGlobal warming is grinning\u003cbr>\nat all your grief.\u003cbr>\nHow you mourn the loss of a home\u003cbr>\nthat isn’t even gone yet.\u003cbr>\nThat no one believes you’re from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How everyone is beginning\u003cbr>\nto hear more about your island\u003cbr>\nbut only in the context of\u003cbr>\nvacations and honeymoons,\u003cbr>\nfootball and military life,\u003cbr>\nexotic women exotic fruit exotic beaches\u003cbr>\nbut never asks about the rest of its body.\u003cbr>\nThe water.\u003cbr>\nThe islands breathing in it.\u003cbr>\nThe reason why they’re sinking.\u003cbr>\nNo one visualizes islands in the Pacific\u003cbr>\nas actually being there.\u003cbr>\nYou explain and explain and clarify\u003cbr>\nand correct their incorrect pronunciation\u003cbr>\nand explain\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>until they remember just how vast your ocean is,\u003cbr>\nhow microscopic your islands look in it,\u003cbr>\nhow easy it is to miss when looking\u003cbr>\non a map of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excuses people make\u003cbr>\nfor why they didn’t see it\u003cbr>\nbefore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Terisa Siagatonu is an award-winning poet, teaching artist, mental health educator, and community leader born and rooted in the Bay Area. A queer Samoan woman and activist, Siagatonu has spoken and performed at the White House and the UN Conference on Climate Change in Paris. In 2012, she received President Obama’s Champion of Change Award for her activism as a spoken word poet/organizer in her Pacific Islander community. Her Moment was recorded and produced by Peter Arcuni and Becky Hoag.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Protecting California Wetlands May Come At a Cost",
"headTitle": "Protecting California Wetlands May Come At a Cost | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"content\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"moz-reader-content line-height4 reader-show-element\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"readability-page-1\" class=\"page\">\n\u003cp>Efforts by the Trump administration to rewrite wetlands regulations could undermine natural functions that are crucial to clean drinking water, flood protection and wildlife habitat, says Jessica Kao.[contextly_sidebar id=”OpcUTnEDBs8TXTqs1CS2qw81zIKDEoHR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has moved decisively to weaken the Waters of the U.S. (WOTUS) rule, a federal regulatory process that seeks to protect wetlands and seasonal streams from excessive development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This effort has suffered setbacks in the courts, which has only helped create more uncertainty about how these waters should be protected. To fill the regulatory void, California is moving to \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/09/03/amid-trump-rollbacks-california-moves-to-regulate-wetlands-on-its-own\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">adopt its own rules\u003c/a>, an effort that is hugely controversial but which may be necessary in the absence of sufficient federal oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands and ephemeral streams are essential habitat for wildlife, and vital filters for the drinking water we all depend on every day. In many cases, they also serve as flood protection, storing or slowing down storm runoff that would otherwise threaten downstream development.[contextly_sidebar id=”f7QgKHMyeec7cm4konTUZvzNY0AlwdMe”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, it can be difficult to explain the importance of these waterways, which are often derided as swamps. So Water Deeply recently asked Jessica Kao to put it in her own words. Until her retirement in 2017, Kao was chief of staff at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Region 9, which oversees California, Hawaii, Nevada and Arizona. She was also regional lead staffer on the Obama administration’s multiyear WOTUS rulemaking endeavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why should people care about wetlands and ephemeral water bodies, such as seasonal streams?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Kao: Seasonal wetlands and streams – those that become wet in response to rain, snowmelt or increased subsurface flow – are the unsung heroes of a healthy watershed. They loom particularly large in the arid and semi-arid Southwest (California, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Colorado), constituting more than 80 percent of all waters. Often the headwaters or major tributaries of perennial streams, they store, transport and cycle water, nutrients and sediments throughout the watershed and provide crucial linkage between dry land and perennial rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a watershed scale, they improve water quality, attenuate erosion and flooding during high flows, recharge groundwater, maintain floodplains, and sustain vegetation, habitat and wildlife corridors. Seasonal wetlands are also vital to the survival of many reptiles and amphibians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All communities benefit from functioning watersheds. For effective and efficient management of overall watershed health, science counsels us to approach the important hydrologic, biochemical and ecological functions of our vast networks of seasonal waters in context and cumulatively, not in isolation. However, seasonal waters – many smaller in size – have been particularly susceptible to human disturbances, falling victim to people’s preconceptions of what a wetland or a stream should be and [being seen] as undeserving of protection.[contextly_sidebar id=”OSUoixiInEQKSmIinuKPS4PMLz9ScfE7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we should not ignore science, and we risk defining away nature at our own peril. California’s fast disappearing vernal pools – irreplaceable wetlands that swell up each spring in time to host unique plant communities and endangered species – are a reminder that to degrade and destroy is easy, but to rehabilitate and restore is difficult, if not impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the most important regulatory action we need now to start protecting these water bodies sufficiently, and end controversy and confusion around those protections?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kao: The effectiveness of the Clean Water Act, the most significant statute we have for safeguarding the health and safety of our nation’s water resources, is underpinned by the scope of WOTUS. Unfortunately, an end to the tremendous confusion over this foundational question engendered by the Supreme Court’s fractious 2006 decision (Rapanos) does not appear in sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, a positive start would be refraining from procedural irregularities and political maneuvers to unravel years of WOTUS scientific reviews and rule-making efforts, and instead allowing balanced discussions informed by rule of law and science to proceed. In the meantime – as with combating climate change – where the federal government waffles and retreats, states like California can enact clear laws for their waters and beef up resources and expertise to engage in areas where the federal government once used to lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"content\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"moz-reader-content line-height4 reader-show-element\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"readability-page-1\" class=\"page\">\n\u003cp>Efforts by the Trump administration to rewrite wetlands regulations could undermine natural functions that are crucial to clean drinking water, flood protection and wildlife habitat, says Jessica Kao.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has moved decisively to weaken the Waters of the U.S. (WOTUS) rule, a federal regulatory process that seeks to protect wetlands and seasonal streams from excessive development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This effort has suffered setbacks in the courts, which has only helped create more uncertainty about how these waters should be protected. 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Until her retirement in 2017, Kao was chief of staff at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Region 9, which oversees California, Hawaii, Nevada and Arizona. She was also regional lead staffer on the Obama administration’s multiyear WOTUS rulemaking endeavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why should people care about wetlands and ephemeral water bodies, such as seasonal streams?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Kao: Seasonal wetlands and streams – those that become wet in response to rain, snowmelt or increased subsurface flow – are the unsung heroes of a healthy watershed. They loom particularly large in the arid and semi-arid Southwest (California, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Colorado), constituting more than 80 percent of all waters. Often the headwaters or major tributaries of perennial streams, they store, transport and cycle water, nutrients and sediments throughout the watershed and provide crucial linkage between dry land and perennial rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a watershed scale, they improve water quality, attenuate erosion and flooding during high flows, recharge groundwater, maintain floodplains, and sustain vegetation, habitat and wildlife corridors. Seasonal wetlands are also vital to the survival of many reptiles and amphibians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All communities benefit from functioning watersheds. For effective and efficient management of overall watershed health, science counsels us to approach the important hydrologic, biochemical and ecological functions of our vast networks of seasonal waters in context and cumulatively, not in isolation. However, seasonal waters – many smaller in size – have been particularly susceptible to human disturbances, falling victim to people’s preconceptions of what a wetland or a stream should be and [being seen] as undeserving of protection.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we should not ignore science, and we risk defining away nature at our own peril. California’s fast disappearing vernal pools – irreplaceable wetlands that swell up each spring in time to host unique plant communities and endangered species – are a reminder that to degrade and destroy is easy, but to rehabilitate and restore is difficult, if not impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the most important regulatory action we need now to start protecting these water bodies sufficiently, and end controversy and confusion around those protections?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kao: The effectiveness of the Clean Water Act, the most significant statute we have for safeguarding the health and safety of our nation’s water resources, is underpinned by the scope of WOTUS. Unfortunately, an end to the tremendous confusion over this foundational question engendered by the Supreme Court’s fractious 2006 decision (Rapanos) does not appear in sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, a positive start would be refraining from procedural irregularities and political maneuvers to unravel years of WOTUS scientific reviews and rule-making efforts, and instead allowing balanced discussions informed by rule of law and science to proceed. In the meantime – as with combating climate change – where the federal government waffles and retreats, states like California can enact clear laws for their waters and beef up resources and expertise to engage in areas where the federal government once used to lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Watch a Sea Lion Slap a Kayaker Right Across the Face — With an Octopus",
"headTitle": "Watch a Sea Lion Slap a Kayaker Right Across the Face — With an Octopus | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7m7-_Lo23BI\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sea lion smacks a kayaker with an octopus, and the video capturing the unlikely encounter quickly becomes a viral sensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conflict between man and beasts happened off the coast of New Zealand’s South Island.[contextly_sidebar id=”ghxWvrHRBgGdxjEuWhHZmbAU4Zu46Tqj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taiyo Masuda, Kyle Mulinder and friends were going for a paddle off the coast of Kaikoura. Masuda’s camera follows the sea lion as it zips beneath the ocean’s surface and pops up a couple of feet from Mulinder and flings an octopus his way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whoa!” Masuda shouts, as Mulinder shakes his head and looks back into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not sure who got more of a surprise: the seal, the octopus, or me,” Mulinder wrote on Instagram in a comment about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/p/BoD3bluhKmS/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what exactly was the sea lion up to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For answers, we turned to two scientists who know something about what makes sea lions tick: \u003ca href=\"https://pinnipedlab.ucsc.edu/staff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colleen Reichmuth\u003c/a>, a principal investigator and associate research scientist at the University of Santa Cruz’s Institute of Marine Sciences, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncf.edu/directory/listing/peter-cook/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter Cook\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of psychology at the New College of Florida who studies animal cognition and has experience with sea lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, they wanted to make clear that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/education/marine-mammal-information/pinnipeds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pinniped\u003c/a> in question was indeed a sea lion, not a seal. Cook guesses the star of the show might be a New Zealand sea lion based on the whereabouts, but he couldn’t be completely sure from the video alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea lions and fur seals belong to the \u003cem>otariid\u003c/em> family and are sometimes called “eared seals.” Unlike true seals, however, they have external ear flaps and big front flippers, which allow them to be more active on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behaviorally, Cook says, sea lions are more outgoing than seals and have a more flexible foraging ecology, meaning that they eat a wider variety of things — crabs, squids, octopuses, really anything they can get a hold of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea lions also eat their prey in much less predictable ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might be sea lions’ tendency to play that gives them their complex feeding behaviors, Cook says. Sea lions spend anywhere from nine months to two years with their mothers before venturing out on their own. During that period, they are being fed milk by their mother and have a lot of free time, most of which they use to play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In animal behavior work, we tend to think of play as a way that an animal learns and sort of preps itself to take on a more complicated set of potential behaviors as an adult,” Cook says.[contextly_sidebar id=”Gnrop7MagV2hqEmaoboJSpKPnbL1GSHZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So was the sea lion just playing with the octopus?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to say, Cook says, but it’s possible. “They do like to fiddle with their food, and throwing an octopus around could be pretty fun,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cook says he has witnessed sea lions in captivity playing with leftover food after finishing a meal. For half an hour or so, a sea lion might throw a piece of fish up and down, playing catch with itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Cook, a sign that this sea lion might have been messing around with the octopus is that after the smacking incident, the sea lion circles back, swimming very slowly. The way it turns and flops its flipper tells Cook that it’s pretty relaxed, and sea lions are not usually relaxed when they’re chasing down food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, sea lions also sometimes throw their food around to make it easier to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reichmuth says the video could portray typical sea lion foraging. “The behavior in that video is pretty normal behavior for a sea lion that is feeding on prey that is too big to swallow whole,” Reichmuth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea lions don’t have grinding teeth, so while they can hold onto a slippery fish or octopus, they can’t chew it well. Instead, they bring the prey to the surface and smash it on the water to break it into bite-size pieces, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reichmuth and Cook agree that it is entirely likely a feeding sea lion would have flung the octopus out of the water and smashed it on the surface, whether the kayakers had been there or not.[contextly_sidebar id=”dlYACemdcmpxPqxXZvRyxsQp0WHMXDPO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea lions typically regard humans with indifference. “They definitely will approach people and look at them, but they mostly just do their own thing,” Cook says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s unlikely the sea lion was using the octopus as a weapon to fight the humans, according to Cook. “The idea of a sea lion hitting a person aggressively with an object — I’ve never heard of that happening. I’d be very surprised,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even though sea lions can be indifferent toward humans, it doesn’t mean they can’t be bugged by us, Reichmuth says. “Sea lions are playful animals, but that doesn’t mean they’re not disturbed by the presence of people,” she says, especially when they are carrying out biologically important activities like foraging for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kayakers, she says, most likely paddled into an area where the sea lion was feeding, putting them in the line of fire. “You see the animal surface a few times, so [the kayakers] probably were not where they should have been, maybe a little too close to feeding animals,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes her think that while the video is entertaining, it also evokes a larger issue: the encroachment of people into wildlife areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common courtesy for wildlife, she says, is to stay well away from the “threshold of response,” which is when animals alter their behavior because of human presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, though, it’s hard to know with certainty what the now world famous sea lion was doing with the octopus, or if its behavior was affected by the kayakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anytime someone witnesses a novel sea lion behavior, or the unexpected actions of any behaviorally flexible animal, Cook says, there’s often speculation about why it might have done it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Frequently people observe sea lions doing new things that we did not know they could do,” Cook says. “There are always a lot of questions, and we make our best guess. But, yeah, they can surprise you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rachel D. Cohen is an intern on NPR’s Science Desk.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+Did+An+Octopus-Wielding+Sea+Lion+Slap+A+Kayaker+In+The+Face%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A sea lion in a viral video was probably just messing around with its food. Researchers say sea lions don't care enough about humans to want to slap one of us with an octopus.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/7m7-_Lo23BI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/7m7-_Lo23BI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>A sea lion smacks a kayaker with an octopus, and the video capturing the unlikely encounter quickly becomes a viral sensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conflict between man and beasts happened off the coast of New Zealand’s South Island.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taiyo Masuda, Kyle Mulinder and friends were going for a paddle off the coast of Kaikoura. Masuda’s camera follows the sea lion as it zips beneath the ocean’s surface and pops up a couple of feet from Mulinder and flings an octopus his way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whoa!” Masuda shouts, as Mulinder shakes his head and looks back into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not sure who got more of a surprise: the seal, the octopus, or me,” Mulinder wrote on Instagram in a comment about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/p/BoD3bluhKmS/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what exactly was the sea lion up to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For answers, we turned to two scientists who know something about what makes sea lions tick: \u003ca href=\"https://pinnipedlab.ucsc.edu/staff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colleen Reichmuth\u003c/a>, a principal investigator and associate research scientist at the University of Santa Cruz’s Institute of Marine Sciences, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncf.edu/directory/listing/peter-cook/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter Cook\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of psychology at the New College of Florida who studies animal cognition and has experience with sea lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, they wanted to make clear that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/education/marine-mammal-information/pinnipeds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pinniped\u003c/a> in question was indeed a sea lion, not a seal. Cook guesses the star of the show might be a New Zealand sea lion based on the whereabouts, but he couldn’t be completely sure from the video alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea lions and fur seals belong to the \u003cem>otariid\u003c/em> family and are sometimes called “eared seals.” Unlike true seals, however, they have external ear flaps and big front flippers, which allow them to be more active on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behaviorally, Cook says, sea lions are more outgoing than seals and have a more flexible foraging ecology, meaning that they eat a wider variety of things — crabs, squids, octopuses, really anything they can get a hold of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea lions also eat their prey in much less predictable ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might be sea lions’ tendency to play that gives them their complex feeding behaviors, Cook says. Sea lions spend anywhere from nine months to two years with their mothers before venturing out on their own. During that period, they are being fed milk by their mother and have a lot of free time, most of which they use to play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In animal behavior work, we tend to think of play as a way that an animal learns and sort of preps itself to take on a more complicated set of potential behaviors as an adult,” Cook says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So was the sea lion just playing with the octopus?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to say, Cook says, but it’s possible. “They do like to fiddle with their food, and throwing an octopus around could be pretty fun,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cook says he has witnessed sea lions in captivity playing with leftover food after finishing a meal. For half an hour or so, a sea lion might throw a piece of fish up and down, playing catch with itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Cook, a sign that this sea lion might have been messing around with the octopus is that after the smacking incident, the sea lion circles back, swimming very slowly. The way it turns and flops its flipper tells Cook that it’s pretty relaxed, and sea lions are not usually relaxed when they’re chasing down food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, sea lions also sometimes throw their food around to make it easier to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reichmuth says the video could portray typical sea lion foraging. “The behavior in that video is pretty normal behavior for a sea lion that is feeding on prey that is too big to swallow whole,” Reichmuth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea lions don’t have grinding teeth, so while they can hold onto a slippery fish or octopus, they can’t chew it well. Instead, they bring the prey to the surface and smash it on the water to break it into bite-size pieces, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reichmuth and Cook agree that it is entirely likely a feeding sea lion would have flung the octopus out of the water and smashed it on the surface, whether the kayakers had been there or not.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea lions typically regard humans with indifference. “They definitely will approach people and look at them, but they mostly just do their own thing,” Cook says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s unlikely the sea lion was using the octopus as a weapon to fight the humans, according to Cook. “The idea of a sea lion hitting a person aggressively with an object — I’ve never heard of that happening. I’d be very surprised,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even though sea lions can be indifferent toward humans, it doesn’t mean they can’t be bugged by us, Reichmuth says. “Sea lions are playful animals, but that doesn’t mean they’re not disturbed by the presence of people,” she says, especially when they are carrying out biologically important activities like foraging for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kayakers, she says, most likely paddled into an area where the sea lion was feeding, putting them in the line of fire. “You see the animal surface a few times, so [the kayakers] probably were not where they should have been, maybe a little too close to feeding animals,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes her think that while the video is entertaining, it also evokes a larger issue: the encroachment of people into wildlife areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common courtesy for wildlife, she says, is to stay well away from the “threshold of response,” which is when animals alter their behavior because of human presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, though, it’s hard to know with certainty what the now world famous sea lion was doing with the octopus, or if its behavior was affected by the kayakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anytime someone witnesses a novel sea lion behavior, or the unexpected actions of any behaviorally flexible animal, Cook says, there’s often speculation about why it might have done it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Frequently people observe sea lions doing new things that we did not know they could do,” Cook says. “There are always a lot of questions, and we make our best guess. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rachel D. Cohen is an intern on NPR’s Science Desk.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+Did+An+Octopus-Wielding+Sea+Lion+Slap+A+Kayaker+In+The+Face%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Despite decades of research, the trigger that causes algal blooms to begin poisoning their environment has long confounded scientists. [contextly_sidebar id=”fnAsXqYMH2wXuMPiM7XaZXpzPiY89ReR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers from Scripps and UC San Diego have found the genetic underpinning of domoic acid, a harmful neurotoxin. In a new study published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>, \u003c/em>researchers describe three genes responsible for producing domoic acid in the phytoplankton \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitoring how the cluster of genes behave could one day yield information on which environmental or biological triggers are responsible for activating them, according to Bradley Moore, a professor of marine chemical biology and geneticist at Scripps and UC San Diego. That information could help fisheries and public health officials predict when harmful algal blooms will occur, allowing them to effectively prepare. [contextly_sidebar id=”wBZEargCce4eVX1RDaJLL0oQY2wnfmtJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says that the “very small” cluster of genes responsible for the production of the toxin is a relatively rare phenomena compared to other similar organisms, indicating that they may serve some important biological function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not there to make us sick. There are different theories for why it’s there, including serving as a feeding deterrent,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore speculates the toxin may deter organisms that would feed upon the algae. Or it may be that the toxin allows algae to chemically bond to nutrients, such as iron, present in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The discovery of these genes will allow us to explore these theories,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and his colleagues focused on \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia\u003c/em> because it occasionally causes serious economic and environmental damage along coastal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, closures due to toxic blooms have become increasingly common. Several popular swimming areas in the Bay Area, including Lake Temescal and Quarry Lakes, were shut down for most of the summer due to harmful algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/Lake-Cunningham-Park-179\">San Jose’s Lake Cunningham\u003c/a> has been closed since January and has yet to reopen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans, the toxin can cause rashes, skin lesions, headaches and stomach pain. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">There have also been cases\u003c/a> of animals dying in Napa County from swallowing the contaminated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To monitor local bloom sightings online, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harmful Algae Bloom Portal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite decades of research, the trigger that causes algal blooms to begin poisoning their environment has long confounded scientists. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers from Scripps and UC San Diego have found the genetic underpinning of domoic acid, a harmful neurotoxin. In a new study published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>, \u003c/em>researchers describe three genes responsible for producing domoic acid in the phytoplankton \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitoring how the cluster of genes behave could one day yield information on which environmental or biological triggers are responsible for activating them, according to Bradley Moore, a professor of marine chemical biology and geneticist at Scripps and UC San Diego. That information could help fisheries and public health officials predict when harmful algal blooms will occur, allowing them to effectively prepare. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says that the “very small” cluster of genes responsible for the production of the toxin is a relatively rare phenomena compared to other similar organisms, indicating that they may serve some important biological function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not there to make us sick. There are different theories for why it’s there, including serving as a feeding deterrent,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore speculates the toxin may deter organisms that would feed upon the algae. Or it may be that the toxin allows algae to chemically bond to nutrients, such as iron, present in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The discovery of these genes will allow us to explore these theories,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and his colleagues focused on \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia\u003c/em> because it occasionally causes serious economic and environmental damage along coastal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, closures due to toxic blooms have become increasingly common. Several popular swimming areas in the Bay Area, including Lake Temescal and Quarry Lakes, were shut down for most of the summer due to harmful algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/Lake-Cunningham-Park-179\">San Jose’s Lake Cunningham\u003c/a> has been closed since January and has yet to reopen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans, the toxin can cause rashes, skin lesions, headaches and stomach pain. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">There have also been cases\u003c/a> of animals dying in Napa County from swallowing the contaminated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To monitor local bloom sightings online, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harmful Algae Bloom Portal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Fire Ecologists Say Stop Smothering Fires, Let Them Burn",
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"content": "\u003cp>When a wildfire starts, whether by lightning or human hand, it is almost always smothered.[contextly_sidebar id=”rAPdiOusjR0JcHb07qYq15XwzGemasFQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters and aircraft are dispatched at the first sign of smoke. Ground crews build tight containment lines, contouring where they can with the fire’s edge. Helicopters douse hot spots and flames with deluges of foamy water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public and media extol their efforts. The headline reads, “Brave firefighters tame destructive fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malcolm North, a fire ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service and the University of California, Davis, gets it. He once worked as a wildland firefighter himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, he says, is that approach to wildfire is not just short-sighted, it’s dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overgrown forests, the result of a century of aggressive firefighting, are one of the biggest contributors to the types of massive, catastrophic fires that are becoming more common in much of the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lesson we learn \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/06/635983535/photos-as-one-california-wildfire-ebbs-another-explodes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/01/634696282/california-carr-fire-leaves-many-unsure-about-their-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/07/23/425519562/wildfires-in-montana-california-scorch-thousands-of-acres-trigger-evacuationshttps://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/07/23/425519562/wildfires-in-montana-california-scorch-thousands-of-acres-trigger-evacuations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you get one of these big fires, it is the result of 100 years of management decisions where they went and put out lightning strikes, they limited or shut down prescribed fire. And those decisions eventually accumulate and bite you in the butt,” he says, between quick breaths, hiking up a rock-strewn trail in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miles back, North passed a sign declaring the trail closed due to a fire ahead. The sky is a muted blue and the jagged Sierra peaks to the west are fuzzy from a haze of drifting smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North is hiking towards the fire — \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5850/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Lions Fire\u003c/a> — because it’s an example of a different approach. It was, for a brief moment, the rare fire that forest managers decided not to smother, but to let burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also a good example of just how difficult that decision can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Rare Opportunity \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire started the way a wildfire should, when lightning struck a tree-covered ridge in the Ansel Adams Wilderness, south of Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That already made it a rarity. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/27/517100594/whats-the-leading-cause-of-wildfires-in-the-u-s-humans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vast majority of wildfires\u003c/a>, 84 percent, are human-caused.[contextly_sidebar id=”4m3cHY0fNql9k9UTgKMD6a3F4sluq5MY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also made the fire an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service has been talking about \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/01/05/508319075/forest-service-tries-a-different-approach-on-whether-to-let-fires-burn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letting more naturally-caused wildfires burn\u003c/a> for decades. There’s a recognition that wildfire is part of the landscape across much of America. Forests evolved with fire. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17147189\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">depend on it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area the Lions Fire was burning hadn’t burned in a long time, and there were indications that fire was needed. Half of the trees in the surrounding forest were already dead, killed by beetles. A windstorm, years earlier, had downed thousands of trees to the east of the fire, creating a jumbled mess on the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For forest managers like Denise Tolmie, a district ranger in the Sierra National Forest, the Lions Fire seemed like an opportunity to restore some health to the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It checked all of the boxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started naturally, early in the season. It was far away from people and property. It was in an area that had seen fire historically but hadn’t burned in some time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Initially we said, ‘Yup. This fire is in a good place,'” Tolmie says. “Can we have positive effects from the fire? Yes we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the Forest Service allowed the fire to burn over a 2,000 acre area, she says. Fire crews were sent in to make sure the fire stayed in that area, but they didn’t go with the goal of stamping out every flame. They were there to manage the fire, not fight it.[contextly_sidebar id=”PmzdUgtKebdZOFLvEkIFV7HQTwb0qpx7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This decision is incredibly rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a nail-biter,” Tolmie says. “You’re making a decision where — I usually do it as: Did I dot every ‘i’ and cross every ‘t’?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service stopped counting how many fires it and other agencies manage this way in 2009, as part of a larger policy change. From the years 1998 to 2008 though, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/fireInfo_stats_fireUse.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the last with data\u003c/a>, less than half of one percent — 0.4 percent — of all ignitions in the U.S. were allowed to burn. The rest were put out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire would be no different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delaying The Inevitable\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A stump burns in a swirl of flame on the eastern edge of the Lions Fire. Smoke rises from downed logs and stump holes under a canopy of tall trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forest is quiet, apart from the occasional crack or pop of wood and flame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It almost seems peaceful,” North says. “It’s kind of nice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire is burning through this area at a low-intensity, slowly creeping through pine needles, branches and brush on the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, North says, a lot of the forests in the Sierras saw fire like this about every 20 years. For the last century, the Forest Service has been aggressively putting those fires out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the conifers didn’t stop dropping needles. Trees didn’t stop growing or falling down. Without fire, that vegetation has built up over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North looks at that accumulation as a debt that society, someday, is going to have to pay off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you put a fire out, you’re just postponing it. You’re just kicking the can down the road,” he says. “And not only are you postponing it, but you just increase the actual fuel load that is out there, so when it does happen you get these massive megafire events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/8/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate change\u003c/a> is another major contributor to the those types of fires. And the effects of it are only expected to\u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0188486#sec006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> worsen the problem\u003c/a> going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there has been more political attention on the issue of overgrown forests of late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-zinke-directs-interior-bureaus-take-aggressive-action-prevent-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calling for more ‘active’ logging\u003c/a> and thinning in western forests. The goal is to reduce fire risk and jump-start resource-dependent economies in parts of the rural west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are logistical challenges to doing that though. The Lions Fire, for example, is burning in the wilderness, an area where mechanical thinning or logging is prohibited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t thin our way out of this,” North says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prescribed fire needs to be utilized more often, he says, and more fires need to be allowed to burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Full suppression\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of days after forest managers decided to let the Lions Fire burn, a weather event brought high winds to the area. The fire jumped from a couple dozen acres to over 1,000 overnight, expanding beyond the area in which forest managers wanted to keep it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the change in conditions, management of the fire changed too. Helicopters went in to douse the flames. Fire crews came in by aircraft to stop the fire’s spread. It was now being fully suppressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was welcome news to the residents of Mammoth Lakes, a resort ski town about seven miles from where the fire was burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For weeks, smoke from the Lions Fire had inundated the town, driving away tourists and vacation home owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature has to do its thing, but there comes a point where it gets too close for comfort,” says Cruz Jonathan Valleflores, who works at a local car rental agency. “Tourism is a huge part of this community, so if tourism doesn’t come through, there’s no money. There’s no jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those concerns were shared by many in the community. Some wrote angry op-eds in the local newspaper. Others vented their frustrations on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are all angry about the smoke,” says John Wentworth, a town councilman. “But personally, I know there’s no future in denial. There’s no future in just saying, ‘put out every fire that you see,’ because that’s just going to put money in the bank for the big one that’s going to come here and burn us to the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North was disappointed with the decision to suppress the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He understands why it was made, but he points to a section of forest floor in the still-smoldering Lions Fire. The pine needles and branches are gone, replaced by a layer of black ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the fire effects you want to see,” he says. “High-severity catastrophic fire — it’s going to be a lot harder for that to happen here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Fire+Ecologists+Say+More+Fires+Should+Be+Left+To+Burn.+So+Why+Aren%27t+They%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When a wildfire starts, whether by lightning or human hand, it is almost always smothered.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters and aircraft are dispatched at the first sign of smoke. Ground crews build tight containment lines, contouring where they can with the fire’s edge. Helicopters douse hot spots and flames with deluges of foamy water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public and media extol their efforts. The headline reads, “Brave firefighters tame destructive fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malcolm North, a fire ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service and the University of California, Davis, gets it. He once worked as a wildland firefighter himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, he says, is that approach to wildfire is not just short-sighted, it’s dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overgrown forests, the result of a century of aggressive firefighting, are one of the biggest contributors to the types of massive, catastrophic fires that are becoming more common in much of the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lesson we learn \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/06/635983535/photos-as-one-california-wildfire-ebbs-another-explodes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/01/634696282/california-carr-fire-leaves-many-unsure-about-their-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/07/23/425519562/wildfires-in-montana-california-scorch-thousands-of-acres-trigger-evacuationshttps://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/07/23/425519562/wildfires-in-montana-california-scorch-thousands-of-acres-trigger-evacuations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you get one of these big fires, it is the result of 100 years of management decisions where they went and put out lightning strikes, they limited or shut down prescribed fire. And those decisions eventually accumulate and bite you in the butt,” he says, between quick breaths, hiking up a rock-strewn trail in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miles back, North passed a sign declaring the trail closed due to a fire ahead. The sky is a muted blue and the jagged Sierra peaks to the west are fuzzy from a haze of drifting smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North is hiking towards the fire — \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5850/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Lions Fire\u003c/a> — because it’s an example of a different approach. It was, for a brief moment, the rare fire that forest managers decided not to smother, but to let burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also a good example of just how difficult that decision can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Rare Opportunity \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire started the way a wildfire should, when lightning struck a tree-covered ridge in the Ansel Adams Wilderness, south of Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That already made it a rarity. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/27/517100594/whats-the-leading-cause-of-wildfires-in-the-u-s-humans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vast majority of wildfires\u003c/a>, 84 percent, are human-caused.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also made the fire an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service has been talking about \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/01/05/508319075/forest-service-tries-a-different-approach-on-whether-to-let-fires-burn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letting more naturally-caused wildfires burn\u003c/a> for decades. There’s a recognition that wildfire is part of the landscape across much of America. Forests evolved with fire. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17147189\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">depend on it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area the Lions Fire was burning hadn’t burned in a long time, and there were indications that fire was needed. Half of the trees in the surrounding forest were already dead, killed by beetles. A windstorm, years earlier, had downed thousands of trees to the east of the fire, creating a jumbled mess on the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For forest managers like Denise Tolmie, a district ranger in the Sierra National Forest, the Lions Fire seemed like an opportunity to restore some health to the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It checked all of the boxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started naturally, early in the season. It was far away from people and property. It was in an area that had seen fire historically but hadn’t burned in some time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Initially we said, ‘Yup. This fire is in a good place,'” Tolmie says. “Can we have positive effects from the fire? Yes we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the Forest Service allowed the fire to burn over a 2,000 acre area, she says. Fire crews were sent in to make sure the fire stayed in that area, but they didn’t go with the goal of stamping out every flame. They were there to manage the fire, not fight it.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This decision is incredibly rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a nail-biter,” Tolmie says. “You’re making a decision where — I usually do it as: Did I dot every ‘i’ and cross every ‘t’?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service stopped counting how many fires it and other agencies manage this way in 2009, as part of a larger policy change. From the years 1998 to 2008 though, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/fireInfo_stats_fireUse.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the last with data\u003c/a>, less than half of one percent — 0.4 percent — of all ignitions in the U.S. were allowed to burn. The rest were put out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire would be no different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delaying The Inevitable\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A stump burns in a swirl of flame on the eastern edge of the Lions Fire. Smoke rises from downed logs and stump holes under a canopy of tall trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forest is quiet, apart from the occasional crack or pop of wood and flame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It almost seems peaceful,” North says. “It’s kind of nice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire is burning through this area at a low-intensity, slowly creeping through pine needles, branches and brush on the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, North says, a lot of the forests in the Sierras saw fire like this about every 20 years. For the last century, the Forest Service has been aggressively putting those fires out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the conifers didn’t stop dropping needles. Trees didn’t stop growing or falling down. Without fire, that vegetation has built up over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North looks at that accumulation as a debt that society, someday, is going to have to pay off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you put a fire out, you’re just postponing it. You’re just kicking the can down the road,” he says. “And not only are you postponing it, but you just increase the actual fuel load that is out there, so when it does happen you get these massive megafire events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/8/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate change\u003c/a> is another major contributor to the those types of fires. And the effects of it are only expected to\u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0188486#sec006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> worsen the problem\u003c/a> going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there has been more political attention on the issue of overgrown forests of late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-zinke-directs-interior-bureaus-take-aggressive-action-prevent-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calling for more ‘active’ logging\u003c/a> and thinning in western forests. The goal is to reduce fire risk and jump-start resource-dependent economies in parts of the rural west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are logistical challenges to doing that though. The Lions Fire, for example, is burning in the wilderness, an area where mechanical thinning or logging is prohibited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t thin our way out of this,” North says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prescribed fire needs to be utilized more often, he says, and more fires need to be allowed to burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Full suppression\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of days after forest managers decided to let the Lions Fire burn, a weather event brought high winds to the area. The fire jumped from a couple dozen acres to over 1,000 overnight, expanding beyond the area in which forest managers wanted to keep it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the change in conditions, management of the fire changed too. Helicopters went in to douse the flames. Fire crews came in by aircraft to stop the fire’s spread. It was now being fully suppressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was welcome news to the residents of Mammoth Lakes, a resort ski town about seven miles from where the fire was burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For weeks, smoke from the Lions Fire had inundated the town, driving away tourists and vacation home owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature has to do its thing, but there comes a point where it gets too close for comfort,” says Cruz Jonathan Valleflores, who works at a local car rental agency. “Tourism is a huge part of this community, so if tourism doesn’t come through, there’s no money. There’s no jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those concerns were shared by many in the community. Some wrote angry op-eds in the local newspaper. Others vented their frustrations on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are all angry about the smoke,” says John Wentworth, a town councilman. “But personally, I know there’s no future in denial. There’s no future in just saying, ‘put out every fire that you see,’ because that’s just going to put money in the bank for the big one that’s going to come here and burn us to the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North was disappointed with the decision to suppress the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He understands why it was made, but he points to a section of forest floor in the still-smoldering Lions Fire. The pine needles and branches are gone, replaced by a layer of black ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the fire effects you want to see,” he says. “High-severity catastrophic fire — it’s going to be a lot harder for that to happen here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Fire+Ecologists+Say+More+Fires+Should+Be+Left+To+Burn.+So+Why+Aren%27t+They%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
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