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"content": "\u003cp>The mottled spots giraffes are known for aren’t random, according to a new study that suggests the patterns are inherited maternally — and that they may impact the chances of a calf surviving its first few months of life.[contextly_sidebar id=”0MiYKhblKxNoVEDUjyjx4Wb1Fi1GVN65″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roundness and smoothness of a giraffe’s spots are inherited through its mother, wildlife biology researchers \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/5690/\">reported in the academic journal PeerJ\u003c/a> last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giraffe coat markings are more complex and variable than the eye suggests: The researchers studied 11 spot attributes in total. The researchers did not document any mother-offspring similarity between the number of spots and their area and perimeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study has produced the first data of its kind. Scientists have previously hypothesized that variation in spot patterns may camouflage newborns against predators, and that the animals’ spots are conferred at random. One prominent biologist, Anne Dagg, described similarities between parents and offspring in a zoo population in 1968, but analysis and objective measurements of spot characteristics were lacking in wild giraffes until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research was borne out of curiosity for a definitive answer. “We were inspired by so many people’s natural curiosity about giraffe spots and where the patterns come from. It was a consistent theme of question we heard when talking about giraffes,” Derek Lee, principal scientist at the Wild Nature Institute and one of the authors of the study, told NPR. “We began looking for answers in the literature and found nobody had measured complex mammal coat patterns like spots.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee and his team conducted their study by using image analysis software to determine the similarity of spot traits between wild Masai mother giraffes and their offspring in Tanzania, where the animals exist free and unfenced across vast landscapes. Over the course of four years, the scientists photographed the coats of 31 sets of mother-calf pairs. They found that some characteristics, like roundness and smoothness, were strongly linked between mother and offspring, and likely to be heritable.[contextly_sidebar id=”oi3a94MN6YmbXUQtGf35Llci0ddLYd5h”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also examined how well a calf’s spots protected them from predators by allowing them to blend in with their wildlife surroundings. They photographed the same 258 juveniles six times a year for four years, noting when certain juveniles dropped off their radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team then ran that data through statistical analyses to estimate the likelihood of survival within the group. Calves with larger spots and irregularly shaped spots were more likely to survive their first few months of life, according to their findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This increased survival could reflect better camouflage of these young giraffes, but it also could be related to other survival-enhancing factors, such as temperature regulation or visual communication,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181002082420.htm\">a press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee adds that other variables like good genes and maternal investment may also be correlated with spot traits. “Other alternative functions of the spots also could be under natural selection at different periods in a giraffe’s lifetime such as temperature regulation or visual signalling to identify individuals and kin,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team hopes their findings will inform further investigations into the “developmental and genetic architecture of complex mammal coat patterns and their adaptive value,” as the study’s conclusion says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Giraffes+Inherit+Spot+Patterns+From+Their+Mamas%2C+Study+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The mottled spots giraffes are known for aren’t random, according to a new study that suggests the patterns are inherited maternally — and that they may impact the chances of a calf surviving its first few months of life.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roundness and smoothness of a giraffe’s spots are inherited through its mother, wildlife biology researchers \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/5690/\">reported in the academic journal PeerJ\u003c/a> last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giraffe coat markings are more complex and variable than the eye suggests: The researchers studied 11 spot attributes in total. The researchers did not document any mother-offspring similarity between the number of spots and their area and perimeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study has produced the first data of its kind. Scientists have previously hypothesized that variation in spot patterns may camouflage newborns against predators, and that the animals’ spots are conferred at random. One prominent biologist, Anne Dagg, described similarities between parents and offspring in a zoo population in 1968, but analysis and objective measurements of spot characteristics were lacking in wild giraffes until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research was borne out of curiosity for a definitive answer. “We were inspired by so many people’s natural curiosity about giraffe spots and where the patterns come from. It was a consistent theme of question we heard when talking about giraffes,” Derek Lee, principal scientist at the Wild Nature Institute and one of the authors of the study, told NPR. “We began looking for answers in the literature and found nobody had measured complex mammal coat patterns like spots.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee and his team conducted their study by using image analysis software to determine the similarity of spot traits between wild Masai mother giraffes and their offspring in Tanzania, where the animals exist free and unfenced across vast landscapes. Over the course of four years, the scientists photographed the coats of 31 sets of mother-calf pairs. They found that some characteristics, like roundness and smoothness, were strongly linked between mother and offspring, and likely to be heritable.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also examined how well a calf’s spots protected them from predators by allowing them to blend in with their wildlife surroundings. They photographed the same 258 juveniles six times a year for four years, noting when certain juveniles dropped off their radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team then ran that data through statistical analyses to estimate the likelihood of survival within the group. Calves with larger spots and irregularly shaped spots were more likely to survive their first few months of life, according to their findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This increased survival could reflect better camouflage of these young giraffes, but it also could be related to other survival-enhancing factors, such as temperature regulation or visual communication,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181002082420.htm\">a press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee adds that other variables like good genes and maternal investment may also be correlated with spot traits. “Other alternative functions of the spots also could be under natural selection at different periods in a giraffe’s lifetime such as temperature regulation or visual signalling to identify individuals and kin,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team hopes their findings will inform further investigations into the “developmental and genetic architecture of complex mammal coat patterns and their adaptive value,” as the study’s conclusion says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Giraffes+Inherit+Spot+Patterns+From+Their+Mamas%2C+Study+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Fact-Checking California Governor's Debate on KQED: Climate and Energy",
"headTitle": "Fact-Checking California Governor’s Debate on KQED: Climate and Energy | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>You won’t be seeing much of California’s gubernatorial candidates this fall — at least, you won’t be seeing much of them \u003cem>together\u003c/em>. The only debate between Democrat Gavin Newsom and Republican John Cox took place on KQED’s Forum radio \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101867627/cox-newsom-face-off-in-final-california-gubernatorial-debate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prompted by host Scott Shafer, the two had a lengthy exchange about the state’s approach to climate change. Newsom applauded the state’s aggressive goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while Cox said they would impose too high a price for the average Californian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is a transcript of what Newsom and Cox said, along with our fact-checking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Shafer kicked off the debate by asking Cox if he agreed with the steps California had taken to reduce the greenhouse gases that are affecting the climate. .\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Cox: \u003c/strong>I’m not an ideologue on this. I’m a problem solver. I’m also not a climatologist but I’ll certainly listen to climatologists. I believe the Earth is getting warmer and humans may well have an effect on it. And I want the air as clean as possible. I drive an electric car; I’m proud of that. The point is, are we getting enough of an impact on the world’s atmosphere to justify the cost to the people of this state? India and China are dumping tons of carbon into the air. We’ve done a lot in California to clean the air. Frankly, the politicians like Gavin have failed miserably to police the forest and take care of the forest and manage the forest. The carbon that was released by the fires comprised months of carbon from cars, trucks that we’re working to reduce.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK\u003c/strong>: When Cox says “humans may well have” an effect on the climate, that is understating the case. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalchange.gov/nca4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4th National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, released by the Trump administration in 2017:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Natural factors are still affecting the planet’s climate today. The difference is that, since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, humans have been increasingly affecting global climate, to the point where we are now the primary cause of recent and projected future change. The majority of the warming at the global scale over the past 50 years can only be explained by the effects of human influences, especially the emissions from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and from deforestation.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>It is true that California “has done a lot” in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This year the state met its goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels four years ahead of its target date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox mentions India and China as big C02 emitters. While it is true that China is the \u003ca href=\"http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/emis/top2014.tot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">top emitter\u003c/a> of CO2, as of 2014, India produced less than half that of the U.S., which remains the largest emitter on a per capita basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox also asks if California is making enough of an impact on global emissions to “justify the cost to the people of this state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear what Cox means by “cost.” Overall, the state’s economy has grown since the 2006 passage of AB 32, the landmark bill that mandated cuts in carbon emissions. Consumers also get a “climate rebate” on their electric bills from revenues generated by the state’s cap and trade system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California produces roughly 1 percent of the world’s carbon emissions. The “impact” that the state has made in helping solve the problem of climate change has less to do with the actual reduction of emissions than it does with serving as a model for other states and subnational entities around the world to follow. A dozen or so other states have adopted California’s stricter standards for auto emissions, and several have copied AB 32, to the point of even replicating its name — the Global Warming Solutions Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regarding tending to forests and its relationship to the increasingly destructive and deadly fires California has been experiencing, Cox is correct in saying the state has fallen \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927354/controlled-burns-can-help-solve-californias-fire-problem-so-why-arent-there-more-of-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">way behind\u003c/a> in forest management. Most fire scientists agree that there has to be much more aggressive use of tools like thinning, controlled burns and “managed fire,” all of which are controversial to some degree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cars and trucks, not fires, remain the largest source of greenhouse gases in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gavin Newsom:\u003c/strong> John Cox at least acknowledged enthusiastically that Donald Trump did the right thing when he pulled out of Paris. [The Paris Agreement, signed by almost 200 countries, aims to limit the global temperature increase.] I reject that and I applaud the leadership in the state of California, particularly Gov. Brown, to radically change the way we produce and consume energy. I applaud his effort to get to 100 percent renewables by 2045, to get to 60 percent renewables by 2030. And I believe California has a unique role and responsibility, not just nationally, but internationally to lead. Again, this reflects a stark contrast in this campaign for governor, someone who believes in climate change and believes that it’s man-made. John still is not convinced it’s man-made.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK: \u003c/strong>The U.S. is technically still in the Paris accord. President Trump has announced his intention to withdraw, but it’s a multi-year process to do so. (For practical purposes, this might be a matter of semantics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers on renewables that Newsom cites refer to SB 100, which Gov. Brown signed last month. By 100 pecent “renewables,” he really means 100 percent clean or low-carbon energy, because under the new law, allowable energy sources include hydropower dams, nuclear power andfossil fuels in which carbon emissions are captured. Meeting those goals will be no small feat, necessitating a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wholesale transformation\u003c/a> of the way the state gets its energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932506\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-768x524.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1200x818.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1920x1309.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1180x804.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Lt. Gov. and gubernatorial candidate Gavin Newsom (L) talks with residents as he visits the Alice Griffith Apartments in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Cox:\u003c/strong> I certainly want the air to be clean but we’re going to keep pounding people of this state into poverty. Electricity prices in the state are already almost twice what Texas pays. I think it’s a wonderful goal to have renewable energy. \u003cb>\u003c/b>I’m all in favor but we can’t keep increasing the cost of electricity. I favor nuclear power, I think that can be done cleanly. Natural gas can be done cleanly. I believe we could use technology to ultimately have cars that are much cleaner burning. But right now the wind doesn’t always blow and the sun doesn’t always shine, and we need to make sure that we have a backup power. We need to make sure that we have a backup and Jerry Brown has been taking flack from the left from the keep-it-in-the-ground lobby about fracking and about drilling in California, not off the coast but in the mainland of California.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932507\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932507\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California GOP Gubernatorial Candidate John Cox speaks at the U.S. Grant Hotel on in San Diego. \u003ccite>(Sandy Huffaker/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK: \u003c/strong>It’s true that Californians pay more than Texans per unit of electricity, measured in kilowatt-hours. (It’s about a third more, not twice.) But monthly residential bills are actually about a third \u003cem>lower\u003c/em> because we use less electricity than Texans do. Californians rank in the lowest fourth of all the states when it comes to their electricity bills, having invested heavily in energy efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Newsom: \u003c/strong> I think fracking is starting to fall on its own petard and Wall Street is the one leading this recognition. You’re seeing interest rates rise; the fracking experiment is beginning to wane. So I think that’s a natural opportunity for the next governor to get a little bit more aggressive as it relates to fracking.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK : \u003c/strong>Fracking has not been profitable for companies. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/aug/30/how-the-us-fracking-boom-almost-fell-apart\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a> in August: “Because so few fracking companies actually make money, the most vital ingredient in fracking isn’t chemicals, but capital, with companies relying on Wall Street’s willingness to fund them. If it weren’t for historically low interest rates, it’s not clear there would even have been a fracking boom at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom may also be using “fracking” in this context as a proxy for all oil and gas production. (Fracking is just one method used in energy production, one that has largely enabled the national boom in natural gas production.) It’s true that fossil fuels are beginning to fall out of favor among investors, but that’s a long way from saying they’re toast. One recent report from \u003ca href=\"https://www.carbontracker.org/reports/2020-vision-why-you-should-see-the-fossil-fuel-peak-coming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carbon Tracker\u003c/a> suggested that “peak fossil” could occur as soon as sometime around 2023, but even if this optimistic scenario is on target, fossil fuels will be omnipresent for decades to come; they’ll just be a gradually shrinking part of the mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Cox: \u003c/strong>That’s wonderful except people can’t afford to live in this state. And they’re moving out, and our electricity costs and our gasoline costs are pounding the average person. And it’s all well and good to talk about this wonderful goal that we have. Let’s work toward it, but let’s not kill people in terms of their affordable lifestyles.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK\u003c/strong>\u003cem>: \u003c/em>It’s true that California has high gas prices — in fact, currently, the second highest after Hawaii, according to \u003ca href=\"https://gasprices.aaa.com/state-gas-price-averages/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AAA. \u003c/a>One reason is that the state requires a specialized gas formula in order to reduce air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state has also said that AB 32’s cap-and-trade rules have added 11 cents per gallon to gas prices. That’s in addition to the 12-cent per gallon gas tax that Jerry Brown signed last year to raise $5 billion a year to improve roads, highways and other transportation in California. Voters will decide whether or not to repeal that tax through \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11696663/what-if-californians-repealed-the-gas-tax-prop-6-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 6\u003c/a> this election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Amel Ahmed, Jon Brooks, Craig Miller, and Lauren Sommer contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "California's Gubernatorial candidates sound off on climate change policies, fracking, and California's new goal of obtaining all of its energy from clean sources by 2045. But did they get it right?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You won’t be seeing much of California’s gubernatorial candidates this fall — at least, you won’t be seeing much of them \u003cem>together\u003c/em>. The only debate between Democrat Gavin Newsom and Republican John Cox took place on KQED’s Forum radio \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101867627/cox-newsom-face-off-in-final-california-gubernatorial-debate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prompted by host Scott Shafer, the two had a lengthy exchange about the state’s approach to climate change. Newsom applauded the state’s aggressive goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while Cox said they would impose too high a price for the average Californian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is a transcript of what Newsom and Cox said, along with our fact-checking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Shafer kicked off the debate by asking Cox if he agreed with the steps California had taken to reduce the greenhouse gases that are affecting the climate. .\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Cox: \u003c/strong>I’m not an ideologue on this. I’m a problem solver. I’m also not a climatologist but I’ll certainly listen to climatologists. I believe the Earth is getting warmer and humans may well have an effect on it. And I want the air as clean as possible. I drive an electric car; I’m proud of that. The point is, are we getting enough of an impact on the world’s atmosphere to justify the cost to the people of this state? India and China are dumping tons of carbon into the air. We’ve done a lot in California to clean the air. Frankly, the politicians like Gavin have failed miserably to police the forest and take care of the forest and manage the forest. The carbon that was released by the fires comprised months of carbon from cars, trucks that we’re working to reduce.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK\u003c/strong>: When Cox says “humans may well have” an effect on the climate, that is understating the case. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalchange.gov/nca4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4th National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, released by the Trump administration in 2017:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Natural factors are still affecting the planet’s climate today. The difference is that, since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, humans have been increasingly affecting global climate, to the point where we are now the primary cause of recent and projected future change. The majority of the warming at the global scale over the past 50 years can only be explained by the effects of human influences, especially the emissions from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and from deforestation.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>It is true that California “has done a lot” in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This year the state met its goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels four years ahead of its target date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox mentions India and China as big C02 emitters. While it is true that China is the \u003ca href=\"http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/emis/top2014.tot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">top emitter\u003c/a> of CO2, as of 2014, India produced less than half that of the U.S., which remains the largest emitter on a per capita basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox also asks if California is making enough of an impact on global emissions to “justify the cost to the people of this state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear what Cox means by “cost.” Overall, the state’s economy has grown since the 2006 passage of AB 32, the landmark bill that mandated cuts in carbon emissions. Consumers also get a “climate rebate” on their electric bills from revenues generated by the state’s cap and trade system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California produces roughly 1 percent of the world’s carbon emissions. The “impact” that the state has made in helping solve the problem of climate change has less to do with the actual reduction of emissions than it does with serving as a model for other states and subnational entities around the world to follow. A dozen or so other states have adopted California’s stricter standards for auto emissions, and several have copied AB 32, to the point of even replicating its name — the Global Warming Solutions Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regarding tending to forests and its relationship to the increasingly destructive and deadly fires California has been experiencing, Cox is correct in saying the state has fallen \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927354/controlled-burns-can-help-solve-californias-fire-problem-so-why-arent-there-more-of-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">way behind\u003c/a> in forest management. Most fire scientists agree that there has to be much more aggressive use of tools like thinning, controlled burns and “managed fire,” all of which are controversial to some degree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cars and trucks, not fires, remain the largest source of greenhouse gases in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gavin Newsom:\u003c/strong> John Cox at least acknowledged enthusiastically that Donald Trump did the right thing when he pulled out of Paris. [The Paris Agreement, signed by almost 200 countries, aims to limit the global temperature increase.] I reject that and I applaud the leadership in the state of California, particularly Gov. Brown, to radically change the way we produce and consume energy. I applaud his effort to get to 100 percent renewables by 2045, to get to 60 percent renewables by 2030. And I believe California has a unique role and responsibility, not just nationally, but internationally to lead. Again, this reflects a stark contrast in this campaign for governor, someone who believes in climate change and believes that it’s man-made. John still is not convinced it’s man-made.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK: \u003c/strong>The U.S. is technically still in the Paris accord. President Trump has announced his intention to withdraw, but it’s a multi-year process to do so. (For practical purposes, this might be a matter of semantics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers on renewables that Newsom cites refer to SB 100, which Gov. Brown signed last month. By 100 pecent “renewables,” he really means 100 percent clean or low-carbon energy, because under the new law, allowable energy sources include hydropower dams, nuclear power andfossil fuels in which carbon emissions are captured. Meeting those goals will be no small feat, necessitating a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wholesale transformation\u003c/a> of the way the state gets its energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932506\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-768x524.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1200x818.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1920x1309.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1180x804.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Lt. Gov. and gubernatorial candidate Gavin Newsom (L) talks with residents as he visits the Alice Griffith Apartments in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Cox:\u003c/strong> I certainly want the air to be clean but we’re going to keep pounding people of this state into poverty. Electricity prices in the state are already almost twice what Texas pays. I think it’s a wonderful goal to have renewable energy. \u003cb>\u003c/b>I’m all in favor but we can’t keep increasing the cost of electricity. I favor nuclear power, I think that can be done cleanly. Natural gas can be done cleanly. I believe we could use technology to ultimately have cars that are much cleaner burning. But right now the wind doesn’t always blow and the sun doesn’t always shine, and we need to make sure that we have a backup power. We need to make sure that we have a backup and Jerry Brown has been taking flack from the left from the keep-it-in-the-ground lobby about fracking and about drilling in California, not off the coast but in the mainland of California.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932507\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932507\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California GOP Gubernatorial Candidate John Cox speaks at the U.S. Grant Hotel on in San Diego. \u003ccite>(Sandy Huffaker/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK: \u003c/strong>It’s true that Californians pay more than Texans per unit of electricity, measured in kilowatt-hours. (It’s about a third more, not twice.) But monthly residential bills are actually about a third \u003cem>lower\u003c/em> because we use less electricity than Texans do. Californians rank in the lowest fourth of all the states when it comes to their electricity bills, having invested heavily in energy efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Newsom: \u003c/strong> I think fracking is starting to fall on its own petard and Wall Street is the one leading this recognition. You’re seeing interest rates rise; the fracking experiment is beginning to wane. So I think that’s a natural opportunity for the next governor to get a little bit more aggressive as it relates to fracking.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK : \u003c/strong>Fracking has not been profitable for companies. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/aug/30/how-the-us-fracking-boom-almost-fell-apart\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a> in August: “Because so few fracking companies actually make money, the most vital ingredient in fracking isn’t chemicals, but capital, with companies relying on Wall Street’s willingness to fund them. If it weren’t for historically low interest rates, it’s not clear there would even have been a fracking boom at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom may also be using “fracking” in this context as a proxy for all oil and gas production. (Fracking is just one method used in energy production, one that has largely enabled the national boom in natural gas production.) It’s true that fossil fuels are beginning to fall out of favor among investors, but that’s a long way from saying they’re toast. One recent report from \u003ca href=\"https://www.carbontracker.org/reports/2020-vision-why-you-should-see-the-fossil-fuel-peak-coming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carbon Tracker\u003c/a> suggested that “peak fossil” could occur as soon as sometime around 2023, but even if this optimistic scenario is on target, fossil fuels will be omnipresent for decades to come; they’ll just be a gradually shrinking part of the mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Cox: \u003c/strong>That’s wonderful except people can’t afford to live in this state. And they’re moving out, and our electricity costs and our gasoline costs are pounding the average person. And it’s all well and good to talk about this wonderful goal that we have. Let’s work toward it, but let’s not kill people in terms of their affordable lifestyles.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK\u003c/strong>\u003cem>: \u003c/em>It’s true that California has high gas prices — in fact, currently, the second highest after Hawaii, according to \u003ca href=\"https://gasprices.aaa.com/state-gas-price-averages/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AAA. \u003c/a>One reason is that the state requires a specialized gas formula in order to reduce air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state has also said that AB 32’s cap-and-trade rules have added 11 cents per gallon to gas prices. That’s in addition to the 12-cent per gallon gas tax that Jerry Brown signed last year to raise $5 billion a year to improve roads, highways and other transportation in California. Voters will decide whether or not to repeal that tax through \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11696663/what-if-californians-repealed-the-gas-tax-prop-6-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 6\u003c/a> this election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Amel Ahmed, Jon Brooks, Craig Miller, and Lauren Sommer contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Nobel in Economics for Climate Research Includes ex-Stanford professor",
"headTitle": "Nobel in Economics for Climate Research Includes ex-Stanford professor | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Two Americans won the Nobel Prize in economics on Monday for studying a pressing issue facing the global economy: how to deal with pollution and climate change and how to foster the innovation needed to tackle such problems.[contextly_sidebar id=”aFMmotvNSht1tek6ZSafnBmy5J7U2Pye”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William Nordhaus of Yale University and Paul Romer of New York University were announced winners of the 9-million-kronor ($1.01 million) prize by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before moving to New York University, Romer, 62, was a professor at Stanford University as well as a senior fellow at Stanford’s Center for International Development, the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, and the Hoover Institution. Previously, he taught at the University of California, Berkeley. He also founded Aplia, an educational technology company that was based in Belmont, Calif., and then San Francisco; it was bought in 2007 by Cengage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romer’s father is Roy Romer, who was governor of Colorado from 1987 to 1999 and superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2000 to 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Romer’s work “explains how ideas are different to other goods and require specific conditions to thrive in a market,” the academy said. Romer’s work found that unregulated economies will produce technological change, but insufficiently provide research and development; this can be addressed by government interventions such and R&D subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus in the 1990s became the first person to create a model that “describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate,” the academy said. Working separately from Romer, he showed that “the most efficient remedy for problems caused by greenhouse gases is a global scheme of universally imposed carbon taxes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon taxes are fees imposed on companies that burn carbon-based fuels such as coal and oil. Advocates see the taxes as encouraging companies to use less-polluting fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, for sure, a Nobel Prize about the big questions,” University of Michigan economist Justin Wolfers said on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per Stromberg, head of the Nobel economics prize committee, said “it’s about the long-run future of the world economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first one is how do we keep on generating the new ideas, the new innovations, the new research that’s so important to solve the problems we’re facing in the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The second is how do we deal with the negative effects of economic growth, which have to do with the emission of greenhouse gases leading to a warmer climate – which not just hurts the economy, but risks the life of everyone on earth,” Stromberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize comes just a day after an international panel of scientists issued a report detailing how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus has argued that climate change should be considered a “global public good,” like public health and international trade, and regulated accordingly, but not through a command-and-control approach. Instead, by agreeing on a global price for burning carbon that reflects its whole cost, this primary cause of rising temperatures could be traded and taxed, putting market forces to work on the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many economists have since endorsed the concept of taxing carbon and using this financial lever to influence societal behavior. But adopting the regulatory frameworks on a global scale has been a complex challenge, and the world’s political leaders are failing to meet it, the head of the United Nations said last month.[contextly_sidebar id=”OaXVPC74ERrdCqrpdk9jzqTXMv0Fk432″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres bluntly told leaders in New York that unless current emission trends for greenhouse gases are reversed by 2020, it will be impossible to keep global warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit), which was a key goal of the 2015 Paris climate accords. The U.N. chief challenged governments to end fossil fuel subsidies, help shift toward renewable energy and back a price for carbon emissions that reflects their actual cost. He cited, for example, that climate-related disasters already cost the world $320 billion last year, a figure likely to grow with increased warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people think that dealing with protecting the environment will be so costly and so hard that they just want to ignore the problem,” Romer said by telephone to the Swedish academy. “I hope the prize today could help everyone see that humans are capable of amazing accomplishments when we set about trying to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economics prize is the last of the Nobels to be announced this year. Last year’s prize went to American Richard Thaler for studying how human irrationality affects economic theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peace prize was awarded Friday to Denis Mukwege of Congo and Iraqi Nadia Murad for their work to draw attention to how sexual violence is used as a weapon of war.___Heintz reported from Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two Americans won the Nobel Prize in economics on Monday for studying a pressing issue facing the global economy: how to deal with pollution and climate change and how to foster the innovation needed to tackle such problems.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William Nordhaus of Yale University and Paul Romer of New York University were announced winners of the 9-million-kronor ($1.01 million) prize by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before moving to New York University, Romer, 62, was a professor at Stanford University as well as a senior fellow at Stanford’s Center for International Development, the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, and the Hoover Institution. Previously, he taught at the University of California, Berkeley. He also founded Aplia, an educational technology company that was based in Belmont, Calif., and then San Francisco; it was bought in 2007 by Cengage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romer’s father is Roy Romer, who was governor of Colorado from 1987 to 1999 and superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2000 to 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Romer’s work “explains how ideas are different to other goods and require specific conditions to thrive in a market,” the academy said. Romer’s work found that unregulated economies will produce technological change, but insufficiently provide research and development; this can be addressed by government interventions such and R&D subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus in the 1990s became the first person to create a model that “describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate,” the academy said. Working separately from Romer, he showed that “the most efficient remedy for problems caused by greenhouse gases is a global scheme of universally imposed carbon taxes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon taxes are fees imposed on companies that burn carbon-based fuels such as coal and oil. Advocates see the taxes as encouraging companies to use less-polluting fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, for sure, a Nobel Prize about the big questions,” University of Michigan economist Justin Wolfers said on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per Stromberg, head of the Nobel economics prize committee, said “it’s about the long-run future of the world economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first one is how do we keep on generating the new ideas, the new innovations, the new research that’s so important to solve the problems we’re facing in the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The second is how do we deal with the negative effects of economic growth, which have to do with the emission of greenhouse gases leading to a warmer climate – which not just hurts the economy, but risks the life of everyone on earth,” Stromberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize comes just a day after an international panel of scientists issued a report detailing how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus has argued that climate change should be considered a “global public good,” like public health and international trade, and regulated accordingly, but not through a command-and-control approach. Instead, by agreeing on a global price for burning carbon that reflects its whole cost, this primary cause of rising temperatures could be traded and taxed, putting market forces to work on the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many economists have since endorsed the concept of taxing carbon and using this financial lever to influence societal behavior. But adopting the regulatory frameworks on a global scale has been a complex challenge, and the world’s political leaders are failing to meet it, the head of the United Nations said last month.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres bluntly told leaders in New York that unless current emission trends for greenhouse gases are reversed by 2020, it will be impossible to keep global warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit), which was a key goal of the 2015 Paris climate accords. The U.N. chief challenged governments to end fossil fuel subsidies, help shift toward renewable energy and back a price for carbon emissions that reflects their actual cost. He cited, for example, that climate-related disasters already cost the world $320 billion last year, a figure likely to grow with increased warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people think that dealing with protecting the environment will be so costly and so hard that they just want to ignore the problem,” Romer said by telephone to the Swedish academy. “I hope the prize today could help everyone see that humans are capable of amazing accomplishments when we set about trying to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economics prize is the last of the Nobels to be announced this year. Last year’s prize went to American Richard Thaler for studying how human irrationality affects economic theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peace prize was awarded Friday to Denis Mukwege of Congo and Iraqi Nadia Murad for their work to draw attention to how sexual violence is used as a weapon of war.___Heintz reported from Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Preventing an extra single degree of heat could make a life-or-death difference in the next few decades for multitudes of people and ecosystems on this fast-warming planet, an international panel of scientists reported Sunday. But they provide little hope the world will rise to the challenge.[contextly_sidebar id=”sohluwz08eQDArC4pTov5vMO4JxNCAB0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nobel Prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued its gloomy report at a meeting in Incheon, South Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 728-page document, the U.N. organization detailed how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C). Among other things:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many people would suffer from lack of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be fewer deaths and illnesses from heat, smog and infectious diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Seas would rise nearly 4 inches (0.1 meters) less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many animals with back bones and plants would lose the majority of their habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be substantially fewer heat waves, downpours and droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— The West Antarctic ice sheet might not kick into irreversible melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— And it just may be enough to save most of the world’s coral reefs from dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some people this is a life-or-death situation without a doubt,” said Cornell University climate scientist Natalie Mahowald, a lead author on the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to 0.9 degrees from now means the world can keep “a semblance” of the ecosystems we have. Adding another 0.9 degrees on top of that — the looser global goal — essentially means a different and more challenging Earth for people and species, said another of the report’s lead authors, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, director of the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland, Australia.[contextly_sidebar id=”6iGTegzlqnJy3vvE51EIswJGMTsbNzDB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But meeting the more ambitious goal of slightly less warming would require immediate, draconian cuts in emissions of heat-trapping gases and dramatic changes in the energy field. While the U.N. panel says technically that’s possible, it saw little chance of the needed adjustments happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, international negotiators adopted a goal of limiting warming to 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees F) since pre-industrial times. It’s called the 2-degree goal. In 2015, when the nations of the world agreed to the historic Paris climate agreement, they set dual goals: 2 degrees C and a more demanding target of 1.5 degrees C from pre-industrial times. The 1.5 was at the urging of vulnerable countries that called 2 degrees a death sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world has already warmed 1 degree C since pre-industrial times, so the talk is really about the difference of another half-degree C or 0.9 degrees F from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no definitive way to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 above pre-industrial levels,” the U.N.-requested report said. More than 90 scientists wrote the report, which is based on more than 6,000 peer reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Global warming is likely to reach 1.5 degrees C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate,” the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep in the report, scientists say less than 2 percent of 529 of their calculated possible future scenarios kept warming below the 1.5 goal without the temperature going above that and somehow coming back down in the future.[contextly_sidebar id=”in2KgHa53e2tcTtamr1IDOwgLLpCZBnm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pledges nations made in the Paris agreement in 2015 are “clearly insufficient to limit warming to 1.5 in any way,” one of the study’s lead authors, Joerj Roeglj of the Imperial College in London, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just don’t see the possibility of doing the one and a half” and even 2 degrees looks unlikely, said Appalachian State University environmental scientist Gregg Marland, who isn’t part of the U.N. panel but has tracked global emissions for decades for the U.S. Energy Department. He likened the report to an academic exercise wondering what would happen if a frog had wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet report authors said they remain optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to the lower goal is “not impossible but will require unprecedented changes,” U.N. panel chief Hoesung Lee said in a news conference in which scientists repeatedly declined to spell out just how feasible that goal is. They said it is up to governments to decide whether those unprecedented changes are acted upon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a monumental task in front of us, but it is not impossible,” Mahowald said earlier. “This is our chance to decide what the world is going to look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To limit warming to the lower temperature goal, the world needs “rapid and far-reaching” changes in energy systems, land use, city and industrial design, transportation and building use, the report said. Annual carbon dioxide pollution levels that are still rising now would have to drop by about half by 2030 and then be near zero by 2050. Emissions of other greenhouse gases, such as methane, also will have to drop. Switching away rapidly from fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas to do this could be more expensive than the less ambitious goal, but it would clean the air of other pollutants. And that would have the side benefit of avoiding more than 100 million premature deaths through this century, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate-related risks to health, livelihoods, food security, water supply, human security and economic growth are projected to increase with global warming” the report said, adding that the world’s poor are more likely to get hit hardest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Princeton University climate scientist Michael Oppenheimer said extreme weather, especially heat waves, will be deadlier if the lower goal is passed.[contextly_sidebar id=”1kD3REVLsFvJR9oJ9qWuEXYNwpnE1SPp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting the tougher-to-reach goal “could result in around 420 million fewer people being frequently exposed to extreme heat waves, and about 65 million fewer people being exposed to exceptional heat waves,” the report said. The deadly heat waves that hit India and Pakistan in 2015 will become practically yearly events if the world reaches the hotter of the two goals, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral and other ecosystems are also at risk. The report said warmer water coral reefs “will largely disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outcome will determine whether “my grandchildren would get to see beautiful coral reefs,” Princeton’s Oppenheimer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For scientists there is a bit of “wishful thinking” that the report will spur governments and people to act quickly and strongly, one of the panel’s leaders, German biologist Hans-Otto Portner, said. “If action is not taken it will take the planet into an unprecedented climate future.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Seas would rise nearly 4 inches (0.1 meters) less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many animals with back bones and plants would lose the majority of their habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be substantially fewer heat waves, downpours and droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— The West Antarctic ice sheet might not kick into irreversible melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— And it just may be enough to save most of the world’s coral reefs from dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some people this is a life-or-death situation without a doubt,” said Cornell University climate scientist Natalie Mahowald, a lead author on the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to 0.9 degrees from now means the world can keep “a semblance” of the ecosystems we have. Adding another 0.9 degrees on top of that — the looser global goal — essentially means a different and more challenging Earth for people and species, said another of the report’s lead authors, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, director of the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland, Australia.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But meeting the more ambitious goal of slightly less warming would require immediate, draconian cuts in emissions of heat-trapping gases and dramatic changes in the energy field. While the U.N. panel says technically that’s possible, it saw little chance of the needed adjustments happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, international negotiators adopted a goal of limiting warming to 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees F) since pre-industrial times. It’s called the 2-degree goal. In 2015, when the nations of the world agreed to the historic Paris climate agreement, they set dual goals: 2 degrees C and a more demanding target of 1.5 degrees C from pre-industrial times. The 1.5 was at the urging of vulnerable countries that called 2 degrees a death sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world has already warmed 1 degree C since pre-industrial times, so the talk is really about the difference of another half-degree C or 0.9 degrees F from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no definitive way to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 above pre-industrial levels,” the U.N.-requested report said. More than 90 scientists wrote the report, which is based on more than 6,000 peer reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Global warming is likely to reach 1.5 degrees C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate,” the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep in the report, scientists say less than 2 percent of 529 of their calculated possible future scenarios kept warming below the 1.5 goal without the temperature going above that and somehow coming back down in the future.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pledges nations made in the Paris agreement in 2015 are “clearly insufficient to limit warming to 1.5 in any way,” one of the study’s lead authors, Joerj Roeglj of the Imperial College in London, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just don’t see the possibility of doing the one and a half” and even 2 degrees looks unlikely, said Appalachian State University environmental scientist Gregg Marland, who isn’t part of the U.N. panel but has tracked global emissions for decades for the U.S. Energy Department. He likened the report to an academic exercise wondering what would happen if a frog had wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet report authors said they remain optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to the lower goal is “not impossible but will require unprecedented changes,” U.N. panel chief Hoesung Lee said in a news conference in which scientists repeatedly declined to spell out just how feasible that goal is. They said it is up to governments to decide whether those unprecedented changes are acted upon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a monumental task in front of us, but it is not impossible,” Mahowald said earlier. “This is our chance to decide what the world is going to look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To limit warming to the lower temperature goal, the world needs “rapid and far-reaching” changes in energy systems, land use, city and industrial design, transportation and building use, the report said. Annual carbon dioxide pollution levels that are still rising now would have to drop by about half by 2030 and then be near zero by 2050. Emissions of other greenhouse gases, such as methane, also will have to drop. Switching away rapidly from fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas to do this could be more expensive than the less ambitious goal, but it would clean the air of other pollutants. And that would have the side benefit of avoiding more than 100 million premature deaths through this century, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate-related risks to health, livelihoods, food security, water supply, human security and economic growth are projected to increase with global warming” the report said, adding that the world’s poor are more likely to get hit hardest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Princeton University climate scientist Michael Oppenheimer said extreme weather, especially heat waves, will be deadlier if the lower goal is passed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting the tougher-to-reach goal “could result in around 420 million fewer people being frequently exposed to extreme heat waves, and about 65 million fewer people being exposed to exceptional heat waves,” the report said. The deadly heat waves that hit India and Pakistan in 2015 will become practically yearly events if the world reaches the hotter of the two goals, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral and other ecosystems are also at risk. The report said warmer water coral reefs “will largely disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outcome will determine whether “my grandchildren would get to see beautiful coral reefs,” Princeton’s Oppenheimer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A year ago, on a warm, windy night, Paul Lowenthal got the call; he was needed at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tubbs Fire, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/multimedia/7567543-181/santa-rosas-tubbs-fire-spread\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on its way\u003c/a> to becoming the most destructive blaze in California history, was spreading into Santa Rosa, and Lowenthal, the city’s assistant fire marshal, needed to get people out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was exploding at a rate that I would have never imagined,” he says. “I left in my work truck and uniform and thought: worst case scenario, I’ll be back tomorrow morning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘In a disaster, there’s such a strong emotional pull to get what you lost back.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Julie Combs, Santa Rosa City Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Later that night, he drove past his own neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You couldn’t actually make out individual homes in here,” he says. “It just looked like an entire wall of fire. And then realized right away my house is gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He worked the next five days on just a few hours of sleep, until finally, he stopped to take stock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then realized I have nothing,” he says. “Literally had nothing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picking Up the Pieces\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fueled by extreme winds, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11654027/my-world-was-burning-the-north-bay-fires-and-what-went-wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County’s Tubbs fire\u003c/a> killed 22 people and destroyed more than 5,000 homes and buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the community has banded together to pick up the pieces. But it’s also been grappling with a tough question — one that faces fire-ravaged communities around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfire is a normal part of the California landscape. So, how — and where — should residents rebuild to protect themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932391\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932391\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1200x676.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-960x541.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nearly a year after the Tubbs Fire, Paul Lowenthal’s Larkfield rebuild was finally nearing completion — this time with more fire-resistant materials. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of Sonoma residents have opted to stay put, both financially and emotionally tied to their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowenthal is one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do I think those areas will burn again?” he says. “Absolutely. It’s done it before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It happened 54 years ago, when the Hanly Fire burned almost exactly same area. But since then, Santa Rosa’s population has grown by nearly six times, and Lowenthal was keenly aware of this latest fire’s effect on an already-tight housing market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I made a decision that it made more sense to rebuild here,” he says. His daughter was also a big part of that decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Could I have convinced her that we could live in a really cool place somewhere else?” he says. “Maybe. But this was our home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the hills above Santa Rosa, wooden frames of houses are rising among the blackened trees. Many of the rebuilt homes will include new fire-resistant building materials, something few had when the fire swept through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, because of California’s decade-old zoning rules, almost 2,000 of the destroyed structures will not be required to meet building standards for wildfire-prone areas. Some homeowners are taking it on themselves to meet them anyway, dipping into their insurance payouts to cover the cost. Others are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, given the region’s severe housing shortage even before last year’s firestorm, city and county governments are under pressure to build new housing in areas at risk for wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As people are trying to heal and recover, local leaders have been faced with balancing those delicate issues. With climate change making California’s fires more extreme, their decisions will affect lives for decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Tubbs Fire swept away about 5 percent of Santa Rosa’s housing stock. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildland Building Codes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year after the fires, Lowenthal’s Larkfield home is finally taking shape, still a few weeks away from final inspection. This time, he says it will be better prepared to withstand fire, built with cement-fiber siding and other fire-resistant materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Between the roof, the siding, things of that nature, it was definitely a step that I wanted to take,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lowenthal isn’t legally obligated to do any of that, as his home was outside the area subject to California’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/fire_prevention/downloads/ICC_2009_Ch7A_2007_rev_1Jan09_Supplement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wildland-Urban Interface Codes\u003c/a>.” They include a broad range of standards for siding, roofs, decks, and windows, as well as requirements for gutters and attic vents that are meant to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917346/wildfires-can-attack-your-house-from-the-inside-heres-how-to-prevent-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevent embers blown ahead of a wildfire\u003c/a> from igniting a home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The zones are established by a set of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917374/map-see-if-you-live-in-a-high-risk-fire-zone-and-what-that-means\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2008 Cal Fire maps\u003c/a> that outline wildfire risk by considering vegetation, fire history and slope. Sonoma County’s zones are based exactly on those maps, while the city of Santa Rosa had extended the stricter requirements somewhat beyond what was on the state maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost 2,000 buildings destroyed in the Tubbs fire in Santa Rosa and Sonoma County weren’t mapped in those zones and won’t be required to use fire-resistant materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have an extra set of rules or requirements that we put on people to rebuild,” says David Guhin, Santa Rosa’s director of planning and economic development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guhin says Santa Rosa would be on shaky legal ground if it imposed new wildfire building codes on structures that weren’t required to meet them when they were destroyed. But since most of the homes were built decades ago, before most modern building codes, he says even the basic code upgrades they’ll undergo will help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917314\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917314\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/FireHazard_V02_171024.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"801\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire maps based on 2007 assessment.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The housing stock that’s going in is much more resilient than the previous house stock,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, many believe Cal Fire’s maps are outdated, since they don’t reflect the extreme nature of today’s fires. The maps assumed fairly benign weather conditions, just 12 mph for “mid-flame” wind speed, the height that affects fire behavior. During the Tubbs Fire, gusts hit almost 80 mph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire is in the process of updating the fire hazard maps using more realistic data, including localized information and historic fire conditions. A draft of the maps is expected sometime next year. The new maps could put many homes into a fire hazard zone that aren’t in one today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But several North Bay officials say the community can’t wait for that to be sorted out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I take solace in that the existing code is significantly better than what was there before,” Tennis Wick, who heads Sonoma County’s Permit and Resource Management Department. “I’m not going to let the perfect be the enemy of the good. This community needs to rebuild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wick says many homeowners are choosing fire-resistant materials anyway, such as cement-laden siding and metal roofs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giving Home Owners Choices\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fire victims have opted to pull up stakes after living through the fire’s emotional trauma or due to steep rebuilding costs. In the hilly Fountaingrove neighborhood of Santa Rosa, for-sale signs sprout from empty lots among the construction sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other homeowners are tied to their property, either restricted by insurance policies that prescribe where they can rebuild, or simply priced out of other Bay Area homes. And that concerns Santa Rosa City Council member Julie Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know I’ve heard stories about flooding along the Mississippi and thought, ‘Why did they keep rebuilding there?’” notes Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m all for having property owners have choice,” she adds. “And right now, we aren’t really giving them a choice to not build on the land they’re tied to in a high-fire-hazard area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”6J0nVgqZyLvs7R2iqgz1ZfZkLrWF3g14”]Combs says she’s interested in programs like those that already exist for flooded homes, where governments or neighbors can buy out inundated properties so they won’t be re-developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s not confident that today’s wildfire building codes are enough to protect people. The codes are meant to reduce risk, but don’t eliminate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the Tubbs fire footprint in Santa Rosa, 22 homes were built with the most recent wildfire codes before the fire. Twenty-one of them burned anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t strike me as particularly good odds,” says Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Struggle Over New Housing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners considering not rebuilding face another hurdle: there are few other places to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Santa Rosa, the Tubbs fire obliterated five percent of the city’s housing stock, exacerbating an already brutal housing market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the fire, the city estimated it needed 5,000 more housing units. The fire added 3,000 more to that number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to walk and chew gum at the same time,” Guhin says. “We’re going to rebuild our community as fast and quickly and as efficiently as we possibly can, but we also have to build new homes as fast as we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932396\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932396\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 237-unit Round Barn Hill Project is proposed for an area burned in the Tubbs fire. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa is pushing for more “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917302/bay-area-sprawl-has-put-homes-in-the-path-of-fires-what-now\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in-fill development\u003c/a>,” putting housing downtown and closer to public transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We made that a priority this year,” he says. “We put a number of polices in place such as expedited permit processing, reducing the impact fees substantially for housing in the downtown core.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there has long been pressure to build in the surrounding hills, where the wildfire risk is highest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Development of single-family homes on the outskirts of town will happen on its own,” Guhin says. “There is a market for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the Santa Rosa City Council faced down that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco-based City Ventures asked for a zoning change to allow its Round Barn Village project to go forward. The 237-unit townhome development is proposed for a hillside that burned in the Tubbs fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City Ventures made the case that the homes would be built using wildfire standards and would provide much needed affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We absolutely need the housing,” said council member John Sawyer at the meeting. “And lots of mistakes were made in the past with saying no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But doubts hounded at least one council member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are setting a precedent to build more new housing in a fire hazard area when we vote today,” warned Combs at the meeting. “I just think we need to not put more sleeping people in a fire hazard area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rezoning passed 6-1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was really sorry to be a lone vote,” says Combs. “It becomes very difficult to explain why we would approve that and not approve more. And I have real concerns that more is coming. We don’t need sprawl. We need to be building up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma County is also facing pressure to build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I met with a resort that burned twice, once in the Hanley fire and a second time in the Tubbs,” Wick says. “New people came to see me about building a third one. And I told them I just could not support the project. There’s an enormous pressure on us to be approving resorts in remote areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In communities still in shock from the fires, these fraught decisions won’t come easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that in a disaster, there’s such a strong emotional pull to get what you lost back,” says Combs. “I think that’s a powerful pull.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "One year after devastating fires, the North Bay is grappling with how and where to rebuild.",
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"title": "Should Californians Be Rebuilding Homes in a Fire Zone? | KQED",
"description": "One year after devastating fires, the North Bay is grappling with how and where to rebuild.",
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"headline": "Should Californians Be Rebuilding Homes in a Fire Zone?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A year ago, on a warm, windy night, Paul Lowenthal got the call; he was needed at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tubbs Fire, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/multimedia/7567543-181/santa-rosas-tubbs-fire-spread\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on its way\u003c/a> to becoming the most destructive blaze in California history, was spreading into Santa Rosa, and Lowenthal, the city’s assistant fire marshal, needed to get people out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was exploding at a rate that I would have never imagined,” he says. “I left in my work truck and uniform and thought: worst case scenario, I’ll be back tomorrow morning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘In a disaster, there’s such a strong emotional pull to get what you lost back.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Julie Combs, Santa Rosa City Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Later that night, he drove past his own neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You couldn’t actually make out individual homes in here,” he says. “It just looked like an entire wall of fire. And then realized right away my house is gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He worked the next five days on just a few hours of sleep, until finally, he stopped to take stock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then realized I have nothing,” he says. “Literally had nothing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picking Up the Pieces\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fueled by extreme winds, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11654027/my-world-was-burning-the-north-bay-fires-and-what-went-wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County’s Tubbs fire\u003c/a> killed 22 people and destroyed more than 5,000 homes and buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the community has banded together to pick up the pieces. But it’s also been grappling with a tough question — one that faces fire-ravaged communities around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfire is a normal part of the California landscape. So, how — and where — should residents rebuild to protect themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932391\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932391\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1200x676.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-960x541.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nearly a year after the Tubbs Fire, Paul Lowenthal’s Larkfield rebuild was finally nearing completion — this time with more fire-resistant materials. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of Sonoma residents have opted to stay put, both financially and emotionally tied to their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowenthal is one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do I think those areas will burn again?” he says. “Absolutely. It’s done it before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It happened 54 years ago, when the Hanly Fire burned almost exactly same area. But since then, Santa Rosa’s population has grown by nearly six times, and Lowenthal was keenly aware of this latest fire’s effect on an already-tight housing market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I made a decision that it made more sense to rebuild here,” he says. His daughter was also a big part of that decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Could I have convinced her that we could live in a really cool place somewhere else?” he says. “Maybe. But this was our home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the hills above Santa Rosa, wooden frames of houses are rising among the blackened trees. Many of the rebuilt homes will include new fire-resistant building materials, something few had when the fire swept through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, because of California’s decade-old zoning rules, almost 2,000 of the destroyed structures will not be required to meet building standards for wildfire-prone areas. Some homeowners are taking it on themselves to meet them anyway, dipping into their insurance payouts to cover the cost. Others are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, given the region’s severe housing shortage even before last year’s firestorm, city and county governments are under pressure to build new housing in areas at risk for wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As people are trying to heal and recover, local leaders have been faced with balancing those delicate issues. With climate change making California’s fires more extreme, their decisions will affect lives for decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Tubbs Fire swept away about 5 percent of Santa Rosa’s housing stock. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildland Building Codes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year after the fires, Lowenthal’s Larkfield home is finally taking shape, still a few weeks away from final inspection. This time, he says it will be better prepared to withstand fire, built with cement-fiber siding and other fire-resistant materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Between the roof, the siding, things of that nature, it was definitely a step that I wanted to take,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lowenthal isn’t legally obligated to do any of that, as his home was outside the area subject to California’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/fire_prevention/downloads/ICC_2009_Ch7A_2007_rev_1Jan09_Supplement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wildland-Urban Interface Codes\u003c/a>.” They include a broad range of standards for siding, roofs, decks, and windows, as well as requirements for gutters and attic vents that are meant to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917346/wildfires-can-attack-your-house-from-the-inside-heres-how-to-prevent-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevent embers blown ahead of a wildfire\u003c/a> from igniting a home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The zones are established by a set of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917374/map-see-if-you-live-in-a-high-risk-fire-zone-and-what-that-means\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2008 Cal Fire maps\u003c/a> that outline wildfire risk by considering vegetation, fire history and slope. Sonoma County’s zones are based exactly on those maps, while the city of Santa Rosa had extended the stricter requirements somewhat beyond what was on the state maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost 2,000 buildings destroyed in the Tubbs fire in Santa Rosa and Sonoma County weren’t mapped in those zones and won’t be required to use fire-resistant materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have an extra set of rules or requirements that we put on people to rebuild,” says David Guhin, Santa Rosa’s director of planning and economic development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guhin says Santa Rosa would be on shaky legal ground if it imposed new wildfire building codes on structures that weren’t required to meet them when they were destroyed. But since most of the homes were built decades ago, before most modern building codes, he says even the basic code upgrades they’ll undergo will help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917314\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917314\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/FireHazard_V02_171024.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"801\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire maps based on 2007 assessment.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The housing stock that’s going in is much more resilient than the previous house stock,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, many believe Cal Fire’s maps are outdated, since they don’t reflect the extreme nature of today’s fires. The maps assumed fairly benign weather conditions, just 12 mph for “mid-flame” wind speed, the height that affects fire behavior. During the Tubbs Fire, gusts hit almost 80 mph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire is in the process of updating the fire hazard maps using more realistic data, including localized information and historic fire conditions. A draft of the maps is expected sometime next year. The new maps could put many homes into a fire hazard zone that aren’t in one today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But several North Bay officials say the community can’t wait for that to be sorted out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I take solace in that the existing code is significantly better than what was there before,” Tennis Wick, who heads Sonoma County’s Permit and Resource Management Department. “I’m not going to let the perfect be the enemy of the good. This community needs to rebuild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wick says many homeowners are choosing fire-resistant materials anyway, such as cement-laden siding and metal roofs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giving Home Owners Choices\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fire victims have opted to pull up stakes after living through the fire’s emotional trauma or due to steep rebuilding costs. In the hilly Fountaingrove neighborhood of Santa Rosa, for-sale signs sprout from empty lots among the construction sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other homeowners are tied to their property, either restricted by insurance policies that prescribe where they can rebuild, or simply priced out of other Bay Area homes. And that concerns Santa Rosa City Council member Julie Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know I’ve heard stories about flooding along the Mississippi and thought, ‘Why did they keep rebuilding there?’” notes Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m all for having property owners have choice,” she adds. “And right now, we aren’t really giving them a choice to not build on the land they’re tied to in a high-fire-hazard area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Combs says she’s interested in programs like those that already exist for flooded homes, where governments or neighbors can buy out inundated properties so they won’t be re-developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s not confident that today’s wildfire building codes are enough to protect people. The codes are meant to reduce risk, but don’t eliminate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the Tubbs fire footprint in Santa Rosa, 22 homes were built with the most recent wildfire codes before the fire. Twenty-one of them burned anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t strike me as particularly good odds,” says Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Struggle Over New Housing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners considering not rebuilding face another hurdle: there are few other places to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Santa Rosa, the Tubbs fire obliterated five percent of the city’s housing stock, exacerbating an already brutal housing market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the fire, the city estimated it needed 5,000 more housing units. The fire added 3,000 more to that number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to walk and chew gum at the same time,” Guhin says. “We’re going to rebuild our community as fast and quickly and as efficiently as we possibly can, but we also have to build new homes as fast as we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932396\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932396\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 237-unit Round Barn Hill Project is proposed for an area burned in the Tubbs fire. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa is pushing for more “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917302/bay-area-sprawl-has-put-homes-in-the-path-of-fires-what-now\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in-fill development\u003c/a>,” putting housing downtown and closer to public transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We made that a priority this year,” he says. “We put a number of polices in place such as expedited permit processing, reducing the impact fees substantially for housing in the downtown core.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there has long been pressure to build in the surrounding hills, where the wildfire risk is highest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Development of single-family homes on the outskirts of town will happen on its own,” Guhin says. “There is a market for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the Santa Rosa City Council faced down that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco-based City Ventures asked for a zoning change to allow its Round Barn Village project to go forward. The 237-unit townhome development is proposed for a hillside that burned in the Tubbs fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City Ventures made the case that the homes would be built using wildfire standards and would provide much needed affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We absolutely need the housing,” said council member John Sawyer at the meeting. “And lots of mistakes were made in the past with saying no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But doubts hounded at least one council member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are setting a precedent to build more new housing in a fire hazard area when we vote today,” warned Combs at the meeting. “I just think we need to not put more sleeping people in a fire hazard area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rezoning passed 6-1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was really sorry to be a lone vote,” says Combs. “It becomes very difficult to explain why we would approve that and not approve more. And I have real concerns that more is coming. We don’t need sprawl. We need to be building up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma County is also facing pressure to build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I met with a resort that burned twice, once in the Hanley fire and a second time in the Tubbs,” Wick says. “New people came to see me about building a third one. And I told them I just could not support the project. There’s an enormous pressure on us to be approving resorts in remote areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In communities still in shock from the fires, these fraught decisions won’t come easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that in a disaster, there’s such a strong emotional pull to get what you lost back,” says Combs. “I think that’s a powerful pull.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Law Barring Groundwater Recharge Clashes With Sustainability Goals",
"headTitle": "California Law Barring Groundwater Recharge Clashes With Sustainability Goals | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Groundwater depletion is \u003c/span>a big problem in parts of California. But it is not the only groundwater problem. The state also has many areas of polluted groundwater, and some places where groundwater overdraft has caused the land to subside, damaging roads, canals and other infrastructure. Near the coast, heavy groundwater pumping has caused contamination by pulling seawater underground from the ocean.[contextly_sidebar id=”VrgFvC2TjJoUazM0GcgGH0zlTfCLh7x1″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you wanted to obtain a permit from the state to manage these problems by recharging groundwater, you could be out of luck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater recharge is not considered a “beneficial use” under California water law if all you want to do is manage pollution in an aquifer or control subsidence. To obtain a water right, you must have a plan to apply that water for an accepted beneficial purpose, such as growing crops or delivering drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This could become a problem as dozens of local agencies move to comply with the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span>), a state law adopted in 2014. The sustainability goals under this law include treating pollution, managing seawater intrusion and controlling land subsidence. And yet the state does not allow surface water – diverted from a river or stream – to be used for these groundwater recharge purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want a broader suite of things from our water than we used to,” said Holly Doremus, a professor of water law at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Berkeley. “The new thing encouraged by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> is the idea that you might want to put water in the ground not for the purpose of taking water out later, but for the purpose of making the aquifer healthier. We think that would often qualify as a beneficial use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doremus is coauthor of a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/clee/research/wheeler/gw-recharge-beneficial-use/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> by a team of \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> experts that examines this conundrum. They conclude that the State Water Resources Control Board needs to expand its definition of beneficial use to accommodate these other groundwater benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key issue is the difference between groundwater “recharge” and “storage.” The latter implies that the water will be pumped out later and reused – to grow food or refine into drinking water. Therefore, the path to obtaining a state permit to divert service water into an aquifer is clear for storage purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recharge, however, is a different matter. It implies the water will be diverted and pumped into the aquifer – and then left there, possibly forever. There can certainly be a benefit to this, such as diluting nitrate pollution caused by decades of fertilizer use on farms above ground. It’s just not recognized in the law.[contextly_sidebar id=”NZN72DLCwN3CNWqGqEv1AqJEGe5ULSZH”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clarifying that those \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> purposes are ‘beneficial’ could be something we need to do,” said Jennifer Clary, California water programs manager at Clean Water Action, a nonprofit group. “Avoiding undesirable results on water quality is one of the requirements of \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA.\u003c/span> So I think saying yes on recharge water for this purpose is perfectly acceptable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearing up confusion around the issue is important, because groundwater agencies overseeing severely overdrafted basins face a 2020 deadline to submit management plans. Many of those plans will need to identify recharge projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, uncertainty may discourage some organizations from seeking a water right for recharge projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_135888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_135888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 686px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-135888 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20181004051702/morris-in-alfalfa-field_hero.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"686\" height=\"510\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Morris, manager of Bryan-Morris Ranch in Siskiyou County, Calif., stands in an alfalfa field along the Scott River that was intentionally flooded to recharge groundwater. California law currently does not allow a surface water right to be used to recharge groundwater unless that water is put to a “beneficial use” within five years. Photo by Steve Orloff, University of California\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“This is a gray area,” said Andrew Fisher, a professor of hydrogeology at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span>Santa Cruz. “I have found that landowners, tenants, agency staff and others are reluctant to pursue recharge projects that require permits for surface water use, if that use requires making a case independent from extractive use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is even an open question as to whether achieving “sustainability” in an aquifer – as required under \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> – would be considered a beneficial use. Restoring groundwater to some sustainable elevation in an aquifer would require the use of surface water for recharge. Presumably, once the sustainable elevation is reached, that water would stay in the aquifer forever and would not be applied to grow crops or sent to a treatment plant. Thus, it might not satisfy today’s narrow definition of the beneficial use requirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be complicated to figure out what exactly have you put in and what exactly can you get out,” Doremus said. “The water board kind of needs to work some of this out and be a little bit clearer.”[contextly_sidebar id=”1CQzVJGlEalx9jlMZGI3KS2vWYrWgWtq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said a change in law is not required to create a broader definition of beneficial uses related to groundwater. The state water board can change the definition on its own at any time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board hasn’t done that yet. A page on \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/applications/groundwater_recharge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its website states\u003c/a> that preventing seawater intrusion may qualify as a beneficial use, but that’s as far as it goes. Application materials for non-storage water rights make no reference to groundwater uses that might be considered beneficial, and make no reference to \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clary said many local agencies grappling with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> are afraid to deal with a water rights application because of the complexity involved – if they’re thinking about it at all. Taking uncertainty out of the process with a broader definition of beneficial use would be a good place to start, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of folks haven’t figured out how complicated \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> really is when it comes to water rights and allocations,” she said. “I think that’s really problematic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at the state water board could not be reached for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislature considered a bill earlier this year that would have defined groundwater recharge as a beneficial use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2649\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">A.B.\u003c/span> 2649\u003c/a> by Assemblymember Joaquin Arambula (D-Fresno), also would have eliminated – for the purposes of groundwater recharge – a long-standing requirement that water rights be put to a beneficial use within a five-year period or be forfeited. This would have opened the door to more non-extractive groundwater recharge projects – such as subsidence reversal – in which the water might never be pumped out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill was approved in the Assembly, but stalled before a companion bill emerged in the Senate.[contextly_sidebar id=”jK2TKQQZURyXjGxpQhCEYJ9u8JarzW7l”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doremus said the bill might have gone too far by making a blanket statement that all groundwater recharge is beneficial. That isn’t always the case: Not all water pumped underground stays there, she said, nor does it necessarily go where you want it to go. It could meander to an adjoining aquifer where the benefits – diluting water pollution, for example – might disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A formal water-right application process should still be required, she said, in which the applicant must specify the beneficial use that is intended and provide evidence of real benefits to the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clary agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“If you create a beneficial use for recharge in and of itself, then you’re competing with other things you might think are important, like drinking water or fish in the stream,” she said. “When you recharge groundwater, you need to recharge it for a reason.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/10/04/is-groundwater-recharge-a-beneficial-use-california-law-says-no\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "State law does not currently allow surface water to be used for groundwater recharge in some cases. That could be a problem as local agencies begin trying to make groundwater use more sustainable.",
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"description": "State law does not currently allow surface water to be used for groundwater recharge in some cases. That could be a problem as local agencies begin trying to make groundwater use more sustainable.",
"title": "California Law Barring Groundwater Recharge Clashes With Sustainability Goals | KQED",
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"headline": "California Law Barring Groundwater Recharge Clashes With Sustainability Goals",
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"nprByline": "Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Groundwater depletion is \u003c/span>a big problem in parts of California. But it is not the only groundwater problem. The state also has many areas of polluted groundwater, and some places where groundwater overdraft has caused the land to subside, damaging roads, canals and other infrastructure. Near the coast, heavy groundwater pumping has caused contamination by pulling seawater underground from the ocean.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you wanted to obtain a permit from the state to manage these problems by recharging groundwater, you could be out of luck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater recharge is not considered a “beneficial use” under California water law if all you want to do is manage pollution in an aquifer or control subsidence. To obtain a water right, you must have a plan to apply that water for an accepted beneficial purpose, such as growing crops or delivering drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This could become a problem as dozens of local agencies move to comply with the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span>), a state law adopted in 2014. The sustainability goals under this law include treating pollution, managing seawater intrusion and controlling land subsidence. And yet the state does not allow surface water – diverted from a river or stream – to be used for these groundwater recharge purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want a broader suite of things from our water than we used to,” said Holly Doremus, a professor of water law at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Berkeley. “The new thing encouraged by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> is the idea that you might want to put water in the ground not for the purpose of taking water out later, but for the purpose of making the aquifer healthier. We think that would often qualify as a beneficial use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doremus is coauthor of a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/clee/research/wheeler/gw-recharge-beneficial-use/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> by a team of \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> experts that examines this conundrum. They conclude that the State Water Resources Control Board needs to expand its definition of beneficial use to accommodate these other groundwater benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key issue is the difference between groundwater “recharge” and “storage.” The latter implies that the water will be pumped out later and reused – to grow food or refine into drinking water. Therefore, the path to obtaining a state permit to divert service water into an aquifer is clear for storage purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recharge, however, is a different matter. It implies the water will be diverted and pumped into the aquifer – and then left there, possibly forever. There can certainly be a benefit to this, such as diluting nitrate pollution caused by decades of fertilizer use on farms above ground. It’s just not recognized in the law.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clarifying that those \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> purposes are ‘beneficial’ could be something we need to do,” said Jennifer Clary, California water programs manager at Clean Water Action, a nonprofit group. “Avoiding undesirable results on water quality is one of the requirements of \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA.\u003c/span> So I think saying yes on recharge water for this purpose is perfectly acceptable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearing up confusion around the issue is important, because groundwater agencies overseeing severely overdrafted basins face a 2020 deadline to submit management plans. Many of those plans will need to identify recharge projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, uncertainty may discourage some organizations from seeking a water right for recharge projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_135888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_135888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 686px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-135888 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20181004051702/morris-in-alfalfa-field_hero.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"686\" height=\"510\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Morris, manager of Bryan-Morris Ranch in Siskiyou County, Calif., stands in an alfalfa field along the Scott River that was intentionally flooded to recharge groundwater. California law currently does not allow a surface water right to be used to recharge groundwater unless that water is put to a “beneficial use” within five years. Photo by Steve Orloff, University of California\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“This is a gray area,” said Andrew Fisher, a professor of hydrogeology at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span>Santa Cruz. “I have found that landowners, tenants, agency staff and others are reluctant to pursue recharge projects that require permits for surface water use, if that use requires making a case independent from extractive use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is even an open question as to whether achieving “sustainability” in an aquifer – as required under \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> – would be considered a beneficial use. Restoring groundwater to some sustainable elevation in an aquifer would require the use of surface water for recharge. Presumably, once the sustainable elevation is reached, that water would stay in the aquifer forever and would not be applied to grow crops or sent to a treatment plant. Thus, it might not satisfy today’s narrow definition of the beneficial use requirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be complicated to figure out what exactly have you put in and what exactly can you get out,” Doremus said. “The water board kind of needs to work some of this out and be a little bit clearer.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said a change in law is not required to create a broader definition of beneficial uses related to groundwater. The state water board can change the definition on its own at any time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board hasn’t done that yet. A page on \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/applications/groundwater_recharge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its website states\u003c/a> that preventing seawater intrusion may qualify as a beneficial use, but that’s as far as it goes. Application materials for non-storage water rights make no reference to groundwater uses that might be considered beneficial, and make no reference to \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clary said many local agencies grappling with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> are afraid to deal with a water rights application because of the complexity involved – if they’re thinking about it at all. Taking uncertainty out of the process with a broader definition of beneficial use would be a good place to start, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of folks haven’t figured out how complicated \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> really is when it comes to water rights and allocations,” she said. “I think that’s really problematic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at the state water board could not be reached for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislature considered a bill earlier this year that would have defined groundwater recharge as a beneficial use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2649\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">A.B.\u003c/span> 2649\u003c/a> by Assemblymember Joaquin Arambula (D-Fresno), also would have eliminated – for the purposes of groundwater recharge – a long-standing requirement that water rights be put to a beneficial use within a five-year period or be forfeited. This would have opened the door to more non-extractive groundwater recharge projects – such as subsidence reversal – in which the water might never be pumped out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill was approved in the Assembly, but stalled before a companion bill emerged in the Senate.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doremus said the bill might have gone too far by making a blanket statement that all groundwater recharge is beneficial. That isn’t always the case: Not all water pumped underground stays there, she said, nor does it necessarily go where you want it to go. It could meander to an adjoining aquifer where the benefits – diluting water pollution, for example – might disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A formal water-right application process should still be required, she said, in which the applicant must specify the beneficial use that is intended and provide evidence of real benefits to the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clary agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“If you create a beneficial use for recharge in and of itself, then you’re competing with other things you might think are important, like drinking water or fish in the stream,” she said. “When you recharge groundwater, you need to recharge it for a reason.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/10/04/is-groundwater-recharge-a-beneficial-use-california-law-says-no\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Here Are The Winners Of The 2018 MacArthur 'Genius' Grants",
"headTitle": "Here Are The Winners Of The 2018 MacArthur ‘Genius’ Grants | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>What could possibly bring together a painter, an economist, a pastor and a planetary scientist? If you ask the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/programs/fellows/strategy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the answer\u003c/a> is simpler than you may think: They’ve all shown creativity, potential for future achievements — and the likelihood that $625,000, meted out over five years, will help them complete their grand designs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, those criteria fit all 25 winners of this year’s MacArthur Fellowship, better known by its affectionate nickname, the “genius” grant. Their pursuits span a range nearly as wide as the world itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That spectrum includes \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1962790\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mapping legal aid\u003c/a> across the country for the benefit of low-income populations, \u003ca href=\"https://www.propublica.org/series/the-new-power-brokers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">uncovering abuse\u003c/a> in West Virginia’s coal industry, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/135703690\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">coming up with\u003c/a> radical fictions and \u003ca href=\"https://kapharstudio.com/the-vesper-project/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bringing down\u003c/a> pernicious artistic tropes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with a rather sizable infusion of cash that has no strings attached, it includes some even loftier aspirations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have promised myself that I will do something new and different with it. It could be both related to my research or something completely different,” Sarah T. Stewart, who won a grant for her work exploring how planets collide, tells NPR’s \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em>. “Right now, I’d like to be as creative with it as the creativity that inspired the award.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that inspiration goes both ways, according to Cecilia Conrad, the MacArthur program’s managing director. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/programs/fellows/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a statement Thursday\u003c/a>, she concisely laid out one major reason why they’ve been picked for the grant: “Their exceptional creativity inspires hope in us all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scroll down to find the full list of winners — along with NPR’s previous coverage, where available, and the MacArthur Foundation’s reasons why they were selected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Note: The foundation is among NPR’s financial supporters.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1003/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Matthew Aucoin\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 28, composer and conductor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Expanding the potential of vocal and orchestral music to convey emotional, dramatic, and literary meaning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1004/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Julie Ault\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 60, artist and curator\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Redefining the role of the artwork and the artist by melding artistic, curatorial, archival, editorial, and activist practices into a new form of cultural production.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1005/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>William J. Barber II\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 55, pastor and social justice advocate\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Building broad-based fusion coalitions as part of a moral movement to confront racial and economic inequality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1006/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Clifford Brangwynne\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 40, biophysical engineer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Using the principles of soft matter physics and cell biology to illuminate novel mechanisms of cellular compartmentalization that drive biological development.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1007/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Natalie Diaz\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 40, poet\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Drawing on her experience as a Mojave American and Latina to challenge the mythological and cultural touchstones underlying American society.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1008/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Livia S. Eberlin\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 32, analytical chemist\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Developing mass spectrometry-based methods to differentiate more quickly and accurately diseased from healthy tissues during surgery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1009/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Deborah Estrin\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 58, computer scientist\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Designing open-source platforms that leverage mobile devices and data to address socio-technological challenges such as personal health management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1010/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Amy Finkelstein\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 44, health economist\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Formulating robust empirical methods to illuminate the hidden complexities of health care policy and provide data-driven guidance for future innovations in theory and practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1011/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Gregg Gonsalves\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 54, epidemiologist and global health advocate\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Working at the intersection of human rights and public health research and practice to address inequities in global health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Vijay Gupta\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 31, violinist and social justice advocate\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Providing musical enrichment and valuable human connection to the homeless, incarcerated, and other under-resourced communities in Los Angeles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1013/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Becca Heller\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 36, human rights lawyer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Mobilizing the resources of law schools and law firms to defend the rights of refugees and improve protection outcomes for many of the world’s most at-risk populations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1014/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Raj Jayadev\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 43, community organizer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Creating a model of grassroots collective action that enables individuals facing incarceration, their families, and their communities to play an active role in their defense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1015/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Titus Kaphar\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 42, painter\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Highlighting the lack of representation of people of color in the canon of Western art with works that deconstruct the literal and visual structure of the artwork.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1016/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>John Keene\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 53, writer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Exploring the impact of historical narratives on contemporary lives and re-imagining the history of the Americas from the perspective of suppressed voices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Kelly Link\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 49, fiction writer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Pushing the boundaries of literary fiction in works that combine the surreal and fantastical with the concerns and emotional realism of contemporary life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Dominique Morisseau\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 40, playwright\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Examining the intersection of choice and circumstance in works that portray individuals and communities grappling with economic and social changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1019/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Okwui Okpokwasili\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 46, choreographer and performer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Making visible the interior lives of women whose stories of resistance and resilience have been left out of dominant cultural narratives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1020/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Kristina Olson\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 37, psychologist\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Advancing the scientific understanding of gender and shedding light on the social and cognitive development of transgender and gender-nonconforming youth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1021/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Lisa Parks\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 51, media scholar\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Exploring the global reach of information technology infrastructures and the cultural, political, and humanitarian implications of the flow of information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1022/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Rebecca Sandefur\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 47, sociologist and legal scholar\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Promoting a new, evidence-based approach to increasing access to civil justice for low-income communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Allan Sly\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 36, mathematician\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Applying probability theory to resolve long-standing problems in statistical physics and computer science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1024/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Sarah T. Stewart\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 45, planetary scientist\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Advancing new theories of how celestial collisions give birth to planets and their natural satellites, such as the Earth and Moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1025/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Wu Tsang\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 36, filmmaker and performance artist\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Creating new conceptual and visual vocabularies for exploring hidden histories and marginalized narratives in works that collapse the boundaries between documentary and fiction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1026/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Doris Tsao\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 42, neuroscientist\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Uncovering the fundamental neural principles that underlie one of the primate brain’s most astonishing capabilities: perception of the visual world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1027/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Ken Ward Jr\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>., 50, investigative journalist\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Revealing the human and environmental toll of natural resource extraction in West Virginia and spurring greater accountability among public and private stakeholders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Here+Are+The+Winners+Of+The+2018+MacArthur+%27Genius%27+Grants&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "From engineering to economics, from painting to planetary science, the range of this year's class is vast. But the MacArthur Foundation expects them all to do big things with their newfound $625,000.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What could possibly bring together a painter, an economist, a pastor and a planetary scientist? If you ask the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, \u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/programs/fellows/strategy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the answer\u003c/a> is simpler than you may think: They’ve all shown creativity, potential for future achievements — and the likelihood that $625,000, meted out over five years, will help them complete their grand designs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, those criteria fit all 25 winners of this year’s MacArthur Fellowship, better known by its affectionate nickname, the “genius” grant. Their pursuits span a range nearly as wide as the world itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That spectrum includes \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1962790\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mapping legal aid\u003c/a> across the country for the benefit of low-income populations, \u003ca href=\"https://www.propublica.org/series/the-new-power-brokers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">uncovering abuse\u003c/a> in West Virginia’s coal industry, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/135703690\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">coming up with\u003c/a> radical fictions and \u003ca href=\"https://kapharstudio.com/the-vesper-project/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bringing down\u003c/a> pernicious artistic tropes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with a rather sizable infusion of cash that has no strings attached, it includes some even loftier aspirations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have promised myself that I will do something new and different with it. It could be both related to my research or something completely different,” Sarah T. Stewart, who won a grant for her work exploring how planets collide, tells NPR’s \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em>. “Right now, I’d like to be as creative with it as the creativity that inspired the award.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that inspiration goes both ways, according to Cecilia Conrad, the MacArthur program’s managing director. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/programs/fellows/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a statement Thursday\u003c/a>, she concisely laid out one major reason why they’ve been picked for the grant: “Their exceptional creativity inspires hope in us all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scroll down to find the full list of winners — along with NPR’s previous coverage, where available, and the MacArthur Foundation’s reasons why they were selected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Note: The foundation is among NPR’s financial supporters.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1003/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Matthew Aucoin\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 28, composer and conductor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Expanding the potential of vocal and orchestral music to convey emotional, dramatic, and literary meaning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1004/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Julie Ault\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 60, artist and curator\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Redefining the role of the artwork and the artist by melding artistic, curatorial, archival, editorial, and activist practices into a new form of cultural production.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1005/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>William J. Barber II\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 55, pastor and social justice advocate\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Building broad-based fusion coalitions as part of a moral movement to confront racial and economic inequality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1006/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Clifford Brangwynne\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 40, biophysical engineer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Using the principles of soft matter physics and cell biology to illuminate novel mechanisms of cellular compartmentalization that drive biological development.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1007/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Natalie Diaz\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 40, poet\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Drawing on her experience as a Mojave American and Latina to challenge the mythological and cultural touchstones underlying American society.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1008/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Livia S. Eberlin\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 32, analytical chemist\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Developing mass spectrometry-based methods to differentiate more quickly and accurately diseased from healthy tissues during surgery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1009/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Deborah Estrin\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 58, computer scientist\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Designing open-source platforms that leverage mobile devices and data to address socio-technological challenges such as personal health management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1010/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Amy Finkelstein\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 44, health economist\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Formulating robust empirical methods to illuminate the hidden complexities of health care policy and provide data-driven guidance for future innovations in theory and practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1011/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Gregg Gonsalves\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 54, epidemiologist and global health advocate\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Working at the intersection of human rights and public health research and practice to address inequities in global health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1012/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Vijay Gupta\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 31, violinist and social justice advocate\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Providing musical enrichment and valuable human connection to the homeless, incarcerated, and other under-resourced communities in Los Angeles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1013/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Becca Heller\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 36, human rights lawyer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Mobilizing the resources of law schools and law firms to defend the rights of refugees and improve protection outcomes for many of the world’s most at-risk populations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1014/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Raj Jayadev\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 43, community organizer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Creating a model of grassroots collective action that enables individuals facing incarceration, their families, and their communities to play an active role in their defense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1015/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Titus Kaphar\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 42, painter\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Highlighting the lack of representation of people of color in the canon of Western art with works that deconstruct the literal and visual structure of the artwork.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1016/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>John Keene\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 53, writer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Exploring the impact of historical narratives on contemporary lives and re-imagining the history of the Americas from the perspective of suppressed voices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Kelly Link\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 49, fiction writer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Pushing the boundaries of literary fiction in works that combine the surreal and fantastical with the concerns and emotional realism of contemporary life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Dominique Morisseau\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 40, playwright\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Examining the intersection of choice and circumstance in works that portray individuals and communities grappling with economic and social changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1019/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Okwui Okpokwasili\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 46, choreographer and performer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Making visible the interior lives of women whose stories of resistance and resilience have been left out of dominant cultural narratives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1020/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Kristina Olson\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 37, psychologist\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Advancing the scientific understanding of gender and shedding light on the social and cognitive development of transgender and gender-nonconforming youth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1021/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Lisa Parks\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 51, media scholar\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Exploring the global reach of information technology infrastructures and the cultural, political, and humanitarian implications of the flow of information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1022/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Rebecca Sandefur\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 47, sociologist and legal scholar\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Promoting a new, evidence-based approach to increasing access to civil justice for low-income communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1023/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Allan Sly\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 36, mathematician\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Applying probability theory to resolve long-standing problems in statistical physics and computer science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1024/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Sarah T. Stewart\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 45, planetary scientist\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Advancing new theories of how celestial collisions give birth to planets and their natural satellites, such as the Earth and Moon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1025/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Wu Tsang\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 36, filmmaker and performance artist\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Creating new conceptual and visual vocabularies for exploring hidden histories and marginalized narratives in works that collapse the boundaries between documentary and fiction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1026/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Doris Tsao\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, 42, neuroscientist\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Uncovering the fundamental neural principles that underlie one of the primate brain’s most astonishing capabilities: perception of the visual world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1027/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Ken Ward Jr\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>., 50, investigative journalist\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Revealing the human and environmental toll of natural resource extraction in West Virginia and spurring greater accountability among public and private stakeholders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Here+Are+The+Winners+Of+The+2018+MacArthur+%27Genius%27+Grants&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "No Free Lunch for Renewables: Wind Power Causes Local Warming",
"headTitle": "No Free Lunch for Renewables: Wind Power Causes Local Warming | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Ramping up wind power in America could also dial up the nation’s temperatures in the neighborhood of the wind farms, a new study out of Harvard found.[contextly_sidebar id=”JSXad718EhNubOe4ETT84QWtwbUWEEHj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While wind energy is widely celebrated as environmentally friendly, the researchers concluded that a dramatic, all-out expansion in the number of turbines could warm the country even more than climate change from burning coal and other fossil fuels, because of the way the spinning blades disturb the layers of warm and cold air in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parts of the central United States are already seeing nights that are up to 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.1 degrees Celsius) warmer because of nearby wind farms, said study lead author Lee Miller, an environmental scientist at Harvard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any big energy system has an environmental impact,” said Harvard engineering and physics professor David Keith, a study co-author. “There is no free lunch. You do wind on a scale big enough … it’ll change things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers and other scientists stressed that climate change from greenhouse gas emissions is clearly a far bigger threat globally and over the long term than turbine-caused warming, which is temporary and stops when the blades aren’t turning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the potential drawbacks, wind energy still makes more sense for the environment than fossil fuels, Keith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s just that advocates of wind power have been ignoring growing evidence of a downside, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the Harvard study, published Thursday in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/joule/home\">Joule\u003c/a> , found that in the unlikely event that the U.S. switched massively to wind to supply nearly all of its electricity, there would be so many turbines that on average the nation’s temperature would go up about 0.4 degrees (0.2 Celsius). Some central areas would see localized warming around 2.5 degrees (1.4 Celsius), though there would also be some cooling in places, such as the East Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, \u003ca href=\"https://eerscmap.usgs.gov/uswtdb/\">wind\u003c/a> provides 6.3 percent of the nation’s electricity, according to the American Wind Energy Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which looked at just the United States, said that the turbines would cause more warming in the short term this century than the carbon dioxide America spews into the atmosphere would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for this \u003ca href=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/292029786\">effect\u003c/a> : Normally the air is more still at night, with cold air staying near the surface and warmer air resting a little higher. But turbines bring the warm air down and cool air up, making the ground a bit toastier. The effect is seen less during the day but is still there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the effect from turbines is different from human-caused climate change. It mostly consists of warming, it’s local, and it’s temporary. When the turbines are still because the air is calm, there’s no warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, in contrast, is a global effect that involves many more elements than temperature, such as sea level rise, extreme weather, melting glaciers and shifts in the jet stream. Even if a country stopped emitting greenhouse gases, it would still experience climate change if the rest of the world kept on polluting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past studies have observed a temporary nighttime warming of as much as 2 degrees (1.1 Celsius) in places with lots of wind turbines, such as North Texas. The Harvard study took observations and used computer simulation to project what a dramatic increase in turbines would look like for temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other technologies considered environmentally friendly have their downsides, too. Nuclear energy has no carbon dioxide emissions, but there are concerns about waste, safety and cost. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/7250a40e0b1e49a5988ef31259728ef0\">ethanol\u003c/a> boom has wiped out habitats, led farmers to plow over prairies, caused water pollution and raised food prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind advocates emphasized that the Harvard study doesn’t show turbines causing global warming, just local heating.[contextly_sidebar id=”RIpsqIWy32bftHiHFliFPosDIJqCydsK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the paper instead looked across the global and long-lasting timescales that matter, renewable resources would fare hundreds of times if not infinitely better than fossil resources,” Michael Goggin, vice president of Grid Strategies and a former researcher for a wind energy group, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ken Caldeira, a climate scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science who wasn’t part of the research, said the study is sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate effect of burning fossil fuels is cumulative,” Caldeira said in an email. “The longer you run a coal plant, the worse the climate change gets. In contrast, the climate effect of wind turbines is what it is. You build the wind turbine. Climate is affected. But as long as you run the wind turbine, the climate change doesn’t get any worse. So in the long run, as far as the climate is concerned, wind turbines are obviously better than fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ramping up wind power in America could also dial up the nation’s temperatures in the neighborhood of the wind farms, a new study out of Harvard found.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While wind energy is widely celebrated as environmentally friendly, the researchers concluded that a dramatic, all-out expansion in the number of turbines could warm the country even more than climate change from burning coal and other fossil fuels, because of the way the spinning blades disturb the layers of warm and cold air in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parts of the central United States are already seeing nights that are up to 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.1 degrees Celsius) warmer because of nearby wind farms, said study lead author Lee Miller, an environmental scientist at Harvard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any big energy system has an environmental impact,” said Harvard engineering and physics professor David Keith, a study co-author. “There is no free lunch. You do wind on a scale big enough … it’ll change things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers and other scientists stressed that climate change from greenhouse gas emissions is clearly a far bigger threat globally and over the long term than turbine-caused warming, which is temporary and stops when the blades aren’t turning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the potential drawbacks, wind energy still makes more sense for the environment than fossil fuels, Keith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s just that advocates of wind power have been ignoring growing evidence of a downside, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the Harvard study, published Thursday in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/joule/home\">Joule\u003c/a> , found that in the unlikely event that the U.S. switched massively to wind to supply nearly all of its electricity, there would be so many turbines that on average the nation’s temperature would go up about 0.4 degrees (0.2 Celsius). Some central areas would see localized warming around 2.5 degrees (1.4 Celsius), though there would also be some cooling in places, such as the East Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, \u003ca href=\"https://eerscmap.usgs.gov/uswtdb/\">wind\u003c/a> provides 6.3 percent of the nation’s electricity, according to the American Wind Energy Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which looked at just the United States, said that the turbines would cause more warming in the short term this century than the carbon dioxide America spews into the atmosphere would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for this \u003ca href=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/292029786\">effect\u003c/a> : Normally the air is more still at night, with cold air staying near the surface and warmer air resting a little higher. But turbines bring the warm air down and cool air up, making the ground a bit toastier. The effect is seen less during the day but is still there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the effect from turbines is different from human-caused climate change. It mostly consists of warming, it’s local, and it’s temporary. When the turbines are still because the air is calm, there’s no warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, in contrast, is a global effect that involves many more elements than temperature, such as sea level rise, extreme weather, melting glaciers and shifts in the jet stream. Even if a country stopped emitting greenhouse gases, it would still experience climate change if the rest of the world kept on polluting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past studies have observed a temporary nighttime warming of as much as 2 degrees (1.1 Celsius) in places with lots of wind turbines, such as North Texas. The Harvard study took observations and used computer simulation to project what a dramatic increase in turbines would look like for temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other technologies considered environmentally friendly have their downsides, too. Nuclear energy has no carbon dioxide emissions, but there are concerns about waste, safety and cost. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/7250a40e0b1e49a5988ef31259728ef0\">ethanol\u003c/a> boom has wiped out habitats, led farmers to plow over prairies, caused water pollution and raised food prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind advocates emphasized that the Harvard study doesn’t show turbines causing global warming, just local heating.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the paper instead looked across the global and long-lasting timescales that matter, renewable resources would fare hundreds of times if not infinitely better than fossil resources,” Michael Goggin, vice president of Grid Strategies and a former researcher for a wind energy group, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ken Caldeira, a climate scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science who wasn’t part of the research, said the study is sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate effect of burning fossil fuels is cumulative,” Caldeira said in an email. “The longer you run a coal plant, the worse the climate change gets. In contrast, the climate effect of wind turbines is what it is. You build the wind turbine. Climate is affected. But as long as you run the wind turbine, the climate change doesn’t get any worse. So in the long run, as far as the climate is concerned, wind turbines are obviously better than fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Electric cars have been on the market for some time now but surveys \u003ca href=\"https://its.ucdavis.edu/blog-post/automakers-policymakers-on-path-to-electric-vehicles-consumers-are-not/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">show \u003c/a>that even in California adoption has been slow. [contextly_sidebar id=”0J8xbcxPSEu7AMKljxWfepnYbThFPYZw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new initiative called \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/vision-and-mission/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Veloz\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> however, hopes to change that with a multimillion dollar public awareness campaign announced Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Auto giants are teaming up with California officials and local power utilities to launch the nonprofit, whose mission is to accelerate the mass adoption of electric vehicles in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently California has about 350,000 electric vehicles on its roads, \u003ca href=\"http://evadoption.com/california-evs-by-the-numbers-20-statistics-that-might-surprise-you/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers\u003c/a>. While the rate of electric vehicle adoption significantly outpaces other states, California still has far to go to reach Gov. Brown’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/01/26/governor-brown-takes-action-to-increase-zero-emission-vehicles-fund-new-climate-investments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> mandated goal of 5 million\u003c/a> zero-emission vehicles on the road by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Veloz membership includes \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/unlikely-alliance-joins-forces-to-keep-california-in-the-lead-of-the-electric-car-race/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">35-plus organizations, all with a stake in \u003c/a>the transportation sector, including General Motors, Southern California Edison and the California Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing the effects of climate change in California here today,” Ron Nichols, president of Southern California Edison, said during Wednesday’s press call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen droughts and wildfires intensifying, and that’s one of the many reasons that electrifying transport, we believe, is imperative to addressing the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veloz’ mission is to “create a movement,” says Executive Director Josh Boone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest impediment to electrifying transportation has been the lag between public perception and the pace of developments, according to Mary Nichols, head of the California Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clearly the lack of awareness is a critical hurdle that we have had to overcome early on, despite . . . costs coming down, number of models increasing, number of charging stations out there,” she said on Wednesday. “We have to show the public that these things are available.”[contextly_sidebar id=”IlVv5PQiM87vHgKBGKYIJtVuG6Hhp3iX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols described the campaign as the “largest multistake holder, multimillion-dollar campaign” for electric vehicles in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group has a nearly $4 million budget, with half that amount coming from Electrify America, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/vw-electrify-america-first-ad-campaign-jetstones/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a public awareness\u003c/a> initiative launched by Volkswagen as part of a legal settlement related to cheating on emissions tests for its diesel vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group’s first set of ads, dubbed “opposites attract,” will feature a cheeky take from “unusual spokespeople” promoting electric cars, according to Boone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new initiative follows a similar campaign launched in May in multiple states on the east coast dubbed \u003ca href=\"https://driveelectricus.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Drive Change. Drive Electric.” \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veloz plans on raising additional funds for future campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Electric cars have been on the market for some time now but surveys \u003ca href=\"https://its.ucdavis.edu/blog-post/automakers-policymakers-on-path-to-electric-vehicles-consumers-are-not/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">show \u003c/a>that even in California adoption has been slow. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new initiative called \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/vision-and-mission/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Veloz\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> however, hopes to change that with a multimillion dollar public awareness campaign announced Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Auto giants are teaming up with California officials and local power utilities to launch the nonprofit, whose mission is to accelerate the mass adoption of electric vehicles in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently California has about 350,000 electric vehicles on its roads, \u003ca href=\"http://evadoption.com/california-evs-by-the-numbers-20-statistics-that-might-surprise-you/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers\u003c/a>. While the rate of electric vehicle adoption significantly outpaces other states, California still has far to go to reach Gov. Brown’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/01/26/governor-brown-takes-action-to-increase-zero-emission-vehicles-fund-new-climate-investments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> mandated goal of 5 million\u003c/a> zero-emission vehicles on the road by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Veloz membership includes \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/unlikely-alliance-joins-forces-to-keep-california-in-the-lead-of-the-electric-car-race/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">35-plus organizations, all with a stake in \u003c/a>the transportation sector, including General Motors, Southern California Edison and the California Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing the effects of climate change in California here today,” Ron Nichols, president of Southern California Edison, said during Wednesday’s press call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen droughts and wildfires intensifying, and that’s one of the many reasons that electrifying transport, we believe, is imperative to addressing the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veloz’ mission is to “create a movement,” says Executive Director Josh Boone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest impediment to electrifying transportation has been the lag between public perception and the pace of developments, according to Mary Nichols, head of the California Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clearly the lack of awareness is a critical hurdle that we have had to overcome early on, despite . . . costs coming down, number of models increasing, number of charging stations out there,” she said on Wednesday. “We have to show the public that these things are available.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols described the campaign as the “largest multistake holder, multimillion-dollar campaign” for electric vehicles in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group has a nearly $4 million budget, with half that amount coming from Electrify America, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/vw-electrify-america-first-ad-campaign-jetstones/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a public awareness\u003c/a> initiative launched by Volkswagen as part of a legal settlement related to cheating on emissions tests for its diesel vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group’s first set of ads, dubbed “opposites attract,” will feature a cheeky take from “unusual spokespeople” promoting electric cars, according to Boone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new initiative follows a similar campaign launched in May in multiple states on the east coast dubbed \u003ca href=\"https://driveelectricus.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Drive Change. Drive Electric.” \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veloz plans on raising additional funds for future campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>An Arizona company voluntarily recalled more than 6.5 million pounds of beef that could be contaminated with salmonella, federal officials announced Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An investigation traced products, including ground beef and beef patties to JBS Tolleson, Inc., a meat packing plant west of Phoenix. The raw beef was packed between July 26 and Sept. 7 and shipped to retailers nationwide, including Walmart, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the products have a sell or use by date in late September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An epidemiological investigation found 57 people in 16 states have become ill so far. That includes 15 cases in Arizona, the state’s health officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recalled beef is marked with “EST.267” on the packaging. Officials say people should check their freezers for any of the meat, and either throw it out or return it to where it was purchased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beef was sold under the names Cedar River Farms, ComNor Perfect Choice, Gourmet Burger, Grass Run Farms, Showcase at Walmart and in generic packaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman for JBS did not immediately return a message seeking comment Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people recover from salmonellosis without treatment, health officials say. Common symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps and fever that could last up to a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Salmonella can cause serious illness, so it is critical that everyone take precautions by not eating the recalled meat and thoroughly cooking all beef products,” said Cara Christ, director of the Arizona Department of Health Services.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An Arizona company voluntarily recalled more than 6.5 million pounds of beef that could be contaminated with salmonella, federal officials announced Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An investigation traced products, including ground beef and beef patties to JBS Tolleson, Inc., a meat packing plant west of Phoenix. The raw beef was packed between July 26 and Sept. 7 and shipped to retailers nationwide, including Walmart, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the products have a sell or use by date in late September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An epidemiological investigation found 57 people in 16 states have become ill so far. That includes 15 cases in Arizona, the state’s health officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recalled beef is marked with “EST.267” on the packaging. Officials say people should check their freezers for any of the meat, and either throw it out or return it to where it was purchased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "In Poor Neighborhoods, Add Rising Seas to List of Housing Woes",
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"content": "\u003ch4>Housing is already a major issue for the Bay Area’s economically vulnerable. Now, the rising sea level is compounding worries about environmental contamination and housing scarcity.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Along the San Rafael canal in Marin County, yacht clubs catering to the well-to-do stand cheek by jowl with working-class housing. On the canal’s south side, a squat, crowded apartment complex juts out, a mini-peninsula surrounded on three sides by blue water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little more than a creaky wooden deck and some thin walls stand between these renters and a bay already swollen with tides and storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level rise is changing Bay Area shorelines, and the focus of planning discussions on mitigating the effects suggests most communities in the water’s way have time to adapt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it doesn’t always feel that way in East Oakland or West Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Bay Area’s most economically vulnerable residents, many of whom are people of color, sea level rise is a threat multiplier, worsening existing concerns about environmental contamination and housing scarcity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It is going to affect me a lot, 100 percent. Because if I already work seven days to survive, I don’t know what I’m going to do.’\u003ccite>Maria Sanchez, resident of east San Rafael\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to sea level rise, our first concern is: Are we even going to be here?” says Marquita Price, a community organizer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastoaklandcollective.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Oakland Collective\u003c/a>, which focuses on underserved communities. Rising rent, she says, is a tide rolling through her neighborhood faster than the bay’s waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But among her friends and neighbors in historically black East Oakland, Price says, disastrous events have increased awareness of the risks posed by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you were to ask somebody about sea level rise and climate change before Texas, before New York, it would not have been on the radar,” Price says, referring to the damage from hurricanes Harvey and Sandy. “Now they might have a different answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Workforce Housing Threatened in Marin\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are almost indefensible conditions there, and they need a new way of thinking about it,” says Marcel Wilson, referring to the apartment complex precariously close to the San Rafael Canal. Wilson’s a founder of San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/bionic-team/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bionic\u003c/a>, a landscape architecture and urban planning firm. He led a team focused on the canal neighborhood for the recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/resilient-by-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resilient By Design competition\u003c/a>, an effort to develop strategies against sea level rise, sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932157\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 648px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1932157\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-800x534.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-768x513.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1020x681.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1200x801.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1180x788.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-960x641.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-520x347.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ellen Plane, left, a grad student at UC Berkeley, and Kristina Hill, associate professor at UC Berkeley of Landscape Architecture & Environmental Planning and Urban Design, at the Martin Luther King Jr. Regional Shoreline in Oakland, Calif. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wilson’s team of urban designers suggests pulling back from the mudflats, relying less on the pump-and-levee infrastructure that secures east Marin, and putting taller buildings on higher ground. The Bionic\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/elevate-san-rafael/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> design\u003c/a> promotes “multiple lines of defense,” meaning as waters rise, people could retreat behind layers of protection, including an elevated Bay Trail, earthen levees, raised roads and an improved drainage system. That strategy would protect the neighborhood community center, among other structures; if waters rose further, a sports field could serve as a retention pond to control flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s a huge project, and neither money nor a plan currently exists to implement this kind of redesign. “It would be very expensive to build something or improve something this big in the community to protect the families from sea level rise,” says Douglas Mundo, the co-director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.shoreupmarin.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shore Up Marin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In east San Rafael, where individual incomes average one-third of Marin County’s, intermittent flooding already threatens cars parked on the street, preventing residents like Juan Antonio Morales from going to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morales doesn’t want to move. He has lived in Marin County for 30 years. His children play here; he’s close to his neighbors. Besides, he says, he can’t imagine where else he could afford to keep a roof over his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a complicated policy equation,” says Sarah Moos Thomson, a project manager for the Bionic team. “It’s going to take the partnership of the residents of the city or the state to design a new process for enabling them to stay and to remain. But we think there’s hope there, not just false hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moos Thompson met with people like Maria Sanchez, who worries about getting stuck in housing already at risk for flooding. A single mother, she works seven days a week as a cleaner. There’s no time for going to public meetings or lobbying local officials for help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanchez is scared rising seas will eliminate affordable housing and price her out of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is going to affect me a lot, 100 percent,” Sanchez says. “Because if I already work seven days to survive, I don’t know what I’m going to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hadn’t thought of Plan B.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Underground Contamination in Oakland\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yellow gumplant and white clover bloom along the Martin Luther King Shoreline, not far from the Oakland Coliseum. It’s beautiful, but underneath and across East Oakland, like the bay, groundwater is rising. As it does, it carries industrial pollution up through soil and mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t pump and just build walls to keep it out,” says UC Berkeley professor and urban ecologist Kristina Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1932160 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-800x533.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1200x800.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1180x787.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-960x640.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-520x347.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maria Sanchez, a 16-year resident of San Rafael, California. She lives close to the San Rafael canal and is worried about sea level rise. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hill and graduate student Ellen Plane have used groundwater wells to map the rising toxic plumes under the surface of the city and the shoreline. Contamination in soil and groundwater won’t be stopped by a wall, they point out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The East Oakland Collective’s Marquita Price says she values this research, and the work of Janette Kim, a California College of the Arts architectural designer who helped design a sea level rise adaptation game for community engagement. Hill, Kim and their students are the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/the-all-bay-collective/\">All Bay Collective\u003c/a>, a Resilient By Design team proposing a project called the Estuary Commons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Price remains skeptical of efforts to adapt to climate change along the East Bay’s shoreline. She questions whether the big international teams did enough to incorporate local perspectives in the design process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t have … one black designer on the design team for East Oakland,” she says. As for the competition itself, she says, “We feel that it’s very unnecessary. It feels completely like a fun thing for people with money to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blue-Sky Solutions for Intersecting Problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley professor Kristina Hill says she understands Price’s objections. But she wants to encourage the public, officials, and agencies to think big to address the intersecting challenges presented by the combination of toxic water, rising seas and scarce housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill advocates for digging out and treating contaminated soil, then using it to shape a ring of marsh and tidal lands between Oakland and Alameda. People could then live on the land, which would be managed and owned by a community land trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of why I recommend that we live with the water is that we would see the world around us changing,” Hill says. “If you don’t see it you really don’t get it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her ideas for the Resilient by Design project, \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/estuary-commons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Estuary Commons\u003c/a>, are beyond ambitious. They would require unprecedented cooperation among multiple layers of government, significant financial investment, and a collective re-imagination of property rights, financial risk and the shape and purpose of the shoreline itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But none of that dissuades Hill, who points out that we’ve changed the bay before, moving creeks that feed it, or building out shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And there’s no reason we shouldn’t keep changing things,” she says. “Just, we need to do it in a way that we learn from our past mistakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill says those mistakes involved ignoring the connection between communities and land, and pushing water away from the shore. Around the Bay Area, Hill says, building a better relationship with rising water isn’t optional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither is addressing problems lingering in our communities, on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s our survival,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Sea level rise is changing Bay Area shorelines, and for the region's most economically vulnerable residents, it's just one more thing to worry about when it comes to housing.",
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"description": "Sea level rise is changing Bay Area shorelines, and for the region's most economically vulnerable residents, it's just one more thing to worry about when it comes to housing.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch4>Housing is already a major issue for the Bay Area’s economically vulnerable. Now, the rising sea level is compounding worries about environmental contamination and housing scarcity.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Along the San Rafael canal in Marin County, yacht clubs catering to the well-to-do stand cheek by jowl with working-class housing. On the canal’s south side, a squat, crowded apartment complex juts out, a mini-peninsula surrounded on three sides by blue water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little more than a creaky wooden deck and some thin walls stand between these renters and a bay already swollen with tides and storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level rise is changing Bay Area shorelines, and the focus of planning discussions on mitigating the effects suggests most communities in the water’s way have time to adapt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it doesn’t always feel that way in East Oakland or West Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Bay Area’s most economically vulnerable residents, many of whom are people of color, sea level rise is a threat multiplier, worsening existing concerns about environmental contamination and housing scarcity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It is going to affect me a lot, 100 percent. Because if I already work seven days to survive, I don’t know what I’m going to do.’\u003ccite>Maria Sanchez, resident of east San Rafael\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to sea level rise, our first concern is: Are we even going to be here?” says Marquita Price, a community organizer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastoaklandcollective.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Oakland Collective\u003c/a>, which focuses on underserved communities. Rising rent, she says, is a tide rolling through her neighborhood faster than the bay’s waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But among her friends and neighbors in historically black East Oakland, Price says, disastrous events have increased awareness of the risks posed by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you were to ask somebody about sea level rise and climate change before Texas, before New York, it would not have been on the radar,” Price says, referring to the damage from hurricanes Harvey and Sandy. “Now they might have a different answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Workforce Housing Threatened in Marin\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are almost indefensible conditions there, and they need a new way of thinking about it,” says Marcel Wilson, referring to the apartment complex precariously close to the San Rafael Canal. Wilson’s a founder of San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/bionic-team/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bionic\u003c/a>, a landscape architecture and urban planning firm. He led a team focused on the canal neighborhood for the recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/resilient-by-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resilient By Design competition\u003c/a>, an effort to develop strategies against sea level rise, sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932157\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 648px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1932157\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-800x534.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-768x513.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1020x681.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1200x801.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1180x788.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-960x641.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-520x347.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ellen Plane, left, a grad student at UC Berkeley, and Kristina Hill, associate professor at UC Berkeley of Landscape Architecture & Environmental Planning and Urban Design, at the Martin Luther King Jr. Regional Shoreline in Oakland, Calif. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wilson’s team of urban designers suggests pulling back from the mudflats, relying less on the pump-and-levee infrastructure that secures east Marin, and putting taller buildings on higher ground. The Bionic\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/elevate-san-rafael/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> design\u003c/a> promotes “multiple lines of defense,” meaning as waters rise, people could retreat behind layers of protection, including an elevated Bay Trail, earthen levees, raised roads and an improved drainage system. That strategy would protect the neighborhood community center, among other structures; if waters rose further, a sports field could serve as a retention pond to control flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s a huge project, and neither money nor a plan currently exists to implement this kind of redesign. “It would be very expensive to build something or improve something this big in the community to protect the families from sea level rise,” says Douglas Mundo, the co-director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.shoreupmarin.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shore Up Marin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In east San Rafael, where individual incomes average one-third of Marin County’s, intermittent flooding already threatens cars parked on the street, preventing residents like Juan Antonio Morales from going to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morales doesn’t want to move. He has lived in Marin County for 30 years. His children play here; he’s close to his neighbors. Besides, he says, he can’t imagine where else he could afford to keep a roof over his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a complicated policy equation,” says Sarah Moos Thomson, a project manager for the Bionic team. “It’s going to take the partnership of the residents of the city or the state to design a new process for enabling them to stay and to remain. But we think there’s hope there, not just false hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moos Thompson met with people like Maria Sanchez, who worries about getting stuck in housing already at risk for flooding. A single mother, she works seven days a week as a cleaner. There’s no time for going to public meetings or lobbying local officials for help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanchez is scared rising seas will eliminate affordable housing and price her out of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is going to affect me a lot, 100 percent,” Sanchez says. “Because if I already work seven days to survive, I don’t know what I’m going to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hadn’t thought of Plan B.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Underground Contamination in Oakland\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yellow gumplant and white clover bloom along the Martin Luther King Shoreline, not far from the Oakland Coliseum. It’s beautiful, but underneath and across East Oakland, like the bay, groundwater is rising. As it does, it carries industrial pollution up through soil and mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t pump and just build walls to keep it out,” says UC Berkeley professor and urban ecologist Kristina Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1932160 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-800x533.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1200x800.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1180x787.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-960x640.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-520x347.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maria Sanchez, a 16-year resident of San Rafael, California. She lives close to the San Rafael canal and is worried about sea level rise. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hill and graduate student Ellen Plane have used groundwater wells to map the rising toxic plumes under the surface of the city and the shoreline. Contamination in soil and groundwater won’t be stopped by a wall, they point out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The East Oakland Collective’s Marquita Price says she values this research, and the work of Janette Kim, a California College of the Arts architectural designer who helped design a sea level rise adaptation game for community engagement. Hill, Kim and their students are the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/the-all-bay-collective/\">All Bay Collective\u003c/a>, a Resilient By Design team proposing a project called the Estuary Commons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Price remains skeptical of efforts to adapt to climate change along the East Bay’s shoreline. She questions whether the big international teams did enough to incorporate local perspectives in the design process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t have … one black designer on the design team for East Oakland,” she says. As for the competition itself, she says, “We feel that it’s very unnecessary. It feels completely like a fun thing for people with money to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blue-Sky Solutions for Intersecting Problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley professor Kristina Hill says she understands Price’s objections. But she wants to encourage the public, officials, and agencies to think big to address the intersecting challenges presented by the combination of toxic water, rising seas and scarce housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill advocates for digging out and treating contaminated soil, then using it to shape a ring of marsh and tidal lands between Oakland and Alameda. People could then live on the land, which would be managed and owned by a community land trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of why I recommend that we live with the water is that we would see the world around us changing,” Hill says. “If you don’t see it you really don’t get it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her ideas for the Resilient by Design project, \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/estuary-commons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Estuary Commons\u003c/a>, are beyond ambitious. They would require unprecedented cooperation among multiple layers of government, significant financial investment, and a collective re-imagination of property rights, financial risk and the shape and purpose of the shoreline itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But none of that dissuades Hill, who points out that we’ve changed the bay before, moving creeks that feed it, or building out shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And there’s no reason we shouldn’t keep changing things,” she says. “Just, we need to do it in a way that we learn from our past mistakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill says those mistakes involved ignoring the connection between communities and land, and pushing water away from the shore. Around the Bay Area, Hill says, building a better relationship with rising water isn’t optional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither is addressing problems lingering in our communities, on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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